Introduction to Embedded System

Definition
Embedded systems can be less formally defined as dedicated, computer-based systems designed to monitor certain parameters, associated with some process or system, and to use that information to
control the process, or system, or some combination thereof.

The majority of embedded systems are gathering data from one or more sensors and other data sources, subjecting the data to some form of conditioning and providing it directly, or via a buffer/multiplexing stage in cases involving large amounts of data, to a Central Processing Unit (CPU), The CPU processes the incoming data and typically outputs commands to an output conditioning phase which in turn drives

motors, linear and other actuators, display devices, communications channels, etc

Structure of Embedded System

A Harvard

memory architecture, An ALU, Seven on-chip registers A serial port (UART)

A power saving mode, Two 16 bit counter/timers Internal memory consisting of GP bit-addressable storage, register banks and special function registers Support for 64K of external memory (code)10, Support for 64K external memory (data) Four 8-bit, bidirectional I/O ports11 Two 10 bit-addressable locations12
128 bytes of internal RAM, 4k bytes of internal ROM Multiple addressing modes - indirect/direct to memory, register direct via the accumulator 12 clock cycles per machine cycle Very efficient execution since most instructions required only one or two machine cycles. 5-1 MIPS performance at a clock speed of 12 MHz. An on-chip clock oscillator, Six source, five vector interrupt handling 64K program memory address space, 64K data memory address space Extensive Boolean handling capability

PSoC3 (Cypress CY8C34 Family)

- single cycle 8051 CPU core, DC to 48 MHz operation,multiply/divide instructions, Flash program memory to 64 KB, 100,000 write cycles, 20 years retention, multiple security features, max of 8 KB Flash ECC or configuration storage, max of 8 KB SRAM, max of Up to 2 KB EEPROM (1M cycles, 20 years retention), 24 channel DMA with multi-layer AHB bus access, programmable chained descriptors and priorities, high bandwidth 32-bit transfer support, operating voltage range from 0.5V to 5.5V, high efficiency boost regulator (0.5V input to 1.8V5.0V output), current drain 330A at 1 MHz, 1.2mA at 6MHz, 5.6mA at 40MHz, 200nA hibernate mode with RAM retention and LVD, 1A sleep mode with real time clock and low voltage reset, 28 to 72 I/O channels (62 GPIO, 8 SIO, 2 USBIO), any GPIO to any digital or analog peripheral routability, LCD direct drive from any GPIO (max of 46x16 segments), 1.2V to 5.5V I/O interface voltages (max of 4 domains), maskable independent IRQ on any pin or port, Schmitt trigger TTL inputs, all GPIO configurable (open drain high/low, pull up/down, High-Z, or strong output), configurable GPIO pin state at power on reset (POR), 25 mA sink on SIO, 16 to 24 programmable PLD-based Universal Digital Blocks, full CAN 2.0b 16 RX, 8 TX buffers, USB 2.0 (12 Mbps) using an internal oscillator, max of four 16-bit configurable timer, counter, and PWM blocks, 8, 16, 24, and 32-bit timers, counters, and PWMs, SPI, UART, I2C, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), Pseudo Random Sequence (PRS) generator, LIN Bus 2.0, Quadrature decoder, configurable Delta-Sigma ADC with 12-bit resolution (programmable gain stage: x0.25 to x16, 12-bit mode, 192 ksps, 70 dB SNR, 1 bit INL/DNL), two 8-bit 8 Msps IDACs or 1 Msps VDACs, four comparators with 75 ns response time, two uncommitted OpAmps with25 mA drive capability, two configurable multifunction analog blocks. (configurable as PGA, TIA, Mixer, and Sample/Hold), JTAG (4 wire), Serial Wire Debug (SWD) (2 wire), Single Wire Viewer (SWV) interfaces, Bootloader programming supportable through I2C, SPI, UART, USB, and other interfaces, precision, programmable clocking (1 to 48 MHz (1% with PLL), 4 to 33 MHz crystal oscillator for crystal PPM accuracy, PLL clock generation to 48 MHz, 32.768 KHz watch crystal oscillator, Low power internal oscillator at 1 KHz and 100 KHz.

Embedded System Applications

Embedded systems can be found in an ever increasing number of applications including: televisions, cable boxes, satellite boxes, cable modems, routers, printers, microwave ovens, surround sound systems, computer monitors, digital cameras, zoom lenses, cars and trucks (some vehicles have 100+ such systems), stereos, dishwashers, dryers, washing machines, cell phones, digital multimeters, calculators, air conditioners, mp3 players, heaters, flightcontrol systems (fly-bywire), running shoes, tennis rackets, traffic lights, elevators, telecommunications systems, medical equipment, airplanes, automotive cruise controls, ignition systems, personal digital assistants, pleasure boats, motorcycles, childrens toys, oscilloscopes, ships, industrial and process control applications, railway systems, laboratory equipment, personal computers, data collection/logging equipment, numerical processing applications,smart shoes, robotics, fire/security alarms, biometric systems, proximity detectors, inertial guidance systems, GPS devices, UAVs, etc.

Automotive Electronics - vehicle manufacturers continue to move aggressively in implementing more and more embedded system technology into new vehicles to increase their competitive strengths in meeting the new challenges of their competitors and public demand for more efficient, reliable and feature-rich transportation. Currently the number of microprocessors/ microcontrollers in automobiles ranges from 10, to more than 100, with current estimates suggesting that as much as 40% of the value of some automobiles is invested in the electronics systems and networking. Some modern vehicles employ three, or more, network protocols, e.g., LIN (10 kbits/sec), CAN (1 Mbits/sec) and FlexRay15 (10 Mbits/sec) to address the wide range of real-time responses needed in contemporary vehicles.

Avionic Electronics - Private, commercial and

military avionic systems make extensive use of embedded systems for fly-by-wire systems, GPSbased and other navigational systems such as inertial navigation systems. Heads-up displays, power plant monitoring and control, instrument displays, communication systems, transponders, instrument panels, transponders, communications equipment, internal/external lighting systems, offensive and defensive weapon systems, etc., are also increasingly controlled and/or monitored by embedded systems.

Communications Electronics - cell phones, telephone switches, GPS, routers, microwave and satellite systems, etc., make extensive use of embedded systems. Industrial Electronics - process control systems, numerically controlled milling and drilling machines, robotics, automated inspection systems, etc., are heavily dependent on embedded systems particularly for high volume, close tolerance manufacturing processes and systems.

Types of Embedded System

Event-Driven Mode (EDM) - perhaps the most common type of embedded system which is constrained to responding to previously defined events and providing predefined responses. The system waits for an event to occur in the form of a key depression, a parameter meeting some threshold level and thus representing an event, or other triggering events, Continuous Time Mode (CTM) - such systems are continuously monitoring input channels and reacting to various input conditions, Discrete Time Mode (DTM)- these systems wake-up at predetermined intervals, sample input data, carry out the appropriate responses and then go back to sleep,

Function of Embedded System

a controller designed to maintain certain parameters, or operating
conditions, of a system, or process, within pre-defined ranges or contexts, part of a network of embedded systems engaged in making decisions, monitoring activity and/or exchanging information regarding the various systems, or processes, to be monitored or controlled and their respective states, an application-specific embedded system for image/video processing, graphics, multimedia processing, an embedded system for demanding computational applications and interfacing applications, a data logging system for applications such as remote sensing systems, a specialized/custom digital communications processing system, such as part of a data link,

embedded systems are employed, when required, to allow them to modify their characteristics to meet, often in real-time