CH 369 Exam 3 November 1, 2012 Name: __________________________________________ eID ____________________ The following equations may be helpful:

G = RT ln Keq
T ( K ) = C + 273

K eq =

[C]eq [ D]eq [ A ]eq [ B]eq

G = G + RT ln

[C][ D] [ A ][ B]
V mol

R = 8.3145 J K mol
G = nF E

E=E+

[ A reduced ] RT ln nF [ A oxidized ]

F = 96,485 J

Section I: 20 points (1 point each)

1. The major pathways for fuel metabolism in mammals converge on the molecules A) DNA and RNA. D) lipids and glucose. B) pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. E) none of the above C) cAMP and ATP. 2. Biomolecules are synthesized from simpler components in ______ pathways. A) autotrophs E) anabolic B) catabolic F) acyl phosphate C) pyrophosphatase G) adenylate kinase D) oxidation 3. Which of the following are true statements about the structure of ATP synthase? A) It has a membrane-embedded component called Fo. B) The subunit acts as a drive shaft in the rotational motor. C) The structure has an F1 component found in the intermembrane space. D) A and B E) A, B, and C 4. Which is the net equation of glycolysis as it occurs in aerobic cells such as brain cells? A) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 lactate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 4 H+ B) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 4 H+ C) Glucose + 2 ATP 2 lactate + 2 ADP + 2 Pi D) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H+ E) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP 5. Which of the choices that follow would be an accurate classification of the carbohydrate structure below?

A) aldopentose

B) ketohexose

C) aldotetrose

D) aldotriose

E) ketotetrose

F) ketopentose

6. The ETC component that transfers electrons directly to oxygen is ____ . A) NADH dehydrogenase D) Succinate dehydrogenase B) Cytochrome bc1 E) none of the above C) Cytochrome c oxidase

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7. How many electrons can be carried by the prosthetic group in cytochrome? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 1 or 2 E) none of the above 8. N-linked oligosaccharides can be covalently linked to proteins at the amino acid A) gly B) ser C) glu D) tyr E) asn 9. Which polysaccharide is found in a helically coiled conformation? A) chitin B) -amylose C) cellulose D) lignin E) none of the above 10. The process by which ATP is formed from ADP in glycolysis is referred to as A) substrate-level phosphorylation D) photophosphorylation B) reduction E) oxidation C) oxidative phosphorylation 11. Which of the regions circled below is the correct functional part of this co-factor? B
A

C D A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) None of the above

12. Cellulose is A) sometimes called starch B) a linear polymer of glucose with (14) linkages C) a linear copolymer of glucose and galactose D) a branched polymer of glucose E) a linear polymer of glucose with (14) linkages 13. The reaction that is catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase is an example of an ______ reaction because it replenishes the citric acid cycle intermediates that have been siphoned off for biosynthesis. A) cataplerotic B) anaplerotic C) amphipathic D) amphibolic 14. The coenzyme ______ is the oxidizing agent in glycolysis. A) thiamine pyrophosphate E) B) pyruvate F) C) phosphofructokinase G) D) ATP NAD+ fluoride ion pentose phosphate

15. Vitamins are: A) organic coenzymes organisms are unable to synthesize via metabolism. B) a set of compounds required by all mammals. C) critical metabolites found primarily in the mitochondrion. D) essential organic molecules humans are usually unable to synthesize. E) water-soluble organic compounds responsible for electron-transfer reactions.

