09 Array

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Array
Session 9
Arrays
yantox_ska@yahoo.com
Array index starts with zero The last index in an array is num 1 where num is the no of elements in a array int a[5] is an array that stores 5 integers a[0] is the first element where as a[4] is the fifth element We can also have arrays with more than one dimension float a[5][5] is a two dimensional array. It can store 5x5 = 25 floating point numbers The bounds are a[0][0] to a[4][4]
Structures
Structures are user defined data types It is a collection of heterogeneous data It can have integer, float, double or character data in it We can also have array of structures struct <<structname>> { members; }element; We can access element.members;
Arrays
Arrays in C are composed of a particular type, laid out in memory in a repeating pattern. Array elements are accessed by stepping forward in memory from the base of the array by a multiple of the element size.
/* define an array of 10 chars */ char x[5] = {t,e,s,t, \0}; /* accessing element 0 */ x[0] = T; /* pointer arithmetic to get elt 3 */ char elt3 = *(x+3); /* x[3] */ /* x[0] evaluates to the first element; * x evaluates to the address of the * first element, or &(x[0]) */ /* 0-indexed for loop idiom */ #define COUNT 10 char y[COUNT]; int i; for (i=0; i<COUNT; i++) { /* process y[i] */ printf(%c\n, y[i]); }
Brackets specify the count of elements. Initial values optionally set in braces. Arrays in C are 0-indexed (here, 0..9) x*3+ == *(x+3) == t
Whats the difference between char x[] and char *x?
(NOT s!)
Symbol char x [0] char x [1] char x [2] char x [3] char x [4] Addr 100 101 102 103 104 Value t e s t \0
For loop that iterates from 0 to COUNT-1. Memorize it!
Introduction to Arrays
Array definition:
A collection of data of same type
First "aggregate" data type

Means "grouping" int, float, double, char are simple data types
Used for lists of like items

Test scores, temperatures, names, etc. Avoids declaring multiple simple variables Can manipulate "list" as one entity
Declaring Arrays
Declare the array allocates memory int score[5];

Declares array of 5 integers named "score" Similar to declaring five variables: int score[0], score[1], score[2], score[3], score[4]
Individual parts called many things:

Indexed or subscripted variables "Elements" of the array Value in brackets called index or subscript
Numbered from 0 to size - 1
Accessing Arrays
Access using index/subscript

printf(%d,score*3+);
Note two uses of brackets:

In declaration, specifies SIZE of array Anywhere else, specifies a subscript
Size, subscript need not be literal

int score[MAX_SCORES]; score[n+1] = 99;
If n is 2, identical to: score[3]
Array Usage
Powerful storage mechanism
Can issue command like:

"Do this to ith indexed variable" where i is computed by program "Display all elements of array score" "Fill elements of array score from user input" "Find highest value in array score" "Find lowest value in array score"
Array Program Example: Display 5.1 Program Using an Array (1 of 2)
Array Program Example: Display 5.1 Program Using an Array (2 of 2)
for-loops with Arrays

Natural counting loop

Naturally works well "counting thru" elements of an array
Example: for (idx = 0; idx<5; idx++) { cout << score[idx] << "off by " << max score[idx] << endl; }
Loop control variable (idx) counts from 0 5
Major Array Pitfall

Array indexes always start with zero! Zero is "first" number to computer scientists C++ will "let" you go beyond range
Unpredictable results Compiler will not detect these errors!
Up to programmer to "stay in range"
Copyright 2006 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.
5-12
Major Array Pitfall Example

Indexes range from 0 to (array_size 1)

Example: double temperature[24]; // 24 is array size // Declares array of 24 double values called temperature
They are indexed as: temperature*0+, temperature*1+ temperature*23+
Common mistake: temperature[24] = 5;

Index 24 is "out of range"! No warning, possibly disastrous results
Copyright 2006 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.
5-13
Defined Constant as Array Size

Always use defined/named constant for array size Example: const int NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS = 5; int score[NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS]; Improves readability Improves versatility Improves maintainability
Uses of Defined Constant

