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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Khoa K thut in t I
**********




Ths. V Anh o - Ths. Trn Th Thc Linh





Bi ging:
MNG CM BIN KHNG DY















H ni, 7/2010

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MC LC

MC LC .................................................................................................................................. 2
LI NI U ............................................................................................................................ 6
DANH MC CC HNH V .................................................................................................... 8
DANH MC BNG BIU ...................................................................................................... 11
CC THUT NG VIT TT ............................................................................................... 12
CHNG 1. GII THIU CHUNG ....................................................................................... 17
1.1 C s h tng cho mng cm bin khng dy ................................................................ 17
1.2 Mng cm bin khng dy v ng dng ......................................................................... 19
1.3 Nhng kh khn ca mng cm bin khng dy ............................................................ 26
1.3.1 Cc yu cu k thut ................................................................................................ 26
1.3.2 Cc k thut yu cu ................................................................................................ 28
1.4 Ti sao mng cm bin li khc vi cc mng khc? ..................................................... 29
1..4.1 Mng Ad hc di ng v WSN .............................................................................. 29
1.4.2 Fieldbus and WSN ................................................................................................... 32
1.5 Cc k thut cho WSN ................................................................................................... 33
CU HI N TP CHNG 1 ............................................................................................. 34
CHNG 2. KIN TRC NT N .................................................................................... 35
2.1 Cc b phn phn cng .................................................................................................. 35
2.1.1 Tng quan phn cng ca nt cm bin .................................................................. 35
2.1.2 B iu khin ........................................................................................................... 36
2.1.3 B nh ..................................................................................................................... 38
2.1.4 Thit b lin lc ........................................................................................................ 38
2.1.5 Cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh .......................................................................... 46
2.1.6 Ngun cung cp ca cc nt cm bin .................................................................... 47
2.2 Tiu th nng lng ca cc nt cm bin ..................................................................... 48
2.2.1 Cc trng thi hot ng vi mc tiu th cng sut khc nhau. ............................ 48
2.2.2 Tiu th nng lng b vi x l .............................................................................. 50
2.2.3 B nh ..................................................................................................................... 52
2.2.4 Cc b thu pht v tuyn ......................................................................................... 52
2.2.5 Mi quan h gia tnh ton v lin lc .................................................................... 54
2.2.6 Tiu th nng lng ca cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh ................................... 55
2.3 Cc h iu hnh v mi trng thc hin ..................................................................... 55
2.3.1 Cc h iu hnh nhng........................................................................................... 55
2.3.2 M hnh lp trnh v cc giao din lp trnh ng dng ............................................ 56
2.3.3 Cu trc h iu hnh v ngn xp giao thc .......................................................... 58
2.3.4 Nng lng ng v qun l nng lng ................................................................ 59
2.4 Mt s v d ca nt cm bin ........................................................................................ 60
2.4.1 H Mica Mote .......................................................................................................... 60
2.4.2 Cc nt EYES .......................................................................................................... 60
2.4.3 Btnode ...................................................................................................................... 61
2.5 Kt lun .......................................................................................................................... 61
CU HI N TP CHNG 2 ............................................................................................. 63
CHNG 3. KIN TRC MNG ......................................................................................... 64
3.1 Mng cm bin ............................................................................................................... 64
3.1.1 Ngun v b cha n ............................................................................................. 64
3.1.2 Mng mt bc nhy v a bc nhy ................................................................... 65
3.1.3 a b cha v ngun ............................................................................................... 66
3.1.4 Ba loi chuyn ng ................................................................................................ 66

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3.2 Cc mc tiu ti u v h s cht lng......................................................................... 68
3.2.1 Cht lng dch v .................................................................................................. 68
3.2.2 Hiu qu nng lng ............................................................................................... 69
3.2.3 Kh nng m rng ................................................................................................... 70
3.2.4 Tnh bn vng .......................................................................................................... 70
3.3 Nguyn tc thit k WSN ............................................................................................... 70
3.3.1 T chc phn b ...................................................................................................... 70
3.3.2 X l trong mng ..................................................................................................... 71
3.3.3 Tnh chnh xc v tin cy .................................................................................... 73
3.3.4 Tp trung d liu ..................................................................................................... 73
3.3.5 Khai thc thng tin v tr .......................................................................................... 74
3.3.6 Khai thc cc m hnh hot ng ............................................................................ 75
3.3.7 Giao thc da trn phn t v ti u lp giao nhau ................................................ 75
3.4 Giao din dch v ca WSN ........................................................................................... 75
3.4.1 Cu trc ca giao din ngn xp giao thc/ng dng ............................................. 75
3.4.2 Cc yu cu cho giao din dch v ca WSN. ......................................................... 76
3.5 Khi nim cng vo/ra .................................................................................................... 77
3.5.1 S cn thit ca cc cng vo/ra ............................................................................. 77
3.5.2 Giao tip WSN vi Internet ..................................................................................... 78
3.5.3 Giao tip Internet-WSN ........................................................................................... 79
3.5.4 Giao tip gia cc WSN. ......................................................................................... 80
3.6 Kt lun .......................................................................................................................... 80
CU HI N TP CHNG 3 ............................................................................................. 82
CHNG 4. LP VT L ..................................................................................................... 83
4.1 Gii thiu ........................................................................................................................ 83
4.2 Knh v tuyn v c s truyn tin .................................................................................. 83
4.2.1 Cp pht tn s ........................................................................................................ 83
4.2.2 iu ch v gii iu ch ......................................................................................... 85
4.2.3 Cc nh hng ca truyn sng v nhiu ................................................................ 88
4.2.4 Cc m hnh knh .................................................................................................... 93
4.2.5 Cng ngh tri ph .................................................................................................. 94
4.2.6 ng b v truyn gi tin ........................................................................................ 95
4.2.7 Cht lng knh v tuyn v cc php o ci thin ........................................... 97
4.3 Lp vt l v thit k b thu pht trong WSN. ............................................................... 98
4.3.1 S dng nng lng ................................................................................................. 99
4.3.2 La chn s iu ch .......................................................................................... 99
4.3.3 Antenna .................................................................................................................. 100
CU HI N TP CHNG 4 ........................................................................................... 101
CHNG 5. CC GIAO THC MAC ................................................................................ 102
5.1. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca cc giao thc MAC (khng dy) ..................................... 102
5.1.1 Cc yu cu v rng buc thit k cho cc giao thc MAC khng dy. ............... 102
5.1.2 Phn loi cc giao thc MAC ................................................................................ 104
5.1.3 Cc giao thc MAC cho WSN .............................................................................. 109
5.2 Cc giao thc h s lp y thp v khi nim thc dy (wakeup).............................. 110
5.2.1 Cu hnh mng v vn qun l nng lng ...................................................... 111
5.2.2 S-MAC .................................................................................................................. 113
5.2.3 Giao thc thit b trung gian .................................................................................. 116
5.3 Cc giao thc theo kiu cnh tranh .............................................................................. 117
5.3.1 Cc giao thc CSMA ............................................................................................. 118
5.3.2 PAMAS ................................................................................................................. 118
5.4 Cc giao thc da trn lch trnh .................................................................................. 120
5.4.1 LEACH .................................................................................................................. 120

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5.4.2 SMACS .................................................................................................................. 122
5.5 Giao thc MAC ca IEEE 802.15.4 ............................................................................. 124
5.5.1 Kin trc mng, loi v vai tr ca nt.................................................................. 126
5.5.2 Kin trc ca siu khung ....................................................................................... 127
5.5.3 Giao thc Slotted CSMA-CA ................................................................................ 128
5.6 Tng kt ........................................................................................................................ 129
CU HI N TP CHNG 5 ........................................................................................... 130
CHNG 6. CC GIAO THC LP LIN KT ............................................................... 131
6.1 Cc nhim v v yu cu c bn .................................................................................. 131
6.2 Gim st li ................................................................................................................... 132
6.2.1 Nguyn nhn v cc c tnh ca sai s truyn dn .............................................. 132
6.2.2 Cc k thut ARQ ................................................................................................. 133
6.2.3 Cc k thut FEC ................................................................................................... 138
6.2.4 Cc s lai .......................................................................................................... 143
6.2.5 iu khin cng sut ............................................................................................. 145
6.2.6 iu khin li ........................................................................................................ 145
6.3 nh dng khung .......................................................................................................... 146
6.3.1 Cc s tng thch ............................................................................................ 149
6.3.2 Cc s kim tra tng trung gian ........................................................................ 150
6.3.3 Kt hp ti u kch thc gi tin v FEC ............................................................. 152
6.4 Qun l tuyn. .............................................................................................................. 153
6.4.1 Cc c tnh ca cht lng tuyn ......................................................................... 153
6.4.2 c lng cht lng tuyn .................................................................................. 155
6.5 Tng kt ........................................................................................................................ 157
CU HI N TP CHNG 6 ........................................................................................... 158
CHNG 7. T TN V NH A CH...................................................................... 159
7.1 Cc nguyn tc c bn .................................................................................................. 159
7.1.1 S dng cc a ch v cc tn trong cc mng (cm bin) ................................... 159
7.1.2 Nhim v qun l a ch ....................................................................................... 160
7.1.3 S duy nht ca cc a ch ................................................................................... 161
7.1.4 Phn phi v n nh a ch .................................................................................. 162
7.1.5 nh a ch phn tip u .................................................................................... 163
7.2 Qun l tn v a ch trong cc mng cm bin khng dy ........................................ 164
7.3 n nh cc a ch MAC ............................................................................................. 165
7.4. nh a ch theo a l v da trn ni dung ............................................................. 167
7.4.1 nh a ch da trn ni dung ............................................................................. 168
7.4.2 nh a ch theo a l ......................................................................................... 171
7.5 Tng kt ........................................................................................................................ 172
CU HI N TP CHNG 7 ........................................................................................... 173
CHNG 8. NG B THI GIAN .................................................................................. 174
8.1 Gii thiu v vn ng b thi gian .................................................................. 174
8.1.1 S cn thit ca vic ng b thi gian trong cc mng cm bin khng dy ...... 174
8.1.2 Cc kha nt v vn v chnh xc................................................................ 175
8.1.3 Cc c im v cu trc ca cc thut ton ng b thi gian ............................ 177
8.1.4 ng b thi gian trong cc mng cm bin khng dy ....................................... 179
8.2 Cc giao thc da trn ng b my pht/ my thu .................................................... 180
8.2.1 Giao thc ng b thi gian hng nh - Lightweight time synchronization protocol
(LTS) .............................................................................................................................. 180
8.2.2 Lm th no tng chnh xc v c lng lch ...................................... 185
8.2.3 Giao thc ng b thi gian cho cc mng cm bin (TPSN) .............................. 188
8.3 Cc giao thc da trn s ng b my thu/my thu ................................................... 191
8.3.1 S ng b qung b tham kho (RBS - Reference broadcast synchronization) .. 191

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8.3.2 Phn tng tham chiu ng b thi gian (HRTS - Hierarchy referencing time
synchronization) ............................................................................................................. 197
CU HI N TP CHNG 8 ........................................................................................... 201
CHNG 9. NH V V XC NH V TR ................................................................... 202
9.1 Cc c im ca quy trnh nh v v xc nh v tr ................................................. 202
9.2 Cc phng php c th ............................................................................................... 204
9.2.1 Phng php da trn s gn gi .......................................................................... 204
9.2.2 Php c tam gic (triangulation) v php o ba cnh tam gic (Trilateration) .... 204
9.2.3 Phn tch cnh ........................................................................................................ 208
9.3 C s ton hc cho cc vn cnh ............................................................................. 209
9.3.1 Gii php vi ba nt neo v sa li cc gi tr khong cch ................................. 209
9.3.2 Gii quyt vn cc li khong cch .................................................................. 210
9.4 Xc nh v tr trong cc mi trng a bc nhy ...................................................... 211
9.4.1 S kt ni trong mt mng a bc nhy .............................................................. 211
9.4.2 Vic c lng phm vi a bc nhy.................................................................. 212
9.4.3 a bn cng tc v lp ........................................................................................... 213
9.4.4 M t v truyn lan vic xc nh v tr theo xc sut ........................................... 215
9.5 Tng kt ........................................................................................................................ 216
CU HI N TP CHNG 9 ........................................................................................... 217
CHNG 10: IU KHIN CU TRC LIN KT MNG (TOPOLOGY) .................. 218
10.1.1 Cc ty chn cho vic iu khin cu trc lin kt mng ................................... 219
10.1.2 Cc kha cnh ca cc thut ton iu khin cu trc lin kt mng .................. 221
10.2 iu khin cu trc lin kt mng trong cc mng phng iu khin cng sut .... 223
10.2.1 Mt s cc kt qu phc tp ................................................................................ 224
10.2.2 Cc gii hn ca cc tham s ch cht ................................................................ 225
10.2.3 Vi cu trc v giao thc v d ............................................................................ 227
10.3 Cc mng phn tng xng sng ............................................................................. 229
10.3.1 ng c v nh ngha ......................................................................................... 229
10.3.2 Mt s xp x phn tn ........................................................................................ 234
10.4 Mng phn tng phn nhm (clustering) ................................................................ 237
10.4.1 nh ngha cc phn nhm .................................................................................. 237
10.4.2 Mt tng c bn xy dng cc tp hp c lp ......................................... 240
10.4.4 Kt ni cc phn nhm ........................................................................................ 241
10.4.5 Quay cc ch huy phn nhm .............................................................................. 242
CU HI N TP CHNG 10 ......................................................................................... 243
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................................... 244


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LI NI U

Nhng tin b gn y trong thng tin v tuyn v in t cho php pht trin cc
mng cm bin gi thnh thp. Mng cm bin c th c s dng trong cc ng dng khc
nhau nh chm sc sc kho, trong qun s hoc s dng trong gia nh. Mng cm bin
khng dy (WSN) bao gm cc nt nh c kh nng cm bin, tnh ton v trao i thng tin
v tuyn. Mt s giao thc chn ng, qun l nng lng v trao i d liu c thit
k cho WSN vi yu cu quan trng nht l tit kim c nng lng. Cc giao thc chn
ng trong WSN c th khc nhau tu theo ng dng v cu trc mng. Ni chung, cc giao
thc chn ng c chia thnh 3 loi da vo cu trc mng: ngang hng, phn cp hoc
da vo v tr. Ngoi ra, nhng giao thc ny c th c phn loi da theo a ng, yu
cu, hi/p, QoS v lin kt tu thuc vo ch hot ng.
Mng cm bin khng dy (WSN) c th hiu n gin l mng lin kt cc nt vi
nhau bng kt ni sng v tuyn , trong cc nt mng thng l cc (thit b) n gin,
nh gn, gi thnh thp ... v c s lng ln, c phn b mt cch khng c h thng trn
mt din tch rng, s dng ngun nng lng hn ch (pin), c thi gian hot ng lu di
(vi thng n vi nm) v c th hot ng trong mi trng khc nghit (cht c, nhim,
nhit ...).
Cc nt mng thng c chc nng cm ng, quan st mi trng xung quanh, theo di
hay nh v cc mc tiu c nh hoc di ng ... Cc nt giao tip ad-hoc vi nhau v truyn
d liu v trung tm mt cch gin tip bng k thut a bc nhy.
Lu lng d liu lu thng trong WSN thng thp v khng lin tc. Do vy tit
kim nng lng, cc nt cm bin thng c nhiu trng thi hot ng v trng thi ngh
khc nhau. Thng thng thi gian mt nt trng thi ngh ln hn trng thi hot ng
rt nhiu.
Nh vy, c trng c bn nht phn bit mng cm bin v mng khng dy khc
chnh l gi thnh, mt nt mng, phm vi hot ng, cu hnh mng, lu lng d liu,
nng lng tiu th v thi gian trng thi hot ng.
Bi ging Mng cm bin khng dy gm 10 chng: 6 chng u do Ths. V Anh
o bin son v 4 chng sau do Ths. Trn Th Thc Linh bin son. Cun sch gii thiu
cho bn c nhng kin thc c bn v WSN nh cc tiu ch khi xy dng mt WSN v cc
c im ca WSN nh lp MAC, lp lin kt d liu, cch t tn v nh a ch, c th:
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung
Chng 2: Kin trc nt n
Chng 3: Kin trc mng
Chng 4: Lp vt l
Chng 5: Cc giao thc MAC
Chng 6: Cc giao thc lp lin kt
Chng 7: t tn v nh a ch
Chng 8: ng b thi gian

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Chng 9: nh v v xc nh v tr
Chng 10: iu khin cu trc lin kt mng
Tuy nhin, do thi gian bin son c hn nn cun bi ging cn c th c nhng thiu
st, rt mong c bn c gp . Cc kin phn hi xin gi v B mn K thut in t -
Khoa K thut in t I, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.
Xin trn trng gii thiu!

Nhm tc gi


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DANH MC CC HNH V

Hnh 1.1 Mng im im ..................................................................................................... 21
Hnh 1.2 Mng im a im ................................................................................................ 21
Hnh 1.3 Mng a im a im ........................................................................................... 22
Hnh 1.4 S nguyn l mng chia s kt ni dng ad hoc ................................................... 30
Hnh 2.1 Cu trc phn cng ca nt cm bin ....................................................................... 36
Hnh 2.2 u cui RF ............................................................................................................... 43
Hnh 2.3 Tit kim nng lng v chi ph cho cc ch ng ................................................ 49
Hnh 2.4 Nng lng/hot ng vi di in p ng trn Intel StrongARM-1100 ................ 51
Hnh 2.5 Hai m hnh khng tng thch vi h iu hnh WSN ........................................... 56
Hnh 2.6 M hnh lp trnh da trn s kin ............................................................................ 57
Hnh 2.7. Nt Mica ................................................................................................................... 60
Hnh 2.8 Nt cm bin EYES ................................................................................................... 61
Hnh 2.9 Btnode ........................................................................................................................ 61
Hnh 3.1 Ba loi b cha trong mt mng cm bin mt bc nhy n gin ........................ 64
Hnh 3.2 Mng a bc nhy .................................................................................................. 65
Hnh 3.3 Nhiu ngun/nhiu b cha ...................................................................................... 67
Hnh 3.4 B cha di ng dch chuyn qua mng cm bin .................................................... 67
Hnh 3.5 Vng cc cm bin tm kim s kin ........................................................................ 68
Hnh 3.6. V d tp hp ............................................................................................................ 72
Hnh 3.7 Hai la chn giao din dch v vi ngn xp giao din ........................................... 76
Hnh 3.8 WSN vi nt cng vo ra, c th truy cp n i tng xa qua Internet ............. 78
Hnh 3.9 Giao tip WSN Internet ......................................................................................... 79
Hnh 3.10 Giao tip Internet-WSN .......................................................................................... 79
Hnh 3.11 Kt ni gia hai WSN qua Internet ........................................................................ 80
Hnh 4.1 Ph in t - tn s v tuyn .................................................................................... 84
Hnh 4.2 V d v ASK .......................................................................................................... 86
Hnh 4.3 V d v PSK ............................................................................................................. 87
Hnh 4.4 V d v FSK ............................................................................................................. 87
Hnh 4.5 M t hin tng truyn sng .................................................................................... 88
Hnh 4.6 Truyn sng a ng ............................................................................................. 89
Hnh 4.7 Tc li bit ca PSK v FSK nh phn c tch sng nht qun ........................ 92
Hnh 4.8 V d v tri ph dy trc tip ................................................................................... 95
Hnh 4.9 V d v ly mu v ng b .................................................................................... 97
Hnh 5.1 Tnh hung u cui n (cc vng trn l di truyn dn v nhiu) ....................... 103
Hnh 5.2 Bt tay RTS/CTS trong IEEE 802.11 ...................................................................... 108
Hnh 5.3 Hai vn trong bt tay RTS/CTS .......................................................................... 108
Hnh 5.4 S thc dy nh k ............................................................................................ 111
Hnh 5.5 Chu trnh lm vic STEM ca mt nt n ............................................................. 112
Hnh 5.6 Nguyn l S-MAC ................................................................................................... 113
Hnh 5.7 Khung S-MAC v t NAV .................................................................................... 115
Hnh 5.8 Giao thc thit b trung gian vi cc b ho gii khng rng buc ......................... 116
Hnh 5.9 Nhiu gia cc nhm ............................................................................................... 121
Hnh 5.10 T chc ca chu k LEACH ................................................................................. 122
Hnh 5.11 SMACS: ci t tuyn cho hai nt n ................................................................. 123
Hnh 5.12 Cc ng dng ca Zigbee ...................................................................................... 125
Hnh 5. 13 Cc kiu mng ca ZigBee ................................................................................... 126
Hnh 5.14 Cu trc siu khung ca IEEE 802.15.4 ................................................................ 127
Hnh 5.15 Bt tay gia b iu phi v thit b khi thit b tm kim gi tin ......................... 129
Hnh 6.1 Format ca mt khung lp vt l IEEE 802.11/802.11b ......................................... 133

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Hnh 6.2 nh dng gi tin DLL ......................................................................................... 134
Hnh 6.3 V tr ca FEC trong chui gi/nhn; thc hin m ho v gii m FEC................ 138
Hnh 6.4 Chi ph nng lng ca m Reed-Solomon vi kch thc khi v t l
m khc nhau .......................................................................................................................... 140
Hnh 6.5 Hot ng ca m chp ........................................................................................... 141
Hnh 6.6 Tiu th nng lng trong khi truyn 10 kB d liu qua tuyn vi suy hao ng
truyn 70 dB theo cc s m ho khc nhau ..................................................................... 142
Hnh 6.7 Nng lng s dng truyn thnh cng 1 bit d liu vi cc t khc nhau ......... 144
Hnh 6.8 Nng lng/bit hu dng cho d liu c kch thc u = 100 v u = 500 vi t l li
bit khc nhau ........................................................................................................................... 148
Hnh 6.9 Nng lng/bit hu dng vi t l li bit p c nh v
kch thc d liu u thay i .................................................................................................. 148
Hnh 6.10 nh khung truyn thng vi header/d liu/kim tra tng so vi nh khung kiu
kim tra tng trung gian ......................................................................................................... 151
Hnh 6.11 Tiu th nng lng v tr mong i ca cc gi thng tin c kch thc khc nhau
L (theo byte) v cc t l li trng thi tt khc nhau. ............................................................ 153
Hnh 6.12 ng cong biu th xc sut nhn tin cho cc gi tin c to ra t nt trung tm
vi hai cng sut khc nhau.................................................................................................... 154
Hnh 6.13 T l nhn tin cc b thu c khong cch khc nhau .......................................... 155
Hnh 6.14 M t vn c lng ......................................................................................... 156
Hnh 7.1 V d cho s phn chia ca mng ........................................................................... 161
Hnh 7.2 V d cho s phn chia ca mng ........................................................................... 163
Hnh 7.3 Xc sut sinh nht m k ngoi
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2 = n trm la chn cc a ch ngu nhin khng
c cc xung t ....................................................................................................................... 166
Hnh 8.1 Xc nh gc ti ca mt s kin m thanh xa bng mt mng cc cm bin m
thanh. ...................................................................................................................................... 174
Hnh 8.2 Mt phn s ca hot ng trong ng b my pht/my thu ........................... 182
Hnh 8.3 LTS a bc nhy phn tn ..................................................................................... 185
Hnh 8.4 S ng b my pht/my thu trong TPSN ............................................................. 190
Hnh 8.5 V d RBS: hai nt i v j v mt my pht R .......................................................... 192
Hnh 8.6 Nhiu min qung b ............................................................................................... 196
Hnh 8.7 Tch hp gi tin, chuyn tip v bin i nhn thi gian ....................................... 196
Hnh 8.8 ng b thi gian: ng b trong mt min qung b n l ................................. 199
Hnh 9.1 Xc nh v tr ca cc nt cm bin vi s h tr t mt s cc im neo; khng
phi tt c cc nt l cn thit trong giao tip vi tt c cc nt neo. .................................... 203
Hnh 9.2 Php c tam gic bi ba vng trn giao nhau ........................................................ 205
Hnh 9.3 Bn cht ngu nhin ca vic nh x cc gi tr RSSI ti cc khong cch [25]. ... 206
Hnh 9.4 Gc to bi hai nt neo ............................................................................................ 208
Hnh 9.5 c lng khong cch Euclidean trong s vng mt ca kt ni trc tip [22] ... 213
Hnh 9.6 a bn lp: cc nt A, B, v C c th xc nh cc v tr ca n trong vi php lp
(cc mi tn m ch cc ng ni m phm vi ca chng c s dng trong mt php lp
cho) .................................................................................................................................... 214
Hnh 9.7 Cc kch bn cn phi bn cho a bn lp ............................................................... 215
Hnh 9.8 S x l theo xc sut cc v tr ca nt [25] .......................................................... 216
Hnh 10.1 Cu trc lin kt mng trong mt mng cm bin khng dy c trin khai vi
mt cao. .............................................................................................................................. 219
Hnh 10.2 Cu trc lin kt mng tha hn sau khi gim cng sut pht. ............................. 220
Hnh 10.3 Gii hn cu trc lin kt mng bng cch s dng mt xng sng. .................. 220
Hnh 10.4 S dng cc phn nhm chia mt s thnh cc phn. ................................. 221
Hnh 10.5 Mc tiu ti u ha iu khin cu trc cu trc lin kt mng: xc sut ca mng
c kt ni so vi kch thc trung bnh ca thnh phn cu thnh ln nht. ..................... 223

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Hnh 10.6 Cu trc ca RNG: vng ti phi khng cha cc nt no khc cho hai nt c kt
ni. .......................................................................................................................................... 227
Hnh 10.7 Minh ha vng tip sng ca nt i vi nt r (vng ti ch th cc im ni m tip
sng c hiu sut cao hn thay v truyn thng trc tip) ...................................................... 228
Hnh 10.8 Hai kch bn lm cch no xy dng cc nt ln cn cho nt i ngoi cc vng tip
sng vi cc nt khc. ............................................................................................................ 229
Hnh 10.9 Minh ha mt thut ton tp hp chi phi n gin da trn vic pht trin mt cy
(cc ng nt m ch cc cnh trong cy, cc nt mu en to thnh tp hp chi phi. .... 231
Hnh 10.10 S v d mt la chn khm ph tham vng da trn li ch mt bc b
tht bi .................................................................................................................................... 232
Hnh 10.11 Cu trc tp hp chi phi tham vng vi v khng vi vic nhn v pha trc. 233
Hnh 10.12 Tnh n s cn thit kt ni hai nt mu en ph v mi quan h gia hai nt
A v B. .................................................................................................................................... 234
Hnh 10.13 S v d cho vic nh du cc nt vi cc nt ln cn khng c kt ni. 236
Hnh 10.14 Mt s v d vi mt tp hp c lp cc i ................................................ 238
Hnh 10.15 Tp hp c lp cc i to ra cc phn nhm chng nhau hoc khng chng
nhau ........................................................................................................................................ 239
Hnh 10.16 Hai phn nhm c ni bi hai cng chnh phn tn ........................................ 239
Hnh 10.17 Thut ton c bn xc nh cc tp hp c lp, s dng cc s nhn dng nt
nh xp hng (cc nt mu trng l cha c xc nh, cc nt mu en l cc ch huy phn
nhm, cc nt mu xm l cc thnh vin phn nhm. .......................................................... 241




11
DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 2.1 Mt nng lng ca cc loi pin chnh v ph khc nhau. .................................. 47
Bng 2.2 Mt s tham s v tiu th nng lng ca b thu pht (N/A : khng cho php) .... 54
Bng 2.3 V d v mt s c tnh ca cc cm bin ............................................................... 55
Bng 4.1 Mt s di ISM .......................................................................................................... 84
Bng 6.1 S lng d liu k tng ng vi s lng bit c th hiu chnh t khc nhau trong
khi n=1023 bit i vi m BCH ........................................................................................... 144
Bng 7.1 Tp hp cc ton t ................................................................................................ 169



12
CC THUT NG VIT TT

Ch vit tt Ting Anh Ting Vit
ADC Analog/Digital Convert B bin i tng t/s
ANDA Ad hoc Network Design Algorithm Thut ton thit k mng Ad hc
API Application Programming Interface Giao din lp trnh ng dng
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request Yu cu lp li t ng
ASIC Application-Specific Integrated
Circuit
Mch tch hp chuyn dng
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying Kho dch bin
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise Tp m Gaussian cng sinh
BCH Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem M BCH
BER Bit-Error Rate T s li bit
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying Kho dch pha nh phn
BSC Binary Symmetric Channel Knh i xng nh phn
CCA Clear Channel Assessment Kim tra knh truyn c ri khng
CCK Complementary Code Keying iu ch kho m b
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo m
CIR Carrier to Interference Ratio T s tn hiu/nhiu
CPU Central Processing Unit Khi x l trung tm
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Kim tra tnh d tun hon
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access a truy cp cm nhn sng mang
CTS Clear To Send Chc chn gi
DAC Digital/Analog Converter B bin i s/tng t
DAD Duplicate Address Detection Pht hin a ch p
DBPSK Differential Binary Phase Shift
Keying
Kho dch pha nh phn vi sai
DCF Distributed Coordination Function Hm to phn b

13
DHT Distributed Hash Table Bng bm phn b
DLL Data Link Layer Lp lin kt d liu
DPM Dynamic Power Managemen Qun l nng lng ng
DQPSK Differential Quaternary Phase Shift
Keying
Kho dch pha t phn vi sai
DSP Digital Signal Processor B x l tn hiu s
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Tri ph dy trc tip
DVS Dynamic Voltage Scaling Di in p ng
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory
B nh ch c lp trnh c xo bng
in
EHF Extremely High Frequency Tn s cc cao
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple
Access
a truy cp phn chia theo tn s
FEC Forward Error Correction Hiu chnh phng li
FFD Full Function Device Thit b chc nng y
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum
Tri ph nhy tn
FIFO First In First Out Vo trc Ra trc
FPFA Field-Programmable Gate Array Mng cng logic kh trnh
FSK Frequency Shift Keying Kho dch tn
GPS Global Positioning System H thng nh v ton cu
GTS Guaranteed Time Slot Khe thi gian m bo
IEEE Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
Vin cng ngh k thut in -in t
IF Intermediate Frequency Tn s trung gian
ISI InterSymbol Interference Nhiu lin k hiu
ISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical

Cng nghip, khoa hc v y t

14
LEACH Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy
Phn cp nhm thch ng cng sut
thp
LED Light-Emitting Diode Diode pht quang
LNA Low Noise Amplifier B khuch i tp m thp
LOS Line Of Sight ng nhn thng
MAC Medium Access Control iu khin truy cp mi trng
MANET Mobile Ad Hoc Network Mng ad hc di dng
MCDS Minimum Connected Dominating
Set
Tp hp chi phi c ni nh nht
MDS MultiDimensional Scaling Chia t l a chiu
MEMS MicroElectroMechanical System H thng vi c in t
MLE Maximum Likelihood Estimation Cc i ho kh nng c lng
tham s
MPDU MAC-layer Protocol Data Unit Khi d liu giao thc lp MAC
NAT Network Address Translation Dch a ch mng
NAV Network Allocation Vector Vector nh v mng
NLOS Non Line Of Sight Khng c ng nhn thng
OOK On-Off-Keying Kho ng m
PAN Personal Area Network Mng c nhn
PA Power Amplifier B khuch i cng sut
PDA Personal Digital Assistant Thit b h tr c nhn k thut s
PHY Physical Layer Lp vt l
PPDU Physical-layer Protocol Data Unit Khi d liu giao thc lp vt l
PPM Pulse Position Modulation iu ch v tr xung
PSD Power Spectral Density Mt ph cng sut
PSK Phase Shift Keying Kho dch pha
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin vung gc
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying Kho dch pha t phn

15
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng ca dch v
RAM Random Access Memory B nh truy cp ngu nhin
RFD Reduced Function Device Thit b gii hn chc nng
RFID Radio Frequency Identifier B nhn dng tn s v tuyn
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
GRT Geography RouTing protocol Giao thc nh tuyn a l
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer My tnh c b lnh rt gn
ROM Read-Only Memory B nh ch c
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator B ch th cng tn hiu nhn
RS Reed Solomon M Reed Solomon
RTS Request To Send Yu cu gi
SDMA Space Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia khng gian
SFD Start Frame Delimiter Bt u du tch khung
SINR Signal to Interference and Noise
Ratio
T s tn hiu/nhiu v tp m
SMACS Self-Organizing Medium Access
Control for Sensor Networks
iu khin truy cp mi trng t t
chc ca cc mng cm bin
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio T s tn hiu/tp m
STEM Sparse Topology and Energy
Management
Giao thc cu hnh mng v vn
qun l nng lng
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn dn
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia thi gian
TRAMA Traffic-Adaptive Medium Access Truy cp mi trng lu lng thch
ng
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator Cc v tr trong cc ta
UWB UltraWideBand Bng siu rng
VLF Very Low Frequency Tn s rt thp
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Mng khng dy cc b

16
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network Mng khng dy c nhn
WRP Wireless Routing Protocol Giao thc nh tuyn khng dy
WSDL Web Service Description Language Ngn ng m t dch v Web
WSN Wireless Sensor Network Mng cm bin khng dy


17
CHNG 1. GII THIU CHUNG

Mc ch ca chng
Cc ng dng phi c nh hnh v xy dng da trn cng ngh m n s dng.
iu ny c bit ng vi mng cm bin khng dy v n c th c xy dng theo cc
cch khc nhau. Chng ny s trnh by khi nim ca mng cm bin khng dy v mt s
ng dng ca n. T cc v d trnh by s phn thnh cc loi hoc cc lp ng dng.
Tip theo l nhng thch thc i vi cc ng dng ny v a ra l do ti sao cng ngh hin
nay khng th tho mn nhng thch thc ny.
Phn cui ca chng l nhng nh gi v cc loi ng dng ny i vi mng cm
bin khng dy v a ra nhng gi v gii php cng ngh cho chng, c phn cng v k
thut mng.
1.1 C s h tng cho mng cm bin khng dy
Mt mng cm bin bao gm s lng ln cc nt cm bin c phn b c bn trong
v bn cnh hin tng. V tr ca cc nt cm bin khng cn phi thit k hoc xc nh
trc. iu ny cho php phn b ngu nhin trong cc a hnh phc tp hoc cc hot ng
tr gip thm ha. iu ny cng c ngha l cc giao thc ca mng cm bin v cc thut
ton phi c kh nng t t chc. Mt c im quan trng khc ca cc mng cm bin l
kh nng phi hp gia cc nt cm bin. Cc nt cm bin c gn mt b x l bn trong.
Thay v gi i s liu th ti nt ch, chng s dng kh nng x l thc hin cc tnh
ton n gin v ch truyn s liu c x l theo yu cu.
Chn ng trong WSN rt kh khn do cc c tnh ring phn bit ca mng ny vi
cc mng v tuyn khc nh cc mng ad-hoc hoc cc mng t bo. Trc ht, do s lng
nt cm bin l kh ln nn khng th xy dng mt quy tc cho a ch ton cc khi trin
khai v phn iu khin cho vic thit lp ID l cao. V vy, cc giao thc da trn IP truyn
thng c th khng p dng c cho WSN. Th hai, khc vi cc mng thng tin ni chung,
hu ht cc ng dng ca mng cm bin yu cu truyn s liu cm bin t nhiu ngun ti
mt nt gc. Th ba, cc nt cm bin b hn ch v cng sut, kh nng x l v dung lng
nh. Th t, trong hu ht cc ng dng, cc nt trong WSN thng c v tr c nh. Tuy
nhin, trong mt s ng dng, cc nt cm bin c th c php di chuyn v thay i v tr
(mc d vi di chuyn rt thp). Th nm, cc mng cm bin thng ph thuc vo ng
dng. Th su, v tr ca cc nt cm bin ng vai tr quan trng v vic la chn s liu
thng da vo v tr. Hin nay cha thch hp cho vic s dng cc phn cng ca h thng
nh v ton cu (GPS) cho mc ch ny. Cc phng php xc nh v tr ca cc nt cm
bin thng da vo cng tn hiu t mt s im xc nh. Cui cng, s liu c la
chn bi cc nt cm bin trong WSN thng da vo hin tng chung, do s c d
tha. Cc giao thc chn ng phi khc phc c d tha ny s dng hiu qu
bng thng. Tm li, phng php chn ng trong WSN cn phi quan tm n cc c
tnh ring ca WSN cng vi cc yu cu v ng dng v cu trc.
Nhn chung, cc thit b tnh ton u phi x l thng tin t cch thc n gin n

18
phc tp. Trong nhiu ng dng, v d nh cc ng dng vn phng, cc thit b tnh ton ny
thng c s dng x l thng tin lin quan n con ngi, nh vy i tng y
quan h gin tip vi mi trng vt l.
Trong mt lp ng dng khc, mi trng vt l li tp trung vo i tng. Tnh ton
c s dng iu khin i tng thng qua cc qu trnh vy l. V d nh iu khiu
khin cc qu trnh ho hc trong nh my iu chnh nhit v p xut. y, qu trnh
tnh ton s c kt hp vi iu khin v n c gi l nhng trong mi trng. Khng
ging nh cc loi h thng trc kia, cc h thng nhng ny thng khng da vo s
tng tc vi con ngi v v th, n c mt s yu cu v mt k thut lm c vic .
Trong cc h thng ln th n c quan h mt thit vi nhim v iu khin.
Cc h thng nhng c bit n v s dng trong mt thi gian di (trn thc t,
trn 98% cc thit b tnh ton s dng nhng). Chng xut hin hng ngy, hng gi
quanh cuc sng ca chng ta v pht trin mt cch nhanh chng. Hu ht cc thit b gia
dng u s dng nhng, v d nh my git, my quay phim, in thoi Trong cc ng
dng ny, h thng nhng da trn s tng tc vi con ngi.
Xu hng cng ngh ny khng ch xut hin trong cc thit b ln nh my git m n
cn c thc hin trong cc thit b nh hn, thm ch trong c hng tp ho. Nhiu thit b
khc nhau s kt hp vi thng tin x l iu khin cc qu trnh vt l v tng tc vi
ngi s dng. Cng ngh ny c a ra bi Marc Weiser. Bng cch tch hp tnh ton v
iu khin trong mt mi trng vt l, m hnh tng tc c bit n y l ngi
ngi, ngi my v my my v cui cng l ngi mi trng vt l. Tng tc vi
mi trng vy l s quan trng hn l ch lm vic vi cc s liu.
thc hin iu ny, yu cu ngoi vic tnh ton v iu khin l thng tin. Tt c
cc ngun tin ny c th chuyn thng tin thnh v tr ca c cu chp hnh hoc ngi s
dng v n c th kt hp li vi nhau to nn mt bc tranh chnh xc v mi trng thc
t khi c yu cu. i vi mt s ng dng, nh cc mng cm bin v c cu chp hnh, rt
d xy dng h thng vi cc cng ngh mng hu tuyn c. Tuy nhin, vi mt s ng
dng, c rt nhiu tr ngi thc hin iu ny nh gi thnh cao (ln n 200 USD/ 1 cm
bin). c bit l trong mt h thng c s thit b rt ln, chng ta c th hnh dung ra c
s phc tp ca n, vn bo dng ng dy, dy dn cn tr s di chuyn ca i tng,
ngn khng cho cm bin/c cu chp hnh li gn i tng iu khin. Do , thng tin v
tuyn gia cc thit b ny, trong nhiu ng dng, l mt yu cu tt yu.
Mt lp mng mi xut hin trong nhng nm gn y, l mng cm bin khng
dy (WSN - Wireless Sensor Network). Mng ny bao gm nhng nt n c th tng tc
vi mi trng bng cch cm bin v iu khin cc tham s vt l. Nhng nt ny cng tc
hon ton vi nhau hon thnh nhim v ca n v mt nt n khng th lm c g v
chng s dng thng tin v tuyn thc hin iu ny. Cc nt thuc mng ny t nht cng
cha mt s php tnh, giao tip v tuyn v c chc nng cm bin hoc iu khin. Mc d
thc cht mng ny bao gm cc c cu chp hnh nhng thut ng mng cm bin khng
dy li l tn gi ph bin. i khi n cn c gi l mng cm bin v c cu chp hnh
khng dy (wireless sensor and actuator network).

19
WSN hu dng khi n dng h tr cho nhiu ng dng thc t khc nhau. Mng ny
tn ti nhiu thch thc trong qu trnh nghin cu v nhiu vn v mt cng ngh v n rt
phc tp. Do khng th c cch duy nht phn loi mt cch r rng cc WSN v cng
khng th tn ti mt gii php thc hin cc yu cu thit k. V d, trong rt nhiu ng
dng ca WSN, cc nt n trong mng khng th d dng kt ni vi ngun cung cp m
phi da vo ngun pin gn trn n. Trong cc ng dng ny, vic s dng nng lng c
hiu qu l nhim v rt quan trng, sao cho n c th hot ng trong thi gian lu nht c
th. Trong mt s ng dng khng c ngun cung cp th cc tham s khc li ng vai tr
quan trng hn, v d nh chnh xc ca kt qu nhn c. Kch thc v gi thnh ca
mt nt n cng c xem xt n trong mt s ng dng. V mt kch thc, n phi
nh nm trn ngun pin cn v mt gi thnh, n ph thuc trc tip vo cht lng cm
bin ca nt. Thng thng, chnh xc ca kt qu c th nhn c t cc nt n. S
lng, gi thnh v chnh xc ca cc nt n c lin quan n nhau khi so snh mt h
thng c nhiu nt cm bin vi mt mng tp trung. Nt t tin s cho chnh xc cao
hn. S dng nhiu cm bin n gin v gn vi hin tng cn nghin cu s to ra mt
kin trc h thng va n gin, va s dng nng lng c hiu qu so vi mng phn b.
Cch hiu su hn mng cm bin khng dy l hin thc ho n.
1.2 Mng cm bin khng dy v ng dng
c trng v cu hnh mng cm bin
Mt nt trong mng WSN thng thng bao gm 2 phn: phn cm bin (sensor) hoc
iu khin v phn giao tip v tuyn (RF transceiver). Do s lng nt trong WSN l ln v
khng cn cc hot ng bo tr, nn yu cu thng thng i vi mt nt mng l gi thnh
thp (10 - 50 usd) v kch thc nh gn (din tch b mt vi n vi chc cm
2
).
Do gii hn v ngun nng lng cung cp (pin...), gi thnh v yu cu hot ng
trong mt thi gian di, nn vn tiu th nng lng l tiu ch thit k quan trng nht
trong mng cm bin:
- Lp vt l (physical layer) (s c trnh by trong chng 4) tng i n gin,
gn nh do rng buc v kch thc v kh nng tnh ton ca nt. K thut iu ch tn hiu
s nh QPSK, FSK ci thin hiu sut b khuch i cng sut. Cc k thut m ha sa
sai phc tp nh Turbo Codes khng c s dng, k thut tri ph c s dng ci
thin SNR thit b thu v gim tc ng ca fading ca knh truyn...
- Lp MAC (s c trnh by trong chng 5): k thut a truy cp TDMA hoc
CSMA-CA hiu chnh vi mc ch gim nng lng tiu th.
WSN thng c trin khai trn mt phm vi rng, s lng nt mng ln v c
phn b mt cch tng i ngu nhin, cc nt mng c th di chuyn lm thay i s
mng... do vy WSN i hi mt s mng (topology) linh ng (ad-hoc, mesh, star ...) v
cc nt mng c kh nng t iu chnh, t cu hnh (auto-reconfigurable).
Trong mt s WSN thng dng (gim st, cm bin, mi trng ...) a ch ID cc nt
chnh l v tr a l v gii thut nh tuyn da vo v tr a l ny gi l giao thc nh
tuyn a l (GRT - Geography RouTing protocol). i vi mng c s lng nt ln, s
mng khng n nh ... GRT gip n gin ha gii thut tm ng, gim d liu bng nh
tuyn (routing table) lu tr ti cc nt. GRT ph hp vi cc WSN c nh, tuy nhin i vi

20
cc nt di ng (a ch ID node thay i) giao thc nh tuyn tr nn phc tp v khng n
nh.
- Phn nhm: phn chia mng din rng (hng trm, hng ngn nt) thnh cc nhm
n nh cu hnh mng, n gin ha gii thut nh tuyn, gim xung t (collission) khi truy
cp vo knh truyn nn gim c nng lng tiu th , n gin ha vic qun l mng v
cp pht a ch cho tng nt mng (theo nhm).
Do gii hn kh nng tnh ton ca tng nt mng cng nh tit kim nng lng,
WSN thng s dng cc phng php tnh ton v x l tn hiu phi tp trung (gim ti cho
nt gn ht nng lng) hoc gi d liu cn tnh ton cho cc trm gc (c kh nng x l
tn hiu mnh v t rng buc v tiu th nng lng).
Khi cm bin khng dy tr thnh thng phm quen thuc trn th trng th vic la
chn gia cc loi cm bin v kiu mng mi v c lm au u cc chuyn gia v lm cho
h phi xem xt li nhng chin lc xy dng kin trc mng m trc y tng b gt
sang mt bn. Sau y, chng ta cng tm hiu v 3 kiu mng c bn s dng cho cm bin
l kiu mng im - im (point to point), im - a im v mng a im a im.
Cu trc mng im im
L kiu kt ni n gin nht, hai nt truyn thng qua hai anten thu pht cng sut cao
hng trc tip vi nhau. Trn l thuyt, kiu mng ny l an ton nht v ch c 1 im trong
mng c kh nng xy ra s c, l im mng ch hay cn gi l host. nng cao kh
nng ca h thng mng ch cn b sung thm 1 host d phng. Tuy nhin, vic ni dy 2
host li l vn ng bn. Mt s cu trc mng ny h tr tn hiu iu bin tn cho dy
dn truyn ti tn hiu ca nhiu cm bin trn cc knh FM ring bit. Mt s chun (nh
HART bus) h tr ng truyn tn hiu s song cng cho nhng ng truyn tn hiu tng
t sn c trong mt s nh my cng ngh c. Kiu kin trc nh vy xa nha danh gii
khc bit gia cu trc mng im - im v cu trc mng a im.
Nhng kiu mng khng dy u tin s dng tn hiu tn s radio (RF - Radio
Frequency) n gin cho cu trc mng im - im. Cu trc mng ny s dng modem RF
2 u mng. Mt ci t ti u pht lm nhim v chuyn tn hiu RS-232 thnh tn hiu
radio v ci cn li t ti u thu lm nhim v chuyn tn hiu v trng thi vn d ca n.
Fluke (Everett, Washington) pht trin mt loi vn k s c th nhn tn hiu in p v
truyn i qua mt knh tn s radio chuyn bit. Tuy nhin, cch ny b nghi ng v tin
cy v thit b ny c thit k cho nhng tn hiu FM m ha n gin. Cn trong mi
trng nh my, cc yu t gy nhiu c th lm gim ng k cht lng ca tn hiu, do vy
mng tr nn khng ng tin cy, tr khi n c chm sc rt chu o.
Kiu mng LAN khng dy cng c s dng trong cu trc mng ny nhng n ch t ra
hp vi mi trng vn phng hn l nh my. Nhng nh thit k s dng h thng thu thp
d liu t xa kt hp vi cu trc mng ny bng cch dng b gom d liu v y d liu
ny ti b truyn tn hiu radio truyn ti host, ti y, tn hiu s c a tr v hnh hi
ban u vn c ca n.

21

Hnh 1.1 Mng im im
im a im (Point-to-Multipoints)
Kt ni c chia s gia nt ti ln (Nt kt ni ti mng Internet thng qua ng
truyn hu tuyn cung cp kt ni Internet cho ton mng) dng anten a hng vi cc
nt ti xung (Nt kt ni ti mng v c kh nng phc v c kt ni hu tuyn v v tuyn
cho mng) hoc nt lp (Nt kt ni vo mng v khng dng phc v cc client ch ng
vai tr l nt trung gian lp tn hiu) vi anten thu cng sut cao. Cu hnh mng ny d trin
khai hn cu hnh im im v khi thm mt thu bao mi ch cn lp t thm thit b ti
khu vc thu bao ch khng phi lp ti nt ti ln. Tuy vy, cc trm thu phi nm trong
phm vi ph sng v c ng nhn thng vi trm pht sng gc. Cc vt cn nh cy ci,
nh ca, i ni, ... s gp phn lm cu hnh mng li im a im hot ng khng
hiu qu.

Hnh 1.2 Mng im a im
a im a im (Multipoints to Multipoints)
Mi nt c vai tr khng ch l im truy nhp cho cc trm m cn lm nhim v
chuyn tip d liu.
Cu hnh ny c tin cy mng cao nht do cc nt c s lin thng vi nhau, mt nt

22
ch cn c kt ni vi mt nt bt k m khng cn phi c kt ni trc tip vi nt ti ln
nh trong cu hnh im a im, l c th kt ni vi ton mng. Tuy nhin, i li giao
thc tm ng ca mng s c phc tp cao hn.

Hnh 1.3 Mng a im a im
Yu cu ca mng cm bin khng dy l cng ngh ca n phi thun tin vi cc ng
dng hin c v tht s mang li hiu qu. Ngoi s cn thit l phi xy dng mt mng gi
r, n gin trong lp trnh v mng, cc nt cm bin c tui th di, thnh phn bt buc v
ch yu pht trin cc ng dng trn thc t l kh nng cm nhn v thc hin ca cc
cm bin trong mng. i vi nhiu tham s vt l, cng ngh cm bin thch hp tn ti
c th c tch hp trong mt nt ca WSN. Cc tham s l nhit , m, nh sng
hng ngoi v nh sng nhn thy (k c nh sng pht ra t camera), m thanh, rung ng (v
d nh pht hin ri lon a chn), p sut, cc cm bin ho hc Thm ch n c th cm
nhn c cc i tng phc tp hn nh chi trong vn tr c th c cm gic.
Cc c cu chp hnh khng th c iu khin mt cch trn vn bng mt nt ca
mng cm bin khng dy. Thng thng, cc c cu chp hnh kim sot mt thit b c kh
nh mt a servo, hoc c th bt/tt mt s thit b in bng rle in nh bng n,
micro hoc thit b tng t. Trn c s cc nt c cm bin v /hoc c cu chp hnh s
kt hp vi kh nng tnh ton v giao tip to ra nhiu ng dng khc nhau vi nhiu kiu
nt khc.
Cc ng dng cu tr thin tai: y l mt trong nhng ng dng c ch nht
ca WSN. Hin tng thng gp nht l pht hin chy rng: cc nt cm bin c trang b
nhit k v c th xc nh v tr ca n (theo h to tuyt i hoc tng i, tc v tr ca
n so vi cc nt khc). Cc cm bin ny c th vo mt m chy, v d nh mt khu
rng v t mt chic my bay. Chng to ra mt bn nhit chung ca khu vc hoc
xc nh chu vi ca khu vc c nhit cao c th tip cn t bn ngoi. V d tng t l
kim sot tai nn ti nh my ha cht.

23
Mt s cc ng dng cu tr thin tai c im chung vi cc ng dng qun s, khi cc
cm bin c dng pht hin, v d, qun ch ch khng phi l chy rng. Trong ng
dng nh vy, cm bin nn c gi thnh r c th dng mt ln v cn phi dng vi s
lng rt ln v yu cu thi gian tn ti khng qu cao.
Gim st mi trng v lp bn a dng sinh hc: Cc WSN c th c dng
gim st mi trng, v d nh cc cht nhim ha hc ti v tr rc. Lin quan mt thit
vi vic gim st mi trng l s dng cc WSN bit s lng cc loi ng thc vt
sng trong mt mi trng.
u im chnh ca cc WSN y l cc cm bin khng phi gim st, hot ng
trong thi gian di, giao tip v tuyn c c th t gn i tng c quan st. Do cc cm
bin c th c cu to nh khng b l nn n ch hi lm phin cc ng thc vt
c quan st m thi. Thng thng, yu cu v s lng cm bin cao hn yu cu v thi
gian hot ng ca n.
Cc ta nh thng minh: S lng ph nng lng ca cc to nh gm mt lng ln
nng lng do s dng m, thng gi, iu ha nhit (HVAC) khng hiu qu. S tt
hn nu gim st theo thi gian thc, c phn gii cao nhit , lung khng kh, m v
cc thng s vt l khc trong to nh bng WSN. iu ny c th lm tng mt cch ng k
mc thoi mi ca ngi dn v gim lng tiu th nng lng. Ci thin hiu sut nng
lng v tng mc thun tin l nhng mc ch ca "ta nh thng minh" hng ti. Do
, cc h thng hu tuyn hin nay nh BACnet, LonWorks, hoc KNX hoc ang c
trin khai. Cc tiu chun ny cng bao gm vic pht trin thnh phn khng dy hoc kt
hp chng trong tiu chun.
Ngoi ra, cc nt cm bin nh vy c th c s dng theo di mc chu ng c
hc ca cc ta nh trong khu hot ng a chn mnh. Bng cch o cc thng s c hc
nh ti un ca dm c th nhanh chng xc nh thng qua WSN l liu to nh c an
ton vo sau trn ng t mc d n sp sp? y l mt li th ng k cho nhn vin
cu h. Cc h thng tng t cng c th c p dng cho cc cy cu. Loi cm bin khc
c dng tm ngi trong mt ta nh b sp v chuyn thng tin cho mt i cu h.
u im chnh y l lp bn cng tc ca cc thng s vt l. Ty thuc vo ng
dng c bit, cm bin c th c trang b thm vo cc ta nh hin c (cho cc ng dng
loi HVAC) hoc phi c a vo ta nh sp xy dng.
Qun l thit b: qun l c nhiu hn cc thit b trong mt ta nh, cc WSN
cng c mt lot cc ng dng c th. Mt v d n gin l vo khng cn cha kho
nhng ni mi ngi eo ph hiu, n cho php WSN kim tra nhng ngi c php vo
cc khu vc . V d ny c th c m rng pht hin k xm nhp, v d nh khi
phng tin ca h ra khi c quan trong gi lm vic. Mt WSN din rng c th theo di v
tr ca mt phng tin no v bo cho nhn vin an ninh. ng dng ny c nhiu im
chung vi cc ng dng trong qun s. Theo cch khc, mt WSN c th c s dng trong
mt nh my ha cht kim tra r r ha cht. i km cc ng dng ny l cc yu cu y
thch thc nh s lng cm bin c th ln, phi c tnh cng tc (nh trong v d theo di)
v c th hot ng bng pin trong mt thi gian di.