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Use the following to answer questions 16-18: The schematic below represents the Electron Transport Chain. Arrows indicate the flow of electrons. A Complex 1 Complex 2 B E Complex 4 D Membrane Water

Membrane

Complex 3 C

16. For every 2 electrons transported through complexes 1 and 3, ~ _______protons are generated per complex. A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 F) 5 17. Complex 3 passes electrons to compound D. Compound D is: A) cytochrome c B) cytochrome b1 C) NAD+ D) FAD 18. Complex 2 gathers electrons up from _____________. A) NADH B) FADH2 C) NAD+ D) FAD E) FMN

E) FMN

F) none of the above

F) none of the above

Use the following to answer questions 19-20:

19. What type of linkage is indicated by #2 in the image of raffinose above? A) (12) B) (14) C) (16) D) (12) E) (14) 20. What type of linkage is indicated by #1 in the image of raffinose above? A) (12) B) (14) C) (16) D) (12) E) (14)

F) (16) F) (16)

Section II: 62 points (2 points each)

21. The presence of raffinose is blamed for causing flatulence when consuming beans. Undigested raffinose is metabolized by bacteria in the large intestine, producing gas as a by-product. Which of the two bonds in the figure above Question 19 (labeled #1 or #2) is responsible for the inability of humans to digest raffinose? A) #1 B) #2

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22. Which of the following statements regarding the Q cycle is false? A) The electrons donated by QH2 are passed to 2 separate cytochrome centers in Complex III. B) The 2 initial electrons that are donated to Complex III are immediately passed to 2 molecules of cytochrome c. C) There are multiple electron donors to the Q pool. D) There are 2 separate QH2 electron donors to Complex III. E) Operation of the Q pool involves production of a semiquinone. 23. Consider the following half-reactions: Eo' = 0.315 V NAD+ + H+ + 2 e NADH Eo' = 0.815 V 1/2 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e H2O What is the E' for the following redox equation? 1/2 O2 + NADH + H+ H2O + NAD+ A) 1.13 V B) 0.5 V C) +0.5 V D) +1.13 V

E) none of the above

24. A major allosteric regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is: A) 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate D) fructose 1,6 bisphosphate B) 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate E) none of the above C) fructose 2,6 bisphosphate Use the following to answer questions 25-26: glucose Step 1

A
Step 2 fructose-6-P Step 3 Fructose-1,6-bisP Step 4 Step 4 glyceraldehyde-3-P Step 5 dihydroxyacetone phosphate Step 6

C
Step 7 3-P glycerate Step 8 2-P glycerate Step 9

B
Step 10

D
Step 11

lactate

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25. Intermediate A is A) glucose-1-phosphate B) 1,3 phosphoglycerate C) glucose-6-phosphate 26. Reactions 7 and 11 generate ATP. A) True B) False

D) E)

2,3 bisphosphoglycerate none of the above

27. Which of the following best explains why the formation of UDPglucose from glucose-1-phosphate in the liver and muscle is energetically favorable? A) G' for the reaction glucose-1-phosphate + UTP UDPglucose + PPi is very positive. B) G' for the reaction PPi 2Pi is very positive. C) G' for the reaction PPi 2Pi is very negative. D) G' for the reaction glucose-1-phosphate + UTP UDPglucose + PPi is very negative. 28. The Keq is 0.503 at 25C for the following reaction. What is the G' for this reaction? D-Glucose-6-phosphate D-Fructose-6-phosphate A) 1,700 J/mol B) 2,870 J/mol C) +143 J/mol D) +1.70 kJ/mol E) none of the above 29. If acetyl*-CoA labeled with 14C, as shown in the figure, were used as the substrate for the citric acid cycle, at which round in the SAME cycle that the acetyl*-CoA entered would the radioactive label be released as *CO2?
O CoAS C * CH3

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

F) 6

G) 7

H) 8

I) none

30. The G value for a hypothetical reaction is 10 kJ/mol. large would be A) ~ 2 times as large. B) ~10 times as large. C) ~60 times as large. D) ~ 2 times as small.

The Keq for a reaction whose G value is twice as E) F) G) ~10 times as small. ~60 times as small. none of the above.

