COM 101 Test One

CH.1 What is communication? 1. Process It is an action Active exchange Its an object, something you can have o Object used to communicate an action (e-mail communicates ideas) Communication (the process) vs. Communications (multiple objects of communication) Transactional Model of Communication attempted to draw the process of communication Sender & receiver Idea/concept what you are trying to get across Medium/channel tools used to communicate Encoding & decoding process figure out how to convey & figure out meaning Feedback occurs from receiver send, senderself Verbal & nonverbal Fields of experience everything youve experienced in life The more the fields overlap the easier it is to communicate Context/environment formal vs. informal Noise anything that interferes with the message Physical things you hear Psychological hear in your head 2. Human Definition of Man (Kenneth Burke): Humans in a communication perspective -We need to understand from our own field perspective what we think humans are Symbol users, misusers & creators Inventors of the negative create the idea of lacking, judge good and bad Goaded by the spirit of hierarchy moved my a sense of order; create symbol structure to find where everything fits in Separated from natural condition by instruments of our own nature we build things to prevent us from living in nature Rotten with perfection keep improving technology, body image 3. Shared Etymological roots shared meanings Always an other when communicating o Is there intrapersonal communication? 4. Symbolic Types of Communications: 1. Intrapersonal 2. Dyadic/Interpersonal 3. Small Group 4. Public

COM 101 Test One

5. Mass CH.2 What are symbols? Any representation of a though, idea, concept, etc. o Something that represents something else o Nonverbal & verbal Symbols are Flexible/malleable context changes meaning i.e. sarcasm, sick Arbitrary we choose the words but we need to share the meaning Useful persuasive Powerful Language is A collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals a symbolic action Always contextual Choice-driven activity An indicator of: education (vocab), geographic background, experience (jargon/slang) Importance of Language 1) Shapes & Reflects attitudes Terministic Screens (Kenneth Burke) End points of our words Word choice tells others what we believe & how we interact with others -Word choice reflects attitudes Individually & socially Have to go vs. get to go to class o Individually get to go makes it easier for one to go to class o Socially get to go sounds nerdy o Reveals attitude which reveals behavior Accepted language reflects cultural attitudes What is socially acceptable o Reclaiming a word to stop its negative connotation Ex: who can say the word bitch Troublesome Language Equivocal Language have more than one correct dictionary definition Relative words gain their meaning by comparison Using relative words without explaining them can lead to communication problems Slang language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group Regionalisms terms that are understood by people who live in one geographic area but that are incomprehensible to outsiders

COM 101 Test One

Jargon the specialized vocabulary that function as a kind of shorthand for people with common backgrounds and experience Abstraction ladder number of descriptions for the same thing Abstract language speech that refers to events or object vaguely Linguistic Relativism belief that the language one speaks shapes his or her culture Safir-Whorf Hypotheses having different words that show different degrees of something within a culture; changes how we perceive something Ex. Eskimos having different words for snow 2) Creates & Alters Reality Virtual Time and Space (Suzanne Langer) Create reality through language Language alters our understand of the world around us Virtual Time language drives our understanding of time Ex: spend, waste, free time economic way, time is a thing Time is virtual, the symbols we use structure it and give it reality Virtual Space language drives our understanding of space Ex: feet, inches, height 3) It is necessary from a practical perspective Ogden & Richards Triangle of Meaning there is only an indirect relationship between a word and the thing (referent) it claims to represent Referents can me mythical (unicorn), no longer tangible (Elvis), or abstract (love) Object will be the same thing regardless of the name

Ch.3 Nonverbal Symbols also create & alter reality -Photos and Youtube evoke feelings Relatable, the music, coloring of images

COM 101 Test One

Vocalics noise based but not the words themselves, the way the word is delivered Rate of delivery & intonations Visual Symbols Kinesics gestures 1) Emblems = direct translation (thumbs up) 2) Illustrators = help accentuate whats being said (hand gestures) 3) Regulators = give cues to keep conversation going (head nods) 4) Adaptors = signals of psychological discomfort or state a. Self movement thats directed towards our bodies (biting of nails) b. Alter directed to another (touching of hair) c. Object biting a pen 5) Affect displays = gesture displays we use to show emotions Proxemics space -Edward T. Hall Distance Zones: Public zones = 12 ft Social zones = 4-12ft Personal zones = 1.5-4ft Intimate zone = 0-1.5ft -Establishes parameters of relationships -Context & cultural based Haptics touch, how it changes the way we perceive things Artifacts things & objects Language is Identity Where you are from, the language you speak Cliques: nonverbals (dress) & slang Slang is created geographically & socially o Creates exclusion Power of a Name Association, description More meaning in other cultures Language & Nonverbals help create community Ch.4 Denotative Most widely shared meaning Attempts to be objective Connotative Emotionally charged meaning Subjective: personal experience, social interpretation Complexity of Meaning Arbitrary & flexible nature of symbols Humans are blend of emotional & rational thought Ability to create symbols

