MANUAL FOR

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

IV YEAR I SEMESTER

UNDERGRADUATE COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MANGALPALLY 501 510

CONCRETE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 1. FINENESS OF CEMENT 2. NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT 3. INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT 4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT 5. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT 6. SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT . FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE !. SPECIFIC GRAVITY" VOID RATIO" POROSITY AND BUL# DENSITY OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES $. BUL#ING OF SAND 10. %OR#ABILITY TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE 11. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST 12. TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT CONCRETE .

FINENESS OF CEMENT (IS: 269-1989 and IS: 4031-1988) AIM& To determine the fineness of the given samp e of !ement "# sieving$ APPARATUS& IS-90 mi!ron sieve !onforming to IS:460-196%& standard "a an!e& 'eights& "r(sh$ INTRODUCTION& The fineness of !ement has an important "earing on the rate of h#dration and hen!e on the rate of gain of strength and a so on the rate of evo (tion of heat$ )iner !ement offers a greater s(rfa!e area for h#dration and hen!e the faster and greater the deve opment of strength$ In!rease in fineness of !ement is a so fo(nd to in!rease the dr#ing shrin*age of !on!rete$ )ineness of !ement is tested either "# sieving or "# determination of spe!ifi! s(rfa!e "# air-permea"i it# apparat(s$ Spe!ifi! s(rfa!e is the tota s(rfa!e area of a the parti! es in one gram of !ement$ FINENESS BY SIEVING& PROCEDURE& 1$ +eigh a!!(rate # 100 g of !ement and p a!e it on a standard 90 mi!ron IS sieve$ 2$ ,rea* do'n an# air-set (mps in the !ement samp e 'ith fingers$ 3$ -ontin(o(s # sieve the samp e giving !ir!( ar and verti!a motion for a period of 1% min(tes$ 4$ +eigh the resid(e eft on the sieve$ .s per IS !ode the per!entage resid(e sho( d not e/!eed 100$ PRECAUTIONS& .ir set (mps in the !ement samp e are to "e !r(shed (sing fingers and not to "e pressed 'ith the sieve$ Sieving sha "e done ho ding the sieve in "oth hands and 'ith gent e 'rist motion$ 1ore or ess !ontin(o(s rotation of the sieve sha "e !arried o(t thro(gho(t sieving$ OBSERVATIONS& S.N' ()*+,'. -04)56+7 /0123) ()*+,- '. 8)/*9:)6+7 F*5)5)// 6;7

.verage fineness of !ement 2 RESULT& )ineness of given samp e of !ement 2 COMMENTS&

NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT (IS: 269 - 1989 and IS: 4031 - 1988 (3art 4)) AIM& To determine the 4(antit# of 'ater re4(ired to prod(!e a !ement paste of standard !onsisten!#$ APPARATUS& 5i!at apparat(s (!onforming to IS: %%13 - 1966) 'ith p (nger (10 mm in diameter) "a an!e& 'eights& ga(ging tro'e $ INTRODUCTION& The standard !onsisten!# of a !ement paste is defined as that !onsisten!# 'hi!h 'i permit the vi!at p (nger to penetrate to a point % to 6 mm from the "ottom of the vi!at mo( d$ )or finding o(t initia setting time& fina setting time& so(ndness of !ement and !ompressive strength of !ement& it is ne!essar# to fi/ the 4(antit# of 'ater to "e mi/ed in !ement in ea!h !ase$ This e/periment is intended to find o(t the 4(antit# of 'ater to "e mi/ed for a given !ement to give a !ement paste of norma !onsisten!# and !an "e done 'ith the he p of vi!at apparat(s$ PROCEDURE& 1. 3repare a paste of 'eighed 4(antit# of !ement (300 grams) 'ith a 'eighed 4(antit# of pota" e or disti ed 'ater& starting 'ith 260 'ater of 300g of !ement$ 2. Ta*e !are that the time of ga(ging is not ess than 3 min(tes& not more than % min(tes and the ga(ging sha "e !omp eted "efore setting o!!(rs$ 3$ The ga(ging time sha "e !o(nted from the time of adding the 'ater to the dr# !ement (nti !ommen!ing to fi the mo( d$ 4. )i the vi!at mo( d 'ith this paste& the mo( d resting (pon a non poro(s p ate$ %$ .fter !omp ete # fi ing the mo( d& trim off the s(rfa!e of the paste& ma*ing it in eve 'ith the top of the mo( d$ The mo( d ma# s ight # "e sha*en to e/pe the air$ 6. 3 a!e the test " o!* 'ith the mo( d& together 'ith the non-poro(s resting p ate& (nder the rod "earing the p (nger (10mm diameter)& o'er the p (nger gent # to to(!h the s(rfa!e of the test " o!* and 4(i!* # re ease& a o'ing it to penetrate into the paste$ 6$ This operation sha "e !arried o(t immediate # after fi ing the mo( d$ 8$ 3repare tria pastes 'ith var#ing per!entages of 'ater and test as des!ri"ed a"ove (nti the amo(nt of 'ater ne!essar# for ma*ing the standard !onsisten!# as defined a"ove is o"tained$ 9. 7/press the amo(nt of 'ater as a per!entage "# 'eight of the dr# !ement$ PRECAUTIONS& - ean app ian!es sha "e (sed for ga(ging$ In fi ing the mo( d the operator hands and the " ade of the ga(ging tro'e sha a one "e (sed$ The temperat(re of !ement& 'ater and that of test room& at the time 'hen the a"ove operations are "eing performed& sha "e 26 8 2 -$ )or ea!h repetition of the e/periment fresh !ement is to "e ta*en$

