Solid Geometry

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 1 -
A
B
C
AB AC
AD
BC
=
A
B
C
D
Revision on the previous Geometry
In any ABC :
AB + BC > AC
AB + AC > BC
AC + BC > AB
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In any ABC if :
(1) (AB) = (BC) + (AC) then ABC is a right angled triangle at C
(2) (AB) > (BC) + (AC) then ABC is an obtuse angled triangle at C
(1) (AB) < (BC) + (AC) then ABC is an acute angled triangle .
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In Right - angled triangle

- To find a sides :
1) Use Pythagoras theorem :

2) Use Euclid's theorem :

(AB) = BD BC

(AC) = CD CB

(AD) = BD DC

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 2 -
1
Pr oduct of anytwosides Sinetheangleincluded
2
=
o
30
A
B
C
D
B
A
C
M
x
y
z
1
2
So , From the opposite figure
BM : MZ 2 : 1
Or ZM : ZB 1: 3
Or BM : BZ 2 : 3
=
=
=
E
- To find the angles :
use TOA CAH SOH

- To find the Area :
1
Base Height
2

- To find the Area :

=
1
2
a b Sin C Or
1
2
a c Sin B Or
1
2
b c Sin A
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(1) In the right angled triangle ABC , the side opposite to 30 equals half the length of the
hypotonuse AB = AC

(2) In the right angled triangle ABC , The median from the
vertex of the right angled equals half the length of the hypotonuse

So , BD = AC Or BD =AD =DC
(3) If E is a mid point of AB and D is the mid point of AC ,
Then ED // BC And ED = BC
(4) The medians of a triangle intersects at a point called the point of concurrence , This point
divides each median in the ratio of 2 : 1 from the vertex or 1 : 2 from the base .

(5) In an equilateral or isosceles triangle , the height of the bisects the base .
axis of symmetry


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 3 -
" " Congruence between two triangles
two triangles are congruent If each side of one triangle is congruent to the corresponding side
of another triangle . S S S

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two triangles are congruent If two sides and included
angle in one triangle are congruent to
the corresponding parts in another triangle

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two triangles are congruent If two angles and the side
between them in one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts in another triangle.

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two triangles are congruent If the hypotenuse and side
of one right triangle are congruent to the corresponding
parts of another right triangle,


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 4 -
A
D
H
C B
AD AH DH AD AH BD CH DH
OR OR
AB AC BC DB HC BA CA BC
= = = = =

I n the opposite figure:
If DH // BC , then :

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I n the above figures:

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similarity between two triangles

two triangles are similar if one of the following cases exists :
Case (1)
Theorem (1) : AAA (angles - similarity)
The measures of the angles of one triangle are equal to the measures of the corresponding
angles in the other triangle.

Then


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 5 -
Case (2)
Theorem (2) : SAS (side - included angle - side similarity )
The length of the Two sides are proportional and included angle is equal to the corresponding
parts in the other triangle .

So

Then

Case (3)
Theorem (3) : SSS (sides similarity )
The length of the corresponding sides of the two triangles are Proportional .

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in two similar triangles :
2 2
1
2
Side the area of ABC perimetr of ABC
= =
the area of XYZ Side perimetr of XYZ
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

in two similar polygons :
2 2
1
2
Side the area of ABCD perimetr of ABCD
= =
the area of XYZL Side perimetr of XYZL
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 6 -
Chapter 1 Lines and planes

Plane
A plane may be considered as an infinite set of points forming a connected flat surface
extending infinitely far in all directions. A plane has infinite length, infinite width, and zero
height (or thickness). It is usually represented in drawings by a four-sided figure. The word
plane is written with the letter so as not to be confused with a point
For example :
the top of a table, the floor
and a whiteboard are all
like a plane.

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The plane is determined by each of the following cases :
(1) Three distinct non collinear points . note : they can form a circle
(2) A straight line and a point not belonging to it . see the figure below
(3) Two intersecting straight lines . see the figure below
(4) Two parallel straight lines . see the figure below

Note : there is one and only one plane passes through three non collinear points .

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 7 -
Relative positions of a line and a plane

(1) the line is parallel to the plane x :
So no point in common and L X = C

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(2) The line intersects the plan x :
in this case , the plan x and line L have one
point in common
So , L X = {C}

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(3) the line L lies completely in plane x :
in this case , all points of the line L belong to plan x .
So , L X = L and L c X .

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Relative positions between two planes

(1) The two planes intersect :

From the figures above .. the two planes intersect in a line AB
So , X Y = AB

A
B
L


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 8 -
(2) The two planes coincide :

So both of them have three non collinear points in common
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(3) The two planes are parallel :
In this case , the two planes have no common points
So , X Y = C

Very important note :
If two planes are parallel , then any line in one of them is parallel to other plane
In the opposite figure :
If X // Y , and L c X , Then L // Y

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Relations between two lines in a plane

(1) The two lines are parallel :
two lines are parallel if
i) L M = C
ii) they are Coplanar lie in the same plane
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(2) The two line are Skew :
two lines are Skew if
i) L M = C
ii) they are non Coplanar
So they are not parallel

The path of the car and the path of the boat are skew

The angle between two Skew lines
If
1
L and
2
L are two skew lines , so from A
draw a straight line AC //
1
L , Then m(< BAC )
is the angle between the two skew lines
1
L and
2
L

L


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 9 -
Second : show what of the following is true and what is false correct the false

(1) Any two lines determine a plane
Answer
false statement they may be skew
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(2) any three points determine a plane
Answer
false statement any three non collinear points determine a plane
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(3) if the straight line L // the plane X , then all planes containing L are parallel to X
Answer
false statement there is only one plane that contains L are parallel to X.
--------------------------------------------------------------

(4) if the two planes X and Y are parallel , and if L c X , then L // Y
Answer
true statement
--------------------------------------------------------------
(6) the two parallel lines are skew straight lines
Answer
false statement the two parallel lines are Coplanar
--------------------------------------------------------------
(7) the two skew straight lines can not lie in one plane
Answer
true statement
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(8) two planes can be intersected in three non collinear points .
Answer
false statement two planes can be intersected in a straight line .
--------------------------------------------------------------
(9) two planes coincide if they have three points in common .
Answer
false statement two planes coincide if they have three non collinear points in common

(10) the sides of any quadrilateral lie in one plane
Answer
false statement if its two diagonals are intersect
--------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 11 -
(11) the sides of a rectangle lie in one plane
Answer
true statement
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(12) In any quadrilateral ABCD , if AC BD = { M } , Then its sides lie in on plane .
Answer
true statement
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(13) if the line AB c Plane X and the line CD c Plane Y , and if X // Y , then AB // CD
Answer
false statement Then AB // plane X
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Some Geometrical solids

(1) The Prism :

I nclined Prism Right Prism
Properties of prisms :
i) the two bases of the prisms are parallel and congruent
ii) AA' , BB' , CC' , DD' are called the edges sides of the prism .


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 11 -
Other shapes of prisms

Quadrilateral Prism Triangular Prism Right quadrilateral Prism
I ts base is trapezium I ts base is triangle I ts base is parallelogram
Or square Or rectangle
Or a rhombus
The number of faces of any Prism = edge BASE + 2
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The altitude of a prism : its the perpendicular distance between the two bases

Special types of prisms
Parallelepiped :
a) Right parallelepiped :

all face are rectangles and the two bases are parallelograms .

b) rectangular parallelepiped cuboid :

all faces are rectangles and the two bases may be squares
or rectangles its diagonal BD =
2 2 2
x y z + +

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 12 -
(2) The Pyramid:

The number of faces of any Pyramid = edge BASE + 1
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Example (1)
I n the opposite figure : ABCDABCD is a cube , complete the following :

i) m (< ABB) = 90 and m (< ABC) = 90
ii) A' B is a diagonal of plan ABBA
while A' C is a diagonal of the cube
and its length is
2 2 2
6 6 6 6 3 + + =
iii) if the length of the edge of the cube is 6 cm ,
then the length of A' B = AC = 6 2
iv) AA' and BC are two skew lines while AB and C' D' are two parallel line & D' D and
CD are two intersecting lines
v) Plane ABCD Plane AADD = AD
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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 13 -
A
B
C D
AB DC
AB & DC determine a plane let it X
AD X and BC X
The sides of the rectangle lie in one plane X
c c
AD BH they determine a plane let it X

ABC X .... ( 1)
and BH CO they determine a plane let it Y.
ABC Y .... ( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 )
X Y ABC and X Y BH
X and Y have a straight line AB

c

c
= =
C and a point H(not belonging to ABC )
The 4 lines lie in one plane.
Example (2)
Determine the true statements and the false ones then correct the false statement:

i) all the faces of the quadrilateral pyramid are surfaces of triangles.
Answer
false statement ...............all the lateral faces only

ii) The triangular pyramid has three faces
Answer

false statement ................ the triangular pyramid has four faces.

iii) the pentagon pyramid has six faces
Answer
True statement
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Note : the following examples from 3 to 10 are just for understanding
Example (3)
Prove that all sides of a rectangle lie in one plane
Answer

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Example (4)
ABC is a straight line and AD BH CO , prove that the four given straight lines lie in
one plane.

