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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

AGGREGATES
Based on Materials Passing or Retained on 5mm Sieve ( Fine SAND, Coarse STONE)

CONCRETE
Volume of Aggregates > Volume of Cement Paste

Physical Properties of Concrete Dependent on Corresponding Properties of Aggregates Specific Heat Specific Density Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Volume Stability Elastic Modulus, Creep, Shrinkage
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates CONCRETE AGGREGATES


Grouped according to size into fine and coarse aggregates
Separation based on materials passing or retained on nominal 5 mm sieve (max. agg. Size : 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm)

Fine Aggregate also known as Sand and Coarse Aggregate as Stone


Natural source (rock) or manufactured from other materials or recycled aggregate (RA) or recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)

Classified by density: lightweight, normal weight, heavy weight


Classified by rock type for coarse aggregates Fine aggregate classified as Natural Sand or Crushed Stone Sand (Urgent need to use marginal aggregates for sustainable development)
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates INHERENT Properties


Important in aiding the selection of an aggregate source

Examples: Strength, Elastic Modulus, Specific Gravity, Absorption, Particle Shapes and Textures, Chemical Stability, Wear Resistance
Once confirmed before production, only checked periodically (yearly)

Properties Affecting Mix Design and Quality Control


Properties varying from time to time and affecting concrete properties Regular assessment to detect fluctuations, and hence to facilitate mix adjustment and control of concrete production. Examples : Size, Grading, (consistency, trend of change), moisture content, amount of deleterious substances (organic matter in sand)
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES


Mineral composition, sulfate, chloride, deleterious materials (mica, shells, organic matters) Alkali - aggregate reactivity - alkali silica, alkali carbonate

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES


Strength (aggregate crushing value, 10% fine value), modulus of elasticity, hardness (aggregate impact value), abrasion resistance (aggregate abrasion value), wear resistance (% wear by Los Angeles Testing Machine)

Acceptance Testing Prior To Approval For Concrete Production To Ensure Durability Of Concrete

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

AGGREGATES
Physical Properties of Major Interest to Civil Engineers Specific Gravity (or Density) Strength/Mass ratio Porosity Absorption Particle Size Distribution (or Grading) Packing, Void Shape Descriptive term: rounded, angular, cubical Semi-empirical Measurement: flaky or elongated Surface Descriptive term: smooth, rough

Pores: Internal space besides solid material Voids: Space between particles of aggregates

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates PHYSTICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES Shape (round, irregular, flaky, elongated), Size (maximum, 5 to 75 mm),
Grading (single-sized, graded), Specific Gravity, Absorption, Moisture Content (oven-dry, saturated-surface-dry, free water), Density (normal, lightweight, heavyweight)

Specific properties - specific heat, thermal expansion coefficient


Regular and systematic monitoring (moisture content, size and grading) during concrete production to ensure consistent quality of both fresh and hardened concrete properties

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

MOISTURE STATE
Each piece of aggregate may have some internal pores Internal pores only filled with water but external surface dry - saturated-surface-dry (SSD) Water in internal pores = absorption (by mass of oven-dry aggregate)

External surface water and water between aggregates (sand) - free water (free moisture content) Total moisture = free water + absorbed water (i.e. removed by oven-dry at 105OC or by microwave drying)
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

MOISTURE IN AGGREGATE

Bone-dry

Air-dry

Saturated and Surface-dry

Moist
(Surface Water)

Effective Absorption Absorbed Moisture (Absorption) Free Moisture (Moisture Content)


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Effective Absorption May Not Be Fully Achieved During Mixing

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


Role of Aggregate in Concrete
Aggregates are cheaper than cement More economical to include, as much aggregates as technically viable and to minimize the cement content per unit volume of concrete Volume fraction of aggregates occupies more than double that of cement paste matrix Combined volume of fine and coarse aggregates generally between 60% to 80% of total volume of a concrete mix Not only as inert materials serving as economical fillers, aggregates contribute beneficially to properties of concrete such as improving volume stability, abrasion resistance and durability Physical properties of concrete are directly related to the corresponding properties of aggregates, such as density, specific heat, and modulus of elasticity
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


EFFECTS OF GRADING ON MIX DESIGN Fineness Modulus (FM) more than one grading may have similar FM, but not the size distribution Change in FM of 0.2 in sand may lead to significant change in water demand for the same workability In terms of fineness modulus, maximum daily or total deviation, if taken to extremes, will exceed two to three times the commonly accepted change of 0.2 in the fineness modulus beyond which a change in mix proportions is deemed desirable. EFFECTS OF SIZE ON MIX DESIGN

