INTERMEDIARY BASES

CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2. Classification of Intermediar Bases !. Ideal re"uirements for Intermediar Base materials #. Materials used for Intermediar $ases %. Com&ositiion ' settin( reaction ). Settin( time ' *actors affectin( it +. Dimensional sta$ilit ' *actors affectin( it ,. Stren(t.. /ardness 10. Elastic Modulus 1it- t-e 23D or(an 12. 2rinci&les of Intermediar Bases 1!. Determination of t-e Effecti4e De&t1#. Com&ati$ilit of Intermediar Base materials 1itRestorati4e materials ' tec-ni"ues 1%. Conclusion 1). References

11. Biolo(ical com&ati$ilit

INTROD5CTION6 Intermediar $ases are t-e a(ents t-at are a&&lied to t-e cut toot- structure after remo4in( t-e diseased tissues and com&letin( t-e toot- &re&aration to &re4ent furt-er irritation of t-e 23D or(an as 1ell as to im&ro4e t-e defense ca&a$ilities of t-at or(an. C7ASSI*ICATION O* INTERMEDIARY BASES6 1. 8arnis-es 2. 7iners !. Su$ $ases #. Bases 8ARNIS/ES9Solution 7iners: 6 T-e are &rinci&all natural (ums; suc- as co&als or rosins;or s nt-etic resins dissol4ed in an or(anic sol4ent suc- as acetone; c-loroform or et-er. *ilm t-ic<ness is %310=m. A&&lied to all &re&ared dentin surfaces and fre"uentl on &re&ared enamel. E(6 Co&al Resin 8arnis7INERS6 Cement or resin coatin( of minimal t-ic<ness 9usuall less t-an 0.%mm: to ac-ie4e a &- sical $arrier to $acteria and t-eir &roducts and or to &ro4ide a t-era&eutic effect;suc- as an anti$acterial or &ul&al anod ne effect. T-ic<er t-an 4arnis- 3 2%=m.

E(6 Ca9O/:2; >IC; Reinforced ?OE 9IRM: S5BBASES6 T-era&eutic materials &laced in dee& &ortions of t-e ca4it &re&aration. 2ossess s&ecific &-armacolo(ical actions. S-ould $e co4ered 1it- or carried in a su&&ortin( $ase. E(6 5nmodified ?OE; Ca9O/:2. BASES6 Materials to re&lace missin( dentin; used for $ul< $uildu& and or for $loc<in( out undercuts in &re&arations for indirect restorations. E(6 ?n2O#; 2ol car$o@ late cement; >IC; Resin3 modified >IC. BASED ON STREN>T/A 1. /i(- Stren(t- $ases 2. 7o1 Stren(t- $ases 1. /I>/ STREN>T/ BASES6 2ro4ide t-ermal &rotection for t-e &ul&; as 1ell as mec-anical su&&ort for t-e restoration. E(6 ?n2O#; 2CC; >IC; Reinforced ?OE 2. 7OB STREN>T/ BASES6 /a4e minimum stren(tand lo1 ri(idit . Main function is to act as a $arrier to irritatin( c-emicals and to &ro4ide t-era&eutic $enefit to t-e &ul&. E(6 Ca9O/:2; ?OE

IDEA7 REC5IREMENTS *OR INTERMEDIARY BASE MATERIA7S6 1. T-e material s-ould $e ca&a$le of creatin( an im&er4ious la er on cut 4ital dentin in a t-ic<ness 1-ic- neit-er im&in(es on t-e $ul< of t-e restorati4e material nor com&romises t-e mec-anical &ro&erties of t-e restoration. 2. s-ould $e $iolo(icall com&ati$le 1it- t-e 23D or(an !. s-ould $e c-emicall com&ati$le 1it- $ot- t-e 23D or(an and t-e restorati4e material #. s-ould discolor neit-er t-e toot- nor t-e restorati4e material. %. s-ould -arden "uic<l to allo1 for t-e su$se"uent insertion of t-e restorati4e material ). t-e set material s-ould 1it-stand;1it-out c-an(in( s-a&e or location; t-e condensation forces in4ol4ed in &lacin( &ermanent restorati4e material +. s-ould sta$iliDe or diminis- dentin &ermea$ilit ,. s-ould $e a$le to $e easil mani&ulated in its &re&aration and insertion MATERIA7S 5SED *OR INTERMEDIARY BASES6 1. ?inc O@ide and Eu(enol 2. Calcium / dro@ide !. ?inc 2-os&-at cement #. ?inc 2ol Car$o@ late cement %. 8arnis-ses ' film3formin( resinous materials