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 14 -
AB intersect the plane X at M such that AM = MB , Draw from A and B the two rays
A H and B O such that AH BO and they intersect the plane X at H and O respectively ,
prove that:
i)The points H , M and O are collinear.
ii) A H B O is a parallelogram.
AH BO AH and BO determine a plane let it Y
X Y= OH
and AB Y and AB X { M }
M OH H,M and O are collinear.
In AMH and BMO
AM BM

m( A) m( B) " alternate angles"

m( AMH ) m( BMO) " V.O.A."
AMH BMO
From c

c =
e
A A
=
A A
ongruency : AH BO but AH BO ( given ).
AHBO is parallelogram
=
CD AB &CD AB....( 1) & OH AB & OH AB....( 2 )

from( 1)and( 2 ) CD OH &CD OH
CDHOis a parallelogram.
= =
=
Example (5)

Answer
very important Note : to prove that there are three points collinear , we must find two planes
intersected with every two points from the three points .

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Example (6)
ABCD and ABOH are two non coplanar surfaces of two parallelograms , Then prove that :
CDHO is a parallelogram.

Answers


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 15 -
BC A' D' & BC D' A' ...... CD' A' Bis a parallelogram.
its diagonals A'C and D'B intersect at m and m is the
mid point of them ....( 1)
Similarly :
B' C' AD & BC DA........ AB' C' D is a parallelogram.
its diagonals AC' and DB' intersect at m a
=
=
nd m is
the mid point of them ....( 2 )
AA' CC' & AA' CC' ........ A' C' CA is a parallelogram.
its diagonals AC' and A'C intersect at m and m is the mid point of them ....( 3 )
From( 1) , ( 2 ) and ( 3 )
=

Example (7)
Prove that diagonals of parallelopiped intersecting in a single point and this point is the
mid point of each diagonal .

Answers

The diagonals of parallelopiped intersecting in a single point and this point is the mid point
of each diagonal .
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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 16 -
Theorem (1)
I f a line is parallel to a plane , then it is parallel to every line of
intersection of this plane with planes containing the given line

So if you want to prove that two lines are parallel , you have to prove that :

(1) the two lines dont intersect .
(2) the two lines lie in the same plane . otherwise : because they may be skew

Fact
if a straight line external to a given plane is parallel to a line
in the plane , then the first line is parallel to the given plane .


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 17 -
Corollaries
Corollary (1) : if a line is parallel to a plane , then any line
passing through any point of the plane and
parallel to the given line lies in the plane .

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Very important
Corollary (2) : if a plane intersects two parallel planes , then their line of intersection with
these two planes are parallel .

from the opposite figure :

Plane X // Plane Y
Plane Z intersects in AB and CD
Then AB // CD

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Corollary (3) : if a line intersects one of two parallel planes , then intersects the other .

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Corollary (4) : if two lines are parallel , and each is contained
In a plane , and these two planes intersect , then their
Line of intersection is parallel to these two lines .

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Corollary (5) : if a line is parallel to each of two intersecting planes , then it is parallel to
their line of intersection .
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L


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 18 -
( )
CD plane X and CD Y and X Y AB
CD AB Theorem1 , But CD AB
ABCDis a trapezium
c =
<
( )
AC BD AC and BD determinea plane let it Y
And AB X and AB Y and X Y CD
AB CD ...... theorem ( 1)
and AC BD ( given ) ( 2 )
From( 1) and ( 2 ) ABCDis a parallelog ram
AB CD and AC BD

c =

= =
Examples

Example (1)
In the opposite figure:

X Y AB , CD the planeY and CD the plane X such that :
CD AB , Provethat ABCDisatrapezium.
= c
<

Answer

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Example (2)
let X bea given planeand AB be a given straight line outside the plane X such that :
AB the plane X , DrawAC BD to intersect the plane X in Cand D.
Provethat : AB CD and AC BD = =

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 19 -
AC X , AC Plane MDO , X plane MDO DO AC DO
AB DH MAB MDH
MA MB AB 2 AB 2
2DH 5AB
MD MH DH 5 DH 5
Similarly AC DO MAC MDO
MA AC MC 2
MD DO MO 5
AC 2 AB 2 AC AB
but AC DH AB DO
DO 5 DH 5 DO DH
c =
A A
= = = = =
A A
= = =
= = = =
ABCD is a regular triangular pyramid , E and F are the mid-point of AD and BC
respectively , and X and Y are the mid-point of AC and BD respectively.
Prove that : EF and XY bisects each other.
F
C
A
A
A
EY / / AB .......( 1)
FX / / AB .......( 2 )
From( 1) and ( 2 ) EY / / FX
In ABD , E is the mid-point of AD andY is the mid-point of BD
Similarly In ABC ,
F is the mid-point of BC and X is the mid-point of AC
In ADC , E
A
EX / / DC .......( 3 )
FY / / DC .......( 4 )
From( 3 ) and ( 4 ) EX / / FY
XFYE is a parallelogra
is the mid-point of AD and X is the mid-point of AC
Similarly In BDC , F is the mid-point of BC andY is the mid-point of BD
m EF and XY bisects each other.
Thestraight line ABC the plane X , let Mbeany point such that M theline ACand M X.
DrawMA , MB and MC to meet the plane X at D,H and Orespectively.
if MA: AD 2 : 3 , then prove that :
i ) 2DH 5AB
ii ) AC DH DO AB
e e
=
=
=
Example (3)

Answer

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Example (4)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 21 -
1
AB and CD aretwo non coplanar lines and M BD such that BM BD
3
Draw the plane MXY parallel to each of ABand CD and intersects BC in X and AD in Y .
Prove that :
i ) MY / / BA and MX / / DC
1
ii ) XY ( 2B A DC )
3
e =
< +
AB / / Plane MXY and AB plane ABD and Plane ABD plane MXY MY
MY / / AB
CD / / Plane MYX and CD Plane BCD and Plane BCD plane MXY MX
MX / / CD
DM MY 2
In ABD : MY / / BA
DB BA 3
2
MY BA......( 1
3
c =
c =
A = =
=
( ) ( )
)
BM MX 1
In BCD: MX / / DC
BD DC 3
1
MX CD ......( 2 )
3
In MXY : XY MX MY
1 2 1
from 1 and 2 XY CD BA XY ( CD 2AB)
3 3 3
A = =
=
A < +
< + < +
M
D
C
O
H
x
1
2
In MCD and MHO
MH MD
MO MC

m( HMO) m( DMC ) " V.O.A."
MCD MHO
From congruency : m( 1) m( 2 )
Then OH CD
CD X and OH CD OH X
A A
=
A A
< = <
c
M is a circle and X is a plane .if the circle M The plane X {C;D}and CHand DO
are two diameters in the circle M , Prove that HO the plane X
=
Example (5)