OBSERVATIONS& %)*+,- '. <)1)5- %)*+,- '. (0-)8 P3:5+)8 S. N' -04)5 *5 +1/ -04)5 *5 +1/ 2)5)-80-*'5 607 6=7 6117

T*1) T04)5

C'5/*/-)5<> '. <)1)5- *5 ; => ()*+,- =?0 @ 100

RESULT& 9orma !onsisten!# for the given samp e of !ement is COMMENTS&

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT (IS: 269- 1989 and IS: 4031- 1988 part %) AIM& To determine the initia and fina setting times for the given samp e of !ement$ APPARATUS& 5i!at apparat(s (!onforming to IS: %%13-1966) 'ith atta!hments& "a an!e& 'eights& ga(ging tro'e $ INTRODUCTION& In a!t(a !onstr(!tion dea ing 'ith !ement& mortar or !on!rete& !ertain time is re4(ired for mi/ing& transporting and p a!ing$ :(ring this time !ement paste& mortar& or !on!rete sho( d "e in p asti! !ondition$ The time interva for 'hi!h the !ement prod(!ts remain in p asti! !ondition is *no'n as the setting time$ Initia setting time is regarded as the time e apsed "et'een the moment that the 'ater is added to the !ement to the time that the paste starts osing its p asti!it#$ The fina setting time is the time e apsed "et'een the moment the 'ater is added to the !ement& and the time 'hen the paste has !omp ete # ost its p asti!it# and has attained s(ffi!ient firmness to resist !ertain press(re$ The !onstit(ents and fineness of !ement is maintained in s(!h a 'a# that the !on!rete remains in p asti! !ondition for !ertain minim(m time$ ;n!e the !on!rete is p a!ed in the fina position& !ompa!ted and finished it sho( d ose its p asti!it# in the ear iest possi" e time so that it is east v( nera" e to damages from e/terna destr(!tive agen!ies$ This time sho( d not "e more than 10 ho(rs 'hi!h is referred to as fina setting time$ Initia setting time sho( d not "e ess than 30 min(tes$ PROCEDURE& 3reparation of Test , o!*: 1. 3repare a neat !ement paste "# ga(ging 300 grams of !ement 'ith 0$8% times the 'ater re4(ired to give a paste of standard !onsisten!#$ 2$ 3ota" e or disti ed 'ater sha "e (sed in preparing the paste$ 3. The paste sha "e ga(ged in the manner and (nder the !onditions pres!ri"ed in determination of !onsisten!# of standard !ement paste$ 4$ Start a stop-'at!h at the instant 'hen 'ater is added to the !ement$ %$ )i the mo( d 'ith the !ement paste ga(ged as a"ove the mo( d resting on a nonporo(s p ate$ 6. )i the mo( d !omp ete # and smooth off the s(rfa!e of the paste ma*ing it eve 'ith the top of the mo( d$ The !ement " o!* th(s prepared in the mo( d is the test " o!*$ DETERMINATION OF INITIAL SETTING TIME& 1. 3 a!e the test " o!*s !onfined in the mo( d and rest it on the non-poro(s p ate& (nder the rod "earing initia setting need e& o'er the need e gent # in !onta!t 'ith the s(rfa!e of the test " o!* and 4(i!* # re ease& a o'ing it to penetrate into the test " o!*$ 2. In the "eginning& the need e 'i !omp ete # pier!e the test " o!*$ 3. <epeat this pro!ed(re (nti the need e& 'hen "ro(ght in !onta!t 'ith the test " o!* and re eased as des!ri"ed a"ove& fai s to pier!e the " o!* to a point % to 6 mm meas(red from the "ottom of the mo( d sha "e the initia setting time$

DETERMINATION OF FINAL SETTING TIME& 1. <ep a!e the need e of the 5i!at apparat(s "# the need e 'ith an ann( ar atta!hment$ 2. The !ement sha "e !onsidered as fina # set 'hen& (pon app #ing the need e gent # to the s(rfa!e of the test " o!*& the need e ma*es an impression there on& 'hi e the atta!hment fai s to do so$ 3. The period e apsed "et'een the time 'hen 'ater is added to the !ement and the time at 'hi!h the need e ma*es an impression on the s(rfa!e of test " o!* 'hi e the atta!hment fai s to do so sha "e the fina setting time$ PRECAUTIONS& - ean app ian!es sha "e (sed for ga(ging$ . the apparat(s sha "e free from vi"ration d(ring the test$ The temperat(re of 'ater and that of the test room& at the time of ga(ging sha "e 26 0- 8 20 -$ -are sha "e ta*en to *eep the need e straight$ OBSERVATIONS& Time in min(tes : =eight in mm fai s to penetrate RESULT& Initia setting time for the given samp e of !ement 2 )ina setting time for the given samp e of !ement 2 COMMENTS&

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT (IS: 269 -1989 .9: IS: 4031-1988) AIM& To determine the spe!ifi! gravit# of given samp e of h#dra( i! !ement$ APPARATUS& 3h#si!a "a an!e& spe!ifi! gravit# "ott e of %0m !apa!it#& ! ean *erosene$ INTRODUCTION& Spe!ifi! gravit# is defined as the ratio "et'een 'eight of a given vo (me of materia and 'eight of an e4(a vo (me of 'ater$ To determine the spe!ifi! gravit# of !ement& *erosene is (sed 'hi!h does not rea!t 'ith !ement$ PROCEDURE& 1. - ean and dr# the spe!ifi! gravit# "ott e and 'eigh it 'ith the stopper (+1)$ 2. )i the spe!ifi! gravit# "ott e 'ith !ement samp e at east ha f of the "ott e and 'eigh 'ith stopper (+2)$ 3$ )i the spe!ifi! gravit# "ott e !ontaining the !ement& 'ith *erosene (free of 'ater) p a!ing the stopper and 'eigh it (+3)$ 4. +hi e doing the a"ove do not a o' an# air "("" es to remain in the spe!ifi! gravit# "ott e$ %$ .fter 'eighing the "ott e& the "ott e sha "e ! eaned and dried again$ 6. Then fi it 'ith fresh *erosene and 'eigh it 'ith stopper (+4)$ 7. <emove the *erosene from the "ott e and fi it 'ith f( of 'ater and 'eigh it 'ith stopper (+%)$ 8. . the a"ove 'eighing sho( d "e done at the room temperat(re of 26! 8 10!$ OBSERVATIONS& D)/<8*2-*'5 '. *-)1 +eight of empt# "ott e +eight of "ott e 8 -ement +eight of "ott e 8 -ement 8 >erosene +eight of "ott e 8 )( >erosene +eight of "ott e 8 )( +ater T8*03 1 +1 g +2 g +3 g +4 g +% g T8*032 T80*33