). >lass Ionomoer cement or AS2A COM2OSITION ' SETTIN> REACTION6 1. ?INC OEIDE AND E5>ENO76 a. 5nmodified ?OE $. Modified ?OE A. 5NMODI*IED ?OE6 Onl as a t-era&eutic a(ent 2o1der F ?nO 7i"uid 3 Eu(enolGOil of clo4es Settin( Reaction6 Settin( time 6 ,310 minutes Acid3$ase reaction 9c-elation reaction: ?nO H /2O I ?n9O/:2 ?n9O/:2 H 2/EI?nE2 H 2/2O Base Acid Salt B. MODI*IED ?OE6 Base 2o1der F ?nO Modifiers are6 1. Rosin 2. *illers 6 2ol st rene Silica Alumina Diatomaceous eartCotton fi$ers etc.; !. Accelerators6

?inc acetate; 2ro&ionateGsuccinate CaCl2; 7o1 molecular 1t. 2rimar alco-ols #. Medicaments6 Coa(ulants Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic A(ents SETTIN> REACTION6 Sa&onification reaction ?nO H 2RCOO/9EBA: I 9RCOO:2 ?n H /2O An insolu$le soa& is formed 9Sa&onification reaction: ?nO H 2/E I ?nE2 H /2O 9C-elation reaction:

2. ?INC 2/OS2/ATE CEMENT6 Onl as a $ase or as a lutin( a(ent 2o1der F ?nO F .0J M(O Traces of tri$ismut- o@ide and silicon Dio@ide 7i"uid F #%3%%J O32-os&-oric acid Al; ?n ' $ismut- &-os&-ates SETTIN> REACTION6 Settin( time F %3. minutes

?nO H /!2O# I ?n.Al.2O# H /2O H /eat !. CA7CI5M /YDROEIDE CEMENT6 Su$$ase 9t-era&eutic: ' $ase. A4aila$le in different forms 1. &o1der H distilled 1ater G sterile saline solutioln. 2. &o1der sus&ended in &lasma; distilled 1aterG c-loroform 9 a&&lied on toot- surface 1it- a s rin(e: !. Calcium - dro@ide in &ure &o1der form 1it-out an carrier #. carried in an $iolo(icall com&ati$le and de(rada$le &ol meric material 23&aste s stem Base &aste6 Monomer of met- l cellulose C-emical initiator Ca9O/:2 &articles Catal st &aste6 Catal st Ca9O/:2 &articles %. Non3&ol mer carried Ca9O/:2 ). 7i(-t cure Ca9O/:2 SETTIN> REACTION6 1. 2ol mer $ased Ca9O/:26 C-emical co-erence of t-e in(redients i.e.; t-e $ondin( t-at occurs $et1een t-e &ol mer macromolecules. Ca9O/:2 does not enter into c-emical reaction. T-e &ol mer mes-1or< carries t-e Ca9O/:2 to t-e 23D or(an; 1-ere it is a4aila$le to en(a(e in its t-era&eutic action.

Most common Ca9O/:2 cement enters a c-emical reaction 1it- ot-er in(redients 2 3 &aste s stem 1. Acidic &aste6 Al< l salic late 9iso3$ut l salic late; or 13met- l triet- lene disalic late: Inert fillers F titanium dio@ide Barium sul&-ate Calcium tun(stateGsulfate 2. Basic 2aste6 Ca9O/:2 %03)0J 2lasticiser F sulfonamideG&araffin oil SETTIN> REACTION6 Ca9O/:2 reacts 1it- t-e salic late ester to form a c-elate 4iD.; amor&-ous calciumdisalic late. ?inco@ide also ta<es &art in t-e reaction. #. ?INC 2O7YCARBOEY7ATE CEMENT6 Onl as a $ase or as a lutin( a(ent 2o1der F ?inc O@ide M(O Traces of alumina 7i"uid F #03%0J &ol acr lic acid SETTIN> REACTION6 Acid3$ase reaction