Answer

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Example (6)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 21 -
The straight line BH / / the plane X , the point A does not belong to each of the
straight lineand the plane X. Draw AB and AH to intersect the plane X at C and O
respectively. if D ACand D AC such that AB: BC : CD 1: 4 : 2. and if we dra e e = w
DNM to int er sect the plane X in N such that CN / / the plane MBH ,
Then prove that CO BM 15BH CN. =
BH / / X and BH Plane ACO and X Plane ACO CO
BH / / CO
AB BH AH 1
ABH ACO
AC CO AO 5
BH 1
CO 5BH............( 1)
CO 5
Let the plane MBH is denoted by Y
CN / / Y and CN DBM and Y Plane DBM BM
CN
c =
A A = = =
= =
c =
/ / BM
DC CN DN 2 1
DCN DBM
DB BM DM 6 3
CN 1
BM 3CN...............( 2 )
BM 3
from( 1) and ( 2 ) and by multiplication CO BM 15 CN BH
A A = = = =
= =
=
Example (7)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 22 -
let Y denote to the plane ABC
X / / Y and the plane MAB cuts X and Y in DH and AB
DH / / AB MDH MAB
MD DH MH
....( 1)
MA AB MB
DH 3
DH 9cm
21 7
Also the plane MBC cuts the two parallel planes X and Y at HO and BC
HO BC MHO MBC
M
A A
= =
= =
A A
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
H HO MO
.....( 2 )
MB BC MC
HO 3
HO 12 cm
28 7
By the same method we prove that MOD MCA
MD DO OM
....( 3 )
MA AC CM
DO 3
DO 15 cm
35 7
DH
Surface area of DHO 9
Surface area of ABC 49
AB
DH
Surface area of DHO 9
64 49
AB
Surface area
= =
= =
A A
= =
= =
A
= =
A
A
= =
2
64 9
of DHO 11.76 cm
49
A = =
M. ABC is a triangular pyramid and D MA such that MD:DA= 3:4
from the point D ,Draw the plane X parallel to ABC to intersect MB in H and MC
in O, prove that :
i) DHO ABC
ii ) if AB 21 cm , BC 28 cm , and AC 35 cm , t
e
A
A A
= = =
2
.
hen find the lengths of the sides
of the triangle DHO .
iii ) find the area of the triangle DHO if the Area of ABC is 64 cm A
Example (8)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 23 -
In ABC : X is the mid point of AB , Y is the mid point of BC
1
XY AC and XY AC....( 1)
2
AC plane ACD XY plane ACD
In ADC: L is the mid point of AD , Z is the mid point of DC
1
LZ AC and LZ AC....( 1)
2
and AC plane ABC ZL plan
A
=
c
A
=
c e ABC
from( 1)and( 2 )
XY ZL XY and ZL are coplanar
X ,Y,Z and L are coplanar

A , B ,C and D are four non-coplanar points , X is the mid-point of AB

Y is the mid point of BC , Z is the mid point of CDand L is the mid point DA
Prove that : i ) XY the plane ADC
ii ) The point s X ,Y,Z and L are coplanar

X and Y are two parallel planes and A is a point between the two planes. Draw from A the two
straight lines BAC andDAH to intersect the plane X in B and D and intersect the plane Y
in H and C , if
AB 2
= and the surface area of the triangle AHC is equal to 36 cm ,
AC 3
then find the surface area of the triangle ABD
BC DH
BD CH BD HC
{ A}
BC and DH determine a plane let it Z
X Y and Z cuts X and y at and
ABD ACH
s.area of ABD ( AB) s.area of ABD 4
s.area of ACH ( AC ) 36 9
4
s. area of ABD 36 16cm
9
A A
A A
= =
A
A = =

Example (9)

Answer

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Example (10)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 24 -
ML MN
X and Y are two parallel planes . M is a point outside the two planes .Draw the two
straight lines and to intersect the plane X in A and B and to intersect the plane Y
in C and D such th DH LM at MA=AC.then draw to intersect the plane X in H .
prove that:
i) A,B and H are collinear
ii) B is the mid-point of AH
ML MN AB CD
AB CD
CA DH
CA DH AH CD
and determine a plane let it Z and Z cuts X and Y at and
Where X Y ....( 1)
and
, determine a plane which cuts X and Y at and
W

AH CD
AB AH
here X Y ....( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 )
and are parallel to CD
A ,B and H are collenear
And AH CD and AC HD ACDH is a parallelogram
AH CD
In MCD : A is the mid point of MC and AB CD
1 1
AB CD BH CD B is the mid
2 2
=
A
= = point of AH
ABCis a surface of a triangle N does not belong to the surface of the triangle ABC
Draw a plane parallel to the surface of this triangle to intersect NBand NC in L
and M respectively.if D and H are mid point s of AB an .
T DH LM
d AC
hen prove that
ML CB
ML CB
DH BC
ML DH
The plane NBC cuts the two parallel planes X and ABC at and
....( 1)
In ABC :
D is the mid point of AB and H is the mid point of AC
....( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 )

Example (11)

Answer

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Example (12)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 25 -
From the previous Examples
The well known Problem Talise
I f two straight lines intersect a set of parallel planes , then the lengths of the line
segments intercepted between these planes are proportional

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Theorem (2)
I f two coplanar straight lines intersect and are parallel to another two intersecting
coplanar straight lines lying in another plane , then these two planes are parallel .

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 26 -
The line perpendicular to a Plane
Theorem (3)
The line perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of
intersection is perpendicular to the plane of the two intersecting lines .

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Corollaries

Corollary (1) : A perpendicular straight line to each of two coplanar
non parallel lines is perpendicular to their plane .

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Corollary (2) : All perpendicular straight lines to a given line from
a point belongs to this line , lie in a unique plane
perpendicular to the given line .

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Corollary (3) : There is one and only one plane perpendicular to the line L from the point A
where A e L here the plane X is unique
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Corollary (4) : if a line is perpendicular to two planes , then the two planes are parallel .
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Conclusion :
To prove that a given straight line is perpendicular to a given plane , its sufficient to prove
that this line is perpendicular to any two non parallel lines in the plane


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 27 -
Example (1)
c AB the plan X such that AB = 6 cm , AC the plan X ,
if AC = 8 cm , then find the length of BC.

Answer
AC X AC AB Then m =
( BAC) 90 ( BC) = (BA) + (AC)

( BC) = 36 + 64 = 100 BC = 100 = 10 CM
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Example (2)

ABCD A'B'C'D' is a rectangular parallelepiped (cuboid) where
DA = 4 cm , DC = 3 cm , DD' = 5 cm
Find the length of BD' by two methods
Answer
1
st
method : BD is a diagonal , So , BD =
2 2 2
x y z + +
BD = + + =
2 2 2
3 4 5 5 2 cm
2
nd
method :

ABCD is a rectangle =
m( BAD) 90 (BD) = (BA) + (AD)

(BD) = 9 +16 = 25 BD = 5 cm
' DD The plane ABCD ' ( DD ) BD
(BD') = (BD) + (DD') BD' = + 25 25 BD' = = 50 5 2 cm
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Example (3)
ABCD is a surface of rectangle Where = AC BD { N }
and NM the plane ABCD . prove that : MA = MB = MC = MD

Answer
NM the plane of ABCD NM each line in the plane of ABCD
NM NA , NM NB , NM NC , NM ND
= = = =

m( MNA) m( MNB) m( MNC) m( MND) 90
And ABCD is a rectangle NA = NB = NC = ND
A A A A MNA MNB MNC MND Thus : MA=MB = MC = MD .


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 28 -
B
B
Example (4)
KN the plane of the circle M and B , C and D are three points
Belong to the circle M and A e e KN , M KN
Prove that AB = AC = AD.

Answer
KN the plane of the circle , Then KN MB , KN MC And and KN MD
(AB) = (AM) + (MB) , (AC) = (AM) + (MC) and (AD) = (AM) + (MD)
but MB = MC = MD (radius of the circle ) (AB) = (AC) = (AD)
AB = AC = AD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)

If Z = Z = m( ABC) m( ABD) 90 , Then prove that CD AB

Answer
AB BC and AB BD AB the plane BCD
AB DC which lies in the plane BCD DC AB
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
Let m ( Z ABC) = m( Z ABD) = 90 , BC BD , AB=
1
2
DC
and H is a mid of CD. Then Prove that : (AH) =
1
2
(CD)

Answer
Join BH And A BCD is right Angled at B & H is median from right angle
BH =
1
2
DC (1)
AB BC and AB BD AB the plane BCD
AB BH which lies in the plane BCD
(AH) = (AB) + (BH)
(AH) = (
1
2
DC ) + (
1
2
DC ) (AH) =
1
2
(DC)


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 29 -
AB and CD are two chords in a circle M , AB= CD, X is the mid-point of AB , Y is the
mid-point of CD , Draw EMisthe perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Provethat :EX=EY

A A
=
EM isthe perpendicular to the plane of the circle.
EM MX and EM MY
AB = CD, X is the mid-point of AB , Y is the mid-point of CD
MX AB and MY CD
In EMX and EMY
MX MY " equidistant from the center" "Theorem"
EM is common side
m( EM
= =
A A
=
o
X ) m( EMY ) 90
EMX EMY
From congruency : EX EY
Example (7)
ABCD is a square , N does not belong to the plane ABCD such that :
NM=MB and A NAB is an equilateral triangle.
Prove that:
i) NM MB
ii) NM the plane ABCD

Answer
AC and BD are diagonals of the square MA MB
(AB) = (AM) + (MB) and NB = AB & MA = MB= MN
(NB) = (MN) + (MB) (1)
=
m( NMB) 90 NM MB
from (1) , NB = NA and MB = MA , Then (NA) = (MA) + (MN)
NM MA
NM each of MA and MB NM the plane ABCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (8)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 31 -
c

c

c
ML X and AB X
ML AB ........( 1)
MN Y and AB Y
MN AB ........( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 )
AB the plane MLN AB LN ( as LN planeMLN )
=