Spe!ifi! gravit# of >erosene S* 2 +4 - +1 ? +% - +1 $ Spe!ifi! gravit# of -ement S! 2 +2 - +1 ? ((+4 - +1)-(+3-+2))@S* S! 2 (+2 - +1)@ (+4 - +1) ? ((+4 - +1)-(+3-+2))@(+% - +1)

PRECAUTION& 1$ ;n # *erosene 'hi!h is free of 'ater sha "e (sed$ 2$ .t time of 'eighing the temperat(re of the apparat(s 'i not "e a o'ed to e/!eed the spe!ified temperat(re$ 3$ . air "("" es sha "e e iminated in fi ing the apparat(s and inserting the stopper$ 4$ +eighing sha "e done 4(i!* # after fi ing the apparat(s and sha "e a!!(rate to 0$1 mg$ %$ 3re!a(tions sha "e ta*en to prevent e/pansion and overf o' of the !ontents res( ting from the heat of the hand 'hen 'iping the s(rfa!e of the apparat(s$ RESULT& .verage spe!ifi! gravit# of given samp e of !ement 2 COMMENTS&

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT (IS 269-1989& IS 8112-1989& IS 12269 -1986& IS 4031-1988 (3art4) A IS: 4031-1988) AIM& To determine the !ompressive strength of standard !ement mortar !("es !ompa!ted "# means of standard vi"ration ma!hine$ APPARATUS& 5i"ration ma!hine and !("e mo( ds of siBe 6$06 !ms (-onforming to IS: 40311988) STANDARD SAND& The standard sand to "e (sed in the test sha !onform to IS: 6%0-1991 or sand passing 100 per!ent thro(gh 2 mm sieve and retained 100 per!ent on 90 mi!ron IS sieve$ 2mm to 1mm 1mm to %00 mi!rons %00mm to 90 mi!rons 33$33 per!ent 33$33 per!ent 33$33 per!ent$

INTRODUCTION& The !ompressive strength of !ement mortars is determined in order to verif# 'hether the !ement !onforms to IS spe!ifi!ations and 'hether it 'i "e a" e to deve op the re4(ired !ompressive strength of !on!rete$ The average !ompressive strength of at east three mortar !("es (area of the fa!e %0 !m2 ) !omposed of one part of !ement and three parts of standard stand sho( d satisf# IS !ode spe!ifi!ations$ PROCEDURE& 1i/ proportions and mi/ing: 1. - ean app ian!es sha "e (sed for mi/ing and the temperat(re of the 'ater and that of the test room at the time 'hen the a"ove operations are "eing performed sha "e 26 8 2o-$ 2. 3 a!e in a !ontainer a mi/t(re of !ement and standard sand in the proportion of 1:3 "# 'eight mi/ it dr#& 'ith a tro'e for one min(te and then 'ith 'ater (nti the mi/t(re is of (niform !o or$ 3$ The 4(antit# of 'ater to "e (sed sha "e as spe!ified "e o'$ 4. In an# e ement& it sho( d not ta*e more than 4 min(tes to o"tain (niform !o ored mi/$ %$ If it e/!eeds 4 min(tes the mi/t(re sha "e reCe!ted and the operation repeated 'ith a fresh 4(antit# of !ement& sand and 'ater$ 6$ The materia for ea!h !("e sha "e mi/ed separate # and the 4(antit# of !ement standard sand and 'ater sha "e as fo o's: -ement 200 gms Standard sand 600 grms +ater (3?4 8 3$0) per!ent of !om"ined 'eight of !ement and sand& 'here p is the per!entage of 'ater re4(ired to prod(!e a paste of standard !onsisten!#$ MOULDING SPECIMENS& 1. In assem" ing the mo( ds read# for (se& !over the Coints "et'een the ha ves of the mo( d 'ith a thin fi m of petro e(m Ce # and app # a simi ar !oating of petro e(m Ce # "et'een the !onta!t s(rfa!es of the "ottom of the mo( d and its "ase p ate in order to ens(re that no 'ater es!apes d(ring vi"ration$

2$ Treat the interior fa!es of the mo( d 'ith a thin !oating of mo( d oi $ 3$ 3 a!e the assem" ed mo( d on the ta" e of the vi"ration ma!hine and firm # ho d it is position "# means of s(ita" e ! amps$ 4$ Se!(re # atta!h a hopper of s(ita" e siBe and shape at the top of the mo( d to fa!i itate fi ing and this hopper sha not "e removed (nti !omp etion of the vi"ration period$ %$ Immediate # after mi/ing the mortar& p a!e the mortar in the !("e mo( d and rod 'ith a rod$ 6$ The mortar sha "e rodded 20 times in a"o(t 8 se!onds to ens(re e imination of entrained air and hone# !om"ing$ 7. 3 a!e the remaining 4(antit# of mortar in the hopper of the !("e mo( d and rod again as spe!ified for the first a#er and then !ompa!t the mortar "# vi"rations$ 8. The period of vi"ration sha "e t'o min(tes at the spe!ified speed of 12&000 8 400 vi"rations per min(te$ 9. .t the end of vi"ration remove the mo( d together 'ith the "ase p ate from the ma!hine and finish the top s(rfa!e of the !("e in the mo( d "# smoothing s(rfa!e 'ith the " ade of a tro'e $ CURING SPECIMEN& 1. >eep the fi ed mo( ds at a temperat(re of 26 8 20 - in an atmosphere of at east 90 0 re ative h(midit# for a"o(t 24 ho(rs after !omp etion of vi"ration$ 2. .t the end of that period remove them from the mo( ds$ 3. Immediate # s("merge in ! ean fresh 'ater and *eep them (nder 'ater (nti testing$ 4. The 'ater in 'hi!h the !("es are s("merged sha "e rene'ed ever# 6 da#s and sha "e maintained at a temperat(re of 26 0- 8 20-$ 5. .fter the# have "een ta*en o(t and (nti the# are tested the !("es sha not "e a o'ed to "e!ome dr#$ TESTING& 1$ Test three !("es for !ompressive strength at the periods mentioned (nder the re evant spe!ifi!ation for different h#dra( i! !ements& the periods "eing re!*oned from the !omp etion of vi"ration$ 2$ The !ompressive strength sha "e the average of the strengths of three !("es for ea!h period of !(ring$ 3$ The !("es sha "e tested on their sides 'itho(t an# pa!*ing "et'een the !("e and the stee p atens of the testing ma!hine$ 4. ;ne of the p atens sha "e !arried "ase and sha "e se f adC(sting and the oad sha "e steadi # and (niform # app ied starting from Bero at a rate of 3%0 >gs?-m2? min$ The !("es are tested at the fo o'ing periods ;rdinar# port and !ement 3& 6 and 28 da#s$ <apid hardening port and !ement 1 and 3 da#s$ Do' heat port and !ement 3 and 6 da#s$ CALCULATION& -a !( ate the !ompressive strength from the !r(shing oad and the average area over 'hi!h the oad is app ied$ 7/press the res( ts in 9?mm2 to the nearest 0$0% mm2$ -ompressive strength in 9?mm2 2 3?. 2

