RDHVA TIRYAGBHYM

Urdhva tiryagbhyam is the general formula applicable to all cases of multiplication and also in the division of a large number by another large number. It means Vertically and cross wise. (a) Multiplication of two 2 digit numbers. Ex.1: Find the product 1 ! 1" i# $he right hand most digit of the multiplicand% the first number &1 # i.e.% is multiplied by the right hand most digit of the multiplier% the second number &1"# i.e.% ". $he product ! " ' ( forms the right hand most part of the answer. ii# )ow% diagonally multiply the first digit of the multiplicand &1 # i.e.% and second digit of the multiplier &1"# i.e.% 1 &answer ! 1' #* then multiply the second digit of the multiplicand i.e.% 1 and first digit of the multiplier i.e.% " &answer 1 ! " ' "#* add these two i.e.% + " ' ,. It gives the ne-t% i.e.% second digit of the answer. .ence second digit of the answer is ,. iii# )ow% multiply the second digit of the multiplicand i.e.% 1 and second digit of the multiplier i.e.% 1 vertically% i.e.% 1 ! 1 ' 1. It gives the left hand most part of the answer. $hus the answer is 1, (. /ymbolically we can represent the process as follows 0

$he symbols Step i) :

are

operated

from

right

to

left

Step ii) :

Step iii) :

)ow in the same process% answer can be written as "1 11 222222222222222 " 0 , + 1 0 3 ' "33 Ex.3 ! 1, 0 + 0 1 ' 1,(1. 2222222222222222 1 1 &4ecall the 1 steps#

5hat happens when one of the results i.e.% either in the last digit or in the middle digit of the result% contains more than 1 digit 6 7nswer is simple. $he right hand most digit there of is to be put down there and the preceding% i.e.% left hand side digit or digits should be carried over to the left and placed under the previous digit or digits of the upper row. $he digits carried over may be written as in 8-. . Ex.4: Step (i) : Step (ii) : 1" ! " "! 1! '( ' 1"* " ! " ' * 1" + ' 1,.

.ere , is to be retained. 1 is to be carried out to left side. Step (iii) : 1 ! " ' ,. )ow the carried over digit 1 of 1, is to be added. i.e.% , + 1 ' 9.

$hus 1" ! " ' 9,( 5e can write it as follows 1" " 2222 ,,( 1

9,(. )ote that the carried over digit from the result &1! # + &"!"# ' 1"+ i.e.% 1 is placed under the previous digit 1 ! " ' , and added.

2222

' 1,

7fter sufficient practice% you feel no necessity of writing in this way and simply operate or perform mentally. Ex. Step (i) : carried "( ! 1:. ( ! : ' ;. ; is retained as the first digit of the answer and is over.

Step (ii) : " ! : ' 1;* ( ! 1 ' " * 1; + " ' 1 * add the carried over to 1 . )ow the result is 1 + ' 1(. )ow ( is retained as the second digit of the answer and 1 is carried over. Step (iii) : third or " ! 1 ' ,* add the carried over 1 to ,. $he result , + 1 ' 3 is the final digit from right to left of the answer.

$hus "( ! 1: ' 3(;. Ex.!

"":, Step (i): digit. Step (ii): placed Step (iii):

( 9 222222 1,;, ,: 2222222

( ! 9 ' :,* :% the carried over digit is placed below the second & ! 9# + &( ! below # ' "( + 1" ' ,;* ,% the carried over digit is the third digit.

4espective digits are added.

"lgebraic proof : a# <et the two " digit numbers be &a-+b# and &c-+d#. )ote that - ' 1;. )ow consider the product &a- + b# &c- + d# ' ac.-" + ad- + bc- + b.d ' ac.-" + &ad + bc#- + b.d

#bser$e t%at i# $he first term i.e.% the coefficient of - " &i.e.% 1;;% hence the digit in the 1;; th place# is obtained by vertical multiplication of a and c i.e.% the digits in 1; th place &coefficient of -# of both the numbers* ii# $he middle term% i.e.% the coefficient of - &i.e.% digit in the 1; th place# is obtained by cross wise multiplication of a and d* and of b and c* and the addition of the two products* iii# $he last &independent of -# term is obtained by vertical multiplication of the independent terms b and d. b# =onsider the multiplication of two 1 digit numbers. <et the two numbers be &a-" + b- + c# and &d-" + e- + f#. )ote that -'1; )ow the product is a-" + b- + c d-" + e+ 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ad.- +bd.-1+cd.-"+ae.-1+be.-"+ce.-+af.-"+bf.-+cf ' ad.- + &bd + ae#. -1 + &cd + be + af#.-" + &ce + bf#- + cf )ote the following points 0 i# $he coefficient of - % i.e.% ad is obtained by the vertical multiplication of the first coefficient from the left side 0 f

ii#$he coefficient of -1 % i.e.% &ae + bd# is obtained by the cross wise multiplication of the first two coefficients and by the addition of the two products*

iii# $he coefficient of -" is obtained by the multiplication of the first coefficient of the multiplicand &a-"+b- +c# i.e.% a* by the last coefficient of the multiplier &d- " +e- +f# i.e.%f * of the middle one i.e.% b of the multiplicand by the middle one i.e.% e of the multiplier and of the last one i.e.% c of the multiplicand by the first one i.e.% d of the multiplier and by the addition of all the three products i.e.% af + be +cd 0

iv# $he coefficient of - is obtained by the cross wise multiplication of the second coefficient i.e.% b of the multiplicand by the third one i.e.% f of the multiplier% and conversely the third coefficient i.e.% c of the multiplicand by the second coefficient i.e.% e of the multiplier and by addition of the two products% i.e.% bf + ce *

v# 7nd finally the last &independent of -# term is obtained by the vertical multiplication of the last coefficients c and f i.e.% cf