AB AC and D is a mid point of BC
AD BC....( 1)
HA the plane ABC
HA BC....( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 ) BC the plane ADH
Example (9)
BCD is an equilateral triangle with side 4 cm length. DrawBA the plane of A BCD such
That BA = 3 cm. prove that the perpendicular from A to CD bisects CD , then find its length

Answer
( )
( )
2
2
AB the plane BCD AB CD
And AH CD So CD is perpendicular to both AB and AH
CD the plane ABH CD BH
H is the mid point of CD properties of equilateral
BH 16 4 12
AH 9 12 21 AH 21cm

A
= =
= + = =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)
X and Y are two planes such that X Y=AB . let M e X and M e Y. Draw ML X and
MN Y . prove that LN AB .
Answer

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Example (11)
ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. A Draw AH the plane of ABC.
if Dis a mid point of BC , then prove that BC the plane HAD.
Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 31 -
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
o
2 2 2
2 2 2
o
MA MC and AN NC MN AC....( 1)
In ABC : m( ABC ) 90 and AN NC
1
BN AC AN BN
2
In AMN : MA MN AN And MA= MB and NA= NB
MB MN BN m( MNB) 90 MN NB....( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 ) : MN Plane ABC
= =
A < = =
= =
A = +
= + < =
AB CD and as CD AC ( given) CD the plane ABC

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
In ACD, AC CD BD BC CD
AD BD , AC BC " given" BD BC CD
CD BC CD AC and CD BC CD Plane ABC
A = +
= = = +

Example (12)
ABCD is a triangle pyramid , in which AC = CB , AD = DB and m(ACD) = 90. Prove that :
CD the plane ABC
Answer
Note : if you find that 2 sides in a are equal , think about drawing a median
Let H is the mid-point of AB and then join HD and HC
CA = CB and H is the mid-point of AB
CH AB (1)
Similarly DA = DB and H is the mid-point of AB
DH AB (2)
From (1) and (2) AB the plane CDH

Another method :

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Example (13)
M . ABC is a triangular pyramid in which MA= MB = MC and AB BC. Let N be a
mid-point of AC . Then Prove that MN the plane ABC
Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 32 -
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
BH the plane ACD
BH AD but BA AD ( given )
AD the plane ABH AD AH
In ABH :

m( AHB) 90 and m( HAB) 30 & HB 2 3 cm.
AH 2 3 3 6 cm.
AHD is right angled at A
HD HA AD
HD 36 64 100 HD 10 cm

A
= = =
= =
A
= +
= + = =
Example (14)
M. ABC is a triangular pyramid in which , m ( Z CMA )= m ( ZCMB)= 90 , From M draw
the altitude of the pyramid to intersect the base ABC at D . Prove that AB the plane MDC
Answer

CM MA and CM MB
CM the planeMAB
CM AB AB CM........( 1)
and as MD the plane ABC " altitude"
MD AB .......( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 )
AB the planeMDC

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (15)
A . BCD is a triangular pyramid in which:
m( ZBAC)= 30 and m ( ZBAD)= 90 draw BH AC . If BH the plane ACD , then prove
that: AH AD . if BH = 2 3 cm. and AD = 8 cm , then find the length of HD
Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 33 -
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
BCC' B' is asquare CC' CB
But AA' CC' AA' CB .......( 1)
And as AA' BD ( given ) .......( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 )
AA' the plane BCD AA' DB , DC
In ABD: AB BD AD
AD 25 9 16 AD 4cm
In ACD:
400 256
AC AD DC DC 16 DC
9 9

A = +
= = =
A
= + = =
16 1
5 cm
3 3
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

A = +
= + = =
= =
= = =

NC NA and NC NB NC the plane NAB
NC AB ........( 1)
In NAB : AB AN NB
AB 225 400 625 AB 25 cm
DB 25 9 16 cm
AD AB 9 25 225 AD AB AN
ND AB . Euclid' s Theorem .....( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 ) AB the plane NCD.
Example (16)
BD ABCA'B'C'is an inclined triangular prism in which the face BCC'B'is a square draw AA'

BD Such that AA' { D}. Provethat AA' the planeDBC and if AB 5cm ,BD 3 cm
2
and AC 6 cm , Then find the length of DC
3
= = =
=

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (17)
NA , NB and NC are three line segments in which each pair is perpendicular.
If NA=15 cm , NB=20 cm and D e ABsuch that AD =9 cm. Prove that AB the plane NCD
Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 34 -
> AB and AC are two lines inclined on a plane X , and intersect it in B and C. If AB AC,
then prove that the measure of the angle of inclination of AB on the plane X is less than
the measure of the angle of inclination of AC on the plane X.
Angle of inclination : union of two rays between
its Original its Projection
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
o
o
Draw AA' X and join A' B and A' C
The angle of inclination of AC is C " always opposite to the 90 "
The angle of inclination of AB is B " always opposite to the 90 "
AA' AA'

sin ABA' and sin ACA'
AB AC
AB AC sin ABA'
<
<
= =
>
( )
( ) ( )
sin ACA'

m ABA' m ACA'
<
<
Chapter 2 Orthogonal projection

Definition :
The orthogonal projection of a given point on a given plane is
The foot of the perpendicular line from the point to the plane .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The angle between a line and a plane
angle of inclination
Definition : the angle of inclination of a line on a plane is the angle between this line and its
projection on the plane .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note to make it easy to you : inclined line on a plane means that a part of the line lies in
the plane and the other part lies outside it .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (1)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 35 -
AB and AC are two perpendicular straight lines and intersect the plane X in B and C.
Draw AD perpendicular on X and intersect it in D. Prove that angle BDC is an obtuse angle
Draw B' D the plane ABC
Then the projection of BB' on the base ABC is BD
Adj. BD
In B' BD : Cos 60
Hyp. 12 3
BD 12 3 cos 60 6 3 cm
3
B' D 12 3 sin 60 12 3 18 cm.
2
A = =
= =
= = =
Example (2)

Answer

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Example (3)
ABCABC is a triangular prism , its three edges AA' BB' CC' are inclined on the plane of
its base ABC with an angle of measure 60 and the length of each is 12 3 cm , find :
i) the length of the projection of BB' on the base ABC .
ii) the length of the line segment drawn from B perpendicular to ABC
Answer

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( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
o
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
o
In ABC : m BAC 90 BC BA AC 1
AD X AD DB and AD DC
In ADB : AB AD DB ( 2 )
In ADC : AC AD DC ( 3 )
from 1 , 2 and 3
BC BD CD 2 AD
BC BD CD m BDC 90
A = = +

A = +
A = +
= + +
> + >


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 36 -
( )
2 2 2 2
1
AC is the projection of AC' on the plane ABCD
CC' the plane ABCD CC' AC
and AC' 9K K 15K 25K 5K " diagonal rule "
and CAC' is the angle of inclination
15K 15
sin( CAC') 0.7746

5K 5
m( CAC') Sin 0.774

= + + = =
<
= = =
= 6 50 46' =
ABC is an equilateral triangle of side length 6 cm . N is the mid-point of BC.
Draw AX , BY and CZ perpendicular to the plane ABC and each of length 3 cm.
i) Prove that XYZ is an equilateral triangle. A
ii) Find the measure of the angle of inclination of each of XN and XC on the plane ABC.
AX BY , AX BY and AX plane ABC
ABYX is a rectangle XY = AB
By the same method we prove that YZ = BC and XZ = AC
ABC is an equilateral triangle
XYZ is an equilateral triangle
AB = AC and BN = CN AN 36 9
=

A
A
= =
1 o
3 3 cm
ANX is the angle of inclination of XN on the plane ABC:
AX 3 1 1
Tan(ANX)= m(< ANX) Tan 30

AN 3 3 3 3
ACX is the angle of inclination of XC on the plane ABC:
AX 3 1

Tan(ACX) m(ACX) 26 34'
AC 6 2
<
= = = =
<
= = = =
ABCD A' B' C' D' is a cuboid in which AB : BC : AA' = 1 : 3 : 15.
Find the measure of the angle of inclination of the diagonal AC' on the plane ABCD
A
Example (4)

Answer

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Example (5)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 37 -
The line Inclined to a Plane
Theorem (4)
I f a line inclined to a plane is perpendicular to a line in the plane , then its
projection on the plane is perpendicular to the plane


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 38 -
Converse of Theorem (4)
I f the projection of a line inclined to a plane on the plane is perpendicular to a
line in it , then the inclined line is perpendicular to the line in the plane

`1

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 39 -
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
AB inclined on the plane X and AB CD Its projection HB CD
m( CBH ) 90 and HC 3 1 4 HC 4 2cm

1

cos( CHB) m( CHB) 60
2

= = + = = =
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
AB inclined on X and its projection HB CD AB CD m( ABD) 90

In ABD : AD AB BD AB 169 25 144 AB 12 cm
5

cos( BDA) 0.3846 m( BDA) 67 23'
13
=
A = + = = =
= = =
In the opposite figure :
AB inclined on the plane X and perpendicular to CD
where CD X and AH X , If BC 3 cm and BH 1cm
Then find thelength of HC and m( CHB).
c = =
Z
ABand AD inclined on the plane X , AH X and HB CD.
If BD 5 cm , and AD 13 cm
Then find the length of AB and m( ADB).