24
Bo dng v gim st my: Mt tng l c nh cc nt cm bin nhng ni t
my mc nhng kh tip cn, ni n c th pht hin cc chn ng v n cho thy s cn
thit phi bo tr. Trng hp ny c th l cc robot hoc cc trc xe ca on tu. Cc ng
dng khc trong sn xut nh my t nhng ni c phng x, cha nhiu cht c hi,
hoc nm su di lng t... u im chnh ca cc WSN y l hot ng khng cn dy
ni nn khng cn phi bo dng, cc cm bin c gi thnh thp v c th thng xuyn
c ci t li. Ngun cp bng dy dn th lc c, lc khng ph thuc vo tng ng dng.
Nu khng c ngun nui th vic cm bin phi hot ng trong mt tri gian di bng
ngun pin c nng lng hn ch l khng thc t v tn km. Th nhng kch thc v gi
thnh ca cc nt thng khng phi l vn qu quan trng.
Trong nng nghip: p dng WSN vo nng nghip lm cho vic th phn v ti
tiu c chnh xc bng cch t cc cm bin o m/ thnh phn t vo mi trng.
Ch cn mt s lng tng i cm bin nh l , khong mt cm bin cho mi vng c
din tch 100 m 100 m. Tng t, gim st su b c th c thc hin bng mt b theo
di c phn gii cao. Ngoi ra, chn nui c th tng li nhun t vic gn cm bin cho
mi con ln hoc b kim sot tnh trng sc kho ca ng vt (bng cch kim tra nhit
c th, m bc) v bo ng nu vt qu ngng cho php.
Chm sc sc khe v y t: Cng cch lm tng t, s dng WSN trong cc ng
dng chm sc sc khe em li rt nhiu li nhun nhng cng gy tranh ci v mt o
c. Phm vi p dng l t chm sc sau phu thut v chuyn su, ni m cm bin trc tip
gn vo vi bnh nhn th hin li th so vi hu tuyn - gim st bnh nhn trong thi
gian di (thng l ngi cao tui) v qun l thuc t ng (cm bin nhng vo bao b
ca thuc, bt bo ng khi s dng sai cho bnh nhn). Do , cc h thng theo di bnh
nhn v bc s trong bnh vin gip tit kim thi gian.
Thng tin: Cc cm bin nhng vo trong cc ng ph hay l ng c th thu
thp thng tin v iu kin giao thng t a ra nhng gii php tt hn. Cc cm bin
ny c th tng tc vi xe i trn ng cnh bo nguy him v cc iu kin ng hay
ch tc giao thng pha trc.
Bn cnh , cc ng dng khc ca WSN h tr ct cnh cho my bay, trong cc nh
my x l nc thi, thit b o c ca phng x l cht bn dn v cc ng hm gi,
trong "nh tr thng minh" (ni c s tng tc gia chi v tr em), pht hin ca l lt,
gim st mi trng sng ca chim trn mt hn o, v cm bin cy vo c th ngi (
theo di lng ng hoc vng mc gi).
Hu ht cc ng dng ny u c th c thc hin theo mt cch no bng cng
ngh hin nay m khng cn cc mng cm bin khng dy. Nhng, cc ng dng s lm vic
tt hn khi c nhiu thng tin hn v gii php khng gian v thi gian ca i tng cn
quan tm so vi nhng g m cng ngh cm bin truyn thng c th c c. Cc mng
cm bin khng dy c phm vi cung cp thng tin ln vi chnh xc yu cu ti cng thi
im v c lng tiu th nng lng l t nht c th.
Mng cm bin c th s dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc. Nu phn loi da vo chc
nng ca mng th c th hnh dung ng dng ca cc mng cm bin nh sau:

25
- Cm bin mi trng (qun s: pht hin mn, cht c, dch chuyn qun ch...;
cng nghip: h thng chiu sng, m, phnh chy, chng r r...; dn dng: h thng iu
ha nhit , chiu sng...).
- iu khin (qun s: kch hot thit b, v kh qun s ...; cng nghip: iu khin t
ng cc thit b, robot ...).
- Theo di, gim st, nh v (qun s: nh v, theo di s dch chuyn thit b, qun
i...).
- Mi trng (gim st l lt, bo, gi, ma ... pht hin nhim, cht thi...).
- Y t (nh v, theo di bnh nhn, h thng bo ng khn cp...).
- H thng giao thng thng minh: giao tip gia bin bo v phng tin giao thng,
h thng iu tit lu thng cng cng, h thng bo hiu tai nn, kt xe ... h thng nh v
phng, tr gip iu khin t ng phng tin tin giao thng...
- Gia nh (nh thng minh: h thng cm bin, giao tip v iu khin cc thit b
thng minh ...)
Hu ht cc ng dng ny c c tnh c bn ging nhau. Khc bit r rng gia cc
ngun d liu (nt cm bin) l mi lin h gia d liu o c b cha - v cc nt (ni
d liu c gi i). B cha c khi l mt phn ca chnh mng cm bin, nhng c khi n
l cc h thng ngoi mng. Do , s ngun thng nhiu hn b cha (nhng khng phi
lc no cng vy) v b cha khng bit hoc khng ch n vic nhn dng ngun. y
d liu c vai tr quan trng hn nhiu.
M hnh tng tc gia ngun v b cha c th hin theo mt s cch sau:
Pht hin s kin: Cc nt cm bin phi bo co vi b cha khi n pht hin s xut
hin ca s kin. Nhng s kin n gin nht c th c pht hin bi mt nt cm bin
n (v d nh vt qu ngng nhit ; loi s kin phc tp hn yu cu phi c s cng
tc ca cc b cm bin ln cn hoc thm ch l cc cm bin xa quyt nh xem liu s
kin xy ra cha (v d nh ng bin thin nhit tr nn qu dc). Nu nhiu s kin
khc nhau xy ra th phi thc hin phn loi s kin.
Cc php o nh k: Cc cm bin c th c giao nhim v thu thp cc s liu o
c tnh nh k. Thng thng, d liu c c khi mt s kin pht hin c kch hot; chu
k ca d liu ph thuc vo ng dng.
Chc nng xp x v pht hin bin: Cch gi tr vt l (v d nh nhit ) thay i
t ni ny sang ni khc c th c coi l chc nng ca a im. WSN c th c s
dng xp x chc nng cha bit ny (ch xt cc c tnh khng gian ca n), bng cch
s dng mt s gii hn cc mu ly ti mi nt cm bin ring bit. Bn xp x ny phi
c thc hin b cha. Lm th no v khi no cp nht bn ny, chnh xc ca chc
nng xp x v mc tiu th nng lng ph thuc vo nhu cu ca cc ng dng.
Tng t nh vy, vn lin quan l c th c tm thy cc khu vc hoc cc im
c cng gi tr thu c. V d, tm nhng im thuc ng ng nhit khi chy rng

26
pht hin bin gii ca m chy thc t. iu ny c th c tng qut tm ra "bin "
trong cc chc nng nh vy hoc gi tin nhn dc theo ranh gii ca cc mu trong c
khng gian v /hoc thi gian.
Theo di: Ngun ca mt s kin c th di chuyn (v d khi theo di trm t nhp).
WSN c th c s dng cp nht v tr, nh gi tc v hng ca ngun s kin n
b cha. lm nh vy, thng thng cc nt cm bin phi hp tc vi nhau trc khi cp
nht d liu cho b cha.
Cc nt cm bin tng tc vi nhau c v thi gian v khng gian (bo co s kin ch
thc hin trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v ch t cc khu vc nht nh). Nhng yu
cu ny cng c th thay i mt cch linh hot theo thi gian; b cha phi thng bo cho
cc b cm ng yu cu ca chng trong qu trnh hot ng. Tng tc c th din ra ch
nhm phc v mt yu cu c th ca b cha, hoc phc v cho mi quan h lu di gia cc
b cm bin v b cha.
Cc v d cho thy s a dng trong cc la chn ng dng. C th c nh v tr
t cc nt cm bin (nh trong cc ng dng bo tr my mc thit b) hoc c th t cc
nt cm bin mt cch ngu nhin bng cch th mt s lng ln cc nt t my bay vo
mt m chy rng. Ngoi ra, cc nt cm bin c th t di chuyn b p thiu st trong
qu trnh trin khai v n v tr mi m ti , nhim v cm bin ca n thc hin c tt
hn. N c th di chuyn gim st thm cc i tng khc (trong cc ng dng hu cn)
v mng thch ng vi n.
Cc ng dng cng nh hng n vic la chn bo dng: C nht thit phi bo
dng cc cm bin v cc my mc thit b c lin quan? Bo dng l khng ph hp v
cc mng ny ch c trin khai trong mng ad hoc, theo cch thc ngn hn, b gii hn bi
thi gian thc hin ti a (nh trong cc hot ng khc phc thm ha)? Cc cm bin ny
c chc nng khng gim st trong mt thi gian di nn khng c kh nng bo tr?
Trong mt s ng dng, ngun cp hu tuyn c th thc hin c v y khng c
vn g v cung cp nng lng. i vi cc nt cm bin t hot ng, ty thuc vo yu
cu v thi gian thc hin m nng lng cung cp c th khng ng k (vi nhng ng
dng yu cu thi gian thc hin l mt vi ngy) hoc s l vn i vi cc ng dng
khng th bo dng m yu cu thi gian thc hin l vi nm. R rng l gi c v kch
thc mi nt ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic thit k cung cp nng lng.
1.3 Nhng kh khn ca mng cm bin khng dy
X l mt lot cc loi ng dng nh trn s gy kh khn cho mng cm bin. Tuy
nhin, vn c c im chung cho cc ng dng nh vy, c bit l trn kha cnh c tnh
v cc k thut yu cu. Hin thc ho cc c tnh ny bng k thut mi l kh khn chnh
i vi mng cm bin khng dy.
1.3.1 Cc yu cu k thut
Cc c tnh sau c yu cu trong hu ht cc ng dng ca mng cm bin khng
dy:

27
Loi hnh dch v: Chc nng ca mng thng tin thng thng hin nhin l di
chuyn cc bit t ni ny n ni khc. i vi mt WSN, di chuyn cc bit ch l bc kt
thc, nhng khng phi l mc ch thc t. Hn th na, mt WSN c k vng l cung
cp thng tin c ngha v/ hoc hnh ng theo nhim v cho. Ngoi ra, cc khi nim
phm vi tng tc, khu vc a l c trng hay khong thi gian s tr nn quan trng. Do
yu cu phi c mt m hnh mng mi vi cc giao din mi v cch ngh mi v dch v
mng.
Cht lng dch v: Lin quan cht ch n cc loi hnh dch v mng l cht lng
dch v. Thng thng, cht lng ca dch v th hin trong cc ng dng thuc loi hnh a
phng tin. Tr b chn hoc bng thng ti thiu khng thch hp cho cc ng dng c tr
hoc khi bng thng ca d liu truyn i rt nh. Trong mt s t trng hp, vic cung cp
cc gi d liu c th tha, trong nhng trng hp khc, yu cu tin cy rt cao. Nhng
trng hp nh vy s lm tng vai tr ca tr khi cc c cu chp hnh c iu khin theo
thi gian thc bi mng cm bin. Cht lng dch v ch cn c vo h s cung cp gi tin l
cha y v n cn lin quan n s lng v cht lng thng tin v i tng hoc khu
vc c quan st.
Mc chu li: Do cc nt c th ht nng lng hoc b hng, hoc thng tin v tuyn
gia hai nt b gin on nn WSN c th c li. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, hn
ch li th WSN nn c s nt nhiu hn mc cn thit.
Thi gian s dng: Trong nhiu trng hp, cc nt phi da vo ngun nng lng
hn ch (s dng pin). Vic thay th ngun pin ny l khng thc t v khng th thc hin
tc thi. WSN phi s dng c t nht l trong thi gian thc hin nhim v c giao. Do
, tui th ca WSN rt quan trng v hin nhin, cch thc WSN s dng nng lng
mt cch c hiu qu thc s cn thit.
thay i hoc b sung thm nng lng cho WSN, ngun c cng sut hn ch (v
d nh pin mt tri) cng c th c s dng cho cc nt cm bin. Thng thng, cc
ngun ny khng mnh m bo cho hot ng c din ra lin tc nhng n c th
dng xc pin. Vi cch lm nh vy th tui th ca WSN, theo l thuyt, s l v hn.
Tui th ca WSN t l nghch vi cht lng dch v: s dng nhiu nng lng s lm
tng cht lng dch v nhng nh vy s lm gim tui th ca mng. Chnh v vy, khi thit
k mt WSN phi cn bng hai yu t ny.
nh ngha chnh xc tui th ph thuc vo ng dng c th ca mng. l khong
thi gian t khi mng bt u s dng cho n khi nt u tin b hng (hoc ht nng lng);
hoc n bao gm khong thi gian t khi mng bt u s dng cho n khi mt kt ni gia
hai hoc nhiu nt v khong thi gian cho n khi 50% nt b hng; hoc l khong thi
gian khi ln u tin mt im nm trong vng quan st khng cn chu s gim st ca bt
k nt cm bin no (trong nhiu trng hp, WSN s dng s nt cm bin nhiu hn yu
cu nn mt im c th chu s gim st ca nhiu nt).
Kh nng m rng: T mt WSN gm mt s lng ln cc nt, kin trc v giao
thc ca mng lm vic c kh nng m rng.

28
Di rng ca mt : Trong mt WSN, s lng nt trn mi n v din tch - mt
ca mng - c th khc nhau ng k. Cc ng dng khc nhau s c mt nt rt khc
nhau. Ngay c trong mt ng dng nht nh, mt c th khc nhau theo thi gian v
khng gian do cc nt di chuyn hoc b hng; mt cng khng phi ng nht trong ton
b mng (do v tr t nt khng hon ho) v mng nn thch ng vi cc bin i .
Kh trnh: khng ch cn cho cc nt x l thng tin m cn n cn dng cc
nt phn ng linh hot hn khi thay i nhim v. Cc nt cn c lp trnh, v chng trnh
phi c thay i trong qu trnh hot ng, khi nhim v mi tr nn quan trng. X l
l thng tin theo mt cch nh sn khng th p ng c yu cu.
C kh nng bo dng: Khi c mi trng ca WSN v chnh bn thn WSN thay
i (ht pin, nt b hng, khi c nhim v mi) th h thng phi thch nghi vi iu . N c
th theo di trng thi ca chnh mnh thay i cc thng s hoc la chn tiu ch hot
ng (v d nh cht lng dch v s b gim st khi ngun nng lng b yu i). Trong
trng hp ny, mng phi t bo dng, n cng c th tng tc vi cc c ch bo dng
bn ngoi qu trnh hot ng m bo cht lng t ra.
1.3.2 Cc k thut yu cu
thc hin cc yu cu ny, k thut i mi mng thng tin, kin trc v cc khi
nim giao thc mi c thc hin. Thch thc y l cn phi tm cng ngh p ng
c cc yu cu v cht lng dch v, tui th v cc yu cu v kh nng bo dng. Mt
khc, cng ngh ny phi s dng c trong nhiu ng dng c th v phi cho thy c
tnh cn thit ca WSN trong cc ng dng ny. Sau y l mt s cng ngh thng c
dng trong cc WSN:
Giao tip v tuyn a bc nhy: Khi giao tip v tuyn l k thut ct li, thng tin
trc tip gia ngi gi v ngi nhn s phi i mt vi mt s hn ch. c bit, giao tip
ng di ch thc hin c khi s dng cng sut pht rt cao. Vic s dng cc nt trung
gian nh cc tr c th lm gim tng nng lng yu cu. Do , vi nhiu loi WSN, ci
gi l giao tip a bc nhy l mt thnh phn cn thit.
S dng nng lng c hiu qu: ko di tui th th vic s dng nng lng mt
cch c hiu qu l k thut trng im. iu ny c th c c bng cch s dng hiu qu
nng lng truyn d liu gia hai nt (o bng bit /J) hoc quan trng hn l xc nh hiu
qu nng lng ca thng tin yu cu. Ngoi ra, tiu th nng lng khng ng u to
nn cc "im nng - hotspot" cng l mt vn .
T cu hnh: WSN s phi t cu hnh cc thng s hot ng ca n, vic ny c lp
vi cu hnh bn ngoi S nt cng t cng tt v b tr n gin l yu cu trong hu ht
cc ng dng. V d, cc nt c th xc nh v tr a l ca n ch bng cch s dng cc nt
khc trong mng. N cn c gi l "t nh v - self-location". Ngoi ra, mng c th c
cc nt hng (v d nh do ht pin) hoc tch hp cc nt mi (v d nh b sung thm nt
khi mng cha p ng c yu cu t ra).
S cng tc v x l trong mng: Trong mt s trng hp, mt cm bin khng th
quyt nh c vic liu s kin c xy ra hay khng nhng nhiu cm bin cng tc vi

29
nhau s cung cp thng tin lm iu . Thng tin c x l trong mng theo cc cch
thc khc nhau c c s cng tc ny. iu ny ngc vi vic mi nt truyn d liu
n mt mng bn ngoi x l.
V d, xc nh nhit cao nht v nhit trung bnh trong mt khu vc v a
gi tr n b cha. gii quyt bi ton ny mt cch c hiu qu, cc kt qu c t cc
cm bin ring l c tp hp li v truyn qua mng. Vic ny s lm gim s d liu
truyn trn mng v do , vic s dng nng lng s hiu qu hn.
Trung tm d liu: Mng thng tin truyn thng thng tp trung vo vic chuyn
giao d liu gia hai thit b c th, mi thit b yu cu c t nht mt a ch mng. Mng c
kin trc nh vy hot ng theo trung tm a ch. Trong WSN, ni m cc nt thng c
b tr d d phng cho vic nt b hng hoc tng cht lng ca thit b ch c mt nt
cm bin. Vic cung cp d liu ging nhau cho cng mt nt mng l khng cn thit. Vn
quan trng y l bn thn d liu nhn c ch khng phi l nt cung cp d liu
. Do , xu hng hin nay l chuyn t m hnh trung tm a ch sang m hnh trung tm
d liu trong vic thit k kin trc v giao thc truyn thng.
V d, m hnh tng tc ca trung tm d liu nh vy s c s dng khi cn c
nhit trung bnh trong mt khu vc cho, n ngc vi yu cu nhit c t cc nt
ring l. M hnh trung tm d liu nh vy cng c th c dng t iu kin cho cc
cnh bo hoc cc s kin ("bt bo ng nu nhit vt qu ngng").
1.4 Ti sao mng cm bin li khc vi cc mng khc?
Trn c s ca mt s ng dng v nhng thch thc chnh, mng cm bin khng dy
c th tr thnh mng Ad hoc di ng (MANET Mobile Ad hoc Network) v fieldbus.
1..4.1 Mng Ad hc di ng v WSN
Mng Ad hoc l mt mng ci t, theo ngha en, cho mt mc ch c th, p ng
nhu cu thng tin xut hin tc thi. V d n gin ca mt mng Ad hoc l mt tp hp cc
my tnh kt ni vi nhau qua cp to thnh mt mng nh, nh mt s my tnh xch tay
trong mt phng hp. Trong v d ny, kha cnh t cu hnh ng vai tr quan trng - mng
d kin lm vic m khng cn qun l hoc cu hnh bng tay.
Mng ad hoc
Ad hoc networks l im bin cui cng ca thng tin khng dy (thng tin v tuyn).
Cng ngh ny cho php cc nt (im ni) mng truyn trc tip vi nhau s dng b thu
pht khng dy (wireless transceiver) m khng cn bt c mt c s h tng c nh no.
y l mt c tnh ring bit ca mng ad hoc so vi cc mng khng dy truyn thng nh
cc mng chia (cellular networks) v mng WLAN, trong cc nt (v d nh cc thu
bao in thoi di ng) giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc trm v tuyn c s (wired radio
antenna).
Ad hoc networks c mong i s lm cch mng ha thng tin khng dy trong mt
vi nm ti bng vic b sung thm vo cc m hnh mng truyn thng (nh Internet,
cellular networks, truyn thng v tinh). Mng Ad hoc cng c th c xem nh nhng bn

30
sao cng ngh ca nhng khi nim my tnh thng gp. Bng vic khm ph cng ngh
mng khng dy Ad hoc, nhng thit b cm tay chng loi (nh in thoi di ng, PDAs,
my tnh xch tay, my nhn tin pager..) v cc thit b c nh (nh cc trm v tuyn
c s, cc im truy cp Internet khng dy, ) c th c kt ni vi nhau, to thnh mng
ton cu, khp mi ni.
Trong tng lai, cng ngh mng Ad hoc c th s l la chn rt hu ch. V d, hy
xem tnh hung sau. Mt cn ng t khng khip tn ph thnh ph ca chng ta, trong
c hu ht cc c s h tng vin thng (nh cc ng in thoi, trm v tuyn c s).
Nhiu i cu h (nh lnh cu ha, cnh st, bc s, cc tnh nguyn vin ) ang n lc
cu mi ngi khi cn ng t v cha tr cho nhng ngi b thng. h tr tt hn
cho i cu h, cc hot ng cu h ca h phi c hp tc vi nhau. R rng l 1 hot
ng hp tc nh th ch t c thnh qu khi i cu h c th giao tip, thng tin vi
nhau, c vi ng nghip ca mnh (v d 1 cnh st vi 1 cnh st khc) v c vi thnh vin
ca i cu h khc (v d 1 lnh cu ha yu cu s tr gip t 1 bc s).

Hnh 1.4 S nguyn l mng chia s kt ni dng ad hoc
Vi nhng cng ngh hin c, nhng n lc ca i cu h s rt kh thnh cng khi
nhng c s h tng vin thng c nh b tn ph nng n. Thm ch nhng thnh vin ca
i cu h ny c trang b PDA hay cc thit b tng t khc trong trng hp khng th
truy cp c vi cc im c nh, ch nhng kt ni gia cc thnh vin ca i cu h
ng gn nhau mi thc hin c. V vy, mt trong nhng u tin trong vic qun l v
khng ch thm ha ngy nay l ci t li cc c s h tng vin thng nhanh nht c th,
bng cch sa cha cc thit b, kt cu h hng hay trin khai cc thit b vin thng tm
thi.
Kh khn ny c th c gii quyt ng k nu chng ta p dng nhng cng ngh
da vo mng Ad hoc: s dng cc giao tip khng dy phn tn gia nhiu im truy cp
khc nhau, thm ch cc i cu h cch xa nhau cng c th lin lc vi nhau hay lin lc
vi cc thnh vin i cu h khc khong gia nh hot ng ca mt trm chuyn tip.

31
V khu vc xy ra thm ha s tp trung nhiu i cu h, nn cc lin lc trong phm vi
thnh ph (hay thm ch l phm vi c nc) c th thc hin c, cho php cc n lc cu
h c hp tc thnh cng m khng cn thit lp li cc c s vin thng c nh.
Thng thng, khi nim v MANET lin quan n truyn thng v tuyn v c bit l
truyn thng a bc nhy v tuyn. S di chuyn ca cc nt l mt thnh phn ca mng.
Cc mng ny c s dng cho hot ng cu tr thin tai - nhn vin cu ha giao tip vi
nhau - hoc dng trong cc a im kh khn nh cng trnh xy dng ln, ni c th vic
trin khai c s h tng khng dy (v d nh im truy cp) trong khi thc hin hu tuyn
khng phi l mt la chn kh thi. Trong mng , cc nt ring l kt hp vi nhau to
thnh mt mng chuyn tip cc gi tin gia cc nt, do n m rng phm vi hot ng
ca mt nt n, m rng khu vc a l gia ngi gi v ngi nhn. Hai thch thc c
bn ca MANET l t chc li mng khi cc nt di chuyn v x l cc vn v hn ch ca
truyn thng v tuyn.
y l nhng tn ti chung ca c mng MANET v WSN. Tuy nhin vn tn ti mt
s khc bit c bn gia hai mng ny m bo s phn bit gia chng.
Thit b v cc ng dng: ng dng v thit b ca MANET khc WSN. Trong
MANET, u cui c th kh mnh (mt my tnh xch tay hoc mt PDA (Personal Digital
Assistant - Thit b h tr c nhn k thut s)) c ngun pin tng i ln. Cn c thit b
ny v trong cc ng dng MANET in hnh thng c s xut hin ca con ngi: MANET
c s dng cho truyn thng thoi gia hai ng nghip xa, hoc c s dng truy
cp vo mt c s h tng t xa, ging nh mt my ch Web. V vy, thit b phi c
mnh h tr cc ng dng ny.
Nh s dng mt lng ln cc nt cm bin, s dng cng ngh tnh ton v truyn
thng m WSN c th thc hin c rt nhiu ng dng khc nhau. iu khng c ngha
l ch s dng mt gii php m gii quyt c mi yu cu t ra. V d, WSN c th hiu
c rt nhiu mt mng khc nhau, t tha tht dy c, v vy m n s yu cu nhiu
giao thc khc nhau hoc t nht phi l cc giao thc ph hp. S a dng v mt khng
phi l iu ph bin trong cc MANET.
Tng tc vi mi trng: Do cc WSN phi c tng tc vi mi trng nn c
tnh lu lng ca n c th rt khc nhau. Thng thng, cc WSN c tc tc d liu rt
thp mt thi gian di nhng n li c lu lng rt cao khi c hin tng xy ra (v d, i
vi mt h thng thi gian thc l ma hoc bo). Trng thi ngh trong mt thi gian di c
th thay th bng trng thi hot ng rt cao ca mng trong mt thi gian ngn, nng cng
sut ca mng ln gii hn. Trong khi , MANET c s dng h tr nhiu ng dng
thng thng hn (Web, ging ni) vi cc c tnh lu lng khng c s thay i t
bin.
Quy m: Cc WSN thng dng gim st s lng thc th ln hn nhiu (hng
nghn, thm ch hng trm nghn) so vi mng ad hoc.
Nng lng: Trong c hai mng WSN v MANET, nng lng l vn c quan
tm. Cc WSN c yu cu cht ch hn v thi gian s dng, kh nng xc pin hoc thay th
ngun pin ca nt so vi MANET. Do , WSN quan tm nhiu n vic tiu th nng lng

32
hn MANET.
T cu hnh: Tng t nh mng ad hoc, cc WSN yu cu t cu hnh thnh mng kt
ni, nhng s khc bit trong lu lng, s dng nng lng c th i hi gii php khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, v mt ny th MANET v WSN tng t nhau.
tin cy v cht lng dch v: Cc yu cu lin quan n tin cy v cht lng
dch v l kh khc nhau. Trong mt MANET, mi nt ring r u phi c tin cy kh
cao, cn trong mt WSN, mt nt ring r khng ng vai tr quan trng. Cht lng dch v
ca Manet c quyt nh bi cc ng dng truyn thng; i vi WSN, khi nim cht
lng dch v l yu cu hon ton mi, v ng nhin, mng s phi s dng nng lng
thc hin yu cu ny.
Trung tm d liu: Vic trin khai d phng cc nt s lm tng kch thc ca cc
giao thc trung tm d liu trong WSN. Cc giao thc trung tm d liu khng lin quan n
MANET.
Dch chuyn: Vn dch chuyn trong MANET bao gm s dch chuyn cc nt di
chuyn, thay i tuyn ng a bc nhy trong mng v iu ny phi c x l. Trong
mt WSN, vn ny cng c th tn ti nu cc nt cm bin di chuyn. Trong WSN, c hai
vn v dch chuyn cn c quan tm.
Th nht, mng cm bin c th c dng pht hin v quan st mt hin tng vt
l (v d nh trong cc chng trnh pht hin xm nhp). Hin tng ny l nguyn nhn ca
s kin xy ra trong mng (bt bo ng) v cng c th to ra mt s x l cc b (v d, xc
nh xem c thc s c phi l mt k xm nhp?). iu g xy ra nu i tng di
chuyn? V mt l tng, d liu ti mt a im c tp hp li v c th s dng cho a
im gn . Ngoi ra, trong cc ng dng theo di, y l nhim v ng nhin ca mng
m bo mt s hnh thc hot ng xy ra trong cc nt xung quanh hin tng quan st.
Th hai, cc b cha thng tin trong mng (cc nt m thng tin phi c gi n)
cng c th di chuyn. V nguyn tc, iu ny l khng khc vi vic di chuyn ca cc nt
trong MANET thng thng, nhng c th lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca cc giao thc so
vi trng thi tnh.
Hn na, trong MANET v WSN, tnh di ng c th tng quan vi nhau, tc l c
mt nhm cc nt cng di chuyn. V d nh trong MANET l mt nhm ngi i du lch
cng nhau. Trong WSN, s chuyn ng ca cc nt c th bo cun i.
Tm li, tuy c nhng im chung nhng trn thc t, WSN h tr cho cc ng dng rt
khc nhau, chng tng tc vi mi trng vt l v phi xem xt tht cn thn mc u tin
ca cc thng s. iu ny thc s lm nn s khc bit gia WSN v MANET.
1.4.2 Fieldbus and WSN
Fieldbus l mng c thit k c bit cho cc hot ng theo thi gian thc v thng
vi dung sai li nh sn. N c s dng ch yu trong cc ng dng iu khin c xem
nh l mt phn ca vng iu khin. V d nh Profibus v mng Token Bus IEEE 802.4
cho t ng ha nh my hoc bus CAN cho cc mng onboard trong xe hi Do cc yu

33
cu v thi gian thc rt nghim ngt nn cc mng ny thng l mng hu tuyn v ch c
cc lp mt (lp vt l), hai (lp lin kt), v by (lp ng dng) ca m hnh chun OSI
c s dng. Trnh giao tip qua nhiu bc v tr khi i qua cc nt trung gian. Mc d
vy, mt s nghin cu vn lit k fieldbus vo loi truyn thng v tuyn.
Do fieldbus cng quan tm n mi trng vt l m n thu thp d liu cm bin t
a ra cc quyt nh iu khin nn vi ngha ny, n rt ging vi cc WSN. Theo mt
cch hiu no th WSN c th c xem nh fieldbus v tuyn. Tuy nhin vn cn mt s
khc bit: WSN khng ch n vn thi gian thc m n tp trung nhiu hn vo cc
ng dng c th chu c tr. Ngoi ra, vic la chn cc c tnh mt cch ph hp l iu
m WSN mun thc hin (v d nh tnh chnh xc i vi hiu qu nng lng), v iu ny
li khng thng hin din trong fieldbus. Fieldbuses khng n lc bo tn nng lng, v
cc giao thc ca n khng c chun b lm iu .
1.5 Cc k thut cho WSN
Xy dng cc mng cm bin khng dy ch tr thnh hin thc vi mt s tin b c
bn trong cng ngh cho php. Trc ht, l cng ngh ti thiu ho phn cng. Kch
thc ca chip cng nh th mc tiu th in nng cng t, thm ch nm trong kh nng tnh
ton ca WSN. iu ny lin quan c bit n vi iu khin v chip b nh, nhng cc
modem v tuyn, chu trch nhim v phn giao tip v tuyn, s lm cho vic s dng nng
lng c hiu qu hn. Gim kch thc ca chip v hiu qu nng lng ci thin i km vi
chi ph gim, iu ny l cn thit thc hin trin khai d phng cc nt mt cch hp l.
Sau vic thu thp v x l thng tin th thit b cm nhn thc t l cng ngh quan
tm th ba. Rt kh bao qut vn ny v c rt nhiu loi cm bin khc nhau.
Chng 2 s trnh by chi tit hn vn ny.
Ba phn c bn ny ca nt cm bin phi i cng vi ngun cp. Cc yu cu ny ph
thuc vo ng dng, pin c dung lng cao th tui th di. Mt cch l tng, nt cm bin
cng c thit b tm nng lng, np pin bng nng lng ly t mi trng - cc t bo
nng lng mt tri l mt la chn.
Tng ng vi cc cng ngh phn cng c bn l phn mm. Cu hi u tin tr
li y l s phn chia nhim v v chc nng trong mt nt n - kin trc ca h iu
hnh hay mi trng hot ng. Mi trng ny phi h tr vic thc hin li nhim v n
gin, trao i thng tin lin lp v c module cho php thc hin cc bo dng n gin.
Kin trc phn mm trn nt n phi c m rng n kin trc ca mng, ni thc hin
vic phn chia nhim v gia cc nt.


34
CU HI N TP CHNG 1
1. Nu by c im c bn ca WSN
2. Cc yu cu k thut ca WSN
3. Cc k thut yu cu ca WSN
4. So snh mng Ad hoc v WSN
4. So snh Fieldbus v WSN
5. Nu mt s ng dng ca WSN trong cuc sng hng ngy
7. Nu c trng v cu hnh WSN


35
CHNG 2. KIN TRC NT N

Mc ch ca chng
Chng ny gii thch phn t c bn ca WSN l nt, cc nhim v c bn ca n nh
tnh ton, lu tr, giao tip, cm nhn/vn hnh v cc b phn c yu cu thc hin cc
nhim v ny. Khi , tiu th nng lng ca cc b phn ny cng c cp n: nng
lng c th lu tr, thu thp t mi trng v lu gi n bng cch iu khin ch hot
ng ca cc b phn ca nt mt cch thng minh. Vic iu khin ny do mt h iu hnh
ging nh mi trng thc hin quyt nh.
Cui chng, bn c s c nhng hiu bit nht nh v kh nng v nhng hn ch
ca cc nt trong mng cm bin. N l nn tng ca cc chng sau, trong tp trung vo
cc nguyn tc la chn nt cm bin ring r c th kt ni thnh mt WSN.
xy dng mt WSN, yu cu u tin l cc nt hp thnh phi c trin khai v
c th s dng. Cc nt ny phi c cc yu cu t cc yu cu ca ng dng cho: nh, r
hoc hiu qu nng lng, c trang b cc cm bin tt, c kh nng tnh ton v ti nguyn
b nh cn thit, phi thch hp vi cc phng tin truyn thng. Cc b phn phn cng
ny v cu to ca chng trong nt chc nng c cp trong phn 2.1; cng sut tiu th
ca cc b phn ny v cc tho hip c ni n trong phn 2.2. Trong khi chng ny ch
tp trung v nt ring l th vic la chn k thut giao tip c bit cho kin trc ca mng
cm bin khng dy li c m t trong chng 3.
Ngoi phn cng ca cc nt cm bin, h iu hnh v m hnh lp trnh cng l cc
mi quan tm. Phn 2.3 m t nhim v ca h iu hnh, mt s v d v cc giao din lp
trnh ph hp.
2.1 Cc b phn phn cng
2.1.1 Tng quan phn cng ca nt cm bin
Khi chn cc b phn phn cng cho nt cm bin khng dy, r rng l cc yu cu
ca ng dng ng vai tr quyt nh vi mi quan tm ch yu v kch thc, gi thnh v
tiu th nng lng ca cc nt giao tip v cc phng tin tnh ton thng c quan
tm c cht lng chp nhn c, nhng tho hip gia cc c im v chi ph phi l
ct yu. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, ton b nt cm bin phi nh hn 1 cc, nh hn
100 g, r hn 1 USD v s dng t hn 100 W, thm ch c nhng trng hp kch thc thu
gn ch bng ht bi. Trong nhiu ng dng thc t, kch thc ca nt nh khng quan trng
m s thun tin, ngun cp n gin v chi ph ng vai tr quan trng hn.
Tuy a dng nh vy nhng xu hng chung vn l tp trung vo nn tng phn cng
ca cc nt cm bin khng dy. Trong khi ng nhin l khng tn ti sn mt chun s
dng cng nh khng tn ti chun c th h tr cho tt c cc loi ng dng nn phn ny s
a ra ci nhn tng qut v cc kin trc nt cm bin in hnh. Ngoi ra cn c mt s
nghin cu tp trung vo vic rt ngn cc b phn v mt kch thc, tiu th nng lng
hay gi thnh.

36
Mt nt cm bin c bn gm 5 b phn chnh (hnh 2.1):
B iu khin: B iu khin x l tt c d liu c lin quan theo m nh phn.
B nh: Thng thng, b nh c dng lu gi chng trnh v d liu.
Cm bin v c cu chp hnh: y l giao din vi mi trng vt l. Cc thit b
ny c th quan st hoc gim st cc thng s vt l ca mi trng.
Thit b lin lc: Cc nt trong mng i hi mt thit b gi v nhn thng tin qua
knh v tuyn.







Hnh 2.1 Cu trc phn cng ca nt cm bin

Ngun cp: Thng thng, khng c sn ngun cp in nn cn phi c pin cung
cp nng lng, thm ch c pin c th xc t mi trng (pin mt tri).
Mi b phn ny phi hot ng sao cho m bo lng tiu th nng lng l t nht
c th, ng thi phi hon thnh tt c cc nhim v t ra. V d, c hai thit b lin lc v
b iu khin nn c tt cng lu cng tt. Mun thc dy (wakeup), b iu khin c th
s dng mt b m thi gian c lp trnh trc kch hot li. Ngoi ra, cc cm bin c
th c lp trnh to ngt khi mt s kin c xy ra v d nh khi gi tr nhit vt
qu mt ngng nht nh hoc thit b giao tip pht hin c thng tin n.
h tr chc nng cnh bo nh vy, yu cu phi c kt ni ph hp gia cc b
phn ring r. Hn na, c thng tin d liu v iu khin u phi c trao i qua cc kt
ni ny. Kt ni ny c th rt n gin, v d, mt cm bin c th gi gi tr tng t n b
iu khin; hoc phc tp hn l tin x l d liu cm bin v ch nh thc b iu khin
chnh khi mt s kin c pht hin - v d, pht hin ngng qua cho mt cm bin nhit
n gin. Tin x l ca nt cm bin phi m bo tnh n gin v hiu qu nng lng
c ci thin.
2.1.2 B iu khin
B vi iu khin/ vi x l, FPGA v ASIC
B iu khin l ct li ca mt nt cm bin khng dy. N thu thp d liu t cc
cm bin, x l d liu ny, quyt nh thi gian v a im gi d liu n, nhn d liu t
B nh
Cm bin/CCCH Thit b lin lc
Ngun cp
B iu khin

37
cc nt cm bin khc v quyt nh hnh vi ca cc c cu chp hnh. Ngoi ra, n cn thc
hin cc chng trnh khc, sp xp cc giao thc giao tip v x l tn hiu theo thi gian ti
hn v cc chng trnh ng dng. N l khi x l trung tm (CPU) ca nt.
S a dng trong nhim v x l to nn cc kin trc khc nhau ca b iu khin da
trn s tho hip gia linh hot, c tnh, hiu qu nng lng v gi thnh.
Mt gii php l s dng b vi x l cho mc ch chung, nh my tnh bn. y l
nhng b vi x l rt mnh nhng tiu th nng lng qu ln. Cc b x l n gin hn c
th to ra bng cch s dng cc h thng nhng. Cc b x l ny thng c gi l cc b
vi iu khin. c im chnh khin cc vi iu khin c bit ph hp vi cc h thng
nhng l s linh hot trong vic kt ni vi cc thit b khc (nh b cm bin), tp lnh c
thit lp x l tn hiu theo thi gian ti hn, v nng lng tiu th thp. Mt im thun
tin na l n thng c b nh c xy dng bn trong. Ngoi ra, chng c th lp trnh
c nn rt linh hot. Cc vi iu khin cng thch hp cho WSN v n c th gim nng
lng tiu th bng cc trng thi ng, tc l ch c mt s phn ca b iu khin hot
ng. Mt trong nhng khc bit chnh vi cc h thng a dng l h vi iu khin thng
khng c n v qun l b nh nn n phn no hn ch chc nng ca b nh.
Trng hp ring ca b vi x l c th lp trnh c l b x l tn hiu s (DSP -
Digital Signal Processors). y l mt thit b chuyn dng, c trng bi cu trc v tp
lnh, dng x l mt lng ln d liu trong cc ng dng x l tn hiu. Trong nt cm
bin khng dy, DSP nh vy c th c s dng x l d liu t mt thit b lin lc v
tuyn tng t n gin to ra d liu s. Trong giao tip khng dy bng thng rng, DSP
thc s ph hp v c hiu qu. Nhng trong cc mng cm bin khng dy, cc yu cu v
truyn thng khng dy thng khim tn hn nhiu (v d nh n gin, d iu ch, s
dng hiu qu trong phn cng ca thit b lin lc) v cc nhim v x l tn hiu lin quan
n vic cm nhn thc t d liu cng khng qu phc tp. Do , nhng li th ca DSP
thng khng cn thit i vi nt WSN v n thng khng c s dng.
Mt la chn khc cho b iu khin xut pht t yu cu cao v tnh linh hot ca b
vi iu khin l s dng mng cng logic lp trnh c (FPGA Field Programmable Gate
Arrays) hoc mch tch hp chuyn dng (ASIC - Application- Specific Integrated
Circuits). FPGA c th ti lp trnh (hay ti cu hnh) theo yu cu. Tuy nhin, iu ny c
th mt thi gian v nng lng. ASIC l mt b x l chuyn dng v ngi s dng c th
thit k ph hp vi ng dng cho, v d nh cc chuyn mch v nh tuyn tc
cao. Cn nhc trong qu trnh thit k y l phi m bo tho hip gia linh hot v
hiu qu nng lng cng nh cc c tnh ca thit b. Mt khc, khi b vi iu khin i hi
phi pht trin phn mm, ASIC s cung cp chc nng tng t trong phn cng, iu ny s
lm tng gi thnh ca phn cng.
Vi mt ng dng WSN chuyn dng, ni m nhim v cc nt cm bin khng thay
i trong thi gian tn ti v s lng ca chng ln m bo s pht trin trong ASIC
th chng c th c gii php mnh hn. Tuy nhin, vi cng ngh WSN hin nay, cc b vi
iu khin linh hot hn v s dng n gin hn to ra gii php c a thch hn.
Trong phn cn li ca cun sch ny, gi s WSN c kin trc da trn b vi iu

38
khin.
Mt s v d v cc b vi iu khin
Cc b vi iu khin s dng trong mt s mu nt cm bin khng dy l b x l
Atmel hoc MSP 430 ca Texas Instrument. Trong cc mu c hn, b x l Intel StrongArm
cng c dng nhng t lu n khng cn l la chn trn thc t. Tuy nhin, cc tnh cht
l thuyt ca cc b x l v iu khin ny l tng t nhau, cc kt lun t cc nghin cu
gn nht vn c gi tr.
Intel StrongARM
Intel StrongARM trong WSN l mt b x l high-end kh tt, n nh l mt thit b
cm tay, ging cc PDA. Model SA-1100 c li l my tnh c b lnh rt gn 32 bit (RISC
- Reduced Instruction Set Computer) v tc ln n 206 MHz.
Texas Instruments MSP 430
Texas Instrument cung cp mt h cc b vi iu khin di tn gi MSP 430. Khng
ging nh StrongARM, n rt r rng l dng cho cc ng dng nhng. Do , n chy trn
li RISC 16 bit cc tn s clock thp hn nhiu (n 4 MHz) nhng kt hp vi mt lot
cc kh nng kt ni v mt tp lnh i km d x l vi cc kiu ngoi vi khc nhau. N
m t nhng nt ni bt ca mt lng cc RAM trn chip khc nhau (kch thc 2-10 kB),
mt s b chuyn i tng t/s 12 bit v ng h thi gian thc. Hin nhin l n mnh
x l cc nhim v tnh ton ca cc nt cm bin khng dy thng thng.
Atmel ATmega
Atmel ATmega 128L l mt b vi iu khin 8 bit, cng thng dng cho cc ng dng
nhng, c trang b cc giao din bn ngoi dng cho cc thit b ngoi thng thng.
2.1.3 B nh
B nh thng kh n gin. R rng l c nhu cu cho b nh truy cp ngu nhin
(RAM - Random Access Memory) cha d liu c t cm bin trung gian, cc gi tin t
cc nt khc Trong khi RAM c u im l tc nhanh th nhc im chnh ca n l b
mt d liu nu ngun nui b ngt. M chng trnh c th c lu trong b nh ch c
(ROM - Read-Only Memory) hay loi thng dng hn l b nh ch c lp trnh c xo
bng in (EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) hoc b
nh FLASH (loi mi nht tng t nh EEPROM nhng cho php d liu c xo hoc
vit trong cc khi thay v ch theo byte ti mt thi im). B nh FLASH cng c th c
dng lu d liu trung gian trong trng hp RAM khng hoc khi ngun cp ca
RAM tm ngng mt thi gian. Tr truy cp c v vit ca b nh FLASH ln s phi a
vo bo co v n cng yu cu nng lng cao.
Kch thc b nh, c bit l RAM, c th quyt nh gi thnh sn xut v mc tiu
th nng lng. Tuy nhin, cc yu cu ca b nh ph thuc rt nhiu vo ng dng c lin
quan.
2.1.4 Thit b lin lc

39
La chn mi trng truyn dn
Thit b lin lc c s dng trao i d liu gia cc nt ring r. Trong mt s
trng hp, lin lc hu tuyn l mt la chn v thng p dng trong vic ci t mng
cm bin (s dng cc bus trng nh Profibus, LON, CAN ). Cc thit b lin lc cho cc
mng ny thng l cc b phn lm sn theo khch hng.
Trng hp giao tip v tuyn c ch nhiu hn. La chn u tin l mi
trng truyn dn cc la chn thng bao gm tn s v tuyn, thng tin quang v sng
siu m; mi trng khc nh t cm t ch s dng trong cc trng hp rt c bit.
Cc la chn khc nh giao tip da vo tn s v tuyn (RF - Radio Frequency) l thch
hp nht, n cng ph hp vi hu ht yu cu ca cc ng dng WSN: n to ra cc tc
d liu cao v c di tng i rng, t l li chp nhn c mc tiu th nng lng
hp l v khng yu cu ng nhn thng gia ngi gi v ngi nhn.
Vi h thng da vo RF v tuyn thc t, tn s sng mng phi c la chn mt
cch cn thn. Chng 4 s ni r hn v vn ny. Trong phn ny ch cp n cc
mng cm bin khng dy in hnh s dng cc tn s lin lc nm trong khong t 433
MHz n 2.4 GHz.
Cc b thu pht
Hin nay, lin lc yu cu c b pht v b thu trong mt nt cm bin. Nhim v ct
yu l bin i lung bit n t b vi iu khin (hoc dy byte, hoc khung) thnh/t cc
sng v tuyn. i vi cc mc ch thc t, rt thun tin s dng thit b kt hp c hai
nhim v ny trong mt thc th duy nht. Thit b kt hp ny gi l b thu pht. Thng
thng, hot ng bn song cng ny c thc hin khi pht v thu c thc hin cng
thi im trong mi trng v tuyn, iu ny l khng thc t trong hu ht cc trng hp
(b thu ch thng lng nghe b pht ca n). Loi b thu pht c gi thnh thp hu dng
v phng din thng mi s c kt hp trong tt c cc mch c yu cu cho vic
pht v thu iu ch, gii iu ch, cc b khuch i, b lc, b trn la chn ng,
phi hiu c nhim v v cc c tnh chnh ca b thu pht.
Nhim v v cc c tnh ca b thu pht
la chn cc b thu pht ph hp, s lng cc c tnh ca n phi c lit k.
Cc c tnh quan trng nht l:
Phc v lp cao hn
B thu phi hi cc dch v n cc lp cao hn, thng l lp iu khin truy cp
mi trng (MAC - Medium Access Control). Dch v ny c th coi l s nh hng gi
tin, i khi b thu pht ch cung cp giao din byte hoc thm ch ch l giao din bit n
b vi iu khin.
Trong mt s trng hp, b thu pht phi cung cp giao din cho php lp MAC
bt u truyn dn khung v truyn gi tin n b nh chnh ca nt cm bin trong b thu
pht (hoc chm byte hoc bit m khng c yu cu x l thm trong b vi iu khin). Theo
cch khc, cc gi tin n phi thnh lung trong cc b m m c th truy cp bng giao

40
thc MAC.
Cng sut tiu th v hiu qu nng lng
Gii thch n gin nht ca hiu qu nng lng l nng lng yu cu truyn v
nhn 1 bit. Do vy, ph hp cho vic s dng trong cc WSN, b thu pht phi c th
chuyn gia cc trng thi khc nhau, v d nh trng thi hot ng v ng. Cng sut tiu
th nhn ri mi trng thi ny v trong qu trnh chuyn trng thi gia chng l rt quan
trng. iu ny s c gii thiu c th trong phn 2.2.
Tn s sng mang v a knh
Cc b thu pht c cc tn s sng mang khc nhau, ng nhin n phi ph hp vi
cc yu cu ng dng v cc gii hn iu chnh. Thng thng, b thu pht cung cp mt
s tn s sng mang (cc knh) la chn nhm gim vn tc nghn trong mng mt
dy c. Cc knh (hay cc bng con) c lin quan n nhau, v d nh trong cc giao thc
MAC (FDMA hay k thut a knh CSMA/ALOHA chng 5).
Thi gian thay i trng thi v nng lng
B thu pht c th hot ng cc ch khc nhau: gi hoc nhn, s dng cc knh
khc nhau hoc trong cc trng thi an ton ngun khc nhau. Trong mt s trng hp, thi
gian v nng lng yu cu chuyn gia hai trng thi ny l cc h s phm cht quan
trng. V d nh thi gian gia gi v nhn quan trng i vi cc giao thc truy cp mi
trng khc nhau (chng 5).
Tc d liu
Tn s sng mang v bng thng s dng kt hp vi vic iu ch v m ho xc nh
tc d liu. Thng thng, cc gi tr khong vi chc kB/s, nh hn rt nhiu trong lin
lc v tuyn, nhng li cho cc WSN. C th c c cc tc d liu khc nhau, v d
nh bng cch s dng cc s iu ch khc nhau hay thay i tc k hiu.
iu ch
Cc b thu pht thng h tr kho ng m (on/off-keying), ASK, FSK hoc cc s
iu ch tng t. Nu c th dng c mt s s iu ch th s rt thun tin cho
cc cuc th nghim.
M ho
Mt s b thu pht cho php la chn cc s m ho khc nhau.
iu khin cng sut truyn dn
Mt s b thu pht c th a ra iu khin mt cch trc tip qua cng sut truyn
dn m n s dng. Mt s khc li yu cu mch ph cho mc ch ny. Thng thng, ch
c mt s ri rc cc mc in nng l hu dng t c th la chn cng sut truyn
dn. Cng sut u ra cc i thng c xc nh bng cch iu chnh.
H s tp m
H s tp m(NF - noise figure) c nh ngha nh l t s gia t s tn hiu/tp

41
m (SNR - Signal-to-Noise Ratio) u vo SNR
I
v t s tn hiu/tp m u ra SNR
O
ca
phn t:

I
O
SNR
NF=
SNR
(0.1)
N m t s suy bin ca SNR do hot ng ca phn t v thng c tnh theo dB:
( ) ( ) ( )
I O
NF dB =SNR dB -SNR dB (0.2)
H s khuch i
H s khuch i l t s gia cng sut tn hiu ra v cng sut tn hiu vo, c tnh
theo dB. B khuch i c h s khuch i cao l mong mun t c hiu qu nng
lng tt.
Hiu sut
Hiu sut l t s gia cng sut pht v tng cng sut tiu th. Vi mt b khuch i
cng sut, hiu sut l t s gia cng sut tn hiu ra v cng sut tiu th ca ton b
khuch i.
nhy b thu
nhy b thu (theo dBm) l cng sut tn hiu ti thiu b thu cn c c
E
b
/N
0
nh mc hay t s li bit/gi tin nh mc. nhy tt s m rng di cho php ca
h thng.
Di lm vic
Trong khi bng trc gic th di ca b pht r nhng v mt hnh thc th nh
ngha n cn mt s ch . Di c xt n khi khng c nhiu, n hin nhin ph thuc
vo cng sut truyn dn cc i, c tnh ca cc antenna v s suy gim do mi trng.
Khi iu chnh th n ph thuc vo tn s sng mang, s iu ch/ m ho m n s
dng v t l li bit chp nhn c b thu. N cng ph thuc vo cht lng ca b thu.
Cc gi tr thng thng rt kh a ra y nhng n thng nm trong khong t vi mt
n vi trm mt.
Nng sut khi
Nng sut khi ca b thu l t l li bit t c ca n khi c nhiu. Chnh xc hn,
mc cng sut no nhiu ( khong cch c nh) c th c gi mt dch tn cho t
tn s sng mang m mc tiu BER vn c th c p ng? Nhiu dch tn cng cao
th phi chu mc cng sut cng ln. Hin nhin, nng sut khi c th c ci thin bng
cch t b lc gia antenna v b thu pht.
Mt trng hp quan trng l nhiu knh lin k truyn trn cc tn s ln cn. Chn
knh lin k th hin kh nng ca b thu pht lc ra cc tn hiu t cc bng tn lin k
(v do , gim c nhiu knh lin k), n tc ng trc tip n t s tn hiu trn nhiu
v tp m (SINR - Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio).

42
Pht x ngoi bng
Ngc li vi chn knh lin k l pht x ngoi bng ca b pht. hn ch s
nhiu lon ca cc h thng khc hay ca bn thn WSN trong ci t a knh, b pht phi
to ra t nht c th cng sut truyn dn ngoi bng thng quy nh ca n, ch tp trung
quanh tn s sng mang.
Cm nhn sng mang v RSSI
Trong nhiu giao thc iu khin truy cp mi trng, vic cm nhn knh v truyn,
sng mang ang bn (nt khc ang truyn) l mt thng tin cn thit. B thu phi cung cp
c thng tin ny. chnh xc ca cm nhn sng mang ny ph thuc vo cch thc
hin. V d, chun IEEE 802.15.4 phn bit:
Nng lng nhn trn ngng, tuy nhin tn hiu bn di khng cn tun theo iu
ch v cc c tnh ph.
Sng mang phi c pht hin, l mt s tn hiu tun theo iu ch.
Sng mang pht hin v nng lng phi tn ti.
Cng tn hiu ca gi tin nhn c c th l thng tin c ch (v d c lng
th v khong cch t b pht vi gi thit cng sut truyn dn bit). B thu phi cung
cp thng tin ny trong b ch th cng tn hiu nhn c (RSSI - Received Signal
Strength Indicator).
n nh tn s
n nh tn s biu th mc bin i t tn s trung tm danh nh khi cc iu
kin mi trng ca b to dao ng nh nhit , p sut thay i. Trong cc trng hp
c bit, n nh tn s km c th ph hng cc tuyn thng tin, v d nh khi mt nt
c t di nh nng mt tri trong khi ln cn n li ang trong bng rm.
Di in p
Cc b thu pht phi hot ng tin cy trong di in p cung cp. Ni cch khc, cn
phi c mch n nh in p.
Nhiu nh sn xut ch to cc b thu pht ph hp vi WSN. Thng thng, c mt
h cc thit b c chn. Sn phm ph bin hin nay bao gm RFM TR 1001, Chipcon CC
1000 v CC 2420 (nh l mt trong cc model u tin ca IEEE 802.15.4) v h Infineon
TDA525x.
Mt nt ring bit quan trng v l s khc nhau c bn so vi cc thit b lin lc
khc, l cc b thu pht n gin thng thiu thit b nhn dng duy nht. V d, mi
thit b Ethernet c mt a ch mc MAC duy nht nhn dng thit b ny. Vi cc b thu
pht n gin, chi ph thm vo b nhn dng ny tng i ln so vi tng chi ph ca thit
b, do b nhn dng duy nht khng th c mt trn tt c cc thit b. Tnh hu dng ca
b nhn dng thit b ny c ghi nhn trong nhiu giao thc lin lc v s vng mt ca n
s c hu qu ln trong thit k giao thc.
Ci thin cc thit k thng mi ny to ra c tnh tt hn mc tiu th nng

43
lng thp hn v gi thnh gim l cc mc tiu cn hng ti. Nhng kh khn phi i
mt l truyn dn in tr thp hay cc hn ch ca cc b phn RF th ng tch hp.
Kin trc b thu pht
Kin trc chung ca cc b thu pht l u vo tn s v tuyn (RF - Radio Frequency
) v phn bng gc:
u vo tn s v tuyn thc hin x l tn hiu tng t trong di tn s v tuyn
hin ti.
B x l bng gc thc hin x l tt c cc tn hiu trong min s v lin lc vi b
x l ca nt cm bin hay mch s khc.
Gia hai phn ny c mt s chuyn i tn s trc tip hoc thng qua mt/mt vi
tn s trung gian (IF - Intermediate Frequency). Ranh gii gia min tng t v s c to
bi cc b bin i tng t/s (ADC - Analog/Digital Converter) v s/tng t (DAC -
Digital/Analog Converter).
u vo RF thc hin x l tn hiu tng t trong di tn s v tuyn hin ti, v d
nh di 2.4 GHz ISM (cng nghip, khoa hc v y t - Industrial, Scientific, and Medical).
y l giai on u tin ca lin lc gia cc sng in t v x l tn hiu s ca b thu
pht. Mt s thnh phn quan trng trong kin trc u vo RF c phc tho trn hnh 2.2.











Hnh 2.2 u cui RF
B khuch i cng sut (PA - Power Amplifier ) nhn cc tn hiu chuyn i
t IF hoc phn bng tn c s v khuch i chng truyn qua antenna.
B khuch i tp m thp (LNA - Low Noise Amplifier) khuch i tn hiu
n ln cc mc ph hp vi x l tip theo m khng lm gim SNR ng k. Di cng
sut ca tn hiu n thay i t tn hiu rt yu ca cc nt gn ranh gii nhn n cc tn
hiu rt mnh ca cc nt v tr gn. Di ny c th ln n 100 dB. Khng c cc hnh
Giao din
antenna
B khuch
i tp m
thp
(LNA)
B khuch
i cng
sut (PA)
u vo v tuyn
Tn s trung
gian v x l
bng tn c s
Bin i tn s

44
ng iu khin, LNA c kch hot ti mi thi im v c th tiu th mt t l nng
lng ng k ca b thu pht.
Cc thnh phn nh b dao ng hay b dao ng iu khin bng in p v b
trn c s dng bin i tn s t ph RF thnh cc tn s trung gian hoc bng tn
c s. Trong b trn, tn hiu n tn s RF (f
RF
) c nhn vi tn hiu c tn s c
nh t b dao ng cc b (f
LO
). Tn hiu tn s trung gian nhn c c tn s f
LO
-f
RF
.
Ph thuc kin trc u vo RF m cc thnh phn khc nh cc b lc cng c mt.
Cc trng thi hot ng ca b thu pht
Rt nhiu b thu pht c th phn bit c 4 trng thi hot ng sau:
Truyn: trng thi truyn, phn truyn ca b thu pht c kch hot v
antenna bc x nng lng.
Nhn: Trong trng thi nhn, phn nhn c kch hot.
Ngh: B thu pht sn sng nhn nhng hin thi khng nhn c g th ni
rng n ang trng thi ngh. trng thi ny, nhiu phn ca mch thu c kch
hot v mt s khc th c th tt. V d, trong mch ng b, mt s thnh phn lin
quan n vic thu thp d liu c kch hot trong khi cc phn lin quan n vic theo
di c th tt v ch c kch hot khi qu trnh thu thp c kt qu. Myers gii thiu
k thut tt cc phn trong mch thu thp d liu trong IEEE 802.11. Nhn t chnh ca
vic tiu th nng lng l s r r.
Ng: Trong trng thi ng, cc phn quan trng ca b thu pht c tt i. Cc
b thu pht thng c cc trng thi ng khc nhau. Cc trng thi ny khc nhau mch
tt v lin quan n thi gian hi phc v nng lng khi ng.
Ngn xp giao thc ca nt cm bin v phn mm hot ng phi quyt nh xem
trng thi no ca b thu pht c bt da trn yu cu ca cc lin lc hin ti v d
on. Mt vn lm phc tp quyt nh ny l hot ng ca s thay i trng thi
cng lm lng ph nng lng. V d, b thu pht thc dy t trng thi ng chuyn
sang ch truyn yu cu thi gian v nng lng khi ng. Trong thi gian khi
ng, d liu khng th truyn hoc nhn. Vn lch trnh trng thi ca cc nt (tng
ng vi vic tt/bt cc b phn ca nt/b thu pht) cng nh vic ti thiu nng
lng tiu th trung bnh (cn c gi l iu khin nng lng) s kh phc tp.
Cc khi nim v tuyn nng cao
Ngoi cc khi nim c bn v b thu pht trn, mt s khi nim nng cao v
lin lc v tuyn cng l i tng ca cc cng trnh nghin cu hin nay.
Thc dy v tuyn
Quan st khi nim b thu pht c gii thiu trn, mt trong nhng hot ng
cn nhiu nng lng nht l i c truyn v sn sng nhn tin. Trong thi gian
ny, mch ca b thu phi bt, v vy knh v tuyn c th quan st c, s dng nng
lng m khng cn bc trung gian. Trong khi vn tt yu l b thu phi s dng

45
nng lng cho qu trnh i tin th iu mong mun li l n khng mt nng lng khi
nt ch i gi tin n. Kin trc ca b thu cn phi khng yu cu nng lng nhng
vn c th pht hin khi gi tin bt u n. c c mc ch ny, n phi mnh
pht ng mt s kin nhm thng bo n cc b phn khc v vic gi tin n. Da
trn s kin ny, b thu chnh c th c bt v thc hin nhn gi tin hin ti.
Cc khi nim b thu nh vy c gi l cc b thu thc. Mc ch ca n ch l
thc b thu chnh m khng yu cu (mt lng ng k) nng lng. Trong trng hp
n gin nht, vic thc ny s xy ra vi mi gi tin, cn cch phc tp hn l a ra
quyt nh bng cch s dng thng tin a ch ph hp thi im bt u ca mi gi,
nu gi tin n l ch thc s ca nt th b thu chnh mi thc dy.
Cc b thu pht ph rng
Cc khi nim b thu pht n gin da trn cc s iu ch nh kho dch bin
(ASK - Amplitude Shift Keying) hay kho dch tn (FSK - Fre- quency Shift Keying) c
th km cht lng do c tnh b hn ch, c bit trong trng hp c nhiu nhiu.
khc phc hn ch ny, ngi ta s dng cc b thu pht ph rng. Tuy nhin, nhc
im ca cc b thu pht ny l phn cng phc tp v gi thnh cao, chnh iu ny
ngn cn n tr thnh b phn ch o trong cc WSN.
Lin lc bng siu rng
Lin lc bng siu rng l s thay i kh c bn t lin lc khng dy thng
thng nh cp trn. Thay v iu ch, tn hiu s trong tn s sng mang, bng
thng rt rng c dng truyn trc tip dy s nh l nhng xung rt ngn ( to
cc xung gn vung gc th yu cu phi c bng thng ng k do khi nim ny khng
thng s dng). Do , cc xung ny s dng ph ln, bt u t vi Hz ln n vi
GHz. Kh khn y l ng b mt cch c hiu qu gia ngi gi v ngi nhn (
chnh xc ln n 1 phn triu t giy), v vy xung c th c pht hin mt cch
chnh xc.
Bng cch s dng bng tn rng nh vy, lin lc bng siu rng chng cho vi
ph ca h thng v tuyn thng thng. Nhng do s tri rng ca tn hiu nn cng
sut truyn rt nh cng p ng. Cng sut ny c th nh, v vy n bin mt
trong nhiu nn t cc h v tuyn truyn thng.
Thng tin quang
Kahn v cc nh khoa hc khc quan tm n vic s dng tuyn quang gia cc
nt cm bin. u im chnh l nng lng/bit c yu cu cho c vic to v pht hin
nh sng quang rt nh. Diode pht quang (LED - Light-Emitting Diode) n gin l mt
v d cho my pht hiu sut cao. Mch yu cu cho b thu pht quang cng n gin hn
v thit b cng nh hn so vi thit b tn s v tuyn tng ng. Ngoi ra, lin lc c
th ng thi loi b c nhiu. Tuy nhin, nhc im y l giao tip ngang hng
cn phi c kt ni LOS v thng tin quang chu nh hng ln bi cc iu kin thi tit.
Siu m

46
C tn s v tuyn v thng tin quang u ph hp vi cc mi trng ngoi tri.
Tuy nhin, trong mt s ng dng, cc nt cm bin ch s dng trong mi trng m
sng v tuyn hay thng tin quang khng th dng do cc sng ny khng xuyn qua mi
trng c. Nc l mt trong nhng mi trng nh vy v ng dng l gim st s n
mn ca y bin gip xy dng nhng cnh ng gi ngoi khi. Cc cm bin
phi c trin khai di y bin v phi c s lin lc vi nhau. Trong mi trng di
nc nh vy, siu m l mt mi trng lin lc l tng, n c th truyn qua khong
cch tng i di vi nng lng tng i nh.
2.1.5 Cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh
y ch l nhng quan im th v cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh s dng trong
WSN.
Cm bin: Cm bin c th c chia ra lm ba loi:
Cm bin n hng, th ng: Cc cm bin ny c th o i lng vt l nt
cm bin m khng cn iu khin mi trng bng cch tm kim hot ng, theo hng ny
n c gi l th ng. Hn na, mt s cc cm bin ny cn c ngun nng lng ring,
tc chng c th c nng lng cn thit t mi trng nng lng ch cn khuch i
tn hiu tng t. Khng cn quan tm n phng hng trong cc php o ny. V d
in hnh cho loi cm bin ny l nhit k, cm bin nh sng, dao ng, micro, m
Cc cm bin chm hp, th ng: Cc cm bin ny cng l th ng nhng phi
xc nh c phng hng ca php o. V d in hnh l camera, n c th thc hin
cc php o theo hng cho, nhng n cng c th quay nu c yu cu.
Cc cm bin ch ng: Nhm cm bin cui cng tm kim mi trng mt cch
ch ng, v d nh cm bin siu m hoc radar v mt s loi cm bin a chn, n to ra
cc sng xung kch bng cc ting n nh.
Trn thc t, cc cm bin loi ny c th s dng theo nhiu dng khc nhau vi cc
c trng ring. Hin nhin, cc tho hip y bao gm chnh xc, tin cy, tiu th
nng lng, chi ph, kch thc Mi nt cm bin u c mt vng bao ph no m
, n c th c bo co tin cy v chnh xc lin quan n i lng m n quan st. C th
hn, m hnh pht hin cm bin c s dng, n lin quan n khong cch gia cm bin
v s kin hay i tng phi pht hin c c xc sut pht hin i tng.
Cc c cu chp hnh
Cc c cu chp hnh cng a dng nh cm bin v dng thit k WSN, chng
thng n gin hn v cch m t. V c bn, tt c cc nt cm bin u c th ng, m
mt chuyn mch hay r le hoc dng t gi tr theo mt s cch. Liu chng c iu
khin c ng c, bng n hay cc i tng vy l khc m khng cn quan tm ti cc
giao thc lin lc c thit k khng? Cun sch ny s xem xt cc c cu chp hnh mt
cch kh s lc v khng c s phn bit gia cc loi khc nhau.
Tuy nhin trong mng thc t, ta phi quan tm n c im ring ca cc loi c cu
chp hnh khc nhau. Ngoi ra, c c mt thit k tt trong cc ng dng h thng

47
nhng th cn phi kt hp c cu chp hnh vi cm bin iu khin.
2.1.6 Ngun cung cp ca cc nt cm bin
Vi cc nt cm bin, ngun cung cp l mt b phn khng th thiu. N c hai kha
cnh c bn: th nht l nng lng d tr v ngun cung cp theo cc dng yu cu; th hai
l c gng b sung ngun nng lng tiu th bng cch tm kim n t ngun cung cp
bn ngoi nt theo thi gian.
Nng lng d tr thng dng pin. Pin AA thng cha khong 2.2 2.5 Ah 1.5 V.
Nng lng d tr: Pin
Pin truyn thng
Ngun cung cp ca nt cm bin l pin, n c th khng xc li c (pin chnh), hoc
xc li c (pin ph) nu thit b tm kim nng lng trn nt.
mt s dng khc, pin d tr nng lng dng in ho cc cht ho hc l nhn t
xc nh chnh trong k thut ca pin. Pin c cc yu cu sau:
Dung lng: Chng phi c dung lng cao, trng lng nh, th tch nh, gi thnh
thp. n v chnh l nng lng /th tch (J/cm
2
). Bng 2.1 ch ra mt s gi tr tiu biu ca
mt nng lng s dng cc cng ngh pin c quy m ln, truyn thng.
Pin chnh
Nng lng ho hc
(J/cm
2
)
Pin km khng kh
3780
Lithium
2880
Alkaline
1200
Pin ph
Nng lng ho hc
(J/cm
2
)
Lithium
1080
NiMHd
860
NiCd
650
Bng 2.1 Mt nng lng ca cc loi pin chnh v ph khc nhau.
Dung lng di ti: Pin c s dng trong cc m hnh khc nhau v nt cm bin
c th tiu thc cc mc nng lng rt khc nhau theo thi gian v thm ch s dng dng
ln trong mt s ch hot ng no .
Nng lng tiu th ca cc nt WSN thay i (xem chi tit phn 2.2) v do , rt
kh a ra cc nguyn tc chnh xc. Nhng vi hu ht cng ngh, pin cng ln th c th
cung cp cng nhiu nng lng ngay lp tc. Hn na, dung lng pin c ch r bi nh
sn xut ch c gi tr khi dng phng in cc i khng b vt qu v dung lng c th b
gim hoc pin b hng trc thi hn.
t phng in: t phng in ca chng phi thp, phi s dng c trong
thi gian di (bng cch s dng cc cng ngh no , pin ch hot ng trong vi thng).
V d, cc pin km khng kh (Zinc-air batteries) c tui th rt ngn (tnh theo tun)
nhng b li, n c mt nng lng cao.
Xc pin: Xc phi c hiu qu, thm ch khi ngun xc thp v khng lin tc.