COM 101 Test One

Heavy reliance on symbols Spreading/Sharing Meaning Teaching, individual experience, mass communication Influences on Meaning Context, encoding, field of experience Form of message: Discursive linear, chronological, order matters (music, words, equations) Rule-based Rational/reason-based Easy for building arguments Allows for varying levels of perceptions Presentational presented as whole (paintings, photos) Elicits more emotions Varied interpretations Blending of the two forms -Allows for simultaneous rational & emotional appeals -Appeals to a broader audience -Allows for creativity & more clarity Ex: front page of a magazine (pictures & words) Encoding/Decoding Reading 1) Dominant Reading hegemonic, identify with hegemonic position, receive dominant image in an unquestioning manner 2) Negotiated Reading negotiate an interpretation from the image & its dominate meaning 3) Oppositional Reading oppositional position; completely disagreeing with the ideological position or rejecting it all together Interpellation when a media image calls out to you individually Intervisuality how other images around it changes its meaning Aesthetics appeals to you from a point of beauty Taste cultural, class, experience defined, extension of cultural ideology Institutional Critic questioning why something is where it is Kitch tack, not classynow its ironic in a cool hipster way Hegemony & Power Karl Marx producers control the message & ideology is a false conscience Appropriation taking an image out of its original context to make a statement Re-Appropriation reuse of the changed image by corporations or those in charge Bricolage use something for what its not supposed to be used for within a specific culture or group Counter-Bricolage taking the cultural specific object & mass producing it so it becomes mainstream Ch.5 General Considerations: Context

COM 101 Test One

Audience Purpose Expectations Constraints 6Cs of Effective Language Use 1) Clear say what you mean & use appropriate vocab 2) Concise 3) Concrete descriptive 4) Colorful (or creative) 5) Culturally sensitive 6) Correct (grammar) The paper clip become fashion (appropriation) but only within a specific culture (bricolage) then it was massed produced (re-appropriated) and became the norm for anyone to wear (counter-bricolage) Ch.6 Functions of Communication Theories: Inform educate, expand knowledge, gossip Entertain catharsis (emotional release), voyeurism (observing others), escapism Persuade adopt, dissuade, reinforce, deter Aristotles Proof Inartistic (outside information) Evidence that exists outside of the message Artistic (what you do with the message) Ethos credibility 1) Competence = perceived as competent, largely based on who they are/their background a. Topic competence = on a particular topic b. Communication competence = communicate competently 2) Integrity = trustworthy, honest 3) Attractiveness (Likeability) = enhances the likelihood of being perceived as competent 4) Power = credible because of how you gained your power Pathos appeal to emotion Logos appeal to reason Selectivity Proof Selective reception choosing what you are going to agree with Selective perception how one interprets the message that we see Selective retention recall & remember things that are psychologically comforting Cognitive Dissonance = the mental processes we use which lead to our behavior and creates moments of potential change Consonance the same, consistence

COM 101 Test One

Dissonance disconnect, dont fit together Reduce this by: Changing their thoughts Adding new ones to create consistent beliefs Reduce the importance of any of the dissonant elements No relationship Agenda Setting Media decides what is important & what we should find important o Whats on the cover & repetition Attention paid to issues implies importance o Placement/layout News attention influences what we thing about Priming Setting expectations/gaining interest Only in the beginning Gets receiver to think a certain way about what they are about to see/read/hear Framing Setting parameters for discussion Throughout whole media piece Provides perspective for interpretation Cultivation Medias effect on you How media changes your view on life & the world Rhetorical communication focuses primarily on the study of influence Relational approach focuses on a transactional or co-orientational perspective Ch. 9 Four Key Influences of the Early Period: 1) individual responsibility 2) political equality 3) limited government 4) local autonomy Three key influences of the colonial period: 1) role of press as watch dog in society 2) start of the critical information function of the press 3) entertainment function of the press US as Mass Communication Society 1) General magazines & how they were largely circulated 2) Growth of the motion picture industry 3) Radio transformed into home 4) Beginning of TV in the home