Larger maximum size aggregate has smaller total surface area per unit mass of aggregate
Lower cement content (kg/m3) needed to coat aggregate surface and more towards providing inter-particle paste for workability Lower water content (kg/m3) needed for a given water-cement ratio requirement for strength (140 to 160 kg/m3 in ready-mixed concrete production equipment currently available) Lower cement content means less heat of hydration in thick sections of concrete, less Page 10 of 55 shrinkage and creep

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates AGGREGATE TESTING It should be noted that most properties of aggregate are difficult to define and measure in absolute terms, e.g. shape & texture Acceptance criteria are prescriptive in nature, hence most quantitative values cannot be directly related to performance Empirical and arbitrarily chosen methods and equipment are described in details and highly standardized to ensure repeatability and reproducibility of test results. Reference should be made to relevant standard specifications whenever necessary. Desirable to move from testing for Conformity to Performancebased approach for directly useful quantitative values where possible
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

AGGREGATES
BS EN 12620: 2002+A1: 2008 Aggregates for concrete (SS EN 12620: 2008) Aggregates and filler aggregates obtained by processing natural, manufactured or recycled materials and mixtures of these aggregates for use in concrete

Oven dried particle density greater than 2 000 kg/m3


Examples of some requirements taken to illustrate new approach to specify properties and guidance Note: ISO 565:1990 Test sieves Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet Nominal sizes of openings

Minor difference from BS sieves openings


(to change over soonest convenient UK adopts basic set plus set 2)
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BS EN 12620: 2002+A1: 2008 Aggregates for concrete (SS EN 12620: 2008)


Terms and definitions Aggregate size Designation of aggregate in terms of lower (d) and upper (D) sieve sizes expressed as d/D Fine aggregate Designation given to the smaller aggregate sizes with D less than or equal to 4 mm Coarse aggregate Designation given to the larger aggregate sizes with D greater than or equal to 4 mm and d greater than or equal to 2 mm Fines Particle size fraction of an aggregate which passes the 0.063 mm sieve Filler aggregate Aggregate, most of which passes a 0.063 mm sieve, which can be added to construction materials to provide certain properties
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BS EN 12620: 2002+A1: 2008 Aggregates for concrete (SS EN 12620: 2008) Terms and definitions (continued) Grading Particle size distribution expressed as the percentages by mass passing a specific set of sieves Category Level of property of an aggregate expressed as a range of values or a limiting value Natural aggregate Aggregate from mineral sources which has been subjected to nothing more than mechanical processing Manufactured aggregate Aggregate of mineral origin resulting from an industrial process involving thermal or other modification Recycled aggregate Aggregate resulting from the processing of inorganic materials previously used in construction
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Source: PD 6682-1-2003, Aggregates Part 1: Aggregates for concrete Guidance on the use of BS EN 12620, BSI Page 15 of 55

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates New way to state aggregate size Aggregate sizes specified using the designation d/D d = lower sieve size and D = upper sieve size (mm)
Aggregate sizes shall have D/d not less than 1,4

G3

Example : graded coarse aggregate 4/20 (d = 4 and D = 20) Table 2 General grading requirements For D/d > 2 and D > 11,2 mm
Percentage passing by mass 2 D (40) 100 1,4 Da (31,5) 98 to 100 D (20) 90 to 99 d (4) 0 to 15 d/2 (2) 0 to 5

Gc90/15 D/d

Category G Gc90/15

a Where the sieves calculated are not exact sieve numbers in the ISO 565:1990 R20 series then the next

nearest sieve size shall be adopted. For graded coarse aggregates where D > 11,2 mm and D/d > 2 i) all gradings shall comply with the overall limits given in Table 3; ii) the producer shall document and, on request, declare the typical grading passing the mid-size sieve and tolerances selected from the categories in Table 3.

Table 3 Overall limits and tolerances for coarse aggregate grading at mid-size sieve
D/d Mid-size sieve (mm) Overall limits and tolerances at mid-size sieves (percentage passing by mass) Overall limits Category GT

Tolerances on producers declared typical grading Page 16 of 55

D/2 (10)

25 to 70

17,5

GT 17,5

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Source: PD 6682-1-2003, BSI

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates Single size coarse aggregate : Example 10/20 For D > 11,2 and D/d 2 Table 2 General grading requirements only
Percentage passing by mass 2 D (40) 1,4 Da (31,5) D (20) d (10) d/2 (4) Category

100

98 to 100

85 to 99

0 to 20

0 to 5

Gc85/20

Example 4/10 For D > 11,2 and D/d 2 Table 2 General grading requirements only
Percentage passing by mass 2 D (20) 100 1,4 Da (14) 98 to 100 D (10) 85 to 99 d (4) 0 to 20 d/2 (2) 0 to 5 Category Gc85/20