31. Which of the following are factors that contribute to the large negative standard free energy change for the reaction ATP ADP + Pi? A) the increase in resonance stabilization in the products versus the substrates B) the precipitation of the insoluble Pi C) the addition of a water molecule to the hydrophilic ATP molecule D) the decrease in negative-ion repulsion E) Both A and D F) none of the above 32. Lipoic acid may be reduced to dihydrolipoic acid. Given the data below, which would serve as a better reducing agent, NADH or FADH2? E= -0.290 Lipoic acid + 2 H+ + 2 e- dihydrolipoic acid E= -0.315 NAD+ + H+ + 2 e- NADH E= 0 FAD + 2 H+ + 2 e- FADH2 A) NADH B) FADH2

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33. Place the following events in the enzyme mechanism for aldolase in the correct order: i. active site lysine forms Schiffs base ii. tyrosine gives up proton forms Schiff's base iii.substrate binds to active site iv. hydrolysis of Schiffs base v. tyrosine accepts proton and bond breaks in substrate A) iii, ii, v, i, iv B) iii, iv, v, ii, i C) iii, v, iv, ii, v D) iii, i, v, ii, iv

E) iii, i, iv, ii, v

34. Which of the following is correct concerning the metabolic reaction shown below? Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA-SH Acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2 A) This reaction is an oxidative decarboxylation. B) The enzyme that catalyzes this metabolic conversion is activated by high concentrations of ATP. C) This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme in the cytosol of the cell. D) The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction contains a pyridoxal phosphate prosthetic group. E) This reaction is sometimes referred to as an anaplerotic reaction in that it refills the citric acid cycle when intermediates have been removed for biosynthesis. 35. Given that the standard reduction potential of acetaldehyde is 0.197 V and the standard reduction potential of NAD+ is 0.315 V. What is the E' for the reduction of acetaldehyde by NADH. A) 0.118 V B) 0.512 V C) +0.118 V D) +0.0523 V E) +0.512 V 36. What are the coenzyme forms that correspond to X and Y in the following gluconeogenic reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase?

A) B) C)

X = FAD, Y = FADH2 X = NAD+, Y = NADH + H+ X = NADH + H+,Y = NADP+

D) E)

X = NADPH + H+,Y = NADP+ X = NADH + H+,Y = NAD+

37. Which of the compounds below is in the highest oxidation state? A) carbon monoxide B) methane C) methanol D) carbon dioxide

E) acetic acid

38. Which one of the following amino acids participates in the transfer of a phosphate group in the reaction catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase? A) lysine B) serine C) glutamate D) aspartate E) histidine 39. Calculate G' for the reaction A + B C + D at 25C when the equilibrium conditions are : [A] = 10 M, [B] = 15 M, [C] = 10 M, [D] = 10 M. A) 1004 J/mol D) insufficient data to determine answer B) 10 kJ/mol E) none of the above C) 1 J/mol 40. ______ is an enzyme that catalyzes a substrate-level phosphorylation. A) malonate F) malate synthase B) malate G) succinyl-CoA synthetase C) isocitrate H) oxaloacetate D) succinate dehydrogenase I) aconitase E) malate dehydrogenase

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41. ______ is the first compound that is oxidized in the citric acid cycle. A) Krebs cycle F) isocitrate B) carbon dioxide G) succinate dehydrogenase C) oxaloacetate H) malonate D) aconitase I) malate E) succinyl-CoA synthetase J) -ketoglutarate 42. Which of the two molecules below is a reducing sugar?

A.
A) A B) B

B.

43. Mannose is the C2 epimer of glucose. Which of the structures below is mannose?

A)
A) A B) B C) C

B)
D) D

C)

D)

44. Which of the following best describes the function of cytochrome c oxidase? A) Cytochrome c oxidase oxidizes two consecutive cytochrome c molecules, via twoelectron transfers, while simultaneously reducing one O2 to two H2O. B) Cytochrome c oxidase oxidizes two consecutive cytochrome c molecules, via twoelectron transfers, while simultaneously reducing two O2 to two H2O. C) Cytochrome c oxidase oxidizes four consecutive cytochrome c molecules, via oneelectron transfers, while simultaneously reducing two O2 to two H2O. D) Cytochrome c oxidase oxidizes four consecutive cytochrome c molecules, via oneelectron transfers, while simultaneously reducing one O2 to two H2O. Use the following to answer questions 45-48: A 8 malate 7 fumarate 6 D 5 C 1 citrate 2 isocitrate 3 B 4

