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!

Lonnle Ayers, M
ln Lhls SA 8W ConsulLlng, lnc. Pow-1o gulde, we wlll share some of our SA 8W uaLa
Modellng 1lps & 1echnlques arL l
SA 8W uaLa Modellng

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w w w . S A 8 W C o n s u l L l n g . c o m

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-*+.'/01+2'* +' 3#+# 4'/&%2*5

In tiauitional Entity Relationship Noueling, the coie concept is veiy simple. It
essentially boils uown to the fact that at an elementaiy level, a thing, say a piouuct,
is ielateu to anothei thing, say a customei. The entities, Piouuct anu Customei, in
this case, aie ielateu in some way. The ielationship is the key point, as it can be one-
to-one, one-to-many, oi many-to-many anu is tiauitionally uenoteu with the
following symbols.

0ne-to-0ne


0ne-to-Nany



Nany-to-Nany





To make these ielationships mean something to the two entities, you neeu a key, oi
a way to link the two. As we will uiscuss latei, keys aie eveiything!



!.#/2+2'*#% 6*+2+7 8&%#+2'*,92: 4'/&%2*5

In his book; Case*Nethou: Entity Relationship Noueling,
by Richaiu Baikei, 199u, the subject of Entity Relationship Noueling is uealt with at
length. Not much has changeu since this book was wiitten, but I believe foi an even
moie in-uepth unueistanuing you woulu be well seiveu by ieauing the book, "Bata
Nouel Patteins, Conventions of Thought" by Baviu C. Bay. In this seconu book, you
will finu uata mouel patteins foi viitually any business scenaiio you aie liable to iun
acioss.





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The uiagiam above is meant only to give you an iuea of what an Entity Relationship
Biagiam looks like. In a full sizeu system uesign, the ERB may have hunuieus if not
thousanus of entities all connecteu in a similai fashion.

Without attempting to pioviue a complete tieatment on Entity Relationship
Noueling, I woulu like to just make you awaie of the following five points:

1. The existence of Nany-to-Nany, uenoteu as N:N, usually inuicates the
existence of an uniuentifieu inteisection entity. In the example above, this
missing entity might well be Puichase 0iuei, which woulu have both heauei
anu uetail section entities.
2. Theie exist a concept calleu Noimalization, which ianges fiom 1
st
uegiee to
S
th
uegiee of noimalization. Theie aie ceitain moueling piecepts that uictate
which level you must take the noimalization too.
S. Theie aie many moueling concepts that uiive you to intentionally intiouuce
ieuunuant noimalization techniques.
4. When conveiting fiom the ERB mouel to the Stai Schema, the stiuctuie of
ielationship moueling changes, howevei, one key element iemains of vital
impoitance, the iuentification of anu piopei utilization of Piimaiy,
Seconuaiy, Compounu anu Foieign Key ielationships. Within the iealm of

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ERB, these keys connect the Entities. Within the Stai Schema, they become
BIN IB, anu SIB IBs, anu seive the same basic puipose.
S. Within ERB mouels, the uatabase management system takes caie of the
inuexes anu inteinal hash tables (a complete sepaiate anu complex subject
itself) with fai less involvement iequiieu of the BBA, although some iemains
necessaiy. Within the SAP BW Stai Schema baseu system, the effoit to keep
these keys, i.e., BIN anu SIB keys, iequiies effoit on the pait of the functional
SAP BW consultant, the SAP BW BASIS Auministiatoi anu can laigely but
totally be automateu via piopei use of piocess chains.

What is especially impoitant to iealize is that the use of CASE oi Computei Aiueu
System Engineeiing tools, of which theie aie seveial venuois, allows you to quickly
mouel not only the Entity Relationship Biagiam, but as well, the Piocess Flow
Biagiam, Function Bieiaichy Biagiam, anu to uiiectly geneiate complete functional
systems fiom the tools. This authoi's expeitise was in the use in the 0iacle
Besignei 2uuu tool set, now much evolveu, to geneiate fully functioning business
systems. Theie cuiiently aie no such tools foi ueveloping SAP Extenueu Stai
Schema's noi of going stiaight to the fully functioning system you neeu. Theie is,
howevei, a vast libiaiy of what is iefeiieu to as SAP Business Content anu a couple
of minimally useful tools available fiom SAP to navigate the SAP Business Content.
This is why you must have SAP BW consultants who not only know the SAP BW
Tool, but who also have ieau anu aie knowleugeable of the contents of the SAP
Business Content, anu can tianslate fiom the Business Content to youi Business
Requiiement.





