= =
Z
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
AH Plane X AH BC......( 1) And BC AB ......( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 ) : BC Plane ABH BC BH
m( CBH ) 90 and HC 3 1 4 HC 4 2cm

1

cos( CHB) m( CHB) 60
2

= = + = = =
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
AH Plane X AH BC......( 1) And BC BH ......( 2 )
from( 1) and ( 2 ) : BC Plane ABH BC AB m( ABD) 90

In ABD : AD AB BD AB 169 25 144 AB 12 cm
5

cos( BDA) 0.3846 m( BDA) 67 23'
13

=
A = + = = =
= = =
Example (1)

Answer

Another method :

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)

Answer
Note : search for an inclined line , its projection has a perpendicular to a line .

Another method :


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 41 -
ABC is a right-angle triangle in C, Draw AM the plane ABC , Prove that MC BC

MC inclined to the plane ABC and its projection AC BC ( given ).
MC BC.

M is the point to intersection of the altitudes of the triangle ABC, Draw BM to intersect AC
at H , then draw MN the plane ABC, Then Prove that NH AC

NM the plane ABC
NH is a line inclined to the plane ABC
MH is the projection of NH on the plane ABC .
MH AC NH AC
ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and D is the mid-point of BC. Draw AH the plane ABC
Pr ove that HD BC.
A =

In ABC : AB AC , and D is the mid point of BC.
AD BC
And HD is a line inclined to the plane ABC
and its projection AD BC HD BC
Example (3)

Answer

I s there another solution ??
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)

Answer

I s there another solution ??
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 41 -
2 2 2
o
as DC the plane ABC DC CH
m( DCH ) 90 ( DH ) ( DC ) ( CH ) ......( 1)
DHis a line inclined to plane ABC and DH AB Then its projection is CH AB
1 1
In ACH : CH AC " Side opposite to 30 " And CD AC " Given"
2 2
D

= = +

A = =

2 2
C CH .......( 2 )
Substitute ( 2 ) in ( 1) ( DH ) 2( CH ) DH 2 CH
and m( HDC ) 45
=
= =
=
( )
o
In the given figure :
ABCD is a parallelogram in which m A 60
BC 20 cm. Draw DH the plane ABCD
where DH 10 cm , then draw HO AB , Prove that HO BC
Z =
=
= =
2 2 2
2
Join OD HO inclined on ABCD and HO AB Its projection DO AB
opposite DO 3 3
In ADO: Sin60 DO 20 10 3 cm
hypotonuse DA 2 2
In HDO: m( HDO) 90 ( HO) ( 10 ) ( 10 3 )

( HO) 400 HO 20cm HO BC

A = = = = =
A = = +
= = =
o
In the given figure:
ABC is a triangle, in which m( A)=30 , CD the plane ABC
1
DH AB and CD AC.
2
Prove that DH= 2 CH and find m(<HDC)
Z
=
Example (6)

Answer

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Example (7)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 42 -

ABCD is a square with centre M and of side length 20 cm. H is the mid-point of AB.
Draw MN the plane of the square such that MN=10 7 cm , Prove that NH AB
and find the length of AN.
ABC is a right-angled triangle in A , AB 3 cm and AC 4 cm. Draw AD the plane ABC
such that AD 1cm ,take H BC such that BH 1.8cm. Prove that DH BC ,
then find the length of DH.
= =
= e =
10
10
10
20
2 2 2
2
In AMB: MA MB " diagonals of square "
And H is the mid-point of AB MH AB
NH is a line inclined on ABCD and its projection MH AB
NH AB
MN the plane of the square MN MH
In AMH: ( NH ) ( MN ) ( MH )
( NH ) ( 10 7
A =

A = +
=
2 2
2 2 2
) ( 10 ) 800 NH 20 2 cm
In ANH: NM AH
( NA) ( NH ) ( HA) 800 100 900 NA 30cm
+ = =
A
= + = + = =
A = = + =
= =
= = =
= =

= = =
= =

A =
2
2
2
2
In BAC : m( BAC ) 90 BC 9 16 5 cm
HC 5 1.8 3.2 cm
And ( AB) 9 and BH BC 1.8 5 9
( AB) BH BC and m( BAC ) 90

AH BC " Euclid' s Theorem"
( AH ) BH HC 1.8 3.2 5.76
AH 5.76 2.4cm
DA the plane ABC DA AH
In DAH : ( DH ) ( DA +
= + = = =
2 2
2
) ( AH )
( DH ) 1 5.76 6.76 DH 6.76 2.6 cm
D
H
A
B
C
3.2cm
1.8cm
3cm
4cm
1cm
Example (8)

Answer

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Example (9)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 43 -
( )
o
ABC is a triangle in which m A 30 and AC 20 cm , draw CD the plane ABC
then draw DO AB to intersect it at O. If DO 26 cm , then find the length of CD and find
the measure of the angle of inclination of AD on the p
Z = =
=
lane ABC
= =

A = +
= = =
Z
2 2 2
2 2
DO is a line inclined on the plane ABC and DO AB
1
Its projection CO AB CO AC 10cm
2
DC the plane ABC DC CO and DC CA
In DCO : ( DO) ( DC ) ( CO)
DC ( 26 ) ( 10 ) 576 24cm.
CAD is the angle of inclination of AD on the plane ABC
T = = = =
CD 24

an( CAD) 1.2 m( CAD) 50 12'
CA 20
ABC is a triangle in which m( B)= 90 , draw CD the plane ABC then draw AD.
If Hand Oare the mid point of BC and AD respectively.Then prove that OH BC
Z

A =
=

A =
Join DB , OB and OC
DC the plane ABC DC AC
In ACD : m( ACD) 90 and O is the mid-point of AD

CO DO .........( 1)
And DB inclined on the plane ABC and its projection BC AB
DB AB
In ABD : m( ABD) 90 and O is the mid-point of AD =

=
A =
BO DO .......( 2 )
from (1) and (2) BO CO
In CBO : His the mid point of BC and BO CO HO BC
Example (10)

Answer

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Example (11)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 44 -
e e

X andY aretwo intersecting planes in AB. The point M X and M Y. From M draw MC X
and MN Y to intersect them in C and N. Then draw ND X to intersect it at D.
Prove that CD AB.
Z
= Z
ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and m( BAC )=120 , DrawAD BC to intersect it at D
and draw AM the plane ABC , If AD 2 cm and m( AMB)=30 then find the length of
each of AM and MD , also find the surface area A of MBC.
c
c

Draw CN and CD to cut ABat H
MC the plane X and AB X MC AB
MN the plane Y and AB Y MN AB
AB the plane MCN AB NC
NC is a line inclined on X and NC AB
Its projection CD AB CD AB
D
Example (12)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (13)

Answer

A Z = Z

A =
= =

A
o
o
o

In ABC : m( BAC )=120 , AB AC m( CBA)= 30
And AD BC BD = DC
Opposite 2 2
In ABD : Tan 30 = = DB= 2 3
Adjacent DB Tan 30
AB 2AD 4cm " side opposite to 30 "
MA the plane ABC MA AB
In AMB Z =

A = + = + =
= =
o
2 2 2 2
4
: m( BMA)=30 Tan 30 = AM 4 3 cm
AM
MA the plane ABC MA AD
In AMB : ( MD) ( MA) ( AD) ( MD) 48 4 52
MD 52 2 13 cm
MD inclined on the plane ABC and its projection AD BC
MD BC Then MD is the altitude of trian
A = = =
2
gle MBC
1 1
S.A of MBC Base height 4 3 2 13 4 39 cm
2 2


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 45 -
2
MA , MB and MC are three non coplanar line segments and mutually perpendicular
Draw MH the plane ABC to intersect it at H. If AH intersects BC at D , then prove that :
MA the planeMBC also MD BC. Deduce that ( MH ) AH
= HD.