Use everywhere size of array is needed

In for-loop for traversal:
for (idx = 0; idx < NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS; idx++) { // Manipulate array }
In calculations involving size: lastIndex = (NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS 1); When passing array to functions (later)
If size changes requires only ONE change in program!
Initializing Arrays
As simple variables can be initialized at declaration: int price = 0; // 0 is initial value Arrays can as well: int children[3] = {2, 12, 1};
Equivalent to following: int children[3]; children[0] = 2; children[1] = 12; children[2] = 1;
Arrays in Functions
As arguments to functions
Indexed variables
An individual "element" of an array can be function parameter
Entire arrays
All array elements can be passed as "one entity"
Indexed Variables as Arguments

Indexed variable handled same as simple variable of array base type Given this function declaration: void myFunction(double par1);
And these declarations: int i; double n, a[10];

Can make these function calls: myFunction(i); // i is converted to double myFunction(a[3]); // a[3] is double myFunction(n); // n is double
Entire Arrays as Arguments

Formal parameter can be entire array

Argument then passed in function call is array name Called "array parameter"
Send size of array as well

Typically done as second parameter Simple int type formal parameter
Entire Array as Argument Example:
Entire Array as Argument Example

Given previous example: In some main() function definition, consider this calls: int score[5], numberOfScores = 5; fillup(score, numberOfScores);
1st argument is entire array 2nd argument is integer value
Note no brackets in array argument!
Array as Argument: How?

Whats really passed?
Think of array as 3 "pieces"

Address of first indexed variable (arrName[0]) Array base type Size of array
Only 1st piece is passed!

Just the beginning address of array Very similar to "pass-by-reference"
Array Parameters
May seem strange

No brackets in array argument Must send size separately
One nice property:

Can use SAME function to fill any size array! Exemplifies "re-use" properties of functions Example: int score[5], time[10]; fillUp(score, 5); fillUp(time, 10);
Summary
Array is collection of "same type" data
Indexed variables of array used just like any other simple variables
for-loop "natural" way to traverse arrays Programmer responsible for staying "in bounds" of array
Array parameter is "new" kind

Similar to call-by-reference
Exercise 8.1
1. /*Materi : Type Data Array 2. Kasus : Menentukan bilangan terbesar dari bilangan-bilangan yang 3. tersimpan dalam variabel array. 4. */ 5. 6. #include<stdio.h> 7. #include<conio.h> 8. 9. void main() 10. { 11. int bil[15] ; 12. int x,Max ; 13. clrscr();
Exercise 8.2
14. //Memberi nilai variabel array 15. bil[1]=17; bil[2]=23; bil[3]=20;bil[4]=10;bil[5]=15; 16. bil[6]=5; bil[7]=33; bil[8]=95;bil[9]=8;bil[10]=88; 17. // Menampilkan Bilangan dari var Array 18. for(x=1;x<=10;x++) { 19. printf("Bilangan Array ke %2d adalah : %2d\n",x,bil[x]); 20. } 21. //Menentukan Bilangan Terbesar 22. Max=0; 23. for(x=1;x<=10;x++) { 24. if(bil[x] > Max) Max = bil[x]; 25. } 26. printf("\nBilangan Terbesarnya adalah : %d",Max); 27. getch(); 28. }
Task 8
Write a program to find the minimum number from n numbers that entries from keyboard.

09 Array

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yantox_ska@yahoo.

For loop that iterates from 0 to COUNT-1. Memorize it!

First "aggregate" data type

Used for lists of like items

Declare the array allocates memory int score[5];

Individual parts called many things:

Access using index/subscript

Note two uses of brackets:

Size, subscript need not be literal

Powerful storage mechanism

Can issue command like:

Array Program Example: Display 5.1 Program Using an Array (1 of 2)

Array Program Example: Display 5.1 Program Using an Array (2 of 2)

for-loops with Arrays

Natural counting loop

Major Array Pitfall

Up to programmer to "stay in range"

Copyright 2006 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.

Major Array Pitfall Example

Indexes range from 0 to (array_size 1)

Common mistake: temperature[24] = 5;

Copyright 2006 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.

Defined Constant as Array Size

Uses of Defined Constant

Use everywhere size of array is needed

If size changes requires only ONE change in program!

Indexed Variables as Arguments

And these declarations: int i; double n, a[10];

Entire Arrays as Arguments

Formal parameter can be entire array

Send size of array as well

Entire Array as Argument Example:

Entire Array as Argument Example

Note no brackets in array argument!

Array as Argument: How?

Whats really passed?

Think of array as 3 "pieces"

Only 1st piece is passed!

May seem strange

One nice property:

Array is collection of "same type" data

Array parameter is "new" kind

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