+here 3 is the !r(shing oad in 9 and . is the area in mm2 (%000 mm2) PRECAUTIONS& Inside of the !("e mo( ds sho( d "e oi ed to prevent the mortar from adhering to the sides of the mo( d$ RESULT& The average !ompressive strength of the given !ement at 3 da#s 9?mm2 at 6 da#s 9?mm2 at 28 da#s 9?mm2 COMMENTS&

SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT (IS 269-1989 .9: IS 4031-1988 3.<T 3) AIM& To determine the so(ndness of the given samp e of !ement "# EDe -hate ierE 1ethod$ APPARATUS& De -hate ier apparat(s !onforming to IS %%14-1969& ,a an!e& +eights& +ater "ath$ INTRODUCTION& It is essentia that the !ement !on!rete sha not (ndergo appre!ia" e !hange in vo (me after setting$ This is ens(red "# imiting the 4(antities of free ime& magnesia and s( phates in !ement 'hi!h are the !a(ses of the !hange in vo (me *no'n as (nso(ndness$ Fnso(ndness in !ement does not !ome to s(rfa!e for a !onsidera" e period of time$ This test is designed to a!!e erate the s a*ing pro!ess "# the app i!ation of heat and dis!overing the defe!ts in a short time$ Fnso(ndness prod(!es !ra!*s& distortion and disintegration there "# giving passage to 'ater and atmospheri! gases 'hi!h ma# have inC(rio(s effe!ts on !on!rete and reinfor!ement$ The apparat(s for !ond(!ting the test !onsists of sma sp it !# inder of spring "rass or other s(ita" e meta of 0$%mm thi!*ness forming a mo( d 30 mm interna diameter and 30mm high$ ;n either side of the sp it mo( d are atta!hed to indi!ators 'ith pointed ends& the distan!e from these ends to the !enter of the !# inder "eing 16% mm$ The mo( d sha "e *ept in good !ondition 'ith the Ca's not more than %0mm apart$ PROCEDURE& 1. 3 a!e the ight # oi ed mo( d on a ight # oi ed g ass sheet and fi it 'ith !ement paste formed "# ga(ging !ement 'ith 0$68 times the 'ater re4(ired to give a paste of standard !onsisten!#$ 2. The paste sha "e ga(ged in the manner and (nder the !onditions pres!ri"ed in determination of !onsisten!# of standard !ement paste& ta*ing !are to *eep the edges of the mo( d gent # together 3. +hi e this operation is "eing performed !over the mo( d 'ith another pie!e of g ass sheet& p a!e a sma 'eight on this !overing g ass sheet and immediate # s("merge the 'ho e assem" # in 'ater at a temperat(re of 26 0 - 20 - and *eep there for 24 ho(rs$ 4$ 1eas(re the distan!e separating the indi!ator points$ 5. S("merge the mo( ds again in 'ater at the temperat(re pres!ri"ed a"ove$ 6. ,ring the 'ater to "oi ing& 'ith the mo( d *ept s("merged for 2% to 30 min(tes& and *eep it "oi ing for three ho(rs$ 7. <emove the mo( d from the 'ater a o' it to !oo and meas(re the distan!e "et'een the indi!ator points$ 8. The differen!e "et'een these t'o meas(rements represents the e/pansion of the !ement$ 9. )or good 4(a it# !ement this e/pansion sho( d not "e more than 10mm$ OBSERVATIONS& Initia distan!e "et'een the indi!ator points in mm 2 )ina distan!e "et'een the indi!ator points in mm 2 7/pansion in mm 2 fina ength - initia ength 2 RESULT& 7/pansion in mm

FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE AIM& To determine the fineness mod( (s of given fine and !oarse aggregates$ APPARATUS& IS test sieves& s4(are ho e perforated p ate 6%mm& 40mm& 20mm& 10mm& and fine 'ire ! oth of 4800& 2400& 1200& 600& 300& and 1%0 1i!rons$ +eighing "a an!e (Sensitivit# 0$1 per!ent) sieve sha*er& tra# p ates$ INTRODUCTION& )ine aggregate is sand (sed in mortars$ -oarse aggregate is "ro*en stone (sed in !on!rete$ The siBe of the fine aggregate is imited to ma/im(m 4$6% mm (4800 mi!rons) "e#ond 'hi!h it is *no'n as !oarse aggregate$ )ineness mod( (s is on # a n(meri!a inde/ of fineness& giving some idea a"o(t& the mean siBe of the parti! es in the entire "od# of !on!rete$ :etermination of fineness mod( (s is !onsidered as a method of standardiBation of grading of aggregates i$e$ the main o"Ce!t of finding fineness mod( (s is to grade the given aggregate for the most e!onomi!a mi/ and 'or*a"i it# 'ith minim(m 4(antit# of !ement$ It is o"tained "# sieving *no'n 'eight of given aggregate in a set of standard sieves and "# adding the per!ent 'eight of materia retained on a the sieves and dividing the tota per!entage "# 100$ PROCEDURE& C'08/) 0++8)+0-)& 1. Ta*e %>gs of !oarse aggregate (nomina siBe 20mm) from the samp e "# 4(artering$ 2. -arr# o(t sieving "# hand& sha*e ea!h sieve in order 6%mm &40mm& 20mm& 10mm& and 9oGs 480& 240& 120& 60& 30& A 1% over a ! ean dr# tra# for a period of not ess than 2 min(tes$ 3. The sha*ing is done 'ith a varied motion "a!*'ard and for'ard& eft to right& !ir!( ar& ! o!*'ise and anti! o!*'ise and 'ith fre4(ent Carring$ 4. So that materia is *ept moving over the sieve s(rfa!e in fre4(ent # !hanging dire!tions$ %$ )ind the 'eight retained on ea!h sieve ta*en in order F*5) 0++8)+0-)& 1$ Ta*e 1 >g of sand from samp e "# 4(artering in ! ean dr# p ate$ 2. .rrange the sieves in order of 9o$ 480& 240& 120& 60& 30 and 1% *eeping sieve 480 at top and 1% at "ottom$ 3$ )i/ them in the sieve sha*ing ma!hine 'ith the pan at the "ottom and !over at the top$ 4$ >eep the sand in the top sieve no 480& !arr# o(t the sieving in the set of sieves and arranged "efore for not ess than 10 min(tes$ %$ )ind the 'eight retained in ea!h sieve$ OBSERVATIONS& C'08/) 0++8)+0-)& +t$ of !oarse aggregate ta*en: S.N' 1$ 2$ 3$ S*)A) /*B) 6% mm 40 mm 20 mm %)*+,8)-0*5)9 >gs$ ; %)*+,8)-0*5)9 ; ()*+,20//*5+ C:1:30-*A) ; %)*+,-/ 8)-0*5)9