48
Mt s k thut tm kim nng lng m t di y ch c th to ra dng c A
(nhng c th duy tr lin tc) ti mc in p ch vi vn. Cng ngh pin hin nay v c bn
khng xc cc gi tr ny.
S hi pin: Hiu ng hi pin - ging nh t xc li pin ht hoc gn ht khi pin khng
cn dng, da trn cc qu trnh khuch tn ho hc bn trong cell. Tui th v dung lng
ca pin c th m rng mt cch ng k nu ly hiu ng ny lm n by. Nh trong mt v
d, c th dng nhiu pin mc song song v lch trnh xc pin ph thuc vo cc tnh cht hi
pin v cc yu cu nng lng ca cc hot ng c h tr.
Bin i DC - DC
Khng may, pin (hay dng d tr nng lng khc) khng chp nhn ngun cp trc
tip cho nt cm bin. Mt vn thng thng l in p ca pin gim khi dung lng ca
n gim. Do , nu dng ngun yu cung cp cho cc mch ca nt cm bin th n s nh
hng trc tip n cc tn s b dao ng v cng sut truyn dn nt c pin yu s c
di truyn dn nh hn nt c pin kho.
Mt b bin i DC DC c th s dng vt qua vn ny bng cch iu
chnh in p cung cp cho cc mch ca nt. m bo in p khng i mc d in
p cung cp cho pin c th gim, b bin i DC DC phi nng dng t pin cao ln khi
pin b yu i. Mc d b bin i DC DC khng tiu th nng lng cho cc hot ng
ca n nhng n lm gim hiu qu ca pin. Nhn chung, b bin i ny c u im nhiu
hn nhc im.
Tm kim nng lng: Mt s cch d tr nng lng gii thiu trn tri vi thng
l - cc pin nhin liu, ng c nhit cc nh, tnh phng x - bin i nng lng c d
tr thnh in d s dng hn nng lng t pin. Ton b ngun nng lng c d tr
trn bn thn nt mt khi ngun cung cp nhin liu ht th nt s hng.
m bo cc nt v WSN tn ti trong mt thi gian di th ngun nng lng b hn
ch l khng chp nhn c. Hn na, nng lng t mi trng ca nt phi c ly v
lm cho ph hp vi nt tm kim nng lng phi c thc hin.
2.2 Tiu th nng lng ca cc nt cm bin
2.2.1 Cc trng thi hot ng vi mc tiu th cng sut khc nhau.
Nh ni phn trc, ngun nng lng cho nt cm bin l pin c dung lng
nh, c th xc li bng cch tm kim nng lng rt phc tp v khng n nh. Do ,
tiu th nng lng ca nt cm bin phi c gim st mt cch cht ch. Thnh phn
tiu th nng lng chnh l b iu khin, u vo v tuyn n mt s mc b nh v
ph thuc vo loi cm bin.
Mt ng gp quan trng lm gim tiu th cng sut ca cc thnh phn ny l
thit k cc chip cng sut thp. Nhng iu ny mi chim mt na thnh cng v mt s
u im ca cc thit k ny d b ph phm khi cc thnh phn hot ng khng ng
cch.
Quan st nhn thy rng phn ln thi gian nt cm bin khng dy khng lm g. Do

49
, tt nht l nn tt n i. ng nhin, n c th thc tr li trn c s ca cc tc nhn
bn ngoi hay trn c s thi gian. Do vy, tt hon ton mt nt l khng th nhng trng
thi hot ng ca n c th ph hp vi cc nhim v. Gii thiu v s dng nhiu trng
thi hot ng vi mc tiu th nng lng gim bng cch gim chc nng l cng ngh
ct li cho nt cm bin khng dy c hiu qu nng lng. S tht l phng php ny
c bit n t phn cng my tnh c nhn chun, v d nh giao din ngun v cu
hnh nng cao (ACPI - Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) a ra mt trng
thi trnh by ton b b my hot ng v bn trng thi ng ca chc nng phn loi/tiu
th nng lng/thi gian thc (thi gian cn thit quay tr li trng thi hot ng hon
ton).
Cc ch ny c th a vo tt c cc thnh phn ca nt cm bin, c th l b
iu khin, u vo v tuyn, b nh v cc cm bin. Cc m hnh khc nhau thng h
tr cho s lng cc trng thi ng khc nhau vi cc c tnh khc nhau. Vi b iu
khin, cc trng thi in hnh l hot ng, ngh v ng ; Mt modem v tuyn c
th tt/bt b pht, b thu hoc c hai. Cc cm bin v b nh cng c th tt/bt.
Trong khi m hnh trng thi ng c chn lc d hiu th s phc tp li nm
vic truyn dn gia cc trng thi theo thi gian v nng lng. Gi thit thng thng l
trng thi ng cng su th thi gian v nng lng n cn dy v quay tr li trng thi
hot ng hon ton cng ln. Do , v phng din tiu th nng lng th nn duy tr
trng thi ngh thay v chuyn n cc trng thi ng su hn.

Hnh 2.3 Tit kim nng lng v chi ph cho cc ch ng
Hnh 2.3 m t kin ny da trn m hnh thng s dng. thi im t
1
, quyt
nh liu thit b (b vi iu khin) c chuyn sang trng thi ng gim nng lng tiu
th t P
active
sang P
sleep
khng? Nu n vn hot ng v s kin tip theo xy ra ti thi
im t
event
th nng lng tng E
active
= P
active
(t
event
t
1
) c s dng mt cch v ch.
t thit b trng thi ng th n yu cu thi gian
down
cho n khi t c trng thi
ng. n gin ho, gi s rng tiu th nng lng trung bnh trong giai on ny l (P
active

+ P
sleep
)/2. Khi P
sleep
l nng lng c tiu th cho n thi im t
event
. Gp li, nng
lng
down
(P
active
+P
sleep
)/2 + (t
event
t
1

down
)P
sleep
c yu cu trong trng thi ng,
ngc li l nng lng (t
event
t
1
)P
active

khi vn hot ng. Do , s tit kim nng lng
y l :

50

( )
( )
( )
down active sleep
saved event 1 active
event 1 down sleep
2

P P /
E t t P
t t P
| |
t +
|
=
|
+ t
\ .
(0.3)
Mt khi s kin xy ra:

( )
overhead up active sleep
2 E P P / = t + (0.4)
l nng lng b sung quay tr li trng thi hot ng trc khi s kin c th x l, vi
gi thit n gin v tiu th nng lng trung bnh trong thi gian b sung. Nng lng ny
l chi ph chung do khng nhn c hot ng hu dng no trong thi gian ny. R rng,
chuyn sang ch ng ch c li nu E
overhead
< E
saved
, hay tng t, nu thi gian s kin
tip theo xy ra l ln :
( )
active sleep
event 1 down up
active sleep
1
2
P P
t t
P P
| | +
> t + t |
|

\ .
(0.5)
2.2.2 Tiu th nng lng b vi x l
Tiu th cng sut c bn trong cc trng thi hot ng ri rc.
Cc b iu khin nhng thng thc hin nhiu trng thi hot ng nh lit k
trn. N cng tng i d iu khin. Mt s v d sau l cch gii thch tt nht cho kin
ny.
Intel StrongARM
The Intel StrongARM cung cp ba ch ng:
ch bnh thng, tt c cc phn ca b x l c cp ngun y . Nng
lng tiu th ln n 40 mw.
ch ngh, clock ca CPU b dng, clock gn vi thit b ngoi vi c kch hot.
Mt s ngt s lm cho n quay tr v ch bnh thng. Cng sut tiu th ln n 100
mW.
ch ng, ch clock thi gian thc l vn hot ng. Thc xy ra sau khi b nh
thi ngt 160 ms. Cng sut tiu th ln n 50 s.
Texas Instruments MSP 430
H MSP430 m t mt di rng cc ch hot ng: mt ch hot ng y
tiu th khong 1.2 mW (tt c gi tr nng lng c cho 1 MHz v 3V). Tng cng c
tt c 4 ch ng. Ch ng su nht, LPM4, ch tiu th 0.3 W nhng b iu khin ch
thc t cc ngt bn ngoi. Ch cao hn tip theo, LMP3, clock vn chy v c th c
s dng ln lch trnh qu trnh thc, n tiu th nng lng khong 6 W.
Atmel ATmega
Atmel ATmega 128L c su ch tiu th nng lng, v nguyn tc c bn n
ging nh MSP 430 nhng khc nhau mt s chi tit. Tiu th cng sut thay i trong

51
khong 6 mW n 15 mW cc trng thi ngh v thc, khong 75 W cc ch tt
ngun.
Thang in p ng
C th phc tp hn cc trng thi hot ng ri rc l s dng khi nim lin tc ca
lin lc chc nng/ngun bng cch thch ng tc vi cc hot ng ca b iu khin.
tng ny chn tc tt nht c th tnh ton nhim v phi hon thnh theo cc gii
hn cho. Mt gii php hin nhin l bt b iu khin ch hot ng hon ton, tnh
ton nhim v tc cao nht v quay tr v trng thi ng nhanh nht c th.
Phng php khc l tnh ton nhim v ch tc yu cu kt thc n trc thi
hn. L do c bn l b iu khin chy tc thp hn th tc clock cng thp hn,
tiu th t nng lng hn tc cc i. iu ny l do ngun cp c th gim cc tc
clock thp hn nhng vn m bo hot ng ng. K thut ny gi l thang in p ng
(DVS - Dynamic Voltage Scaling).
K thut ny c li i vi cc chip CMOS: khi cng sut tiu th thc t P t l vi
bnh phng in p cung cp V
DD
th gim in p l cch hiu qu gim cng sut tiu
th. Cng sut tiu th cng ph thuc vo tn s f, do P ~ f.V
2
DD
.
Thang in p ng cng gim tiu th nng lng. V d, b x l Transmeta Crusoe
c thang in p t 700 MHz 1.65 V xung n 200 MHz 1.1 V. Cng sut tiu th gim
theo tha s 700.(1.65)
2
/200.(1.1)
2
= 7.875, nhng tc ch gim theo tha s 700/200 =
3.5. Do nng lng yu cu/lnh gim 3.5/7.875 ~ 44%. Cc b x l v vi iu khin
khc cng tng t nh vy. Hnh 2.4 l v d v StrongARM SA-1100. L do cui cng ca
s ci tin ny l hnh dng li ca hm cng sut theo tc khi thay i ngun cung cp.

Hnh 2.4 Nng lng/hot ng vi di in p ng trn Intel StrongARM-1100
Khi p dng di in p ng ta phi ch b iu khin hot ng theo cc c
im k thut ca n. Tn ti tc clock cc i v cc tiu cho mi thit b v ti mi tc

52
li c ngng cc i v cc tiu phi tun theo. Do , khi khng c g x l th cc
ch ng cng vn l mt la chn. Mun s dng in p tu th phi c b bin i DC
DC thc s hiu qu.
2.2.3 B nh
Trn gc nhn nng lng, loi thch hp nht l b nh trn chip ca b vi iu khin
hay b nh FLASH, RAM ngoi chip rt t khi s dng. Thc t l cng sut cn cho b nh
trn chip thng nm trong lng cng sut tiu th cho ca cc b iu khin.
Do , ph hp nht vn l b nh FLASH, cu trc v cc s dng ca b nh
FLASH c th nh hng nghim trng ti tui th ca nt. Cc thng s c lin quan l thi
gian c, vit v nng lng tiu th.
Tt c thng tin ny u c th bit c t di d liu ca nh sn xut v thay i
ph thuc vo mt s yu t. Thi gian c v nng lng tiu th cho vic c thng
tng ng nhau gia cc loi b nh FLASH khc nhau. Vit li phc tp hn mt cht,
n ph thuc vo loi d liu m n truy cp (cc byte ring l hay cc trang c kch thc
khc nhau). Mt phng tin dng so snh l nhn vo s lng vit ln trn ton chip.
S khc nhau ng k l nng lng tiu th cho vic xo v vit, t l ln n 900:1 gia cc
loi b nh khc nhau.
Do , vit trong b nh FLASH c th l nhim v tiu tn nng lng v thi gian
v tt nht l nn trnh, nu c th.
2.2.4 Cc b thu pht v tuyn
B thu pht v tuyn c hai nhim v cn thit: truyn v nhn d liu gia cc cp
nt. Tng t nh cc b vi iu khin, cc b thu pht v tuyn c th hot ng cc ch
khc nhau, ch n gin nht l tt/bt. c c mc tng nng lng tiu th thp
cn thit, n phi c tt trong hu ht thi gian v ch c kch hot khi cn thit n
lm vic vi h s lp y (duty cycle l t l thi gian hot ng trn thi gian mt chu
k) thp. Nhng iu ny s lm tng phc tp, thi gian v nng lng.
M hnh tiu th nng lng trong khi truyn
V mt nguyn tc, nng lng dng cho b pht ly t hai ngun. Phn th nht l do
vic to tn hiu RF, n ph thuc ch yu vo s iu ch v khong cch mc tiu v do
, cng sut truyn dn P
tx
l cng sut pht x bi antenna. Phn th hai l do cc thit b
in cn tng hp tn s, bin i tn s, cc b lc... Cc gi tr ny v c bn l khng
i.
Mt trong nhng quyt nh quan trng nht l khi no truyn gi tin ph thuc vo
vic chn P
tx
. Gi s cng sut truyn mong mun P
tx
bit, ph thuc vo cc thng s
ca h thng nh nng lng/ nhiu v tp m E
b
/N
0
, h s bng thng
BW
, khong cch d
v h s suy hao ng truyn .
Cng sut truyn c to bi b khuch i ca my pht. Cng sut tiu th P
amp
ca
n ph thuc vo kin trc b khuch i nhng trn tt c, n ph thuc vo cng sut m
n to ra. Trong m hnh n gin nht, hai gi tr ny t l vi nhau, nhng y l trng

53
hp qu n gin. Vi m hnh phc tp hn, gi s rng mc cng sut khng i no
lun c yu cu, khng ph thuc vo cng sut pht x, cng thm lch t l:

amp amp amp tx
= + . P P o | (0.6)
Trong o
amp
, |
amp
l cc hng s ph thuc vo cng ngh x l v kin trc b
khuch i.
V d, theo Min v Chandrakasan, vi cc nt AMPS-1,
amp
= 174 mW v
amp
=
5.0. Do , hiu sut ca b khuch i cng sut
PA
vi cng sut pht x P
tx
= 0 dBm
= 1 mW l:

tx
PA
amp
1 mW
= 0 55
174 5 0 1 mW
P
. %
P . *
= ~
+
(0.7)
M hnh ny cho thy hiu sut ca b khuch i P
tx
/ P
amp
l tt nht khi cng sut
u ra t cc i. Tuy nhin, cng sut cc i khng cn thit trong cc trng hp thng
thng nn thit k ny khng phi l ci c li nht. V d, trong cc h thng t bo, b
khuch i thng khng hot ng cng sut u ra cc i. Trong khi khng hiu ti
sao li a iu ny vo cc WSN nhng n em li kt qu tht bt ng i vi cc
mng dy c khi s dng cc b khuch i c cc c tnh hiu sut khc nhau.
Sau y ta s xem xt m hnh trong phng trnh (0.6). Ngoi b khuch i, mch
khc cng s c cp ngun trong qu trnh truyn dn, v d nh cc b x l bng tn c
bn. Ngun ny c gi l P
txElec
.
Nng lng truyn gi tin c di n bit (bao gm tt c cc header) khi ph
thuc vo thi gian gi gi tin, c xc nh bi tc bit danh nh R, tc m ho
R
code
v tng nng lng tiu th trong qu trnh truyn dn. Nu b thu pht c bt trc
khi truyn th chi ph khi ng cng phi tnh n (hu ht dng sp xp cc b dao
ng iu khin bng in p, cc vng lp kho pha). Phng trnh (2.8) tng kt tt cc
hot ng ny :

( ) ( )
tx code amp start start txElec amp
code
n
E n, R , P T .P P P
R.R
= + + (0.8)
Trong T
start
, P
start
l thi gian v nng lng khi ng. Ta thy rng phng
trnh ny khng ph thuc vo s iu ch c chn cho qu trnh truyn dn. Cc
php o da trn phn cng IEEE 802.11 ch ra rng c cht ph thuc vo s iu
ch, nhng s khc nhau gia 1 Mbit/s v 11 Mbit/s nh hn 10% cho tt c cc gi tr cng
sut truyn dn c tnh n. V vy, y l mt s n gin ho c th chp nhn c.
Tuy nhin, vi gi thit l chi ph m ho ch ph thuc vo tc m th y l mt
gi thit c th chp nhn c. Trong m hnh ny, khng xt n hiu qu ca antenna,
tc ta gi thit rng c mt antenna hon ho. Nu khng s c s suy gim cng sut
gia u ra ca PA v cng sut pht x.
M hnh ny c th d dng c nng cp bng cc tc dng ca m ho hiu chnh
phng li (FFC - Forward Error Correction). FFC s tng s lng bit c hiu chnh m

54
nng lng cho vic m ho li khng ng k.
M hnh tiu th nng lng trong khi nhn
Tng t nh b pht, b thu cng c th tt hoc bt. Khi bt, n c th ch ng
nhn tin hoc ngh, quan st knh truyn v sn sng nhn. Hin nhin, tiu th nng lng
trong khi tt l khng ng k. S khc nhau gia trng thi nhn v ngh l rt nh, thm ch
trong hu ht mc ch, n c gi thit bng 0 (tc khng c s khc nhau).
gii thch, nng lng P
rcvd
yu cu nhn tin c thnh phn khi ng T
start
P
start

tng t nh trng hp truyn khi khi b thu tt ( y thi gian khi ng bng vi vic
truyn v nhn). N cng l thnh phn t l vi thi gian gi tin n/R.R
code
. Trong thi gian
nhn thc t ny, mch b thu c ni vi ngun, v d n yu cu ngun P
rxElec
iu
khin LNA trong u vo RF. Thnh phn cui cng l chi ph gii m E
decBit
, n c mi
bit, chi ph gii m ny c th ph thuc ng k vo FEC m n s dng. Phng trnh (2.9)
s tng kt cc thnh phn ny :

rcvd start start rxElec decBit
code
n
E T P P nE
R.R
= + + (0.9)
Nng lng gii m tng i phc tp i vi m hnh, n ph thuc vo cc tham s
ca phn cng v h thng (v d nh n c th c thc hin trong phn cng chuyn dng
nh b gii m Viterbi chuyn dng cho cc m chp), ngun cung cp, thi gian gii m/bit
(ph thuc vo tc x l, b nh hng bi cc k thut nh DVS), di rng buc K ca
m ang s dng v cc tham s khc.
K hiu M t V d v b thu pht
AMPS-1 WINS DEDUSA-II
o
amp
Phng trnh (0.6) 174 mW N/A N/A
|
amp
Phng trnh (0.6) 5.0 8.9 7.43
P
amp
B khuch i cng sut 179-674 mW N/A N/A
P
rxElec
Nng lng nhn 279 mW 368.3 mW 12.48 mW
P
rxIdle
Ngh nhn N/A 344.2 mW 12.34 mW
P
Start
Nng lng khi ng 58.7 mW N/A N/A
P
txElec
Nng lng truyn 151 mW ~386 mW 11.61 mW
R Tc truyn 1 Mbps 100 kbps OOK 30 kpbs
ASK 115.2 kbps
T
Start
Thi gian khi ng 466 s N/A N/A
Bng 2.2 Mt s tham s v tiu th nng lng ca b thu pht (N/A : khng cho php)

2.2.5 Mi quan h gia tnh ton v lin lc
Nhn vo tng s tiu th nng lng ca cc b vi iu khin v b thu pht v tuyn,
mt cu hi t ra l cch tt nht s dng cc ngun nng lng qu bu ca nt cm bin

55
l g? Gi d liu i hay tnh ton n s tt hn? Mi quan h v tiu th nng lng gia
vic gi d liu v tnh ton l g?
Mt ln na, mi quan h ny ph thuc phn ln v phn cng ring bit ang s
dng. Vic tnh mt lnh n trn b vi iu khin yu cu khong 1 nJ. 1 nJ gi mt
mu n trong b thu pht v tuyn. Cc b thu pht bluetooth cho rng yu cu 100 nJ
truyn mt bit n. i vi phn cng khc, t l tiu th nng lng gi mt bit so vi
vic tnh mt lnh n khong t 1500 n 2700 i vi cc nt Rockwell, t 220 n 2900
i vi cc nt MEDUSA II v khong 1400 i vi cc nt WINS NG 2.0.
R rng l lin lc tn nhiu nng lng hn tnh ton nhng nng lng dng tnh
ton khng th d dng b qua.
2.2.6 Tiu th nng lng ca cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh
a ra nguyn tc v tiu th nng lng ca cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh thc t
l iu khng th v chng rt a dng, v d nh cc cm bin nhit hay nh sng th
ng th nng lng tiu th c th b qua so vi cc thit b khc trn nt v tuyn. Vi cc
thit b tch cc, v d nh nh rada siu m, th nng lng tiu th li ng k v phi xt
n kch thc ca ngun cung cp trn nt cm bin, khng c hot ng qu mc ca
pin.
Hn na, tc mu thc s quan trng, khng ch mu c tn s cng ln th yu cu
nng lng t cc cm bin cng nhiu m d liu phi x l cng tng ln v c th phi lin
lc n mt ni no na.
Cm bin chnh
xc
Tnh
hon i
Tc mu
(Hz)
Khi ng
(ms)
Dng
(mA)
in tr quang N/A 10 % 2000 10 1.235
Nhit I2C 1 K 0.2 K 2 500 0.15
Kh p 1.5 mbar 0.5 % 10 500 0.01
Bar. p sut. nhit 0.8 K 0.24 K 10 500 0.01
m 2 % 3 % 500 500-3000 0.775
Pin nhit in 3K 5 % 2000 200 0.17
Nhit k 5 K 10 % 2000 10 0.126
Bng 2.3 V d v mt s c tnh ca cc cm bin

2.3 Cc h iu hnh v mi trng thc hin
2.3.1 Cc h iu hnh nhng
Nhim v thng thng ca mt h iu hnh l iu khin v bo v truy cp ti cc
ti nguyn (bao gm s h tr cho u vo/u ra), qun l s cp pht n cc ngi dng
khc nhau v h tr vic thc hin cng lc ca mt s qu trnh v lin lc gia cc qu trnh

56
ny. Tuy nhin, cc nhim v ny ch c yu cu mt phn trong h thng nhng v vic
thc hin m lnh c nhiu hn ch v thng ph hp hn trong cc h thng a dng.
ng hn, mt h iu hnh hay mi trng thc hin cng n gin th cng ph hp.
WSN s h tr cc nhu cu chuyn dng ca chng. c bit, nhu cu v hiu qu nng lng
s yu cu s h tr qun l nng lng, v d nh iu khin tt ca cc thnh phn ring
r hay k thut thang in p ng (DVS). Cc thnh phn bn ngoi nh cc cm bin,
modem v tuyn hay cc b nh thi phi c x l mt cch d dng v c hiu qu, phi
x l c thng tin khng ng b (ti thi im bt k).
Tt c iu ny yu cu mt m hnh lp trnh ph hp, mt phng php r rng
xy dng ngn xp giao thc v h tr r rng cho vic qun l nng lng.
2.3.2 M hnh lp trnh v cc giao din lp trnh ng dng
Lp trnh iu khin
Cu hi u tin cho m hnh lp trnh l n h tr iu khin nh th no? H tr thc
hin iu khin l iu ct yu ca cc nt WSN v chng s dng d liu n t cc ngun
khc nhau (t nhiu cm bin hay b thu pht v tuyn) ti cc thi im bt k. V d, h
thng c th thm d cm bin quyt nh xem d liu c hu dng v c x l ng
cch hay khng, sau thm d b thu pht kim tra xem liu gi tin c hu dng khng
ri x l gi tin ngay lp tc (hnh 2.5). M hnh tun t n gin nh vy (hnh 2.5(a)) s
hot ng vi nguy c b mt gi tin trong khi gi tin c x l hoc khi thng tin t cm
bin c x l. Nguy c ny s cao nu qu trnh x l d liu t cm bin hay cc gi tin
n chim mt lng ln thi gian. Do , m hnh lp trnh tun t, n gin r rng l
khng hiu qu.












Hnh 2.5 Hai m hnh khng tng thch vi h iu hnh WSN
Cm bin hi vng
X l d liu cm bin
B thu pht hi vng
X l gi tin nhn
M hnh lp trnh tun t
(a)
X l qu trnh
cm bin
X l qu trnh
gi tin
Chuyn qu trnh
OS trung gian
M hnh lp trnh da trn qu trnh
(b)

57
iu khin da trn qu trnh
Cc h iu hnh a dng hin i nht h tr thc hin iu khin nhiu qu trnh trn
CPU n l. Do , phng php da trn qu trnh l la chn u tin h tr vic iu
khin trong nt cm bin, n c m t trong phn (b) hnh 2.5. Trong khi phng php ny
lm vic theo nguyn tc th vic sp xp m hnh thc hin cc qu trnh iu khin m nt
cm bin li c mt s im khng ph hp: cc chc nng/lp giao thc ring r tng
ng vi cc qu trnh ring r s i hi chi ph cao khi chuyn t qu trnh ny sang qu
trnh khc. Vn ny c bit nghim trng nu cc nhim v thc hin nh so vi chi ph
dng chuyn gia cc nhim v m iu ny thng xy ra trong cc mng cm bin. Mi
qu trnh yu cu mt khng gian ngn xp trong b nh, iu ny khng ph hp vi rng
buc nghim ngt v b nh ca cc nt cm bin.
Lp trnh da trn s kin
Vi cc l do ny, m hnh lp trnh hi khc mt cht dng nh thch hp hn.
tng ny dng c tnh tc ng tr li ca nt WSN v tch hp n trong thit k h iu
hnh. H thng cn i s kin xy ra trong khi s kin c th l d liu hu dng t cm
bin, l gi tin n hoc s kt thc ca b nh thi. S kin nh vy sau c x l bi
mt chui lnh ngn ch lu gi s tht l s kin xy ra v lu gi thng tin cn thit,
v d nh gi tin n hoc gi tr ca cm bin. Qu trnh x l thc t thng tin ny khng
c thc hin trong cc th tc b x l s kin ny m n c tch t s xut hin thc t
ca cc s kin. M hnh lp trnh da trn s kin c biu din trn hnh 2.6.

Hnh 2.6 M hnh lp trnh da trn s kin
B x l s kin nh vy c th ngt qu trnh x l ca bt k m thng thng no
nu n rt n gin v ngn, n c th c yu cu kt thc nhanh trong tt c cc tnh
hung m khng lm xo trn m khc mt cch qu ng. Cc b x l s kin khng th
ngt ln nhau nhng n d dng thc hin lin tip nhau.
M hnh lp trnh da trn s kin phn bit hai tnh hung khc nhau: mt cho cc b
x l s kin thi gian ti hn, ni m qu trnh thc hin khng th ngt v mt cho qu
trnh x l m thng thng, n ch c khi ng bi cc b x l s kin.
Li so snh c tnh ca m hnh lp trnh da trn qu trnh v da trn s kin trn
cng mt phn cng v nhn thy rng c tnh c ci thin theo tha s 8, cc yu cu b
nh lnh/d liu gim theo cc tha s 2 v 30, cng sut tiu th gim theo tha s 12.

58
Cc giao din vi h iu hnh
Nu m hnh lp trnh quy nh khng c chp nhn trn thc t do h iu hnh th
cn phi ch r mt s giao din trng thi bn trong ca h thng trao i vi bn ngoi.
Khi phn bit rch ri gia ngn xp giao thc v cc chng trnh ng dng trong cc
WSN th giao din nh vy phi s dng c t cc h thng x l giao thc v n phi cho
php cc h thng ny truy cp ln nhau. Giao din ny cng lin kt mt cch cht ch vi
kin trc ca cc ngn xp giao thc c gii thiu trong phn trc.
Mt giao din lp trnh ng dng (API - Application Programming Interface) l mt
giao din m mt h thng my tnh hay ng dng cung cp cho php cc yu cu dch v
c th c to ra t cc chng trnh my tnh khc, v/hoc cho php d liu c th c
trao i qua li gia chng. Chng hn, mt chng trnh my tnh c th (v thng l phi)
dng cc hm API ca h iu hnh xin cp pht b nh v truy xut tp tin. Nhiu loi h
thng v ng dng hin thc API, nh cc h thng ha, c s d liu, mng, dch v web,
v ngay c mt s tr chi my tnh.y l phn mm h thng cung cp y cc chc
nng v cc ti nguyn m cc lp trnh vin c th rt ra t to nn cc tnh nng giao
tip ngi- my nh: cc trnh n ko xung, tn lnh, hp hi thoi, lnh bn phm v cc
ca s. Mt trnh ng dng c th s dng n yu cu v thi hnh cc dch v cp thp do
h iu hnh ca my tnh thc hin. H giao tip lp trnh ng dng gip ch rt nhiu cho
ngi s dng v n cho php tit kim c nhiu thi gian tm hiu cc chng trnh mi,
do khch l mi ngi dng nhiu ng dng hn
Thng thng, giao din lp trnh ng dng nh vy bao gm giao din chc nng, s
tru tng ho i tng v hin thc chi tit. Tru tng l cc tuyn v tuyn, cc nt..; cc
chc nng c th bao gm truy vn v thao tc trng thi, gi v nhn d liu, truy cp phn
cng (cc cm bin, c cu chp hnh, b thu pht), ci t cc iu khon nh cc tho hip
v nng lng/ cht lng.
2.3.3 Cu trc h iu hnh v ngn xp giao thc
Phng php truyn thng xy dng giao thc lin lc l s dng lp: cc giao thc
ring r c xp ln nhau, mi lp ch s dng cc chc nng ca lp ngay bn di.
Phng php xp lp c hiu qu cao khi qun l c b ngn xp giao thc. Tuy nhin i
vi WSN li khng r rng l phng php xp lp c p ng c yu cu hay khng.
V d: xem xt vic s dng thng tin v cng tn hiu nhn c t i tc lin
lc. Thng tin lp vt l c th dng tr gip cc giao thc trong mng ra quyt nh v
thay i tuyn (tn hiu yu hn nu nt dch chuyn ra xa v c l khng c s dng trong
bc tip theo), tnh ton thng tin v tr bng cch c lng khong cch t cng tn
hiu hoc tr gip giao thc lp lin kt trong cc knh thch nghi hoc cc s
FEC/ARQ lai. Do , mt ngun thng tin n c th c dng kt hp mt cch gin
tip u im ca cc giao thc khc nhau vi ngun thng tin ny.
S trao i thng tin lin lp (cross-layer information exchange) l cch lm gim bt
nhng quy nh cng nhc ca phng php xp lp. Trong cc mng truyn thng, cc mi
quan tm v hiu qu, nhu cu h tr cc giao thc mng hu tuyn trong cc h thng v

59
tuyn (v d TCP qua v tuyn), nhu cu di chuyn chc nng vo ng trc m khng ph
thuc vo cc m t ca m hnh im ti im ca Internet rt c ch .
Tch khi kin trc phn lp, xu hng thng dng hin nay l s dng m hnh thnh
phn. Cc lp n khi tng i ln c chia thnh nhng thnh phn, module nh, c
lp. Cc thnh phn ny ch p ng mt chc nng xc nh, v d nh tnh ton kim tra
tnh d tun hon (CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check), v tng tc vi nhau qua cc giao
din d hiu. S khc nhau c bn so vi kin trc phn lp l cc tng tc ny khng b hn
ch vi cc ln cn trung gian trong mi quan h trn/di nhng c th i vi cc thnh
phn khc.
M hnh thnh phn ny khng ch gii quyt mt s vn kin trc vi cc ngn xp
giao thc m n cn ph hp mt cch t nhin vi phng php da trn s kin lp trnh
cc nt cm bin v tuyn.
2.3.4 Nng lng ng v qun l nng lng
Chuyn cc thnh phn ring r sang cc trng thi ng khc nhau hay gim hiu sut
ca chng bng cch gim tn s v ngun cp, la chn iu ch v cc m chuyn dng
l cc v d ni bt c gii thiu trong phn 2.2 ci thin hiu qu nng lng. iu
khin cc kh nng ny, cc quyt nh phi c thc hin bng h iu hnh, ngn xp
giao thc hoc bng ng dng khi chuyn gia cc trng thi ny. Qun l nng lng
ng (DPM - Dynamic Power Management) trn mc h thng l vn tip theo. Mt
trong cc yu t phc tp ca DPM l nng lng v thi gian yu cu cho vic chuyn
gia hai trng thi ca thnh phn. Nu cc yu t ny c b qua th r rng y l cch
ti u lun lun v ngay lp tc chuyn ch vi mc tiu th cng sut nh nht c
th. Nu khng nm trong trng hp ny th yu cu cc thut ton tin tin hn, tc
cp nht cc quyt nh qun l nng lng, phn b xc sut ca thi gian cho n khi cc
s kin tip theo xy ra, cc tnh cht ca thut ton s dng u c a vo chi ph.
Tho hip gia chnh xc v mc tiu th nng lng
Hu ht cc cng vic c m t trn DVS iu khin u gi thit gii hn cng cho
mi nhim v (nhim v phi c hon thnh trong thi gian cho, nu khng kt qu s
khng c s dng). Trong cc WSN, gi thit nh vy thng khng ph hp. Hn na,
cc nhim v u c th tnh c chnh xc cao hay thp. chnh xc t c bng cc
nhim v nh vy s c dng tho hip vi cc tiu ch khc. Trong WSN, tho hip
ng nhin l nng lng c yu cu tnh ton nhim v. Cu hi c t ra y l
lm th no u t tt nht lng nng lng sn c cho nhim v cho. nh i kt
qu khng chnh xc c mc tiu th nng lng thp hn l c im c trng ca cc
WSN.
Mt s phng php khai thc cc tho hip ny c a ra nhng hu ht u
trong cc h thng a phng tin. Sinha gii thiu tho hip nng lng cht lng
thit k thut ton, c bit l cho cc mc ch x l tn hiu (lc, cc bin i trong min
tn s, s phn loi). tng bin i thut ton l xp x kt qu cui cng mt cch
nhanh chng v gi tnh ton min l nng lng dng.

60
Mt v d n gin l tnh a thc:

( )
0
N
i
i
i
f x k x
=
=

(0.10)
Ph thuc vo liu x < 1 hay x > 1 m cc tnh ton s bt u vi cc s hng bc thp
hay bc cao c xp x c th tt nht trong trng hp phi ngng tnh v tn qu nhiu
nng lng cho n. c trng ca cc thut ton ny (c bn hay b bin i) c nghin
cu bng cch s dng thng s nng lng cht lng, n biu th qua kt qu l cht
lng t c ( c chun ho) ng vi bao nhiu nng lng ( c chun ho).
2.4 Mt s v d ca nt cm bin
C kh nhiu nt cm bin trn thc t c th s dng cho vic nghin cu v pht trin
mng cm bin khng dy. Ph thuc vo tng ng dng, n s thc hin cc yu cu tng
i khc nhau v tui th ca pin, bn vng c hc ca v bc ca nt, kch thc Mt
s v d s ch ra c im ni bt ca cc phng php v tng quan v s pht trin hin
nay.
2.4.1 H Mica Mote
Bt u t cui nhng nm 90, ton b h nt c ly ra t cc d n nghin cu ca
trng i hc California Berkeley, mt phn cng tc vi Intel trong nhiu nm. Chng
thng c gi l Mica Mote vi cc phin bn khc nhau (Mica, Mica2, Mica2Dot)
c thit k. Hnh 2.7 l mt v d gn y v s ca nt nh vy.


Hnh 2.7. Nt Mica
Bng mch c c trng bi b vi iu khin thuc h Atmel, modem v tuyn n
gin (thng l TR 1000 t RFM) v cc kt ni khc nhau vi bn ngoi. Thm vo , n
c th kt ni vi cc bng mch cm bin, v d nh cc cm bin m hay kh p, n cho
php mt di ln cc ng dng v thc nghim. Ngoi ra cn c cc hng ro bao quanh
chuyn dng s dng trong cc mi trng kh khn nh theo di thi quen ca loi chim.
Cc cm bin c ni vi b iu khin qua bus I2C hay SPI, ph thuc vo tng phin bn.
Cc nt MEDUSA II chia s cc thnh phn c bn v kh ging nhau trong thit k.
2.4.2 Cc nt EYES

61
Cc nt c pht trin bi Infineon Lin minh Chu u d n Cc mng cm
bin c hiu qu nng lng EYES (Energy- efficient Sensor Networks) l mt v d khc
v cc nt cm bin in hnh (hnh 2.8)
N c trang b b vi iu khin MSP 430 ca Texas Instrument, modem v tuyn
Infineon TDA 5250 vi b lc SAW v iu khin cng sut truyn. Modem v tuyn cng
bo co cng tn hiu o c n b iu khin. Nt c giao din USB n PC v c
kh nng mc thm cc cm bin/c cu chp hnh.

Hnh 2.8 Nt cm bin EYES
2.4.3 Btnode
Btnode c pht trin t mt s d n nghin cu ETH Zurich (hnh 2.9). Chng
c c trng bi b vi iu khin 128L ca Atmel ATmega, RAM 64 180 kB v b nh
FLASH 128 kB. Khng ging nh hu ht cc nt cm bin khc (nhng tng t nh mt s
nt c pht trin bi Intel), chng s dng Bluetooth nh l k thut v tuyn khi kt hp
vi Chipcon CC1000, hot ng trong khong tn s t 433 n 915 MHz.

Hnh 2.9 Btnode
2.5 Kt lun
Chng ny gii thiu cc iu kin cn thit ca phn cng xy dng cc mng
cm bin khng dy nt. Chng trnh by cc cch ch yu xy dng cc nt ,

62
mt s c trng v tiu th nng lng ca cc thnh phn chnh (ch yu l b iu khin,
thit b lin lc v cc cm bin). iu c c da trn gi thit l cc nt cm bin
khng dy c hai thnh phn ring bit: mt phn ch n tnh lin tc, n c th pht
hin v thu thp s kin, tiu th mt mc nng lng nh, thm ch l b qua. Phn th hai
thc hin x l v lin lc thc t, n c mc tiu th nng lng cao hn v khng th b
qua, v vy n hot ng vi h s lp y thp. Vic chia chc nng s hp l hn nu da
trn cc tnh cht ca phn cng v c h tr bi h iu hnh.
Nhn vo mt lng ln cc thnh phn c chn, chng u c u im v
nhc im c trng. S khng ngc nhin khi khng c nt cm bin khng dy hon
ho. Cc yu cu ng dng khc nhau s yu cu cc tho hip khc nhau, v do , cc
kin trc khc nhau s c s dng. C mng cm bin s dng s kt hp gia cc loi
nt khc nhau thc hin nhim v ca n, v d nh cc nt c kh nng tnh ton ln
hn/nh hn, cc loi lin lc v tuyn khc nhau hay cc kch thc pin khc nhau. Vn
t ra y l thit k mng cm bin khng dy nh th no bng cch khai thc s kt
hp ny trong phn cng n nh cc nhim v khc nhau v cho cc nt c s ho
hp tt nht.
Trong khi rt nhiu mng m t y vn ang c nghin cu hoc n vn trng
thi nguyn mu th kh nng ni bt ca cc nt cm bin trong tng lai v cc tho hip
gia lin lc, tnh ton, lu gi v tiu th nng lng kh r rng. Cc con s xc thc
vn tip tc thay i nhng khng ging nh nhng tho hip ang c. V d nh gia nng
lng c yu cu lin lc v tnh ton vn s thay i mt cch t ngt trong thi
gian ti. Cc tho hip c bn ny to nn tng cho vic xy dng cc chc nng ca mng,
hng ti cc yu cu chuyn dng ca cc ng dng mng cm bin khng dy.


63
CU HI N TP CHNG 2
1. Cc yu cu phn cng trong kin trc nt n
2. c im cc b iu khin trong nt cm bin
3.Cc c im b thu pht trong nt cm bin
4. Kin trc b thu pht trong nt cm bin
5. Nu cc c im cc loi cm bin thng dng trong nt
6. c im ngun cung cp trong nt cm bin
7. Tiu th nng lng trong b thu pht ca nt cm bin?
8. M hnh lp trnh trong nt cm bin

64
CHNG 3. KIN TRC MNG

Mc ch ca chng
Chng ny gii thiu cc nguyn tc c bn ca cc nt cm bin ring bit trong
mng cm bin khng dy. Trn c s cc ng dng c gii thiu trong chng 1, chng
ny s trnh by c th hn v cc phng php ti u ha kt qu. Trn c s , mt s
nguyn tc thit k cc giao thc mng trong cc mng khng dy s c gii thiu n bn
c. Nhng nguyn tc ny v cc c ch giao thc to nn s khc bit ct li ca WSN so
vi cc loi mng khc. s dng cc tnh nng ca WSN cn phi c mt giao din dch v
ph hp, nh l s tch hp ca cc WSN thnh mt mng ln hn.
Kin trc ca mng cm bin khng dy c c theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Trc y,
rt nhiu vic lin quan n WSN c thc hin trong mng ad hoc di ng t t chc.
Khi cc mng ny s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, chng s phi chia quyn u tin.
3.1 Mng cm bin
3.1.1 Ngun v b cha n
Phn 1.3 gii thiu mt s m hnh tng tc in hnh ca WSN - pht hin s kin, o
nh k, chc nng xp x v pht hin sn, hoc theo di - n cng c bit n di nh
ngha "ngun" v "b cha".

Hnh 3.1 Ba loi b cha trong mt mng cm bin mt bc nhy n gin
Ngun l ni cung cp thng tin trong mng v thng l mt nt cm bin, n cng c
th l mt nt chp hnh cung cp thng tin phn hi v trng thi hot ng.
B cha lu thng tin c yu cu. C ba la chn c bn cho mt b cha: n c th
thuc mng cm bin; thuc nt cm bin/ chp hnh hoc n khng thuc mng. i vi
trng hp th hai, b cha c th l mt thit b thc, v d, n l mt thit b cm tay hay
PDA c s dng tng tc vi mng cm bin; n cng c th ch n thun l cng
vo/ ra cho mng ln hn, nh Internet, ni m yu cu v thng tin n t mt s nt xa v
ch gin tip kt ni n mng cm bin. Cc loi b cha chnh c minh ha trn hnh 3.1,
y ngun v b cha giao tip trc tip.

65
3.1.2 Mng mt bc nhy v a bc nhy
Trn c s ca thng tin v tuyn, hn ch v cng sut ca thng tin v tuyn ko theo
hn ch v khong cch gia ngi gi v ngi nhn. Do khong cch ny hn ch nn giao
tip trc tip, n gin gia ngun v b cha khng phi lc no cng thc hin c, c
bit i vi WSN v n hot ng trong mi trng tn ti nhiu chng ngi vt hoc mi
trng sng v tuyn c s suy gim mnh (v d nh trong cc ta nh).


Hnh 3.2 Mng a bc nhy
khc phc hn ch v khong cch ngi ta s dng cc trm chuyn tip. Bng cch
, cc gi d liu c a qua nhiu trm t ngun n b cha. Khi nim v mng a
bc nhy (minh ha trong hnh 3.2) s dng rt hiu qu cho cc WSN, trong bn thn
mi nt cm bin c th c coi nh cc nt chuyn tip, do cn thm thit b b sung cho
mng. Ty thuc vo ng dng c th, kh nng c nt cm bin trung gian ng v tr cn
thit l kh cao. V d, trong mt khu vc nht nh c trang b cc nt cm bin, khng
phi lc no cng tn ti tuyn ng a bc nhy t ngun ti b cha, v cng khng th
m bo tuyn ng l ngn.
Trong khi a bc nhy l mt gii php hin nhin khc phc vn v khong
cch ln hoc chng ngi vt th n cng c yu cu nng cao hiu qu nng lng ca

66
thng tin. Trong hu ht cc mi trng, s suy gim cc tn hiu v tuyn c bc t nht l 2
(v thng l ln hn), n tiu th t nng lng hn s dng chuyn tip thay v truyn
thng trc tip. Vi mc tiu c SNR khng i tt c cc my thu (gi s t l sai s khng
ng k ti SNR ny), nng lng bc x cn thit giao tip trc tip qua khong cch d l
cd
o
(c l hng s, o 2 l h s suy hao); s dng mt chuyn tip khong cch d/2 lm
gim nng lng ny xung 2c(d/2)
o
.
Tnh ton ny ch quan tm ti nng lng bc x m khng ch n nng lng tiu
th, thc t l c s tiu th nng lng ti cc nt chuyn tip trung gian. Nu gi s rng cc
nt chuyn tip ny thuc WSN th khi tnh tng nng lng tiu th vn phi a chng vo
php tnh. Rt d nhn thy l s ph nng lng khi cc nt chuyn tip trung gian s dng
cho cc khong cch d ngn. Ch vi khong cch d ln, nng lng bc x mi chim u th
trong chi ph nng lng c nh tiu th ca b pht v b thu. y l khong cch c th,
khi m giao tip trc tip v a bc nhy cn bng nhau, n ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc tham
s ca thit b v mi trng c th. Tuy nhin, mi quan h ny thng khng c xem xt.
y, ta ch quan tm n cc mng a bc nhy hot ng trng thi lu gi v
chuyn tip. Trong mng nh vy, nt s nhn gi tin mt cch trc tip trc khi n c
chuyn n mt ni no . Mt phng php mi c s dng khai thc gi tin nhn
c ngay c khi n b sai. V d, khi nhiu nt gi cng mt gi tin v mi chuyn tip ring
l khng th nhn c, nhng tp hp li, mt nt c th ti to li cc gi d liu mt cch
y . K thut hp tc chuyn tip nh vy khng c xem xt y.
3.1.3 a b cha v ngun
Cho n nay ch minh ho c cc mng c b cha v ngun n. Trong nhiu trng
hp, c th c nhiu ngun v /hoc nhiu b cha. Kh khn nht ln nht l cc ngun phi
gi tin n nhiu b cha, khi tt c hoc mt s thng tin s n c tt c hoc mt s
cc b cha. Hnh 3.3 minh ha nhng kt hp ny.
3.1.4 Ba loi chuyn ng
Trong cc v d trn, cc i tng u ng yn. Nhng u im chnh ca giao tip v
tuyn l kh nng h tr cho cc ng dng c i tng di chuyn. Trong cc mng cm bin
khng dy, di chuyn c th xut hin di ba hnh thc chnh: nt di ng, b cha di chuyn
v i tng di chuyn.
Nt di chuyn: Bn thn cc nt cm bin khng dy c th di chuyn c. ngha
ca tnh di chuyn ny s khc nhau trong tng ng dng c th. gim st mi trng th
khng nn dng cc nt di chuyn; trong gim st chn nui (cc nt cm bin gn lin vi gia
sc) th y li l quy lut ph bin.
Khi s dng nt di chuyn, cc mng phi thng xuyn t t chc li n hot ng
ng chc nng. R rng l c s tho hip gia tn s v tc ca vic di chuyn nt cng
nh nng lng cn duy tr chc nng mong mun ca mng.
B cha di chuyn: B cha thng tin c th di chuyn (hnh 3.4). y c th c coi
l mt trng hp c bit ca nt di chuyn. im khc bit l b cha thng tin khng phi
l mt phn ca ca mng cm bin. V d, ngi s dng yu cu thng tin qua PDA khi i

67
b trong mt ta nh thng minh.
Trong trng hp n gin, ngi yu cu c th tng tc vi WSN ti mt thi im
v hon thnh cc tng tc trc khi di chuyn. Ngi yu cu c php tng tc vi nt
bt k hoc ch vi cc nt c th l la chn thit k cho cc lp giao thc thch hp.

Hnh 3.3 Nhiu ngun/nhiu b cha
i tng di chuyn:Trong cc ng dng pht hin s kin hoc cc ng dng theo di,
s kin hoc i tng c theo di c th di chuyn. Trong trng hp ny, ti mt thi
im, n thng b gim st bi mt s cm bin.

Hnh 3.4 B cha di ng dch chuyn qua mng cm bin

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Do , cm bin s thc quanh i tng, gi mc hot ng cao hn quan st i
tng hin ti, v sau tr v trng thi ng. Khi ngun di chuyn trong mng, n cng di
chuyn trong vng hot ng ca mng y c gi l m hnh frisbee. Khi nim ny
c m t trn hnh 3.5, nhim v ca n l pht hin mt con voi ang di chuyn v quan
st khi n di chuyn xung quanh. Cc nt khng ch ng pht hin s kin thng c trng
thi ng ngn hn, tr khi n c yu cu truyn thng tin t vng hot ng n mt s
b cha xa (iu ny khng c hin th trong hnh 3.5).

Hnh 3.5 Vng cc cm bin tm kim s kin
Cc giao thc thng tin ca WSN s phi thc hin h tr thch hp cho cc hnh thc di
chuyn. S kin di ng l kh ph bin so vi cc hnh thc trc y ca mng di ng
hoc mng khng dy.
3.2 Cc mc tiu ti u v h s cht lng
Thng thng, i vi cc ng dng khc nhau s c cc gii php mng khc nhau.
Cu hi t ra l ti u mng bng cch no, lm th no so snh cc gii php, lm th no
quyt nh phng php tip cn h tr tt hn ng dng cho, v lm th no bin
cc mc tiu ti u thnh cc h s cht lng o c?
3.2.1 Cht lng dch v
Mng cm bin khc vi cc mng thng tin truyn thng ch yu l loi dch v m
n cung cp. Cc mng ny ch c nhim v dch chuyn cc bit t ni ny n ni khc. Cc
yu cu s c thm vo c c cht lng dch v (QoS) mong mun, c bit l trong
cc ng dng a phng tin. Ging nh cc mng truyn thng, QoS ca WSN ph thuc
nhiu vo ng dng. Mt s c im chung xut hin hu ht cc ng dng l:
Kh nng pht hin/bo co s kin.
Li phn loi s kin: Nu cc s kin khng ch c pht hin m cn c phn
loi th li phn loi s kin phi rt nh.

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Tr pht hin s kin: l tr t lc pht hin s kin cho n khi bo co n vi
mt s hoc tt c cc b cha c lin quan.
Bo co li: Trong cc ng dng yu cu phi c bo co nh k, kh nng cc bo co
cha c c phi rt nh.
chnh xc ca php gn ng: Trong cc ng dng c chc nng tnh gn ng (v
d, tnh gn ng nhit l hm theo v tr ca mt a im cho), sai s tuyt i hoc
tng i trung bnh/ ln nht phi tng ng vi mt hm.
chnh xc ca theo di: Trong cc ng dng theo di, phi khng c lc mt
i tng c theo di. V tr bo co phi gn nht c th v tr thc v li phi nh.
3.2.2 Hiu qu nng lng
Phn ln cc cuc tho lun ch ra rng nng lng l mt ngun ti nguyn qu gi
trong cc mng cm bin khng dy v do , hiu qu nng lng hin nhin l mc tiu ti
u. Vi mt lng nng lng ty , hu ht cc s liu QoS c nh ngha trn c th
c tng theo mun ( chnh xc theo di v xp x ph thuc vo mt mng).
Thut ng hiu qu nng lng biu din nhiu mt khc nhau ca mt h thng v
cn phn bit r rng vi cc h s cht lng o c trn thc t. Cc kha cnh thng
c quan tm nht l:
Nng lng cho mi bit nhn c: Tnh trung bnh, s dng bao nhiu nng lng
truyn mt bit thng tin t ngun n ch? (m tt c cc ngun tiu th nng lng tt
c cc trm trung gian c th). y l thc o cho cc ng dng gim st nh k.
Nng lng cho mi s kin (duy nht): Tng t nh vy, nng lng trung bnh
c s dng bo co mt s kin? Do mt s kin i khi c bo co t cc ngun khc
nhau, nn thng chun ha s liu ny ch i vi cc s kin c tnh duy nht (thng tin d
phng v mt s kin bit s khng cung cp thm thng tin).
Cc tho hip v tr/ nng lng: Mt s ng dng quan tm n cc s kin c
tnh "khn cp" nn cn phi cung cp thm nng lng bo co ngay cc hin tng nh
vy. y, s cn nhc gia tr v tng chi ph nng lng l vn rt c quan tm.
Tui th ca mng: l thi gian mng hot ng hay thi gian mng hon thnh
nhim v ca n (ng vi mc nng lng m n lu tr). C th nh ngha tui th ca
mng theo cc cch khc nhau:
Thi gian n khi nt u tin cht: Khi nt u tin trong mng ht nng lng, hng
hay ngng hot ng.
Na tui th ca mng: Khi 50% s nt ht nng lng v dng hot ng.
Thi gian phn chia: Khi ln u tin mng c chia thnh hai phn khng ni vi
nhau. iu ny xy ra ngay khi nt u tin cht (nu nt nm v tr ch cht) hoc rt lu
sau khi iu ny xy ra nu mng c cu hnh bn vng.
Thi gian mt vng bao ph: Thng thng, vi cc mng trin khai d th cc cm
bin c th quan st mt vng thay v ch quan st mt im ti v tr t nt. Nh vy, mi

70
nt trong vng c quan st bi nhiu nt cm bin. H s cht lng cn quan tm y
s l thi im khi ln u tin mt v tr bt k trong khu vc trin khai khng cn nm trong
vng quan st ca mt nt no. Nu c k nt cng quan st mt v tr (v d nh trong cc ng
dng theo di) th nh ngha thi gian mt vng bao ph s l thi im ln u tin mt nt
bt k trong vng trin khai khng cn bao ph bi cc nt cm bin k khc nhau.
Tui th ca mng m phng thc s l mt vn kh thng k. R rng l thi gian
ny cng di cng tt. Tt c nhng s liu trn ch c th c nh gi mt cch r rng trn
gi nh v cc c tnh tiu th nng lng ca nt cho, v ti "thc t" ca mng v c v
hnh vi ca knh v tuyn.
3.2.3 Kh nng m rng
Kh nng duy tr cc tnh nng k thut m khng ph thuc vo kch thc ca mng
c gi l kh nng m rng. Vi mt WSN gm hng ngn nt, kh nng m rng l mt
yu cu r rng khng th thiu. Kh nng m rng phc v cho cc cu trc i hi tnh nht
qun, v d nh a ch hay bng nh tuyn. Do , cn phi hn ch thc thi thng tin ny,
km theo l hn ch ti nguyn ca cc nt cm bin, c bit ch n b nh.
Kh nng m rng c nh hng trc tip n vic thit k giao thc. Cc kin trc v
giao thc nn h tr kh nng m rng hn l c gng thc hin n. Kh nng m rng c
hiu qu cao hn vi cc ng dng ch c vi chc nt cm bin thay v c hng ngn nt.
3.2.4 Tnh bn vng
Lin quan n QoS v cc yu cu v kh nng m rng, mng cm bin khng dy
cng phi c tnh bn vng thch hp. Mng khng th b li ch v mt s nt nng lng,
hoc v thay i mi trng, hoc v t ng kt ni v tuyn gia hai nt (li ny c th
c khc phc bng cch tm cc tuyn ng khc). nh gi chnh xc tnh bn vng ca
mng trn thc t l mt vn kh v n ch yu ph thuc vo cc m hnh li cho c hai
nt v cc tuyn giao tip.
3.3 Nguyn tc thit k WSN
QoS, hiu qu nng lng v kh nng m rng l nhng tiu ch quan trng khi thit k
mng cm bin khng dy, nhng bn thn nhng mc tiu ny khng cung cp nhiu gi
v cch cu trc mt mng cm bin. Phn tip theo s gii thiu mt s nguyn tc c bn c
th c ch khi thit k giao thc mng.
3.3.1 T chc phn b
Kh nng m rng v tnh bn vng l hai mc tiu ti u, v ngoi ra tho mn mt
s mc ch khc na th mng phi c t chc di dng phn b. iu c ngha l
khng c thc th tp trung ph trch, v d nh gim st truy cp mi trng hay ra cc quyt
nh nh tuyn, n tng t nh nhim v thc hin bi mt trm gc trong mng di ng.
Nhc im ca phng php tp trung l d tht bi v kh thc hin trong mng v tuyn,
ni m cc i tng ch c mt di giao tip hn ch. Thay vo , cc nt ca WSN phi
hp tc vi nhau trong mng, s dng cc giao thc v thut ton phn b. T t chc l mt
thut ng thng c dng cho nguyn tc ny.

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Khi t chc mt mng theo kiu phn b, cn phi nhn thc c cc hn ch ca
phng php ny. Trong nhiu trng hp, phng php tp trung c th cho cc gii php tt
hn hoc yu cu t ti nguyn hn (c bit l nng lng).
3.3.2 X l trong mng
Khi t chc mng theo kiu phn b, cc nt trong mng khng ch truyn cc gi tin
m cn phi kch hot cc chng trnh ng dng, chng cng thc hin vic ra quyt nh s
hot ng ca mng. y l mt hnh thc c th ca x l thng tin xy ra trong mng,
nhng b gii hn thng tin v chnh bn thn mng. C th m rng khi nim ny bng
cch ly d liu c th s truyn qua mng a vo qu trnh x l thng tin ny, thc hin x
l trong mng l bc u tin trong nguyn tc thit k.
Tp hp.
C l tp hp l k thut x l trong mng n gin nht. Gi s mt b cha c s liu
t cc php o nh k ca tt c cc cm bin, nhng n ch thch hp kim tra xem gi tr
trung bnh c thay i khng, hoc s chnh lch gia gi tr ln nht v nh nht c qu ln
khng? Trong trng hp ny, r rng l khng cn phi chuyn tt c d liu t cc cm bin
n b cha, c th l n ch cn gi gi tr trung bnh, ln nht v nh nht n b cha.
Trong phn 2.3 cho ta thy vic truyn d liu s t hn vic tnh ton d liu, do n
cho thy hiu qu nng lng to ln ca phng php ny. Tn gi tp hp bt ngun t thc
t l ti cc nt trung gian gia ngun v b cha, thng tin c tp hp li thnh mt dng
c c, tch bit vi thng tin c c t cc nt xa b cha.
R rng, chc nng tp hp p dng trong cc nt trung gian phi p ng mt s iu
kin kt qu c ngha. Quan trng nht, chc nng phi c th cu hnh. Cc chc nng
nh ly trung bnh, m, hoc ti thiu s c nhiu li th nu dng tp hp. Cc chc nng c
tnh ton din nh v ng trung bnh khng hon ton tun theo tp hp.
Hnh 3.6 minh ha cc tng ca tp hp. Trong na tri, mt s cm bin chuyn gi
tr n b cha qua giao tip a bc nhy. Tng cng c 13 tin nhn c yu cu (cc s
trong hnh cho thy s tin nhn truyn qua mt kt ni cho). Khi cc nt c nh du
to tp hp, v d, bng cch tnh ton gi tr trung bnh (hin th trong na bn phi ca hnh),
ch c 6 tin nhn l cn thit. Nhng kh khn trong trng hp ny l lm th no xc
nh v tr to tp hp v to t nhng nt no, bao lu th c kt qu v xc nh tc ng ca
cc gi tin b mt.