B-en t-e &o1der and li"uid are mi@ed; t-e surface of t-e &o1der &articles are attac<ed $ acid releasin( from t-e surface ?n; M( ' Sn ions. T-ese ions $ind to &ol mer c-ains t-rou(- car$o@ l (rou&s; COO/ F ?n F COO/ to form a Dinc; or Al. &ol car$o@ late matri@ Settin( time F %3) min. #. *I7M3*ORMIN> RESINO5S MATERIA7S6 1. 8arnis-6 Natural (ums or s nt-etic resins 9e(6 co&al or rosin: G9e(6 nitrated cellulose or &ol st rene: dissol4ed in an or(anic sol4ent 1-ic- is readil 4olataliDa$le in t-e oral en4ironment 9e(6c-loroform; acetone; alco-ol; etc.: 2. 7iner6 >um or resin ma -a4e sus&ensiions of ?nO; Ca9O/:2; sodium monofluoro&-os&-ate or ot-er t-era&eutic a(ents 1-ic- 1ill $e incor&orated in t-e residual film. No c-emical reaction in creatin( t-ese films; and t-e $ondin( $et1een t-eir &reci&itate com&onents is &rinci&all &- sical. SETTIN> TIME AND *ACTORS A**ECTIN> IT 1. ?OE6 *ACTOR 1.Accelerators SETTIN> TIME K

2. K2o1der &article siDe I !. L2 6 7 I #. L J rosin ' fillers I %. L tem&erature 'G -umidit I ). addin( 1ater ,. Retarders I I +. L &ressure3mo4ement ' time I 94e(eta$le oilsG(l cerin:

K K K K K K L

2. ?INC 2/OS2/ATE CEMENT6 1. Add &o1der to li"uid in small increments; mi@in( on a lar(e surface area of t-e cool sla$ 3 L 2. cool (lass sla$ 3 !. L267 ratio 3 #. addin( 1ater to li"uid 3 %. K &article siDe of &o1der 3 L K K K

). LTem&erature of mi@in( en4ironment3 K !. CA7CI5M /YDROEIDE CEMENT6 1. &ol mer carried Ca9O/:2 L catal st 6 $ase &aste ratio L

2. Ca 9O/:2 al< l salic late cement moisture ' -eat 3 dr ness ' cold 3 K L

#. 2O7YCARBOEY7ATE CEMENT6 1. cool (lass sla$ 3 2. addin( 1ater 3 !. L Tem&. of mi@in( en4ironment 3 L K K

%. *I7M3*ORMIN> RESINO5S MATERIA7S6 a. indirectl a&&lied stream of air 3 $. 4acuum 3 c. L tem&erature 3 K K K

DIMENSIONA7 STABI7ITY ' *ACTORS A**ECTIN> IT6 1. Settin( s-rin<a(e6 ?OE F least 90.1J $ 4ol: Ca9O/:2 F ma@imum 2. *luid ' 1ater a$sor&tion6

More in Ca9O/:2 ' ?n2O# !. 7CTE6 ?OE F closest to toot- structure #. Solu$ilit ' disinte(ration Ca9O/:2 F most solu$le ?OE F disinte(rates 4er fast in mout). *lo1 6 5ncarried Ca9O/:2 -as t-e -i(-est flo1 follo1ed $ unmodified ?OE; &ol mer carried and cement t &e Ca9O/:2; &ol car$o@ late cement and t-e lo1est is for ?inc 2-os&-ate cement STREN>T/6 1. Com&ressi4e Stren(t-6 M M M M M M M ?OE F !3%% M&a Ca9O/:2 F 1032+ M&a ?n2O# F 120 M&a 2CC F )03,0 M&a >IC F 1%0 M&a ?OE F 0.!23%., M&a Ca9O/:2 3 1 M&a

2. Tensile Stren(t-6

M M M

?n2O# F %.% M&a 2CC F )3, M&a >IC F ).) M&a *ilm F formin( resinous materials 6 t-in film t-ic<nesses F not &ossi$le to ascertain stren(t- fi(ures ADA2TABI7ITY6 1. *I7M T/ICNNESS6 film3formin( resinous mat. 3 least 9% 3 10=: follo1ed $ ?inc 2-os&-ate 9, 3 10=: ?OE F 9!% 3 #0=: Ca9O/:2 F -i(-est 9+0 3 .0=: T-e lo1er t-e film t-ic<ness; t-e $etter its 1ettin( a$ilit and t-e $etter its ada&ta$ilit . 2. 8ISCOSITY6 film3formin( resinous mat. F lo1est follo1ed $ ?inc 2-os&-ate 2CC F -i(-est T-e lo1er t-e 4iscosit ; t-e $etter its 1ettin( a$ilit and t-e (reater its ada&ta$ilit