4$ %$ 6$ 6$ 8$ 9$ 10$

10 mm 4800 mi!rons 2400 mi!rons 1200 mi!rons 600 mi!rons 300 mi!rons 1%0 mi!rons >gs ; %)*+,8)-0*5)9 ; ()*+,20//*5+ C:1:30-*A) ; %)*+,-/ 8)-0*5)9

F*5) 0++8)+0-)& +t$ of fine aggregate ta*en: S.N' 1 2 3 4 % 6 S*)A) /*B) 4800 mi!rons 2400 mi!rons 1200 mi!rons 600 mi!rons 300 mi!rons 1%0 mi!rons %)*+,8)-0*5)9

F*5)5)// M'9:3:/& S(m of -(m( ative per!entage +t$ retained ?100 PRECAUTIONS& 1$ The samp e sho( d "e ta*en "# 4(artering$ 2$ The sieving m(st "e done !aref( # to prevent the spi ing of aggregate$ RESULT& The fineness mod( (s of given fine aggregate: The fineness mod( (s of given !oarse aggregate: COMMENTS& Dimits of fineness mod( (s of aggregates$ M0C*1:1 /*B) '. 0++8)+0-) )ine aggregate -oarse aggregate 20 mm 40 mm 6% m 1%0 mm M*5*1:1 8)-0*5)9 2 6 6$9 6$% 8$0 M0C*1:1 8)-0*5)9 3$% 6$9 6$% 8$0 8$%

SPECIFIC GRAVITY VOID RATIO POROSITY AND BUL# DENSITY OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES IS 2386 3.<T III-1963 AIM& To determine the spe!ifi! gravit#& void ratio& porosit# and "( * densit# of given !oarse and fine aggregates$ APPARATUS& 10 >g !apa!it# "a an!e 'ith 'eights& !# indri!a !ontainers of 1 iter and % iter !apa!ities& meas(ring Car of 1000m !apa!it#$ INTRODUCTION& The spe!ifi! gravit# of an aggregate is genera # re4(ired for !a !( ations in !onne!tion 'ith !ement !on!rete design 'or* for determination of moist(re !ontent and for the !a !( ations of vo (me #ie d of !on!rete$ The spe!ifi! gravit# a so gives information on the 4(a it# and properties of aggregate$ The spe!ifi! gravit# of an aggregate is !onsidered to "e a meas(re of strength of 4(a it# of the materia $ Stones having o' spe!ifi! gravit# are genera # 'ea*er than those 'ith higher spe!ifi! gravit# va (es$ The "( * densit# of an aggregate is (sed for C(dging its 4(a it# "# !omparison 'ith norma densit# for that t#pe of aggregate$ It is re4(ired for !onverting proportions "# 'eight into proportions "# vo (me and is (sed in !a !( ating the per!entage of voi!es in the aggregate$ 1$ S2)<*.*< +80A*-> is the 'eight of aggregate re ative to the 'eight of e4(a vo (me of 'ater$ 2. V'*9 80-*' is the ratio of vo (me of voids to the vo (me of so ids in an aggregate$ 3$ P)8<)5-0+) '. A'*9/ '8 2'8'/*-> is the ratio of vo (me of voids to the tota vo (me of a samp e of an aggregate$ 4$ B:34 9)5/*-> or (nit 'eight is the 'eight of materia per (nit vo (me$ PROCEDURE& C'08/) 0++8)+0-) 1$ )ind the 'eight of the empt# !ontainer +1$ 2$ Ta*e !oarse aggregate in the !ontainer (p to appro/imate # ha f of the !ontainer and find o(t the 'eight +2$ 3$ )i the !ontainer 'ith 'ater (pto the eve of the !oarse aggregates so that a void spa!e inside the aggregate is fi ed 'ith 'ater$ )ind its 'eight +3$ 4$ )i the !ontainer 'ith 'ater after empt#ing it from mi/ of !oarse aggregate and 'ater$ %$ +ater sho( d "e (pto the mar*& (pto 'hi!h !oarse aggregate is fi ed$ )ind its 'eight +4 6$ <epeat the same pro!ess for another trai "# ta*ing the aggregate (pto the f( of the !ontainer and "# fi ing the 'ater (p to same point$ OBSERVATIONS& S$9o 1) 2) 3) 4) Trai 1 +eight of empt# !ontainer +eight of !ontainer 'ith materia +eight of !ontainer 8 materia 8 'ater +eight of !ontainer 8 'ater +1 +2 +3 +4 Trai 2

