POPULATION GENETICS

Biology(Genetics)

POPULATION GENETICS
Application of the Genetics principles to group of organisms (population) rather to a single individual. Very important branch of genetics which helps solving various problems Information about the frequency of diabetes, mental retardation, heart disease, hemophilia, color blindness, etc. This information helps fight against diseases

Population geneticist finds frequency of an allele in the population (basis of population genetics is the study of gene frequencies.)

POPULATION
Group of organisms of the same species that live in the same geographical area (ecosystem) at the same time Biological unit that changes and adapts to changing environmental conditions Clones have identical genotypes, where individuals in population have different genotypes Inheritance information will be always held within the population Geneticists have to research all the genes in the population (difficult work) Population's genetic structure is determined by the individuals forming the population It is important to examine the inheritance of all varieties of a gene from one generation to the next at the population level

POPULATION

GENE POOL
Genes of all individuals in a population Sex cells are the resources of the gene pool

Genes in gametes come together randomly

Genetic composition of an individual genotype Genetic composition of a population gene pool

4 blood types, from which each individual has only one

Gene frequencies in populations of the same species living at different places are different

GENE FREQUENCY
Every population has unique genetic structure Genetic structure consists of genes found in the population and the frequency with which genes are found Gene frequency is ratio of single gene X from genes in a gene pool Genetic Equilibrium is a condition in which the gene frequencies remain the same from one generation to the next

HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
In 1908. Hardy and Weinberg showed mathematically that under certain conditions genetic equilibrium is maintained Hardy-Weinberg Law If no gene drift by immigration, no mutation or chromosomal change, no natural selection, and there is random mating and population is large, then the proportions of alleles in the population in successive generations are same

This type populations are called stable populations

HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
HardyWeinberg genotype frequencies for two alleles: the horizontal axis shows the two allele frequencies p and q and the vertical axis shows the genotype frequencies. Each curve shows one of the three possible genotypes.

IN STABLE POPULATIONS THE GENE FREQUENCIES ARE CALCULATED AS FOLLOWS:

The sum of the dominant and recessive genes for a certain trait is equal to 1. A + a = 1 or it can be indicated by p + q = 1 (if p is 0.6, q is 0.4). The frequency of individuals in a population is formed by the fertilization of gametes carrying the p and q alleles. (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1)

p: frequency of dominant gene

q: frequency of recessive gene 2pq: frequency of heterozygous individuals p2: frequency of homozygous dominant individuals

q2: frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

p2+2pq: frequency of individuals with the dominant phenotype

EXAMPLE
You are studying the gene that regulates interlocking fingers in a small isolated village with a population of 2500 individuals. It is already known that a dominant allele (F) causes one to interlock their fingers in such a way that the left thumb is nearly always on top, while a recessive allele (f) in the homozygous conditions results in the right thumb being on top. You have asked the entire village to gather at the town hall one Saturday afternoon so that you can run your experiment and collect the data all at once. After everyone is seated you ask them to each clasp their hand together in front of them, interlocking their fingers. Then you ask them to look down at their hands and note which thumb is on top. With the help of your trusty assistant, you are able to collect all the data that afternoon. Now your only job left is to calculate all the related frequencies and determine how many homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals for your trait of interest are in this population.

DATA COLLECTED
Left thumb over right = 2275 individuals = FF, Ff genotypes

Right thumb over left = 225 individuals = ff genotype

SOLUTION
1. Since there are 2500 individuals in the population, it is understood that there are 5000 alleles in the population. 2. Given the data and basic relations, the frequencies for the recessive genotype and allele can be calculated. Recessive genotype frequency: q2 = (ff)/(totalpop) = (225)/(2500) = 0.09 Right thumb over left represent 9% of the population. 9% are homozygous recessive = aa Recessive allele frequency: is 30%. q = (q2)1/2 = (0.09)1/2 = 0.3 The frequency of the recessive (f) allele

SOLUTION
3. Now the frequencies for the dominant allele and homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes can be calculated. Dominant allele frequency:

p = 1 - q = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7
p2 = (0.7)2 = 0.49

The frequency of the dominant (F) allele is 70%.

Homozygous dominant genotype frequency: Heterozygous genotype frequency: 2pq = 2(0.07)(0.03) = 0.42 population. Left thumb over right represent 91% of the 49% are homozygous dominant = AA 42% are heterozygous = Aa

SOLUTION
4. Finally the actual numbers of people that are homozygous dominant and heterozygous can be calculated. Known: 225 individuals (9%) are homozygous recessive = aa 49% are homozygous dominant = AA 42% are heterozygous = Aa

Number of homozygous dominant individuals:

(0.49)(2500) = 1225
Number of heterozygous individuals: (0.42)(2500) = 1050

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Author: Mustafa Zambakovi