Gruszczynski 1 Bibliography Andr, Didierjean, and Gobet Fernand. herlock !ol"es # an e$pert%s &ie' o( e$pertise.

.) British *ournal o( +sychology ,,, no. 1 -.//012 1/,31.4. doi2 1/.15607///81.9/8:..669,. Atkins, ;i". <arrati&e identity, practical identity and ethical subjecti&ity.) =ontinental +hilosophy >e&ie' 58, no. 5 -.//612 5613599. http277tinyurl.co"7o..yu0,. Button, ?i". potty cope and @ur >elation to Fictions.) <oAs 69, no. . -./1.12 .653.40. doi2 1/.11117j.16903//90../1/.//804.$. Good"an, *e((rey. Bhere is herlock !ol"esC) ?he outhern *ournal o( +hilosophy 61, no. . -.//51. doi2 1/.11117j../6139,9...//5.tb//,60.$. Gruszczynski, Daniel. herlock @bser&ation <otes. February 15, ./16. !arrington. Dllen B. <ation, identity, and the (ascination 'ith (orensic science in herlock !ol"es and = E.) Enternational *ournal o( =ultural tudies 1/, no. 5 -.//812 594350.. doi2 1/.118871598088,/8/0/16,. Fiebes"an, Da&id. <ecessarily, herlock !ol"es Es <ot a +erson.) Analytic +hilosophy -./161. doi2 1/.11117phib.1./5,. <eary, Fynn. ?he Dnduring +opularity o( herlock !ol"es.) <ational +ublic >adio, Dece"ber 1,, ./11. http277'''.npr.org7./1171.71,7165,46.9.7the3enduring3popularity3o(3sherlock3hol"es. +olasek, Ashley D. ur&eying the +ost3Gillennial herlock !ol"es2 A =ase (or the Great Detecti&e as a Gan o( @ur ?i"es.)@$(ord *ournals 9, no. 5 -./1512 50635,5. doi2 1/.1/,57adaptation7apt//9. +oore, Benja"in. herlock !ol"es and the Feap o( Faith2 ?he Forces o( Fando" and =on&ergence in Adaptations o( the !ol"es and Batson tories.) @$(ord *ournals 9, no. . -./1512 1403181. doi2 1/.1/,57adaptation7aps/.6. Go((at, te&en and Gark Gatiss. Sherlock2 eason ?hree. ?H. First broadcast *anuary 1,, ./16 by BB= @ne. ?obin, Hera. Bays o( reading herlock !ol"es2 the entrench"ent o( discourse blends.) Fanguage and Fiterature 14, no. 1 -.//912 853,/. doi2 1/.11887/,95,68//9/9/449.

Gruszczynski . A word of explanation: If this document appears disjointed, it's because it is. The first page contains my working bibliography sans one source! for the paper. I do ha"e my six re#uired annotations, but they aren't in order in completion, but instead by the citation. $el"ing into these papers has re#uired me to learn so much more about the topic than I had anticipated, and as a result, I ha"e a lot of notes in between my annotations put there for my understanding. %ome sources seem like a much better fit now than they had before, so how I use the sources I do ha"e may be subject to change. I do not ha"e in&text citations for my annotations and instead focused on paraphrasing and summari'ing arguments for my own sake to make sure I understood e"erything!. I will go back and place the page numbers as needed. (eedless to say, I am "ery excited about my research and if I sur"i"e the process, I think the end result will be ama'ing. Blurbs2 E belie&e in herlock !ol"es) inspired "e to e$plore the Iuestion2 e$actly 'ho or 'hat is herlock !ol"esC Does herlock !ol"es constitute personhood, is he an abstract arti(act, is his e$istence dependent on "aterial and te"poral constraintsC Bhat i( you aren%t the one thinking, but 'hat i( thinking is so"ething that happens onto youC ?his (ollo's that organizing the thoughts o( (ictional characters to be internally consistent "atches the thought patterns o( a real person # a product o( their biology, e$periences, etc.