72

Hnh 3.6. V d tp hp
M ho ngun phn b v nn phn b.
Thng tin c tp hp v cc gi tr o c khng ch truyn tt c cc bit d liu
t tt c cc ngun v b cha. Cu hi t ra l c th gim s lng bit truyn (so vi vic
ch n gin l truyn tt c cc bit) nhng vn c thng tin y v cm bin b cha?
Cu tr li ca cu hi ny c lin quan n vn m ha v nn trong mng thng
thng, ni m vn m ha rt c coi trng. So vi mng thng thng, mng cm bin
c mt s khc bit. WSN quan tm n vic m ha thng tin c cung cp bi mt s cm
bin. S m ha truyn thng thng tp trung vo vic m ha, m iu ny to ra nhng
qu trnh tnh ton phc tp cho cc nt cm bin n gin.
Lm th no thng tin c cung cp bi nhiu b cm bin gip cho qu trnh m
ha? Nu cc cm bin c kt ni v c th trao i d liu, c th thc hin iu ny bng
cch s dng thut ton nn tiu chun, nhng kt qu khng kh quan. Do , bt buc phi
c mt s lin kt ngm gia hai cm bin. Trong WSN, cc cm bin ny c nhng trong
mt mi trng vt l nn d liu thu c t cc cm bin ln cn s tng t nhau, c gi
l tng quan. Mi tng quan ny c th c s dng khng phi tt c cc d liu thu
c ti cc cm bin c truyn i. C s l thuyt cho vic ny l nh l ca Slepian v
Wolf.
nh l Slepian-Wolf da trn v d v khai thc mi tng quan khng gian, thng c
trong d liu ca cm bin, khi mng dy c. N c so snh vi vi phn ca hm quan
st v cp ca s tng quan gia d liu hai ni. Tng t nh vy, mi tng quan tc
thi c th c s dng trong cc giao thc mng cm bin.
X l tn hiu hp tc v phn b.
Cc phng php x l trong mng khng th c dng x l trong cc nt cm
bin, nu dng th cng ch trong cc hot ng n gin nh tnh trung bnh hoc tm gi tr
cc i. Khi thc hin tnh ton phc tp i vi mt lng d liu nht nh, vn yu cu
hiu qu nng lng cao tnh nhng hm ny trn cc nt cm bin mc d b hn ch v
cng sut x l th s lng d liu c truyn c th gim xung.
Mt v d cho khi nim ny l bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform -FFT).

73
Ph thuc vo a im nhn d liu vo m c cc thut ton khc nhau tnh ton FFT
theo lut phn b, vi cc tho hip khc nhau gia phc tp ca tnh ton v yu cu ca
thng tin. V nguyn tc, y l thut ton tng t nh thit k cho cc my tnh song song.
Tuy nhin, tr ca giao tip, nng lng tiu th ca giao tip v phc tp trong tnh
ton l cc tham s quyt nh vic la chn thut ton.
3.3.3 Tnh chnh xc v tin cy
Nh phn 2.3.4 ni, trong trng hp ch c mt nt duy nht, iu lm nn tin
cy ca kt qu tnh ton chnh l nng lng dng cho n. Khi nim ny c th m rng t
mt nt duy nht ra cho ton mng.
V d, hy xem xt mt ng dng c chc nng xp x. R rng, cng nhiu cm bin
tham gia vo qu trnh xp x th vic ly mu c thc hin cng nhiu im v kt qu s
tt hn. c c iu ny th nng lng c s dng cng nhiu. Tng t l cc ng
dng theo di v pht hin s kin ca WSN.
iu dn n ng dng l bng cch no xc nh mc chnh xc ca kt qu
(gi nh rng n c th tn ti vi cc kt qu gn ng v khng chnh xc) v y l nhim
v ca cc giao thc giao tip c gng t nht l t c chnh xc m vn m bo
hiu qu nng lng. Hn na, n phi ph hp vi cc yu cu ng vi trng thi hin ti ca
mng - c bao nhiu nt b hng, c bao nhiu nng lng c th tm thy t mi trng,
cc iu kin hot ng l g (cc s kin quan trng xy ra gn y)
Tuy nhin, nh tho lun trong phn QoS ca WSN, s a dng ca cc ng dng
WSN chnh l thch thc c mt giao din thng nht cho cc yu cu, hy cc giao
thc truyn thng thc hin vic ra cc quyt nh ny. y vn l mt trong nhng vn
nghin cu ct li ca WSN.
3.3.4 Tp trung d liu
D liu a ch.
Trong cc mng thng tin truyn thng, trng tm ca mi quan h giao tip thng l
cp i tng ngang hng - ngi gi v ngi nhn d liu. Tuy nhin, trong mng cm bin
khng dy, ng dng khng ch trng qu nhiu vo vic nhn dng nt cm bin c bit m
tp trung vo thng tin thc t v mi trng vt l, c bit trong trng hp khi WSN trin
khai d, tc l mt hin tng c th c quan st bi nhiu nt cm bin. ng dng cng
khng quan tm mt cch chnh xc l nt no ang cung cp d liu t mi trng. Thc t
l khng cn nhn dng nt nhng d liu ca cc nt li l trung tm ca s ch . Chnh v
vy, y c gi l h thng tp trung d liu. i vi cc ng dng, iu ny c ngha l
giao din c a ra bi mng, ni m d liu, ch khng phi cc nt, c nh a ch
theo yu cu. Tp cc nt tham gia vo vic nh a ch ca trung tm d liu nh vy c
xc nh bi lng d liu m n ng gp vo a ch.
Thc hin ty chn cho trung tm d liu mng: C th c mt s cch lm cho
khi nim tru tng ny ca mng trung tm d liu c r rng hn. Mt trong s l tp
hp mt s giao tip m c th s dng c bi mt ng dng. Sau y l ba phn quan
trng nht:

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Mng xp chng v bng bm phn b: C mt s im tng ng gia cc ng
dng ngang hng (peer-to-peer) v WSN: Trong c hai trng hp, ngi s dng/ ngi yu
cu l ch quan tm n tm kim v thu thp d liu khng c trong m ngun ca n; cc
yu cu v d liu v kh dng ca n c th c tch theo thi gian; c hai mng nn c
quy m ln.
Trong mng ngang hng, gii php tm kim d liu mt cch c hiu qu t mt
ngun khng r thng to ra mng xp chng, thc hin mt bng bm phn b
(Distributed Hash Table - DHT). D liu cn tm c th xc nh qua mt kho cho (hash)
v DHT s cung cp mt (hoc nhiu) ngun d liu lin quan n kho ny. im quan trng
l vic tra cu ngun d liu ny c th c thc hin c hiu qu i hi phi thc hin
O(log n) bc trong n l s nt, thm ch vi c thng tin v ni ct gi d liu trong mng
ngang hng.
Mc d c nhiu im tng ng, nhng y cng tn ti mt s im khc nhau.
Trc ht, khng c s tng ng r rng gia kho tnh ca DHT v cc yu cu ng, tham
s ho trong mng WSN. Th hai, v quan trng hn, cc DHT, c to ra t mng IP, c xu
hng b qua khong cch/s bc nhy gia hai nt v xem xt cc nt ln cn ch trn c s
thng tin v cc kho lu tr trong .
Cng b / ng k: Phn bit iu ny c yu cu theo thi gian v vic nhn dng
b cha ca nt, n cn hot ng ca vic cung cp tin ch khng phi l c tnh ng b
ca giao thc yu cu/ tr li. Vy yu cu no c ngha th hin s cn thit ca d liu
v vic cung cp chng?
Hnh vi ny c thc hin bi phng php cng b/ ng k. Bt k nt no quan
tm n loi d liu cho u c th ng k, v bt k nt no cng c th cng b d liu.
Sau khi cng b, tt c cc thu bao d liu ny c thng bo v d liu mi. Nu thu bao
khng cn quan tm, n c th b ng k t bt k loi s kin no v s khng cn c
thng bo v s kin .
Vic cng b/ ng k thng tin c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Mt
kh nng l s dng i tng trung tm, ni m vic cng b/ ng k xut hin vi nhau,
nhng iu ny r rng khng thch hp cho cc WSN. Gii php phn phi c hiu qu
nhng phc tp hn.
C s d liu: Mt cch nhn khc v WSN l xem chng nh l cc c s d liu.
Quan im ny rt ph hp vi tng s dng t chc trung tm d liu ca cc giao thc
mng. iu ny da trn c im ca mi trng vt l l n c kho st bi mt WSN,
tng ng vi vic to ra cc cu hi cho c s d liu. a cc mng cm bin vo
trong khun kh ca c s d liu c lin quan, thng thng coi cc cm bin nh l mt
bng o cp nht cc hot ng.
3.3.5 Khai thc thng tin v tr
Mt k thut hu dng khc l khai thc v tr thng tin trong cc giao thc truyn thng
mi khi thng tin xut hin. T v tr ca s kin, l thng tin quan trng cho nhiu ng dng,
phi c cc c ch xc nh v tr ca cc nt cm bin (v c th c s kin c quan st).

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Thng tin c th n gin ha vic thit k v hot ng ca giao thc truyn thng v c
th ci thin hiu qu nng lng ng k.
3.3.6 Khai thc cc m hnh hot ng
Cc m hnh hot ng trong mng cm bin khng dy c xu hng khc so vi cc
mng truyn thng. Trong khi s tht l tc d liu c ly trung bnh trong mt thi gian
di rt nh khi c rt t s kin c bo co, iu ny c th thay i ng k khi mt s kin
xy ra. Khi mt s kin xy ra, n c th c pht hin bi mt s lng ln cc cm bin,
tham gia vo hot ng ca mng v gy nh hng n cc s kin bit. Do , giao thc
c thit k phi x l c cc lu lng chm bng vic chuyn i gia cc ch gia
ngh v tch cc cao ca mng.
3.3.7 Giao thc da trn phn t v ti u lp giao nhau
Cui cng, ta xt n nhng kha cnh thc hin cc giao thc truyn thng trong WSN.
Phn 2.3.3 gii thiu cc m hnh da trn phn t, n i lp vi m hnh da trn lp
ca giao thc trong WSN. Nhim v cn li l vic la chn phn t sao cho khng phi tt c
u lun sn sng trn tt c cc nt cm bin, nhng n c th to thnh mt toolbox c bn
ca cc giao thc v thut ton.
Tt c cc cm bin khng dy u yu cu cc giao thc vt l, MAC v lp lin kt
(ngay c i vi mng n gin). Mt s mng yu cu thm chc nng nh tuyn v lp
truyn ti. Cc module tr gip nh ng b thi gian, gim st cu hnh mng hay cc b ho
s rt hu dng trong qu trnh s dng. Pha trn cc phn t c bn ny xy dng cc chc
nng tru tng. Tip theo l tp cc phn t kch hot nt cm bin, thay i t ng dng ny
sang ng dng khc.
3.4 Giao din dch v ca WSN
3.4.1 Cu trc ca giao din ngn xp giao thc/ng dng
Phn 2.3 gii thiu h thng hot ng da trn phn t v ngn xp giao thc chun
b cho mt ng dng: cc phn t tng tc trc tip vi nhau thng qua giao din tn ti gia
chng (v d nh cu trc lnh/ s kin ca TinyOS). ng dng c th s dng mt s phn
t, c tch hp nhng ni khc nhau trong ngn xp giao thc. Cch tip cn ny c mt
s li th: tinh gn vi cu trc giao thc tng th, d dng gii thiu m ng dng c th vo
WSN cc mc khc nhau v khng yu cu giao din dch v chuyn dng.
Nhng, tnh tng qut v linh hot cng chnh l nhc im ca phng php ny.
Vic cho php cc lp trnh vin ng dng lm ln xn ngn xp giao thc nn h iu hnh
phi c gim st cn thn. Trong cc mng truyn thng nh Internet, cc lp trnh vin ng
dng c th truy cp vo cc dch v ca mng thng qua mt giao din thng thng l
cm. Giao din ny quy nh r rng v cch x l cc kt ni, lm th no gi v nhn cc
gi tin, v lm th no hi thng tin v trng thi ca mng. y l nhim v hin nhin
ca cc giao din - trao i cc gi tin vi nhau.
Nh vy, c hai cch l thit k ng dng nh l mt phn t hoc thit k giao din
dch v cho tt c cc phn t. Hai la chn ny c ch ra trn hnh 3.7. Giao din dch v

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s cho php nng cao mc tru tng ho cho ng dng c th tng tc vi WSN - thay
v phi xc nh gi tr c t cc cm bin ring l, ngi ta mong mun cung cp mt
ng dng vi kh nng th hin cm nhn nhim v gn vi ngha ca ng dng.
R rng, s tch hp cht ch ca ng dng trong ngn xp giao thc s to ra tnh ti u
cho nh lp trnh ng dng. Mt khc, n i hi phi c nhiu kinh nghim hn khi s dng
mt giao din dch v chun. Cu hi t ra y l gi thnh, s suy gim cc c tnh quan
trng v phc tp ca giao din dch v. Trong thc t, so vi mng Internet, tnh a dng
v phc tp v mu thng tin trong WSN ln hn nhiu. Do , giao din dch v thc s c
ngha v s phc tp hn.

Hnh 3.7 Hai la chn giao din dch v vi ngn xp giao din

3.4.2 Cc yu cu cho giao din dch v ca WSN.
Cc chc nng quan trng nht m mt giao din dch v nn c l:
H tr cc yu cu/ p ng n gin: ly gi tr o t mt s cm bin hoc t
tham s cho mt s nt. y l mt m hnh tng tc ng b v kt qu s c ngay lp tc.
Ngoi ra, cc p ng c th yu cu c cung cp nh k, h tr cc ng dng o lng
nh k.
H tr cho cc thng bo s kin khng ng b: mt nt c th yu cu mng
thng bo khi c mt s kin xy ra. y l m hnh khng ng b trn kha cnh khng tn
ti mi quan h gia thi gian yu cu c thc hin v thi gian thng tin c cung cp.
Hnh thc ny yu cu khng ng b nn c i km vi kh nng hy b yu cu thng
tin.
Mi quan tm ln hn l cu hi lm th no tp trung d liu? Mt la chn, lin
quan cht ch n phng php cng b/ ng k c a ra trong phn 3.3.4, n c nh
ngha bi mt s hm thnh vin ca mt nhm cc nt nh:
V tr - tt c cc nt u thuc mt vng xc nh ph thuc vo nhm
Gi tr quan st c - tt c cc nt c gi tr quan st c ph hp vi mt thuc

77
tnh cho s thuc v mt nhm. V d, yu cu nhit o c ln hn 20
o
C.
Do cc yu cu ca giao din dch v tng ng vi khi nim cng b/ ng k nn
phng php ny kh t nhin, nhng khng v th m n ch ph hp vi cc WSN.
Chc nng x l trong mng c s dng. i vi hot ng truy cp ton b mt
nhm cc nt, c bit l khi c cc gi tr t nhm ny (hoc ng b hoc khng ng b),
n cn phi xc nh loi x l trong mng no p dng c cho n. c bit, khi x l thay
i bn cht ca kt qu (v d nh hp nht d liu) th n phi c s cho php ca ng
dng yu cu.
Lin quan n chc nng tp hp l mt c im k thut v chnh xc yu cu ca
kt qu. iu ny c th c c bng cch ch nh gii hn v s thnh vin trong nhm
to ra kt qu. i km vi chnh xc yu cu l chi ph nng lng chp nhn c.
Cc yu cu v tnh kp thi khi cung cp d liu l mt kha cnh tng t. V d, n
c th cung cp kt qu mt cch nhanh chng nhng vi chi ph nng lng cao hoc chm
nhng vi chi ph nng lng thp.
Ni chung, bt k s tho hip no v vic tiu th nng lng ca s trao i cc gi
d liu cn c th hin cng r cng tt.
Yu cu truy cp vo a im, thi gian, hoc thng tin trng thi mng (v d nh
d tr nng lng c sn trong cc nt) thng qua giao din dch v.
N cng c th c s dng nhm kt khi thng tin v tr vo cp tru tng cao hn
c th ni v cc i tng tng ng vi cch nhn ca con ngi v s vt.
Bo mt cng l mt c tnh thng xuyn c s dng
H tr kt ni gia cc nt khc nhau, ton b mng li hoc truy cp n gin vo
cc dch v trong mt mng cha bit
3.5 Khi nim cng vo/ra
3.5.1 S cn thit ca cc cng vo/ra
Trn thc t, mng cm bin ch quan tm ti bn thn n thi l khng , mng c th
tng tc vi cc thit b thng tin khc, v d. V d, mt ngi s dng c trang b PDA
di chuyn trong vng ph sng ca mng hoc vi mt ngi dng t xa, c gng tng tc
vi cc mng cm bin qua Internet (v d chun l c cm bin nhit trong nh ca mt
ngi khi i du lch v truy cp Internet thng qua kt ni v tuyn). Hnh 3.8 m t trng
hp ny.
thc hin iu ny, trc ht WSN phi c th trao i d liu vi mt thit b di
ng hoc vi mt s loi cng vo/ra to kt ni vi Internet. V bn cht, vic ny tng i
n gin. Lp MAC v lp lin kt - hoc cc thit b di ng/ cng vo ra c trang b mt
b thu pht v tuyn nh c s dng trong cc WSN, hoc mt s (khng phi tt c) cc
nt trong WSN h tr cc cng ngh giao tip v tuyn chun nh IEEE 802.11. Cc ty chn
c th gp thun li, ph thuc vo tng ng dng v tng trng hp c th. Tho hip c
th bao gm t l cc nt cm bin c yu cu phc v ngi dng di chuyn so vi chi

78
ph cc b thu pht ca WSN ph hp vi cc thit b di ng nh PDA.
Cch n gin thit k cng vo ra l xem n nh mt nh tuyn n gin gia
Internet v mng cm bin. iu ny yu cu phi s dng cc giao thc Internet trong mng
cm bin. Cc WSN thng yu cu rt nhiu giao thc ti u nn mt b nh tuyn n gin
s khng nh mt cng vo ra.
Kh nng cn li l thit k n nh l cng vo ra cp ng dng: trn c s ca thng tin
cp ng dng, cng s phi quyt nh hnh ng ca mnh.


Hnh 3.8 WSN vi nt cng vo ra, c th truy cp n i tng xa qua Internet
3.5.2 Giao tip WSN vi Internet
Gi s khi xng ca giao tip WSN-Internet nm trong WSN (Hnh 3.9). V d, nt
cm bin mun chuyn mt tin bo ng cho mt s my ch Internet. Vn u tin gii
quyt l ging nh cc mng ad hoc, lm th no tm thy cng vo ra t bn trong mng.
V c bn, nh tuyn n mt nt s c dch v chuyn dng pht hin. Nu mt s cng
c th lm c iu th lm th no la chn gia chng? c bit, nu khng phi tt
c cc host u c th truy cp Internet thng qua mi cng hoc mt cng bt k ch ph hp
vi mt my ch ch nht nh? Lm th no x l cng, IP c kh nng kt ni mng, v
giao tip gia h? La chn y l xy dng mt mng IP bao ph trn mng cm bin.
Lm th no nt cm bin pht hin a ch ca my ch Internet cn gi tin, tc l lm
th no gi tin "Thng bo Alice" n mt a ch IP c th? Ngay c khi cc nt cm bin
khng cn phi x l giao thc IP th n cng phi c y thng tin cn thit (v d nh a
ch IP v s cng) trong cc gi tin ring ca mnh; Cng vo ra s chuyn chuyn thng tin
ny vo cc gi tin IP. Mt cu hi tip theo l ngun a ch s dng y cng vo ra phi
c cm gic v cc nhim v phi thc hin tng t nh mt thit b dch a ch mng (NAT
- Network Address Translation).

79

Hnh 3.9 Giao tip WSN Internet

3.5.3 Giao tip Internet-WSN
iu ny xy ra khi mt i tng trn Internet ang c truy cp dch v ca WSN (hnh
3.10). iu ny l kh n gin nu thit b u cui yu cu ny c th trc tip lin lc vi
cc WSN, v d, mt thit b yu cu di ng c trang b mt b thu pht WSN. Trong
trng hp ny, thit b yu cu u cui c th l mt phn trc tip ca WSN.

Hnh 3.10 Giao tip Internet-WSN
Trng hp tng qut hn l, thit b u cui yu cu dch v v khng th ngay lp
tc giao tip c vi nt cm bin, do n i hi phi c s h tr ca cng vo ra. Cu
hi t ra y l lm th no tm c mt mng cm bin v tr mong mun, v lm
th no bit c s tn ti ca mt cng vo ra? Mt khi cc thit b u cui c c yu
cu thng tin ny, lm th no truy cp vo cc dch v thc t? Gii php c a ra
y l thit b u cui thay v gi nh dng ng yu cu ca cng ny th n li hot ng
nh mt cng vo ra mc ng dng hoc proxy cho mt/mt s b cm bin c th tr li
yu cu ny; cng s chuyn yu cu ny vo cc tng tc giao thc mng ph hp. Gi s
tn ti giao thc cp ng dng yu cu t xa v cng c th s dng v n ph hp cho
giao tip trn Internet hn cc giao thc mng cm bin thc t v n cng thun tin hn cho
cc thit b u cui t xa s dng.

80
iu khng c ngha l giao thc mc ng dng c th m t mt cch n gin t
cc giao thc mng cm bin thc t n thit b u cui xa. V d, n khng cn cho cc
thit b u cui xa quan tm vi vic duy tr cc nh tuyn a bc nhy trong mng
hay n cng khng th c xem nh "mt bc nhy khc" khi cc c tnh ca kt ni
Internet rt khc so vi bc nhy khng dy.
Ngoi ra, giao thc mc ng dng cn c mt s c im tng ng vi cc giao
thc dch v web (Web Service Protocols), l n c th m t mt cch r rng cc dch v
v cch n c th c truy cp. c bit, ngn ng m t dch v web (WSDL - Web Service
Description Language ) c th s l mt khi u y ha hn cho vic m rng yu cu i
vi vic truy cp dch v WSN. V d, yu cu chnh xc, s tho hip nng lng, hay m
t dch v tp trung d liu. Cu hi t ra y l lm th no tch hp WSN vi cc kin
trc middleware tng qut hay lm th no c th truy cp cc dch v WSN t mt trnh
duyt Web tiu chun (thc hin t ng bng cch s dng WSDL v cc chun lin quan
trong cng vo ra).
3.5.4 Giao tip gia cc WSN.
Ngoi trng hp giao tip gia WSN v cc u cui Internet, cc cng vo ra cn c
th hot ng nh mt phn m rng n gin ca giao tip gia cc WSN vi nhau. tng
y l xy dng mt WSN o ln hn cc WSN ring r. Tt c cc bn tin giao thc
gia hai WSN s c trao i vi nhau bng cch s dng Internet nh l mt mng vn
chuyn. thc hin c iu ny th phi khng c s nhm ln gia cc lin kt o gia
hai nt cng vi lin kt thc. Nu khng, cc giao thc da vo tnh cht vt l ca lin kt
truyn thng c th gp vn khng mong mun (v d nh ng b ha thi gian).
Kt ni gia hai mng khng i hi l cc kt ni c nh, ngay c cc nt di ng
cng c th c coi l phng tin kt ni trung gian ca WSN.

Hnh 3.11 Kt ni gia hai WSN qua Internet
3.6 Kt lun
Chng ny cho ta bit mng cm bin khng dy v kin trc ca n c nhiu kiu
khc nhau. i vi nhiu ng dng (nhng khng phi tt c), giao tip a bc nhy l cng
ngh quan trng v hu ht cc nghin cu WSN cng nh phn sau ca cun sch ny tp
trung vo dng c bit ny ca mng v tuyn.

81
Bn mc tiu ti u chnh ca WSN l cht lng dch v, hiu qu nng, kh nng m
rng, v tnh bn vng bao ph cc yu cu ca cc WSN v chng phi c coi trng nh
nhau. Mun vy th vic thit k cc WSN phi da vo mng truyn thng, v do n to ra
mt s quy tc thit k. iu quan trng nht l t chc phn phi mng, s dng x l trong
mng, tp trung d liu. Cc kt qu phi trung thc v thc s ph hp vi tng hon cnh
nht nh. y l k thut quan trng c xem xt s dng WSN.
S a dng ca WSN lm cho vic thit k mng ng u v c giao din dch v
chung rt kh thc. Do , khng c gii php cui cng gii quyt vn . Tng t, s
tch hp ca cc WSN to ra mt mng ln hn, v d nh cho php cc my ch da
vo Internet truy cp vo cc dch v ca WSN, vn l mt vn m.

82
CU HI N TP CHNG 3
1. Phn bit mng mt bc nhy v mng a bc nhy
2. Cc loi di chuyn thng gp trong WSN?
3. Cc mc tiu ti u v cht lng dch v WSN?
4. Cc nguyn tc thit k WSN?
5. Giao din dch v ca WSN?
6. Khi nim v chc nng ca cng vo/ra?

83
CHNG 4. LP VT L

Mc ch ca chng
Chng ny c dnh cho lp vt l bao gm cc chc nng ca n, cc thnh phn ca
mt nt cm bin trung gian gia vic truyn v nhn v tuyn, x l tn hiu s trong nt,
bao gm c x l giao thc lp cao hn.
Khng th ph nhn rng cc tnh cht ca knh truyn v lp vt l l cc phn quan trng
ca ngn xp giao thc. Mc tiu u tin ca chng ny, do , l cung cp cho ngi c
nhng hiu bit v mt s khi nim c bn lin quan n thng tin s qua cc knh v
tuyn.
Mc tiu quan trng th hai l gii thch nhng bt buc ca mt WSN (v d nh nng
lng v gi thnh ca nt) t to ra s iu ch v cc b thu pht. Ngi c s
c hiu bit v mt s tho hip c bn lin quan n sc mnh ca vic truyn tin v mc
nng lng tiu th, nhng nh hng ca chng n cc tnh cht tiu th nng lng ca
cc thnh phn trong b thu pht.
4.1 Gii thiu
Lp vt l ch yu quan tm n iu ch v gii iu ch d liu s. Nhim v ny c
thc hin bi cc b thu pht. Trong cc mng cm bin, thch thc l tm s iu ch v
kin trc b thu pht phi n gin, gi r, nhng vn mnh cung cp dch v mong
mun.
Phn u ca chng ny gii thch cc khi nim quan trng nht lin quan n cc knh v
tuyn v truyn thng s (qua cc knh v tuyn). Mc ch chnh ca n l cung cp cc
khi nim thch hp v c mt ci nhn su sc v cc nhim v lin quan n vic truyn v
nhn qua cc knh v tuyn. Phn th hai tho lun cc yu cu c th ca mng cm bin
khng dy, c bit ch n vn nng lng, vic thit k cc b thu pht v s
truyn tin.
4.2 Knh v tuyn v c s truyn tin
Phn ny cung cp nn tng c bn v cc knh v tuyn v truyn thng s qua chng, s
khng i su tm hiu vn ny m ch dng li vic cung cp c s v cc khi nim
quan trng nht hiu cc kha cnh lin quan n nng lng.
Trong cc knh v tuyn, sng in t lan truyn gn nh t do trong khng gian gia b
pht v b thu. V vy, knh v tuyn l mt mi trng khng iu khin, ngha l tn hiu
truyn i khng b hn ch n cc v tr c xc nh.
4.2.1 Cp pht tn s
i vi mt mng v tuyn thc t, h thng RF, tn s sng mang phi c chn cn thn.
Tn s sng mang ny xc nh cc c tnh truyn sng v nng lc ca knh truyn. Vi
cc mc ch truyn thng th mt phn hu hn ca ph in t, c gi l bng tn, c
s dng. Trong giao tip tn s v tuyn (RF - Radio-Frequency), di tn c th s dng
thng bt u tn s thp rt thp (VLF - Very Low Frequency) v kt thc tn s cc
cao (EHF - Extremely High Frequency) (Hnh 4.1). y cng l la chn ca giao tip hng

84
ngoi v thng tin quang. Ph hng ngoi c bc sng t 1 mm (tng ng vi 300 GHz)
n 2,5 m (120 THz), trong khi ph quang kt thc 780 nm ( 385 THz).
3kHz 30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz
VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm
VLF = Very low frequency (tn s rt thp)
LF = Low frequency (tn s thp)
MF = Medium frequency (tn s trung bnh)
HF = High frequency (tn s cao)
VHF = Very high frequency (tn s rt cao)
UHF = Ultrahigh frequency SHF = Super high frequency (tn s siu cao)
EHF = Extremely high frequency (tn s cc cao)
Hnh 4.1 Ph in t - tn s v tuyn

Tn s Ghi ch
13.553 13.567 MHz
26.957 27.283 MHz
40.66 40.70 MHz
433 464 MHz Chu u
902 928 MHz Ch dng M
2.4 2.5 GHz Ch s dng cng ngh WLAN/WPAN
5.725 5.875 GHz Ch s dng cng ngh WLAN
24 24.25 GHz
Bng 4.1 Mt s di ISM
Vic la chn di tn lm vic l mt yu t quan trng trong thit k h thng. Ngoi tr cc
cng ngh bng tn siu rng (UWB Ultra Wide Band) (xem Phn 2.1.4), hu ht cc h
thng RF hin nay lm vic tn s di 6 GHz. Di tn v tuyn phi c hiu chnh
trnh nhiu khng mong mun, ph hp vi cc h thng v ngi s dng khc nhau. Mt
s h thng phi c cp php c bit cho cc bng tn ring bit. V d, chu u, h
thng GSM c th s dng cc bng tn GSM 900 (880-915 MHz) v GSM 1800 (1710-
1785 MHz). Cng c nhng bng tn c cp min ph nh cc bng tn cng nghip, khoa
hc v y t (ISM). Bng 4.1 lit k mt s bng tn ISM. Lm vic di tn khng c cp
php, c ngha l n c th lm vic m khng cn bt k s cho php no t chnh ph hay
t ni cp pht tn s. Khng ngc nhin khi nhng bng tn ny kh ph bin, khng ch
cho cc mng cm bin m cn cho/ trong cc cng ngh v tuyn khc. V d, bng tn 2.4
GHz ISM c s dng cho IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, v IEEE 802.15.4. Sau y l mt s

85
ch khi la chn tn s lm vic:
Trong cc bng tn ISM cng cng, h thng lun tn ti nhiu c to bi cc h thng
khc (s dng cc cng ngh ging v khc nhau) trong cng mt bng tn, ch n gin v
n khng b hn ch s dng. V d, c nhiu h thng cng chia s bng tn 2.4 GHz ISM,
bao gm IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth v IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN chng cng tn ti vi nhau
trong cng mt bng tn. V vy, tt c cc h thng trong nhng bng tn ny phi mnh
chng li nhiu t cc h thng khc. Khi nim cng tn ti cn phi c tip cn c
lp vt l v lp MAC.
Mt thng s quan trng trong h thng truyn dn l hiu sut antenna, c nh ngha l
t l gia cng sut pht v tng cng sut u vo ca antenna. Cng sut cn li b tiu tn
do nhit. Do cc nt cm bin c kch thc nh nn n ch s dng c cc antenna nh.
V d, sng v tuyn 2.4 GHz c bc sng 12.5 cm, di hn nhiu so vi kch thc d
kin ca cc nt cm bin. Nhn chung, rt kh xy dng c mt antenna c hiu qu
khi gim kch thc ca antenna gim bc sng. Nu lm c iu ny th nng lng
s dng s tng ln c cng mt cng sut pht.
4.2.2 iu ch v gii iu ch
Khi my tnh s giao tip, n trao i d liu s, m ch yu l cc k hiu (symbol). Mi
k hiu c ly t bng ch ci, channel alphabet. Trong qu trnh iu ch, cc k hiu
t channel alphabet c nh x ti mt trong cc dng sng c cng chiu di hu hn.
Chiu di ny c gi l b rng k hiu (symbol duration). Vi hai dng sng khc nhau
to ra iu ch nh phn (
binary modulation
). Nu kch thc l m N, m> 2, ta c iu
ch m-ary. Cc trng hp ph bin l s nh phn (gm hai k hiu l 0, 1) v s lng cc
(gm hai k hiu l 1, -1).
Khi cp n cc tc truyn/ iu ch d liu, ta cn phn bit gia cc tham s sau:
Tc k hiu (Symbol rate): L nghch o ca b rng k hiu. Trong iu ch nh
phn, n cn c gi l tc bit.
Tc d liu (Data rate): L s bit trong mt giy m b iu ch c th chp nhn c
truyn. Do , tc ny c tnh khi dng d liu nh phn. i vi iu ch nh phn,
tc bit v tc d liu ging nhau v thng dng tc bit biu th tc d liu.
i vi iu ch m-ary, tc d liu l tch gia tc k hiu v s bit m ha trong mt
sng n. V d, nu s dng iu ch 8-ary, chng ta c th kt hp mi dng sng vi mt
trong tm nhm ba bit v do , tc bit gp ba ln tc k hiu.
iu ch c thc hin my pht. Ngi nhn cui cng mun khi phc li d liu
pht t dng sng nhn c. Qu trnh bin i t sng nhn c to ra cc k hiu
c gi l gii iu ch (demodulation). V tp m, s suy gim, hoc nhiu nn cc dng
sng nhn c thng b mo (so vi sng pht i), do b thu khng th xc nh mt
cch chc chn d liu pht. Thay vo , b thu quyt nh k hiu li vi mt xc sut
no , c gi l t s li k hiu (symbol error rate). i vi d liu s c biu din
theo bit, khi nim ny rt quan trng v c gi l t s li bit (BER - Bit Error Rate), n
m t xc sut mt bit chuyn ti lp cao hn b sai. Nu s dng iu ch nh phn, xc sut
li bit v xc sut li k hiu l ging nhau. Trong trng hp iu ch m-ary, chng c th
khc nhau. Ngay c khi tn hiu c gii iu ch khng chnh xc, nhm bit chuyn i vn

86
c th ng ti mt s v tr (min l SNR khng qu thp). Tt c cc lp cao hn ch yu
quan tm n xc sut li bit.
Hnh thc iu ch ph bin nht l iu ch bng thng, khi tn hiu c iu ch trn
cc sng mang tun hon di tn cao. Ph c s dng bi s iu ch bng thng
thng c m t theo tn s trung tm f
c
v bng thng B. Phn ln nng lng ca tn
hiu c th c tm thy trong cc di tn s (f
c
B/2, f
c
+ B/2). Sng mang thng c
biu din di dng sng cosin, n l duy nht khi bit bin , tn s v gc dch pha. Theo
, tn hiu iu ch ( ) s t thng c biu din di dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos s t A t . t t e | = +

trong ( ) A t l bin ph thuc thi gian, ( ) t e l tn s ph thuc thi gian, v ( ) t |
l gc dch pha. Theo , c ba loi iu ch c bn: kho dch bin (ASK - Amplitude
Shift Keying), kho dch pha (PSK - Phase Shift Keying) v kho dch tn (FSK
Frequency Shift Keying). Chng c th s dng c lp hoc kt hp vi nhau.

Hnh 4.2 V d v ASK
Trong ASK, ( )
i
s . cho cc k hiu khc nhau l:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
2
cos
i
i
E t
s t t
T
e | = +
Vi
0
e l tn s trung tm, | l gc pha ban u, ( )
i
E t khng i trong mt chu k [0,
T]. Quy c
( ) 2
i
E t
T
l bin , n biu th nng lng k hiu E. Mt v d v ASK
c ch ra trn hnh 4.2, trong chui nh phn 110100101 c iu ch, s dng E
0
(t )
= 1 v E
1
(t ) = 2 cho tt c t biu din gi tr logic 0 v 1. Trng hp c bit ca iu
ch ASK l s knh nh phn trong cc im 0 biu th trng hp khng c tn hiu
v cc im 1 cho nhng trng hp cn li. Do vy, n tng ng vi mt chuyn mch

87
ca b pht nn n cn c gi l kho ng m (OOK On Off Keying). Trong PSK ta
c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
cos
i i
E
s t t t
T
e | = +
Vi
0
e l tn s trung tm, E l nng lng k hiu v ( )
i
t | l mt trong m gi tr hng s
khc nhau biu th gc dch pha.

Hnh 4.3 V d v PSK

Hnh 4.4 V d v FSK

88
Hnh 4.3 biu th PSK cng vi d liu nh phn nh trong v d ASK. Hai s PSK ph
bin l BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying kho dch pha nh phn) v QPSK (Quaternary
Phase Shift Keying kho dch pha t phn). V d, chng c s dng cho cc iu ch
1-Mbps v 2-Mbps trong IEEE 802.11. Trong BPSK s dng dch pha ca 0 v t, cn
trong QPSK s dng dch pha ca 0, t/2, t v 3t/2.
Trong FSK ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
cos
i i
E
s t t .t
T
e | = +
Vi ( )
i
t e l mt trong n tn s khc nhau, , E l nng lng k hiu v | l gc pha ban
u. Hnh 4.4 vn l v d trn nhng s dng iu ch FSK.
R rng l ba loi iu ch c bn ny c th kt hp vi nhau. V d, iu ch bin
vung gc (QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) l s kt hp gia iu ch bin
v iu ch pha bng cch s dng hai bin khc nhau v hai gc pha khc nhau biu
th hai bit trong mt k hiu.
4.2.3 Cc nh hng ca truyn sng v nhiu
Sng truyn qua knh v tuyn b nh hng ca mt s hin tng vt l gy mo sng nhn
c my thu. Mo l hin tng khng mong mun, n to ra cc bit li my thu.
Phn x, khc x, tn x v fading Doppler
Cc hin tng truyn sng c bn l:
Phn x: Khi sng ang truyn trong mi trng A gp mt mi trng B khc, gi s lp
tip gip gia chng l nhn th mt phn sng s c phn x tr li mi trng A, mt
phn c truyn vo mi trng B v c hp th (hnh 4.5(a)). Nng lng phn
x/truyn/hp th ph thuc vo mi trng v tn s truyn.
Khc x: Theo nguyn l ca Huygen, tt c cc im trn mt sng u c th c xem
nh l ngun ca mt mt sng mi. Nu mt mt sng gp mt nh nhn, n c th lm cho
sng b chuyn vo vng che khut (hnh 4.5(b)).
Tn x: Khi sng tip xc vi b mt g gh, n c th b phn x nhiu ln v b khuch tn
theo nhiu hng (hnh 4.5(c)).

Hnh 4.5 M t hin tng truyn sng
Fading Doppler: Khi b pht v b thu chuyn ng tng i vi nhau, sng thu c s b
dch tn, to nn hiu ng Doppler. S dch tn qu nhiu s lm cho b thu nhn tn hiu
sai tn s. Tn s tng ln khi b pht gn b thu v gim khi chng xa nhau. Nh vy trong
hiu ng Doppler, bn thn tn s ca ngun sng khng b thay i m chnh khong cch
thay i gia b pht v b thu gy nn s thay i tn s.

89
Antenna v tuyn pht tn hiu theo tt c cc hng vi cng mt cng , hoc n c mt
hng u tin c trng bi mt chm tn hiu. Trong trng hp u tin, ta c antenna mi
hng (omnidirectional antenna), v trong ln th hai, ta c antenna mt hng (directed
antenna). Trong c hai trng hp, khng ch c mt m c rt nhiu bn sao ca tn hiu n
c b thu t cc ng c di v suy gim khc nhau. Hnh 4.6 minh ho iu , n
gm ng trc tip hay ng nhn thng (LOS - Line Of Sight) v ng phn x hay
ng nhn khng thng (NLOS - Non line Of Sight).

Hnh 4.6 Truyn sng a ng

V vy, tn hiu my thu l s xp chng ca nhiu bn sao b tr ca cng mt tn hiu.
Tn hiu thc s chim mt ph nht nh, c biu din bng cng thc Fourier. Cc bn
sao khc nhau ca tn hiu c tr khc nhau, l do s khc nhau v tn s ca tn hiu
gy ra s dch pha my thu. S dch pha tng i ca cc thnh phn tn hiu to ra nhiu
tch cc v tiu cc. Nu knh x l tt c cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu theo cng mt
cch (c ngha l bin my thu tng i mnh), ta c fading khng chn tn
(frequency- nonselective fading), cn c gi l fading phng (flat fading), nu khng ta
s c knh chn tn (frequency-selective channel). Tnh la chn (hay khng la chn) tn
s ca mt knh l lin quan cht ch n s phn tn thi gian (time dispersion) hay
rng tr (delay spread), hay chnh xc hn l lin quan n gi tr rng tr RMS. Gii
thng ph hp (coherence bandwidth) ca mt mi trng truyn sng l di tn m qua
n, knh truyn c coi nh phng. N c nh ngha l nghch o ca tch gia rng
tr RMS v mt h s khng i. Knh l knh fading phng nu ton bng thng tn hiu
nh hn gii thng ph hp.
i vi cc mng cm bin khng dy, phm vi truyn nh (lm cho rng tr RMS nh)
v tc k hiu tng i thp. y chnh l l do gi s n l cc knh fading phng.
Khi my pht v my thu di chuyn tng i vi nhau, s lng v lch pha tng i
ca nhiu ng truyn s thay i theo thi gian v cng tn hiu nhn c c th dao
ng trong khong 30 - 40 dB trong thi gian ngn. c gi l fading nhanh (fast
fading) hay fading a ng (multipath fading). Ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng tng
i, cc dao ng xy ra trong khong thi gian t hng chc n hng trm ms.
Tm quan trng ca fading chnh l tc ng ca n n my thu. Do bt k mt my thu no
cng mun cng tn hiu l nh nht c th chn c phng php gii iu ch
ph. Khi cng tn hiu thp hn ngng ca n do fading nhanh gy ra, c gi l suy
gim su (deep fade). Khi xt cc knh fading nhanh, tc m ti tn hiu nm di
mc ngng (tc vt mc - level-crossing rate) v khong thi gian xy ra suy gim
su l cc tham s rt quan trng. V mt cht lng, knh fading c xu hng c li chm,

90
l li k hiu thng xy ra trong trong cc cm, c ngn cch bng nhng khong
khng li.
Ngun li khc (ch yu) do truyn sng a ng gy ra l nhiu lin k hiu (ISI
InterSymbol Interference): Khi my pht truyn cc k hiu u lng, s xut hin ca nhiu
ng vi tr khc nhau c th dn n tnh hung l dng sng ph thuc vo mt s k
hiu s
t
v n my thu theo ng nhn thng (LOS), n trng vi cc bn sao b tr ca cc
k hiu c gi trc s
t -1
, s
t-2
, ... . Mc nghim trng ca ISI ph thuc vo mi
quan h gia khong cch ca cc k hiu v rng tr RMS.
Suy hao ng truyn v s suy gim
Sng v tuyn c truyn t do trong mi trng l i tng ca suy hao cng sut ph
thuc khong cch, cn c gi l suy hao ng truyn (path loss). Cng sut nhn c
khong cch
0
d d >

gia my pht v my thu c biu din bng phng trnh khng
gian t do Friis (Friis free-space equation):

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
2
0 0
0
2
2
0
4
4
tx t r
rcvd
tx t r
rcvd
P .G .G .
P d
.d .L
P .G .G . d d
P d
d d
.d .L

t
=
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
(0.11)
Trong
tx
P l cng sut pht;
t
G v
r
G l khuch i ca antenna ca my pht v
my thu;
0
d c gi l khong cch trng xa (far-field distance), n ph thuc vo
cng ngh ca antenna,
0
d d > l khong cch gia my pht v my thu; l bc sng
v 1 L > l tng suy hao qua h thng pht/thu. Ch rng phng trnh ny ch c gi tr
khi
0
d d > . Vi mi trng khc, phng trnh c dng:
( ) ( )
0
0 rcvd rcvd
d
P d P d
d

| |
=
|
\ .
(0.12)
Trong l s m ca suy hao ng truyn, n thng thay i gia 2 (suy hao trong
khng gian t do) v 5 n 6 (cc vng b che khut v trong nh). Thm ch nu c nhiu
tch cc th 2 < . Suy hao ng truyn c nh ngha l t s gia cng sut pht v cng
sut nhn c ( )
tx rcvd
P / P d . T (0.12) ta c:
( )| | ( )| |
0 10
0
10
d
PL d dB PL d dB .log
d

| |
= +
|
\ .
(0.13)
y c gi l m hnh suy hao theo khong cch logarithm, ( )| |
0
PL d dB l suy hao
ng truyn khong cch chun.
Chng ta c th rt ra mt s kt lun u tin t phng trnh ny. Th nht, cng sut thu
c ph thuc vo tn s: tn s cng cao th cng sut thu c cng ln. Th hai, cng
sut thu c ph thuc khong cch theo lut cng sut. V d, gi s s m suy hao ng
truyn l 2, nt khong cch 2d n b thu bt k s dng gp 4 ln nng lng so vi nt

91
khong cch d vn n b thu cng c c cng sut thu nh nhau l
rcvd
P . Do ,
tc li bit/ k hiu my thu l hm n iu ca cng sut thu
rcvd
P , tn s cng cao
hoc khong cch cng ln th th phi tng cng sut pht cho ph hp duy tr gi tr
rcvd
P quy nh.
Tp m v nhiu
Thng thng, nhiu (interference) l s hin din ca cc tn hiu khng mong mun t bn
ngoi lm che hoc giu tn hiu. Nhiu thng ni ti cc nhn t ngoi mi trng tc
ng ln knh truyn. Cc tn hiu ny c th n t cc my pht thng tin khc trong cng
mt bng thng ti cng mt thi im (nhiu a truy cp) hoc t cc thit b khc nh l
vi sng pht x ti cng mt di tn s. Trong nhiu ng knh, cc ngun nhiu pht x ti
cng mt di tn hoc c cc di tn chng cho nhau. Trong nhiu knh ln cn, nhiu
hot ng di ln cn.
Hin tng quan trng khc l tp m nhit, hay cn gi l tp m, thng m ch n nhng
tc ng bn trong h thng. N c to ra do chuyn ng nhit ca cc in tch trong
thit b dn in nh b khuch i, mch pht v mch thu. cc b thu s, tp m thng
c o bng mt ph cng sut (PSD - Power Spectral Density) N
0
:
0
W
Hz
N K.T
(
=
(


Trong K l hng s Boltzmanns ( 1.38 10
23
J/K) v T l nhit ca h thng (theo
Kelvin). Tp m nhit s c cng thm vo tn hiu, ngha l tn hiu thu r(t) l tng ca
tn hiu pht s(t) (n b thu sau khi b suy hao ng truyn, b suy gim, b tn x) v tn
hiu tp m n(t):
( ) ( ) ( ) r t s t n t = + (0.14)
V y c gi l tp m Gaussian, trong n(t) l phn b chun/Gausse c gi tr trung
bnh bng 0 v phng sai hu hn o
2

vi mi t . Mt tnh cht rt quan trng ca tp
m Gaussian l PSD ca n l mt hng s (c gi tr bng N
0

/2 mi tn s). Hin tng
c PSD l mt hng s cn c gi l tp m trng (white noise). Chnh v vy, nhiu
nhit cn c gi l tp m Gaussian cng sinh (AWGN - Additive White Gaussian
Noise).
Sai s k hiu v bit
Xc xut li k hiu/bit ph thuc vo s iu ch thc t, l t s gia cng sut tn hiu
thu c (
rcvd
P ) v cng sut ca tp m v nhiu. Khi xt AWGN, t s ny c gi l t s
tn hiu/ tp m (SNR - Signal-to-Noise Ratio) v c biu din theo cng thc sau:
10
0
SNR 10log
rcvd
P
N
=
Trong N
0
l cng sut tp m v
rcvd
P l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu thu. Khi cc
ngun nhiu khc cng c quan tm, t s tn hiu/nhiu + tp m (SINR - Signal to
Interference and Noise Ratio) li ng vai tr quan trng:

92
10
0
1
SINR 10log
rcvd
k
i
i
P
N I
=
| |
|
|
=
|
+ |
|
\ .


Trong N
0
l cng sut tp m v I
i
cng sut thu c t nhiu th i.
SIRN biu din cng sut n cc b thu v do , n lin quan n cc k hiu gi qua knh
truyn dn. gii iu ch v gii m chnh xc mt bit nhn c, nng lng trn mt bit
E
b
phi tng quan vi nng lng tp m N
0
. T s E
b
/N
0
gn ging SNR (hay SINR khi
nhiu c xem nh l mt tp m).

0 0
1 1
SNR
b rcvd
E P
.
N R N R
= = (0.15)
Trong R l tc bit. Thng s ny s c s dng trong phn sau khi xt n bng thng
W c s dng bi tn hiu iu ch v s dng h s bng thng (bandwidth efficiency)
q
BW
=R/W (bit/Hz) nh l mt thc o nh gi hiu qu ca s iu ch. Khi , (0.15)
tr thnh:

0 0
1
b rcvd
BW
E P
N N .W
=
q
(0.16)
Mt khc bit quan trng khng trc tip lin quan n iu ch nhng lin quan n cc my
thu l s tch sng nht qun (coherent detection) v s tch sng khng nht qun
(noncoherent detection). Trong s tch sng nht qun, thng tin v tn s v pha l y .
Nhn chung, cc b thu nht qun phc tp hn cc b thu khng nht qun rt nhiu nhng n
yu cu t s tn hiu/ tp m nh hn t c cng tc li bit (BER).

Hnh 4.7 Tc li bit ca PSK v FSK nh phn c tch sng nht qun


93
Mun c BER t gi tr ti a nh mong mun, ta c th c nhiu s iu ch, t xc
nh SNR ti thiu cn t c h s BER ny trn knh AWGN. iu ny ch ra trn hnh
4.7, n c thc hin theo hai phng php PSK v FSK nh phn tch sng nht qun. nh
gi v mt nh tnh, gi tr ca BER theo E
b
/N
0
l nh nhau i vi cc loi iu ch thng
thng. V d, vi BPSK, t s E
b
/N
0
phi ln hn 4 dB c c BER t gi tr nh nht l
10
-3
. Cng sut tp m l c nh, v vy ta phi iu chnh cng sut thu P
rcvd
c c SNR
nh mong mun. Vi cc antenna cho, iu ny ch c th c c bng cch tng cng
sut pht my thu P
tx
.
4.2.4 Cc m hnh knh
Theo nghin cu v cc s iu ch v iu chnh li, cn thit phi s dng m hnh cho
cc knh v tuyn. Do cc knh v tuyn thc t rt phc tp nn ch yu s dng cc m hnh
ngu nhin, trong thay th m hnh phc tp trong mi trng truyn sng bng cc bin
ngu nhin. Cch n gin nht l cc m hnh ny lm vic cp dng sng m t cc
tn hiu nhn c. Cch phc tp hn, cc m hnh m t cc s liu thng k v k hiu, bit
li hoc thm ch l cc gi bit. Cc m hnh ny phi tun theo c im ca cc giao thc
mng, ni thng xuyn c hng nghn hoc hng triu gi tin c truyn i.
M hnh tn hiu
Gi s ta c mt m hnh dng sng, m hnh AWGN vi SNR l hng s. M hnh ny biu
din tn hiu thu r(t) dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) r t s t n t = +
Trong s(t )l tn hiu pht v n(t ) l tp m trng Gaussian. Mt tnh cht quan trng ca
m hnh ny l SNR lun l hng. M hnh ny d dng phn tch v mt l thuyt nhng n
li khng ph hp vi m hnh c cc knh bin i theo thi gian, v d nh cc knh fading.
Hin c cc m hnh ph bin khc, c bit l cho cc knh fading khng chn tn. Cc m
hnh ny gi thit cc SNR l mt bin ngu nhin, dao ng t k hiu ny sang k hiu khc
hoc t khi ny sang khi khc. Trong m hnh fading Rayleigh, n c gi nh rng
khng c ng LOS. Thay vo , mt s lng ln cc bn sao tn hiu c bin c lp
mt cch ngu nhin nhng c gi tr trung bnh ging nhau v chng ln nhau my thu.
Theo nh l gii hn trung tm, bin ca tn hiu thu c c phn b Rayleigh, trong
pha c phn b chun trong khong [0, 2 ]. M hnh ph bin th hai l m hnh fading
Rice, n c cng gi thit nh m hnh fading Rayleigh nhng thnh phn LOS phi ln. Knh
fading nh vy kt hp vi AWGN c th c biu din:
( ) ( ) ( )
i
r t R.e .s t n t = +
u

Trong n(t) l tp m Gaussian trng v
i
R.e
u
l bin ngu nhin Gaussian vi R l hm
mt xc sut Rice hoc Rayleigh.
M hnh s
Trong knh AWGN, mi k hiu c truyn i s b li vi mt xc xut li c nh v li
ca cc k hiu gn nhau c lp vi nhau. Nu hai iu kin ny l ng v xc sut li khng
ph thuc vo gi tr k t th ta c knh i xng nh phn (BSC - Binary Symmetric
Channel).

94
c mt s kt qu khi tm cc m hnh ngu nhin tt cho cc knh fading (Rayleigh)
mc bit/k t. Nhng m hnh ny c gng nm bt c xu hng ca knh fading c
cc li chm. Thng thng, cc cc knh ny c m hnh thnh cc chui Markov vi
cc trng thi ca chui tng ng vi cc mc cht lng ca cc knh khc nhau. V d,
m hnh Gilbert - Elliot hai trng thi m t s thay i gia trng thi tt v s suy gim
su ca knh fading.
Cc m hnh knh WSN c th
Mt trong nhng hn ch trong thit k WSN l s dng cng sut truyn nh (do vy m
cng sut pht nh), c 1dBm trn mt bc nhy tit kim nng lng nhng n lm nh
hng n giao tip a bc nhy. La chn cng sut pht nh lm nh hng n cc c
tnh ca knh truyn, c th l:
Theo phng trnh Friis (phng trnh 4.1), cng sut pht nh c ngha l phm vi truyn
nh.
Phm vi truyn nh c ngha l rng tr RMS vo khong vi ns, nh so vi rng k
hiu (vi ms hoc s). Do , tc d liu mc va phi, l l do ti sao s dng cc
knh fading c tp m khng chn tn v ISI thp hoc khng ng k. Vy nn khng c
yu cu c bit no ISI ging cc b lng t ho.
4.2.5 Cng ngh tri ph
Tri ph l mt k thut truyn thng c c trng bi bng thng rng v cng sut thp.
Trong cc h thng tri ph, bng thng ca sng pht ln hn yu cu thc t truyn d
liu ca ngi s dng. Tn hiu c tri rng my pht v thu gn my thu. S dng tn
hiu bng rng s gim c tp m/nhiu bng hp. Cc h thng tri ph thng c tnh bn
vng cao chng li cc nh hng a ng nhng v th m my thu t v phc tp hn
c c s iu ch ph hp.
Hai loi cng ngh tri ph ph bin nht l tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS - Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum) v tri ph nhy tn (FHSS - Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum).
Tri ph dy trc tip
Trong tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS), vic truyn bit d liu trong khong thi gian t
b
c
thay bng vic truyn dy chip hu hn
1 2 n
c c c ...c = vi c
i
{0, 1} nu bit c gi tr logic
bng 1, hoc
1 2 n
c c c ...c = nu bit c gi tr logic bng 0 (
i
c l o ca c
i
). Mi chip c
i
c
rng t
c
= t
b
/n, trong n l h s khuch i hay h s tri. Mi chip sau s c iu
ch theo s iu ch s nh BPSK hay QPSK. Do ph ca tn hiu s l nghch o ca
rng k hiu, ph ca chui chip phi rng hn ph tn hiu s nn trong trng hp ny yu
cu iu ch trc tip. Vi mc ch l rng chip phi nh hn gi tr trung bnh hoc gi
tr RMS nn knh truyn phi l knh chn tn. V vy, khi c hin tng fading a ng,
dy chip c c c t LOS v bn sao b tr ca n lch nhau ln hn mt rng chip (c
gi l lag). iu ny s c s dng to ra thit k mc cao hn dy chip: dy gi ngu
nhin.
V d v tri ph dy trc tip c ch ra trn hnh 4.8. Trong trng hp ny tn ti c
ng LOS v ng phn x, lag tng ng vi ba rng chip. Dy chip LOS trc tip l

95
1 2 n
c c c ...c = nn ta c
1
1 2 n
c c c ...c

= , trong khi dy chip t ng phn x bt u tr mt


ba rng chip. Nh vy, my thu s hot ng nh sau: gi s my thu ng b vi ng
trc tip. N so snh dy chip n vi vi dy chun bit c bng cch tnh tch ni. Nu dy
nhn c ging c th hot ng ny to ra gi tr n, nu dy chip nhn c l c
-1
th kt qu
l -n. Cc bn sao tr lm mo tn hiu trc tip ging cch ca m hnh AWGN. Do ,
DSSS tng tnh bn vng chng li cc hiu ng a ng. Tuy nhin, n c mt s bt
buc sau. Th nht l cc my thu phi ng b hon ton vi cc my pht. Th hai l phi
c s qun l dy chip. Trong cc h thng nh IEEE 802.11 vi lp vt l DSSS (PHY)
hoc IEEE 802.15.4, ch c dy chip n l c s dng bi tt c cc nt. Thc hin cc
php o lp MAC trnh xung t. C th n nh cc m hoc dy chip khc nhau n
nhng ni khc nhau bng cch truyn song song v ch to ra cc mo khng quan trng.
Phng php ny c gi l a truy cp phn chia theo m (CDMA - Code Division
Multiple Access). Tuy nhin, cu hi c c t ra y l c th c bao nhiu m c
n nh n cc nt?

Hnh 4.8 V d v tri ph dy trc tip

Tri ph nhy tn
Trong tri ph nhy tn (FHSS), cc h thng nh Bluetooth, phin bn FHSS ca IEEE
802.11, ph c chia nh thnh cc knh hoc bng con c kch thc bng nhau (khng ln
vi cc knh vt l ni phn trn); Bluetooth v IEEE 802.11 chia ph ca chng trong
di 2.4 GHz thnh 78 bng con c rng 1 MHz. D liu lun c truyn trong mt knh
ti mt thi im; do , bng thng ca n cng b hn ch. Tt c cc nt trong mng nhy
mt cch ng b gia cc knh theo lch trnh nh trc. Theo cch , nu knh hin ti
ang b suy gim su mt s im ti mt thi im no th cc nt s nhy qua knh
khc tt hn. Cc mng khc nhau c th cng chia s mt khu vc a l bng cch s dng
lch trnh nhy khng chng cho nhau.
V d, phin bn FHSS ca IEEE 802.11 nhy vi 2.5 Hz v nhiu gi tin c th truyn i
trc khi c bc nhy tip theo. Trong Bluetooth, tn s nhy l 1.6 kHz v ch c mt gi
tin c truyn i trc khi c bc nhy tip theo. Cc gi tin c di tng ng vi mt,
ba hoc nm bc nhy. Khi gi tin di hn, cc bc nhy s b chn li v gi tin s c
truyn cng mt tn s. Khi gi tin c truyn i, h thng s tip tc tn s n ang
c nu gi tin di khng xut hin.
4.2.6 ng b v truyn gi tin
Lp MAC trn lp vt l s dng cc gi hoc khung nh l cc n v c bn cho vic
truyn tin.