BC MA and BC AD BC the plane MAD
BC MD
Example (14)

Answer

Another method for this step : we can say that :

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MA MB and MA MC
MA the plane MBC MA BC and MA MD
MH the plane ABC MH BC
BC MA and BC MH BC the plane MAH
BC AH BC AD
MD is a line incline on the plane ABC , and its projection AD BC
MD BC
MH the plane ABC M
Z A
=
2
H AD
m( AMD)=90 ......( 1) , MH AD in AMD.......( 2 )

from( 1) and ( 2 ) ( MH ) AH HD " Euclid' s Theorem "


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 46 -
Dihedral angles

A dihedral angle is the opening between two intersecting planes .

From the opposite figure :
The common edge AB is called the edge of the dihedral angle

The plane angle of the dihedral angle
Definition : it is the angle formed by the lines of intersection of the
two planes with a plane perpendicular to its edge .

we can determine the plane angle of a given dihedral angle as the following :
1) let C is any point on the common edge AB .
2) Draw from C c CD AB such that CD X
3) Draw from C c CH AB such that CD Y
The angle DCH is the plane angle for this dihedral angle
Dihedral angle is written as : H AB D

So , to find the dihedral angle in a given planes , search for a perpendicular from H to AB ,
and search for a perpendicular from D to AB
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes :
(1) all the plane angles of a dihedral angle are equal in measure .
(2) the measure of the dihedral angle is the measure of any of its plane angles .
(3) to make it easy for you : the required angle is the opposite angle of HD.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 47 -
Z =
=
ABC is a triangle in which m( A)= 30 and AB 10 cm, DrawBD the plane ABC
such that BD 5cm, then draw BH AC to intersect it at H. Prove that DH AC
and find the length of BH and DH and the measure of the dihedral Z angle ( B AC D) .
( ) ( ) ( )

A
= = =
A
= + = = =

Z
2 2 2
DH inclined on the plane ABC and its projection
BH AC DH AC " we can Try another method "
In ABH :
1 1
BH AC BH AB 10 5cm
2 2
In DBH :
DH 5 5 50 DH 50 5 2 cm
DH AC and BH AC
BHD is a plane angle of the di Z
A = = =
hedral angle ( B AC D)

In DBH : DB BH and m( DBH ) 90 m( BHD) 45
=
Z
ABC is a right - angled triangle in B , DrawAM the plane ABC such that AM AB.
find the measure of the dihedral angle ( M BC A)

Z Z

A = =
Z =
MB is a line inclined on the plane ABC and its projection AB BC
MB BC
ABM is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( M BC A)
And AM the plane ABC MA AB
In AMB : AM AB m( ABM ) 45
( M BC A) 45
Example (1)

Answer
Note : get a perpendicular line from M to BC and from A to BC

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Example (2)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 48 -
Z
XYZ is a right-angled triangle in Y , DrawXD the plane XYZ , then draw DY and DZ .
If XY = 6 cm, and XD = 6 3cm;then find themeasure of the dihedral angle ( X YZ D).
=
3
A triangle ABC in which tan A = and AB 15cm , DrawBD the plane of the triangle
4
such that BD = 9 cm , then draw BH AC to meet it at H. Find the length of BH ,
then prove that DH AC and find the measure of Z the dihedral angle ( B AC D).
= =
A = =
= =

Z Z
3 3

Tan ( A) Sin( A)
4 5
Opposite BH 3 BH
In ABH : Sin A =
Hypotonuse AB 5 15
3
BH 15 9cm
5
DH is a line inclined on the plane ABC and its projection BH AC
DH AC
BHD is a plane angle of the dihedral angle (
= = =
Z =
B AC D)
DB BH and DB BH 9cm m( BHD) 45

m( B AC D) 45
4
3
A
B
C
5
Example (3)

Answer

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Example (4)

Answer

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Z Z

A = =
= = Z
1
DY is a line inclined on the plane XYZ and its projection XY YZ
DY YZ
DYX is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( X YZ D)
XD the plane XYZ : XD XY
6 3
In XDY : Tan( DYX ) 3

6
m( DYX ) Tan 3 60 ( X Y = Z D) 60


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 49 -
M. ABC is a triangular pyramid its base is the equilateral triangle ABC with side length 10 cm
m( MAB) m( MAC ) 90 and MA 5cm.
If D is the mid-point of BC ,then prove that BC the plane MAD,then
find the me
Z = Z = =
asure of the dihedral angle ( M-BC A). Z

ABC is a right - angled triangle in B, BC = 8 cm and AC = 10 cm , Draw AD the plane of the
5
triangle. If m( A BC D) , where Tan , then prove that DC 5 5 cm
6
u u
Z = = =
MA AB and MA AC MA the plane ABC
MA AD
In ABC: AB AC and D is the mid point of BC
AD BC
MD is a line inclined on the plane ABC and its projection AD BC
MD BC
BC AD and BC MD
ADM is a plane angle of the dih

A =

Z
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
edral angle ( M BC A)
In ADB : AD AB BD AD 10 5 75 AD 75 5 3 cm
AM 5 1
In MAD: MA MD Tan( ADM )

AD 5 3 3
1
m( ADM ) Tan 30 Thus m( M BC A) 30

3
Z
A = = = = =
A = = =
= = Z =
2 2
BD inclined on the plane ABC and its projection AB BC BD BC
ABD is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( A BC D)
In ABC : AB ( 10 ) ( 8 ) 36 AB 6 cm
5 5 Opposite
Tan Tan( ABD)

6 6 Adjacent
DA 5 DA
AB 6
u

Z Z
A = = =
= = =
=
2 2
5
DA 5 cm
6 6
DA the plane DCA DA AC
In DAC : DC ( 10 ) ( 5 ) 125 5 5 DC 5 5 cm
= =

A = + = = =
Example (5)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 51 -
ABCD is a rectangle and M is the point of intersection of its diagonals.
Draw MX the plane of the rectangle such that MX=BC , then draw XA and XB
Prove that: i) XA = XB ii ) If m( X AB C ) , then prove that Tan u
= = 2 u
2 2 2 2 2 2
XM the plane of the rectangle XM MA , XM MH
MA MB( for AC,BD are diagonals of a rectangle)
(XA) (XM) (MA) and (XB) (MX) (MB) XA XB
Draw MH AB to cut it at H and join XH
XH is a line inclined on plane ABCD

=
= + = + =
, its projection MH AB
XH AB
MHX is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( X AB C )
MX BC
Tan Tan( MHX ) 2

MH 0.5BC
u

Z Z
= = = =
ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 6 cm , BC = 2 3 cm and H is the point of intersection of its
diagonals , Draw HM the plane of the rectangle such that m( M AB C ) 45 .
find the length of MH and m( M BC
Z =
Z A)
Draw HO AB to cut it at O also Draw HN BCto cut it at N. Then Join MO and MN
HO AB O is the mid-point of AB
MO is a line inclined on the plane ABCD and its projection HO AB
MO AB
MOH is a plane angle

Z
o
of the dihedral angle ( M AB C )
MO Plane ABCD , then HM HO
1
In MHO: m( HOM ) 45 and HO BC

2
MH
Tan 45 MH 3 cm
2 3
MN is a line inclined on the plane ABCD and its projection HN BC MN BC
HNM is a pla
Z

A = =
= =

Z ne angle of the dihedral angle ( M BC A)
1
MH the plane ABCD MH HN and HN CD 3cm
2
MH 3 1

Tan( HNM ) m( HNM ) 30
HN 3 3
Z
= =
= = = =
2
Example (7)

Answer

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Example (8)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 51 -
A
M
C
D
E
9.6cm
5.4cm
9cm
12
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Draw CM DE , and join AM
In CDE : m( DCE ) 90
DE 9 12 15 cm
Also ( CE ) EM ED " Euclid' s"
144
( 12 ) EM 15 EM 9.6 cm
15
And AM is a line inclined on plane CDE
its projection CM DE Then AM DE
Area of triangle AED
A < =
= + =
=
= = =

2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
= 96 cm base height 96 cm
2
1 96 2
15 AM 96 AM 12.8 cm
2 15
In AME : AM ME ( AE ) ( AM ) ( ME )
( AE ) ( 12.8 ) ( 9.6 ) AE 256 16 cm
CM DE And AM DE
AMC is the angle of the dihedral angle between the two p
=
= = =
A = +
= + = =

<
( )
2
2
1 o
lane ADE and CDE
In CDE : ( CM ) EM MD " Euclid' s"
( CM ) 9.6 5.4 CM 51.84 7.2 cm
And AC Plane CDE Then AC CM
7.2 7.2
In ACM : Cos AMC AMC Cos 55 46'
12.8 12.8
A =
= = =

A < = < = =
Example (9)
CDE is a right - angled triangle at C. Draw CA plane CDE and draw AD , AE
if the area of the triangle AED 96 cm , and CD 9 cm ,CE 12 cm , calculate the
length of AE and the measure of the dihedral angle b
= = =
etween the two planes ADEand CDE

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 52 -
1 1 1 2 1 2
Search for L P and L P Then P P c

Perpendicular planes

Two intersecting planes are said to be perpendicular if any of the resulting
dihedral angles formed by the intersection of the two planes is a right angles

Theorem (5)
I f a line is perpendicular to a plane , then every plane containing the line is
perpendicular to this plane .