Note: Single size aggregate has less potential for segregation within a stockpile than a graded aggregate leading to less variability in consistence 18 of 55 Preferred for high performance concrete, e.g. SCC, C60/75 Page strength class

Coarse Aggregate Grading Limits

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Source: PD 6682-1-2003, BSI

General Specification Aggregates for Concrete Covers All Uses

Select types of aggregate for project


Specify properties needed for project and their limiting maximum value in terms of Category

Source: PD 6682-1-2003, BSI

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates Shape of coarse aggregates in terms of flakiness index (EN 933-3) (Differs from BS 812-105 openings and lower limits are specified) When required, the flakiness index shall be declared in accordance with the relevant category specified in Table 8 according to the particular application or end use

G4

Table 8 Categories for maximum values of flakiness index (BS 882 values from PD 6682-1:2002, Table 3)
Flakiness index Category BS 882 maximum value Type of aggregate/use

15 20 35 50 50
No requirement

FI15 FI20 FI35 FI50


FIDeclared FINR

40 50 -

Special circumstance, e.g. pavement surface courses Crushed rock or gravel Uncrushed gravel -

EN 933-3 bar sieves are different from the slot openings in BS 812-106. This leads to a lower flakiness index values, therefore the limits specified for flakiness in BS EN 12620 and BS EN 13043 (bituminous mixtures) are lower than those specified in BS 882 (concrete) and BS 63 (bituminous mixtures). BS EN 933-3 catagorizes a particle as flaky if it minimum dimension is less than Page 21 of 55 half its upper sieve size (D) as defined by the particle size fraction in which it falls.

FLAKINESS INDEX EN 933-3 vs BS 812 (SS 73)

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates Shape of coarse aggregates in terms of shape index (EN 933-4) (Shape index: mass of particles with a ratio of dimension L/E more than 3 expressed as a percentage of total dry mass of particles tested) L = particle length, maximum dimension of a particle E = particle thickness, minimum dimension of a particle When required, the shape index shall be declared in accordance with the relevant category specified in Table 9 according to the particular application or end use Table 9 Categories for maximum values of shape index Shape index 15 20 40 55 > 55 No requirement Category - SI SI15 SI20 SI40 SI55 SIDeclared SINR

Shape index value determined by BS EN 933-4 is different from elongation index determined by BS 812-105.2. It has been suggested that shape index Page values often 23 of 55 correlate with values of flakiness index (BS EN 933-3)

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates Shell content of coarse aggregates (EN 933-7) The shell content shall be declared in accordance with relevant category specified in Table 10 according to the particular application or end use Table 10 Category for maximum values of shell content of coarse aggregates
Shell content - % by mass Category - SC PD 6682-1:2002 Clause 3.2.5 BS 882 limits set at 20% by mass for fractions of 10 mm and/or 8% for by mass for fractions of > 10 mm

10 > 10
No requirement

SC10 SCDeclared
SCNR

Fines content

Fines content in EN 12620 relates to percentage passing 0.063 mm sieve whereas in BS 882, 0.075 mm sieve is specified PD 6682-1:2002 Table 4 Recommended BS EN 12620 categories for fines content
Aggregate type Uncrushed, partially crushed or crushed gravel coarse aggregate Crushed rock coarse aggregate Uncrushed, partially crushed or crushed gravel sand Crushed rock sand 2 BS 882 limits % by mass Recommended BS EN category f1.5

4
4 16(9 for heavy duty floor finishes)

f4
f3 f16(f10 for heavy duty floor finishes)

Gravel all-in aggregate Crushed rock all-in aggregate

3 11

f3 f11

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


Fine aggregates shall comply with the general grading requirements specified in Table 2 appropriate to their upper sieve size D Example : fine aggregate 0/4 (d = 0 and D = 4) Table 2 General grading requirements For D 4 mm and d = 0 mm
Percentage passing by mass 2 D (8) 100 1,4 Da (5,6) 95 to 100 D (4) 85 to 100 d (0) d/2 (0) Category G GF 85

Fine aggregates in regular satisfactory use for most applications shall comply with the requirements specified in Table 4. When specified for special uses and cases where the variability of grading is reduced, the grading tolerances shall be applied in accordance with annex C (normative) Table 4 Tolerances on producers declared typical grading for general use fine aggregates
Sieve size mm 4 2 1 0,250 0,063b
a Tolerances

Tolerances in percentages passing by mass 0/4 5a 20 20 3 0/2 5a 20 25 5 0/1 5a 25 5

of 5 are further limited by the requirements for the percentage passing D in Table 2 Page 25 of 55 b In addition to the tolerances stated the maximum value of the fines content for the category selected in Table 11 applies for the percentage passing the 0,063 mm sieve.