i) 5oid ratio 2 5o $ of 5oids ? 5o of So ids

+3 - +1 ? ((+4 - +1)-(+3-+2)) ii) 3orosit# 2 5o $ of 5oids ? Tota 5o $ of aggregate @100 +3 - +2 ? (+4 - +1) @ 100 iii) Spe!ifi! gravit# 2 +2 - +1 ? ((+4 - +1) - (+3 - +2)) iv) ,( * densit# 2 +2 - +1 ? (+4 - +1) F*5) 0++8)+0-)& V'*9 R0-*' 059 2'8'/*-> 1$ Ta*e 1%0 m of dr# sand (v1 m ) in ! ean meas(ring Car of 1000 m !apa!it#$ 2$ .dd a meas(red 4(antit# of 100 m ! ean 'ater to the a"ove samp e (v2 m ) i$e$ v22100 m 3$ Sha*e the Car thoro(gh # ti a air "("" es are e/pe ed$ 4$ 9o' note the readings against the top s(rfa!e of 'ater in the Car (53 m ) 5oid ratio 2 v1 8 v2 - v3 ? v3 - v2 3orosit# 2 v1 8 v2 - v3 ? v1 S2)<*.*< +80A*-> '. .*5) 0++8)+0-)/& 1$ +eigh the empt# meas(ring Car of 1000 m !apa!it# 2 +1 2$ Ta*e the 'eight of empt# meas(ring Car 'ith 1%0 m of sand 7mpt# Car 8 sand 2+2 3$ Ta*e the 'eight of empt# meas(ring Car 'ith 1%0 m of sand and 100 m of 'ater 7mpt# Car 8 sand 8 'ater 2 +3 4$ <emove the mi/ of sand and 'ater from "ott e and fi it 'ith 'ater (p to vo (me 53 then 'eigh it$ 7mpt# Car 8 'ater 2 +4 Spe!ifi! gravit# 2 +eight of so ids ? 5o (me of So ids +2 - +1 ? ((+4 - +1) - (+3 - +2)) PRECAUTIONS& +hi e fi ing the !ontainer 'ith 'ater in determining void ratio and porosit# of !oarse aggregate !are sho( d "e ta*en that 'ater sho( d not "e in e/!ess of the eve of !o(rse aggregate$ RESULT& 1) Spe!ifi! gravit# of !o(rse aggregate$ 2) 5oid ratio of !o(rse aggregate$ 3) 3orosit# of !oarse aggregate$ 4) ,( * densit# of !o(rse aggregate$ %) Spe!ifi! gravit# of fine aggregate$ 6) 5oid ratio of the given fine aggregate$ 6) 3orosit# of the given time aggregate$ COMMENTS& $

BUL#ING OF SAND AIM& To as!ertain the "( *ing phenomena of given samp e of sand$ APPARATUS& 1000m meas(ring Car& "r(sh$ INTRODUCTION& In!rease in vo (me of sand d(e to presen!e of moist(re is *no'n as "( *ing of sand$ ,( *ing is d(e to the formation of thin fi m of 'ater aro(nd the sand grains and the inter o!*ing of air in "et'een the sand grains and the fi m of 'ater$ +hen more 'ater is added sand parti! es get s("merged and vo (me again "e!omes e4(a to dr# vo (me of sand$ To !ompensate the "( *ing effe!t e/tra sand is added in the !on!rete so that the ratio of !oarse to fine aggregate 'i not !hange from the spe!ified va (e$ 1a/im(m in!rease in vo (me ma# "e 20 0 to 40 0 'hen moist(re !ontent is % 0 to 10 0 "# 'eight$ )ine sands sho' greater per!entage of "( *ing than !oarse sands 'ith e4(a per!entage of moist(re$ PROCEDURE& 1) Ta*e 1000m meas(ring Car$ 2) )i it 'ith oose dr# sand (pto %00m 'itho(t tamping at an# stage of fi ing$ 3) Then po(r that sand on a pan and mi/ it thoro(gh # 'ith 'ater 'hose vo (me is e4(a to 20 of that of dr# oose sand$ 4) )i the 'et oose sand in the !ontainer and find the vo (me of the sand 'hi!h is in e/!ess of the dr# vo (me of the sand$ %) <epeat the pro!ed(re for moist(re !ontent of 40& 60& 80& et!$ and note do'n the readings$ 6) -ontin(e the pro!ed(re ti the sand gets !omp ete # sat(rated i$e ti it rea!hes the origina vo (me of %00m $ OBSERVATIONS& S$9o 5o (me of dr# oose sand 51 1$ %00 m 2$ 3$ 4$ %$ 6$ 0 moist(re !ontent added 20 40 60 80 5o (me of 'et 0 ,( *ing 52 H oose sand 52 51 ? 51

GRAPH& :ra' a graph "et'een per!entage moist(re !ontent on I-a/is and per!entage "( *ing on J-a/is$ The points on the graph sho( d "e added as a smooth !(rve$ Then from the graph& determine ma/im(m per!entage of "( *ing and the !orresponding moist(re !ontent$ PRECAUTIONS& 1) +hi e mi/ing 'ater 'ith sand grains& mi/ing sho( d "e thoro(gh and (niform$ 2) The samp e sho( d not "e !ompressed 'hi e "eing fi ed in Car$ 3) The samp e m(st "e s o' # and grad(a # po(red into meas(ring Car from its top$ 4) In!rease in vo (me of sand d(e to "( *ing sho( d "e meas(red a!!(rate #$

RESULT& The ma/im(m "( *ing of the given sand is -----------at -----------0 of moist(re !ontent$ COMMENTS&

%OR#ABILITY TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE A7 SLUMP TEST OBDECT& To determine the 'or*a"i it# or !onsisten!# of !on!rete mi/ of given proportion "# s (mp test$ APPARATUS& Iron pan to mi/ !on!rete& 'eighing ma!hine& tro'e s (mp& !one& s!a e and tamping rod$ The s (mp !one is a ho o' fr(st(m made of thin stee sheet 'ith interna dimensions& as the top diameter 10 !ms$ The "ottom diameter 20 !ms& and height 30!ms$ It stands on a p ane nonporo(s /(rfa!e$ To fa!i itate verti!a ifting from mo( ded !on!rete it is provided 'ith a s(ita" e g(ide atta!hment and s(ita" e foot pie!es and hand es$ The tamping rod is 16mm$ dia$ 60 !m$ ong and is "( et pointed at the o'er end$ THEORY& Fns(pported !on!rete& 'hen it is fresh& 'i f o' to the sides and a sin*ing in height 'i ta*e p a!e$ This verti!a sett ement is !a ed s (mp$ S (mp is a meas(6& 0$6 and 0$8$ )or ea!h mi/ ta*e 10 >g$ -$.$& % >g$& ). and 2$% >g$ -ement$ 1) 1i/ the dr# !onstit(ents thoro(gh # to get a (niform !o o(r and then add 'ater$ 2) The interna s(rfa!e of the mo( d is to "e thoro(gh # ! eaned and p a!ed on a smooth& horiBonta & rigid and non a"sor"ent s(rfa!e$
3)