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45. Which reaction uses a phosphohistidine intermediate? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 F) 6 G) 7 H) 8 46. Which reaction gives up its electrons to ubiquinone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 F) 6 G) 7 H) 8 47. Which reactions release CO2? A) 1,2 B) 2,3 C) 3,4 D) 5,6

E) 7,8

48. Which reaction directly generates a high energy phosphodiester bond? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 F) 6 G) 7 H) 8 49. How many stereoisomers are possible for a ketohexose? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 12 50. Both glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown share the metabolite ______. A) gluconeogenesis F) biotin B) cAMP G) glucose-1-phosphate C) phosphorylase a H) dolichol D) glucose-6-phosphatase I) glucagon E) glycogenolysis 51. Which of the following is a proper representation of the Q cycle that operates with Complex III? A) 1 QH2 --> 1 Q + 2 H+ + 2 electrons D) 1 QH2 + 1 Q + 2 H+ + 2 electrons --> 2 QH2 + B) 2 QH2 --> 1 QH2 + 1 Q + 2 H + 2 electrons E) 1 Q + 2 H+ + 2 electrons --> 1 QH2 + C) 2 QH2 --> 2 Q + 4 H + 4 electrons

Section III: 18 points (3 points each)

52. How many protons could theoretically be pumped (under standard state conditions) by Complex III per mol of CoQ oxidized, considering the following information? (HINT: Watch your stoichiometry!) coenzyme Q + 2H+ + 2 e- coenzyme QH2 E0' 0.040 V cytochrome c (Fe3+) + e- cytochrome c (Fe2+) E0' 0.270 V H+ (outside mt) H+ (inside mt) G -20 kJ/mol to pump 1 proton A) 4 B) 4 < H+ 6 C) 6 < H+ 8 D) 8 < H+ E) Cannot be determined from the information provided. 53. Consider the following metabolic reaction: 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate G' = +4.40 kJ/mol What is the G for this reaction when the concentration of 2-phosphoglycerate is 0.290 mM and the concentration of 3-phosphoglycerate is 2.90 mM at 37C? A) 5.93 kJ/mol B) 1.30 kJ/mol C) 4.40 kJ/mol D) +10.3 kJ/mol E) 1.53 kJ/mol 54. Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. What citric acid cycle intermediates accumulate if malonate is present in a preparation of isolated mitochondria? A) succinate B) succinyl-CoA C) -ketoglutarate D) A and B E) A, B, and C

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55. Except during starvation, the brain burns glucose as its sole metabolic fuel and consumes up to 40% of the body's circulating glucose. The brain stores very little glucose in the form of glycogen and relies almost entirely on the supply of glucose circulating in blood. Because of these factors, the primary rate-determining step in glycolysis is NOT catalyzed by phosphofructokinase. Based on your understanding of the possible control points in glycolysis, what is the major control point of the glycolytic pathway as it operates in brain cells? A) Pyruvate kinase D) phosphoglycerate mutase B) Hexokinase E) enolase C) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 56. What would be the predicted energy yield of ATP from glycolysis in a patient with a defect in triose phosphate isomerase, which catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate? A) 0 ATP B) 1 ATP C) 2 ATP D) 3 ATP E) 4 ATP 57. A man presents to you in the emergency room after ingesting an insecticide. The Poison Control Center indicates that this insecticide contains cyanide (CN-) which binds to and completely inhibits cytochrome C oxidase. Therefore, in this man's mitochondria the rate of ATP synthesis would be stopped due to the inhibition of electron transport. A) True B) False

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Answer Key
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. B E D B E C A E B A C E B E D E A B A C A B D C C B C D I F E A D A C E D E A G F A C D E F C E D G B B E
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54. 55. 56. 57.

E B A A

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