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

AGGREGATES
BS EN 12620:2002 Aggregates for concrete, Annex B (informative) Guidance on the description of coarseness/fineness of fine aggregates

Either Table B.1 or Table B.2, but not both can be used

C = coarse, M = medium and F = fine (Note: some overlap of ranges) P = percentage passing 0,5000 mm sieve F = fineness modulus, FM = sum of cumulative percentages by mass retained on sieves as indicated and expressed as a percentage: FM = {(> 4) + (> 2) + (> 1) + (> 0,5) + (> 0,25) + (> 0,125)}/100 Table B.1 Coarseness or fineness based on percentage passing 0,500 mm sieve
Percentage passing by mass CP 5 to 45 MP 30 to 70 FP 55 to 100

Table B.2 Coarseness or fineness based on fineness modulus


Fineness modulus CF 4,0 to 2,4 MF 2,8 to 1,5 FF 2,1 to 0,6
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates PD 6682-2:2002, Annex D (informative) Recommended BS EN 12620 overall grading limits for fine aggregates Table D.1 Overall grading limits for fine aggregates classified by BS EN 12620 category GF85
Sieve size mm 8 6.3 4 2.8 2 1 0.5 0.250 0.063 Percentage by mass passing ISO 565 sieve for fine aggregate size (d/D) 0/4 (CP)a 100 95 to 100 85 to 99b (5) (20) 5 to 45 (20) (3) 0/4 (MP)a 100 95 to 100 85 to 99 (5) (20) 30 to 70 (20) (3) 100 95 to 100 85 to 99 (5) (20) 30 to 70 (25) (5) 0/2 (MP)a 100 95 to 100 85 to 99 (5) (20) 55 to 100 (25) (5) 0/2 (FP)a 100 85 to 99 (5) 55 to 100 (25) (5) 0/1 (FP)a

Note: The producer should document and, on request, declare the typical grading for which the required tolerances are given in brackets (from Table 4, EN 12620) a Category G 85 F b The inclusion of 99% in lieu of 100 % is to ensure consistency and to prevent smaller size Page 27 of 55 aggregate being classified as D sized aggregate

Examples of Fine Aggregate Grading


Sieve size 4 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.5 mm 0.25 mm 0.125 mm Total sample Mass retained (g) 9 46 97 99 120 91 500 % retained (by mass) 2 9 19 20 24 18 Cumulative % retained 2 11 30 50 74 92 = 259 Cumulative % passing 98 (85 to 99 5) 89 70 50 (30 to 70) 26 8

Fineness modulus = 259/100 = 2.59, (CF) or (MF) % passing 0.5 mm sieve = 50, (MP) 0/4 (MP), Category GF85, limits shown in RED

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


Fines content to be declared in accordance with EN 933-1 (0.063 mm rather than 0.075 mm) Table 11 Categories for maximum values of fines content
Aggregate 0,063 mm sieve Percentage passing by mass Category f

Coarse aggregate

1,5 4 >4
No requirement 3 10 16 > 16 No requirement

f1,5 f4
fDeclared fNR f3 f10 f16 fDeclared fNR

Natural graded 0/8 mm aggregate

All in aggregate

3 11 > 11
No requirement 3 10 16 22 > 22 No requirement

f3 f11
fDeclared fNR f3 f10 f16 f22
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Fine aggregate

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Fines Quality (Annex D normative) Fines shall be considered non-harmful when any of the four following conditions apply: (a) the total fines content of the fine aggregate is less than 3% or other value according to the provisions valid in the place of use of the aggregate; (b) the sand equivalent value (SE) when tested in accordance with EN 933-8 exceeds a specified lower limit; (c) the methylene blue test (MB) when test in accordance with EN 933-9 gives a value less than a particular specified limit; (d) equivalence of performance with known satisfactory aggregate is established or there is evidence of satisfactory use with no experience of problems. Compliance requirements for (b) and (c) on 0/2 mm fraction shall normally be expressed with a probability of 90%. Precise limits not yet fixed until further evidence on use is available. PD 6682-1:2002 recommendation: conditions (a) or (d) preferred
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates Physical Requirements Clause The necessity for testing and declaring all properties specified shall be limited according to the particular application at end use or origin of the aggregate. When required, the tests specified shall be carried out to determine appropriate physical properties. (Guidance on selection of appropriate categories for specific applications can be found in national provisions in the place of use of the aggregate, e.g. PD 6682-1:2003 and PD 6682-9:2003) PD 6682-1:2003 Aggregates Part 1: Aggregates for concrete Guidance on the use of BS EN 12620 The grading of coarse and fine aggregates in BS EN 12620 is based on different principles to BS 882. BS EN 12620 specifies grades in terms of consistency of coarse aggregate with supplier declaring typical grading for the aggregate and working to tolerances given in BS EN 12620. Table 1 lists established BS aggregates for concrete and their equivalent in EN Annex C, Annex D and Annex E detail grading requirements of BS EN 12620 for coarse, fine and all-in aggregates. Pagetest 31 of 55 PD 6682-9:2003 Aggregates Part 9: Guidance on the use of European method standards