%ource )ne Andr, Didierjean, and Gobet Fernand. herlock !ol"es # an e$pert%s &ie' o( e$pertise.) British *ournal o( +sychology ,,, no. 1 -.//012 1/,31.4. doi2 1/.15607///81.9/8:..669,. ?his paper uses e$cerpts (ro" Doyle%s short stories to e$a"ine ho' !ol"es% "ethodology can illustrate lessons on 'hat it "eans to be an e$pert). ?he authors e$plore ho' e$perts percei&e situations di((erently (ro" no&ices, the role o( deliberate practice, the organization o( kno'ledge o( &arying le&els o( abstraction, and the i"portance o( atypical cases and errors. ?hey co"pare !ol"es% insights 'ith current research and note areas o( particular interest (or (urther research. Bhat is o( particular interest to "e is ho' the authors utilize herlock !ol"es to re(lect on the progress o( cogniti&e science, and a re"ark the authors "ade on ho' Batson is indispensable to !ol"es because Batson helps !ol"es de&elop his &erbal e$pertise. En a sense, Batson is an arti(act to !ol"es, and !ol"es is an arti(act to these researchers. Bhat is also notable is that 'e can e$tract truth (ro" (ictional characters in the sa"e 'ay that 'e deri&e kno'ledge and 'isdo" (ro" other people through their 'orld &ie' -and then (iltered by the recipient%s 'orld &ie'1. ?hus, is herlock%s insights "erely a packaged &ariation on Doyle%s belie(s -or his conte"poraries1, or can 'e attribute these thoughts to herlock as i( he 'ere an independent agentC =an 'e "ake herlock an e$pert 'ith his o'n opinions instead o( si"ply illustrating his use(ulness as a the"ed e$a"pleC

Gruszczynski 5 %ource Two Atkins, ;i". <arrati&e identity, practical identity and ethical subjecti&ity.) =ontinental +hilosophy >e&ie' 58, no. 5 -.//612 5613599. http277tinyurl.co"7o..yu0,. ?he (ollo'ing list o( ter"s is (or "y o'n understanding. Et is not needed to co"prehend "y annotation2 (ormati"e ethics # the study o( ho' things ought to be and ho' people ought to act *henomenology # the study o( structures o( consciousness as e$perienced (ro" the (irst3person +@H (arrati"e identity # the idea that indi&iduals (or" their identity by constructing an internalized, e&ol&ing story o( the sel( (ro" their li(e e$periencesJ this is 'hat gi&es indi&iduals a sense o( unity and purpose +ogito cogito ergo sum! # E think there(ore E a") post&structuralism # a rejection against the objecti&ity assu"ed by structuralis"J e"phasizes ho' signs con&ey "ultiple "eanings and that one cannot separate "eaning (ro" the discourse and perspecti&e to 'hich it is &ie'ed. ?his "o&e"ent also rejects the notion o( a 'ork ha&ing authorial intent $ialectic # discussing7arguing opposing ideas to (ind truth ?his article argues that hu"an understanding is narrati&e and thus our identities take a narrati&e (or". ?he author belie&es that the narrati&e "odel is a co"ple$ interplay bet'een the (irst3person -subjecti&e1, the second3person -co""unicati&e1, and third3person -objecti&e1. ?his arises because o( our bodily e$perience # the a"biguity o( ha&ing a sensing body and being able to sense our o'n consciousness "eans that 'e can &ie' oursel&es either as objects -third3person1 or as subjects per(or"ing actions -(irst3person1. ?he second3person de&elops as a result o( hu"ans being social beingsJ 'e (or" oursel&es as a result o( social interaction and the abstraction that our body "eans (i$ed) o&er ti"e, despite gro'th or physiological changes. ?he narrati&e "odel gi&es rise to the ordering o( e&ents in ti"e, leading us to construct a past, present, and (uture. ?his is intrinsically linked to the concept o( a beginning, "iddle, and end in 'hich e&ents are "olded to (it a kind o( cause3and3e((ect relationship. Edentity also arises (ro" e"bodi"entJ 'e "ust appropriate the accounts o( so"e character, and that character "ust be the subject in a narrati&e. En doing so, 'e beco"e both the 'riter) and reader) o( a li(e narrati&e and constancy is established. En clai"ing actions, 'e gain liability (ro" the", 'hich i"plies agency. !o'e&er, actions the"sel&es are social concepts dependent on accept rules o( conduct. ?hese actions beco"e our o'n only 'hen they are sel(3ascribed and the act o( sel(3attestation is the basis o( ethical subjecti&ity. Further"ore, this &ie' e$plains ho' i( it 'ere possible to split onesel( in t'o, there 'ould be no practical reason to assu"e that the t'o clones 'ere the sa"e person since the actions brought upon one is no longer linked the the e((ects brought upon the other. ?his article is o( i"portance because it highlights the si"ilarities bet'een a personal narrati&e and a (ictional narrati&e. ?he article also pro&ides conditions that constitute personhood, gi&ing "e a set o( criteria to deter"ine 'hether herlock !ol"es) can be considered a person and the practical considerations in&ol&ed -e$2 !e has a body in the (ictional 'orld, but not one in the physical 'orld, but can does he still Iuali(y as a person)C !o' do 'e account (or the parallel adaptations o( !ol"esC1