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<=> ?0,2*&,, @#.&9'0,& 3#+# 4'/&%2*5

Within the iealm of SAP Business Waiehouse Stai Schema Bata Noueling, youi
mouels aie typically much simplei then ERBs, as you aie moueling a specific
business aiea. The SAP implementation of the Stai Schema is calleu the 4O#."&.&
:#,$ :(8.E,.



:;< 4O#."&.& :#,$ :(8.E, +),0$,E

What is most significant about this appioach is that uata is no longei stoieu in the
Bimension Tables. Insteau, Nastei Bata anu attiibutes of Nastei Bata, such as
Customei anu Customei Auuiesses, aie stoieu in exteinal tables anu linkeu to the
Bimension tables via :!+ oi :'$$%0,#. !&."#)P)(,#)%" Q'ER.$7 anu the
Bimensions aie linkeu to the C,(# 3,R/. via +!- !+ oi +)E."7)%" !+ Q'ER.$7.

This appioach offeis seveial benefits, the most impoitant of which is that N0 uata
othei than keys is stoieu in uimension tables. This means you only have to loau anu
stoie uata, i.e., customei name anu auuiess, once anu it can be useu in othei
infocubes oi infopioviueis. With an estimateu loss to the 0.S economy of moie than
$6uu,uuu,uuu,uuu.uu (yes, billion) fiom bau uata, this is a ciitical impiovement anu
one of seveial methous being useu to ieuuce uata eiiois.

The challenge facing all :;< => +,#, -%&./.$7 is how to tiansfoim the entity
ielationship mouel to the :;< 4O#."&.& :#,$ :(8.E,. The methou SAP
iecommenus is to tiansfoim the ERB into the Bubble Nouel, as shown in the next
uiagiam. In this case, I have useu a mouel of the Aiiline Route Piofitability mouel,
which is not pait of the stanuaiu SAP Business Content but is of ciitical impoitance
to the Aiiline Inuustiy! It is also applicable to the Tianspoitation Inuustiy in

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geneial, incluuing SPL (S
iu
Paity Shippeis), Railioau opeiatois, Ships, Feiiy's anu
Bus companies. Foi the puipose of intiouucing SAP BW Consulting Extenueu Stai
Schema Best Piactices, it will seive oui puiposes just fine.







;)$/)". 6%'#. <$%P)#,R)/)#5 ='RR/. +),0$,E

In oui ='RR/. +),0$,E above, we have seven uimensions uefineu aiounu a cential
fact table ielateu to Route Piofitability. Foi the puiposes of claiity, we have not
shown that the Nastei Bata, say foi Fleet, is stoieu in exteinal Nastei Bata Tables.


:9.(),/ Q%#. #% 4O9.$)."(.& S$,(/. 4"#)#5 6./,#)%"78)9 -%&./.$7: You may
iecognize that the typical scenaiio useu foi teaching ERB is the aiiline ieseivation
system. Please be awaie that this mouel, ;)$/)". 6%'#. <$%P)#,R)/)#5, is not the
same mouel although the piinciples aie the same. In fact, you will not finu a
geneially available public mouel of the Aiiline Route Piofitability mouel as each
aiiline uoes this in unique ways anu consiuei it theii most ciitical measuiement of
meiit.


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<=> ?@ )'*,0%+2*5 3#+# 4'/&%2*5 ?&,+ >.#1+21&,

Theie aie two basic appioaches to SAP BW Bata Noueling:

1. The Top Bown Key Figuie Baseu Appioach
2. The Bottom 0p BataSouice Appioach.

The main appioach you shoulu focus on using is the Top Bown Key Figuie baseu
appioach, especially when peifoiming youi Business Content check.