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Particle density and water absorption (EN 1097-6) declared on request stating means of determination and calculations used Bulk density (EN 1097-3) declared on request

DURABILITY
Freeze/thaw resistance of coarse aggregates (EN 1367-1 or EN 1367-2)
If required for used in environment subject to freezing and thawing

Volume stability drying shrinkage (EN 1367-4)


Where disruptive shrinkage cracking of concrete occurs due to properties of aggregate, when required, not exceed 0.075%

Alkali-silica reactivity
When required assess in accordance with provisions valid in the place of use and results declared (Guidance Annex G, BS 8500-2:2006: guidance set out in BRE Digest 330) [BS 8500-1:2006, Clause A.8.1: If the producer follows the guidance given in BRE Digest 330, this will be deemed to have satisfied the requirement to minimize damaging alkali-silica reaction.]
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Chemical Requirements Clause 6


The necessity for testing and declaring all properties specified in this clause shall be limited according to the particular application at end use or origin of the aggregate. When required, determine appropriate chemical properties Chlorides (water-soluble chloride EN 1744-1:1998, Clause 7) On request, declared by producer ( 0.01%, use 0.01%) Sulfur containing compounds Acid-soluble sulfate (EN 1744-1:1998, Clause 12) When required, declare in accordance with relevant category specified in Table 20 Categories for maximum values of acid-soluble sulfate content
Aggregate Acid-soluble sulfate content Percentage by mass 0.2 0.8 > 0.8 Category AS AS0.2 AS0.8 ASDeclared

Aggregates other than air-cooled blastfurnace slag

No requirement
Air-cooled blastfurnace slag 1.0 > 1.0 No requirement

ASNR
AS1.0 ASDeclared ASNR

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Alkali silica reactivity In accordance with provisions valid in place of use UK BS 8500-2:2006
Clause 12.3 Conformity criteria for properties other than strength The risk of damaging alkali-silica reaction shall be deemed to be minimized if the concrete conforms to the guidance in BRE Digest 330. BRE Digest 330, Alkali-silica reaction in concrete
Part 1: Background to the guidance notes, 2004 Part 2: Detailed guidance for new construction, 2004 Part 3: Worked examples, 2004 Part 4: Simplified guidance for new construction using aggregates of normal reactivity, 2004

All aggregates assumed to be of normal reactivity unless otherwise determined by BS 812: Part 123 concrete prism method (expansion at 12 months) as (low, normal or high reactivity) BS 812: Part 104 petrographic examination (qualitative & quantitative)
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


BRE Digest 330 Part 2 Table 1 shows the recommended limits for alkali contents of concrete Aggregate type or combinations Alkali content of the CEM I-type component of the cement or the CEM I component of a combination with ggbs or pfa Low alkali (guaranteed 0.60% Na2O eq on spot samples) Self-limiting: no mix calculation Self-limiting: no mix calculation Limit: 2.5 kg Na2O eq/m3 Moderate alkali (declared mean 0.75% Na2O eq) Self-limiting: no mix calculation Limit: 3.5 kg Na2O eq/m3 Limit: 2.5 kg Na2O eq/m3 High alkali (declared mean > 0.75% Na2O eq) Limit: 5.0 kg Na2O eq/m3 Limit: 3.0 kg Na2O eq/m3 Limit: 2.5 kg Na2O eq/m3

Low reactivity Normal reactivity High reactivity

BRE Digest 330 Part 2 Table 5 Classification of cement based on the alkali content of the CEM I-type component
Cement classification Low alkali cement Alkali limit Cement with a guaranteed alkali content 0.60% Na2O eq

Moderate alkali cement


High alkali cement

Cement with an alkali content 0.75% Na2O eq based on manufacturers declared mean
Page 35 of 55 Cement with an alkali content > 0.75% Na2O eq based on manufacturers declared mean

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


BS 812-123:1999 Method for determination of alkali-silica reactivity concrete prism method Suggested criteria for interpretation: applies to low and normal reactivity UK aggregates (BSI Working Group B/502/6/10)
Expansion for up to 12 months % > 0.20 0.10 to 0.20 Classification for aggregate combination tested Expansive Possibly expansive Aggregate type from Table 1 Normal reactivity Normal reactivity