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 53 -
D. ABC is a triangular pyramid where AD the plane ABC and m( ABC ) 90 , Pr ove that
CB the plane DAB,then deduce that the two planes DBA and DBC are perpendicular
Z =

AH the plane ABCD . prove that the two planes HAB and ABCD are perpendicular .
Mention other two planes which are perpendicular on the plane ABCD.
AB the plane Z and AB plane X X Z

Also AB plane Y Y Z The plane Z is perpendicular on each of X and Y.
c
c
AH the plane ABCD AH AB But AH plane AHB
The plane ABH is perpendicular on plane ABCD.
The two planes AHC and AHD are on ABCD.
c
DA the plane ABC DA BC And BC AB ( given )

BC the plane DAB
And BC plane DBC
the plane DBC which contains BC is the planeDBA

c

Example (1)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
X and Y are two intersecting planes in AB and plane Z AB
Pr ove that Z X and Z Y

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 54 -
ABCD is a square where AH its plane. Prove that the planeHAC the planeHBD.
AH the plane ABCD AH BD
And BD AC " diagonals of a square "
BD each of ACand AH BD the plane HAC
And BD HBD
the plane HBD the planeHAC

c

M is the point of intersection of the two diagonals of the rectangle ABCD, Draw
1
MH the plane ABCD where MH BC, X is the mid-point of AB and N is the mid point
2
of DC, Prove that :
i ) Find the measure of the dihedr
=
al angle between the two planes HAB and ABCD
ii )Find the line of intersection of the two planes HAB and HCD, give reason
iii )Prove that the two planes HAB and HCD are perpendicular.
( )
( )
i X is a mid point of AB and MA MB MX AB
And HX is a line inclined to plane ABCD , its projection MX AB
HX AB HXM is the plane angle of dihedral angle
H AB M between the two planes HAB and A
=
<
Z
( )
( )
o
BCD
HM the plane ABCD HM MX
and HM MX m HXM 45
ii Draw HO which passes through H and parallel to each AB and CD
HBA is a plane containing HO and also HDC is a plane containing HO
HO is a

= < =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
o o o
line of intersection between the two planes
iii HX AB and HO AB HX HO, similarly NH HO
XHM is the plane angle of the dihedral angle between ABH and CDH
m XHN m XHM m NHM 45 45 90
The plane HAB

<
< = < + < = + =
the plane HCD.
O
Example (4)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem (5)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 55 -
In The opposite figure:
The two planes ABC and BCD are perpendicular
and DH BC ,Prove that DH The plane ABC.
BC is the line of intersection of the two perpendicular planes ABC and DBC , DH BC
and DH the planeDBC DH the plane ABC

c
ABCD A'B'C'D' is an inclined parallelopiped
the plane XYLN BC andYM NL ,
Prove that YM the plane ABCD.

BC the plane XYLN and BC the plane ABCD

The two planes XYLN and ABCD are perpendicular
YM the plane XYLN and YM the line of intersection NL
YM the plane ABCD
c
c

if X Y , CD AB , CD Y and X Y AB Then CD X c =
Theorem (6)

I f a line , contained in one of two perpendicular
planes , is perpendicular to their line of intersection
Then this line is perpendicular to the other plane .

note : we must proof that two planes are perpendicular first

if each of two intersecting planes is perpendicular
to a third plane , then the line of intersection of the
two planes is perpendicular to the third plane .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (1)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 56 -
ABC A'B'C' is a right triangular prism , its base is the isosceles triangle ABC Where CA= CB .
If D is the mid-point of AB , then prove that CD the plane ABB'A'
AB is a chord in a circle M and the plane DAB the plane of the circle. If N is the mid-point
of AB Then prove that MN the plane DAB

AB is a chord and N its mid-point

MN AB
The plane DAB the plane of the circle
MN the line of intersection of the two planes ABD and ABM
And MN circle MN the plane DAB

c
DO is perpendicular to the plane of the rectangle ABCD prove that:
i) AD the planeODC.
ii) The two planes DOC and DOA are perpendicular.
ABC A'B'C' is a right triangular prism

The plane ABB'A' the plane ABC
CA CBand D is the mid-point of AB
CD AB
CD the plane ABC , CD the line of intersection of the two
perpendicular planes ABC and ABB'A'
CD th

=

c
e plane ABB' A'
ABCD is a rectangle AD DC
OD the plane of the rectangle : OD AD
AD DC and AD OD AD the plane ODC
AD the plane ODC And AD plane ADO
The two planes DOC and DOA are perpendicular.

c
Example (3)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)

Answer


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 57 -
ABC is a right - angled triangle at B ,where AB = 6 cm , AC = 10 cm and D is a point not
belonging to the plane of the triangle ABC , such that DA = DB = DC = 13 cm , Let H be the
mid-point of AC and draw BH and DH , Then Prove that : the plane DAC the plane ABC
and If O AC such that AO=3.6 cm ,then prove that: OB the plane DAC.
e
2 2 2
2
In ABC : DA DC and H is the mid-point of AC
DH AC.........( 1)
In ADH : m( DHC ) 90 ( DH ) ( AD) ( AH )

( DH ) 169 25 144 DH 12cm
ABCis right angled at B and H is the mid-point of AC
1
The median BH AC BH 5cm
2
In
A =

A = =
= = =
A
= =
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
BDH : ( DB) ( 13 ) 169
And ( DH ) ( HB) ( 12 ) ( 5 ) 169
( DB) ( DH ) ( HB) m( DHB) 90

DH HB............( 2 )
From( 1) and ( 2 ) DH the plane ABC
But DH The plane ADC The two planes DACand ABCare perpendicular.
In ABC : AO
A = =
+ = + =
= + =

c
A
2 2
2
AC 3.6 10 36 ( AB) And ( AB) 36
( AB) AO AC And m( ABC ) 90 BO AC " Euclid' s"

BO the plane ABC BO the plane DAC.
= = = =
= =
c
6 cm
A
B
C
5
D
13
13
13
h
5
O

Example (6)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 58 -
MABC is a triangular pyramid in which ABC is an equilateral triangle of side length 40 cm
AM Plane ABC , AM = 20 3 cm , E is a mid - point of BC .
i ) Prove that the plane MAE plane ABC
ii) Calculate the m
( )
easure of M BC A <
AM Plane ABC AM BC ........( 1)
And ABC is an equilateral triangle , E is a mid - point of BC
AE BC ........( 2 )
from( 1) and (2) : BC Plane MAE
And BC Plane ABC Plane MAE Plane ABC
BC Plane MAE BC AE an

A

c

( )
o o o
o
d BC AM
AEM is the plane angle of the dihedral angle M BC A
AE AE
In ABE : Sin 60 Sin 60 AE 40 Sin 60 20 3 cm
AB 40
20 3
Tan ( AEM ) 1 ( AEM ) 45
20 3
< <
A = = = =
< = = < =
M
A
B
C
E

Fom now, if you want to prove that a line is perpendicular to a plane
you have one out of three options according to the given
very important remark
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
in the problem
1 Search for a line to two different lines on the plane Theorem 3
2 Search for an inclined line or its projection Theorem 4
3 Search for two perpendicular planes and this line is to the
( )
ir line of
intersection Theorem 6
Example (7)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 59 -
Application on pyramids

1
st
kind : The right Pyramid

The pyramid is called a right pyramid if :
(a)The base of the pyramid is a regular polygon equilateral , square , regular pentagon
i) Its sides are equal in length .
ii) Its interior angles have the same measure .