96
T cch nhn ca lp MAC, khung nh vy c kin trc. Tuy nhin, i vi my thu th n
ch l mt khi cc bit. Cc b thu pht thng thc hin cc chc nng iu ch v gii iu
ch trong sut qu trnh x l tn s trung v cao phn cng to ra giao din vi lp vt
l.
B thu phi bit cc tnh cht ca sng n c th cm nhn n v tm kim khung. N bao
gm tn s, pha, cc k hiu/bit bt u v kt thc, cc khung bt u v kt thc. Ngun gc
ca vn ng b l g? Vic to cc sng mang hnh sin v clock cc b (tng ng vi cc
thi im k hiu c m t) cn phi c cc my to dao ng (oscillator) ca mt tn s
danh nh (nominal frequency) no . Tuy nhin, do sn phm khng chnh xc, do s
chnh lch nhit v mt s l do khc, tn s thc t ca cc my to dao ng b lch so
vi tn s danh nh. lch ny thng c gi tr khong vi phn triu (ppm - parts per
million) v s cc dao ng clock thm vo hoc mt i to ra khong thi gian cn cho mt
triu dao ng tc danh nh. My to dao ng cng r th lch cng ln.
b lch ny, my thu phi bit tn s v c s thi gian ca my pht. My thu phi c
thng tin ng b t dng sng nhn c. Vn thng thy ca phng php ny l s
phn bit gia pha hun luyn (training) hay theo di (acquisition) v tm kim (tracking).
Cc khung c trang b mt dy hun luyn bit trc cho php my thu bit cc tham s
chi tit ca my pht, v d nh tc clock. Dy hun luyn ny thng c t u
khung (v d nh trong chun IEEE 802.11 hoc IEEE 802.15.4), nhng i khi n c t
gia (v d nh trong GSM). Trng hp th nht, ta gi n l phn m u (preamble), cn
trong trng hp th hai l phn gia. Trong c hai trng hp, dy hun luyn u c
phn m u. V d nh trong IEEE 802.15.4, phn m u bao gm 32 bit 0 (zero).
Sau khi my thu nhn thnh cng tn hiu ng b ban u t dy hun luyn, n s chuyn
sang ch tm kim, tip tc iu chnh li my to dao ng cc b ca n.
Vn ng b bao gm:
ng b thit b truyn ti:
My thu phi bit c tn s, cc s tm kim v pha ca tn hiu. lch tn c th do
cc my to dao ng hoc do dch tn Doppler trong trng hp cc nt di chuyn. C mt
cch c c s ng b tn s, l cho my pht gi cc gi tin dao ng theo dng
ph bit v cho my thu qut mt s v tr ph quanh di tn danh nh ca dng ph ny.
Thng thng, pha bin i nhanh hn tn s, do , ng b pha phi c thc hin
thng xuyn hn ng b tn s. Trong cc s tm kim khng nht qun c th khng
cn thc hin ng b pha nhng ci gi c c BER cao hn khi so vi cng mt cng
sut pht.
ng b bit/k hiu
Khi c yu cu ng b thit b truyn ti, my thu phi xc nh c c rng k hiu,
cc k hiu bt u v kt thc qu trnh gii iu ch thnh cng. Qu trnh hiu chnh li
tip tc pha tm kim yu cu phi c kch thc ph hp biu th gii hn ca k
hiu. iu ny c th gii thch bng v d ca OOK, trong cc gi tr 0 c iu ch
nh l s vng mt ca mt sng mang no . Nu c nhiu s 0 lin tc, clock ca my thu
khng c s iu chnh th c th n s b lch so vi clock my pht, iu ny c th gy ra
hin tng thm cc k hiu gi hoc nhy k hiu. V d, vi b thu pht RF Monolithics

97
TR1000 s dng trong cc mote Mica, phi trnh hin tng c nhiu hn 4 bit 0 hoc bit 1
lin tip. C th trnh tnh hung ny bng cch chn s m ho c s bit 1 ph hp nh
k thut chn hoc xo trn bit, trong lung d liu s c dch qua mt thanh ghi dch
phn hi tuyn tnh. K thut xo trn bit c th c dng trong IEEE 802.11 v khng c
k hiu thm no c gi i.
ng b khung:
My thu phi tm kim t khi khung bt u cho n khi n kt thc (bin gii ca khung).
ng b khung tha nhn rng ng b bit/ k hiu lun c yu cu. C mt s k thut
cho ng b khung nh khe trng thi gian, cc trng di, s dng cc dy flag c bit
trong k thut chn bit trnh xung t ca cc dy ny trong gi d liu hoc gia cc gi
d liu vi nhau.
K thut nh du im bt u ca khung l phng php ca IEEE 802.15.4, trong
phn m u ngay lp thc thc hin theo bt u du tch khung (SFD - Start Frame
Delimiter). SFD l mt phn trong phn u ca lp vt l, n khng thuc phn d liu.
Hnh 4.9 l mt v d v ly mu v ng b. Trong cc mote Mika, mt trong nhng
la chn cho iu ch l OOK. Trong , cc bit biu din hai mc ca cng sut
truyn ti: mc cng sut 0 tng ng vi gi tr logic 0 v mc cng sut khc 0 tng
ng vi gi tr logic 1 (b qua nhiu nn). Mt gi tin s bao gm mt phn m u,
SFD v phn d liu. Mt khong thi gian ngh s c hiu nh l ranh gii
gia cc gi tin. Trong khong thi gian , my thu ch cn thnh thong ly mu.
Thi gian gia cc mu phi nh hn di phn m u khng b b qua n nhng
phi ln khng tn qu nhiu nng lng cho vic ly mu. Khi mu cho thy
hot ng trong knh, tn s ca n phi tng ln tm im kt thc ca phn m u
v xc nh di ca mt bit truyn t SFD. Mt khi thng tin ny c xc nh, cc
mu s nm gia cc bit d liu. trnh s c mt ca thi gian ri trong phn d liu
v hiu sai n nh l ranh gii ca gi, s bit 0 (v 1) lin tip phi b hn ch (v d
nh ch di 4 bit).

Hnh 4.9 V d v ly mu v ng b
4.2.7 Cht lng knh v tuyn v cc php o ci thin
Ngc vi cc knh hu tuyn, cc knh v tuyn thng c tc li bit/ k hiu km hn.
Cht lng knh thc t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh tn s, khong cch gia b pht v
b thu, tc chuyn ng tng i gia chng, mi trng truyn sng C nhiu cch
ci thin cht lng knh v tuyn lm vic trong mi trng truyn sng v cc lp cao

98
hn:
Ti u ho cc tham s truyn dn:
La chn c ch iu ch cng nh cng sut pht c th ci thin BER mt cch ng k.
Mu cht gim st quan trng khc l la chn kch thc v cu trc ca gi tin.
C ch phn tp:
Tt c cc k thut phn tp hnh thnh v s dng c lp vi nhau i vi cng mt tn
hiu. Ni mt cch n gin, ngi ta hy vng rng, nu mt m hnh ang trng thi suy
gim su v c li k hiu th c th c thay bng mt m hnh khc tt hn. B thu s c
gng la chn tt c cc m hnh tt nht. Trong cc c ch phn tp hin nay, rt nhiu bn
sao c to bi my pht bng cch gi cng mt gi tin cc tn s khc nhau qua cc khe
thi gian khc nhau hoc gi n theo cc hng khc nhau trong khng gian. Trong cc c
ch phn tp trc y, tn hiu ch c gi mt ln nhng nhiu bn copy c to ra trong
knh truyn do truyn sng a ng. Trong c hai trng hp, my thu cn phi c c ch
la chn u im ca cc bn copy.
S hiu chnh:
K thut hiu chnh c s dng chng li nhiu lin k hiu (ISI). Hiu chnh c thc
hin nh sau: my pht gi dng sng/ mu k hiu bit, cn c gi l dy hun luyn.
B hiu chnh my thu lm vic hai ch l hun luyn v tm kim. pha hun luyn,
b hiu chnh phn tch bn thu c ca mu c bit c ch ca mo, tnh algorithm
cho nghch o ca mo. pha tm kim, gi tin cn li c phn tch bng cch p dng
thut ton ngc li vi n b iu chnh tip tc iu chnh li thut ton ngc. S hiu
chnh yu cu mt s x l tn hiu b thu v gi s knh ng yn trong thi gian gi tin
c truyn. Dy hun luyn cn c th c s dng ng b bit.
Hiu chnh phng li (FEC - Forward error correction):
B pht chp nhn mt lung, khi d liu hoc ngun bit, thm vo cc bit d ph hp v
truyn chng ti b thu. Ph thuc vo s lng v cu trc ca bit d m b thu c th hiu
chnh mt s li bit/ k hiu. Ta bit rng cc knh AWGN c cng sut cao hn cc knh
fading Rayleigh v nhiu s m ho c c tnh BER tt hn cc knh fading c li chm.
Hot ng ca k thut an xen p dng thut ton hon v trong cc khi bit hy vng s
phn b cc li chm u hn v xem cc knh truyn nh l cc knh AWGN.
ARQ: tng c bn ca cc giao thc ARQ c m t nh sau: B pht s dng mt
header v gn mt kim tra tng v khi d liu. Gi tin ny sau s c truyn i. B thu
kim tra tnh ton vn ca gi tin vi s tr gip ca kim tra tng v cung cp mt s thng
tin phn hi cho b pht v s thnh cng ca vic truyn dn gi tin. Trn ng phn hi
m nhn c, b pht thc hin vic ti truyn dn.
4.3 Lp vt l v thit k b thu pht trong WSN.
Mt s im quyt nh nh hng n thit k PHY trong WSN l:
Tiu th nng lng thp.
Cng sut pht nh s to ra di truyn dn nh. iu ny s to ra mt chu trnh hot
ng c cng sut thp. a s phn cng phi tt hoc hot ng ch standby cng
sut thp trong hu ht thi gian s dng.

99
Tc d liu tng i thp, yu cu khong vi chc n vi trm kbit/s.
Gi thnh v tnh phc tp trong qu trnh thc hin thp.
Mc thay i thp
Thng thng, trong cc mng cm bin, rt kh tm ra s iu ch v cu trc b
thu pht n gin, gi r nhng vn mnh to cung cp dch v mong mun.
4.3.1 S dng nng lng
La chn cng sut pht thp tit kim nng lng trong mng cm bin khng dy
khc vi cc thit b v tuyn khc.
Th nht l, cng sut pht nh, thng c bc bng 0 dBm (tng ng vi 1 mW). Mt
khc, tng thu pht (u cui RF v phn bng gc) tiu th nng lng nhiu hn cng
sut pht thc t. Wang at al. c tnh b thu pht lm vic tn s vt qu 1 GHz cn
cng sut 10 n 100 mW to ra 1 mW. S liu tng t cng c cho bi cc b
thu pht CMOS 2.4 GHz: i vi cng sut pht 0 dBm, b pht thc t s dng 32 MW
trong khi b thu s dng nhiu hn, 38 mW. i vi cc mote Mica, ch pht s
dng 21 mW v ch thu s dng 15 mW.
Th hai l, cng sut pht nh th cc ch thu pht tiu th nhiu hoc t nng l ng
nh nhau, thm ch qu trnh thu s dng nhiu nng lng hn qu trnh pht. Ph
thuc vo cu trc b thu pht m tiu th nng lng ch ngh c th t hn hoc
bng cng sut thu. gim nng lng tiu th trung bnh trong WSN lu lng thp,
phi gi b thu pht ch ngh trong tt c thi gian. V vy, iu quan trng l phi
t b thu pht trng thi ng thay v ch trng thi ngh.
Tuy nhin, vn t ra y l thi gian/ nng lng khi ng m b thu pht s
dng chuyn t trng thi ng sang trng thi hot ng (thc). Trong thi gian khi
ng, khng c vic truyn v nhn d liu. V d b thu pht AMPS-1 cn thi gian
khi ng l 466 s v tiu th cng sut l 58 mW. V vy, chuyn sang trng thi ng
s khng c li khi trng thi hot ng sp xy ra. Ph thuc vo lu lng v hnh vi
ca cc giao thc MAC to ra k hoch hot ng cho b thu pht. Nu c th, khng
ch mt m nhiu gi tin c gi i ch thc chia gi thnh khi ng cho
nhiu gi tin.
Th ba l, gi thnh ca vic truyn dn so vi tnh ton trn mt nt cm bin. R rng,
gi thnh ny ph thuc vo phn giao tip da trn yu cu ca BER, di hot ng,
loi b thu pht Phn tnh ton li ph thuc vo loi b x l, s cu lnh V d,
vi cc nt Rockwells WIN, c 1500 n 2700 cu lnh c thc hin trn mt bit
truyn; vi cc nt MEDUSA II, t s ny nm trong khong t 220:1 n 2900:1; vi
cc nt WINS NG, t s ny vo khong 1400:1. Nh vy, tnh ton r hn truyn dn.
4.3.2 La chn s iu ch
Cc nhn t sau phi c coi trng nh nhau khi la chn s iu ch: tc d
liu/ tc k hiu yu cu v mong mun, phc tp thc hin, mi quan h gia
cng sut pht v BER v cc c tnh mong i ca knh t ruyn. Thi gian b thu pht
ch ng cng nhiu th thi gian truyn cng t. Tc d liu ca b thu pht/
iu ch cng cao th thi gian yu cu truyn d liu cho cng thp, do nng

100
lng tiu th cng t. im quan trng th hai l tiu th nng lng ca s iu
ch ph thuc vo tc k hiu nhiu hn tc d liu. V d, cc php o nng
lng tiu th ca WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) IEEE 802.11b ch ra rng
nng lng tiu th ph thuc vo s iu ch, iu ch kho m b (CCK -
Complementary Code Keying) cng nhanh th tiu th nng lng cng nhiu so vi
DBPSK v DQPSK. Tuy nhin, s chnh lch s di 10% v tt c cc s ny c
cng tc k hiu.
4.3.3 Antenna
Mt c im cn ch ca tt c cc nt cm bin l hn ch v kch thc v s
lng antenna. Nu antenne nh hn rt nhiu di sng mang th rt kh t c
hiu sut cao, do , nhng antenna khng ph hp kch thc phi s dng nhiu nng
lng truyn hn c c cng nng lng bc x.
Th hai l, vi trng hp nt cm bin nh, rt kh t hai antenna c khong cch
ph hp c c phn tp thu. Trong phn 2.4.7 ni, cc antenna phi cch nhau
t nht l 40-50% di bc sng c hiu qu tt t phn tp. di 2.4 GHz,
khong cch ny s nm trong khong 5 n 6 cm.
Thm vo , sng v tuyn pht ra t cc antenna gn t, trong mt s ng dng, s
c cc h s suy hao ng truyn cao hn, gi tr thng thy l =2 cho truyn thng
trong khng gian. H s trong cc mi trng c chng ngi vt (nh cc to nh,
tng) l 4.
Hn na, ph thuc vo ng dng m antenna khng c nh ln khi v bc ca nt
trnh b hng. Thng thng, hn ch ny s lm gim cht lng v cc c tnh
ca antenna trong cc nt cm bin khng dy.
V d, cc nt c phn b ri rc trn mt t s nm cc v tr ngu nhin, antenna
ca chng s tip xc vi t hoc cc vt cn khc. iu ny s lm cho vic truyn
sng v tuyn khng ng hng, tc cng tn hiu pht theo cc hng khc
nhau l khc nhau. iu ny cng c th do thit k ca antenna, to ra cc khc bit
ln trong cc c tnh truyn sng khng gian (cn c gi l cc vu ca antenna).

101
CU HI N TP CHNG 4

1. Di tn lm vic ca knh v tuyn
2. Cc c im ca iu ch trong b thu pht ca WSN
3. Cc nh hng ca truyn sng
4. Suy hao ng truyn v s suy gim trong WSN
5. Cc loi tp m v nhiu trong WSN?
6. Cc m hnh knh ca WSN
7. Phn bit tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS) v tri ph nhy tn (FHSS)
8. Vn ng b trong truyn tin ca lp vt l.
9. Cc php o ci thin cht lng knh v tuyn
10. Cc lu khi thit k b thu pht trong WSN.





102
CHNG 5. CC GIAO THC MAC

Mc ch ca chng
Giao thc MAC (Medium Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trng) gii
quyt mt nhim v n gin l sp xp thi gian khi c mt s nt cng truy nhp vo mt
mng thng tin mi trng c chia s. Chng ny gii thiu c s giao thc MAC, gii thch
mt s yu cu c th v vn m MAC gp trong mng cm bin khng dy. Yu cu quan
trng nht l hiu qu nng lng v vic s dng cc ngun MAC c th cho cc vic khc
nhau. Chng ny cn tho lun mt s c ch nh a ch, phng php quan trng bt
b pht khng dy ch ng. Do , cn phi cn nhc gia vic s dng nng lng ca
mng cm bin v mt s c tnh thng thng nh tr v cng sut khi s dng mng cm
bin khng dy.
Giao thc MAC l lp giao thc u tin ca lp vt l (Physical Layer PHY) do
giao thc MAC c nh hng ln nh cc tnh cht ca n. Nhim v c bn ca giao thc
MAC l iu chnh vic truy nhp ca cc nt n mng mi trng c chia s theo cch l
phi tho mn c cc yu cu v c tnh trong tng ng dng c th. Cc thng s nh
tr, cng sut thng c coi trng nhng ngc li, trong mng cm bin khng dy
(WSN Wireless Sensor Network) th s bo ton nng lng li ng vai tr quan trng.
Trong m hnh OSI chun th MAC c xem l mt phn ca lp lin kt d liu
(DLL Data Link Layer) nhng c s phn chia r rng v cng vic gia MAC v phn cn
li ca DLL. Giao thc MAC xc nh nt ti mt thi im xc nh khi truy nhp vo mi
trng truyn d liu, iu khin hay qun l n nt khc (truyn thng n hng) hay
t cc nt (trong truyn thng a hng). Hai thng s quan trng trong phn cn li ca
DLL l iu khin sai s v iu khin lu lng. iu khin sai s c s dng m bo
tin cy trong qu trnh truyn v c hnh ng ph hp khi c sai s truyn. iu khin
lu lng lm nhim v iu chnh tc truyn bo v my thu tc chm khng b
trn d liu. Lp lin kt s c trnh by c th trong chng 6.
5.1. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca cc giao thc MAC (khng dy)
Phn ny gii thiu mt s nguyn tc c bn v mt s v d quan trng ca giao thc
MAC khng dy do cc giao thc c s dng trong WSN k tha nhiu c im tn ti
trong cc mng thng thng.
5.1.1 Cc yu cu v rng buc thit k cho cc giao thc MAC khng dy.
Thng thng, yu cu k thut quan trng nht ca cc giao thc MAC l hiu sut
thng lng, n nh, tnh cng bng, tr truy nhp thp (khong thi gian khi gi thng
tin n v ln u truyn n), tr truyn dn thp (khong thi gian khi gi thng tin n v
truyn n thnh cng) v tng chi ph thp. Tng chi ph trong cc giao thc MAC c th
c tnh trn tng chi ph cho mi gi (t phn u n phn cui ca MAC), cc xung t
hay s trao i ca cc gi iu khin bn ngoi. Cc xung t c th xy ra nu giao thc
cho php hai hay nhiu nt gi gi tin cng mt thi im. Cc xung t c th khin cho
my thu khng c kh nng gii m gi tin mt cch ng n nn cc lp trn cng phi thc
hin vic truyn li. Vi cc ng dng i hi cht ch v thi gian th iu quan trng l m
bo tnh tin nh hoc ngu nhin v thi gian phn phi hay tc d liu ti thiu sn c.

103
i khi cn thit phi i x u tin vi cc gi tin quan trng hn cc gi tin khng quan
trng nn y c khi nim v tnh u tin.
Hot ng v c tnh ca cc giao thc MAC chu nh hng ln bi cc tnh cht ca
lp vt l bn di. Do WSN s dng mi trng v tuyn nn n k tha tt c cc vn
bit ca truyn sng v tuyn. Mt trong nhng vn l bin i theo thi gian v i
khi, tc li thc s cao. l do cc hin tng vt l nh fading chm v nhanh, suy hao
ng truyn, suy gim hay tp m nhit. Ph thuc vo s iu ch, tn s, khong cch
gia b pht v b thu, mi trng truyn sng m c th d dng quan st c tc li bit
tc thi di 10
-3
10
-2
.
Nh gii thch trong chng 4, cng sut thu
rcvd
P gim theo khong cch gia nt
pht v thu. Suy hao ng truyn ny s kt hp vi vic b thu pht cn cng tn hiu
nh nht gii iu ch cc tn hiu thnh cng s to ra mt di ln nht m nt cm bin
c th c c i vi mt cng sut pht cho. Nu hai nt nm ngoi di ny th chng
khng th nghe thy nhau. y chnh l ngun gc ca cc vn v u cui n/ u cui
hin bit. Vn u cui n (hidden-terminal problem) thng xy ra i vi lp cc
giao thc a truy cp cm nhn sng mang (CSMA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access),
nt cm nhn mi trng trc khi n truyn d liu. Nu mi trng bn, nt s hon vic
truyn li trnh xung t v s truyn li vo lc khc.
Xem xt v d trn hnh 5.1. y ta c ba nt A, B v C c sp xp nh sau: A v B
cng di, B v C cng di nhng A v C khng th nghe ln nhau. Gi s A bt u truyn tin
n B v mt lc sau, C cng quyt nh truyn tin. Hot ng cm nhn sng mang C cho
bit mi trng ri v C khng th nghe cc tn hiu t A. Khi C bt u truyn tin th B xy
ra s xung t ca hai gi tin v c hai gi tin u khng s dng c. Bng cch s dng
CSMA n gin u cui n s trnh c cc xung t khng mong mun ny.

Hnh 5.1 Tnh hung u cui n (cc vng trn l di truyn dn v nhiu)

Trong tnh hung u cui hin, B truyn tin cho A v mt lc sau, C mun truyn tin
n D. Mc d iu ny v mt l thuyt l c th do c A v D s nhn cc gi tin khng c
mo, hot ng cm nhn sng mang c thc hin bi C s ngn cn vic truyn ca C v
di thng s b b ph. S dng CSMA n gin trong u cui hin s trnh c vic i
ch khng cn thit.
Hai gii php cho cc vn ca u cui n v u cui hin l gii php m bo bn
trong cc giao thc MACA/ MACAW v bt tay RTS/CTS c s dng trong chun IEEE
802.11 WLAN.

104
Trong truyn thng hu tuyn, CSMA c s dng cho b pht pht hin xung t
tc thi b thu v hy vic truyn tin. c im ny cn c gi l pht hin xung
t (CD - Collision Detection) v n c s dng trong giao thc CSMA/CD ca Ethernet
tng hiu sut truyn dn. Vic pht hin xung t thc hin c l v suy gim trong mi
trng dy dn thp, to nn cc SNR tng t nhau b pht v b thu. Do , khi b pht
c ngc li tn hiu knh trong khi truyn dn v quan st xung t, n c th lun ra rng
cng c xung t b thu. iu quan trng hn, nu khng c xung t b pht th c th
kt lun rng khng c xung t b thu khi truyn tin. Trong mi trng v tuyn, nhiu
b pht khng cho bit nhiu thng tin v nhiu b thu. Hn na, cc b thu pht v tuyn
n gin ch lm vic ch bn song cng. C ngha l ti mt thi im nht nh, ch c
mch pht hoc mch thu c kch hot. V vy, cc giao thc pht hin xung t thng
khng c s dng i vi cc phng tin v tuyn.
Vn quan trng khc ny sinh khi khng c bng tn chuyn dng cho WSN v
WSN phi chia s ph ca n vi cc h thng khc. Do c hot ng t do nn nhiu h
thng v tuyn s dng bng ISM, nh trong v d l 2.4 GHz. Mt s h thng s dng bng
chuyn dng ny, v d nh IEEE 802.11/IEEE 802.11b WLANs, Bluetooth, v IEEE
802.15.4 WPAN, v vy xut hin khi nim cng tn ti ca cc h thng ny.
Cui cng, thit k cc giao thc MAC ph thuc vo m hnh ti. Nu WSN c s
dng quan st lin tc mt hin tng vt l, v d nh phn b nhit theo thi gian
trong mt khu rng th ngi ta quan tm n tnh tun hon ca php o. Nu vi mc ch
l ch i s xut hin ca mt hin tng quan trng v khi s kin xy ra s ghi li d
liu cng nhiu cng tt th mng s lm vic ch ngh trong phn ln thi gian hot
ng v sau , mt lng ln gi tin s c chuyn i mt cch nhanh chng.
5.1.2 Phn loi cc giao thc MAC
Vic phn loi cc giao thc MAC (khng dy) xut hin cch y hn 30 nm. Chng
c th c phn thnh cc loi sau: cc giao thc phn chia c nh, cc giao thc phn chia
theo yu cu v cc giao thc truy cp ngu nhin.
Cc giao thc phn chia c nh
Trong lp cc giao thc ny, cc ti nguyn c sn c chia cho cc nt sao cho vic
phn chia ti nguyn l di hn, mi nt c th s dng ring ti nguyn cu n v do
khng c nguy c xung t. S dng trong thi gian di c ngha l trong khong vi pht,
vi gi hoc lu hn, ngc li vi s dng trong thi gian ngn nh phm vi ca burst d
liu, tng ng vi khong thi gian vi chc ms. m s thay i trong cu hnh mng,
v d nh do mt s nt hng hoc mt s mi c a vo s dng, nt di chuyn hoc
thay i trong m hnh ti, s tn hiu cn phi s dng cc giao thc phn chia c nh
c th b tr li ngun ti nguyn cho cc nt. Cu hi t ra y l kh nng m rng ca
cc giao thc ny.
Cc giao thc tiu biu ca lp ny l TDMA, FDMA, CDMA v SDMA. a truy
cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access) chia nh trc thi
gian thnh nhng siu khung c di c nh, mi siu khung mt ln na li c chia
nh thnh cc khe thi gian. Mi khe thi gian ny c gn ring cho cc nt, do nt c
th truyn d liu trong khe thi gian ny mt cch tun t trong mi siu khung. TDMA yu

105
cu ng b v mt thi gian mt cch nghim ngt gia cc nt trnh hin tng chng
cho tn hiu trong cc khe thi gian ln cn.
Trong a truy cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple
Access), di tn hot ng c chia thnh cc knh con v chng c gn cho cc nt. Nt
c th truyn d liu trn knh ca chng. S ny yu cu ng b v mt tn s, cc b
lc c di tng i hp v b thu c th iu chnh theo knh c b pht s dng. Do ,
b thu FDMA thng phc tp hn b thu TDMA.
Trong a truy cp phn chia theo m (CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access), cc
nt tri tn hiu ca chng trong mt di tn ln hn yu cu, s dng cc m khc nhau
phn chia vic truyn dn ca chng. B thu bit m c s dng bi b pht, tt c cc
truyn dn song song s dng cc m khc xut hin nh tp m. iu quan trng trong
CDMA l vic qun l m.
Cui cng l a truy cp phn chia khng gian (SDMA - Space Division Multiple
Access), s phn chia khng gian ca cc nt c s dng phn chia vic truyn dn ca
chng. SDMA yu cu cc mng antenna, k thut x l tn hiu phc tp v y khng th
coi l mt cng ngh cho cc WSN.
Cc giao thc phn chia theo yu cu
Trong giao thc phn chia theo yu cu, s cp pht ring cc ti nguyn cho nt c
xy dng trn c s ngn hn, thng l khong thi gian ca d liu chm. Lp cc giao
thc ny c th c chia thnh cc giao thc tp trung v phn b. Trong giao thc iu
khin tp trung (nh HIPERLAN/2, DQRUMA hay MASCARA), cc nt gi yu cu v
vic cp pht bng thng n nt trung tm. Nt trung tm c th chp nhn hoc t chi yu
cu ny. Khi yu cu c chp nhn, xc nhn c truyn tr li nt yu cu km theo
m t v ti nguyn c cp pht, v d nh s lng v v tr ca cc khe thi gian c n
nh trong h thng TDMA v khong thi gian cp pht . Nt c th s dng ring nhng
ti nguyn ny. Vic trnh yu cu ca cc nt n trm trung tm thng da trn c s
tranh chp, s dng giao thc truy cp ngu nhin trn knh tn hiu chuyn dng. Cc nt
thng mang theo cc yu cu trong cc gi d liu c truyn trong cc khe thi gian ring
ca chng, do n trnh c vic truyn ring cc gi tin mang thng tin yu cu.
Nt trung tm phi lun trng thi bt v chu trch nhim v vic phn b ti nguyn.
Vic phn b li ti nguyn c thc hin nh sau: khi nt khng s dng khe thi gian ca
n na, nt trung tm c th phn b n cho cc nt khc. Do , cc nt khng cn phi gi
thm cc gi tin hy b phn b. Ni tm li, nt trung tm thc hin rt nhiu hot ng, n
phi lun trng thi thc v do , n s dng nhiu nng lng. Lp giao thc ny l la
chn tt nu c cc nt khng b gii hn v mc nng lng tiu th v nhim v ca nt
trung tm c th a n cc nt ny.
Mt v d v cc giao thc phn chia theo yu cu phn b l cc giao thc truyn
Token nh IEEE 802.4 Token Bus. Yu cu bt u mt qu trnh quyn dn l vic nhn
c mt khung Token nh c bit. y l mt phng php khc cng nhm truy cp vo
mi trng chia s, l phng php dng Token iu khin. Token ny c chuyn t nt
ny sang nt khc ph thuc vo quy tc c nh ngha v c tt c cc nt ni vo mi
trng hiu v tun theo. Mt nt bt k ch c th truyn d liu khi ang nm gi th

106
Token, sau khi truyn xong khung, n chuyn Token sang nt k tip cho php nt khc
truy cp vo mi trng truyn. Tun t hot ng nh sau:
+ u tin, mt vng logic (logical ring) c thit lp lin kt tt c cc nt ni vo
mi trng vt l ny, v mt Token iu khin c to ra.
+ Token iu khin c chuyn t nt ny qua nt khc xung quanh vng logic cho ti
khi mt nt ang i truyn ly c quyn iu khin.
+ Sau , nt ang i truyn s truyn cc khung ca n qua mi trng vt l ny.
Sau khi kt thc vic truyn, n s chuyn Token iu khin n mt nt khc trong vng
logic.
Ngoi ra, k t khi bt u thi im lu thng Token, nt phi lun nhn c Token
khng ph v vng logic. Do , cc b thu pht ca nt phi c bt trong hu ht thi
gian hot ng. Thm vo , duy tr vng logic s i mt vi vic thng xuyn thay i
cu hnh mng, y khng phi l mt nhim v d dng.
Cc giao thc truy cp ngu nhin
Trong trng hp ny, cc nt khng phi hp vi nhau, cc giao thc hot ng theo
phng thc phn phi hon ton. Giao thc truy cp ngu nhin thng kt hp vi mt yu
t ngu nhin, v nh nh thi im nhn gi tin ngu nhin, t b nh thi ti cc gi tr
ngu nhin Giao thc truy cp ngu nhin u tin v quan trng nht l giao thc ALOHA
hay slotted ALOHA, c pht trin trng i hc Hawaii. giao thc ALOHA, khi mt
nt mun truyn mt gi tin mi th s truyn n ngay lp tc. Khng c s phi hp vi cc
nt khc nn thng xy ra xung t b thu. pht hin xung t ny, b thu c yu
cu gi thng tin tc thi v gi tin nhn c. Nu khng c thng tin phn hi ny, b
pht s hiu l c xung t, sau mt khong thi gian ch ngu nhin no n s bt u
qu trnh truyn tip theo. ALOHA to ra truy cp ngn v tr truyn dn i vi cc ti nh.
i vi cc ti nng hn, s xung t s tng ln, iu ny s lm gim hiu sut v tng thi
gian tr truyn dn. slotted ALOHA, thi gian c chia thnh cc khe v nt ch c cho
php bt u truyn tin khi bt u mt khe. Khe phi ln c th cha c gi tin c
di cc i. Theo , ch khi cc b pht khc cng bt u truyn tin trong cng khe thi
gian mi c th lm hng gi tin ca nt. Nu mt nt no mun bt u mun hn th n
c th i n thi im bt u khe thi gian tip theo v khi , khng cn nguy c ph hu
gi tin ca nt. Trong mt thi im no , s ng b s lm gim xc sut xung t v
slotted ALOHA c hiu sut cao hn ALOHA.
Trong lp giao thc CSMA, nt truyn s c gng qu trnh truyn dn c din ra
lin tc. Trc ht, nt c yu cu nghe ngng v mi trng, y c gi l cm nhn
sng mang (carrier sensing). Nu mi trng ri th nt s bt u truyn. Nu mi trng
bn, n s hon vic truyn li sau mt khong thi gian no . V d, trong CSMA khng
lin tc (nonpersistent CSMA), nt s a ra thi gian i ngu nhin sau mi trng
c cm nhn li. Trc khong thi gian ny, nt khng quan tm n trng thi ca mi
trng. Trong cc dng CSMA lin tc (persistent CSMA) khc, sau khi cm nhn c l
mi trng bn, nt s i n khi kt thc qu trnh truyn dn v sau n thc hin theo
thut ton ch truyn (backoff algorithm). Trong nhiu thut ton backoff, thi gian sau
khi kt thc khung trc c chia thnh cc khe thi gian. Vi CSMA lin tc p, nt bt u

107
truyn trong khe thi gian vi xc xut p no v n i khe thi gian khc vi xc sut 1-
p. Nu mt s nt khc cng bt u truyn ti thi im th nt s hon vic truyn v lp
li qu trnh trn cho n khi kt thc mt khung mi. Mt gi tr nh ca p lm cho khng
xy ra xung t nhng li lm tng gi thnh v tr truy cp, p ln c ngha ngc li.
Trong thut ton backoff c thc hin bi hm to phn b (DCE - ) ca IEEE
802.11, mt nt truyn khung mi s chn mt gi tr ngu nhin t ca s cnh tranh hin
ti v bt u b nh thi bng gi tr ny. B nh thi gim sau mi khe. Nu nt khc
bt u trong lc ny th b nh thi s b treo v c ly li sau khi kt thc khung k
tip v qu trnh cnh tranh li tip tc. Nu b nh thi gim n khng (zero) th nt s
truyn khung ca n. Khi xy ra li truyn dn (v d nh thiu khung phn hi) th kch
thc ca ca s cnh tranh tng theo th tc backoff vi s m nh phn thay i. Mc d
cc giao thc CSMA d b nh hng bi cc xung t nhng n li c h s hiu sut
thng lng cao hn cc giao thc ALOHA do cc gi tin ang truyn s khng b ph hu
khi khi cc nt i th nghe c chng trn mi trng truyn dn.
Nh ni trn, cc giao thc cm nhn sng mang d b nh hng bi vn u
cui n do nhiu b thu khng th pht hin bi b pht. Vn ny c th gy ra xung
t cc gi tin. Nng lng s dng trong cc gi tin b xung t l lng ph v chng phi
c truyn li. c mt s gii php c a ra nhm gii quyt hoc t nht cng lm
gim vn u cui n l gii php m bo bn v bt tay RTS/ CTS.
Trong gii php m bo bn, hai knh tn s khc nhau c s dng, mt cho cc
gi d liu v mt cho knh iu khin. Ngay khi nt bt u nhn gi tin c d nh
truyn cho n, n pht ra mt sng khng c iu ch ln knh iu khin v kt thc
iu ny khi vic nhn gi tin c hon tt. Mt nt mun truyn tin th trc ht n phi
cm nhn knh iu khin xem c m bo bn khng. Nu nghe c iu g th nt s
ch truyn theo mt s thut ton, v d nh tng t vi CSMA khng lin tc. Nu
khng nghe thy g th nt bt u truyn trn knh d liu. Giao thc ny gii quyt c vn
u cui n v u cui hin bng cch dng tn hiu m bo bn. Nu m bo bn qu
yu, nt trong di v tuyn ca b thu c th bt u truyn d liu v lm hng tn hiu ca
b thu. Nu m bo bn qu mnh, s c nhiu nt hn cn thit b cm truyn. Knh iu
khin khng cn nhiu bng thng nhng knh bng thng hp yu cu phi ng b tn s
tt. Gii php vi hai m bo bn, mt s c gi bi b thu v mt c gi bi nt pht.
Phn 5.3.2 gii thiu cc phng php m bo bn khc nhau c s dng bi PAMAS.
Bt tay RTS/CTS c s dng trong IEEE802.11 da trn giao thc MACAW v
c m t nh trong hnh 5.2. N ch s dng mt knh v hai gi iu khin c bit. Gi
s nt B mun truyn d liu n nt C. Sau khi B truy nhp c knh truyn (v d nh
sau khi cm nhn c knh ang ri), n s gi gi yu cu gi (RTS - Request To
Send) n C gm khong thi gian cn li ca ton b giao dch (c ngha l cho n khi B
nhn phn hi v gi d liu ca n). Nu C nhn ng gi RTS, n s gi li gi chc
chn gi (CTS - Clear To Send). Khi B nhn gi CTS, n bt u truyn d liu v cui
cng, C tr li bng gi phn hi. Phn hi c s dng ni vi B v s thnh cng ca
qu trnh truyn dn. Thiu phn hi th s c hiu l c xung t. Nt A v D nghe c
gi RTS hoc CTS hoc gi d liu hoc gi phn hi s thit lp mt b nh thi ni b,
cn c gi l vector nh v mng (NAV - Network Allocation Vector) khong thi

108
gian cn li c biu th trong khung tng ng v trnh vic gi tin cho n khi b nh
thi ny cha kt ht hiu lc. c bit, nt A v D khng gi gi tr li CTS ngay c khi
n nhn c ng gi RTS. Do , qu trnh truyn dn ang thc hin khng b sai.

















Hnh 5.2 Bt tay RTS/CTS trong IEEE 802.11


Hnh 5.3 Hai vn trong bt tay RTS/CTS

NAV cho bit
mi trng bn
NAV cho bit
mi trng bn

109
Cch ny c loi tr hon ton c xung t khng? Cu tr li l khng, vn xy ra
mt s xung t. Trc ht, nh m t trn, nt A v C c th ng thi pht ra gi RTS
n B. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, cc gi RTS b mt v khng c khung d liu di
no c truyn. Hai vn khc c m t trong hnh 5.3: trong phn bn tri ca hnh,
cc nt A v B chy chui RTS-CTS-d liu-phn hi v gi CTS ca B cng n c C.
Tuy nhin, cng thi im , nt D cng gi gi RTS n C v xy ra xung t gia n
vi gi CTS B (ti nt C). Do , C khng c c hi gii m trng khong thi gian
ca gi CTS v t bin NAV. Sau khi gi RTS b li, D gi li gi RTS n C v C tr li
bng gi CTS. C lm vy l do n khng bit g v qu trnh truyn dn ang din ra A v
khng c s nhp vo NAV mt cch ng n. Gi CTS ca C v gi d liu ca A xung
t B. Trong phn bn phi ca hnh v, vn ny sinh khi C bt u truyn gi RTS ca
n n D ngay trc khi n cm nhn c gi CTS ca B v do , C khng gii m
mt cch ng n c. Mt gii php c a ra, l m bo rng cc gi CTS di
hn cc gi RTS. Gii thch iu ny bng cch quan st phn bn phi hnh 5.3. y
thm ch nu gi CTS ca B n C ngay sau khi C bt u RTS ca n th n cng di
C c c hi iu chnh b thu pht ca n v ch thu v cm nhn tn hiu ca B. Mt
lut giao thc na l nt C hon bt c qu trnh truyn dn tip theo no trong mt thi
gian di to mt gi d liu c di cc i. Do , gi d liu gia A v B c th
c truyn m khng b mo. Khng kh nhn ra rng vn trong phn bn tri ca
hnh 5.3 cng c loi b.

5.1.3 Cc giao thc MAC cho WSN
Phn ny s a ra cc yu cu c bit v nhng mi quan tm khi thit k cc giao
thc MAC cho WSN.
Cn bng cc yu cu
i vi WSN, cn bng cch yu cu kh thc hin hn cc mng (khng dy) truyn
thng. Yu cu u tin v quan trng nht l bo tn nng lng. S quan trng ca hiu qu
nng lng trong thit k cc giao thc MAC l vn tng i mi v mt s cc giao thc
thng thng nh ALOHA v CSMA cha cp n. Cc c tnh thng thng khc nh
tnh cng bng, cng sut hoc tr ng vai tr th yu trong cc mng cm bin. Tnh cng
bng khng quan trng v cc nt trong WSN khng c s cnh tranh v bng thng nhng
chng kt hp vi nhau c c mc ch chung ny. c tnh tr truy cp/ truyn dn v
cng sut thng t l nghch vi vic tiu hao nng lng.
Yu cu quan trng khc i vi cc giao thc MAC kh nng m rng v tnh bn
vng chng li nhng thay i v cu hnh mng. Yu cu v kh nng m rng l hin
nhin khi xem xt nhng mng cm bin c mt rt cao vi hng chc hoc hng trm nt
c quan h vi nhau.
Vn nng lng trong lp MAC
Nh tho lun trong chng 2 v 4, b thu pht ca cc nt tiu th mt lng nng
lng ng k. N c th c bn trng thi chnh l truyn tin, nhn tin, ngh v ng. Phn
2.1.4 tho lun cc vn v tiu th nng lng ca mt s b thu pht trong cc trng
thi hot ng khc nhau. Tm li l vic truyn tin tn nhiu nng lng, nhn tin cng tn

110
nng lng nh truyn tin, trng thi ngh c th mt t nng lng hn nhng cng tng
ng nh vic nhn tin, trng thi ng khng mt nng lng nhng to ra nt ic. p
dng phn ny vo hot ng ca giao thc MAC ta c cc vn nng lng v mc ch
thit k nh sau:
Xung t: Xung t l khng cn thit cho chi ph nhn tin ti nt ch, khng cn thit
cho chi ph truyn tin ti nt ngun v phi cung cp thm nng lng cho vic truyn tin li.
Do , phi trnh xung t hoc bng thit k (cc giao thc phn chia c nh/ TDMA hoc
cc giao thc phn chia theo yu cu) hoc bng cch trnh xung t thch hp/ u cui n
nh trong cc giao thc CSMA. Tuy nhin, nu chc chn rng ng dng mng cm bin lun
c ti nh th xung t khng l vn c quan tm.
Nghe ln: Cc khung truyn thng n hng c mt ngun v mt nt ch. Tuy
nhin, mi trng v tuyn l mi trng qung b nn tt c cc ngun c trng thi nhn
cnh nhau u c th nghe tin d khng mun. Nhng nt ny c gi l nghe ln tin. Cc
nghin cu ch ra cng trnh c vic nghe ln cng nhiu th cng tit kim c nhiu
nng lng. Mt khc, nghe ln i khi li l mong mun, v d nh khi la chn thng tin
ln cn nhau hoc nh gi lu lng ti hin ti cho mc ch qun l.
Tng trn giao thc: Tng trn giao thc to bi cc khung iu khin lin quan n
MAC l cc gi tin RTS v CTS hoc cc gi yu cu trong cc giao thc phn chia theo yu
cu.
Nghe ri: Nt trng thi ri sn sng nhn tin nhng n vn cha nhn c g. S
sn sng ny gy tn km v khng cn thit trong trng hp mng c ti thp. i vi
nhiu modem v tuyn, trng thi ri vn tiu tn nng lng ng k. Tt b thu pht l mt
gii php, tuy nhin, do thay i ch hot ng cng tiu tn nhiu nng lng nn tn
sut phi gi mc hp l. Cc giao thc da trn TDMA a ra gii php n cho vn ny
do nt c n nh vo khe thi gian v n ch thay i trng thi hot ng (pht/ thu) nu
cc khe thi gian ny tt b thu pht mt cch an ton trong tt c cc khe thi gian khc.
Hu ht cc giao thc MAC s dng cho WSN u s dng t nht mt trong cc vn
ny gim nng lng tiu th.
Mt thit k quan tm n mc tiu th nng lng thng yu cu hot ng t phc
tp (low complexity operation). Cc nt cm bin thng n gin, r tin, khng c kh
nng ln v x l, b nh v nng lng. V vy, cc hot ng tnh ton phc tp thng
trnh s dng. Mong mun y l dng phn cng cho nt c gi r, bao gm cc thit b
nh b to dao ng v clock. Mt ch khi thit k cc giao thc MAC l yu cu cht
ch v ng b theo thi gian (cng nh yu cu i vi TDMA l cc khe thi gian nh) s
ko theo yu cu phi thng xuyn ng b li cc nt ln cn, m iu ny c th tiu th
nng lng ng k.
5.2 Cc giao thc h s lp y thp v khi nim thc dy (wakeup)
Cc giao thc h s lp y thp (Low duty cycle protocol) (l t l thi gian hot
ng trn thi gian mt chu k) trnh vic s dng qu nhiu thi gian trng thi ngh (ri)
v gim cc hot ng giao tip ca nt cm bin n mc ti thiu. Trong trng hp l
tng, ch thot khi trng thi ng khi nt truyn v nhn tin. Tuy nhin, khng th xy dng
c cc h thng nh vy v ngi ta phi tm cc phng php khc.

111






Hnh 5.4 S thc dy nh k

Trong mt s giao thc, c ch thc dy nh k (periodic wakeup) c s dng. C
ch ny tn ti di mt s cch khc nhau. Th nht l phng php b thu chu k (cycled
receiver). Trong phng php ny, cc nt s dng phn ln thi gian trng thi ng v
c thc dy c tnh chu k nhn tin t cc nt khc. c bit, nt A nghe trn knh
truyn ch trong thi k nghe (listen period) ca n v tr li trng thi ng khi khng cn
nt no gi tin n A. B pht B yu cu phi bit v thi k nghe ca A gi tin ti ng
thi im , cng vic ny tng ng nh mt cuc hn. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp
khc, nt A ch nhn tin trong thi k nghe ca n. Nu bn thn nt A mun truyn tin th n
phi c c thi k nghe ca ni n. Mt chu trnh y bao gm thi k ng v thi k
nghe c gi l chu trnh hot ng ca nt. N c mt s c im quan trng sau:
Bng cch chn h s lp y thp, b thu pht hu nh trng thi ng nn n s
trnh c trng thi nghe ri v tit kim nng lng tiu th.
Bng cch chn h s lp y thp, thng tin trc tip t cc nt ln cn n nt cho
tp trung trong mt khong thi gian nh (thi k nghe) nn c th gy ra hin tng qu ti.
Bng cch chn thi k ng di nn n to ra thi gian ch trn bc nhy (per-hop
latency) rt hiu qu do nt truyn sp ti thng phi ch trung bnh l na thi k ng trc
khi b thu nhn tin. Trong trng hp a bc nhy, cc khong ch trn bc nhy tng v
to ra cc khong ch t im u n im cui rt hiu qu.
Thi gian ng khng c qu ngn v qu trnh khi ng mt rt nhiu nng lng.
Trong cc giao thc khc, v d nh S-MAC, cng c c ch thc dy nh k nhng
nt c th va pht va thu trong thi gian thc ca n. Khi cc nt thc ti cng mt thi
im, nt khng phi thot khi trng thi ny hn vi b thu khi mun truyn tin.
5.2.1 Cu hnh mng v vn qun l nng lng
Giao thc cu hnh mng v vn qun l nng lng (STEM - The Sparse
Topology and Energy Management) khng bao hm tt c cc kha cnh ca giao thc MAC
nhng n a ra gii php cho vn nghe ri. STEM to ra cc mng c s dng i
v ghi nhn hnh vi ca mt hin tng no , v d nh nghin cu ng i ca cc con
voi trong mi trng sng. i vi cm bin n l, hu ht thi gian l khng c voi nn
cm bin khng ghi nhn c g. Tuy nhin, mt khi voi xut hin, cm bin ghi li v c
n theo nh k. Tru tng hn l mng c trng thi gim st, cc nt ri khng lm g
k c trng thi truyn dn, khi m cc nt c cm nhn v mi trng v c hot ng lin
lc. STEM c gng loi b trng thi nghe ri trong trng thi gim st v nhanh chng
chuyn sang trng thi truyn dn khi c yu cu. trng thi truyn dn, cc giao thc MAC
Thi k thc
Thi k ng
Thi k nghe

112
khc c th c s dng. Thut ng cu hnh mng trong STEM xut pht t quan st
nhn thy rng cc nt vo v thot khi trng thi ng s thay i cu hnh mng. Mt yu
cu quan trng cho c ch qun l cu hnh mng l mng phi trng thi kt ni, c th c
mt s nt trng thi ng.









Hnh 5.5 Chu trnh lm vic STEM ca mt nt n

Hnh 5.5 gii thch hot ng ca STEM. Hai knh khc nhau c s dng v yu cu
hai b thu pht cho mi nt: knh thc v knh d liu. Ngoi trng thi truyn v nhn tin th
knh d liu lun trng thi ng. knh thc, thi gian c chia thnh cc thi k thc c
di c nh T. Thi k thc li c chia thnh cc thi k nghe c di T
Rx
<<T v thi
k ng, khi m cc b thu pht ca knh thc cng trng thi ng. Nu nt thi k nghe,
rt n gin bt b thu ca knh thc i tn hiu n. Nu khng nhn c g trong
khong thi gian T
Rx
, nt s quay tr li trng thi ng. Nu c, b pht v b thu s bt u
truyn v nhn tin trn knh d liu. C hai im khc nhau i vi b pht yu cu s ch
ca b thu:
Trong STEM-B (Busy), b pht c gi l cc bo hiu trn knh thc mt cch nh
k m khng c cm nhn sng mang. Mi bo hiu nh vy biu th cc a ch MAC ca b
pht v b thu. Ngay khi b thu c c bo hiu, n s gi tin bo nhn c phn hi ln
knh thc ( knh pht dng vic truyn bo hiu), bt b thu pht cho knh d liu v c
hai nt c th bt u thc hin giao thc MAC trn knh d liu. Mt nt no c th nhn
bo hiu trn knh thc v nhn ra rng gi tin khng phi dnh cho n th n s quay tr li
trng thi ng. B pht gi cc bo hiu ny t nht l trong thi gian thc m bo gp
c thi k nghe ca cc b thu.
Trong STEM-T, b pht gi mt m bo bn n gin ln knh gim st (T trong
Stem-T c ngha l tone- m) trong mt thi gian di gp c thi k nghe ca cc b
thu. Do m bo bn khng mang thng tin v a ch nn tt c cc nt ln cn ca b thu
(gm b thu v cc nt khc) s cm nhn m bo bn v bt knh d liu ca n nhng
khng gi tin phn hi v hot ng ny. Cc nt khc quay tr li trng thi ng khi chng
nhn ra rng gi tin trn knh d liu khng lin quan n vic truyn d liu. B thu pht c
th to v cm nhn cc m bo bn thng r tin v tiu th t nng lng hn b thu pht
c s dng truyn dn d liu nhng yu cu ng b v mt tn s.
Trong STEM-B, mt s b pht c th truyn tc thi cc bo hiu ca n, iu ny
Thi k thc
Thi k ng
Thi k nghe
Knh thc
Knhd liu

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dn n xung t gia cc bo hiu. Mt nt trng thi thc v ch nhn mt phn thng tin
trn knh thc nn khng th gii m n mt cch chnh xc nh trong STEM-T: N khng
gi thng tin phn hi, bt knh d liu v i xem chuyn g xy ra. Trong trng hp ny,
b pht s gi bo biu trong thi gian ti a (t khi n bit khng c thng tin phn hi),
sau n chuyn sang knh d liu v c gng lin lc vi nt ca b thu.
Cn lu rng trong STEM, nt thi k nghe vn yn lng, khi khng c s
truyn tin. C th la chn cch tip cn ngc li, v d nh trong giao thc thit b ho gii
a ra trong phn 5.2.3 h thng Piconet, cc nt ch thc thng bo sn sng nhn tin
bng cch truyn mt gi tin bo hiu. Trong phng php a ra bi STEM, b pht phi
gi cc bo hiu hoc m bo bn trong khong thi gian trung bnh l ~T/2 v trong trng
hp xu nht l trong khong thi gian ti a ~T. Nu gi tin truyn i l mt s kin him
gp th khng nn (v khng cn thit) thng xuyn hi cc bo hiu, nh th s lm tng
thm gnh nng trn ng truyn dn. V vy, trong trng hp ti thp thng hay s
dng STEM-T hn STEM-B.
5.2.2 S-MAC
Giao thc S-MAC (Sensor-MAC) to ra cc c ch loi b nghe ri, cc xung t
v nghe ln. Ngc vi STEM, n khng yu cu phi c hai knh truyn khc nhau.








Hnh 5.6 Nguyn l S-MAC

S-MAC chp nhn c ch thc nh k, l nt s xen k thi k nghe v thi k ng
c di c nh theo lch trnh ca n, nh hnh 5.6. Tuy nhin, ngc vi STEM, thi k
nghe ca S-MAC c th c dng truyn v nhn tin. S-MAC c gng kt hp lch trnh
ca cc nt ln cn cc thi k nghe ca chng bt u cng mt lc. Thi k nghe ca
nt x c chia thnh ba giai on khc nhau:
Giai on u tin (giai on ng b), nt x nhn cc gi tin ng b t cc nt ln
cn ca n. Trong cc gi tin , cc nt ln cn m t lch trnh ca n v nt x cha lch
trnh ca cc nt ln cn trong bng lch trnh (schedule table). Giai on ng b ca nt x
c chia thnh cc khe thi gian v cc nt ln cn theo c ch CSMA, l mi nt ln
cn y mong mun truyn gi ng b trong mt khe thi gian ngu nhin no v bt u
truyn nu khng nhn c tn hiu trong bt k khe thi gian no trc . Trong trng
hp khc, y quay tr li trng thi ng v i chu k thc tip theo ca x.
Theo mt phng din khc, do x bit l trnh ca nt ln cn y nn x c th thc ti
ng thi im ph hp v gi gi tin ng b n y ( ch qung b). iu ny khng
Thi k thc
Thi k ng
Thi k nghe
ng b RTS CTS

114
yu cu x phi thng bo l trnh ca n n tt c cc thi k thc ca y. Tuy nhin, v cc
l do ng b v mt thi gian v cho cc nt mi bit cu hnh mng cc b ca chng
m x phi gi cc gi ng b mt cch nh k. Do , thi k ny c gi l thi k
ng b ho.
Trong giai on th hai (giai on RTS), x lng nghe cc gi RTS t cc nt ln cn.
Trong S-MAC, ch bt tay RTS/CTS m t trong phn 5.1.2 c s dng gim xung
t gia cc gi d liu do cc v tr u cui n.
Trong giai on th ba (giai on CTS), nt x truyn gi CTS nu nhn c gi
RTS giai on th hai. Sau , vic trao i gi tin tip tc, m rng thnh thi gian ng
danh nh ca nt x.
Thng thng, khi cnh tranh trong mi trng, cc nt s dng ch bt tay
RTS/CTS, bao gm c ch cm nhn sng mang o, do nt duy tr bin NAV. C ch
NAV c dng tt nt khi n ang trong giai on truyn dn trnh b nghe ln. Khi
truyn trong ch qung b (v d nh cc gi tin ng b), cc gi tin RTS v CTS b b
i v cc nt s dng CSMA vi backoff.
Nu c th ng b c lch trnh ca x v cc nt ln cn ca n th chng s thc ti
cng mt thi im v x c th lin lc c vi cc c cc nt ln cn ch bng mt gi
tin ng b. Giao thc S-MAC cho php cc nt ln cn s dng mt lch trnh to thnh
cc nhm o. Cu trc nhm ch c dng trao i lch trnh, vic truyn d liu khng
b nh hng bi nhm o.
Giao thc S-MAC c m t nh sau theo cc nhm o: Nt x mi c bt ang
trong giai on lng nghe, t nht l thi k ng b. Nu x nhn bt k gi ng b no t
nt ln cn, n s chp nhn lch trnh cng b v qung b mt trong cc thi k nghe
tip theo ca cc nt ln cn. Trong trng hp khc, nt x la chn lch trnh v qung b
n. Nu nt x nhn lch trnh ca nt khc trong giai on cnh tranh gi tin qung b, n s
b lch trnh ca mnh v thc hin theo lch trnh nhn c. Cng c th xy ra trng
hp nt x nhn c lch trnh khc khi n chn sn mt lch trnh khc, v d nh cc li
bit lm hng cc gi tin ng b trc . Nu nt x bit v s tn ti ca cc nt ln cn
v chp nhn lch trnh vi chng, n s gi lch trnh ny v sau phi truyn gi d liu
v ng b theo c hai lch trnh. Mt khc, nu x khng c nt ln cn chia s lch trnh
th n s loi b lch trnh ca n v s dng mt lch trnh khc. Do gi ng b nhn c
lun c li nn nt x phi lng nghe mt cch nh k trong c thi k ng b cp
nht cc nt ln cn ca n, iu ny to nn mt nhm o.
S thc nh k c s dng bi S-MAC cho php cc nt dng rt nhiu thi
gian cho ch ng, nhng iu ny cng tr gi bng tr (latency). Khng c nhiu thay
i, thi gian i trn mt bc nhy ca S-MAC tng ng vi thi k ng trung bnh
khi tt c cc nt cng theo mt lch trnh. YE et al. m t mt c ch nghe thch nghi.
Xem xt tnh hung sau: trong thi k nghe, nt x nhn mt gi tin RTS hoc CTS ph thuc
vo s thay i gi tin t nt ln cn y n z. Trong thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin ny, x c
th to ra thi gian t
0
khi kt thc s thay i gi tin. Do c th xy ra trng hp x l bc
nhy tip theo ca gi tin t z nn nt x c thi gian nghe thm xung quanh gi tr t
0
v z c
gi thm gi RTS ti thi im t
0
m khng cn n thi k thc mc nh ca x. Trong
trng hp l tng, x thc khi z gi RTS v gi tin c th chuyn n bc nhy tip theo

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rt nhanh.

Hnh 5.7 Khung S-MAC v t NAV

S-MAC cng c th s dng phng php chuyn thng bo (nh hnh 5.7), y
thng bo l d liu c ngha ln hn i vi ng dng. X l trong mng thng yu cu
tp hp nt nhn thng bo mt cch y . Mt khc, thit b khng dy, n c s
dng ngt mt gi tin di thnh cc gi tin ngn hn. C ch phn on ca S-MAC c
thc hin nh sau: cc on ch c truyn theo mt RTS/CTS gia nt pht A v nt nhn
B. Sau mi on, B tr li v gi tin nhn. Tt c cc gi tin (d liu, tin tc, RTS, CTS)
u c khong thi gian v nt ln cn C c yu cu t NAV mt cch ph hp. Trong
S-MAC, khong thi gian ca tt c cc gi tin vn c di l mt bc chuyn, bao gm
tt c cc on v thng tin phn hi ca chng. V vy, tt c thng bo phi c chuyn
i mt ln. Nu mt on no cn c truyn li th khong thi gian trn s tng ln
mt lng bng di ca gi d liu cng vi tin phn hi ca n, v mi trng cng phi
dnh thm khong thi gian pht sinh ny.
C ch ny c mt s im tng ng so vi c ch phn on c s dng trong
IEEE 802.11 nhng c mt s khc bit quan trng. Trong IEEE 802.11, khung RTS v CTS
ch t trc mi trng trong thi gian ca on u tin, on bt k ch c th t trc
cho on tip theo. Nu mt gi tin cn truyn li, nt u tin s phi t b knh truyn, coi
n nh mt gi tin mi v lp li qu trnh trn. Phng php a ra bi S-MAC gim tr
ca cc gi tin bng cch b cc truyn dn ca cc gi tin khc nhau b qun vo nhau. V
vy, xt v mt mt no , giao thc ny l khng ng v cc nt n c th ngn cn mi
trng trong mt thi gian di. Tuy nhin, nh gii thch trong phn 5.1.3, yu cu v tnh
cng bng trong WSN khc vi mng d liu, ni m ngi s dng mong mun c mt mi
trng truy cp cng bng.
Hn ch chnh ca S-MAC l rt kh thch nghi di ca thi k thc vi cc trng
thi khc nhau ca ti do di ny v di thi k nghe thng c nh.

116
Giao thc T-MAC c a ra bi van Dam v Langendoen, n tng t nh S-MAC
nhng rt ngn thi k nghe mt cch ph hp. Nu nt x cm thy khng c hot ng
no mi trng trong mt khong thi gian no , n s chuyn ngay sang trng thi ng.
V vy, nu khng c nt no mun truyn n x, thi k nghe c th kt thc mt cch
nhanh chng trong khi S-MAC, di thi k nghe l c nh.
5.2.3 Giao thc thit b trung gian
Giao thc thit b trung gian (mediation device protocol) ph hp vi ch giao
tip ngang hng (peer-to-peer) chun tc thp WPAN ca IEEE 802.15.4. N cho php
mi nt trong WSN c trng thi ng mt cch nh k v ch thc dy trong mt thi gian
ngn nhn tin t cc nt ln cn. Khng c chung mi quan h thi gian no, mi nt c
lch trnh ng ring v khng quan tm n lch trnh ng ca nt ln cn.
Mi ln thc dy, nt s truyn mt bo hiu ngn mang thng tin a ch ca nt v
cho bit n sn sng nhn tin t cc nt khc. Nt trng thi thc trong mt thi gian
ngn sau khi truyn bo hiu, m ca s cho gi tin n. Nu khng nhn c gi tin no
trong ca s ny, nt s quay tr li trng thi ng.
Khi nt mun truyn tin ti nt ln cn th n phi ng b vi nt . iu c
ngha l bn gi s phi i trong thi gian gi bo hiu v s ph phm nng lng ch cho
mc ch ng b. Phng php ng b ng (dynamic synchronization) thc hin ng
b ny m khng yu cu bn pht phi thc c nh tm kim bo hiu bn nhn. Mun
vy, thit b trung gian (MD- Mediation Device) c s dng. Trng hp MD khng c
rng buc v nng lng v hot ng mi lc c m t trn hnh 5.8. mt chu k
hot ng y , MD c th nhn bo hiu t tt c cc nt trong vng ln cn ca n v
bit c cc thi k thc ca chng.