> 0.05 to 0.10 0.05


0.05

Probably non-expansive
Non-expansive

Low reactivity
Low reactivity

Specific combinations of aggregates in mix for a particular construction with cement and water or as given in Table 1 Mix proportions by volume for cement and dry aggregates
Material Cement * Coarse aggregates < 10 mm > 10 mm Fine aggregates Water (free) Proportion - % by volume 22.2 22.0 16.5 16.5 22.8

Page 36 of 55 * Add potassium sulfate to mixing water to produce the same alkalinity as a mix with

cement having alkali content (1.00 0.05%) sodium oxide equivalent

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

BS 812 Part 104: 1994 Method for qualitative and quantitative petrographic examination of aggregates Principle The method involves the visual recognition and quantification of rock and mineral constituents of an aggregate sample to determine the petrographic composition. Methods are given to quantify the petrographic composition of the aggregate sample. These procedures allow for the thorough and statistically reliable petrographic examination of an aggregate sample Report : a summary of the results of the quantitative examination, giving the method of determination, the constituent proportions and 95% confidence limits for the constituent proportions (rounded to nearest 1%) and the 95% confidence limits to nearest 0.1% Table 1 Minimum size of laboratory sample

Maximum particle size mm


50 40 20 10

Minimum mass - kg
200 100 13 2

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


BS 7943-1999 Guide to the interpretation of petrographical examinations for alkali-silica reactivity Aggregate classified as low, normal or high reactivity based on petrographic composition. Aggregates containing detectable amounts of opal or opaline silica are not classified and should not be used in concrete as they are the most reactive of the mineral constituents from the point of view of ASR: (a) opal or opaline silica; (b) tridymite; (c) cristobalite; (d) quartz with crystal dislocations; (e) microcrystalline quartz; (f) highly strained quartz; (g) volcanic glass Table 1 Guidance on rock types with suggested reactivity level (L, N or H) and indicating damage attributed in UK practice (none, some evidence or reaction, but no reported damage, reaction but uncertainty whether damage has resulted and reaction and resulting damage ranging from superficial cracking to damage of greater significance) Table 2 Guidance on mineral types indicating damage attributed in UK Page 38 of 55 practice (as above)

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


ASTM C295 Standard guide for petrographic examination of aggregates for concrete Alternative for BS 812 Part 104: 1994 Method for qualitative and quantitative petrographic examination of aggregates, but does not have corresponding guidance for the interpretation of petrographical examinations for alkali-silica reactivity as BS 7943-1999 Guide to the interpretation of petrographical examinations for alkali-silica reactivity ASTM C1260 Standard test method for potential alkali reactivity of aggregates (mortar-bar method) Accelerated test by exposing specimens to NaOH (1N) solution for 14 days Expansions of less than 0.10% at 16 days after casting innocuous behaviour Expansions of more than 0.10% at 16 days after casting potentially deleterious Expansions between 0.10% and 0.20% at 16 days after casting include both aggregates that are known to be innocuous and deleterious in field performance. Supplementary test: ASTM C295 or ASTM C856 Standard Practice for petrographic examination of hardened concrete (to identify alkali-silica reaction) ASTM C1293 Standard test method for determining length change of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction Page 39 of 55content similar to BS 812 Part 123 but different in some details, e.g. lower alkali used

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates Sulfur containing compounds Total sulfur (EN 1744-1:1998, Clause 11) When required, shall not exceed: (a) 2% S by mass for air-cooled blastfurnace slag; (b) 1% S by mass for aggregates other than air-cooled blastfurnace slag If pyrrhotite is present, maximum total sulfur content = 0.1% S Constituents which alter rate of setting and hardening of concrete (EN 1744-1: 1998, Clause 15.3) Proportion of organic or other substances that alter rate of setting and hardening of concrete shall not: (a) increase stiffening time of mortar test specimens by more than 120 min. (b) decrease compressive strength of mortar test specimens by more than 20% at 28 days Organic component EN 1744-1:1998, Clause 15.1 Fulvo acid content EN 1744-1:1998, Clause 15.2 Constituents which affect volume stability of air-cooled blastfurnace slag Free from dicalcium silicate disintegration (EN 1744-1:1998, Clause 19.1) Free from iron disintegration (EN 1744-1:1998, Clause 19.2) Page 40 of 55