3 a!e the mi/ed !on!rete in the ! eaned s (mp !one in 4 a#ers ea!h appro/imate # 1?4 in height of the mo( d$ Tamp ea!h a#er 2% times 'ith tamping rod$

4) <emove the !one immediate #& rising it s o' # and !aref( # in the verti!a dire!tion$ %) .s soon as the !on!rete sett ement !omes to a stop& meas(re the s("sisten!e of the !on!rete in !ms& 'hi!h gives the s (mp$ N'-)& S (mp test is adopted in the Da"orator# or d(ring the progress of the 'or* in the fie d for determining !onsisten!# of !on!rete 'here nomina ma/$& siBe of aggregates does not e/!eed 40 mm$ .n# s (mp spe!imen 'hi!h !o apses or shears off atera # gives in!orre!t res( ts and at this C(n!t(re the test is repeated on # tr(e s (mp sho( d "e meas(red$ OBSERVATIONS& S$9o 1 2 3 4 +?! <atio 0$% 0$6 0$6 K0$8 S (mp in mm

PRECAUTIONS& 1) The stro*es are to "e (niform # app ied thro(gh the entire area of the !on!rete se!tion$ 2) The !one sho( d "e removed ver# s o' # "# ifting it (p'ards 'itho(t dist(r"ing the !on!rete$ 3) :(ring fi ing the mo( d m(st "e firm # pressed against the "ase$
4)

5i"rations from near # ma!hiner# might a so in!rease s("siden!eL hen!e test sho( d "e made "e#ond the range of gro(nd vi"rations$

COMMENTS& This test is not a tr(e g(ide to 'or*a"i it#$ )or e/amp e& a harsh !oarse mi/ !annot "e said to have same 'or*a"i it# as one 'ith a arge portion of sand even tho(gh the# have the same s (mp$ <e!ommended s (mps of !on!rete mi/ of vario(s 'or*s S$9o 1 2 3 4 :es!ription of 'or* <oad 'or* ;rdinar# "eams to s a"sK -o (mns thin verti!a se!tion A retaining +a s et! 1ass !on!rete(<(n'a#& K3avements) <e!ommended s (mp in !ms 2$% to %$0 % to 10 6$% to 12$% 2$% to %

COMPACTION FACTOR TEST OBDECT& fa!tor test$ To determine the 'or*a"i it# of !on!rete mi/ of given proportion "# !ompa!tion

APPARATUS& -ompa!tion fa!tor apparat(s& tro'e 'eighing ma!hine !oni!a hoppers mo(nted verti!a # a"ove the !# indri!a mo( d$ The (pper mo( d has interna dimensions as top dia 2% !m "ottom dia 12$% !m and height 22$% !m$ The o'er hopper has interna dimensions& top 22$%!m "ottom dia 12$%!m and height 22$%!m$ The !# inder has interna dimensions as 1% !m dia and 30!m height$ The dimensions "et'een "ottom of the (pper hopper and top of the o'er hopper& "ottom of the o'er hopper and top of !# inder are 20 !m& ea!h !ase$ The o'er ends of the hoppers are fi ed 'ith 4(i!* re ease trap doors$ THEORY& This test is adopted to determine 'or*a"i it# of !on!rete 'here nomina siBe of aggregate does not e/!eed 40 mm$ It is "ased on the definition& that 'or*a"i it# is that propert# of !on!rete& 'hi!h determines the amo(nt of 'or* re4(ired to prod(!e f( !ompa!tion$ The test !onsists essentia # of app #ing a standard amo(nt of 'or* to standard 4(antit# of !on!rete and meas(ring the res( ting !ompa!tion$ The !ompa!tion fa!tor is defined as the ratio of the 'eight of partia # !ompa!ted !on!rete to the 'eight of f( # !ompa!ted !on!rete$ It sha "e stated to the nearest se!ond de!ima p a!e$ PROCEDURE& -ond(!t test for +?! ratio 0$%& 0$6& 0$6& and 0$8& for ea!h mi/ ta*e 10 *g of !oarse aggregate %*g of fine aggregate and 2$% >g of !ement$ 1$ Mrease the inner s(rfa!e of the hoppers and the !# inder$ 2$ )asten the hopper doors$ 3$ +eigh the empt# !# inder a!!(rate # (+t$ >gs)$ 4$ )i/ the !# inder on the "ase 'ith f # n(ts and "o ts %$ 1i/ !oarse and fine aggregates and !ement dr# (nti the mi/t(re is (niform in !o o(r and then 'ith 'ater (nti !on!rete appears to "e homogeneo(s$ 6$ )i the fresh # mi/ed !on!rete in (pper hopper gent # 'ith tro'e 'itho(t !ompa!ting$ 6$ <e ease the trap door of the (pper hopper and a o' the !on!rete of fa into the o'er hopper "ringing the !on!rete into standard !ompa!tion$ 8$ Immediate # after the !on!rete !omes to rest& open the trap door of the o'er hopper and a o' the !on!rete to fa into the !# inder& "ringing the !on!rete into standard !ompa!tion$ 9$ <emove the e/!ess !on!rete a"ove the top of the !# inder "# a tro'e $

