RECIPROCYTES (USING NANOBOTS)

P.NIVEDHA, V.VALATHIAMMAL Email ID:nivedha199@gmail.com No:9791474309 Email ID:valathivanitha@gmail.com No:9489108370 THIRD YEAR BE, ECE DEPARTMENT MEPCO SCHLENK ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SIVAKASI

ABSTRACT:
The Reciprocyte is a bloodborne spherical 1-micron diameter, 1000 atm pressure vessel with active pumping powered by endogenous serum glucose able to deliver 236 times more oxygen to tissues per unit volume than national red blood cells and to manage carbonic activity. Medical nanorobots can be employed as artificial oxygen carriers in the blood (Respirocytes), thus assisting and extending normal human respiratory capacities. Respirocytes function as artificial red blood cells, carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules through the body.

Respirocytes are just one type of the nanobots that will make up this artificial blood.

NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL BLOOD:

Human blood has to be kept cool, and it has a shelf life of 42 days. This makes it impractical for emergency crews to carry it in ambulances or for medical staff to carry it onto the battlefield. Volume expanders alone may not be enough to keep a badly bleeding patient alive until he reaches the hospital. Doctors must make sure the blood is the right type-- A, B, AB or O -- before giving it to a patient. If a person receives the wrong type of blood, a deadly reaction can result. The number of people who need blood is growing faster than the number of people who donate blood. Viruses like HIV and hepatitis can contaminate the blood supply, although improved testing methods have made contamination less likely in most developed countries[3].

INTRODUCTION:
Ever thought about holding your breath and swimming under water for hours at a stretch like a whale? Or sprinting like a cheetah for 12 minutes, without breathing even once! It's no Sci-fi movie script or dream. The concept is very much real and might come true some day in the future. Scripted by scientists, Robert A Freitas and Christopher J Phoenix, it involves changing the very essence of life-replacing the blood coursing through your arteries and veins with over 500 trillion oxygen and nutrients carrying nanobots. The vasculoid system as it is called will just about duplicate every function of blood, more efficiently.

INVENTION:
Robert J Freitas, a nanotechnology researcher at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing visualized a future "vasculoid"

(vascular-like machine) that would replace human blood with some 500 trillion nanorobots distributed throughout the bodys vasculature as a coating. It could eradicate heart disease, stroke, and other vascular problems; remove parasites, bacteria, viruses, and metastasizing cancer cells to limit the spread of blood borne disease; move lymphocytes faster to improve immune response; reduce susceptibility to chemical, biochemical, and parasitic poisons; improve physical endurance and stamina; and partially protect from various accidents and other physical harm. With the availability of mature molecular nanotechnology we could replace blood with a single complex robot. This robot would duplicate all essential thermal and biochemical transport functions of the blood, including circulation of respiratory gases, glucose, hormones, cytokines, waste products, and all necessary cellular components. The device would conform to the shape of existing blood vessels. Ideally, it would replace natural blood so thoroughly that the rest of the body would remain, essentially unaffected. It is, in effect, a mechanically engineered redesign of the human circulatory system nanobots will replace blood cells and do their work thousands of times more effectively[2]

arranged structural atoms, and holds an additional 9 billion molecules when it is fully loaded. Respirocytes are nano machines, tiny mechanical devices designed to operate on the molecular level.

Respirocytes function as artificial red blood cells, carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules through the body. There are three main storage tank one for oxygen, another for carbon dioxide and a third for ballast water. Twelve pumping stations are spaced evenly along an equatorial circle. Each station has its own independent glucose-metabolizing power plant, glucose tank, environmental glucose sensors, and glucose sorting rotors. Each station alone can generate sufficient energy to power the entire respirocyte, and has an array of 3-stage molecular sorting rotor assemblies for pumping O2, CO2, and H2O from the ambient medium into an interior chamber, and vice versa. The number of rotor sorters in each array is determined both by performance requirements and by the anticipated concentration of each target molecule in the bloodstream. The equatorial pumping station network occupies ~50% of respirocyte surface[4]. An onboard chemo mechanical turbine or fuel cell generates power by combining glucose. This is converted to mechanical power which drives molecular sorting rotors and other subsystems, as demonstrated in principle by a variety of biological motor systems such as bacteria flagella. Each power plant develops 0.3picowatts of power. That's enough energy to fill the oxygen tank in 10 seconds from empty, a pumping rate of 100 million molecules/sec[2].

RESPIROCYTES:
The artificial respirocyte is a hollow, spherical nano medical device 1 micron in diameter. The device acts as an artificial mechanical red blood cell. It is designed as a diamondoid 1000-atmosphere pressure vessel with active pumping powered by endogenous serum glucose, and can deliver 236 times more oxygen to the tissues per unit volume than natural red cells while simultaneously managing carbonic acidity. The respirocyte is built of 18 billion precisely

WORKING:

oxygen-carrying capacity of your blood by infusing the largest possible number of respirocytes. The maximum safe augmentation dosage is probably about 1 liter of 50% respirocyte suspension, which puts 954 trillion devices into your bloodstream. You could then hold your breath for 3.8 hours, at the normal resting metabolic rate.