Hnh 5.8 Giao thc thit b trung gian vi cc b ho gii khng rng buc

Gi s nt A mun truyn tin n nt B. Nt A thng bo iu ny ti MD bng cch
gi mt cch nh k cc gi tin yu cu c gi (RTS - request to send). Nt A gi cc

117
gi RTS ca n thay v cc bo hiu vo do , n c cng di. Tn ti mt ca s tr li
ngn sau khi cc gi RTS c gi A nghe cu tr li. Sau khi MD nhn c gi RTS
ca A, n i bo hiu tip theo ca B. MD tr li iu ny bng gi tin tr li mang thng
tin a ch ca A v lch thi gian, l thi gian B bit khi gi gi tr li chc chn
gi (CTS - clear to send) n A, tc l khi gi CTS hin trn ca s tr li sau khi c gi
RTS tip theo ca A. Do , B bit c cc thi k ca A. Sau khi A nhn gi CTS, n c
th gi d liu v i phn hi t B. Sau khi giao dch kt thc, A khi phc chu k thc
nh k v pht li cc bo hiu. Nt B cng khi phc chu k nh k ca n v tch khi
chu k ca A.
Giao thc ny c mt s u im. Trc ht l n khng yu cu ng b v mt thi
gian gia cc nt, ch cn MD bit chu trnh ca cc nt. Th hai, giao thc l khng i
xng theo ngha l hu ht nng lng s dng c chuyn vo MD. Cc nt khc c th
hu nh trng thi ng v ch s dng nng lng cho vic bo hiu nh k. Thm ch khi
b pht mun ng b vi b thu n cng khng phi i bo hiu nhng n c th quay tr
li trng thi ng v i MD ng b mng. Mng h s lp y thp c th h tr
phng php ny. Giao thc ny c mt s hn ch sau: nt truyn bo hiu m khng kim
tra cc qu trnh truyn dn ang din ra v do , bo hiu ca cc nt khc nhau c th
xung t nhiu ln khi cc nt c cng chu k v cc giai on thc ca chng b chng cho
nhau. Nu cc thi k thc l ngu nhin v mng c mt thp th xc sut xy ra xung
t cng thp. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp mng c mt cao hn hoc c s ng b
khng mong mun gia cc nt th xung t c th xy ra nhiu. Gii php cho vn ny
l: khi c xung t gia cc thanh ghi MD, n s lch trnh li khung iu khin. Tt c cc
nt xung t c th bit khung ny v MD s lp li n mt cch thng xuyn.
Nhc im chnh ca giao thc ny l:
i) MD khng hn ch nng lng nn n khng ph hp vi yu cu v nng lng
ca WSN.
ii) Phi c MD quan st c tt c cc nt. Giao thc thit b trung gian phn b
(distributed mediation device protocol) x l cc vn trn theo phng thc xc sut. N
cc nt thc dy mt cch ngu nhin v phc v n nh l MD trong mt khong thi
gian no v sau a chng quay tr li trng thi thc nh k thng thng. Thi gian
phc v t nht cng di bng chu k cc i ca tt c cc nt cng vi di bo hiu. Tuy
nhin, theo cc gi nh ny, ta khng mong rng MD tm thi bit c chu k v thi gian
thc ca tt c cc nt. Nu ta gi thit rng tt c cc nt c cng chu k, th cng
MD tm thi nghe c RTS t nt pht A v bo hiu t nt nhn B tnh lch thi
gian ca chng v ch dn nt B theo MD. Vn y l cc nt A v B c hai hoc nhiu
hn MD trong vng ln cn ca n, iu ny s to ra xung t mt s bo hiu. Bng cch
phn b thi gian ngu nhin mt cch ph hp khi cc nt quyt nh phc v MD, xc sut
ca xung t c th c gi mc thp.
5.3 Cc giao thc theo kiu cnh tranh
Trong cc giao thc theo kiu cnh tranh, c hi truyn ti nt nhn bit c th
ph thuc vo cc nt ln cn ca n. Nu ch c mt nt th gi d liu s c truyn trn
knh truyn. Nu s nt ln hn hoc bng hai th s c s cnh tranh vi nhau v trong
trng hp khng may, v d nh do cc gii php u cui n, xung t c th xy ra v

118
nh vy s tn nng lng cho c b pht v b thu. Phn 5.1.2 gii thiu khi qut hai
giao thc theo kiu cnh tranh quan trng l (slotted) ALOHA v CSMA, cng cc c ch
gii quyt vn u cui n. Phn ny s nu s khc nhau gia cc giao thc ny vi mc
ch bo tn nng lng.
Ngc vi cc giao thc theo kiu cnh tranh c c ch thc nh k (v d nh S-
MAC trong phn 5.2.2), cc giao thc m t trong phn ny khng trnh trng thi nghe ri
v khng c hn ch khi nt nhn tin.
5.3.1 Cc giao thc CSMA
Woo v Culler a ra mt s giao thc CSMA khc nhau da trn gi thnh nng
lng vn c v tnh cng bng ca chng m khng c quy nh v cc php o trnh
trng thi nghe ri hoc trnh vic nghe ln. Gi thnh vn c ch yu l nng lng s
dng cho vic truyn v nhn tin.
Tc gi quan tm ti mng a bc nhy vi mt hoc mt s b cha v c lu
lng ging nh STEM (trong phn 5.2.1): Mng s chy ri trong mt thi gian di v s
tr li hot ng khi c kch bi mt hin tng quan trng t bn ngoi. Da vo hin
tng kch, tt c cc nt mong mun s c truyn ngay lp tc nn s to ra rt nhiu
xung t. Trong trng hp cc nt mun chuyn gi tin mt cch nh k, nguy him ca
cc xung t s lp li nu khng thc hin cc php o c bit.
Sau khi nt c c gi tin mi cho truyn dn t cc lp cao hn ca n, n s bt
u vi mt tr ngu nhin cho b m th nghim num retries gi tr khi to bng
khng (zero). Mc ch ca tr ngu nhin l ngng ng b cc nt c ng b ban
u bi hin tng kch bn ngoi. Do tr ngu nhin ny m b thu pht ca cc nt c th
a vo trng thi ng. Sau thi k nghe, nt s thc hin cm nhn sng mang. Nu mi
trng bn hoc s th nghim nh hn rt nhiu gi tr cc i th nt s chuyn n trng
thi backoff. trng thi backoff, nt s i trong thi gian ngu nhin ny, n ph thuc
vo s th nghim v khong thi gian m nt c th ng (do giao thc ny l s bin i
CSMA khng lin tc). Ch backoff cng c th dng cho lp ng dng khi ng s
thay i pha, to ra lu lng tun hon. S thay i pha nhm mc ch ngng ng b
lu lng tun hon hoc tng quan ca cc nt khc nhau. Sau khi ch backoff kt
thc, nt s li lng nghe. Nu mi trng bn v nt qu mt mi vi s th nghim ti
a, gi tin s b rt. Nu mi trng ri, nt s truyn mt gi RTS v chuyn vo trng thi
i CTS (bc ny c th c b qua nu nt bit rng mng hin trong tnh trng ti thp).
Trong trng hp khng c gi CTS no n hoc nhn c gi CTS cho giao dch khc th
nt hoc trng thi backoff hoc b rt gi tin, iu ny ph thuc vo gi tr ca num
retries. Nu gi CTS n, nt s gi gi d liu ca n v i phn hi. Phn hi ny l
mt gi ring bit hoc nt gc s gn phn hi ln gi tin v truyn i tip. Tuy nhin, khi
phn hi nm trn nt gc, khng d xc nh thi gian i ph hp cho n khi phn hi
n c ch.
5.3.2 PAMAS
Giao thc a truy cp cm nhn ngun vi bo hiu PAMAS (Power Aware
Multiaccess with Signaling) c gii thiu bi Raghavendra v Singh l thit k u tin
ca cc mng ad hoc. N a ra c ch trnh nghe ln mt cch chi tit trong khi n khng

119
quan tm ti vn nghe ri. Giao thc kt hp gii php m bo bn v bt tay RTS/CTS
tng t nh giao thc MACA (MACA khng c gi phn hi cui cng). c im phn
bit PAMAS l n s dng hai knh l knh d liu v knh iu khin. Tt c cc gi bo
hiu (RTS, CTS, m bo bn) c truyn trn knh iu khin trong khi knh d liu c
dnh ring cho cc gi d liu.
Xem xt mt nt ri x gi mt gi tin mi ti nt ln cn y. Trc ht x gi gi RTS
ln knh iu khin m khng cm nhn sng mang. Gi tin ny mang a ch MAC ca c x
v y. Khi y nhn gi tin ny, n s tr li bng gi CTS nu nh y khng bit g v qu trnh
truyn dn ang din ra trong vng ln cn ca n. Khi nhn c CTS, x bt u truyn tin
n y trn knh d liu. Khi y bt u nhn tin, n s gi gi m bo bn ln knh iu
khin. Nu x khng nhn c gi CTS trong ca s thi gian, n s tr li trng thi
backoff, ni m s backoff s m nh phn c s dng.
Gi ta s xem xt nt nhn gi RTS ca x trn knh iu khin. l nt nhn nh
mong mun y v cn c mt s nt khc na. Gi z l mt trong s chng. Nu z nhn gi tin
, n s phn ng li bng cch gi i mt gi m bo bn chng ln gi CTS ca nt y
nt x v s lm mt hiu lc gi CTS. V vy, x khng th bt u truyn v vic nhn tin ca
z khng gy xo trn. Do gi m bo bn di hn gi CTS nn ta c th m bo rng gi
CTS thc s mt hiu lc. Tip theo, ta s xem xt nt nhn mong mun y. Nu y bit v qu
trnh truyn dn ang din ra trong vng ln cn, n s b gi CTS nn x s v trng thi
backoff. Nt y c th c c phn hi ny bng cch hoc cm nhn knh d liu, hoc
kim tra xem liu c tp m trn knh iu khin sau khi nhn gi RTS khng? Tp m ny
c th l RTS hoc CTS ca mt nt khc xung t y. Trong trng hp khc, y tr li
bng gi CTS v bt u gi gi m bo bn ngay khi vic truyn dn ca x bt u. Hn
na, y gi m bo bn mi khi n nhn c tp m hoc gi tin c gi tr trn knh iu
khin ngn cn hot ng ca cc nt ln cn.
Nt nhn gi RTS trong khi trng thi backoff s bt u th tc nhn tin ca n,
l kim tra cc iu kin gi CTS.
Khi no nt c th t b thu pht ca n (iu khin v d liu) vo trng thi ng?
Ni mt cch khi qut, bt c thi im no nt bit l khng th truyn v nhn tin t cc
nt ln cn khc th n s lm vy. Tuy nhin, quyt nh c quay tr li trng thi ng hay
khng s ny sinh cu hi l khi no s tr li trng thi thc? Quyt nh ny s d thc
hin nu nu nt x bit di ca qu trnh truyn dn ang din ra, v d nh t nghe ln
gi tin RTS hay CTS hoc phn u ca gi d liu trn knh d liu. Tuy nhin x thng
khng bit di ny, v d nh cc gi tin b sai lch hoc chu k truyn dn bt u khi x
va ng
Gi s x thc v nhn thy rng knh d liu bn. C hai trng hp c th xy ra:
hoc x khng c tin cn chuyn hoc x mun truyn tin. Trong trng hp u tin, x mun
quay tr li trng thi ng v thc dy ng lc kt thc qu trnh truyn truyn dn ang
din ra c th ngay lp tc nhn gi tin tip theo. Thc dy vo thi im sm nht c th
c u im l trnh c tr khng mong mun. Tuy nhin, do x khng nghe ln RTS, CTS
hoc phn u gi d liu ph thuc vo qu trnh truyn dn ang din ra nn n hot ng
theo giao thc tm kim trn knh d liu c th bit c di gi tin ang truyn.
Giao thc tm kim lm vic tng t nh thut ton tm kim nh phn.

120

5.4 Cc giao thc da trn lch trnh
Phn ny s gii thiu mt s giao thc da trn lch trnh (schedule-based
protocol), y khng cn phi trnh trng thi nghe ri, v d nh s dng cc s
TDMA th vic truyn dn c n nh mt cch r rng, c hi nhn tin ca cc nt v a
chng v trng thi ng c th thc hin mi thi im khc nhau. u im th hai ca cc
giao thc da trn lch trnh l lch trnh truyn dn c tnh ton sao cho khng c xung
t xy ra cc b thu v do , khng yu cu cc s c bit trnh cc gii php u
cui n.
Tuy nhin, cc s ny cng c mt s ri ro. Th nht l vic ci t v duy tr lch
trnh bao gm lu lng tn hiu, c bit khi i mt vi mng c cu hnh thay i. Th
hai l nu dng bin th ca TDMA, thi gian c chia thnh cc khe tng i nh, c b
pht v b thu u ng vi vic chia khe thi gian c th thc s gp nhau v trnh
c vic chng ln cc khe thi gian khc, m y l l do to ra cc xung t. Tuy nhin,
duy tr ng b thi gian bao gm c trng hp lu lng tn hiu b tng ln l mt vic
kh. Th ba l lch trnh khng d thch nghi vi cc ti khc nhau trong mt khong thi
gian nh. c bit, trong TDMA rt kh nhng cc khe thi gian khng s dng cho cc
nt ln cn n. Nhc im tip theo l lch trnh ca nt (c th l c ca cc nt ln cn n)
c th yu cu nhiu m b nh m y li l ti nguyn khan him trong mt s thit k nt
cm bin. Cui cng v vic n nh phn b cc s TDMA khng c xung t thc s l
mt vn kh
5.4.1 LEACH
Giao thc phn cp nhm thch ng cng sut thp LEACH (Low-energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy) c gii thiu bi Heinzelman da trn gi thit l mng cm bin
thun nht mt cao, cc nt khng b rng buc nng lng v s chuyn d liu n b
cha ca nt. Trong LEACH, giao thc MAC da trn TDMA tch hp vi giao thc nh
tuyn n gin v phn nhm.
LEACH phn chia nt thnh cc nhm (cluster) v trong mi nhm, nt ch
(clusterhead) c dng to v duy tr lch trnh TDMA. Tt c cc nt khc ca nhm
c gi l nt thnh vin (member node). Vi tt c cc nt thnh vin, cc khe TDMA
c n nh v c th c dng trao i d liu gia cc thnh vin v nt ch. y
khng c giao tip ngang hng. Ngoi cc khe thi gian ca chng, cc thnh vin c th
trng thi ng. Nt ch kt hp d liu ca cc thnh vin v truyn chng n b cha hoc
n cc nt khc. Do b cha thng xa nn nt ch phi s dng nng lng ng k cho
vic truyn ny. i vi nt thnh vin, vic truyn d liu n nt ch thng r hn rt
nhiu so vi chuyn trc tip n b cha. Cc nt ch tiu tn nhiu nng lng do n lun
phi bt v phi c trch nhim trong cc truyn dn khong cch ln. Nu mt nt c nh
c vai tr ny th n s tiu th nng lng rt nhanh v sau , n s cht, tt c cc thnh
vin ca n s nh rn mt u v do , chng tr nn v dng. V vy, vai tr ch o
ny s c thay i gia cc nt. c bit, mi nt s quyt nh c lp vi cc nt khc
rng n c tr thnh nt ch khng nn lu lng tn hiu khng ph thuc vo vic chn
nt ch (mc d lu lng tn hiu c yu cu kt hp cc nt sau ). Quyt nh ny
c a vo bo co khi nt c xem nh l nt ch ln cui cng. Giao thc s c xu

121
dng da trn c s ny, l tt c cc nt quyt nh xem liu c tr thnh nt ch ti
cng mt thi im khng v cc nt khng tr thnh nt ch s phi lin kt vi nhau
sau tr thnh nt ch. Cc nt khng tr thnh nt ch chn nt ch cho chng trn c s
cng tn hiu thu c. Mng c chia thnh cc nhm s bin i theo thi gian v
giao thc phi ng b thi gian hon ton.
Sau khi to thnh cc nhm, mi nt ch s chn mt m CDMA ngu nhin cho nhm
mnh v s thng bo ti cc nt thnh vin. iu ny s trnh tnh trng khi nt nm bin
gii thuc nt ch A nhng do mo trong qu trnh truyn li thuc nhm B nh hnh 5.9.







Hnh 5.9 Nhiu gia cc nhm
Tham s mng ti hn l phn trm nt lm nt ch. Nu ch c mt s t lm nt ch
th khong cch mong mun gia nt thnh vin v nt ch tr nn ln hn, do nt thnh
vin phi s dng nhiu nng lng n c nt ch ca chng khi m mun m bo
t s BER cho. Ni cch khc, nu c nhiu nt ch th s phi s dng nhiu nng lng
hn cho vic truyn dn t cc nt ch n b cha. V vy, tn ti t l phn trm ti u nt
ch l ~ 5%. Nu gi tr ti u ny c chn th LEACH c th gim c by n tm ln
nng lng s dng so vi trng hp mi nt truyn trc tip d liu ca mnh n b
cha, v s l bn n tm ln so vi trng hp cc gi tin chuyn tip trong a bc nhy.
Do LEACH phn b vai tr ca nt ch mt cch cng bng i vi tt c cc nt nn chng
thng cht cng lc.
Giao thc c t chc thnh cc chu k v mi chu k c chia thnh bc thit lp
v bc n nh (hnh 5.10). Bc thit lp bt u bng vic t ng c ca cc nt lm nt
ch. Trong bc thng bo, cc nt ch bo co vi cc nt ln cn qua gi tin thng bo.
Cc nt ch cnh tranh ng truyn bng cch s dng giao thc CSMA trnh vn
u cui n. Cc nt khng phi l nt ch chn gi thng bo no c cng tn hiu thu
c mnh nht. Trong bc thit lp nhm tip theo, cc thnh vin thng bo cho nt ch
bit vic gia nhp v li s dng giao thc CSMA. Sau bc thit lp nhm, nt ch bit
s lng thnh vin v cch nhn dng chng. N xy dng mt lch trnh TDMA, chn m
CDMA mt cch ngu nhin v thng bo thng tin ny trong bc con thng bo lch trnh.
Sau s bt u bc n nh.
Do xung t gia cc gi tin thng bo hoc nt ch nn giao thc khng th m bo
rng mi nt khng phi l nt ch s thuc nhm. Tuy nhin, c th m bo rng cc nt
s thuc nhiu nht l mt nhm.
Nt ch c bt trong c chu k v cc nt thnh vin phi bt trong bc ci t v
i khi trong bc n nh, ph thuc vo v tr ca chng trong lch trnh TDMA ca nhm.

Nt ch A
Nt ch B

122















Hnh 5.10 T chc ca chu k LEACH

Vi cc giao thc c m t trn, LEACH khng th bao ph mt vng a l
rng ln khong vi dm vung hoc ln hn v nt ch ch c cch b cha khong hai
dm l khng nng lng ti b cha, cha k n vic t s BER lc s thp.
Nu c th sp xp sao cho nt ch ny c th s dng cc nt ch khc truyn tip th
hn ch ny c th khc phc phn no.
5.4.2 SMACS
Giao thc iu khin truy cp mi trng t t chc cho cc mng cm bin
(SMACS - Self-Organizing Medium Access Control for Sensor Networks) c m t bi
Sohrabi v Pottie l mt phn ca giao thc WSN ph hp vi MAC a ch, pht hin vng
ln cn, gn lin vi cc nt di chuyn, giao thc nh tuyn a bc nhy v giao thc nh
tuyn cc b cho mc ch x l tn hiu hp tc.
SMAC v c bn kt hp vic pht hin vng ln cn v s n nh ca cc lch trnh
TDMA ca cc nt. SMACS da trn cc gi thit sau:
Ph c chia thnh mt s knh v mi nt c th iu chnh b thu pht ca mnh
n mt gi tr bt k, gi thit rng cc m CDMA c s dng.
Hu ht cc nt trong mng cm bin l ng yn v c n nh mt gi tr trong
thi gian kh di.
Mi nt chia thi gian ca n thnh cc siu khung c di c nh (c rng T
frame

giy) nhng khng cn thit phi cng pha. Tuy nhin, tt c cc nt phi c cng di siu
khung v yu cu ng b v mt thi gian. Cc siu khung cng c chia thnh cc khe
thi gian nhng iu ny khng chnh xc v cc truyn dn khng b gii hn l ch xy ra
trong mt khe thi gian.
Bc thit lp Bc n nh
Chu k di c nh
Khe thi
gian 1
Khe thi
gian 1
Khe thi
gian n
Khe thi
gian 1
Bc qung co Bc ci t nhm Lch trnh qung b
T ng c ca
cc nt ch
Cc nt ch cnh
tranh vi CSMA
Cc nt thnh vin
cnh tranh vi CSMA

123
Mc tiu ca SMACS l pht hin cc nt ln cn v ci t cc tuyn v cc knh
truyn dn n chng. Tuyn c xc nh theo tt c cc gi tin cho c truyn theo
mt hng. Hn na, tuyn c s dng bi khe TDMA mt trong hai im u cui. Khi
hai nt mun hot ng theo hnh thc hai chiu th yu cu phi c hai tuyn. Mt nt s c
mt khe nhn v mt khe truyn ti cc nt khc. n nh cc tuyn m bo khng c
xung t xy ra cc b thu. c c iu ny, SMACS quan tm rng vi nt n, cc
khe thi gian ca cc tuyn khc nhau s khng chng nhau. Vi mi tuyn ngu nhin, mt
lng ln knh tn s/ m CDMA s c la chn v s dng. N khng yu cu nt v cc
nt ln cn truyn cc thi im hon ton khc nhau. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny,
chng phi truyn n cc b thu khc nhau v phi s dng cc m/ tn s khc nhau. Sau
khi ci t tuyn, cc nt phi thc dy nh k (mt ln trn siu khung) trong cc khe thi
gian nhn tng ng vi b thu c iu chnh ph hp vi tn s hoc m CDMA. Khe
thi gian truyn ch c s dng khi c yu cu.
Nu s dng s cc b thay v n nh ton b th nn trnh nhim v truyn tin t
vng ln cn n nt trung tm phn hi kt qu tnh ton.
i vi vng bao ph ln cn v ci t tuyn, ta s xt bn trng hp. Gi s nt x v
y mun ci t tuyn v x c bt trc.

Hnh 5.11 SMACS: ci t tuyn cho hai nt n

Trng hp u tin, ta gi s hoc x hoc y khng c nt ln cn nh hnh 5.11. Nt x
nghe di tn s c nh trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin. Nu khng nhn c g
trong khong thi gian ny th x s gi mt thng bo mi l TYPE1(x,unattached)
nhm cho bit nhn dng nt v s nt ln cn ca n Khi nt ln cn z bt k ca x nhn
c thng bo ny, n s i mt cch ngu nhin nhng nm trong gii hn thi gian v tr
li vi thng bo TYPE2(x,z,n) nhm cho bit a ch ca n, a ch ca x v s nt ln

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cn n. Gi s rng nt y tr li khng chnh xc trc bng TYPE2(x,y,unattached) v
x nhn ng thng bo ny. Do y gi cu tr li trc nn x mi y to tuyn bng cch gi
thng bo TYPE3(y, -), mang nhn dng ca nt chin thng y v cc tham s ca n.
Thng bo ny c gi khi kt thc thi k cnh tranh ca thng bo tr li
TYPE2(x,z,n). Gi y bit rng n c la chn (i) v (ii) n c th la chn khe
thi gian bt k m n mun do x hoc y khng c tuyn c ch nh.
Nt y tr li x bng tuyn c ch nh, l hai khe thi gian v tn s/ m bng
cch s dng thng bo TYPE2(x,y,LinkSpec). Cc khe thi gian ch nh c mi
thi gian chung do nt y chp nhn pha siu khung ca x da trn vic nhn thng bo
TYPE3(y, -). Do , cc nt ln cn c nhn ra trong trng hp u tin s cng
pha (v cng chu k).
Nt z s quay tr li trng thi ng v c i thm mt thi gian na. Cc nt nh k
lp li li mi ca chng bng cc thng bo TYPE1(x,unattached).
Trng hp th hai, nt x c sn cc nt ln cn nhng nt chin thng y gn. V
vy, x gi thng bo TYPE1(x,unattached) v y c gng tr li trc tin bng thng
bo TYPE2(x,y,unattached) ca n. Sau , nt x bit rng n c th t do sp xp
tuyn n y do n gn x. Nt x chn hai khe thi gian v tn s ph hp, gi thng bo
TYPE3(y,LinkSpec) n y. N nhn pha siu khung ca x v tr li bng thng bo
TYPE2(x,y,-) mang ch nh ca tuyn rng (c ngha l ch nh tuyn ca x c
chp nhn).
Trng hp th ba, nt x thc s khng c nt ln cn, v vy y tr li thng bo
TYPE1(x,unattached) ca x bng TYPE2(x,y,unattached). Nt x tip tc bng
cch gi thng bo TYPE3(y,-) m khng ch nh tuyn n y v y s iu chnh la
chn cc khe thi gian v tn s. Sau , y gi tr li thng bo
TYPE2(x,y,unattached) n x.
Trng hp th t, c x v y u c tuyn vi cc nt khc v cc siu khung ca n
chng thng khng thng hng. V vy, x gi thng bo TYPE1(x,unattached) v y
tr li bng TYPE2(x,y,unattached). Nt x tr li vi thng bo
TYPE3(y,Schedule) bao gm ton b lch trnh v thng tin thi gian cho php y xc
nh s dch pha gia cc siu khung ca x v y. Sau khi nhn c thng tin ny, nt y xc
nh cc khe thi gian cn trng gia hai lch trnh, chng khng nht thit phi thng hng
vi bin gii cc khe thi gian mt trong hai lch trnh.
Giao thc ny cho php ci t cc tuyn tnh gia cc nt c nh. Do qu trnh xc
nh vng bao ph c lp li theo thi gian nn giao thc ny ph hp thay i cu
hnh mng.
5.5 Giao thc MAC ca IEEE 802.15.4
Vin Cng ngh k thut in v in t (IEEE - Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers) hon thnh chun IEEE 802.15.4 vo thng 10 nm 2003. Chun
bao trm lp vt l v lp MAC ca mng khng dy c nhn (WPAN - Wireless
Personal Area Network) tc thp. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu ngi b nhm ln gia IEEE
802.15.4 v ZigBee, mt chun ni bt ca khi lin minh ZigBee. ZigBee s dng cc dch

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v ca IEEE 802.15.4 v thm vo cu trc mng (cc mng hnh sao, mng ngang
hng/mesh, mng hnh cy), tnh bo mt, cc dch v ng dng
Zigbee l g?
Zigbee l mt tiu chun c nh ngha l tp hp cc giao thc giao tip mng
khng dy khong cch ngn c tc truyn d liu thp. Cc thit b khng dy da trn
chun Zigbee hot ng trn 3 dy tn s l 868MHz, 915 MHz v 2.4GHz. vi nhng c
im chnh :
- Tc truyn d liu thp 20-250Kbps
- S dng cng sut thp, t tiu hao in nng
- Thi gian s dng pin rt di
- Ci t, bo tr d dng
- tin cy cao
- C th m rng n 65000 node
- Chi ph u t thp
Zigbee ch yu c nhm ti cho cc ng dng chy pin c tc d liu thp, chi
ph nh, v thi gian s dng pin di. Trong nhiu ng dng ca Zigbee, tng thi gian m
thit b khng dy thc s hot ng rt t; thit b s dng hu ht thi gian ca n trong
ch tit kim nng lng, hay ch ng (sleep mode). Kt qu l, Zigbee cho php cc
thit b c kh nng hot ng trong nhiu nm trc khi cn phi np li pin hoc thay pin
mi.

Hnh 5.12 Cc ng dng ca Zigbee

Mt ng dng ca Zigbee l theo di bnh nhn ti nh. V d, huyt p v nhp tim
ca mt bnh nhn c o bi cc thit b eo trn ngi. Bnh nhn mang mt thit b
Zigbee tp hp cc thng tin lin quan n sc khe nh huyt p v nhp tim. Sau d
liu c truyn khng dy n mt my ch a phng, c th l mt my tnh c nhn
t trong nh bnh nhn, ni m vic phn tch ban u c thc hin. Cui cng, thng
tin quan trng c chuyn ti y t ca bnh nhn hay nhn vin vt l tr liu thng qua
Internet phn tch su hn.
Khi nim s dng giao tip khng dy tp hp thng tin hay thc hin nhng tc
v iu khin nht nh trong nh hay trong nh my th khng mi. C vi chun giao tip
bao gm IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) v Bluetooth. Mi trong s

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cc chun ny u c u im ca n trong nhng ng dng c bit. Chun Zigbee c
pht trin c bit nhm ti chi ph ci t thp ca cc mng khng dy c tc truyn
d liu thp vi mc tiu th nng lng rt nh. Chun Zigbee gip gim chi ph ci t
bng cch n gin ha cc giao thc lin lc v gim tc truyn d liu. Yu cu ti
thiu s dng cc c tnh k thut ca Zigbee v IEEE 802.15.4 th kh nh khi so vi
cc chun khc nh IEEE 802.11, gim phc tp v chi ph lp t cc b thu pht theo
chun Zigbee.

Hnh 5. 13 Cc kiu mng ca ZigBee

IEEE 802.15.4 c dng trong WSN, t ng ho ngi nh, mng gia nh, cc thit
b tuyn n PC Hu ht cc ng dng ny ch yu cu tc bit t thp n trung bnh
(ln n hng trm kbps), tr trung bnh mc va phi m khng c yu cu qu cht ch
v vi cc nt bit th cn phi gim nng lng tiu th n mc ti thiu. Lp vt l
yu cu tc bit l 20 kbps (knh n di tn 868 868.6 MHz), 40 kbps (10 knh di
tn t 905 n 928 MHz) v 250 kbps (16 knh trong di ISM 2.4 GHz gia 2.4 v 2.485
GHz vi khong cch 5 MHz gia cc tn s trung tm). C tng cng 27 knh c th dng
c nhng giao thc MAC ch s dng mt trong s cc knh ny ti mt thi im. y
khng phi l giao thc a knh.
Giao thc MAC kt hp c s da trn lch trnh v s da trn s cnh tranh.
y l giao thc khng i xng i vi cc loi nt khc nhau v cc lut khc nhau c
s dng.
5.5.1 Kin trc mng, loi v vai tr ca nt.
Lp MAC phn ra lm hai loi nt:
FFD (Full Function Device thit b y chc nng) c th hot ng theo ba
vai tr: n c th l mt b iu phi mng c nhn (PAN coordinator, PAN - Personal
Area Network), mt b iu phi (coordinator) n gin hoc mt thit b (device). y l
nhng thit b h tr y cc chc nng theo chun ca IEEE 802.15.4 v c th m
nhn bt k vai tr no trong h thng.
RFD (
Reduced Function Device
- thit b gii hn chc nng) ch c th hot ng

127
nh mt thit b. y l nhng thit b gii hn mt s chc nng (ch giao tip c vi
cc FFD, p dng cho cc ng dng n gin nh tt m n).
Thit b phi kt hp vi nt iu phi (n phi l mt FFD) v ch giao tip vi n,
cch ny to nn mng hnh sao (star network). Cc b iu phi c th hot ng dng
ngang hng v nhiu b iu phi c th to thnh mt PAN. PAN c xc nh bi b
nh dng PAN (PAN Identifier)16 bit v mt trong s chng phi c thit k nh mt
b iu phi PAN.
B iu phi c cc nhim v sau:
N c gng lit k cc thit b lin quan. Cc thit b c yu cu phi lin kt
hoc khng lin kt mt cch r rng vi b iu phi bng cch s dng cc gi tn hiu
no .
N n nh cc a ch ngn cho cc thit b . Tt c cc nt IEEE 802.15.4 c 64
bit a ch thit b. Khi thit b kt hp vi b iu phi, n c th c yu cu n nh a
ch ngn 16 bit cho tt c cc giao tip sau gia thit b v b iu phi. a ch c n
nh cho bit gi p ng lin quan c a ra bi b iu phi.
Trong ch bo hiu ca IEEE 802.15.4, n truyn cc gi bo hiu khung mt
cch thng xuyn nhm thng bo b nh dng PAN, danh sch cc khung cn tn ti v
cc tham s khc. Hn na, b iu phi c th chp nhn v x l yu cu gi khc khe
thi gian c nh cho cc nt v cc ch nh phi c th hin trong bo hiu.
N thay i gi d liu bng cc thit b v cc b iu phi.
5.5.2 Kin trc ca siu khung
B iu phi ca mng hnh sao hot ng ch bo hiu, n thit lp cch truy
cp knh truyn v truyn dn d liu vi s tr gip ca kin trc siu khung nh hnh
5.14.

Hnh 5.14 Cu trc siu khung ca IEEE 802.15.4

Tt c cc siu khung u c cng di. B iu phi bt u mi siu khung bng
cch gi mt gi bo hiu khung. Bo hiu khung bao gm c im ca siu khung m t
di ca cc thnh phn khc nhau sau ca siu khung:
Siu khung c chia thnh thi k hot ng (active) v thi k khng hot ng

128
(inactive). thi k khng hot ng tt c cc nt bao gm b iu phi c th tt b thu
pht ca n v chuyn sang trng thi ng. Cc nt s thc dy ngay trc khi kt thc thi
k khng hot ng v nhn bo hiu tip theo. C th trnh thi k ny.
Giai on hot ng c chia thnh 16 khe thi gian. Khe thi gian u tin c
s dng bi khung bo hiu v cc khe thi gian cn li c chia ra trong thi k truy
nhp canh tranh (CAP - Contention Access Period) theo s khe thi gian m bo
(GTSs - Guaranteed Time Slots) c gi tr ln nht bng by.
di ca thi k hot ng v khng hot ng bng b di ca mt khe thi gian
v s dng cc khe GTS c th cu hnh c.
B iu phi hot ng trong ton b thi k hot ng. Cc thit b lin quan trong
pha GTS ch hot ng trong cc khe thi gian c n nh cho chng. Trong tt c cc
khe GTS khc, chng c th chuyn sang trng thi ng. Trong CAP, mt thit b c th tt
b thu pht khng c d liu truyn hoc khng c d liu mang v t b iu phi.
Nh vy, b iu phi lm vic t hn cc thit b v bn thn giao thc l khng i
xng. Giao thc c ti u trong cc trng hp khi m cc cm bin b rng buc nng
lng c gn vi cc nt khng b rng buc nng lng.
5.5.3 Giao thc Slotted CSMA-CA
Khi cc nt gi d liu hay cc gi qun l/ iu khin trong CAP, chng s dng
giao thc Slotted CSMA-CA. Giao thc khng chun b cho cc tnh hung u cui n, v
d nh khng c bt tay RTS/ CTS. gim xc sut xy ra xung t, giao thc s dng
cc tr ngu nhin, l giao thc CSMA-CA (CSMA with Collision Avoidance - CSMA
trnh xung t). S dng cc tr ngu nhin nh vy cng l mt phn ca cc giao thc
c m t trong phn 5.3.1. m t hot ng ca n mt cc chi tit hn, ta hy xem
hnh 5.15.
Cc khe thi gian to thnh CAP c chia thnh cc khe thi gian nh hn, c gi
l cc thi k backoff. Mt thi k backoff c di tng ng vi 20 thi gian k hiu
knh v cc khe c xem xt bi giao thc Slotted CSMA-CA ch l cc thi k backoff
ny.
Thit b duy tr ba bin l NB, CW v BE. Bin NB tnh s backoff, CW biu th c
ca ca s nghn mng hin thi v BE l s m backoff hin thi. Da trn vic n ca
gi tin mi c truyn, cc bin ny c gi tr khi to l NB = 0, CW = 2 v BE =
macMinBE (vi = macMinBE l tham s ca giao thc). Thit b i thi k backoff tip
theo v chn mt s nguyn ngu nhin nm trong khong [0, 2
BE
1]. Thit b i trong
thi k backoff v thc hin hot ng cm nhn sng mang (n c ngha nh l kim tra
knh truyn c ri khng (CCA - Clear Channel Assessment)). Nu mi trng ri, thit
b gim CW, i ranh gii ca thi k backoff tip theo v cm nhn knh truyn mt ln
na. Nu knh vn ri th thit b cho rng n thng v bt u truyn d liu. Nu cc
hot ng CCA cho bit mi trng bn th s backoff NB v s m backoff BE tng v
CW c t tr li CW = 2. Nu NB vt qu ngng th thit b s gim khung v thng
bo li. Ni cch khc, thit b li chn mt s nguyn nm trong khong [0, 2
BE
1] v
i trong khe backoff. Tt c cc bc tip theo s c lp li nh trn.

129

Hnh 5.15 Bt tay gia b iu phi v thit b khi thit b tm kim gi tin

5.6 Tng kt
Mt s giao thc MAC khc nhau cho WSN c tho lun chng ny. Tt c
cc c tnh quan trng nht u c thit k vi mc ch chnh l tit kim nng lng,
ngoi ra cn cn phi c n tr nh, cng sut cao. Khng c giao thc MAC tt nht
cho mi trng hp. La chn c giao thc ph hp ph thuc vo ng dng, ti, cch
trin khai (mng cm bin mt tha tht hay dy c) v hnh thc tiu th nng lng
ca phn cng pha di, v d nh chi ph cho vic truyn tin, nhn tin, chuyn gia cc
trng thi, thi im thc, nng lng thc dy t trng thi ng

130
CU HI N TP CHNG 5

1. Cc yu cu rng buc thit k cho cc giao thc MAC khng dy?
2. Phn loi cc giao thc MAC?
3. Vn bt tay RTS/CTS trong MAC?
4. Mi quan tm khi thit k MAC cho WSN?
5. Phn bit STEM-B v STEM-T?
6. Gii thiu v S-MAC?
7. Chc nng v c im ca giao thc thit b trung gian?
8. Gii thiu khi qut cc giao thc theo kiu cnh tranh?
9. Chc nng v c im ca LEACH?
10. Chc nng v c im ca SMACS?
11. c im mng Zigbee?
12. Giao thc MAC ca IEEE 802.15.4?

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CHNG 6. CC GIAO THC LP LIN KT

Mc ch ca chng
Mc ch quan trng nht ca lp lin kt l hnh thnh v duy tr cc tuyn thng tin
trc tip gia cc nt cm bin ln cn, m bo vic truyn tin mt cch hiu qu v tin cy
qua cc tuyn ny. tin cy phi c m bo mc d c tnh trng li bin thin theo thi
gian trn tuyn khng dy, nhiu c ch vi c im v c tnh tiu th nng lng khc
nhau phi c ch trng. Ta s tho lun cc c ch ny v ch ra mi quan h n gin gia
tin cy, nng lng v tc li: tc li tng hay tin cy tng s lm cho mc tiu
th nng lng tng? V vy, tin phi c xem xt mt cch cn thn da trn tng yu
cu ca ng dng v cc tnh trng li.
Lp lin kt d liu (DLL Data Link Layer), hay lp lin kt, c nhim v m bo
giao tip tin cy gia cc nt cm bin ln cn mng (cm bin) khng dy trong di v
tuyn. V vy, gim st li l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht. K thut gim st
li c thit k vi mc ch c c tin cy no trong qu trnh truyn cc gi tin, k
c khi c li trn knh truyn. Trong WSN, ta c thm yu cu c c tin cy ny,
l mc tiu th nng lng phi l nh nht. Mu cht ca vic iu khin v c ch hiu
chnh quan trng nht m c ch gim st li thng dng l d tha, vic truyn li, la
chn cc tham s truyn nh kch thc gi tin v cng sut pht. Mt c im quan trng
ca cc c cu ny l n khng lm vic ging nhau tt c cc knh c li. Knh b nh
hng bi m hnh BSC n gin (li bit c lp vi hng s xc sut li p) s thc s khc
bit so vi cc knh c li chm, c tnh v mc tiu th nng lng ph thuc vo loi
knh.
Tuy nhin, lp lin kt c nhiu nhim v hn l ch m bo tin cy cho vic truyn
dn. Chng ny s gii thiu tng qut cc chc nng khc nhau ca lp lin kt v tho
lun cc kha cnh quan trng ca WSN.
6.1 Cc nhim v v yu cu c bn
DLL nm trn dch v truyn v nhn gi tin c cung cp bi lp MAC v a cc
dch v ny n lp mng v cc lp cao hn khc. c bit, lp mng c th s dng dch v
lp lin kt phn pht gi tin, h tr nh tuyn v cc hot ng gim st cu hnh mng.
Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht ca lp lin kt l to ra tuyn thng tin tin
cy cho vic truyn tin gia cc nt cm bin ln cn cng nm trong di v tuyn. N c th
c xem xt da trn cc c im sau:
ng khung: D liu c sp xp v nh hnh thnh cc gi hoc khung, n bao
gm d liu v cc thng tin lin quan n giao thc ca lp lin kt (v cc lp di lp
MAC). Hnh dng v kch thc ca gi tin da vo cc thng s l cng sut v mc tiu th
nng lng.
Gim st li: Chc nng ny cn thit cho tt c cc phng tin truyn dn, c bit
l cc phng tin v tuyn b mo dng sng truyn khin cc gi tin pht khng th s
dng c. Cc c ch gim st li c th b nh hng ca li. Hiu qu v mc tiu th
nng lng ca cc c ch li khc nhau ph thuc vo loi li trn ng truyn.

132
Gim st lu lng: B thu ca cc gi tin c th tm thi khng mun nhn chng,
v d nh do thiu khng gian b m hoc kh nng x l. Cc c ch gim st lu lng c
th to ra tn hiu bt k khin b pht lm chm li qu trnh truyn dn. Do nhiu nt cm
bin ch c thit k c tc bit thp nn y l mt l do cho rng gim st lu lng
khng c cp n trong cc mng cm bin. iu ny thc s ng khi cp n kh
nng b cha ca cc nt. Do , gim st lu lng khng c nghin cu mt cch r
rng trong WSN v dng nh vi cc k thut c, mt s c tch hp trong cc giao
thc gim st li (s ca s trt) li c hiu qu.
Qun l lin kt: K thut ny bao gm pht hin, ci t, duy tr v kt thc lin kt
vi cc nt ln cn. V d nh do thiu khng gian b m hoc kh nng x l. Mt phn
quan trng ca qu trnh duy tr lin kt l nh gi cht lng ca lin kt dng cho cc
giao thc lp cao hn nh cho cc quyt nh nh tuyn hay cho mc ch gim st cu hnh
mng. nh gi cht lng lin kt c tho lun trong phn 6.4.2. Mt s th tc cho vic
ci t v kt thc lin kt c gii thiu trong cc giao thc MAC, v d nh trong
SMACS chng 5.
6.2 Gim st li
Trong chng ny ta s tho lun v mt s phng php gim st li, chng x l li
truyn dn trong cc tuyn v tuyn dng cho mt dch v no . Dch v truyn d liu
c cung cp bi lp lin kt c th c c trng bi cc thuc tnh sau:
Khng li: Thng tin m lp lin kt ca nt nhn a cho ngi s dng phi
khng c li, tc l cc bit truyn phi c khi phc mt cch chnh xc.
Sp xp theo chui: Nu ngi s dng DLL ca b pht chuyn giao hai gi tin A
v B theo chui th DLL ca b thu khng bao gi chuyn B n ngi s dng trc A, tt
c cc kt qu u phi l A trc B v ch c A v B m thi, khng mt gi tin no c
php gi na.
Khng c bn sao: Ngi s dng DLL ca b thu phi c cng mt thng tin ti tt
c cc thi im.
Khng mt tin: Ngi s dng DLL ca b thu phi c tin t nht mt ln.
Ngoi cc thuc tnh trn l cc hn ch v tr v nng lng, c ngha l tr trong
DLL v cc lp thp hn hoc nng lng s dng bi DLL v cc lp thp hn b gii hn
bi mt gi tr cho.
Cc k thut gim st li quan trng nht l s hiu chnh phng li (FEC - Forward
Error Correction) v yu cu lp t ng (ARQ - Automatic Repeat Request), s phi hp
ca chng s c gii thiu trong phn 6.2.2 v 6.2.3. Cc giao thc ARQ nh a ch tt
c cc dch v mong mun (khng li, sp xp theo chui, khng c bn sao v khng mt
tin) trong khi phng php FEC li ch yu tp trung vo vic lm th no khng c li
truyn dn.
6.2.1 Nguyn nhn v cc c tnh ca sai s truyn dn
Chng ta cng bit rng truyn dn trn cc knh v tuyn c nhiu li hn l truyn
trong cc knh hu tuyn. Cc hin tng vt l nh phn x, khc x v tn x cng vi s
di chuyn ca cc nt, s dch chuyn trong mi trng to nn fading nhanh v nhiu lin

133
k hiu. Suy hao ng truyn, s suy gim v s c mt ca cc chng ngi vt to nn
fading chm. Thm vo l tp m v nhiu t cc h thng hoc nt khc lm vic
cng di tn hoc cc di tn ln cn. iu ny c cp n trong chng 4.





Hnh 6.1 Format ca mt khung lp vt l IEEE 802.11/802.11b

Mo dng sng gy ra cc li bit v suy hao tin. Hnh 6.1 l fomat ca khi d liu
giao thc lp vt l (PPDU - Physical-layer Protocol Data Unit) trong chun WLAN ca
IEEE 802.11 vi lp vt l DSSS. PPDU c chia thnh phn m u, PHY header v
phn d liu khi d liu giao thc lp MAC (MPDU - the MAC-layer Protocol Data
Unit). Phn tip theo l gi tin MAC. Phn m u l mu bit khng i, c dng cho cc
mc ch cn bng v cho php b thu c c s ng b bit v khung. PHY header m t
di v s iu ch c dng trong phn d liu, c bo v bi trng kim tra tng
(kim tra tng) ca n. Kt thc phn PHY header v bt u MPDU c biu th bi mt
SFD c nh. Mt tin xy ra nu (i) b thu khng ng b bit/ khung c, (ii) SFD li hoc
(iii) cc li bit cn li trong PHY header lm cho kim tra tng chng khng ng. Kt qu
ca vic mt tin l cc giai on sau ca b thu nh b gii m FEC hay giao thc MAC
khng c d liu. Khi qu trnh ng b v PHY header kt thc hon ton, cc bit to nn
MPDU c th c x l bi FEC hoc MAC. Nu mt s bit khng ging nh pht th ta
ni c li bit. Cc giao thc ARQ cung cp cc kim tra tng pht hin cc li bit v
vic mt tin.
Trong s khung ni ring ny, vic p dng FEC c th hiu chnh cc li bit trong
phn d liu/ MPDU nhng PHY header th khng v do , vic mt tin vn c th xy ra.
Cc php o vi mt b thu pht v tuyn ph hp vi IEEE 802.11 c thc hin trong
mi trng cng nghip khng c ng nhn thng (NLOS - Non Line Of Sight) cho thy
xy ra c hai loi li vi mt t l ln. Cu trc khung nh hnh 6.1 l dng chung v vic
mt tin do cng c th xy ra mt s h thng khc.
Cc thng k v li bit v mt tin ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh tn s, s iu ch,
khong cch, mi trng truyn sng (s ng truyn, loi vt liu) v s c mt ca nhiu.
Mt s nghin cu v cc thng k ny ch ra cc tnh cht sau:
+ C li bit v mt tin l chm, tc chng xy ra theo nhm vi cc thi k khng li
gia cc nhm. Theo kinh nghim, cc phn b nhm v di thi k khng li thng c
h s thay i ln.
+ Li ca cc b pht v b thu c nh thay i theo thi gian v t l li bit tc thi
i khi rt cao (10
-4
10
-2
). T l mt tin cng xy ra tng t nh vy, c th vt qu 50%.
6.2.2 Cc k thut ARQ
tng c bn ca cc giao thc ARQ c th c m t nh sau. Lp lin kt ca
ng b
(128 bit)
SFD
(16 bit)
Tn hiu
(8 bit)
Dch v
(8 bit)
Chiu di
(8 bit)
MPDU
(thay i)
Phn m u PHY header

134
nt pht chp nhn gi tin to thnh gi tin lp lin kt vi header v kim tra tng, v
truyn gi ny ti b thu. B thu kim tra tnh ton vn ca gi tin vi s tr gip ca kim
tra tng v to ra tn hiu phn hi (feedback) n b pht v s thnh cng cu qu trnh
truyn dn. Nu b thu khng c tn hiu phn hi th b pht s truyn li.
Thnh phn chnh ca cc giao thc ARQ
nh dng gi tin: DLL b pht chp nhn d liu U t cc lp cao hn, thng l
cc i tng b hn ch v mt kch thc (hnh 6.2). Hn ch ny c th b p t, v d
nh bng cc tham s k thut hoc cc hn ch ca lp vt l nh sng mang hay s
ng b bit c t thut ton tm kim (xem phn 4.2.6). DLL to header H ti gi tin cha
thng tin v s gim st v a ch. Thng tin v a ch l cn thit v phng tin v tuyn
l phng tin qung b v v mt l thuyt, gi tin c th c nhn t cc nt ln cn
cng di v tuyn. a ch s gip phn bit b thu pht mong mun vi cc b thu pht
khc. Thng tin gim st c th bao gm s chui hoc c ph thuc vo tng loi giao thc
ARQ.








Hnh 6.2 nh dng gi tin DLL

Kim tra tng: Kim tra tng (thng c gi l chui kim tra khung) c ni
vo gi tin sau qu trnh nh dng chng. Thng thng, n l hm ca c d liu U v
header H. Lp ph bin ca n l cc gi tr CRC c rng 8, 16 hoc 32 bit. Vic tnh
ton cc gi tr ca CRC tng i d v n c th c thc hin bng cc thanh ghi dch
phn hi tuyn tnh. B thu lp li vic tnh ton kim tra tng cho header nhn c H v
d liu nhn c U. Nu kim tra tng mi tnh ging vi kim tra tng km theo gi tin
th b thu chp nhn gi tin l ng. Thng thng, kch thc d liu U v header H ln
hn rng ca kim tra tng v vic tnh ton kim tra tng khng phi l mt thnh -
mt. Do , mt li no bin i d liu U thnh d liu U, chng c cng mt mt kim
tra tng th gi tin cng s c chp nhn mc d c li (khng pht hin ra). V vy, lun
c t l li d tha (residual error rate) v d tha ln khi kim tra tng nh, n cn ph
thuc vo cc c tnh thng k ca c cc bit v li. Kim tra tng nh l iu mong mun
trong cc mng cm bin gi cho s bit truyn thp.
To tn hiu phn hi (feedback generation): Bc to tn hiu phn hi cung cp
cho b pht thng tin v kt qu ca vic truyn dn. Hai c cu thng dng c c
phn hi l cc b nh thi ( b pht) v cc gi phn hi. Phn hi c th xc nhn
(positive) hoc ph nhn (negative). Phn hi xc nhn tc l b thu xc nhn nhn c
U = D liu
H = DLL/MAC
header
U = D liu
FCS = f (H,U)
Giao din DLL

135
gi tin. Phn hi c th gi cho mi gi hoc mt gi phn hi mang thng tin ca mt s
gi d liu. Phng php th hai r rng l hiu qu hn v mt tit kim nng lng. Phn
hi ph nhn tc l b thu pht hin vic nhn tin b li. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng c cc
nt c th nghe ln nhau th phn hi ph nhn kh thi nu (i) header MAC/DLL c kim tra
tng ring, vic nhn tin thc s ng v do , b thu bit nt no truyn tin, hoc (ii) b
thu pht hin vic truyn tin b li. Sau y l cch pht hin li nhn tin ca cc gi tin
tip theo. Do c gi d liu v phn hi u c th b suy hao nn b pht cn phi s dng
cc b nh thi (timer). B pht t b nh thi khi bit cui cng ca gi d liu c gi
i v t bo thc khi thi gian cho vic nhn tin phn hi kt thc. Timeout (gi tr qu thi
gian) phi ln bao gm cho c thi gian x l b thu, thi gian cho gi phn hi v
tr truyn dn. Trong cc WSN, cc nt nm rt gn nhau nn tr truyn dn khng ng k.
y cng l mt la chn cho b thu, l thng tin phn hi s c nh km vi gi d
liu khi truyn ngc li. Tuy nhin, trnh tr ln cho thng tin phn hi li lm tng lu
lng mt cch ng k. Trong trng hp lu lng thp nh vn thng thy trong cc
ng dng ca WSN, c ch ny thng gy li v phi gi thm cc gi phn hi.
Truyn li (Retransmissions): Da trn gi tin phn hi ph nhn, b pht s thc
hin vic truyn li. H qu u tin ca vic lm ny l b pht phi lm b m cho gi tin.
Th hai l phi quyt nh khi no phi truyn li v truyn li nh th no?
Cc giao thc ARQ chun
Cc giao thc ARQ chun khc nhau cch truyn li v cc yu cu v b m.
Bit xen k: Cc b pht m mt gi tin, gi n v t b nh thi. B thu nhn gi
tin v gi phn hi xc nhn, nu khng nhn c g th b thu yn lng hoc gi phn hi
ph nhn. Nu b pht nhn c phn hi xc nhn, b m s c gii phng v gi tin
tip theo c th c truyn. Nu khng, b pht truyn li gi tin. B pht nh du mi gi
tin mi bng mt chui (sequence) cc s 0 v 1 xen k nhau. Cc bn tin truyn li l bn
sao ca gi tin gc v do , n c cng chui s. Cc chui s gip b thu pht hin cc bn
sao, n l ng nu c phn hi xc nhn, khng c d liu th gi tin b mt. Bit xen k
s trnh c hin tng b mt tin, c bn sao, sp xp d liu cho theo chui, thi gian
kh hi (RTT - round-trip time) c gi trong gii hn v timeout ca b pht ln hn
RTT.
Goback N (lm li): Bit xen k s khng hiu qu trong trng hp cc tuyn c th
c nhiu gi tin truyn trong thi gian kh hi. Goback N l giao thc dng cho b pht c
nhiu vn cha c gii quyt, l cc khung khng c phn hi. B pht gi b m
cho N gi tin, n cn c gi l ca s (window). Mi gi tin trong ca s c mt b nh
thi ring v c khi ng da trn vic truyn dn tin. B thu ch chp nhn cc khung
theo chui v b khung khi nhn ng gi tin nhng n khng c dy s mong mun
(thng l do mt khung no pha trc). Do , b thu ch cn khng gian b m cho
mt khung. Chin lc chung cho cc gi phn hi l b thu lun phn hi gi tin cui
cng nhn c theo chui. Nu b pht, b nh thi cho khung cui cng ht hn do gi
phn hi tng ng khng nhn c th khung ny v tt c cc khung khc trong ca s
phi truyn li.
Loi b c la chn/Lp li c la chn: Lp li c la chn tng t nh Goback
N. Tuy nhin, im khc nhau y l trong lp li c la chn, b thu cng c N b m v

136
dng chng cc khung m n khng theo chui. sp xp d liu theo chui, b thu
phi gi cc gi khng theo chui trong b m cho n khi cc gi tin l n. B thu c th
s dng c gi tin phn hi xc nhn hoc ph nhn. B pht ch truyn li khi cc gi tin
ny trong trng hp khng nhn c phn hi trong thi k timeout.
i v gi, lp li c la chn c c im quan trng l ch cc gi li c
truyn li trong khi Goback N truyn li c gi tin nhn ng, lm nh vy s b lng ph
nng lng. Trn thc t, s ln gi tin truyn li b gii hn trnh vic s dng qu nhiu
nng lng trong nhiu trng hp khng mong mun. Trong trng hp ny, dch v
khng mt tin khng c m bo v giao thc ny cn c gi l bn tin cy
(semireliable).
S dng cc gi phn hi nh th no?
Cc gi phn hi c tho lun k trong chng ny l cc phn hi lp lin kt v
ngha ca chng l b thu (i) nhn c ng gi tin, (ii) c khng gian b m x l
n v (iii) thc s chp nhn gi tin . Ni cch khc, mt s giao thc MAC s dng cc
phn hi ca lp MAC nh giao thc thit b trung gian (phn 5.2.3) hay S-MAC (phn
5.2.2).
R rng l ta c th tit kim nng lng bng cch gim s gi tin phn hi, do ta
nn dng mt gi phn hi thng bo cho nhiu gi d liu. S ny yu cu b pht,
v c b thu trong trng hp lp li c la chn, to ra mt s b m v y chnh l vn
khi cc nt cm bin ch c ti nguyn nh hn ch.
Hai s ny c cp n trong cc giao thc Goback N v lp li c la chn.
Chng lm vic tng t nh giao thc AIRMAIL lp lin kt. Ta s tp trung vo trng
hp lp li c la chn v n trnh c trng hp phi truyn li cc khung nhn ng.
Trong s u tin, c gi l phn hi ca s vi lp li c la chn, b thu gi gi
phn hi sau khi nhn c mt s c nh W gi tin (cn gi l kch thc ca s), sau
timeout hoc sau khi nhn c bn sao ca gi tin. Phn hi cha bitmap cho bit quan
im ca b thu da vo trng thi gi tin t khi gi i gi phn hi cui cng.
Trong s phn hi tc thi vi lp li c la chn, b thu gi phn hi (ph
nhn) khi nhn c mt gi tin khng theo trt t. Hnh ng ca b pht rt n gin. N
c th gi ngay cc gi tin mi ph thuc vo ca s hin thi c W. Nu kt thc ca s m
vn cha nhn c phn hi no, b pht s lp li khung gn nht kch vic to phn
hi b thu. Khi b pht nhn c phn hi, n c th gii thot cc b m ca cc gi tin
nhn ng v cc gi tin li s c truyn li.
Sau y l cc thng s quan trng c trng cho cc s ny. Vi cc h thng chia
khe c cc gi tin c kch thc c nh, hiu qu nng lng o c l t s trung bnh ca
cc khe mang khung phn hi. Cch ny ch c trng cho vic tit kim cc khung phn hi.
Hiu sut c c lng theo t l chp nhn trung bnh ca cc gi tin mi trong ca s b
pht trn mt khe thi gian cho. Tr l khong thi gian t khi gi tin n b pht cho n
khi nhn c phn hi v b m c gii phng.
C fading nhanh v chm c t l li tin trung bnh l 30%, tng kch thc ca s s
lm tng hiu sut v gim mc tiu th nng lng trung bnh cho c hai s , s phn
hi ca s mang li hiu qu nng lng tt hn nu cng mc cng sut.

137
Khi xem xt mi quan h gia mc tiu th nng lng v tr, tng kch thc ca s,
i vi s phn hi tc thi s lm gim nng lng tiu th v cc tr thay i khng
nhiu. Vi s phn hi ca s, tng kch thc ca s cng s lm gim nng lng tiu
th nhng cc tr li tng rt nhiu.
Tm li, khi mc tiu th nng lng l c nh th vic la chn s ph thuc vo
tham s th hai: nu mc tiu l tr th s phn hi tc thi thch hp hn nhng nu mc
tiu l cng sut th s phn hi ca s li tt hn.
Khi no th truyn li? Trong cc giao thc ARQ, khng ch c truyn i m truyn
li cng phi quyt nh khi no lm vic ny. Thi im c to nn s khc nhau khng,
iu ny ph thuc v cc c tnh li sau ca knh truyn:
Trong knh BSC tnh, thi im khng c ngha. Khng th tng c hi thnh cng
ca qu trnh truyn dn bng cch i.
Trong cc knh fading th thi im truyn li c s khc nhau. Nu gi tin gp
fading su v nu di ca n ngn so vi khong fading trung bnh th quyt nh truyn
li ngay lp tc s ging nh vic gp fading su v do , s ph nng lng. Nu giao thc
l bn tin cy th s ln truyn li cc i c th c dng ht trc khi knh quay tr li
trng thi tt.
V vy, cc knh fading c th hon vic truyn li. Hon vic truyn li v v cc gi
tin s n cc nt khc, trong lc c th tng cng sut ca mt cch ng k do khng
c bng thng (v nng lng) c s dng mt cch v ch cho vic truyn li ngay lp
tc. Vn y l phi i trong bao lu?
Giao thc tm kim (probing protocol) c gii thiu bi Zorzi v Rao phn bit
hai ch knh khc nhau l ch thng v ch tm kim. Trong ch thng,
nt truyn gi tin theo giao thc ARQ, v d nh Goback N hoc lp li c la chn. Nu b
pht nhn c phn hi ph nhn (v d nh thiu phn hi v hng b nh thi) th n s
chuyn sang ch tm kim. Trong ch ny, b pht gi nh k cc gi tin tm kim
nh v chng c phn hi bi cc b thu.. Da trn vic nhn thng tin phn hi tm kim,
b pht cho rng c knh tin (forward - t b pht n b thu) v knh phn hi (feedback
t b thu n b pht) u tt v tip tc ch bnh thng.
c hai phin bn ca giao thc tm kim c gii thiu tng ng vi Goback N
v lp li c la chn. Trong trng hp u tin, khi chuyn sang ch thng, b pht s
truyn cc gi tin b li v tt c cc gi tin sau li n b thu. Trong giao thc tm kim
la chn, b thu c cc b m cho cc gi tin sau khi n b li hoc b sa li. Trong phn
hi gi tm kim, b thu cho bit cc khung m v b pht ch truyn li cc gi b mt.
Phng php ny s hu dng trong trng hp tuyn di, cn mt vi khung cha c
dng n v li chm ngn ch cn s dng mt khung hoc trong trng hp knh
tin tt nhng knh phn hi li thc s km. Cc giao thc tm kim lm gim hiu sut do
knh sau khi chuyn sang trng thi tt s cn thi gian b pht nhn bit chng v
chuyn sang ch bnh thng. Thi gian ny lin quan n chu k ca cc gi tm kim.
Hiu qu nng lng ca cc giao thc tm kim v giao thc Goback N kinh in c so
snh vi s th nghim trung bnh cn truyn mt gi d liu. Trong cc iu kin v
knh truyn xu (cc li chm di) v cc knh c thi gian kh hi ngn th giao thc tm

138
kim c gi con s ny gn vi mt. S gi tin tm kim trung bnh c yu cu tng khi
knh truyn c iu kin xu/ cc li chm di hn.
6.2.3 Cc k thut FEC
Trong tt c cc c ch FEC, b pht chp nhn chm d liu, khi bit d liu hoc
ngun bit, d tha ph hp v truyn tt c chng v pha b thu. V tr ca FEC trong h
thng truyn dn c ch ra trn hnh 6.3.
