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Carbonate content of fine aggregates for concrete pavement surface courses When required to control carbonate content in fine aggregates, determine as specified in EN 196-21:1989, Clause 5, with test portion prepared in accordance with EN 1744-1:1998, Clause 12.3 and declared. EVALUATION OF CONFORMITY Producer shall undertake initial test and factory production control to ensure that the product conforms to this standard and to declared values as appropriate Initial type tests (a) a new source of aggregate to be used (to characterize properties) (b) there is a major change in the nature of the raw material or in the processing conditions which may affect the properties of the aggregates Factory production control Annex H (normative) Table H.1 Minimum test frequencies for general purpose Table H.2 Minimum test frequencies for properties specific to end use Table H.3 Minimum test frequencies for properties appropriate to aggregate from particular source [monitoring conformity with relevant requirements and declared values]
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Annex ZZA (normative) Testing scheme for aggregates imported from sources/quarries without a system of product quality control (to be undertaken by importers of aggregates) Table ZZA.1 Minimum test frequencies for general properties Table ZZA.2 Minimum test frequencies for properties specific to end use Table ZZA.3 Minimum test frequencies for properties appropriate to aggregates from particular sources/quarries The above Tables are similar in requirements to Table H.1, Table H.2 and Table H.3 for Factory production control in Annex H (normative) of SS EN 12620 : 2008 [For details of these Annexes see SS EN 12620: 2008]
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Recycling for Sustainable Construction Recycled Aggregate


Drive for sustainable construction to promote its use Carbon footprint cement (0.8 to 1.0 tonne CO2/tonne) new aggregate (0.003 tonne CO2/tonne) RCA (< 0.003 tonne CO2/tonne) Cost of producing recycled aggregate by conventional means of thermal decomposition of cement is high Lack of technical guidance hinders its use in concrete specifications Reluctance in acceptance may be overcome by incentive to use recycled aggregates (Green Building Award)
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Recycled Aggregate
EN 12620:2002 defines recycled aggregate as aggregate resulting from the processing of inorganic material previously used in construction

REUSE EN 206-1:2000 subclause 5.2.3.3 Recovered aggregate


Aggregate recovered from wash water or fresh concrete may be used as aggregate for concrete Limit not greater than 5% of total aggregate for undivided recovered aggregate For greater then 5% shall be of same type as primary aggregate and divided into separate coarse and fine fraction and conform to EN 12620 [ISO 22965-2:2007 : similar limits for recovered aggregate]
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


Classification of the constituents of coarse recycled aggregates
Constituent Rc Ru Rb Description Concrete, concrete products, mortar Concrete masonry units Unbound aggregate, natural stone Hydraulically bound aggregate Clay masonry units (i.e. bricks and tiles) Calcium silicate masonry units Aerated non-floating concrete Bituminous materials

Ra

FL
X

Floating materials in volume


Others: Cohesive (i.e. clay and soil) Miscellaneous: metals (ferrous and non ferrous) Non-floating wood, plastic and rubber Gypsum plaster

Rg

Glass

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates


Classification of the constituents of coarse recycled aggregates
Table 20 Categories for constituents of coarse recycled aggregates
Constituent Rc Content Percentage by mass 90 80 70 50 < 50 No requirement Rc + Ru 90 80 70 50 < 50 No requirement Rb 10 30 50 > 50 No requirement Ra 1 5 10 0.5 1 2 Content cm3 / kg FL 0.2 2 5 FL 0.2FL 2FL 5Page 46 of 55

Category Rc 90 Rc 80 Rc 70 Rc 50 Rc Declared Rc NR Rcu 90 Rcu 80 Rcu 70 Rcu 50 Rcu Declared Rcu NR Rb 10Rb 30Rb 50Rb Declared Rb NR Ra 1Ra 5Ra 10XRg 0.5XRg 5XRg 5-

X + Rg

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Recycled Aggregate
BS 8500-2:2006 subclause 4.3 Aggregates(SS 544-2: 2009) Coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) Coarse recycled aggregate (RA) Requirements specified in Table 2 (mass fraction %)
Type of aggregate Maximum masonry content Maximum fines Maximum lightweight material B) Maximum asphalt Maximum other foreign material e.g. glass, plastics, metals Maximum acid soluble sulfate (SO3)

RCA A),C) RA
A)

5 100

5 3

0,5 1,0

5,0 10,0

1,0 1,0

1,0 - D)

Where the material to be used is obtained by crushing hardened concrete of known composition that has not been in use, e.g. surplus precast units or returned fresh concrete, and not contaminated during storage and processing, the only requirements are those for grading and maximum fines B) Material with a density less than 1 000 kg/m3 C) The provisions for coarse RCA may be applied to mixtures of natural coarse aggregates blended with the listed constituents D) The appropriate limit and test method needs to be determined on a case-by-case basis (see Note 6 to 4.3)

[SS 544-2: 2009 Singapore equivalent to BS 8500-2: 2006]