Key Figuie Baseu
Appioach (Top
Bown)
+,#, :%'$(. ;99$%,(8 T=%##%E
G9U
uet a cleai
unueistanuing of
youi logical uata
mouel
C%('7 %" #8. ='7)".77 <$%(.77 %P
5%'$ 757#.E
Bieak uown the
gianulaiity of youi
peifoimance
inuicatois to basic
key figuies
@8.(V 5%'$ +,#,7%'$(.7 P%$
9,$#)('/,$ E.,7'$.7 TB<!7U
Finu anu compaie
youi base key
figuies with the
Business Content
Repositoiy



W%%V '9 +,#,:%'$(. P%$
@8,$,(#.$)7#)(7 &.P)".& )"
&)E."7)%"7 )" 5%'$ /%0)(,/ &,#,
E%&./
Compaie the
Scenaiios of youi
logical uata mouel
with the Business
Content Infocubes,
Queiies anu
Woikbooks
G"&.$7#,"& 8%J ='7)".77
@%"#."# E,97 #% #8. P)./&7 5%'
P%'"& #% !"P%SRX.(#7
Check foi
peifoimance
inuicatois (KPIs) in
Business Content
Queiies

Investigate the uata
flow foi iuentifieu


Key Figuies
Infocube
InfoSouices
Infocube
InfoSouice
Info0bjects
BataSouices

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key figuies

A&7 B250.& ?#,&/ =::.'#19

The Key Figuie baseu appioach looks like the below uiagiam in piocess flow foim.


! The main appioach uuiing the Business Content check shoulu be a
top-uown appioach. If the seaich foi coiiesponuing Key Figuies is
not successful, a bottom-up appioach in the special case may be the
best solution.
! You must unueistanu the business concept behinu this mouel.
Technical uesciiptions will nevei ieveal a 1uu% solution
! Key Figuies (also known as Peifoimance Inuicatois oi measuies,
uepenuing on the cultuie you aie woiking in), may be available in the
business content, anu you will noimally finu them moueleu as
Calculateu Key Figuies. If you uo not finu a KPI that exactly matches
the KPI you aie looking foi, it may only mean that eithei:
1. It is available but is calleu something else
2. The components neeueu to cieate youi KPIs may be locateu in
sepaiate pieces within youi Business Content oi aie locateu in Nulti-
pioviueis.
;1 ;7 5%' (," 7..Y #8)7 )"&)(,#.7 ,"& L,/)&,#.7 J85 5%' E'7#
8,L. 79."# , (%"7)&.$,R/. ,E%'"# %P #)E. '"&.$7#,"&)"0 5%'$
%J" R'7)".77 ,"& #8. :;< ='7)".77 @%"#."# )" %$&.$ #% &.L./%9
, L,/)& E%&./Z
0nueistanu
Logical
Bata Nouel
Befine Key
Figuies
Finu
Business
Content
Compaie
BC to
Logical
Nouel
Beteimine
Bata Flow
foi KPIs

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! Theie is a SAP Business Content Biowsei available in the SAP BW
Business Content, but it is noimally not installeu noi available,
unfoitunately. All of the publicly available business content is
locateu at help.sap.com unuei SAP Netweavei. It is no longei
available in one spot noi as a sepaiate off-line puf uocument, so it
iequiies a gieat ueal of time to finu, stuuy anu employ in youi
enviionment.
! When analyzing SAP Business Content, focus on the following issues:
1. Business Context to compaie Business Scenaiios. 0ften times,
unielateu business aieas, have mouels that, at heait, look the same
anu can be leveiageu.
2. Check Compounuing, Bimensions anu the availability of Key
Figuies. Foi instance, Key Figuies iequiieu to compute youi KPIs
may be available in Nulti-Pioviueis oi coulu be moueleu that way.
Investigate whethei Bimensions within Infocubes can be ieuefineu as
navigational attiibutes.
! veiify that Business Content KPIs aie calculateu the same way youi
KPIs neeu to be calculateu.
! Investigate anu unueistanu all pioviueu uataflows anu extiactois.
Extiactois may neeu to be extenueu to pioviue all the uata elements
iequiieu foi youi scenaiio.

?'++'CDE: <1&*#.2'

The Bottom-0p oi BataSouice baseu appioach looks like the below uiagiam. The
use of the bottom up appioach mainly uepenus on whethei you aie iunning a SAP
RS uiiven system (meaning most if not all of youi souice uata will be coming fiom
one oi moie SAP RS systems)