(b) The altitude of the pyramid meets the base at its center ,
( where the center of the regular polygon is the center of the circle
passing through its vertices )

Properties of right pyramid
(1) All its lateral edges are equal in length , so that
its surfaces form isosceles triangles

(2) The lateral altitudes of the right pyramid are all equal in length
from the opposite figure : MX = MY =

2
nd
kind : The regular triangular Pyramid ( Tetrahedron)

- its four faces (the lateral faces and the base ) are the surfaces of equilateral triangles
- the six edges are equal in length .
- its altitude meets its base at its geometrical center
( which is 1 : 2 from the base or 2 : 1 from the vertex ).
- Its altitude =
2 6
L L Where L is the length of its edge .
3 3
=

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 61 -
o o
The six edges of the tetrahedron are equal " properties "
And the faces of it are equilateral triangle
So let AD = DC = L
In DMC : DM BC " passes through the center N "
MD
And m (< C)=60 Sin 60
CD
MD CD Sin
A
=
=
( ) ( ) ( )
o
2 2
3
60 L
2
And N is the point of intersection of medians which divides MD in
the ratio of 2 :1 from the vertex
2 2 3 3
ND= MD ND= L L
3 3 2 3
In AND : AN ND " altitude of the pyramid "
AN = AD ND
=
=
A

( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
3 3 6
= L L L L L
3 9 9
2
AN L 3 AN 2 L
3
2 6
Then the altitude of the pyramid = L L
3 3
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =
=
Well Known problem
In the regular triangular pyramid (Tetrahedron) , prove that twice the square of the length of
its edge is equal to three times the square of its altitude
Proof

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 61 -
M. ABC is a triangular pyramid in which MA the plane ABC ,Let AB = AC = 10 cm
MA= 8 cm and BC=12 cm , If D is the mid-point of BC,then find
i) The length of AD
ii) m( M BC A)
iii ) Prove that the two planes M
Z
AD and MBC are perpendicular.
M.ABC is a regular triangular pyramid whose edge is of length 12 cm. Find the length of its
altitude and the length of the altitude of its lateral face.
2
DrawMN (the altitude of the pyramid)to cut the base ABC at its centre N where AN= AD
3
6
MN 12 4 6 cm " well known problem "
3
MH is the altitude of the face MAB :
MH
Sin 60 MH = 12 Sin 60 = 6 3 cm
12
= =
=
2 2 2 2
i ) In ABC : AB AC and D is the mid - point of BC AD BC
In ADB : ( AD) ( AB) ( BD) ( AD) 100 36 64 AD 8cm
ii ) MD is a line inclined on plane ABC , its projection AD BC
MD BC
MDA is a plane angle of the dih
A =
A = = = =

Z edral angle ( M BC A)
And MA the plane ABC MA AD
MA 8

In AMD : Tan ( MDA) 1 m( M BC A) m( MDA) 45
AD 8
iii ) MA the plane ABC MA BC
BC MD , BC AD BC the plane DAM
And BC planeMBC The planeMBC the pla
Z

A = = = Z = =

c ne MAD
Revision on all previous theorems
Example (1)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)

Answer

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 62 -
M.ABC is a Tetrahedron whose edge is of length L , Find m( M AB C) Z
M . ABCD is a right quadrilateral pyramid whose vertex is M , The length of its lateral edge is
12 cm and the length of the side of its base is 8 cm.Find the measure of the angle between the
edge MA and the plane of the base ABCD
Draw MD to Bisect AB at D and join CD.
Draw also MN the altitude of the pyramid
MD AB in the plane MAB , CD AB in the plane CAB
MDN is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( M AB C ) where
DN
In MDN : Cos ( MDN ) b

MD

Z Z
A =
1 1
ut DN CD L sin60 and MD Lsin60
3 3
1
Lsin60
1
3

Cos( MDN ) m( M AB C ) m( MDN ) 70 32'
Lsin60 3
= = =
= = Z = =
right pyramid Then its base is regular Then AB = BC = CD = AD = 8 cm

Draw MN the altitude of the pyramid where N is the center of the base ABCD
Then AN is the projection of MA on the base ABCD

Z
( )
2
2 2
o
MAN is the angle between the lateral edge MA and the base ABCD
In ABC : AC 8 8 128 AC 8 2 cm
AN 1
Cos( MAN ) but AN AC " as N is the center of AC "

MA 2
1
AN 8 2 4 2 cm , and MA 12cm
2
4 2 2

Cos( MAN ) m( MAN ) 61 5
12 3
A = + = =
= =
= = =
= = = 2'
Example (3)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 63 -
M. ABC is a triangular pyramid in which MB the plane ABC , m( BAC ) 30 , AB 9cm
and MB 4.5cm, DrawBH ACto meet it at H.Prove that MH AC, find m( M AC B)
Z = =
= Z
MB on the plane ABC AC MB
And AC BH " Given" AC Plane MBH
AC MH
MH is a line inclined on the plane ABC and its projection BH AC
MH AC
MH AC and HB AC
MHB is a plane angle of the dihedral ang

Z le ( M AC B).
m( MHB) m( M AC B)

In ABH : m( AHB) 90 , AB 9cm , m( A) 30
1 1
BH AB 9 4.5cm
2 2
In MBH : m( MBH ) 90 ( forMB the plane ABC ).
MB BH 4.5cm m( MHB) 45 m( M AC B) 45
Z
= Z
A = = =
= = =
A =
= = = Z =
Example (5)

Answer

Another method

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Solid Geometry 3
rd
secondary - 64 -
DXYZ is a triangular pyramid whose vertex is D and whose base is XYZ
wherem( XYZ ) 90 andDX is the altitude of the pyramid and also DX = XY = 2YZ.
2
find m( X YZ D),the prove that DX DZ
3
A
Z =
Z =
DY inclined on the plane XYZ and its projection XY YZ DY YZ
XY YZ and DY YZ
XYZ is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( X YZ D).
And DX the plane XYZ DX XY
In DXY : DX XY m( X

Z Z

A =
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
YZ ) 45
m( X YZ D) 45
In DYZ : DY YZ (DZ) ( DY ) ( YZ ) ......( 1)
In XYD: for DX XY (DY) ( DX ) ( XY ) 2DX ......( 2 )
1 1
And YZ DX " given" YZ DX .........( 3 )
2 4
So substitute ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) in ( 1)
(DZ) 2DX
=
Z =
A = +
A = + =
= =
= +
( )
2
2 2
1 9 3 2
DX (DZ) DX DZ DX DX DZ.
4 4 2 3
= = =
ABCD is a right triangular pyramid whose vertex is A and its base BCD is an equilateral
triangle the length of its side 12 cm. If AB = 8 cm , then find the measure of the angle of
inclination of AB on the base BCD .
2 2
Draw AN the plane BCD and drawBN to cut CD at H
ABCD is a right pyramid
N is the point of concurrence of the medians of BCD
so H is the mid-point of CD
2
BH 12 6 6 3 cm and BN BH 4 3 cm
3
NBA is the ang
A
= = = =
Z le of inclination of AB on the base where
NB 4 3 3

cos(NBA)= m( NBA) 30
BA 8 2
= = =
Example (6)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (7)

Answer

Solid Geometry

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AD BH they determine a plane let it X

CD AB &CD AB....( 1) & OH AB & OH AB....( 2 )

A , B ,C and D are four non-coplanar points , X is the mid-point of AB

( BAC) 90 ( BC) = (BA) + (AC)

m( BAD) 90 (BD) = (BA) + (AD)

AB CD and as CD AC ( given) CD the plane ABC

sin( CAC') 0.7746

m( CAC') Sin 0.774

Tan(ANX)= m(< ANX) Tan 30

m( CBH ) 90 and HC 3 1 4 HC 4 2cm

AB inclined on X and its projection HB CD AB CD m( ABD) 90

m( CBH ) 90 and HC 3 1 4 HC 4 2cm

from( 1) and ( 2 ) : BC Plane ABH BC AB m( ABD) 90

In HDO: m( HDO) 90 ( HO) ( 10 ) ( 10 3 )

( AB) BH BC and m( BAC ) 90

In ACD : m( ACD) 90 and O is the mid-point of AD

In ABD : m( ABD) 90 and O is the mid-point of AD =

m( AMD)=90 ......( 1) , MH AD in AMD.......( 2 )

DB BH and DB BH 9cm m( BHD) 45

In XDY : Tan( DYX ) 3

asure of the dihedral angle ( M-BC A). Z

In MAD: MA MD Tan( ADM )

m( ADM ) Tan 30 Thus m( M BC A) 30

Tan Tan( ABD)

Tan Tan( MHX ) 2

In MHO: m( HOM ) 45 and HO BC

In the opposite figure:

AB the plane Z and AB plane X X Z

DA the plane ABC DA BC And BC AB ( given )

BC the plane XYLN and BC the plane ABCD

AB is a chord and N its mid-point

ABC A'B'C' is a right triangular prism

In ADH : m( DHC ) 90 ( DH ) ( AD) ( AH )

( DB) ( DH ) ( HB) m( DHB) 90

( AB) AO AC And m( ABC ) 90 BO AC " Euclid' s"

In MDN : Cos ( MDN ) b

right pyramid Then its base is regular Then AB = BC = CD = AD = 8 cm

Cos( MAN ) but AN AC " as N is the center of AC "

In MBH : m( MBH ) 90 ( forMB the plane ABC ).

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