Gruszczynski 6 %ource Three Button, ?i". potty cope and @ur >elation to Fictions.) <oAs 69, no. . -./1.12 .653.40. doi2 1/.11117j.16903//90../1/.//804.$. ?his paper addresses an issue called the operator proble" that occurs 'hen irrealists try to talk about (ictional characters outside o( the scope o( their (igured 'orld. For these purposes, irrealists are si"ply indi&iduals 'ho Iuali(y their descriptions o( (ictional entities by the (igured 'orld to 'hich they are contained. For e$a"ple, According the BB=%s herlock, herlock li&es at ..1B Baker treet.) !o'e&er, the dile""a occurs 'hen an irrealist 'ants to say herlock is taller than "e.) ?his co"parison treats herlock as both a (ictional and a real person, hence the contradiction. ?he author pro&ides t'o options in this situation2 ,! austere&irrealism # you (ind a Iuanti(iable "etric that "akes the t'o subjects "utually co"parable -e$2 According BB=%s herlock, herlock is $ inches tall. E a" y inches tall. ince $ K y, herlock 'ould be taller than "e i( he 'ere real.)1 and -! extending the scope of the figured world to include the subjects in Iuestion. !o'e&er, this incurs other philosophical issues. ?he author atte"pts to create &ariations on logical operators to a&oid the spotty scope) but the author concludes that the proble" does not see" to truly go a'ay. ?his article is i"portant because it "ay lend credence to the idea that treating (ictional characters are si"ply (ictional leads to interesting logical issues that presu"ably 'ould not occur i( 'e assu"e that (ictional characters e$ist beyond their (igured 'orld. En particular, i( one holds an irrealist perspecti&e, then ho' does one account (or trans(erable kno'ledge or dra'ing direct co"parisons bet'een (ictional and real scenariosC ?his is 'hat E 'ant to address in "y paper. %ource .our http277plato.stan(ord.edu7entries7(iction7 An aside2 E "ay incorporate the background in(or"ation (ro" the abo&e link into "y paper to pro&ide solid background on the nature o( the Iuestions that E 'ill be asking in "y paper. ?o begin, E 'ould like to "ake a distinction bet'een the t'o types o( Iuestions that E a" asking2 ,! /etaphysical #uestion: Bhat is the nature o( a (ictional entity such as herlock !ol"esC -! )ntological #uestion: Do (ictional entities e$istC Bhy assu"e that there are (ictional characters to begin 'ithC Getaphysics deals 'ith the nature o( reality by de(ining and describing essential concepts such as being, identity, ti"e, space, etc. ?hus, you "ay choose to read the (irst Iuestion as (ollo's2 Bhat does it "ean to be (ictionalC En contrast, ontology studies the nature o( e$istence. Bhen so"eone re"arks that herlock !ol"es isn%t real), that person is "aking an ontological state"ent about (ictional characters by concluding that on so"e le&el, (ictional characters do not e$ist in the sa"e 'ay that you or E do. ?here(ore, the second Iuestion is "uch "ore (unda"ental than the (irst in that one is Iuestioning 'hether or not (iction &s non3(iction is e&en a &alid dichoto"y to "ake.