!. 2/YSICO3C/EMICA7 BONDIN> TO TOOT/ STR5CT5RE6 Onl 2CC ' >IC -a4e a$ilit to c-elate calcium from toot- structure. #. 7CTE6 ?OE F closest to toot- 7CTE Similar 7CTE $et1een $ase and toot- F increased ad-esion. %. STREN>T/ 6 >IC F 1%0 M&a T-e -i(-er t-e stren(t- of $ase; t-e more &ermanent 1ill $e its ada&ta$ilit . ). SE7*3ETC/IN>6 Ac-ie4ed $ creatin( irre(ularities in t-e toot- surface and increasin( t-e ada&ta$ilit and retenti4e ad-esi4eness of t-e $ase to toot- structure; es&eciall enamel.

E4er IB material -as some c-aracteristics t-at en-ance its ada&ta$ilit ' t-e &ossi$ilit of ad-esion to toot- structure. E(63 ?n &-os&-ate -as lo1 film t-ic<ness; -i(stren(t- ' -as lo1 4iscosit ?OE -as a fa4oura$le 7CTE ' initial lo1 4iscosit 2CC &ossess &- sico3c-emical ad-esion ' stren(t*ilm3formin( resinous materials -a4e t-e lo1est 4iscosit ' lo1est film t-ic<ness of all materials >IC &ossess &- sico3c-emical ad-esion ' stren(tT-e onl material t-at -as none of t-e ada&ta$ilit en-ancin( &ro&erties is Calcium - dro@ide ' t-en it demonstrates t-e lo1est ada&ta$ilit to toot- su$stance.

BIO7O>ICA7 COM2ATIBI7ITY BIT/ T/E 23D OR>AN6

1. ?OE6 7east irritatin( of all intermediar $ases If comes in direct contact 1it- t-e &ul& F t-e area 1ill $e 1alled off $ fi$rous tissues follo1ed $ $rid(in( of e@&osure. C-ronic inflammation ma &ro&a(ate to in4ol4e all t-e &ul& ' root canal tissues 1it- slo1 s m&tomless necrosis Com&letel im&er4ious la er Does not L t-e &ermea$lit of underl in( dentin E@cellent t-ermal insulator. Not an E.I.

a. if &ul& -ealt- F limited c-ronic inflammation 3

2. ?INC 2/OS2/ATE CEMENT6 Most irritatin( of all Intermediar $ases 1.E.D. O 2.%mm F usuall -ealt- ; occasionall un-ealt- re&arati4e reaction ma &reci&itate 2.E.D.1.%32.%mm F mostl un-ealt- ; sometimes destruction 1ill occur

!.E.D.P1.%mm F al1a s destruction in t-e &ul&al tissues Creates &artiall im&er4ious la er3 Q1mm t-ic<ness Com&letel &er4ious F t-inner a&&lications L &ermea$ilit of t-e under lin dentin E@cellent t-ermal insulator in 1mm or more Not an electrical insulator

!. CA7CI5M /YDROEIDE CEMENT6 Irritant to 23D or(an; if it comes in contact 1it- it /ealt- &ul&; follo1in( &ul&al reaction can occur6 1. E.D.O100m3-ealt- re&arati4e reaction 2. E.D.P100m3un-ealt- re&arati4e !. E.D.30m3la er of tissue in contact directl 1ill under(o necrosis #. If Ca9O/:2 comes in contact 1it- de(eneratin( &ul& tissues; t-e de(eneration 1ill $e con4erted to a calcific t &e of de(eneration F de4italiDed.

 2orous at an t-ic<ness K &ermea$ilit of t-e underl in( dentin Can $e a T-ermal insulator Not an electrical insulator #. ?INC 2O7YCARBOEY7ATE CEMENT6 Minimall irritatin( E.D.O1mm F -ealt- re&arati4e reaction E.D.P1mm F eit-er un-ealt- or more fre"uentl ; destruction E.D.0mm F destructi4e reaction 2artiall im&er4ious la er Does not L &ermea$ilit of underl in( dentin O1.%mm F (ood t-ermal insulator P1.%mm F not an effecti4e t-ermal insulator Not an electrical insulator