SAFETY:
Respirocytes exchange gasses via molecular sorting rotors. The rotors have specially shaped tips to catch particular types of molecules. Gas molecules are stored tightly in tanks. Each respirocyte has three types of rotors. One gathers oxygen at the lungs or in production before introduction to the body and releases it while traveling through the body. Another captures carbon dioxide while in the bloodstream and releases it at the lungs. The third takes in glucose from the bloodstream, which is burned in a reaction similar to cellular respiration in order to power the respirocyte.[5] The average male human body has 28.5 trillion red blood cells, each containing 270 million hemoglobin molecules binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin. However, since hemoglobin normally operates between 95% saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous), only 25% of stored oxygen is accessible to the tissues. By contrast, each respirocyte stores up to 1.51 billion oxygen molecules, 100% of which are accessible to the tissues. To fully duplicate human blood active capacity, we have to deploy 5.36 trillion devices. But one of the potential benefits of nano medical devices is their ability to extend natural human capabilities. Suppose you wanted to permanently maximize the Respirocytes are extremely reliable. A simple analysis of likely radiation damage suggests that the average respirocyte should last about 20 years before failing. If a malfunction of power plants occurs while the respirocyte is in your bloodstream, its temperature won't rise at all. That's because the 7.3 pico watts of continuous thermal energy, the device is generating is easily absorbed by the huge aqueous heat sink, which has a bountiful heat capacity. . If the device explodes in air, there is no acoustic shock wave. If the device explodes inside human tissue, then water temperature raises only by 0.04C.So single-device explosions are unlikely to cause embolic or other significant damage. Collisions with respirocytes or their spinning sorting rotors are unlikely to cause serious physical damage to other cells in the bloodstream such as platelets, white cells, or natural red cells, nor will collisions injure blood vessel walls.[2]

USAGE:
Once manufactured, respirocytes are filled with oxygen and prepared for use. In an emergency situation they can be injected directly into the bloodstream of the endangered individual. They do not move by their own power, but are carried along in the bloodstream like natural erythrocytes. Once the

respirocytes have dispersed they begin releasing oxygen and collecting carbon dioxide.

APPLICATIONS:
Respirocytes can provide a temporary replacement for natural blood cells in the case of an emergency. If an individual has lost access to a natural oxygen supply due to drowning, choking, or any other form of asphyxia, respirocytes can release oxygen throughout the bloodstream Respirocytes can also be used for other problems with gasses in the bloodstream. If one inhales carbon monoxide or other poisonous gasses, special respirocytes designed to capture those particular molecules can be used to clean the body quickly. Another useful application is in deep sea diving. If a diver surfaces too quickly, he or she often suffers from the "bends", a problem caused by dissolved nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream. Respirocytes could be designed to capture nitrogen molecules during dives[5]. An injection of such nanotechnological devices would enable a person to run at top speed for 15 minutes or remain underwater for four hours on a single breath. Because of their smaller form factor, 1m diameter, compared with the 8m diameter of a red blood cell Being smaller in diameter, respirocytes could squeeze into much thinner blood vessels, delivering vital oxygen to cells. Injection of drugs affects only affects cancerous cells only and does not affect the non-cancerous cells.[6]

CURE FOR CANCER:

A syringe is used today to inject medication into the patients blood stream, tomorrow, nanobots could transport and deliver chemical agents directly to a target cell. Nanokiller (i.e.Nanobot) could find and repair damaged organs, detect and destroy a tumor mass. They would be able to communicate their positions, operational statuses, and the success or failure of the treatment as it progresses. They would tell you their physical coordinates in the body, so you know where they are. They would tell you how many cancer cells have they encountered and inactivated.

SCIENTISTS PREDICTION:
The scientist says that already, blood cell-sized submarines called nanobots are being tested in animals. These will soon be used to destroy tumors, unblock clots and perform operations without scars. Nanotechnology will help in making humans achieve immortality said Kurzweil, "By the middle of the next century we will have back-up copies of the information in our bodies and brains that make us who we are. Then we really will be immortal". "Nanotechnology will extend our mental capacities to such an extent we will be able to write books within minutes.

CONCLUSION
The bots will be a thousand times more efficient than the RBCs they seek to replace. Agreed this nanorobotic blood will be more than a little time in the making. But who knows, one day it could very well change the course of human evolution. Eventually, as we continue to enhance and replace the biological body one part at a time, artificial white blood cells will likely be developed to augment and ultimately replace the human immune system. Even sub-cellular systems such as the organelles, and even the entire nucleus within each of our cells are not beyond technological replacement at least in theory.[2]

FUTURE:
Respirocytes are a form of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of substances on a nanometer scale, thus allowing design of machine at the molecular or even atomic level. Currently nanotechnology has only progressed to allow the assembly of relatively large, simple items. The earliest and most famous of these was IBM's arrangement of individual xenon atoms. Within the next twenty years nanotechnology will advance greatly, and may be fully capable of producing tiny complex machines. The development of nanodevices that assemble other nanomachines will allow for massive cheap production. Thus respirocytes could be manufactured economically and abundantly. Although early respirocytes will be used for emergency respiratory functions, they may eventually lead to permanent replacement for natural red blood cells. Temporary respirocytes would be extremely effective in saving lives, but do have limitations. Permanent substitution would greatly increase the energy efficiency of the human body and the safety of everyday life. [5]

REFERENCES:
[1] TanmayBBaid, RohitTomar; Seminar report on Nanotechnology: Engineering an era of industial revolution; http://www.scribd.com/doc/13602733/Nanotechnolo gy-Seminar [2]Nanobots: The Artificial Blood;

http://www.scribd.com/doc/607569 07/NANOBOTS
[3] Tracy V Wilson; How Artificial blood works? http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyda y-innovations/artificial-blood1.htm

[4] Robert A. Freitas; Jr. Nanomedicine Art Gallery http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Galler y/Species/Respirocytes.html

[5]

http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/10955/index.html [6]Manivannan.L, VinothKumar.R; Nanotechnology in Medicine http://123seminarsonly.com/SeminarReports/006/50179092-Nano-technologypaper.pdf