Hnh 6.3 V tr ca FEC trong chui gi/nhn; thc hin m ho v gii m FEC

Ph thuc v s lng v cu trc ca d tha, b thu c th hiu chnh mt s li
bit. FEC c th s dng nh mt k thut vng h (open loop technique), ngha l khng
c thng tin phn hi t b thu. Do , b pht s dng mt phng php m ho trong ton
b thi gian. y l mt c im ng ch khi xt n kha cnh nng lng. iu ny
yu cu nt truyn phi chuyn b thu pht ca n sang trng thi nhn v i phn hi, tc
l mng phi tn nng lng nhn tin (i vi gi phn hi) v iu chnh b thu. Hn
na, thng thng cc gi d liu trong WSN c kch thc nh nn cc gi phn hi chim
mt phn nng lng ng k truyn chng.
Hai s m ho c s dng rng ri l m khi v m chp. Thi gian gn y
ngi ta hay s dng cc m turbo tho mn nh l th hai ca Shannon v kh nng
ca knh truyn dn nhng thc hin n rt phc tp, chnh v vy y khng phi l mt la
chn ng n cho WSN.
FEC m khi
Mt b m ho FEC khi ly mt khi (block) hoc mt t (word) k k hiu ngun p-
ary (source symbol) v to ra mt khi c cha n k hiu knh q-ary. Thng thng ta c
B m ho
knh
(FEC)
B an
xen
B iu
ch
Ngun
thng tin
Cc k
hiu ngun
Cc k
hiu knh
Cc k
hiu knh
Dng sng
s
B gii m
knh
(FEC)
B gii
an xen
B gii
iu ch
B cha
thng tin
Cc k
hiu ngun
Cc k
hiu knh
Cc k
hiu knh
Dng sng
s
Knh truyn

139
p = q = 2, n > k v cc k hiu tng ng vi cc bit. Cc khi ngun khc nhau c m
ho c lp vi nhau. nh x ca 2
k
word khc nhau vo 2
n
bit knh khc nhau l ni x
(injective) v phm vi ca nh x ny l tp cc k hiu knh hp l (valid channel
symbols). nh x ny cn c gi l m ho, v t s k/n c gi l t l m ho (t l m
ho nh tng ng vi d tha ln v t l d liu hu dng nh). S t bit c th hiu
chnh mt cch tin cy trong khi knh c di n bit ph thuc vo s m ho. Tuy
nhin, gii hn trn b p t theo gii hn Hamming (Hamming bound), tc l cc trng
thi m m ho khi vi k bit d liu nh x ti n bit knh c th hiu chnh ti t li bit ch
nu mi quan h sau c tho mn:

0
2
t
n k
i
n
i

=
| |
>
|
\ .

(0.17)
Trn thc t, ba gi tr (n, k, t) tho mn mi quan h ny khng c ngha l m vi cc
tnh cht ny thc s tn ti.
Mt tham s quan trng ca m ho khi l khong cch Hamming (Hamming
distance): khong cch Hamming ca hai m k hp l w
1
v w
2
c nh ngha l s bit
khc nhau v khong cch Hamming ti thiu d
min
l s bit khc nhau ti thiu gia cc cp
m knh hp l my thu c th pht hin c li.
Trong l thuyt thng tin, khong cch Hamming gia hai dy k t (strings) c chiu
di bng nhau l s cc k hiu v tr tng ng c gi tr khc nhau. Ni mt cch khc,
khong cch Hamming o s lng thay th cn phi c i gi tr ca mt dy k t sang
mt dy k t khc, hay s lng li xy ra bin i mt dy k t sang mt dy k t khc.
V d 6.1:
Khong cch Hamming gia 1011101 v 1001001 l 2.
Khong cch Hamming gia 2143896 v 2233796 l 3.
Khong cch Hamming gia "toned" v "roses" l 3.
Mt m bt k vi khong cch Hamming d
min
c th pht hin c (d
min
-1) li bit v
hiu chnh (d
min
-1)/2 li bit. Trong cc ng dng thc t, tp cc m knh hp l c th c
to ra sao cho qu trnh m ho v gii m d thc hin. V d, i vi cc m khi tuyn
tnh, vic xy dng khng gian vector da vo 2
n
m k v tp con 2
k
m k hp l l khng
gian con. Gii m c th c xem nh l php chiu trc giao ca m k nhn c trong
khng gian con ca cc m k hp l. ng dng ph bin ca m khi l m Reed
Solomon (RS) v m BCH (Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem).
Nu m khi FEC c p dng nh l mt k thut vng h, mo u (overhead)
hng s s c km theo mi gi tin. Trn nt truyn, mo u ny gm mt s bit ph v
lm cc tnh ton cn thit cho vic m ho. Vi cc m nh phn BCH, qu trnh m ho s
dng thanh ghi dch phn hi tuyn tnh v c th c chi ph nng lng khng ng k. Vi
gii m, mt s thut ton c hiu qu c trin khai, v d nh thut ton Berlekamp-
Massey. Chi ph nng lng ca thut ton ny ph thuc vo di khi n v s lng/ t l
m ca cc bit c th hiu chnh. i vi khi c di n, cc thut ton ny cho thy gi
thnh nng lng tng tuyn tnh. Nng lng gii m ph thuc vo di khi n v s
lng cc bit c th hiu chnh t:

140

2
dec add mult
2 2 E ( nt t )( E E ) = + + (0.18)
Trong E
add
v E
mult
l nng lng cn thc hin php cng v nhn trong trng
Galois GF(2
m
) vi m = log
2
n + 1. Vi m Reed Solomon, mi quan h cng tng t
nh vy do chng l lp con ca m BCH nh phn. Chi ph nng lng cn ph thuc vo
tc m, chng t l nghch vi nhau (hnh 6.4).

Hnh 6.4 Chi ph nng lng ca m Reed-Solomon vi kch thc khi v
t l m khc nhau
Nu cc iu kin li trn knh truyn thay i theo thi gian th t l li st (residual
error rate t l ca cc li khng th hiu chnh) ca cc k thut FEC cng thay i. Nu
ti mi thi im, t l li bit rt nh hoc t nht cng trong thi k knh truyn tt trong
knh fading, mo u FEC ln s khng hp l. Ngc li, trong trng hp t l li cc k
cao, v d nh thi k fading su trong m hnh knh fading Rayleigh (phn 4.2.4) hoc nu
cng tn hiu nhn ca nt b pht nt b thu gn ngng nhn, t l m rt thp s l
cn thit m bo truyn khng c li. Nh ni trn, cc m gii m vi t l m rt
thp s tn nhiu nng lng. V vy, s thch hp hn i kt thc fading v tip tc vi
t l m va phi trong thi k knh tt.
M chp
Trong m chp, cng k bit d liu nh x n n k hiu knh. Tuy nhin, m ho ca
hai khi k bit thnh cng ph thuc vo nhau. Hnh 6.5 gii thch hot ng ca b m chp.
Th tc m ho c thc hin theo tng bc. Trong mi bc, k bit d liu c
dch chuyn trong thanh ghi dch. Thanh ghi dch c di K.k bit, trong K c gi l
di hn ch ca m. K bit d liu c dch chuyn trong thanh ghi dch theo mt
hng, khi k bit ngoi cng b chuyn khi thanh ghi dch. Hn na, c n b cng modulo-
2, mi b cng s tnh tng mt tp con c th ca k.K thanh ghi. u ra ca n b cng

141
c truyn mt ln trong mi bc. S m ho ny c tnh cht l k bit c mt trong
thanh ghi dch sau K bc v do , m ho k bit khng ch ph thuc vo chng m cn
ph thuc vo (K-1).k bit trc na. T s n/k c gi l t l textitcode. di hn ch
K gim st s lng d tha trong cc bit m. Nu tng K s tng khuch i m ho, do
gim c nng lng truyn cn t c t s BER cho hoc gim BER vi cng
sut truyn c nh.

Hnh 6.5 Hot ng ca m chp

Tng t nh m khi, qu trnh gii m ca m chp tn t nng lng. gii m
m chp, ngi ta thng s dng thut ton Viterbi. Vi thut ton ny, cc yu cu v b
nh ca b thu ph thuc theo hm m ca di hn ch K. M t phn cng v phn mm
thut ton Viterbi cho thy, mc tiu th nng lng cng tng theo hm m ca K.
Sau y ta s lm php so snh hiu qu nng lng ca m khi v m chp. Nu
chn tiu ch hiu qu nng lng v chi ph nng lng trn mt gi tin l thc o kh
nng thnh cng ca n, bao gm chi ph cho b thu pht v qu trnh gii m. Vi BSC c t
l li bit c nh p = 10
-3
v chn di ca gi tin l ti u, cc s m ho khi c c
hiu qu nng lng tt hn cc s gii m chp. M chp t l cao cho thy kh nng
thnh cng ca gi tin tng i nh, trong khi cc m t l thp li c tin cy cao nhng
chi ph nng lng li rt ng k. Tuy nhin, cc m c t l trung bnh (3/4 v 5/6) v
di hn ch cc i K = 9 li lm tt hn m BCH khi ni n hiu qu nng lng.
Min so snh mt s m chp v hiu qu nng lng vi mc ch l t c xc sut
li d tha c th chp nhn c no trn mt tuyn v tuyn c nh vi suy hao ng
truyn l 70 dB v c tnh tiu th nng lng cc nt MITs AMPS-1 (phn 2.2.4). Cc
c tnh ny bao gm nng lng tiu th bi b thu pht cho vic m ho v gii m cng
nh cc chi ph x l khc. Tt c cc m c chn c di hn ch K = 3 nhng c t l
m khc nhau: , 2/3 v . Vi xc sut li d tha mong mun rt nh (~10
-9
v nh hn),
m c t l c hiu qu nng lng tt nht trong khi trong di ~10
-9
10
-7
th m t l 2/3
li l m tt nht. Cui cng, nu cc yu cu t l li bit d tha trung bnh th iu ch gii
m l phng php c la chn. Hnh 6.6 cho thy bng cch ni lng cc yu cu v

142
tin cy th cc m s c t l m cao hn v do , mo u nh hn c th s dng nn tit
kim nng lng truyn dn.

Hnh 6.6 Tiu th nng lng trong khi truyn 10 kB d liu qua tuyn vi suy hao
ng truyn 70 dB theo cc s m ho khc nhau
K thut an xen
Nhiu s m ho, c bit l cc s m chp, khng c c c tnh ti u khi
chng i mt vi mi trng c cc c tnh li chm. Cc thng thng gii quyt vn
ny (v lm gim nng lng trong m ho FEC) l s dng k thut an xen
(interleaving). y, mt b an xen (interleaver) trong nt pht chp nhn gi d liu c
di c nh c to bi b gii m FEC (nh hnh 6.3), n thng bao gm nhiu khi m.
Cc bit trong khi ny c hon i v tr cho nhau trc khi truyn i. B gii an xen
(deinterleaver) nt thu s nghch chuyn hon v trc khi gi tin c chuyn n b gii
m FEC. Khi li chm gp gi tin b hon i v tr nh vy, k thut gii an xen s tri li
chm tp trung ra ton b chiu di gi tin. Do , cc li chm s c tri ra nhiu khi m
ho thay v tp trung vo mt hay mt vi khi. iu ny lm tng c hi mi khi u c
th c gii m thnh cng.
Ch hot ng thng thng ca b an xen l:
B a xen i m t m w
i
(i = 1,, m) trong mi n bit (w
i
= w
i,1
, w
i,2
,,w
i,n
)
Chng c xp thnh ma trn mn
V d vi n = 6, m = 4, cc t m thnh cng c xp thnh cc hng sau:
w
1,1

w
1,2

w
1,3

w
1,4

w
1,5

w
1,6

w
2,1

w
2,2

w
2,3

w
2,4

w
2,5

w
2,6


143
w
3,1

w
3,2

w
3,3

w
3,4

w
3,5

w
3,6

w
4,1

w
4,2

w
4,3

w
4,4

w
4,5

w
4,6

Cc k hiu ny c truyn i theo th t
w
1,1

w
2,1

w
3,1

w
4,1

w
1,2

w
2,2

. . . w
3,6

w
4,6
.
Trong v d ny, tt c cc li chm c di m = 4 c phn b bi hot ng
gii an xen mt cch cng bng trn tt c cc t m w
i
, do mi t m ch c mt li bit.
Nh vy, k thut an xen c hiu qu nht khi m k hiu knh c thi gian tn ti t nht l
bng thi gian fading trung bnh. Ch l k thut an xen khng lm gim t l li bit ca b
gii m tin FEC nhng n sp xp cc li cho b gii m FEC p hn. K thut an xen
c nhc im l nt pht phi i truyn dn cho n khi m.n k hiu d liu c la chn,
iu ny s to ra tr tng i ln.
FEC a bc nhy
Phn trn mi ch gii thiu FEC trong mt bc. Zorzi v Rao xem xt n trng
hp a bc nhy v a ra ba s khc nhau cho vic tit kim nng lng i vi hn ch
cho da vo cng sut nhn ch cui cng: (i) truyn dn FEC m ho trc tip t
ngun n ch, (ii) truyn dn a bc nhy vi cc nt trung gian thc hin m ho v gii
m FEC, (iii) truyn dn a bc nhy khng c nt trung gian thc hin gii m FEC nhng
dng chng chuyn cc gi tin i. u im ca ba s ny ph thuc vo khong cch
gia ngun v ch, s a bc nhy s ph hp hn vi cc khong cch ln. Ch thc
hin gii m FEC cc nt trung gian khi khong cch gia ngun v ch qu ln v nn
trnh vic tch lu qu nhiu li.
6.2.4 Cc s lai
T tho lun trn, r rng l khng c mt chin lc iu khin li n gin v c
nh c c hiu qu nng lng ti u ti mi thi im. Ta s m t cc tho hip
thng qua mt v d.
V d 6.2: Hiu qu nng lng ca FEC v ARQ
Xem xt cc nt b pht v b thu c ni vi nhau qua knh v tuyn. Knh truyn l
BSC vi t l li bit c nh p. Vi FEC, ta xem xt trng hp c bit ca m BCH nh
phn. Cc m ny c tnh cht (xem phn 4.3) l vi mi s nguyn dng m v t, tn ti m
BCH nh phn c di khi m n = 2
m
-1 t.m bit mo u v c kh nng hiu chnh ln
n t li. Thm vo , gi s cc li khng th hiu chnh pht hin c l t nht, giao thc
bit xen k n gin c s ln truyn li gia hai nt khng b hn ch. C nh di khi n
n =1023. Theo bng 4.6, kh nng hiu chnh li ca t =0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 bit nm trong khong
n =1023 bit, s lng k bit d liu c th chuyn c cho trong bng 6.1.
Vi mi t, xc sut gi tin n = 1023 c truyn i thnh cng (c ngha s bit li s t)
l:
( ) ( )
0
1
t
n i
i
i
n
P n, t , p p p
i

=
| |
=
|
\ .

(0.19)
Vi giao thc bit xen k qua BSC, s ln th nghim X cn truyn thnh cng gi tin
l mt bin ngu nhin vi k vng:

144

| |
( )
1
E X
P n, t , p
= (0.20)
Gi s chi ph truyn v nhn mt bit n (E
t
= 1) v nu chi ph gii m E
dec
theo
phng trnh (0.18) (vi E
add
= 3,3.10
-4
v E
mult
= 3,7.10
-2
n v nng lng, nhng s liu
ny ch c chn cho mc ch m phng), ta c th biu din nng lng mong mun s
dng cho k bit l:

| |
( )
dec t
n.E E
E Y
k.P n, t , p
+
= (0.21)
Hnh 6.7 biu din gi tr mong mun ny vi cc t khc nhau.

t k
0 1023
2 1003
4 983
6 963
8 943
10 923

Bng 6.1 S lng d liu k tng ng vi s lng bit c th hiu chnh t khc nhau
trong khi n=1023 bit i vi m BCH

Hnh 6.7 Nng lng s dng truyn thnh cng 1 bit d liu vi cc t khc nhau

145
C th nhn thy rng vi t l li bit cc thp, m ho FEC s lm tng chi ph ln
nhiu so vi khng c FEC, trn gi tr p ~ 10
-4
th dng FEC s ph hp hn. Tuy nhin,
vi cc knh truyn c phm cht km, (p ~ 10
-2
hoc cao hn), tt c cc s u phi cn
mt lng ln nng lng v trong trng hp , cc c ch khc s c s dng, v d
nh chn kch thc gi tin ph hp hn (phn 6.3).
Mc d mt s h thng trn thc t khc vi la chn m t trn nhng cc kt
lun vn c gi nguyn gi tr.
6.2.5 iu khin cng sut
Mu cht iu khin khc lm tng tin cy ca qu trnh truyn dn l cng sut
truyn hay ni mt cch chnh xc l cng sut u ra ca b pht. Tng cng sut ny s lm
tng nng lng/bit (E
b
/N
0
) v do lm gim t l li bit v cc yu cu truyn li. Ebert
v Wolisz ch ra rng mng ad hc mt bc c cng sut truyn ti u (tng ng vi
mc tiu BER) cn bng vi nng lng pht v cc yu cu truyn li i vi chiu di gi
tin cho.
Tuy nhin, trong cc mng ln hn vi cc giao tip a bc nhy c mt cht khc
bit. Nu mt nt tng cng sut truyn ca n th n cng tng nhiu i vi cc nt khc v
do , n s nh hng n cc t l li bit. Trong trng hp ny, vn ny li ph thuc
vo tnh trng ti.
Narendran m t mt cch y s phn b m trong , hai nt cng nhau
chia s vic iu khin cng sut pht v t l m. B pht ph hp vi cng sut v m da
trn cc php o t l t li, nhiu v cng sut nhn ly b thu v phn hi v b pht.
Thut ton vn ph hp mc d n c trin khai v c lng trong h thng t bo trong
khi tt c cc thng tin trn li c hiu lc cc trm gc. Tuy nhin, thut ton ny cng
thc s c hiu qu khi p dng cho cc mng cm bin.
Phng php ny d gii thch nht cho cc s m ho khi FEC. Gi s rng b
gii m FEC b thu khng ch phn phi cc khi bit m cn cho bit khi c li hiu
chnh c hay khng? Qua thng tin ny, b thu c th tnh t l li t (WER - Word Error
Rate). Thut ton ny c thc hin lp i lp li. Cui mt vng lp, b thu tnh WER
trn tt c cc t thu c trong vng lp ny v kim tra xem liu n c nm trong khong
gia ngng thp v ngng cao khng? Nu n nm trong gii hn ny th gi l t l
li t mong mun (DWER - Desired Word Error Rate). Khi , b thu cung cp cho b
pht t l li t cng sut nhn v mc nhiu c th quan st c. B thu c di
[P
min

,
P
max

]
hp l m trong , n c th chn cng sut u ra v tp
{c
1

, . . . , c
N

}
cc s
m ho. Trong mi s m ho c th tnh t s tn hiu/nhiu (CIR - Carrier to
Interference Ratio) yu cu c c DWER, cho nn vi mi s m ho c
i
, c th tnh
mc cng sut u ra p
i
yu cu c c CIR c th ny b thu. Cui cng, b pht
chn cp mc cng sut/m c th t c mc ch tng chi ph nng lng l nh nht.
Nu t l t li vt qu ngng trn ta c vng lp hng.
6.2.6 iu khin li
Trong phn ny ta s xem xt mt s phng php iu khin li v cc mt tiu th
nng lng ca chng. iu khin li c quan tm ci thin tin cy ca qu trnh

146
truyn dn knh truyn, gii quyt tho hip v tng tin cy hay tng t l li knh u
yu cu nhiu nng lng hn. V vy, trc khi bt u thit k cc s iu khin li, c
mt s im rt quan trng c lng tin cy yu cu. Trong WSN, mt iu may
mn l thng cc hin tng vt l c mt trong nhiu nt c thng tin ging nhau hoc t
nht cng lin quan n nhau v do , khng cn tng nt n phi c tin cy rt cao
truyn c gi tin mt cch tt nht.
Cc s m ho FEC c li th c c li ch thc t v hiu qu nng lng
vi tin cy cho trong trng hp mi trng khng qu chm v t l li bit khng
qu cao. Vi BER rt thp v rt cao, phn mo u ca m ho s b lng ph do cc s
m ho thc t khng c kh nng hiu chnh li hiu qu iu chnh nng lng. Vi c
hai s m ho khi v chp, nng lng yu cu cho hot ng m ho khng ng k
nhng nng lng gii m li rt ng k v vt qu nng lng yu cu. Cc s m
ho khi thng c hiu qu nng lng cao hn m chp nhng m chp li c cc kh
nng hiu chnh li tt hn. Nu m ho v gii m c th thc hin c phn cng th
cc s FEC s tr nn hp dn.
Mt khc, cc s ARW c th ho hp phn mo u ca n vi cc iu kin ca
knh truyn dn. Vi cc knh rt tt, phn mo u ch l cc khung phn hi v c th
gim s lng ca n bng cch la chn cc s phn hi ph hp. Ni cch khc, trong
trng hp cc knh b li, cc giao thc ARQ chun phi truyn li c gi tin, thm ch c
khi ch c vi bit b sai.
C t nht hai cch c a ra. Cch th nht l cc s lai, l kt hp FEC
v ARQ theo cc cch thch hp, v d nh bng cch p dng s FEC c tnh ton
sao cho tt c cc gi tin c gi khng qu t v t giao thc ARQ hiu chnh cc li cn
li. Cch th hai l c gng tm cc s thch hp m s thay i chin lc iu khin
li ca chng ph thuc vo cc iu kin knh truyn dn, v d nh chuyn t Goback-N
1

sang Goback-N
2
... Tuy nhin, iu ny ph thuc vo tng ng dng, phn cng ca nt v
cc m hnh li trong khi phc tp li gia tng cho hot ng tng thch (c lng
trng thi ca knh, tn hiu ho cc hot ng iu khin thch nghi), chi ph cho nng
lng...
6.3 nh dng khung
Trong qu trnh nh dng khung, lp lin kt to khung sau s truyn i. Mt s
ch v vic nh dng khung c tho lun trong phn 6.2.2 v phn nh a ch s
c gii thiu trong chng 7. Trong phn ny ch trnh by cch la chn kch thc gi
tin. V d sau s chng minh ti sao vn ny li quan trng.
V d 6.3: Hiu qu nng lng vi cc gi tin c kch thc khc nhau.
Xt hai nt c ni vi nhau qua BSC vi xc sut li bit p e(0,1). Mi gi tin c
phn mo u c nh o bit (header , trailer) v mt s thay i u bit. Theo , xc sut
truyn gi tin thnh cng l:
( ) ( ) 1
o u
P o, u, p p
+
= (0.22)
V xc sut ca gi b li (gi c t nht mt li bit) l ( ) ( ) 1 Q o, u, p P o, u, p = .
Trong giao thc ARQ bit lun phin n gin vi mt s hu hn ln truyn li, s ln th

147
nghim cn thit truyn gi tin, X, l mt bin ngu nhin vi xc sut thnh cng
( ) P o, u, p v k vng:

| |
( )
( )
1 1
1
o u
E X
P o, u, p
p
+
= =

(0.23)

Cc gi tin phn hi xc nhn ch bao gm mo u v cng c di o bit. Ta s tp
trung vo b pht. Gi s rng nng lng s dng cho vic truyn/ nhn tin c kch thc l
bit l:

( )
( )
0
0
t t , t
r r, r
e l e e .l
e l e e .l
= +
= +
(0.24)
Trong
0 t ,
e v
0 r ,
e l chi ph nng lng c nh c s dng cho mi ln
truyn/nhn tin. Cc tham s
t
e v
r
e l nng lng s dng truyn/nhn mt bit. Cc
ngun tiu th nng lng khc khng quan tm. Nng lng trung bnh c s dng
truyn thnh cng mt gi tin l tch s gia s nng lng s dng trn mi gi nhn vi s
th nghim trung bnh cn thit truyn thnh cng gi tin . B pht s dng nng lng
trn mi gi tin l ( ) ( )
t r
e o u e o + + trong s hng u tin dng truyn gi d liu,
cn s hng th hai dng cho th nghim nhn phn hi (gi s ch ri v nhn c cng
mc chi ph). Tng nng lng mong mun dng cho mt gi tin l:
( ) ( )
( ) 1
t r
o u
e o u e o
p
+
+ +


V nng lng s dng cho mi bit l:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 1
t r
o u
e o u e o
h o, u, p
u. p
+
+ +
=


Hm ny c v trn hnh 6.8 vi t l li bit p khc nhau v cc gi tr c nh l
e
r,0
= e
t,0
= 100, e
r
= e
t
= 1 v o = 100 vi hai kch thc d liu khc nhau (u = 100 bit v
u = 500 bit).
C hai im cn ch : S khc nhau c th ng k, n ph thuc vo t l li bit p v
cc tham s e
r,0
, e
t,0
, e
r
, e
t
, cn la chn u lm tng hiu qu nng lng i vi gi tr p
cho. Thng thng, c th tit kim rt nhiu nng lng nu kch thc gi tin c chn
mt cch hp l. Cc kt qu th nghim trn WLAN xc nhn iu .
R rng l mo u ca khung ln s ph hp vi cc gi tin c kch thc ln c
c mt cch hp l hiu qu nng lng trn mi bit . Ni cch khc, cc gi tin ln s
nhy cm hn vi cc li bit nu khng p dng cc c cu nh FEC. V vy, c th thy rng
vi t l li bit tc thi p cho s tn ti gi tin c kch thc ti u, khi n s rt d
phn tch (gii
( )
0
h o, u, p
u
c
=
c
v kim tra tnh ti thiu). Vi tp gi tr cho trong v d
trn, hnh 6.9 biu din nng lng trn mi bit vi kch thc gi d liu u khc nhau v t l

148
li bit c nh p = 0.001. Hnh ny cho gi tr cc tiu ti u ~ 463 bit. Tuy nhin, cng cn ch
rng nu chn gi tr u nh hn th mc tiu th nng lng s tng theo ng dc v do
, b pht phi c iu khin kch thc gi tin ca n mt cch cn thn. Kch thc gi
tin c c t cc tham s k thut v c lng xc sut li bit p.
____________________

Hnh 6.8 Nng lng/bit hu dng cho d liu c kch thc u = 100 v u = 500 vi t l
li bit khc nhau

Hnh 6.9 Nng lng/bit hu dng vi t l li bit p c nh
v kch thc d liu u thay i

149
Cc gi thit v BSC thng n gin v khc xa thc t. Nu cc li knh b nh
hng bi fading th s khng c gi tin no c truyn qua knh do tnh trng knh xu,
l cha k n kch thc ca n. Nu tnh trng knh tt th cc gi tin c kch thc ln s
c hiu sut v hiu qu nng lng tt hn. Siew and Goodman c gi tin c kch thc
ti u khi cng sut ca knh fading Rayleigh thay i gia cc fading su, cc gi tin
gi s b li, cc chu k knh tt v cc gi tin qua knh mt cch nguyn vn. cc gi tin
c truyn mt cch ng n th th n phi nm hon ton trong giai on tt. Kch thc
cng di th n cng d gp fading. i khi tn ti mt s gi tin c kch thc ti u.
6.3.1 Cc s tng thch
Knh v tuyn khng c cc iu kin li tnh m b nh hng c trong khong thi
gian ngn (fading nhanh) v di (fading chm). Mi trng bin thin theo thi gian dng
nh rt ph hp cho php cc nt b thu v b pht c lng cc iu kin knh mt
cch lin tc v do , n s tng thch vi kch thc ca gi tin.
Tuy nhin, tng ny c mt hn ch. ng dng hay giao thc lp cao hn s hot
ng nh th no trong nt cm bin c kch thc gi tin thay i? Nu lp lin kt chuyn
cc thay i n lp ng dng hay cc lp cao hn th sau phi quan tm n vic phn
on d liu mt cch ph hp truyn dn v a vo cc ng dng. Ni cch khc, nu
cc gi tin c kch thc khc nhau c a vo ng dng th cng vic phn on v ghp
li s c thc hin lp lin kt, tc l phc tp s tng ln. Vic ny cng bao gm
phn loi gi tin v m ho FEC v tr ph hp gi tin c th dng cho cc ng dng thc
s khc nhau. Mt cch l tng, lp MAC s h tr vic truyn dn tng on ca gi tin, v
d nh giao thc S-MAC (phn 5.2.2).
Lm cch no c lng cc iu kin knh truyn dn mt cch tc thi, c bit l
t l li bit thc thi p? Mt s chun c s dng c gii thiu bi Lettieri v
Srivastava, n cho php b thu la chn thng tin c cht lng ca knh v truyn n v
b pht bng cc khung phn hi sau iu chnh kch thc khung. B thu c th s
dng cc thng s sau:
Thng tin thnh cng c th t c bng s ARQ khng lai (v d nh s ln
truyn li trn mi gi tin quan st c) c th dng c lng t l li bit tc thi.
Nu s dng FEC th b gii m FEC c th cung cp thng tin v s lng li c
hiu chnh v n s c b thu phn hi v b pht.
Phng php u tin c u im l a ra t gi thuyt nht v cc kh nng ca b thu
pht. Sau y ta s tho lun k hn vn ny.
Gi s knh c th c lm theo t BSC cho thi k quan st no v di gi tin
khng i trong thi k ny, b thu/ b pht c th c lng t l thnh cng ca gi tin hin
ti P(o, u, p), v d nh bng cch m ton b s th nghim T c dng truyn M gi
tin (nu b thu la chn thng tin ny th n phi tr li cho b pht). S T/M l k vng ca
bin ngu nhin vi tham s thnh cng P(o, u, p) v gi tr ny c s dng khi gii
phng trnh (0.22) theo p. Phng php tng t cng c gii thiu, trong cc kch
thc gi tin c la chn t mt s kch thc gi tin cho. Modiano xut hai
phng php khc nhau. Trong phng php u tin, bng c tnh trc, n lin quan n
s ln truyn li R c yu cu cho M gi tin truyn i vi kch thc gi tin cho k

150
chn ra c kch thc gi tin ti u t mt tp cc gi c nh. Trong phng php th hai,
nguyn tc cc i ho kh nng c lng tham s (MLE - Maximum Likelihood
Estimation) c a ra. M t hot ng ca phng php ny thng qua v d sau.
V d 6.4: Phng php MLE thch ng vi cc kch thc ca gi tin
BSC vi xc sut li bit p v cc gi tin c mo u o bit, u bit d liu, xc sut li gi
tin l:
1 1
o u
Q( o, u, p ) ( p )
+
= (0.25)
V xc sut M gi tin cui cng truyn li R ln l:
( ) Pr 1
M R
R
M
R p Q( o, u, p ) . Q( o, u, p )
R

| |
( =
|

\ .
(0.26)
Gi s rng o v u bit, cn R v M ang quan st. Gi tr ca p thng ph hp v
y l trng thi c yu cu. Gi tr ny ca p lm Pr R p (

t gi tr cc i. N c th
c xc nh bng cch ly o hm Pr d R p dp (

v gii Pr 0 d R p dp ( =

theo p.
Kt qu l:

1
1
u M R
p
M

| |
=
|
\ .
(0.27)
Sau rt d tm c kch thc gi tin u cho hiu qu nng lng tt nht. Vn
ca b c lng ny xy ra khi t l li rt thp hoc rt cao. Trong trng hp t l li rt
cao, ta thng c M = R v b c lng cho

1 p = . Ngc li, nu t l li bit cc thp th

0 p = , iu ny lm cho di gi tin l v hn. V vy, di gi tin cc i v cc tiu


hp l s c chn nh l cc gi tr gii hn.
_________________
Vn c tnh cht quyt nh y l la chn di thi k quan st. Nu thi k
ny qu ngn s khng d liu c c c lng chnh xc xc sut li bit p. Mt
khc, nu thi k ny qu di th thut ton c th chim qu nhiu thi gian c th thch
ng vi cc thay i iu kin knh truyn v gi tin c kch thc gn ti u s s dng
trong thi gian qu di.
Tt c cc phng php dng c lng cc iu kin knh truyn tc thi dng
chng nh l d on ngn hn cht lng knh. Nu nt mun gi mt gi tin mi sau mt
thi k im lng di th tt c thng tin v knh truyn sn c s l c v c th tr nn v
dng.
6.3.2 Cc s kim tra tng trung gian
Lettieri, Srivastava v Willig tho lun s cho php s dng cc gi tin di m khng
yu cu s phn on/ ghp li. Phng php ny c u th trong cc trng hp ch mt
vi bit trong gi tin b li v n s cu c nhiu nht cc bit ng. Vic truyn li b hn
ch, ch khi cc phn trn ca gi tin thc s xy ra li. S kim tra tng trung gian c th
c tch hp vi cc giao thc ARQ chun.

151
Quan st hnh 6.10. Nu c u bit d liu, cc giao thc vi s nh khung header /d
liu/trailer thng thng (hnh 6.10a) t header o bit trc d liu v trailer h bit sau d liu.
Header thng mang a ch ca ngun v ch, thng tin di khung v thng tin iu
khin trong khi trailer cha kim tra tng ca khung. Do , ton b khung c kch thc o
+s +h. Trong trng hp phi truyn li th c o +s +h bit s phi truyn li. Ngc li, trong
s kim tra tng trung gian (hnh 6.10b), u bit d liu c chia thnh L on, mi on
c c bit cha x l vi kim tra tng h bit gn vo. on cui cng phi c t hn c bit.
Khung c to ra bng cch gn tt c cc on header khung c kch thc o > o bit v
ton b khung c kch thc o+L(c+h) bit. Header khung trong s kim tra tng trung
gian cn bao gm vic phn chia kim tra tng header v thng tin v kch thc/ s lng
on.



(a)



(b)

Hnh 6.10 nh khung truyn thng vi header/d liu/kim tra tng so vi nh khung
kiu kim tra tng trung gian

B thu hnh ng nh sau. Nu n pht hin c li trong header khung th ton b
khung s b loi b v b pht s phi truyn li ton b khung cui cng. Nu header ng,
b thu s kim tra tng on ring r v m ng cc on. Nu tt c cc on l ng, b
thu s phn pht khung n cc lp cao hn ca n v gi phn hi cui cng. Nu c mt
s on khng ng, cc on li s ra du cho b pht bng mt phn hi khng hon
chnh. B pht ch truyn li cc khung b li. V d, nu khung u tin c L =8 on v b
thu nhn 5 trong s 8 on , tc l c 3 khung b l. Phng php ny c u im l s
khung truyn li nh hn rt nhiu, nng lng tiu th gim, to ra t nhiu, t li v n b
thu vi tr nh hn. N cng c nhc im l cc kim tra tng trung gian c mo u ln
hn, iu ny c th trnh vi mt s h s khuch i u vo tt v gim nng lng i
vi cc t l li bit nh. Tuy nhin, cu hi t ra y l kch thc on ti u c tng
khng? Willig ch ra rng, BSC vi t l li bit t trung bnh n cao (>10
-4
), s kim
tra tng trung gian c th c hiu sut cao hn v cn phi gim s khung so vi s khung
thng thng, thm ch c khi kch thc khung c chn l ti u. Kch thc on phi
ph hp vi s n gin, khi m b pht m s on yu cu cho vic truyn li, tng s
on c truyn v s dng d liu ny c lng t l li bit tc thi.
Nhc im ca s ny l vic tnh ton CRC khng d. Trong s truyn thng,
CRC c th c c bng cch dch header v d liu qua thanh ghi dch phn hi tuyn tnh,
Header
DLL/MAC
D liu FCS
nh khung truyn thng:
Header
DLL/MAC
FCS
nh khung kiu kim tra tng trung gian:
FCS FCS

152
tt c ni dung c ni vi nhau mt cch n gin. S kim tra tng trung gian yu cu
nhiu qu trnh tnh ton CRC phc tp hn.
6.3.3 Kt hp ti u kch thc gi tin v FEC
Ti u kch thc gi tin c th kt hp vi FEC. Sankarasubramaniam nghin
c m BCH v m chp v mt hiu qu nng lng. Vi knh truyn loi BSC v vi t l li
bit trung bnh p = 0.001, chiu di gi tin ti u (bao gm d liu v mo u) vic tiu th
nng lng c hiu qu tng khi s dng m BCH so vi trng hp khng c hiu chnh li.
Vi kh nng hiu chnh 6 li, kch thc gi tin ti u s l 2047 bit, mi quan h gia kch
thc khi n = 2047, kch thc d liu k v kh nng hiu chnh li t = 6 c gii thiu
trong phn 6.2.4, gi tin c th c t nht k > 2047 6.11 = 1981 bit d liu v v khung s
phn pht thnh cng vi xc sut P(2047, 6, 0.001) ~ 0.995 (s dng phng trnh (0.19)).
Hara m cc gi tin c kch thc khc vi m Reed-Solomon v hiu sut cho giao thc bit
xen k cng c nh gi. Vi t s tn hiu/ nhiu rt tt (t l li bit thp), giao thc khng
m ho s tt hn giao thc m ho, SNR cao hn s c m ho tt hn.
Ti u kch thc gi tin, s iu khin li kt hp FEC (cc m Reed-Solomon v
m chp t l ), lp li c la chn ARQ c ng dng cho cc knh fading Rayleigh.
Knh truyn c m hnh ho nh mt chui Markov hai trng thi vi cc trng thi tt
v xu v n hot ng theo m hnh BSC c hai trng thi. trng thi xu, t l li bit
c gi s l 0.5 trong khi BER trng thi tt thay i. Xc sut truyn gia cc trng thi
c c t m hnh vt l v ch da vo cc tham s vt l n gin. Khong thi gian gia
cc trng thi fading/ xu ca knh v trng thi tt ph thuc vo tc ca trm di ng
(thng qua tn s Doppler ca n). V d, trm (nt) di chuyn nhanh th nhiu fading xy ra
trong mt gi tin v lm cho knh ging m hnh BSC, nu trm di chuyn rt chm th mt
fading c th tri qua nhiu gi tin. nh hng ca s thay i kch thc gi tin, FEC v
ARQ c nghin cu trong ba ng dng in hnh l (i) gi thng tin (datagram) d liu n
gin c to ra t mt ngun d liu bo ho, (ii) d liu thoi tun hon vi hn ch tr (gi
tin khng c chuyn i thnh cng cho n khi ht thi hn) v (iii) lu lng TCP. T l
li bit trng thi tt l 10
-2
hoc 10
-8
tng ng vi hai knh khc nhau l tt v xu. Mt s
im cn lu :












L=50

153

Hnh 6.11 Tiu th nng lng v tr mong i ca cc gi thng tin c kch thc khc
nhau L (theo byte) v cc t l li trng thi tt khc nhau.

Trong trng hp gi thng tin, vi kch thc gi tin l nh (50 byte), kt qu c
ch ra trn hnh 6.11. y c s kt hp gia FEC v ARQ cho c knh tt v xu. Cc gi
tr gn nh ging nhau (nng lng/ bit hu dng, tr gi tin mong mun). S ch vi
ARQ c tr nh, tiu th nng lng t cho knh tt v tr ln, tiu th nng lng ln cho
knh xu. Vi gi tin c kch thc 1500 byte, ARQ + FEC thng c tr tt hn mc chi
ph nng lng cao hn cho knh tt, trong khi knh xu th c hai s c cng tr trung
bnh, vi ARQ + FEC yu cu nhiu nng lng hn mt cch ng k.
Vi ngun thoi, n cho thy t l li bit thp trong thi k knh tt, s ARQ yu
cu nng lng t hn ARQ + FEC, c hai s u khng b rt gi tin do vi phm thi hn.
Vi cc t l li bit cao hn, s ch c ARQ yu cu nhiu nng lng hn v cng thi
im th b rt nhiu gi tin hn s ARQ+FEC.
6.4 Qun l tuyn.
Cc lp cao hn, c bit l giao thc nh tuyn, cn phi bit v cc nt ln cn kh
dng v cht lng tuyn ca cc chng. Thng tin v cht lng c th c dng a
ra cc quyt nh nh tuyn bng cch trnh cc tuyn xu vi kh nng suy hao tin cao. Mt
s ch :
Cht lng tuyn khng phi l gi tr nh phn, tc n c nhiu trng thi ch khng
phi ch c tt v xu. Mt tham s c trng cho cht lng tuyn l xc sut suy hao tin
qua tuyn ny.
Cht lng tuyn thay i theo thi gian, v d nh do nt di chuyn hay chng ngi
vt di chuyn gia hai nt.
Cht lng phi c lng c, bng cch gi cc gi thm d v nh gi p ng
hoc bng cch nghe ln v phn x vic truyn dn ca cc nt ln cn. C hai phng php
ny u tiu tn nng lng v trong mt s trng hp, n c sn dng bng cch
dng giao thc MAC nh l mt phn ca vic khm ph vng ln cn, v d nh TRAMA
(Traffic-Adaptive Medium Access - Truy cp mi trng lu lng thch ng) (phn 5.4.3)
hoc S-MAC (phn 5.2.2).
Cc nt ln cn v cht lng tuyn lin quan ca n thng c lu trong bng vng
ln cn, c th truy cp bng cc lp cao hn. Trong trng hp mng c mt nt cm
bin dy c, cc nt r v b hn ch b nh s xy ra trng hp khng b nh cha
tt c cc ln cn c th. Khi phi la chn cc ln cn c cht lng tuyn tt nht. Phn
tip theo s trnh by k hn v cc c tnh ca cht lng tuyn, cc yu cu v phng
php nh gi n.
Qu trnh pht hin vng ln cn thng c thc hin bng mt phn ca cc giao
thc MAC (v d TRAMA hay S-MAC) hay cc giao thc cp pht a ch (chng 7). N
c lp li ln ny qua ln khc iu chnh theo s thay i cu hnh mng.
6.4.1 Cc c tnh ca cht lng tuyn

154
Woo v Ganesan biu din cht lng tuyn qua t l suy hao tin. c bit, Ganesan
biu th cc php o cht lng tuyn bng mt li 13 13, tc 169 im t v tr h v
cch nhau 2 ft. Trong mi trng ny, mt nt ang thi im truyn tin cn cc nt khc
ang c nhn n. Kt qu quan trng nht ca mi trng ny l:
Vi cng sut pht cho, khng c mi quan h tin nh no gia khong cch v
cht lng tuyn. Cc nt cng khong cch vi b pht c th c t l suy hao tin rt khc
nhau. Trong cc trng hp gii hn, vng ln cn khng th nghe gi tin ca nt nhng cc
nt xa i khi li c th.

Hnh 6.12 ng cong biu th xc sut nhn tin cho cc gi tin c to ra t nt trung
tm vi hai cng sut khc nhau

Vng xung quanh nt c cng mt t l suy hao tin khng c dng hnh trn, n c
dng khng u. iu ny c m t trn hnh 6.12, n l ng vin ca xc sut nhn tin
khi mt nt trung tm truyn tin. Cc ng ny l ng tr, tc cc im trn ng c cng
xc sut nhn tin.
C mt lng ng k cc tuyn khng i xng. Trong mt tuyn khng i xng,
cc gi tin c gi t nt A n nt B v c nhn bi nt B vi mt cht suy hao nhng

155
ngc li, A nhn cc gi tin t B vi xc sut suy hao tin cao hn. T l cc tuyn khng i
xng tng theo khong cch, n chim t 5 n 15% tt c tuyn truyn tin.
T l suy hao tin thay i theo thi gian, thm ch ngay c khi cc nt ln cn ng
yn. Mc d t l suy hao tin trung bnh vi khong cch cho theo thi gian l khng i
nhng nhng n c s thay i nht nh trong thi gian ngn.
Woo gii thiu kt qu php o i vi mng tuyn tnh. Cc nt c sp xp theo
hng vi khong cch 2 ft. Mi nt truyn 200 gi tin v tt c cc nt khc u c gng nhn
c chng, nhng ti mt thi im ch c mt nt c truyn. Theo cch ny, s c th c
nhiu php o khc nhau cng mt khong cch gia b pht v cc b thu. Mi quan h
gia cht lng khong cch (cht lng c nh gi theo t l nhn tin) c c trng
bi ba vng khc nhau nh hnh 6.13.
Trong vng nh hng, nt thu c khong cch t nht 10 ft n b pht v c hn
90% gi tin c nhn bi nt nm trong vng ny.
Vng ngho bt u bng khong cch 40 ft gia b pht v cc b thu, cc nt c t l
suy hao trn 90%.
Trong vng chuyn tip gia, thay i t l suy hao ca cc nt cng khong cch
l ng k.

Hnh 6.13 T l nhn tin cc b thu c khong cch khc nhau
Mi hnh trn nh biu din cht lng tuyn ca ng trc tip trong cu hnh mng.
Mi ng c khong cch nh nhau nhng c tin cy rt khc nhau.
Tt c nhng vn trn xy ra cc cng sut truyn khc nhau, mc d cc phm
vi khc nhau. Tm li, cht lng tuyn phi hiu theo hng thng k v thay i theo thi
gian.
6.4.2 c lng cht lng tuyn
Nu nt mun c lng cht lng tuyn truyn n nt ln cn, n phi lm iu
bng cc gi nhn t nt ln cn v phn on cht lng ca chng hay tnh ton t l suy
hao. Do c s thay i ln v t l suy hao i vi cng mt khong cch nn n s khng

156
c c thng tin v suy hao gi tin t khong cch bit n nt tip theo. Sau y l
mt s tnh cht mong mun ca b c lng:
Tnh chnh xc: N phi tp hp kt qu v a ra cc thng k c gi tr.
nhy: N phi pht hin c cc thay i v iu kin tuyn truyn nhanh, v
d nh do s di chuyn ca cc nt.
n nh: c lng phi khng c cc dao ng ngn/ tm thi trong cht lng
tuyn.
Tnh hiu qu: trnh phi nghe qu nhiu vic truyn dn ca cc nt khc do
iu ny s phi s dng ngun nng lng qu gi. Hn na, s phc tp ca tnh ton v
s lng b nh cn gi cc thng k tuyn s lm cho cc nt cm bin khng dy lun
trong tnh trng nm gii hn cho php. y l mt cn tr thc hin cc thut ton
lc tin tin hn nh cc b lc Wiener hay Kalman.
C hai loi b c lng l ch ng v b ng.
B c lng ch ng: Trong b nh gi ch ng, nt gi i cc gi tin o
chuyn dng v la chn phn hi t cc nt ln cn. Bng cch lp li iu ny, s khng
cn phi lu cc thng k tuyn.
B c lng b ng: Trong b nh gi b ng, nt nghe ln qu trnh truyn dn
t cc nt ln cn v c lng t l suy hao t quan st s lng dy ca chng. Suy hao
gi tin c pht hin t cc khe h trong mi ln thu.
c lng b ng thc s kh thi nu cc nt ln cn to ra lu lng ng k trong
mt khong thi gian no . N rt ph hp khi cc qu trnh truyn dn s dng nhiu
nng lng hn trng thi nhn v ngh.
iu chnh c lng b ng c m t trong hnh 6.14. S kin u vo b c
lng l cc gi tin n; gi tin suy hao c th c suy lun gin tip bng cch s dng
dy s ny. B c lng phi quan st mt s s kin trc khi a ra c lng c
c cc kt qu thng k c ngha.

Hnh 6.14 M t vn c lng

Gi s b c lng ti thi im t+T a ra c lng t l suy hao gi tin trong
phm vi (t, t+T], trong T l thi k quan st (v d nh T = 30s). Gi s v mt l do no
b c lng xc nh c dy cui cng m n c th nhn thy ngay trc thi im t
l s 7. Da vo gi tin n s 10 thi im t
0
n bit rng c hai gi tin b l trong
khong thi gian (t, t
0
]. Da vo gi tin n s 15 thi im t
1
n bit rng ch 3 trong 8

157
gi tin nhn c trong khong thi gian (t, t
1
]. Vy gi tr no s c a ra ti thi im
t+T? a ra c c lng ng tin cy, ta cn s lng gi tin b mt trong khe h cui
cng. Nu gi tin c to ra nh k th quyt nh ny dng nh d thc hin. Lp MAC
v ng dng c th a ra mt s bin ng ngu nhin v khi , quyt nh ch c th a
ra d on hp l v kch thc khe h.
Gi s s lng ny l kh dng th chng c th c s dng theo cc cch khc
nhau trong cc b c lng. Woo v Culler khm ph ra mt s b c lng b ng,
bao gm trung bnh ng trng s theo s m (EWMA - Exponentially Weighted Moving
Average) (cc h s c gim dn theo hm s m), trung bnh ng thun tu, trung bnh
ng thi gian trng s v gi tr trung bnh ca s vi EWMA (WMEWMA - window
mean with EWMA). Gn y ra c s tho hip tt nht gia tnh n nh, nhy v
cng vic nh sau: B c lng a ra cc d on

n
P ch ti cc thi im t
n
= t + n.T,
k hiu l

1 2 3
P , P , P

, y l dy c lng ti cc thi im ny. B c lng c hai


tham s hiu chnh l (0, 1) v T N, c biu din trong cc khong thi gian ca
cc gi tin c kch thc c nh. cp nht tc thi t
n
, t r
n
l s gi tin nhn c trong
(t
n-1
, t
n
] v f
n
l s gi tin nhn dng c khi b mt trong khong (t
n-1
, t
n
]. Khi :

n
n
n n
r
r f
=
+
(0.28)


( ) 1
1
n n
n
P .P .

= o + o (0.29)
Nh vy, bit c lch s ca b nh gi, ta cn bit

1 n
P

, ngoi ra cn cn c f
n

v r
n
na.
6.5 Tng kt
Thit k lp lin kt phi da trn hiu qu nng lng v v vy n ph thuc nhiu
vo cc c tnh tiu th nng lng ca lp vt l di v cc c tnh ca ti. C mt s
mu cht iu khin c th s dng tit kim nng lng, v d nh FEC hay ti u kch
thc gi tin. Nu ng dng mng cm bin c c trng bi qu trnh truyn dn d liu
tun hon th cc c ch thch ng khc nhau rt c coi trng v nng lng c x mt
cch lin tc v ta c th lm gim tc x.
Mt nhim v rt c quan tm v c vai tr quan trng l tm cc m hnh ph hp
cho chi ph nng lng ca lp lin kt, c th ch n vai tr ca lp MAC v lp vt l.

158
CU HI N TP CHNG 6

1. Nhim v v cc yu cu c bn ca giao thc lp lin kt?
2. Cc c tnh c bn ca vic gim st li trong cc giao thc lp lin kt?
3. Nguyn nhn v cc c tnh ca sai s truyn dn?
4. Cc thnh phn chnh ca giao thc ARQ?
5. Cc giao thc ARQ chun?
6. K thut FEC?
7. Cch thc iu khin cng sut v li trong cc giao thc lp lin kt?
8. S kim tra tng trung gian?
9. Kt hp FEC v ti u kch thc gi tin?
10. Nu mt s c im ca cht lng tuyn trong cc giao thc lp lin kt?
11.Cch thc c lng cht lng tuyn?

159
CHNG 7. T TN V NH A CH

Mc ch ca chng
Cc k hoch t tn v nh a ch c s dng biu th v tm kim cc vt.
Trong mng, cc tn v a ch thng lin quan n c nhn cc nt cng nh lin quan n
cc d liu lu trong cc nt. Cc a ch/cc tn lun c quan h cht ch vi mt s biu
din, s biu din ny c mt chiu di no khi n c xem nh mt chui bit. Khng
ging nh cc loi mng khc, trong cc mng cm bin khng dy th kch thc biu din l
mt vn ct yu, bi v cc a ch hin din trong hu ht cc gi. Tuy nhin, vic kt hp
gia cc nt l cn thit ch nh cc a ch ngn mt cch hp l. Mt kha cnh ch cht
th hai l nh a ch da trn ni dung, khng phi nt hay mng giao tip m chnh
d liu s c nh a ch. Vic nh a ch da trn ni dung c th c tch hp vi
vic nh tuyn d liu trung tm v n cng l mt kh nng ch cht ca vic x l trong
mng.
t tn v nh a ch l hai vn c bn trong mng. C th ni mt cch mc mc
rng cc tn c s dng biu th cc vt (v d: cc nt, d liu, s chuyn giao) trong
cc a ch cung cp thng tin cn thit tm cc vt ny; v d: chng gip cho vic nh
tuyn trong mt mng a bc nhy (multihop). S khc bit ny l khng ln; i khi cc
a ch cng c s dng biu th cc vt mt a ch IP cha thng tin va tm kim
mt nt (phn mng ca mt a ch) v nhn dng nt mt cch chnh xc hn: mt giao
tip mng trong mt nt trong mt mng con n l (phn my ch). Trong cc mng
truyn thng nh mng Internet hoc cc mng Ad hoc, cc nt hay cc trm thng xuyn
c lp cng nh d liu c ng k bi cc mng c t tn v nh a ch. iu
ny ph hp vi vic s dng nh d nh ca cc mng ny: chng kt ni nhiu ngi s
dng v nhng ngi s dng ny trao i d liu hoc truy cp vo cc my ch. Phm vi
ca cc loi d liu ngi dng c th s dng l rt rng v mng c th h tr cc nhim v
ny tt nht bng cch thc hin cc gi thuyt yu nht v d liu tt c d liu ch l mt
ng bit c di chuyn t mt nt ny n mt nt khc. Trong cc mng khng dy, cc nt
l khng c lp nhng chng phi hp vi nhau gii quyt mt nhim v cho v
cung cp cho ngi dng mt giao din vi th gii bn ngoi. Do , n c th ph hp vi
vic thay chuyn quan im t t tn cc nt sang t tn cc kha cnh ca th gii vt l
hoc t tn d liu.
Vn t tn v nh a ch thng c tch hp cht ch vi cc phn ca mt
ngn xp giao thc s dng chng. V d: cc giao thc gii php a ch hay nh tuyn.
Trong chng ny chng ta tp trung vo cc kha cnh nh s phn phi a ch, biu din
a ch, v s dng chnh xc cc kiu t tn/nh a ch khc nhau trong cc mng cm
bin khng dy.
7.1 Cc nguyn tc c bn
7.1.1 S dng cc a ch v cc tn trong cc mng (cm bin)
Trong phn ln cc mng my tnh v mng cm bin, cc loi tn, a ch, v nhn
dng sau y c th c tm thy:

160
Nhn dng nt duy nht: mt b nhn dng nt duy nht (UID - unique node
identifier) l mt dng d liu lin tc duy nht cho tt c cc nt. V d: mt UID c th l
mt s kt hp ca tn nh cung cp, tn sn phm, v s seri, c xc nh vo thi im
sn xut. Mt UID nh vy c th hoc khng th c chc nng no trong ngn xp giao thc.
a ch MAC: mt a ch MAC c dng phn bit gia cc nt ln cn cch mt
bc nhy ca mt nt. iu ny l rt quan trng trong cc mng cm bin khng dy s
dng cc giao thc MAC da trn s tranh chp, bi v bng cch bao gm mt a ch MAC
trong cc gi MAC n tnh mt nt c th xc nh gi tin no khng c nhm ti ch l
n v nt i vo ch ng trong khi gi tin i qua. Vic trnh nghe ln l mt phng
php quan trng bo tn nng lng ti lp MAC (Chng 5).
a ch mng: Mt a ch mng c dng tm kim v biu din mt nt qua
nhiu bc nhy (multi hops) v do cc a ch mng thng c kt ni nh tuyn.
Cc nhn dng mng: Trong cc mng (cm bin) khng dy c chng ph v mt a
l cng mt loi v lm vic cng mt bng tn, th cc nhn dng (identifiers) v mng l
ci rt quan trng phn bit gia cc mng. V d: trong cc mng cm bin lnh vc y t
th cc bnh nhn trong cng mt phng phi c phn bit vi nhau ngn nga s nhm
ln cc d liu cm bin thuc v cc bnh nhn khc nhau.
Cc nhn dng ti nguyn: mt ci tn hay nhn dng ti nguyn c biu din di
dng cc thut ng m ngi s dng c th hiu c theo cch c ngha no i vi
ngi s dng. V d: da trn vic c tn www.xemacs.org, mt ngi s dng c kinh
nghim s bit rng (i) ci m tn gi ny cp n ging nh mt my ch web v (ii)
ngi s dng c th tm thng tin v mt trnh son tho vn bn ln. Ngc li, khi xem a
ch IP 199.184.165.136, hu nh khng ngi s dng no c th rt ra c kt lun g. Cc
tn c th ch dn ti cc nt, cc nhm nt, cc mc d liu, hoc cc khi nim tru tng
tng ng.
Mt nt n l c th c nhiu tn v nhiu a ch. V d: my ch WWW
www.xemacs.org c tn www.xemacs.org, n c a ch IP 199.184.165.136 v gi thit rng
my ch c gn vi mt mng Ethernet, n c mt a ch IEEE MAC 48 bit. Vic nh x
gia cc tn ngi s dng thn thin ging nh www.xemacs.org v cc a ch lin quan
n hot ng ca mng c tin hnh bi cc dch v rng buc (binding services). Vic
nh x ny thng c cp n nh l gii php t tn. Trong v d ca chng ta, dch
v tn min (DNS - domain name service) cung cp vic nh x t tn ti a ch IP trong khi
giao thc gii php a ch (ARP - address resolution protocol) nh x a ch IP ti mt a
ch MAC.
7.1.2 Nhim v qun l a ch
Chng ta tm tt cc nhim v c bn ca vic qun l a ch. Cc nhim v c bn
ny l c lp vi cc loi a ch:
Phn phi a ch: ni chung, vic phn phi a ch n nh mt a ch cho mt thc
th t mt kho a ch.
Khng phn phi a ch: cc kiu nh a ch theo yu cu, khng gian a ch
thng c kch thc t nh ti trung bnh. S lng ca nt trong cc mng cm bin thc
cht l khng c nh, c c cc nt cht hoc di chuyn ra ngoi v cc nt mi c thm

161
vo mng. Nu cc a ch ca cc nt chuyn i khng c gi tr li kho a ch ti s
dng th kho a ch cui cng s b cn kit v khng mt a ch no c th c phn phi
cho cc nt mi. Vic khng phn phi a ch c th hoc l c ch hoc t ngt. Trong
vic khng phn phi a ch c ch , mt nt gi i cc gi tin iu khin mt cch dt
khot (r rng) t b a ch ca n. Trong vic khng phn phi a ch t ngt, nt
ny bin mt hoc ln vo mng v do khng gi i cc gi tin iu khin ph hp, li
trch nhim pht hin v khng phn phi a ch ca nt cho mng. Khi cc khng gian a
ch rt rng c s dng, chng hn nh cc a ch MAC IEEE 802.3 c chiu di 48 bit,
th vic khng phn phi a ch khng phi l mt vn .
Biu din a ch: mt nh dng cho vic biu din cc a ch cn phi c dn xp
v thc hin.
Pht hin/ gii quyt xung t: cc xung t a ch c th xy ra trong cc mng vi
nhim v phn phi cc a ch theo yu cu hoc trong trng hp lin kt cc mng khc
nhau. Nu xung t khng th chu ng c, ngi ta buc phi gii quyt chng.
Rng buc: nu vi lp a ch c s dng, cn phi cung cp mt nh x gia cc
lp khc nhau. V d: trong cc mng IP, mt a ch IP phi c nh x n mt a ch
MAC s dng giao thc ARP.
Bt c kiu qun l a ch no cho cc mng cm bin v ad hoc i khi phi i mt
vi cc s kin phn chia ca mng v cc s kin lin kt mng. Chng hn nh mng
c cho hnh 7.1. Nu mt nt ch cht (critical node) b ht nng lng, th mng c
chia thnh hai phn m khng c kt ni no vi nhau na. Vn ch cht y l vic
khng phn phi a ch. C hai mng con s pht hin ra rng c vi nt mng m chng
khng th vn ti c na v cc a ch ca chng s c phc hi. Mt khc, vic ti
phn phi cc a ch c phc hi s khng xy ra qu nhanh. Nu v l do no mng
c lin kt li th vic phn phi cng a ch nh trc khi vic chia mng xy ra v m
bo khng c xung t a ch no l nhng vn cn c gii quyt.