Gruszczynski 4 <o', there are t'o basic sides to this debate. @n one side, you ha&e the fiction antirealists. ?hese people deny the e$istence o( (ictional characters. +eriod. ?hey aren%t e&en concerned 'ith the "etaphysical Iuestions because their ans'er to the ontological Iuestion is a resounding no. @n the other side, you ha&e the fiction realists, people 'ho belie&e that in so"e sense (ictional entities e$ist. !o'e&er, one can (urther di&ide the realist ca"p into subcategories. ?his includes possibilism. Basically, this "eans that (ictional characters do not e$ist in our 'orld but could e$ist in other 'orlds in 'hich their ontological datu" -e&idence o( their e$istence1 holds true. Fiebes"an addresses the proble" 'ith this &ie'J na"ely, ho' do 'e deter"ine 'hich o( the possible herlock !ol"es is the herlock !ol"esC A sounder &ariation is to consider that Doyle%s conception o( !ol"es is an indi&idual that intends to realize the tales in so"e other 'orld in 'hich the stories are possible to actualize. !o'e&er, this "akes co"parisons di((icult to do because one 'ould ha&e to say herlock is possibly cle&erer than other detecti&es.) !olding this &ie' does not su((iciently e$plain 'hy 'e hold opinions (or (iction characters i( nothing about the" is concretely co"parable. ?hen, there is /einongianism, the idea that (ictional characters mere substance, lacking any sort o( spatial3te"poral being that 'ould considered existence. ?hey ha&e the properties gi&en to the" in their tales, both e$plicitly and in(erred. ?hen, there is creationism, the notion that the authors the"sel&es actively create the -abstract1 (ictional entities in Iuestion. !o'e&er, this calls to Iuestion the nature o( the creati&e process, the i"plicit creation o( characters lacking labels, or e&en 'orse, the creation o( characters 'ith identical properties originating (ro" di((erent sources. (ote: This one is not #uite done yet, and may as well be its own source for the purpose of pro"iding the necessary terminology and background information needed to understand the moti"ations behind my topic! Good"an, *e((rey. Bhere is herlock !ol"esC) ?he outhern *ournal o( +hilosophy 61, no. . -.//51. doi2 1/.11117j../6139,9...//5.tb//,60.$. ?he author begins 'ith a bold Iuestion2 Bhere and 'hen is herlock !ol"esC) En other 'ords, the paper addresses the ontological status o( (ictional characters, ontological "eaning a Iuestion o( existence. !e brie(ly lists the (i&e contesting theories that atte"pt to ans'er said Iuestion, and they are as (ollo's2 -11 (ote: (ot done...work in progress!

Gruszczynski 9 %ource .i"e Gruszczynski, Daniel. herlock @bser&ation <otes. February 15, ./16. ?hese are "y obser&ation notes on the three episodes o( eason ?hree o( herlock. ?hey record and detail the narrati&e that un(olds a(ter the t'o years o( herlock%s death hoa$. E intend to use these notes to build a case on ho' herlock !ol"es e"bodies a real person 'ith thoughts, (eelings, and "oti&ations that parallel the physical 'orld. E 'ill analyze the 'ay these characters display agency and discuss 'hether or not agency in their (igured 'orld constitutes agency in other 'orlds -the real 'orld) 1. E 'ill co"pare ho' herlock%s (ans treat hi" as an abstract arti(act the sa"e 'ay (ans o( the sho' treat herlock !ol"es) as an abstract arti(act and deter"ine 'hether it is necessary (or a physical herlock !ol"es to ha&e e$isted in order to dra' an accurate analogy. E 'ill also use "y notes to pro&ide e$a"ples on ho' the audience can gain insights (ro" this (igured 'orld and deter"ine i( the &ery act o( trans(erable kno'ledge (ro" a 'ork o( (iction establishes its e$istence.

%ource %ix !arrington. Dllen B. <ation, identity, and the (ascination 'ith (orensic science in herlock !ol"es and = E.) Enternational *ournal o( =ultural tudies 1/, no. 5 -.//812 594350.. doi2 1/.118871598088,/8/0/16,. ?his paper atte"pts to dra' the parallels bet'een the popularity o( herlock !ol"es and current cri"e3scene in&estigation sho's -= E, Fa' and @rder1 as pro"oting larger cultural narrati&es about science, the indi&idual, and national identity. En both cases, 'e ha&e in&estigati&e parties 'ho use cutting3edge technology to assist the" in identi(ying and apprehending cri"inals. Both series rely on a (or"ulaic structure that rea((ir"s underlying ideals -the i"portance o( procedure, rational e$planations (or any e&ent # like cooby Doo, preser&ing order, the syste") 'orks1. Additionally, both cases e"phasize the scienti(ic "ethod abo&e the characterization o( its actors. Bhen there is success, it goes the key indi&idual-s1 - herlock, the lead in&estigator1 rather than to the entire tea" in&ol&ed. ?he irony behind both tales is that they pro&ide escapis" through rationalization, and in "any cases, the "ysteries the"sel&es reIuire a certain suspension o( disbelie(. ?he author continues by saying that Doyle%s decision to "ake the stories discrete yet interrelated "ight ha&e in(luenced the rise o( episodic plots on tele&ision and (il". Bith regards to cultural and national identity, one can see the legacy e((ects o( Doyle%s ideology. Doyle hi"sel( 'as an i"perialist, and his tales subtlety e"phasize the need to ha&e a strong state to keep order -(or ci&ilised peoples1 (ro" dangerous cri"inals and terrorists. ?his "akes the tales a product o( its ti"e since the 10,/s 'as a ti"e o( i"perialist e$pansion and also a ti"e o( uphea&al (or "any disen(ranchised 'orkers, "inorities, and i""igrants. @ne also sees the e((ects o( ho' scienti(ic thinking is not inherently objecti&e by re(lecting society%s biases -e$2 Fo"broso%s study on cri"inal pro(iles1. = E%s take on scienti(ic inIuiry and their e"phasis on corpses and physical appearances do'nplay the i"portance o( socially constructed identities and reduces indi&iduals to the su" o( their parts, 'hich is proble"atic because it not only "isrepresents actual scienti(ic inIuiry but in&okes so"e o( the &ery prejudices -nor"ati&e identity, gender reduced to crude biology, etc1 that arises out o( a((ir"ing the do"inant ideology.