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1. Assumption: Pioject is baseu piimaiily on SAP RS oi RS is at least pait of
the souiceu systems. If eithei of the two conuitions aie the case, then the
bottom up appioach is iecommenueu.
2. The majoi auvantage of this appioach is that the customei alieauy speaks oi
shoulu be vaguely fluent in SAPenese. What is SAPenese. Well, it is the
specializeu language of the SAP softwaie system, which sounus like space
aliens talking when outsiueis heai it. Like any specialty, such as aviation, a
unique language evolves anu SAPenese is the iesult. Foi the SAP BW
consultant, this gieatly facilitates conveisations about business iequiiements
anu allows you to finu ielative SAP Business Content fai easiei than in the
Top Bown appioach.
S. 0nce you have analyzeu the SAP BataSouices, meaning you have taken a look
at, foi example, how Puichase 0iuei numbei ianges aie uefineu in the
Nateiial Nanagement INu (Implementation Nanagement uuiue), you can
finu coiiesponuing Infosouices (anu extenu them if necessaiy to suppoit
youi scenaiio).
4. Theie is a neaily 1uu% chance youi system enviionment will not be puiely
SAP. Bowevei, if you can finu what you neeu in SAP anu finu the
coiiesponuing infosouice equivalents in the othei systems, it is fai easiei to
match the uatatypes anu get them into SAP BW. If you aie in a mixeu 0iacle
anu SAP enviionment, theie aie seveial thiiu paity venuois who have uone
the mapping anu matching foi you anu we iecommenu you investigate theii
usage, buuget peimitting.



RS is
Piimaiy
Souice
System.
Finu
BataSouices
Finu
Info0bjects
Finu
InfoSouices
Finu
InfoCubes
Finu Queiies

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3&+&.C2*2*5 3#+# B%'F,



Youi uata mouel will ueteimine youi iequiieu uataflow. 0nce moueleu, you can
always view youi uataflow using the metauata iepositoiy biowsei, which pioviues
you a snapshot of youi enu-to-enu uataflow.

Business
Content Check
- Tiansaction Bata
- Nastei Bata
Enhancements
- Souice System (Bata Souice)
- Tiansfei Rules
- 0puate Rules
- ueneiic BataSouice
Auuitional
InfoPioviueis
- Bata Consoliuation
- Bata Quality Nanagement

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4'/&%2*5 <=> ?@ 40%+2D>.'G2/&.,

A SAP BW Nulti-Pioviuei is useu to combine uata fiom Infopioviuei anu to make it
available foi iepoiting. The Nulti-Pioviuei uoesn't actually contain any uata itself
as it is moie oi less equivalent to a uatabase view.

The uesign of effective Nulti-Pioviueis is ciitical to success with the SAP Business
Waiehouse. Buiing the Requiiements Analysis phase of youi SAP BW pioject, you
must ueciue upon the following uesign elements:






[$,"'/,$)#5 %P #8. +,#,
! Time uianulaiity (This can iange fiom seconus to yeais)
! Aggiegateu oi uetaileu uata
! SnapshotInventoiy
+,#, M%/'E.
! Numbei of Bocuments
! Numbei of Piouucts
! Numbei of Yeais to iepoit on (Bistoiy)
6.\')$.& ;",/57)7 C.,#'$.7
! Analysis Nethou
uianulaiity
Bata
volume
Analysis

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! Nulti-uimensional oi Flat File Repoiting (oi a combination of both)
! Requiieu Response Times
! 0igency
! Real-Time oi some lag time alloweu











The above uiagiam shows how you can connect viitually anytime of infopioviuei
into a multi-pioviuei. Each paiticulai analytic iequiiement will involve slightly
uiffeient connections among the vaiious pioviueis. The seciet is to pioviue what
the usei neeus without bogging uown the system with too much uata.



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<=> ?@ )'*,0%+2*5 3#+# 4'/&%2*5 H#%0& >.':',2+2'*


This is pait one of a seiies of Bow-To uuiues we pioviue on SAP BW Bata Noueling.
We will pioviue a complete tieatment of the subject in a seiies of upcoming Bow-To
guiues. This is one of the most ciitical aieas of knowleuge foi the SAP BW
consultant. Fiom a customei value peispective, it is TBE N0ST CRITICAL ASPECT
of youi BW system.



Without a soliu, iobust uata-mouel, you will not be able to builu oi use the queiy's
youi business useis neeu.

As Senioi Level SAP Business Waiehouse Consultants, we aie fiequently confionteu
with the following questions fiom ieciuiteis which is why we believe you shoulu be
using oui seivices.

Questions which inuicate lack of knowleuge anu foi which only ueep SAP BW
expeitise can answei.