10$ )ind the 'eight of !# inder i$e !# inder fi ed 'ith partia # !ompa!ted !on!rete (+2 *gs) 11$ <efi the !# inder 'ith same samp e of !on!rete in appro/$ 4 a#ers& tamping ea!h a#er 'ith tamping for 2% times in order to o"tain f( !ompa!tion of !on!rete$ 12$ Deve the mi/ and 'eigh the !# inder fi ed 'ith f( # !ompa!ted !on!rete (+3 >g) 13$ <epeat the pro!ed(re for different for different a tro'e $ OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS& +eight of !# inder 2 +1 >gs$ S$9o +?! ration +t$ +ith partia # !ompa!tion +2 (>gs) +t$ +ith +t$ +ith partia # +t$ +ith f( # f( # !ompa!ted !ompa!ted !ompa!tion !on!rete(+2- +3) !on!rete(+3- +1) +3 (>gs) (>gs) (>gs) -ompa!tion fa!tor (+1- +2)? (+3- +1)

1 2 3 4

0$% 0$6 0$6 0$8 PRECAUTIONS& 1$ The top hopper m(st "e fi ed gent #$ 2$ The mi/ sho( d not "e pressed or !ompa!ted in the hopper$ 3$ If the !on!rete in the hopper does not fa thro(gh 'hen the trap door is re eased& it sho( d "e freed "# passing a meta rod$ . sing e stead# penetration 'i (s(a # affe!t re ease$ COMMENTS& It is more sensitive& pre!ise than s (mp test and is parti!( ar # (sef( to !on!rete mi/es of o' 'or*a"i it#$

S(ggested ranges of va (es of !ompa!tion fa!tors for different p a!ing !onditions$

S.No Placing condition Degree of workability 1 Concreting vibration 2 Concreting of lightly reinforced section with vibration Concreting of lightly reinforced section witho"t vibration or heavily reinforced with vibration % Concreting of heavily reinforced &igh 0.$2 to above !edi"# 0.85 to 0.$2 Low 0.8 to 0.85 shallow section with Very low Values of workability 0.75 to 0.80

section witho"t vibration

TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT CONCRETE 6IS& 516 E 1$5$7 OBDECT& :etermination of the !ompressive strength of !ement !on!rete spe!imens$ APPARATUS& Testing 1a!hine& t'o stee "earing p atens 'ith hardened fa!es (.s per IS: %16 - 19%9)$ THEORY& Tests sha "e made at re!ogniBed ages of the test spe!imens& the most (s(a "eing 6 and 28 da#s& ages of 13 'ee*s and one #ear are re!ommended if tests at greater ages are re4(ired$ +here it ma# "e ne!essar# to o"tain the ear # strength& test ma# "e made at the ages of 24 ho(rs 8 1?2 ho(r and 12 ho(rs 8 2 ho(rs$ The ages sha "e !a !( ated from the time of the addition of 'ater to the dr# ingredients$ 9(m"er of Spe!imens .t east three spe!imens& prefera" # from different "at!hes& sha "e made for testing at ea!h se e!ted age$ PROCEDURE& Spe!imens stored in 'ater sha "e tested immediate # on remova from 'ater and 'hi e the# are sti in the 'et !ondition$ S(rfa!e 'ater and grit sha "e 'iped off the spe!imens and an# proCe!ting fines removed$ Spe!imens 'hen re!eived dr# sha "e *ept in 'ater for 24 ho(rs "efore the# are ta*en for testing$ The dimensions of the spe!imens to the nearest 0$2 mm and their 'eight sha "e noted "efore testing$ 3 a!ing the spe!imen in the Testing 1a!hine The "earing s(rfa!es of the testing ma!hine sha "e 'iped ! ean and an# oose sand or other materia removed from the s(rfa!es of the spe!imens 'hi!h are to "e in !onta!t 'ith the !ompression p atens$ In the !ase of the !("es& the spe!imen sha "e p a!ed in the ma!hine in s(!h a manner that the oad sha "e app ied to opposite sides of the !("es as !ast& that is& not to the top and "ottom$ The a/is of the spe!imen sha "e !aref( # a igned 'ith the !enter of thr(st of the spheri!a # seated p atten$ 9o pa!*ing sha "e (sed "et'een the fa!es of the test spe!imen and the stee p atten of the testing ma!hine$ .s the spheri!a # seated " o!* is "ro(ght to "ear on the spe!imen& that mova" e portion sha "e rotated gent # "# hand so that (niform se!tion ma# "e o"tained$ The oad sha "e app ied 'itho(t sho!* and in!reased !ontin(o(s # at a rate of appro/imate # 140 >g?s4 !m?min$ Fnti the resistan!e of the spe!imen to the in!reasing oad "rea*s do'n and no greater oad !an "e s(stained$ The ma/im(m oad app ied to the spe!imen sha then "e re!orded and the appearan!e of the !on!rete and an# (n(s(a feat(res in the t#pe of fai (re sha "e noted$ CALCULATION& The meas(red !ompressive strength of the spe!imen sha "e !a !( ated "# dividing the ma/im(m oad app ied to the spe!imen d(ring the test& "# the !ross se!tiona area& !a !( ated from the mean dimensions of se!tion and sha "e e/pressed to the nearest >g?s4$!m$ .verage of three va (es sha "e ta*en as the representative of the "at!h provided the individ(a variation is not more than 8 1%0 of the average$ ;ther'ise& repeat tests sha "e made$

In !ase of !# inders& a !orre!tion fa!tor a!!ording to the height to diameter ratio of spe!imen after !apping sha "e o"tained from the !(rve sho'n in fig$ 1 of IS: %16-19%9$ The prod(!t of this !orre!tion fa!tor and the meas(red !ompressive strength sha "e *no'n as the !orre!ted !ompressive strength& this "eing the e4(iva ent strength of a !# inder having a height?diameter ratio of t'o$ The e4(iva ent !("e strength of the !on!rete sha "e determined "# m( tip #ing the !orre!ted !# inder strength "# %?4$ REPORTING OF RESULTS& The fo o'ing information sha "e in! (ded in the report on ea!h test spe!imen: a) Identifi!ation mar* ") :ate of test !) .ge of spe!imen d) -(ring !onditions in! (ding date of man(fa!t(re of spe!imen in the fie d e) +eight of spe!imen f) :imensions of spe!imen g) -ompressive strength h) 1a/im(m oad and i) .ppearan!e of fra!t(red fa!es of !on!rete and t#pe of fra!t(res if these are (n(s(a RESULT& -ompressive strength of -on!rete --------------$ COMMENTS&