Gruszczynski 8 ?hus, this paper pro&ides the historical and cultural conte$t needed to understand !ol"es% role as an abstract arti(act and 'hat his legacy "eans on a "acro le&el. i"ilarly, one can "ake the argu"ent that like any other indi&idual, !ol"es e"bodies zeitgeist, and that i( one can "ake a distinction bet'een !ol"es% id -personality1 and superego -internalized societal ideals1, then one has a co"pelling argu"ent (or !ol"es% personhood.

%ource %e"en Fiebes"an, Da&id. <ecessarily, herlock !ol"es Es <ot a +erson.) Analytic +hilosophy -./161. doi2 1/.11117phib.1./5,. E"portantly, note that the sole conclusion o( the argu"ent is that necessarily, !ol"es is not a person. ?his is co"patible 'ith the popular &ie' that !ol"es is an abstract arti(act.) 0olmes#ue re(ers to the Iualities Doyle assigns to herlock !ol"es -such as being a detecti&e, li&ing on Baker treet, etc.1 %uper"aluationism re(ers to the &agueness in re(erence. ?he purpose o( this paper is to clari(y a position "ade by philosopher aul ;ripke about the personhood) o( herlock !ol"es by pro&iding a "ore rigorous argu"ent against the notion that necessarily, herlock !ol"es is not a person. Fiebes"an%s argu"ent depends on three conditions2 -11 na"es are rigid designators, -.1 herlock !ol"es) is a na"e, and -51 herlock !ol"es) does not re(er to a physical person 'ho Doyle "erely described. Gi&en this, the argu"ent (ollo's (our principles2 -11 the necessity o( identity, -.1 that t'o distinct things could%&e been !ol"esIue, -51 that i( !ol"es is a possible person, then being !ol"esIue is su((icient (or being !ol"es, and -61 identities are transiti&e. ?he rest o( the paper (or"alizes an argu"ent by contradiction, pro&ides possible objections and rebuttals -'ith so"e Iuali(iers1, and concludes 'ith a su""ary. !o'e&er, the section o( interest co"es (ro" the 14th (ootnote re(erring to !ol"es as an actual abstract arti(act. E 'ould like to e$plore and Iuestion the de(inition o( person) in this conte$t as 'ell as e$plore the gray area in Fiebes"an%s conditions.

%ource 1ight <eary, Fynn. ?he Dnduring +opularity o( herlock !ol"es.) <ational +ublic >adio, Dece"ber 1,, ./11. http277'''.npr.org7./1171.71,7165,46.9.7the3enduring3popularity3o(3sherlock3hol"es. LEt has been esti"ated that herlock !ol"es is the "ost proli(ic screen character in the history o( cine"aL # <ot (ro" this source, but related to the "essage

Gruszczynski 0 ?his <+> article describes ho' the ad&entures o( herlock !ol"es continue to endure and adapt to "odern audiences through re"akes and reani"ations o( the Hictorian era sleuth. ?he article begins by noting that !ol"es is o&er a century old and then goes on to present three authors% take on !ol"es and 'hat he represents -based on their reinterpretations1 . ?he (irst author Anthony !oro'itz re"arks on the allure ca"e (ro" !ol"es% setting # the "ystiIue o( late 1,th century Fondon. ?his inspired his o'n "ystery no&el, adopting herlock and Batson as principal characters. ?he second author and technical ad&iser Fes ;linger highlights herlock%s physical skill set -as e"phasized in the >obert Do'ning *r. herlock "o&ies1. Author Faurie ;ing re3i"agines herlock as a young (e"inist 'o"an and notes that herlock 'as the bridge into the "odern era, using technology and "ethods that 'ould beco"e the (oundation to "odern (orensics. ?he article ends 'ith ;linger re"arking that !ol"es% appeal co"es (ro" his uniIue sense o( justice and his outcast role. @&erall, this article pro&ides e$a"ples o( ho' indi&iduals ha&e co"e to continue herlock%s legacy as 'ell as sho' ho' this (ictitious character has a((ected real people, gaining an abstract (or" o( realistic legiti"acy.