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Recycled Aggregate
BS 8500-2:2006 subclause 4.3 Aggregates Note 6 (continued) In particular the project specification should include: maximum acid-soluble sulfate; method for determination of the chloride content; classification with respect to alkali-aggregate reactivity; method for determination of the alkali content; any limitations on use of concrete
[SS 544-2: 2009 Singapore equivalent to BS 8500-2: 2006 ]

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Recycled Aggregate
BS 8500-2:2006 subclause 4.3 Aggregates Note 6 : Provisions for the use of fine RCA and fine RA are not given in BS 8500 but this does not preclude their use where it is determined that, due to the source of materials, significant quantities of deleterious materials are not present and their use has been agreed. While some requirements for coarse RA are specified, they are insufficient to form an adequate specification. As the potential composition of RA is so wide, the additional specification requirements should be assessed on a case-by-case basis taking into account the specific composition of the RA.
[SS 544-2: 2009 Singapore equivalent to BS 8500-2: 2006]
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Recycled Aggregate
BS 8500-2:2006 subclause 4.3 Aggregates When the composition of coarse RCA and coarse RA is tested in accordance with Annex B (normative), the test results for each type of aggregate shall not exceed the maximum value specified in Table 2 Composites of coarse RCA or coarse RA and natural aggregates shall conform to the general requirements for aggregates specified in BS EN 12620 as appropriate and to the general requirements specified in this subclause This provides a way to bring RCA or RA within the limits of Table 2 by the inclusion of original natural aggregates that are much below the limits.
[SS 544-2: 2009 Singapore equivalent to BS 8500-2: 2006]
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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates

Recycled Aggregate
BS 8500-2:2006 subclause 4.3 Aggregates Table 3 Limitations on the use of coarse RCA Maximum strength class A) : C40/50
A) material

obtained by crushing hardened concrete of known composition that has not been in use and not contaminated during storage and processing may be used in any strength class

Exposure classes B): XO (no risk of corrosion attack) XC1 to XC4 (corrosion induced by carbonation) XF1 (Freeze/thaw attack, moderate water saturation, without de-icing agent DC-1 (sulfate at low levels)
B) These

aggregates may be used in other exposure classes provided it has been demonstrated that the resulting concrete is suitable for the intended environment.

Note: No limitation on percentage to be used depends on performance [RCA limited to 20% replacement for designated concrete 6.2.2] [BCA Regulation limits the use of RCA up to 20 % replacement only] [In addition, up to 10% washed copper slag replacement forPage sand] 51 of 55

Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates Use of Washed Copper Slag in Concrete
Copper slag that has been used in sand blasting and then washed to remove contaminants (rust, paint, sulfate and chloride)
BCA Regulation Up to 10% by mass of fine aggregate for structural concrete No limit for non-structural concrete Sulfate content and chloride content need to be monitored by producer and declared Suggested Guideline As for coarse RCA, acid soluble chloride: 1% by mass
(Test method: EN 1744-5, Test for chemical properties of aggregate, Part 5: Determination of acid soluble chloride salts)

Table 21 acid soluble sulfate 0.8% by mass


(Test method: EN 1744-1: Test for chemical properties of aggregate, Page 52 of 55 Part 1: Chemical analysis, Clause 11)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates The Microwave Beneficiation Option Ong et al, K.C.G. Ong, A. Akbarnezhad Zhang M. H., Tam C. T., T. W. J. Foo Prof S L Lee Symposium, Singapore, April 2011

Fig.1. Various types of RCA comprising (a) a granite particle surrounded by adhering mortar, (b) three granite particles held together and surrounded by mortar, (c) only mortar

Fig.6. Surface of a RCA particle before and after microwave heating

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Recycled Concrete Aggregates The Microwave Beneficiation Option Ong et al, K.C.G. Ong, A. Akbarnezhad Zhang M. H., Tam C. T., T. W. J. Foo Prof S L Lee Symposium, Singapore, April 2011

Fig.2. Relationship between adhering mortar content (by mass) and water absorption

[Attached mortar expected to lower concrete strength and modulus of elasticity unless mortar content in concrete is reduced by the likely amount of attached mortar in RCA]
Fig.3. Relationship between adhering mortar content (by mass) and bulk specific density

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Constituents Materials for Concrete Aggregates References


PD 6682-1:2003 Aggregates Part 1: Aggregates for concrete Guidance on the use of BS EN 12620 PD 6682-9:2003 Aggregates Part 9: Guidance on the use of European test method standards BRE Digest 330, Alkali-silica reaction in concrete Part 1: Background to the guidance notes, 2004 Part 2: Detailed guidance for new construction, 2004 Part 3: Worked examples, 2004 Part 4: Simplified guidance for new construction using aggregates of normal reactivity, 2004 BS 7943-1999 Guide to the interpretation of petrographical examinations for alkali-silica reactivity
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