$hus the process can be put symbolically as &from left to right#

&onsider t%e following example 1" ! 11". >roceeding from right to left i# ! " ' (. First digit ' (

ii# &" ! "# + &1 ! to left

# ' + 1" ' 1,. $he digit , is retained and 1 is carried over side. /econd digit ' ,.

iii# &1 ! "# + &" ! 1# + &1 ! # ' " + , + '1". $he carried over 1 of above step is added i.e.% 1" + 1 ' 11. )ow 1 is retained and 1 is carried over to left side. $hus third digit ' 1. iv# & 1! 1 # + & " ! 1 # ' 1 + " ' :. the carried over 1 of above step is added i.e.% : + 1 ' , . It is retained. $hus fourth digit ' , v# & 1 ! 1 # ' 1. 7s there is no carried over number from the previous step it is retained. $hus fifth digit ' 1 1" ! 11" ' 1,1,(. <et us wor? another problem by placing the carried over digits under the first row and proceed. "1 11, 2222222 ,19" 2222222

1""" 913 i# ! , ' "

0 "% the carried over digit is placed below the second digit. - 1# ' 1( + ' "" * "% the carried over digit is placed below digit.

ii# &1 ! ,# + & third

iii# &" ! ,# + &1 ! 1# + & ! 1# ' 1" + 1 + 1" ' "9 * "% the carried over digit is placed below fourth digit. iv# &" ! 1# + & 1 ! 1# ' " + 3 ' 11* 1% the carried over digit is placed below fifth digit. v# & " ! 1 # ' ,.

vi# 4espective digits are added. 'ote :

1. 5e can carry out the multiplication in urdhva @ tirya? process from left to right or right to left. ". $he same process can be applied even for numbers having more digits. 1. urdhva tirya? process of multiplication multiplication regarding algebraic e-pressions. can be effectively used in

Example 1 : Find the product of &a+"b# and &1a+b#.

Example 1a 22222222222222 i# ii# iii# iv# v# &" ! 1# + & ! ! & " :

"

2 "a" + + "a :a + +

: 1

1 # ' , + "; '

' ", i.e.%

1" ",a

&1 ! 1# &1 1!" ! '

+ & " ! : # + :# , + & " !

! " # ' 3 + 1; + ( ' "9 # ' 1: + '

i.e.% "9a" 13 a1

13 i.e.%

i.e.% ,a

.ence the product is ,a + 13a1 + "9a" + ",a + 1" Example 3 : Find )ow &1-" + - + 9# &:- +,# 1.-" + + + 9 ,

;.222222222222 !

"

:-

i# ii# & !

9 ,# + &9

, ! :# ' " +

' 1: ' :3

" i.e.% :3-

iii# &1 ! ,# + & iv# &1 ! :# +

! :# + &9 ! ;# ' 1( + "; + ; ' 1( i.e.% 1(- " &; ! # ' 1: + ; ' 1: i.e.% 1:- 1

v# 1 ! ; ' ;

.ence the product is 1:-1 + 1(-" + :3- + " (ind 1) 4) 2 13, t%e * * products 1! 214 )) using 2) ) urd%$a 32 321 * * 4+ 213 tir)agb%)am 3) !) process. ! 4 2 * * ! 34+

,) (2x - 3)) (4x .) (!x2 -

+) ( a2 - 1) (3a2 - 4) 1/) (4x2 - 3) ( x - !)

x - 2 ) (3x2 - 4x -,)

0rd%$a 1 tir)a2 in con$erse for di$ision process: 7s per the statement it an used as a simple argumentation for division process particularly in algebra. =onsider the division of &-1 + :-" + 1- + 9# by &- "# process by converse of urdhva tirya? 0 i# -1 divided by - gives -" . -1 + :-" + 1- + 9 It is the first term of the Auotient. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB " A ' -" + @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

ii# -" ! " ' @ "-" . Cut :-" in the dividend hints 9-" more since 9-" "-" ' :-" . $his DmoreE can be obtained from the multiplication of - by 9-. .ence second term of A is 9-. -1 + 22222222222222222 :-" + 1+ 9 gives A ' -" + 9- + @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ "

iii#5e now have " ! 9- ' @1 -. Cut the 1rd term in the dividend is 1- for which D19moreE is reFuired since 19 1 '1-. )ow multiplication of - by 19 gives 19-. .ence third term of Fuotient is 19 -1 + :-" + BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB gives A' $hus 1-" + + 99 +19 "

iv# )ow last term of A% i.e.% 19 multiplied by " gives 19!" ' @1 but the relevant term in dividend is 9. /o 9 + 1 ' 1 DmoreE is reFuired. 7s there no more terms left in dividend% 1 remains as the remainder. -1 + :-" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB gives -" + A' -" + 19- +19 and + 4 ' 9 1.

(ind t%e 3 and 4 in t%e following di$isions b) using t%e con$erse process of urd%$a 1 tir)agb%)am met%od : 1) 3x2 1 1 ! 555555555 3x 1 -3x 55555555555555 x 2) , 4) 12x4 x2 - 1 1 1!x2 24x -. 555555555555 4x-3

3)

x3-

2x2 x63

3x2 1 3x - 12 55555555555555555