1. Bo you woik on the fiont-enu oi back-enu.
a. If the Bata-mouel is not uesigneu piopeily to suppoit youi cuiient
analysis iequiiements, by uefault, the SAP BW Consultant has to woik
on both the fiont-enu anu back-enu of the system. Fiom a puiely
technical stanupoint, theie is no such thing as fiont anu back enu.
Theie aie only components that pioviue vaiious iequiieu
functionalities.

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2. Bo you specialize in a paiticulai SAP BW-SAP functional aiea. Tianslation:
Bo you know SAP Financials, SAP Logistics, SAP Buman Resouices+SAP BW.
a. SAP uoes not pioviue any tiaining couises foi SAP BW-FIC0 oi any
othei aiea of SAP BW + SAP RS functional knowleuge. A SAP BW
Consultant, if he claims knowleuge of one of the SAP Functional Aieas
plus SAP BW got it in one of the following ways only:
i. Was a SAP Functional Consultant in one of the SAP Nouules,
such as NN oi SB oi FIC0. Then he ueciueu to become a SAP
BW consultant.
ii. The SAP BW Consultant woikeu on an implementation pioject
on the business siue in one of the functional aieas ioughly
ielateu to say, finance oi logistics.
iii. uaineu some knowleuge of the SAP functional mouule, such as
SAP Finance oi SAP Buman Resouices, fiom woiking as a SAP
BW consultant on a pioject wheie he happeneu to woik on that
aiea. In these cases, the functional knowleuge will be limiteu
to only those functional aieas coveieu uuiing that paiticulai
pioject.
S. Bo you specialize in a SAP BW Inuustiy specialty.
a. SAP uoes not pioviue any SAP BW Inuustiy Tiaining noi uoes it
pioviue SAP BW Content foi all SAP Inuustiy Solutions.
i. A SAP BW Consultant can only have gotten SAP BW Inuustiy
expeiience in one of the following ways:
1. Woikeu on a SAP BW Inuustiy Solution
implementation, such as Aiiline NR0 opeiations anu
leaineu some of it, on-the-job.
2. Woikeu in a specific inuustiy piioi to joining SAP, but
then will be limiteu to knowleuge about the paiticulai
aiea he woikeu in within that inuustiy befoie becoming
a SAP BW Consultant.

0ui value pioposition is baseu upon thiee piimaiy piinciples:

1. All of oui SAP BW consultants aie eithei :;< @.$#)P).& oi aie woiking
towaiu it. 0ui philosophy is simple when it comes to SAP Ceitification1 :;<
@.$#)P)(,#)%" may not make you a goou consultant, but it uoes inuicate you
have put in some time stuuying the available mateiial. Being a company
founueu by pilots, embeuueu softwaie system engineeis anu ex-militaiy
maintenance officeis, we aie, by natuie, veiy uemanuing of oui team.
2. We know that the available SAP Tiaining Nateiial is, unfoitunately, limiteu,
of less than militaiy class quality anu usually somewhat out-of-uate. To fix
that, we piouuce these Bow-To uuiues. They iepiesent oui ueep expeiience
in the inuustiy anu oui backgiounu in engineeieu softwaie systems.

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S. We aie foitunate to woik in an inuustiy that continues to exhibit a high-
uemanu foi expeitise like ouis. We aie limiteu in numbeis with huge giowth
taigets, anu oui success uepenus upon:
a. Pioviuing oui customeis with high-quality, high value solutions anu
pioving the value.
b. Cieating high-peifoimance Business Analytics Consultants by
continuously ieciuiting, tiaining, measuiing anu impioving oui
consultant's skills.

We also know that in touay's evei moie constiaineu buugetaiy enviionment, we
must pioviue oui clients with the means to estimate what theii BW pioject will cost
anu what benefit(s) it will pioviue the business. To that enu, we have uevelopeu
two tools, the SAP BW Resouice Calculatoi.




The BW Resouice Estimation Calculatoi is available foi uownloau heie, anu we
encouiage you to uownloau anu give it whiil. Bowevei, we woulu highly
iecommenu you engage with us to walk you thiough it as the subject mattei
iequiies extensive knowleuge of the SAP BW piouuct.

The othei calculatoi we pioviue focuses on the use of SAP BW to enable Thiough-
put Accounting capabilities, which is something unique to SAP BW Consulting, inc.


www.SAPBWConsulting.com
E-Nail: Lonnie.AyeisSAPBWConsulting.com
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