Hnh 7.1 V d cho s phn chia ca mng
7.1.3 S duy nht ca cc a ch
Chng ta c th phn bit cc yu cu duy nht sau y i vi cc tn v cc a ch
mng.
Duy nht ton cu: mt a ch hoc nhn dng duy nht ton cu c cho l xut
hin gn nh l mt ln trn ton th gii. V d: cc a ch MAC IEEE 48 bit dng trong
Nt ch cht

162
mng Ethernet v Token Ring. Biu din nh phn ca cc a ch ny phi ln cung cp
cho tt c cc thit b ton trn th gii.
Duy nht ton mng: mt a ch duy nht ton mng c cho l duy nht trong
mt mng cho, nhng a ch tng t c th c s dng trong cc mng khc. Bng
vic c cc mng khc nhau A v B, chng ta ng rng khng c cp nt no tha mn a e
A v b e B m c th truyn thng c vi nhau.
Duy nht a phng: mt a ch duy nht a phng c th xut hin vi ln
trong cng mt mng, nhng n phi l duy nht trong mt vng ln cn c xc nh ph
hp. minh ha iu ny:
- i vi cc a ch MAC, n l hp l yu cu rng chng l duy nht ch trong
vng ln cn hai bc nhy. Vn xy ra lin quan n yu cu ny c trnh
by trong hnh 7.2: nt C l mt nt ln cn mt bc nhy ca nt B v l mt
nt ln cn hai bc nhy ca nt A. Nu nt A v nt C c cng cc a ch
MAC, th nt B khng th lun ra mt gi tin ang ti l t my pht no, hoc nt
B cng khng th truyn trc tip cc gi ca n ti mt my thu d kin duy
nht.
- Mt v d khc c cho bi mt mng cm bin vi cc loi cm bin khc nhau
nh cc cm bin nhit , m, v nh sng. Chng ta c th yu cu rng
khng c 2 cm bin nhit no c cng a ch nhng mt cm bin nhit v
mt cm bin m th c th. Trong trng hp ny, vng ln cn c to
thnh bi cc cm bin ca cng mt loi.
7.1.4 Phn phi v n nh a ch
Vic n nh a ch c th ny sinh mt u tin, (v d: trong qu trnh sn xut hoc
trc khi trin khai mng) hoc theo yu cu, bng cch s dng mt giao thc n nh a
ch. Giao thc n nh a ch theo yu cu ny c th hoc l tp trung hoc l phn tn.
Trong mt gii php tp trung, c mt nt/ngi c quyn qun l (cc phn ca) kho a ch,
trong khi cc gii php phn tn, khng c nt no th hin nh vy. Thay vo , tt c
cc nt tim nng thc hin cng mt vai tr trong vic n nh a ch. Vic gii
phng/khng phn phi a ch thc hin mt vai tr quan trng khi cc a ch duy nht ton
mng hoc cc b c n nh theo yu cu.
Trong vic n nh a ch phn tn, khng th lun lun cho php vic m bo l duy
nht trong ton mng ti tt c cc thi im. Mt ngi c th hoc l quyt nh n gin
bng vic sng chung vi vi xung t a ch hoc l pht hin v gii quyt chng. Trong
trng hp th hai, ngi ta s khc bit gia Vic pht hin a ch p (DAD: Duplicate
Address Detection) mnh v yu:
- DAD mnh, ngi ta yu cu rng nu a ch x c phn phi cho nt A ti
thi im t
0
v sau li c cp pht cho nt B ti thi im t
1
, th sau vic
cp pht a ch p ny phi c pht hin mun nht l ti thi im t
1
+T trong
T l mt gii hn thi gian c nh no .
- Trong DAD yu, cc a ch p c chu ng min l chng khng gy nhiu
cho cc phin tip theo. V d: nu hai mng A v B kt hp vi nhau v mt a

163
ch x c cp pht trong c hai mng, khng c hot ng no xy ra chng no
m tt c cc gi tin t cc nt ca mng c A c nhm ti x, i ti nt trong
mng A vi a ch x v khng phi l nt vi cng mt a ch trong mng khc.
Mt v d cho kiu cp pht a ch tp trung l giao thc DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) c bit n t th gii Internet. Tuy nhin, c mt s vn vi
cc kiu tp trung ny:
- Cc gii php tp trung khng ph hp tt vi cc mng cm bin. S lng tuyt
i ca cc nt to ra lu lng ng k, lu lng ny c hng trc tip ti
mt hoc vi my ch (server) a ch v khu vc xung quanh my ch tr thnh
mt im nng. iu ny c th c li dng cho mt s m rng bng cch
trin khai cc k thut da trn cc phn nhm, trong cc k thut vic chia s
tch ri ca khng gian a ch c phn phi ti cc ch huy phn nhm, cc ch
huy phn nhm ny li ln lt cp pht cc a ch ny cho cc thnh vin ca
phn nhm.
- Nu mng b chia tch trc khi mt nt mi gia nhp vo, th my ch a ch
trung tm c th khng tip cn c.
- Giao thc DHCP yu cu cc nt lm mi cc a ch ca chng theo chu k
pht hin s khng phn phi a ch t ngt.

Hnh 7.2 V d cho s phn chia ca mng

7.1.5 nh a ch phn tip u
Mt trong cc kha cnh quan trng nht ca cc a ch l s lng cc bit cn thit cho
vic biu din chng hoc phn tip u (overhead) ca chng. Phn tip u ny v do
nng lng cn thit truyn thng tin a ch lin quan n hai yu t: (i) Tn s m vi tn
s ny cc a ch c s dng v (ii) kch thc ca vic biu din chng. Chng ta xem v
d v cc a ch MAC. C mt s giao thc MAC nh TRAMA (phn 5.3.3) hoc SMACS
(phn 5.3.2) thit lp cc ng kt ni dnh ring gia hai nt cnh nhau bng cch n nh
cc khe thi gian hoc cc tn s khng c xung t. Nu mt ng kt ni nh vy c s
dng cho mt gi d liu, th khng cn thit phi mang thng tin a ch trong cc gi ny
bi v cc nt ngun v nt ch l hon ton cho.
Ngc li, trong cc giao thc MAC da trn s tranh chp (ganh ua), ti mt thi
im cho bt c nt no cng c th truyn ti cc nt khc v thng tin nh a ch do
l yu t sng cn nhn dng ngun v ch v trnh nghe ln. V vy, cng t bit
dng cho mt a ch th cng tt. Chng ta hy nhn vo s khng dung ha (trade-offs) lin
quan y:
- Chng hn, chng ta chn mt a ch duy nht ton cu c n nh u tin nh
trong Ethernet IEEE 802.3. , 48 bit c s dng cung cp s lng thit b
hin ti v bit trc. Trong cc mng Ethernet cc khung tng i ln c kch
thc vi trm byte c s dng, nn cc a ch 6-byte l mt phn tip u

164
khng ng k, v mt cp pht a ch u tin s loi b vic cn n mt giao thc
cp pht a ch. Mt khc, trong cc mng cm bin khng dy s c nhiu gi d
liu nh v v th mt a ch n 48 bit c th s ln hn d liu.
- Mt a ch duy nht ton mng phi c mt s lng cc bt cung cp cho tt
c cc nt trong mng. Trong mt mng cm bin vi 10.000 nt, mt a ch gm
14 bt l . Tuy nhin, ti thiu ha s lng ca cc bit a ch, kch thc ca
mng phi c bit trc. Mt s d tr an ton rng trng a ch l quan
trng nu xy ra vic trin khai a pha, ngha l nu cc nt thm vo mng c
trin khai lu sau khi mng sn sng cho vic s dng ln u tin, v d: thay
th cc nt c d tr nng lng cn kit.
- Mt a ch duy nht cc b phi l duy nht trong mt vng ln cn nht nh,
vng ny thng nh hn rt nhiu so vi ton mng. V d: cc a ch MAC phi
l duy nht trong mt vng hai bc nhy, vng ny c th cha vi t nt, ph
thuc vo mt nt. Do , cc a ch c th s dng t bit hn ng l n phi
cn cho cc a ch duy nht ton mng. Ni cch khc, bi v cu trc lin kt
mng (topology) chnh xc rt t khi c bit trc, nn mt giao thc cp pht a
ch l cn thit. Vic c t bit a ch hn l iu quan trng nu s lng ca cc bit
d liu trong mt gi l nh.
C mt s khng dung ha (trade-off) y, l vic s dng cc a ch MAC cc
b ngn hn c th tit kim nng lng ng k trong trng hp cc gi d liu nh, nhng
yu cu phn tip u l di dng cc giao thc cp pht/dn xp a ch. Trong cc mng
cm bin vi cc nt phn ln l khng chuyn ng, mt giao thc nh vy l cn thit
chy ti thi im bt u v i khi mun hn x l cc nt mi v cc nt b xa.
Trong trng hp ny, nhng li ch t vic tit kim cc bit a ch trong mi gi d liu c
th c nhiu tc dng hn i vi gi thnh ca giao thc dn xp. Mt khc, trong cc mng
ad hoc v mng cm bin c kh nng di ng cao, giao thc dn xp cn phi chy thng
xuyn nhm mc ch tit kim nng lng.
7.2 Qun l tn v a ch trong cc mng cm bin khng dy
Chng ta thy rng cc a ch MAC l khng th thiu c nu giao thc MAC s
dng vic trnh nghe ln v chuyn sang ch ng (sleep mode) mt cch thng xuyn c
th. Tuy nhin, cc a ch MAC c cn phi duy nht ton mng hay duy nht ton cu
khng? Cu tr li l Khng, bi v phm vi ca mt giao thc MAC l truyn thng gia
cc nt gn nhau (xem phn 7.1.3). Yu cu ny m bo rng khng c hai nt gn nhau no
ca mt nt c la chn c cng a ch MAC. Nh tho lun trn, cc a ch duy
nht cc b c kh nng l ngn nhng cn mt giao thc cp pht a ch. Vn ny c
cp n trong phn 7.3. Lm cch no m cc a ch lp cao, c bit l cc a ch lp
mng, m dng cho cc giao thc nh tuyn phi l duy nht ton mng hoc duy nht ton
cu? Chng ta s tho lun ngn gn rng vic tha mn yu cu ny l mt nhim v cc
kh. Chng ta cng tranh lun rng yu cu ny l khng thc s cn thit trong cc mng
cm bin khng dy bi v cui cng th ton mng khng phi l mt b su tp ca cc nt
thuc nhng ngi s dng c nhn m cc nt kt hp vi nhau x l cc tn hiu v cc
s kin t mi trng vt l. S tranh ci chnh l ngi s dng rt cc quan tm n d

165
liu ch khng quan tm n c nhn cc nt hay cc nhm nt mang d liu n. i xa hn
v vn ny, th d liu cng c kh nng nh hng n hot ng ca cc giao thc, m
cc giao thc li l ct li ca mng d liu tp trung. Cc kiu nh a ch da trn ni dung
hoc nh a ch tp trung v th rt quan trng v s c tho lun trong phn 7.4.
7.3 n nh cc a ch MAC
Phn ny tho lun v cc phng php n nh a ch cho cc a ch MAC. Nh
c tho lun trong phn 7.1.5, vic n nh ca cc a ch MAC duy nht ton cu l
khng th mong i trong cc mng cm bin vi cc gi tin phn ln l nh.
Mt s n nh u tin ca cc a ch duy nht ton mng l kh thi ch khi n c th
c thc hin vi n lc ph hp. Nhng vn c vn l phn tip u biu din cc a
ch c th l ng k mc du n khng di nh trong cc a ch duy nht ton cu. V d:
ln n 16.384 nt c th c nh a ch vi 14 bit v con s ny tin li hn nhiu so vi
48 bit c s dng cho cc a ch IEEE duy nht ton cu.
Do , chng ta tp trung vo s n nh ng v phn tn cho cc a ch cc b v cc
a ch ton mng. Cc giao thc c tho lun trong phn ny khc v s lng v phm vi
ca s cng tc so vi cc nt khc.
Vic n nh phn tn ca cc a ch ton mng
Mt cch tip cn n gin: mt nt chn ngu nhin mt a ch t mt phm vi a ch
cho v hy vng l a ch l duy nht. n gin vic gii thch, chng ta gi thit
rng phm vi a ch ny c cho bi cc s nguyn trong phm vi 0 n 2m 1 v mt a
ch do c th c biu din vi m bit. Khng gian a ch c mt kch thc l n = 2m a
ch.
Mt nt la chn a ch ca n khng cn n bt k thng tin u tin no, trong
trng hp ny tt nht l s dng mt phn b ng u trn phm vi a ch bi v s phn
b ny c entropy cc i. Tuy nhin, cch tip cn ny khng trnh khi cc vn xy ra,
nh c trnh by trong v d di y.
V d 7.1 (Vic n nh a ch ngu nhin) Gi thit rng chng ta c k nt v mi nt
trong s cc nt ny chn mt a ch ngu nhin mt cch c lp v cng kiu t 0 n 2m
1. Xc sut cc nt ny chn mt s n nh khng c xung t l bng bao nhiu? Mt vn
tng t c bit n vi tn gi vn sinh nht (Trong mt phng c n ngi, xc
sut khng c hai ngi no trong s h c cng ngy sinh nht l bng bao nhiu?) v c th
c tr li bi cc i s t hp.
i vi k = 1, xc sut ny l 1. i vi k = 2, nt th hai chn vi xc sut
n
n 1
mt a ch
khc vi la chn ca nt u tin. i vi k = 3, nt th ba chn vi xc sut
( )( )
2
2 1
n
n n

mt a ch khc vi la chn ca hai nt u tin v c tip tc nh vy. Suy ra, chng ta c
xc sut P(n, k) tm mt s n nh khng c xung t:
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
+
=
k
n
n
k
k n
n
n n
k n
n
n
k n P
k k
!
!
!
.
1 1
....
1
. 1 ,
m theo xp x Stirlings (
n n
e n n
+
~ . . 2 !
2 / 1
t [255, Chng II]), c cho xp x bng:

166
( )
( ) 2 / 1
. ,
+

|
.
|

\
|

=
k n
k
k n
n
e k n P
i vi mt trng a ch c kch thc m = 14 bit, tng ng vi n = 2
14
= 16.384
a ch khc nhau, chng ta ch ra trong hnh 7.3 rng xc sut P(n, k) cho cc gi tr k khc
nhau. i vi cc gi tr k kh nh, xc sut ca cc xung t tr nn gn bng 1. V d: vi k
= 275 xc sut ca cc xung t l ln hn 90% nhng ch 1,7% khng gian a ch l c
s dng.
Do , phng php n nh a ch ngu nhin ny nhanh chng dn n cc xung t
a ch. bo v s duy nht ton mng, hoc l cn mt giao thc gii quyt xung t hoc
cn la chn cc phng php n nh a ch thng minh hn.


Hnh 7.3 Xc sut sinh nht m k ngoi
14
2 = n trm la chn cc a ch ngu nhin
khng c cc xung t
C cch no tt hn khng? Mt nt c th c gng thu nhn thng tin v cc a ch
c phn phi bng cch nghe ln cc gi tin trong vng ph cn ca n v c gng trnh
cc a ch ny. Trong nhiu ng dng ca mng cm bin, cc nt truyn d liu cm
bin ca chng ti mt iu phi vin cc b tp hp v x l d liu, vic nghe ln c th
trnh c nhiu xung t vi cc nt cc b khc ang truyn tin ti cng mt iu phi
vin.
Vi vic n nh a ch ngu nhin chng ta i mt vi cc xung t a ch vi xc
sut cao. Chng ta gii quyt vn ny nh th no? Gii php u tin n gin l chp
nhn chng v chng lm g c. Cc k thut khc c nghin cu trong tnh hung ca s
n nh a ch IP trong cc mng MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network):
- Mt giao thc t ng cu hnh a ch ph hp cho cc mng MANET c biu
din nh sau: Mt nt bt u bng cch la chn mt cch ngu nhin mt a ch
tm thi v mt a ch c nh c xut v gi i mt gi tin iu khin yu
cu a ch, mang cc a ch c nh v a ch tm thi chn. Cc a ch tm
thi c cp pht t mt kho a ch dnh ring, n tch bit khi kho cc a ch
thc s ca nt. Giao thc nh tuyn c bn c gng tm ra mt ng ti mt nt

167
c cng a ch c nh. Nu tn ti mt nt nh vy (v mt ng ti nt ) th
mt gi tin tr li a ch c to ra v gi ti a ch tm thi. Khi nhn c tr
li ny, nt bit rng a ch c nh n chn c cp pht v c tm a ch
khc. Nu khng nhn c gi tin tr li a ch trong mt thi gian nht nh th
nt lp li gi tin yu cu a ch mt s ln b li cc gi tin tr li a ch c th
b mt. Nu vn khng nhn c gi tin tr li a ch sau tt c cc c gng ht
sc, nt chp nhn a ch IP chn. Ngi ta chng minh rng giao thc ny
khng dng c nu cc tr khng c gii hn, v d: sau khi phn chia mng.
Nu trong cc mng cm bin, phng php ny c p dng cho cc a ch MAC
thay v cc a mng, th sau cc nt khc khng c bt c thng tin nh tuyn
no, v cc gi tin yu cu/tr li a ch phi c trn vo trong mng.
- Nesargi v Prakash [21] quan tm n vn n nh a ch nh mt vn tha
thun phn tn, mt vn ni ting trong cc h thng phn tn. Mt nt yu cu
(k yu cu) lin h vi mt nt ln cn m c mt a ch - k khi u. K
khi u gi mt bng tt c cc n nh a ch bit v chn mt a ch cha s
dng. K khi u sau ph bin a ch mi c xut cho tt c cc nt trong
mng v thu thp cc cu tr li. Tt c cc nt t a ch xut vo trong mt
danh sch cha cc a ch ng c. Nu mt nt tm a ch hoc l trong danh sch
ng c hoc trong danh sch cc b ca n v cc n nh bit, n tr li vi mt
gi tin t chi, nu khng th n tr li vi mt gi tin chp nhn. Nu tt c cc nt
bit tr li bng mt gi tin chp nhn, k khi u n nh a ch cho k yu
cu v thng bo cho tt c cc nt khc trong mng rng vic n nh by gi l c
nh. Nu khng th k khi u la chn a ch khc v th li ln na. Phng
php ny tng t vi mt giao thc cam kt hai pha v r rng l to ra qu nhiu
phn tip u (overhead) trong cc gi tin c truyn i v cc yu cu v khng
gian b m phi l kh thi trong cc mng cm bin khng dy.
- Mt thut ton t ng cu hnh a ch phn tng i vi cc a ch IPv6 d kin
cho cc mng MANET c trnh by nh sau: Mt s nt trong mng tr thnh cc
nt lnh o v la chn mt ID mng con mt cch ngu nhin. Mt DAD c
thc hin gia cc nt lnh o m bo s duy nht ca cc ID mng con. Cc
nt khc to ra cc a ch ca chng t ID mng con ca nt lnh o ca chng v
mt a ch cc b (v d: da trn a ch MAC ca nt). Mt nt lnh o c th
c bu cho mi phn ca mng, n nh cc a ch cho cc nt mi n. Cc lin
kt ca cc mng c pht hin bi vic gii thiu cc nhn dng mng tch bit.
Gi thnh di dng tng chi ph truyn thng s c tr da trn mt th nghim n
nh a ch, v d: khi mng phi c lm trn bi v nt yu cu khng c a ch c th
nh tuyn c. Nh mt s la chn, nu mt giao thc nh tuyn tin phong c s
dng, cc nt s hu cc bng cha cc a ch c s dng, cc a ch m c th c tra
cu mt cch nhanh chng hoc c th suy ra s biu din ca cc nt p bi v cc bn tin
nh tuyn gi nhn c mang a ch ngun ca nt. Tuy nhin, cc giao thc nh tuyn
theo yu cu l ph bin hn trong cc mng cm bin so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn thc
hin tin phong l do tng chi ph ca chng.
7.4. nh a ch theo a l v da trn ni dung

168
Cc mng ad hoc v mng c nh truyn thng cung cp cc dch v v cc giao thc,
chng cho php mt s lng ln nhng ngi s dng c lp trao i d liu vi nhau v
vi phn cn li ca th gii. Mt khc, trong cc mng cm bin khng dy, cc nt tng
tc vi mi trng vt l, v chng kt hp vi nhau, ngha l chng khng c lp vi nhau.
Mt ngi s dng ca mt mng cm bin khng dy rt cc mun bit i iu v mi
trng vt l m mng tng tc vi, nhng anh ta thng khng quan tm n cc nt cm
bin c nhn. V d: mt ngi s dng mun hi hy cho ti bit nhit trong phng 205
trong ta nh A3 thay v thu thp cc gi tr nhit ca nt cm bin 13, 47, 2225, 14592,
v 14593 v cho ti gi tr trung bnh ca chng. Ngi ta thng thch cho php ngi s
dng t tn cho d liu h quan tm n ch khng phi l nt (hay tp hp cc nt) to ra
d liu. Trong cc mng da trn IP truyn thng, yu cu ny tng ng vi vic gii thiu
mt h thng tn gi nm trn nh ca cc a ch IP v gii thiu cc dch v rng buc
ph hp nh DNS hoc cc dch v th mc khc, cung cp mt nh x t cc tn (c ngha
i vi ngi s dng) ti cc a ch IP (c ngha i vi giao thc nh tuyn). Tuy nhin,
trong cc mng cm bin cc mc khng th mc ny c th b loi b v cc thuc tnh nh
r ngi s dng c th c dng mt cch trc tip tm kim (cc nhm ca) cc nt.
tng ny thng c gi l nh a ch tp trung - data-centric addressing. Phng
php ny lm cho cc d liu ng dng c ngha i vi hot ng ca cc giao thc mng
(c bit l nh tuyn), cng l mt s cho php ch yu i vi cc k thut x l trong
mng. Vic nh a ch a l c th xem nh mt trng hp c bit ca vic nh a ch
da trn ni dung. y, mt s cc thuc tnh nh r ngi s dng ch n cc ta
khng gian. nh a ch a l gi thuyt rng mi nt bit v tr ca bn thn n i vi mt
h thng ta c tha thun. Do , cc k thut nh v (chng 9) l thit yu lm
vic vi cc a ch a l. Mt khc, cc a ch a l c th gip cho vic nh tuyn. C hai
cch nh a ch theo ni dung v theo a l u khng thay th c cc giao thc MAC
nhng chng c th s dng, v d nh trong lp mng gip cc quyt nh nh tuyn.
7.4.1 nh a ch da trn ni dung
Vi h thng t tn da theo ni dung hoc da theo thuc tnh xut hin trong cc ti
liu. Trc khi chuyn n mt tho lun chung hn, chng ta biu din mt v d v phng
php t tn m c pht trin trong khi nim ca cc mng cm bin khng dy.
V d 7.2 (Mt c ch t tn mc thp) trong phng php ny, vic nh a ch da trn
ni dung c tch hp vi nh tuyn truyn tin trc tip. Trong mt phm vi nh, trong
truyn tin trc tip mt nt thu pht ra mt bn tin li ch, ch r mt tp hp cc thuc tnh
dng m t d liu mong mun. Bn tin ny c ph bin trong mng. Cc nt m c th
to ra d liu cm bin ph hp vi li ch c gi l cc nt ngun. Mt gi d liu
c to ra bi mt nt ngun s di chuyn qua cc nt trung gian ti nt thu. Mt nt
trung gian lu li li ch ny cng vi mt (mt tp) cc nt ln cn theo hng ngc li c
th trong cache li ch (interest cache). Trong lc nhn mt gi d liu, nt trung gian tm
kim trong cache ca n mt li ch ph hp vi d liu v gi tip gi d liu ny ti nt ln
cn c lin kt theo hng ngc li.
C cc li ch v cc gi d liu c biu din nh mt tp hp cc b AVO (Attribute
Value Operation Ton t gi tr thuc tnh). Tp hp cc thuc tnh c xc nh trc v
mi thuc tnh x l mt kha duy nht, c bit r cng nh hiu r loi d liu ca gi

169
tr tng ng. i vi cc mng cm bin, vic biu din ca tt c cc thnh phn cu thnh
b AVO phi cng ngn cng tt gim s lng cc bit cn thit. Cc ton t khc nhau v
ngha ca chng c cho bng 7.1. Ton t IS ch ra rng thuc tnh tng ng thc s
c gi tr biu th v thng c ngun d liu to ra; IS cng c gi l mt ton t thc
(actual operator). Tt c cc ton t khc c gi l cc ton t chnh thc (formal
operators), v chng c dng ch r cc li ch i lp vi n l cc gi tr thc t c
to ra bi ngun ph hp.
Cc nt trung gian s dng mt ton t gi l ph hp mt chiu (one-way match)
(trnh by danh sch 7.1 trong ch gii m gi (pseudocode)) xc nh mt gi d liu
nhn c ph hp vi li ch no. C bn l i vi mt li ch cho, nt trung gian i qua
tt c cc thuc tnh chnh thc v kim tra xem liu (i) gi d liu x l ton b mt thuc
tnh tng ng v (ii) liu gi tr thc t m thuc tnh ca gi d liu mang trong n c ph
hp vi ton t chnh thc trong li ch.
Chng ta hy xt mt v d sau y. Gi thuyt rng ngi s dng ti nt thu mun
bit khi no nhit trong mt vng a l no vt qu mt ngng no . Anh ta kt
hp vi thuc tnh trong mt bn tin li ch nh trnh by danh sch 7.2. Trong v d ny,
loi thuc tnh ch r loi cm bin m li ch hng ti ( y, l cc cm bin nhit ).
Thuc tnh tip theo l ngng di ch r rng my thu c quan tm trong cc trng hp
ti ngng 20
0
C b vt qu t pha di. Khu vc nm trong s quan st l mt hnh
vung gia (0,0) v (20,20) (biu din di dng mt). Nu nhit vt qu ngng ny,
mt cm bin ph hp s ghi li s kin ny c 0,05 s mt ln trong mt thi hn l 10 s. Lp
thuc tnh cui cng biu din rng AVO tuple hin thi l mt li ch ch khng phi l mt
bn tin d liu.

Tn ton t ngha
EQ Xy ra nu gi tr thc s bng vi gi tr
NE Xy ra nu gi tr thc s khng bng vi gi tr
LT Xy ra nu gi tr thc s nh hn gi tr
GT Xy ra nu gi tr thc s ln hn gi tr
LE Xy ra nu gi tr thc s nh hn hoc bng vi gi tr
GE Xy ra nu gi tr thc s ln hn hoc bng vi gi tr
EQ_ANY ng vi bt k ci g, gi tr l v ngha
IS Ch r mt thuc tnh theo ngha en
Bng 7.1 Tp hp cc ton t

Gi thuyt rng chng ta c cc loi cm bin khc nhau, bao gm c cc cm bin
nhit . Mi cm bin x l mt tp hp cc b AVO t m t. Mt s t m t ca mt cm
bin nhit c th ging nh ci c trnh by danh sch 7.3. Nu bn tin li ch trnh
by hnh 7.2 i n cm bin nhit , vic kim tra mt chiu cho thy rng vic t m t

170
ca cm bin ph hp vi cc thuc tnh trong li ch. Theo , cm bin (ni chnh xc hn:
tt c cc cm bin ph hp vi li ch ny v thc t l sn sng phc v cho cc li ch) bt
u quan st mi trng ca chng v to ra cc bn tin d liu khi m s kin ca li ch
thc s xy ra. Mt v d ca mt bn tin d liu ny c trnh by trong danh sch 7.4. Nh
c gii thch trn, cc cm bin khng ph hp lu li ch trong cache li ch ca
chng.
Ngi ta buc phi ghi ch rng tp hp cc thuc tnh c s dng trong cc danh
sch thc s ch l cc v d; ni chung, cc thuc tnh v cc gi tr ca chng ph thuc vo
ng dng.
parameters : attribute sets A and B
// A corresponds to the interest , B to the data message
foreach attribute a in A where a.op is formal {
matched = false
foreach attribute b in B where
a.key == b.key and b.op is actual {
if b.val satisfies condition
expressed by a.key and a.val then {
matched = true
}
}
if (not matched ) then {
return false
}
}
return true; // matching successful !
Danh sch 7.1 Thut ton ph hp mt chiu

<type ,temperature ,EQ >
<threshold -from -below ,20,IS >
<x-coordinate ,20,LE >
<x-coordinate ,0,GE >
<y-coordinate ,20,LE >
<y-coordinate ,0,GE >
<interval ,0.05 ,IS >
<duration ,10,IS >
<class ,interest ,IS >
Danh sch 7.2 V d bn tin li ch (interest message)

<type ,temperature ,IS >
<x-coordinate ,10,IS >
<y-coordinate ,10,IS >
Danh sch 7.3 V d cm bin nhit

<type ,temperature ,IS >
<x-coordinate ,10,IS >
<y-coordinate ,10,IS >
<temperature ,20.01 ,IS >
<class ,data ,IS >
Danh sch 7.4 V d bn tin d liu
Mt c im quan trng ca bt k h thng t tn no l tnh din cm
(expressiveness) ca n. Ch thch ny rt kh nh ngha; n bao gm c mt php o ca
nhiu th m c th thc s c t tn bng h thng t tn (the naming system) cng nh

171
n lc cn thit biu din/ vit tn. Mt c im quan trng th hai l n lc tnh ton
(computational effort), n lc ny l cn thit kim tra liu mt thc th (trong v d tip
theo: gi d liu vi thuc tnh thc s ca n) c ph hp vi mt ci tn hay khng ( y:
mt li ch). i vi v d ny, mt ngi c th thy rng (i) cc thuc tnh l n gin
nh gi v (ii) tin trnh ph hp mt chiu ch cho php mt ch kt hp thuc tnh tt
c cc thuc tnh c phi ph hp mt cch ng thi, tng ng vi mt php ton logic
AND gia chng. Bng cch gii hn vic kt hp thuc tnh bng AND, gn nh l c bao
nhiu thuc tnh chnh thc th c by nhiu vic kim tra cn phi thc hin. Do , n lc
tnh ton l tuyn tnh theo s lng cc thuc tnh chnh thc. Vic cho php cc hm
Boolean tng qut trn mt thuc tnh n ph hp c kh nng yu cu thi gian tnh ton
nhiu hn rt nhiu.
H thng t tn ca Heidemann [15] c thc hin (cng vi s truyn tin trc tip),
v hai v d ng dng c th c tho lun: s kt hp trong mng v mt kh nng ch r
cc cu hi lng vo nhau (nested queries). Cc cu hi lng vo nhau l mt cch r rng
pht hin cc s kin phc hp. Trong mt s kin phc hp, s xut hin ca mt s kin
kch hot li ch trong mt s kin khc. im ch cht trong cc cuc th nghim ny l
bng cch s dng mt h thng t tn da trn ni dung v bng cch trin khai ci gi l
cc b lc vo trong mng. Khi mng c th x l d liu c t tn, mt khi lng
tnh ton tt c th c di chuyn vo mng, gn vi cc ngun s kin. S kt hp cc b
v vic x l c th tit kim bng thng ng k. Giao thc SPIN gii thiu ci gi l
metadata, ngha l mt m t d liu m mt nt c th x l. Metadata c gi thit l
ngn hn d liu thc t. Mt nt ngun to ra d liu ph bin mt qung co cha metadata
qua mng. Cc nt khc quan tm n d liu c qung co gi tr li mt gi tin yu cu.
Da vo vic nhn mt yu cu, nt ngun gi gi d liu y . R rng l c nhiu kiu
t tn phc tp hn v cung cp thm cc giao thc gii php/rng buc cho php s phc
tp hn nhiu. Ngi ta c th tch hp vic nh a ch da trn ni dung vi phn sn
(middleware) cng khai/thu bao cho mng khng dy da trn IP v mng ad hoc m khng
ch r mt kiu t tn c th no.
Cc h thng t tn v cc giao thc gii php cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong
vic pht hin dch v, cc mng chia s file ngang hng - peer to peer (v d: cc mng nh
a ch da trn ni dung), v h thng th mc X.500. Tuy nhin, cc h thng ny khng
th p dng trc tip vo cc mng cm bin bi v kin trc v cc tp hp yu cu khc
nhau ca chng. Hiu sut nng lng khng ng vai tr g trong thit k ca cc h thng
ny.
7.4.2 nh a ch theo a l
Thng th thun tin hn cho nhng ngi s dng trong vic biu din cc yu cu
ca h vi mt mng cm bin di dng khng ch l loi (type) v phng thc ca d liu
m h mun nhn c m cn l vng (region) hoc v tr (location) ni m d liu bt
ngun t . Bng cng mt m thng bo (token), ging nh i vi cc a ch da trn ni
dung, ngi s dng khng mun ch r mt cch tch bit mi nt thuc vo khu vc li ch
no nhng h thch ch r mt vng v mng ch ra cc cm bin no l ph hp. Hn
na, nu bit v tr ca mt nt cm bin, cc kiu nh tuyn a l c th c p dng.
C nhiu cch khc nhau ch r mt vng, v d:

172
- Ch r mt im n
- Ch r mt vng trn hoc mt mt cu bng cch cho tm im v bn knh.
- Ch r mt hnh ch nht hoc mt hnh hp bng cch cho hai hoc ba im gc.
- Ch r mt a gic (hai chiu) hoc mt polytope (ba chiu) bng cch cho mt danh
sch cc im.
Vic nh a ch a l yu cu rng mt cm bin c th kim tra xem liu v tr ca
n c nm trong mt vng cho hay khng. Vic kim tra ny c th phc tp nu cc a
gic/ polytope chung c s dng ch r vng li ch. Vic kim tra mt im trong a
gic nh vy l mt nhim v tiu chun trong hnh hc dng my in ton. Vic s dng
cc hnh dng phc tp hn cng c nhc im l nhiu im v do cn nhiu bit d liu
ch r chng.
7.5 Tng kt
Trong bt c mng no bao gm c cc mng cm bin, u c cc mc khc nhau ca
cc a ch v cc tn, v d cc a ch MAC v cc a ch lp mng. Cc a ch MAC c
s dng phn bit gia cc nt ln cn st cnh nhau v cc a ch lp mng c dng
nhn dng (nhm ca) cc nt trong mt mng a bc nhy (multihop). iu quan tm ch
yu i vi vic t tn v nh a ch trong cc mng cm bin l phn tip u
(overhead) v vic tiu th nng lng m cc phng php ny phi gnh chu. V d, nng
lng c th b tiu hao khi biu din a ch khng hiu qu, khi chi ph cho a ch cao v
cc giao thc khng nh r v tr, hoc khi yu cu vi giao thc gii php rng buc/a ch.
mc thp nht l cc a ch MAC, cc a ch ny trong cc giao thc MAC da trn
s ganh ua l khng th thiu c nhn bit cc s tit kim nng lng t vic trnh
nghe ln. Nu c yu cu bi giao thc MAC, chng cn thit c biu din trong tt c
cc gi d liu v c th em li phn tip u c ngha, c bit l nu d liu ngi s
dng l nh. i lp vi cc giao thc MAC da trn chng trnh (schedule-based MAC
protocols), cc a ch MAC lun l cn thit trong cc giao thc MAC da trn s ganh ua
bi v mt gi c truyn i c th c kh nng c nhiu my thu. Ni chung y c mt
s khng dung ha gia cc yu cu cht ch v s duy nht v kch thc ca a ch. Mt
khc, cc a ch duy nht cc b (m cho lp MAC) yu cu mt giao thc phn phi a
ch. Tuy nhin, nu phn ln cc nt cm bin l khng di chuyn, th vic tit kim nng
lng c c l do (cc biu din hiu qu ca) cc a ch duy nht cc b ng gp mt
cch nhanh chng. Vic chy cc giao thc n nh a ch vi s cht ch hn cc yu cu
duy nht cc b (c th ni, duy nht ton mng) nhanh chng tr thnh khng hin thc
trong cc mng cm bin khng dy bi v phi gii quyt mt vn nht tr phn tn, m
chc chn l c phn tip u ng k. Thm vo , kch thc biu din a ch ca cc a
ch duy nht cc b ch ph thuc vo mt ca mng ch khng ph thuc vo s lng
tuyt i ca cc nt trong mng . y khng phi l trng hp i vi cc a ch duy
nht ton mng.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng cn cc a ch duy nht ton mng hoc ton
cu tm cc nt c nhn. Tuy nhin trong cc mng cm bin khng dy, vic nh a ch
da trn ni dung cung cp mt s thay th hp dn. Cha kha y l s tch hp cc a

173
ch da trn ni dung vi vic nh tuyn v kh nng ca chng cho php vic x l trong
mng.
CU HI N TP CHNG 7

1. Cch s dng a ch v tn trong mng cm bin?
2. Nhim v ca qun l a ch?
3. Phn phi v n nh a ch?
4. Qun l tn v a ch trong WSN?
5. Phng php n nh a ch cho giao thc MAC?
6. Cch thc nh a ch theo a ni dung v theo a l?







174
CHNG 8. NG B THI GIAN

Mc ch ca chng
Thi gian l mt kha cnh quan trng i vi nhiu ng dng v nhiu giao thc c
tm thy trong cc mng cm bin khng dy. Cc nt c th o thi gian bng cch s dng
cc ng h cc b, cc ng h ny c iu khin bi cc b dao ng. Do cc lch pha
ngu nhin v tc lch ca cc b to dao ng, nn vic c thi gian cc b ca nt bt
u c s khc nhau, ngha l chng mt ng b hay khng cn chnh xc. Vn ng b
thi gian l mt vn tiu chun trong cc h thng phn tn. Trong cc mng cm bin
khng dy, nhng yu cu bt buc mi phi c quan tm n, v d: vic tiu th nng
lng ca cc thut ton, s lng ln cc nt c th c ng b, v cc yu cu chnh xc
khc nhau. Chng ny a ra mt gii thiu v vn ng b thi gian ni chung v tho
lun cc chi tit ring ca cc mng cm bin khng dy. Tip theo , mt s cc giao thc
c xut cho cc mng cm bin s c tho lun chi tit hn.
8.1 Gii thiu v vn ng b thi gian
Trong chng ny, chng ta gii thch ti sao vic ng b thi gian l cn thit, tip
theo l mt danh sch cc c im m cc thut ton ng b thi gian khc nhau c th c.
Chng ta cng tha thun cc thch thc v cc yu cu bt buc c bit i vi cc thut
ton ng b thi gian trong cc mng cm bin khng dy.

Hnh 8.1 Xc nh gc ti ca mt s kin m thanh xa bng mt mng cc cm bin
m thanh.

8.1.1 S cn thit ca vic ng b thi gian trong cc mng cm bin khng dy
Thi gian ng mt vai tr quan trng trong hot ng ca cc h thng phn tn ni
chung v trong cc mng cm bin khng dy ni ring, bi v chng c gi thit quan
st v tng tc vi cc hin tng vt l. Mt v d n gin s minh ha vic cn thit ca
cc thng tin nh thi chnh xc (hnh 8.1). Mt sng m thanh c to ra bi mt ngun
m thanh mt khong cch kh xa tc ng vo mt mng cc cm bin m thanh v gc ti
s c c lng. Mi cm bin trong cc cm bin bit v tr ring ca n mt cch chnh
xc v ghi li thi gian n ca s kin m thanh. Trong vic thit lp c th nh trnh by
hnh v th gc c th c xc nh khi cc chiu di d v x bit, s dng mi quan h

175
lng gic hc x = d sin v theo th = arcsin(x/d). ( cho v d l n gin, ta gi
thit rng cc cm bin xa cung cp cc thng tin cn thit phn bit gia cc gc v
u t 2 ). Khong cch cm bin d c th c suy ra t v tr bit ca cc cm bin v
khong cch x c th c suy ra t s khc bit thi gian t A gia cc ch th cm bin v tc
m thanh bit c 330 m/s, s dng x = c. t A . Gi thit d = 1 m v _t = 0,001 s th
0,336 (theo radians). Nu cc ng h ca cc cm bin ch chnh xc trong khong 500 s,
s khc bit v thi gian thc t c th nm trong phm vi gia 500 v 1500 s, v do cc
c lng cho c th bin i gia 0,166 v 0,518. Do , mt li c v nh trong
ng b thi gian c th dn n cc c lng khc nhau ng k. C t nht hai cch
nhn c mt s c lng c tin cy cao hn. Cch th nht (v l cch c tp trung
trong chng ny) l gi cc ng h ca cc cm bin cng gn ng b cng tt, s
dng cc thut ton ng b thi gian chuyn dng. Cch th hai l kt hp cc b ch th
ca nhiu cm bin v ly gi tr trung bnh ca cc li c lng c. C nhiu ng dng
khc yu cu ng b thi gian chnh xc, v d: ng dng to chm sng (beamforming) Tuy
nhin, khng nhng cc ng dng WSN m cn nhiu giao thc mng c s dng trong
cc mng cm bin cn thi gian chnh xc. Cc v d c bn l cc giao thc MAC da trn
TDMA hoc cc giao thc MAC vi vic nh thc phi hp (coordinated wakeup), ging
nh giao thc s dng trong tiu chun WPAN IEEE 802.15.4. Cc nt cm bin chy giao
thc TDMA cn phi tha thun v cc ranh gii ca cc khe thi gian; nu khng cc truyn
dn ca chng s b chng nhau v xung t.
iu quan trng phi ch l thi gian cn thit trong cc mng cm bin gn cht vi
thi gian vt l, ngha l hai nt cm bin phi c cng tng v khong thi gian 1s v
thm vo nt cm bin th hai nn tin cng gn n 1s ca thi gian thc (real time)
hoc thi gian tng kt hp (coordinated universal time (UTC) - di ca mt giy c
xc nh mt cch chnh xc theo s lng ca cc s chuyn trng thi gia hai mc siu
nh ca trng thi nn ca Caesium-133 v thng tin ny c cung cp bi nhiu ng h
nguyn t tri khp trn ton th gii. Cc hot ng ca cc ng h ny cng vi nhau cung
cp thang thi gian UTC quc t. Thi gian UTC khng s dng cc ng h nguyn t mt
cch trc tip nhng cc giy thng c chn vo hoc xa i gi cho thi gian UTC
ng b vi cc thang thi gian thin vn khi chng c s dng cho cc mc ch nh v).
Thi gian vt l phi c phn bit vi khi nim thi gian logic, thi gian locgic cho php
xc nh th t ca cc s kin trong mt h thng phn tn nhng khng cn thit ch ra bt
c s tng ng no vi thi gian thc. Nhiu thut ton ng b thi gian xut hin qua thi
gian. Chng ta gii hn vic tho lun vo cc thut ton lin quan ti cc mng cm bin
khng dy, ngha l cc thut ton m quan tm n vic tiu th nng lng v cc thut ton
ny c th chy trong cc mng kch thc ln.
8.1.2 Cc kha nt v vn v chnh xc
Gn nh tt c cc thit b ng h ca cc nt cm bin v cc my tnh u chia s
mt cu trc chung: Nt x l mt b to dao ng (oscillator) ca mt tn s c ch r v
mt thanh ghi m (counter register), m c m tng dn trong phn cng sau mt s
lng cc xung dao ng no . Phn mm ca nt ch truy cp vo gi tr ca thanh ghi ny
v thi gian gia hai ln tng ln xc nh gii php thi gian (time resolution) c th nhn

176
c: cc s kin xy ra gia hai ln tng ln khng th phn bit c bng nhn thi gian
ca chng.
Gi tr ca ng h phn cng (hardware clock) ca nt i ti thi gian thc t c th
c biu din di dng H
i
(t). N c th c hiu nh mt khi nim tru tng ca thanh
ghi m cung cp mt gi tr thi gian tng lin tc. Mt phng php chung tnh ton mt
ng h phn mm cc b (software clock) L
i
(t) t gi tr ny s cung cp mt php bin i
c lin quan ti ng h phn cng:
L
i
(t ) :=
i
H
i
(t ) +
i
.

i
c gi l gc dch pha (phase shift) v
i
c gi l tc dch (drift rate). Gi thit
rng ngi ta thng hoc khng th hoc khng mun c nh hng n b to dao ng
hoc thanh ghi m, mt ngi c th thay i cc tham s
i
v
i
thc hin iu chnh
ng h. By gi chng ta c th xc nh khi nim v chnh xc tng i (precision)
ca cc ng h trong mt mng, chng ta chia thnh 2 trng hp:
ng b ngoi: cc nt 1, 2, . . . , n c ni l chnh xc tuyt i ti thi im t trong mt
gii hn nu |Li (t ) t | < ng cho tt c cc nt i e {1, 2, . . . , n}.
ng b trong: cc nt 1, 2, . . . , n c ni l ng thun v thi gian trong mt gii hn
nu |Li (t ) t | < ng cho tt c cc nt i e {1, 2, . . . , n}.
nhn c ng b ngoi, phi c sn mt ngun thi gian thc/ thi gian UTC tin
cy, v d: mt b thu GPS chng hn. R rng l nu cc nt 1, 2, . . . , n c ng b ngoi
vi gii hn , th chng cng c ng b trong vi gii hn 2.
C 3 vn :
- Cc nt c chuyn mch ti cc thi im khc nhau v ngu nhin, do nu
khng c hiu chnh th cc pha ban u ca chng
i
cng l ngu nhin.
- Cc b to dao ng thng c trc mt lch ngu nhin nh khi tn s danh
ngha ca chng, c gi l lch (drift) v i khi gi l lch ng h (clock
skew). iu ny c th l do thch anh c tp cht nhng cc b to dao ng cng
ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin mi trng nh p sut, nhit , ..., m cc tham s
mi trng trong mng cm bin c trin khai c th khc nhiu so vi cc tham
s trong phng th nghim. lch ca ng h thng c biu din di dng
cc phn triu (ppm) v cung cp s lng ca cc dao ng thm vo hay mt i
m mt ng h to ra trong mt lng thi gian cn thit cho mt triu dao ng
tc danh nh. Ni chung, cc b to dao ng r hn ging nh cc b to dao
ng c s dng trong cc thit k cho cc nt cm bin r - c cc lch ln
hn vi xc sut cao hn. Trong nhiu ti liu xut bn t lnh vc cc mng cm
bin khng dy, cc lch ng h nm trong phm vi gia 1 v 100 ppm. Trong
ti liu Berkeley, bng thng s ch r tc lch cc i l 40 ppm. Mt lch
1ppm c ngha l c 11,6 ngy th c 1s li, mt lch 100 ppm c ngha l c
2,78 h ngy th c 1s li.
- Tn s ca b to dao ng bin thin theo thi gian. C cc bin i trong giai
on ngn gy ra bi cc s bin i nhit , cc bin i in p ngun in
cung cp, p sut khng kh, v.v cng nh cc bin i trong giai on di do tui
th ca b to dao ng. Thng l an ton khi gi thit rng tn s ca b to dao

177
ng l n nh chp nhn c theo thi gian trong phm vi pht n vi chc
pht. Ni cch khc, iu ny cng ng rng cc thut ton ng b thi gian nn
ti ng b c vi pht mt ln theo du cc tn s bin i.
Ngi ta ng rng thm ch hai nt c b to dao ng cng loi v c bt u ti
cng mt thi im vi cc ng h logic ging nhau, th lch |L
i
(t ) L
j
(t )| c th tr
nn ln ty khi t tng ln. Do , mt giao thc ng b thi gian l cn thit. Vy giao
thc ng b thi gian nh vy phi chy thng xuyn nh th no? Gi thit rng mt nt
ch iu chnh dch pha
i
ca n nh l mt kt qu ca mt vng ng b. Nu tc lch
ca b to dao ng ca nt l hng s v c bit bng x ppm v nu chnh xc mong
mun l s, th sau gn s
x
6
10 .

o
s bt buc chnh xc b vi phm. i vi x = 20 ppm v
mt chnh xc 1 ms, mt s ti ng b l cn thit c mi 50s. Cc phng php tin tin
hn c gng nh gi v sa sai khng ch l lch pha
i
m cn lch hin thi
i
, hy
vng rng vic ko di cc chu k trc khi ti ng b c yu cu. Mt ln na, mt s
ng b mt ln l khng hu ch, bi v tc lch l bin i theo thi gian. Tuy nhin,
ngi ta thng c th gii hn tc lch cc i, ngha l c mt
i
> 0 sao cho:
( )
i i
i
p t H
dt
d
p
+ s s
+
1
1
1
(8.1)
v n c dng tm tn s ti ng b duy tr.
8.1.3 Cc c im v cu trc ca cc thut ton ng b thi gian
Cc th tc ng b thi gian c th c phn loi theo tiu ch no :
Thi gian vt l so vi thi gian logic: trong cc mng cm bin khng dy, cc ng
dng v cc giao thc phn ln yu cu thi gian vt l.
ng b trong so vi ng b ngoi: cc thut ton c th hoc khng th yu cu
ng b thi gian vi cc trc thi gian ngoi ging nh UTC.
Thut ton tng qut hoc thut ton cc b: mt thut ton tng qut c gng gi
tt c cc nt ca mt mng cm bin (hoc mt phn ca mng) c ng b. Phm vi ca
cc thut ton cc b thng c gii hn vo mt s vng ln cn v a l ca mt s kin
quan tm (interesting event). Trong cc thut ton tng qut, cc nt do c yu cu
gi ng b vi khng ch cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy (single-hop neighbors) m cn vi
cc nt khong cch xa (nhiu bc nhy - multihop). R rng l mt thut ton cung cp
ng b tng qut cng cung cp ng b cc b.
Thi gian tuyt i so vi thi gian tng i: nhiu ng dng ging nh v d n
gin c trnh by trong phn 8.1.1 ch cn cc s chnh lch thi gian chnh xc v n
phi nh gi lch thay v b pha. Tuy nhin, s ng b tuyt i l trng hp
tng qut hn v s ng b tng i ch l mt trng hp c bit ca n.
Thut ton da trn phn cng so vi da trn phn mm: mt s thut ton yu
cu phn cng chuyn dng nh cc b thu GPS hoc thit b truyn thng chuyn dng trong
khi cc thut ton da trn phn mm s dng vic chuyn bn tin khng m ha, s dng
cng cc knh nh i vi cc gi d liu thng thng.

178
ng b trc so vi mt ng b sau (A priori versus a posteriori synchronization):
trong mt thut ton ng b trc, giao thc ng b thi gian chy sut c thi gian, thm
ch c khi khng c s kin bn ngoi quan st. Trong mt thut ton ng b sau (cn gi
l ng b hu thc t), qu trnh ng b c kch hot bi mt s kin bn ngoi.
Gii hn chnh xc tin nh (deterministic) so vi gii hn chnh xc khng tin
nh (stochastic): mt s thut ton c th (di cc iu kin no ) m bo tuyt i cc
gii hn trn ca li ng b gia cc nt hoc i vi thi gian m rng. Cc thut ton khc
ch c th a ra cc gii hn khng tin nh (stochastic) trong hon cnh li ng b c mt
xc sut no nh hn mt gii hn c m t.
Quy tc cp nht ng h cc b: Lm cch no mt nt cp nht cc tham s ng
h cc b
i
and
i
ca n? Mt yu cu thng thy l phi trnh vic nhy li thi gian,
ngha l i vi
'
t t < th s khng xy ra ( ) ( )
'
t L t L
i i
> sau mt iu chnh. Thm vo mt yu
cu c th trnh c cc s nhy bt thnh lnh, ngha l lch ( ) ( ) t L t L
i i
>
'
i vi thi
gian t ngay tc th trc khi v i vi thi gian
'
t ngay tc th sau khi ti iu chnh phi
nh.
Cc tham s biu din quan trng nht ca cc thut ton ng b thi gian l nh sau:
chnh xc tng i: i vi cc thut ton tin nh th li ng b cc i gia
mt nt v thi gian thc hoc gia hai nt l ng quan tm; i vi cc thut ton khng
tin nh (stochastic) th li trung bnh, lch li l ng quan tm.
Gi thnh nng lng: gi nng lng ca mt giao thc ng b thi gian ph thuc
vo nhiu nhn t: s lng cc gi trao i trong mt vng ca thut ton, s lng cc tnh
ton cn thit x l cc gi, v tn s ti ng b c yu cu.
Cc yu cu b nh: nh gi tc lch, cn c lch s ca cc gi ng b thi
gian trc . Ni chung, mt lch s di cho php cc nh gi (c lng) chnh xc hn v
gi thnh ca vic tiu th b nh tng ln; so snh vi Phn 8.2.2.
Dung sai li: thut ton c th ng u vi cc nt li, vi li d xy ra (error-
prone)v cc ng truyn thng bin i theo thi gian tt nh th no? N l hu ch
phn tch cc giao thc ng b thi gian cho cc mng cm bin khng dy thnh bn khi
xy dng trn khi nim, ba khi u tin ca chng l:
- Khi pht hin s kin ti ng b: nhn dng cc im theo thi gian m ti
vic ti ng b c kch hot. Trong phn ln cc thut ton, vic ti ng b
c kch hot mt cch c chu k vi mt chu k ph thuc vo tc lch cc
i. Mt qu trnh ti ng b n l c gi l mt vng (round). Nu cc vng
c th chng nhau theo thi gian, cn c cc s chui (dy s) phn bit chng v
mt nt l i tt c cc vng tr cc vng ti ng b mi nht.
- Khi nh gi ng h t xa: yu cu cc gi tr ng h t cc nt xa/ cc ng
h xa. C hai bin th chung. Th nht, trong k thut truyn thi gian (time
transmission technique), mt nt i gi ng h cc b ca n L
i
(t) ti thi im t
ti mt nt ln cn j, nt j nhn ng h cc b m nt i gi ti vo thi im ( )
'
t L
j

(vi t t >
'
). V c bn, nt j gi thit l t t ~
'
v s dng L
i
(t) nh s nh gi cho

179
thi gian ( )
'
t L
i
. Vic nh gi ny c th thc hin chnh xc hn bng cch loi b
cc nhn t bit khi hiu t t
'
, v d thi gian m gi i chim knh v tr truyn
lan. Th hai, trong k thut c ng h t xa, mt nt j gi mt bn tin yu cu
ti nt i khc, nt i ny tr li bng mt gi tin tr li. Nt j nh gi ng h ca i
t thi gian kh hi (round-trip time, thi gian i ri v) ca bn tin v bit cc ln
truyn dn gi tin. Cui cng th nt j c th thng bo cho nt i kt qu.
- Khi hiu chnh ng h: tnh s iu chnh ca ng h cc b da trn cc kt
qu ca khi nh gi ng h t xa.
- Khi thit lp mng li ng b: xc nh nt no ng b vi nhau trong mt
mng a bc nhy. Trong cc mng kt ni y , khi ny l t quan trng.
8.1.4 ng b thi gian trong cc mng cm bin khng dy
Trong cc mng cm bin khng dy, c mt s thng s m nh hng n cc yu
cu v thit k ca cc thut ton ng b thi gian:
- Mt thut ton phi tng ng vi cc mng a bc nhy ln, cc mng m c cc
nt khng tin cy v c gii hn nng lng gii hn kht khe. Yu cu t l tng
ng c lin quan n s lng ca cc nt v mt ca nt/a v ca nt trung
bnh.
- Cc yu cu chnh xc c th khc nhau, tri di t ms n s.
- Vic s dng thm phn cng ch cho cc mc ch ng b thi gian phn ln
c quy nh r bi v gi thnh ph thm v s bt li v nng lng xy ra bi
mch chuyn dng.
- Mc di ng l thp. Mt kt qu quan trng l mt nt c th tin ti cc nt
ln cn bt c lc no, trong khi trong cc mng vi mc di ng cao, vic kt
ni khng lin tc v truyn tin lc c l chi phi.
- Thng th khng c gii hn trn c nh i vi tr chuyn giao gi tin, bi v
giao thc MAC, cc li gi tin, v cc s ti truyn tin.
- Tr truyn lan gia cc nt ln cn l khng ng k. Mt khong cch 30m cn
10
7
s vi tc nh sng c 300.000.000 m/s.
- Cu hnh th cng (Manual configuration) ca cc nt n khng phi l mt ty
chn. Mt s giao thc yu cu iu ny, v d: giao thc thi gian mng (NTP-
network time protocol), trong giao thc ny mi nt phi c cu hnh vi mt
danh sch cc my ch thi gian.
- Thnh ra chnh xc tuyt i ca cc thut ton ng b thi gian ph thuc trm
trng vo tr gia vic nhn c bit cui cng ca mt gi tin v thi gian khi n
c dn nhn thi gian. Mt cch ti u, vic dn nhn thi gian c thc hin
cc lp thp nht, v d: lp MAC. c im ny thc hin d hn nhiu trong cc
nt cm bin vi phn mm v phn sn (firmware) m so vi n s dng phn
cng thng mi nh cc card mng thng mi IEEE 802.11.
Nhiu giao thc ng b thi gian truyn thng c gng gi cc nt c ng b ti tt
c cc thi im, iu ny l hp l khi khng c cc yu cu bt buc v nng lng v cu

180
hnh lin kt mng l n nh. Do , nng lng buc phi tiu th lin tc chy cc
giao thc ng b thi gian. i vi nhiu ng dng mng cm bin th iu ny l cn thit,
v d: khi nhim v chnh ca mt mng l gim st mi trng cho cc s kin him khi xy
ra nh chy rng chng hn. Vi ng b sau (post-facto synchronization) (hay mt
posteriori synchronization), th c th nhn c mt ng b thi gian theo yu cu. y,
cc nt khng c ng b phn ln thi gian. Khi mt s kin bn ngoi th v c quan
st ti thi im t
0
, mt nt i lu nhn thi gian cc b L
i
(t
0
) ca n v kch hot giao thc
ng b, giao thc v d nh cung cp ng b ton mng vi thi gian UTC. Sau khi giao
thc hon thnh ti thi im t
1
mun hn mt cht, nt i s bit c s b tng ng A
ca n i vi thi gian UTC, ngha l ( ) A + =
1 1
t L t
i
. Nt i c th s dng thng tin ny
lin h n s kin qu kh ti thi im t
0
cng i vi thi gian UTC. Sau khi nt i chuyn
giao thng tin v s kin, n c th li i vo ch ng, b ng b. Ni ngn gn, ng b
sau (post-facto synchronization) l ng b theo yu cu v cho thi gian ngn, thng bo
v mt s kin quan trng. Trc khi tho lun mt s cc xut cho cc giao thc ng b
ph hp vi cc mng cm bin, chng ta hy tho lun tm tt mt s gii php hin nhin
v ti sao chng khng ph hp.
- Trang b mi nt vi mt b thu GPS: cc b thu GPS vn c gi l vi la, cn
mt anten ri, cn c nng lng lin tc gi ng b (t c ng b ban u
mt vi pht), v c cc h s hnh dng (form factors) khng ph hp vi tng
ca cc nt cm bin rt nh. Hn na, hu ch, mt b thu GPS cn mt ng
truyn thng (LOS-Light Of Sign) ti t nht bn trong s cc v tinh GPS, iu m
khng lun lun c th t c trong cc a hnh i ni, rng, hoc cc ng dng
trong nh. Mt ng dng ca GPS trong mt mng cm bin l theo du ng vt
hoang d.
- Trang b mi nt vi b thu no cho cc tn hiu UTC: cng cc s quan tm p
dng nh i vi mt b thu GPS. (V d: c mt b thu DCF77 c th c s
dng cho mi nt).
- Cho mt s nt ra ca mng cm bin gi cc tn hiu nh thi mnh: gii php
ny c th s dng trong nh v a hnh bng phng nhng yu cu mt tn s
ring v do cn mt b thu ring mi nt my ch thi gian khng gy
nhiu n cc truyn dn ang din ra.
Trong cc phn tip sau y, chng ta trnh by mt s xut i vi cc giao thc
ng b thi gian trong cc mng cm bin khng dy.
8.2 Cc giao thc da trn ng b my pht/ my thu
Trong loi giao thc ny, mt nt c gi l my thu, trao i cc gi d liu vi nt
khc, gi l my pht, cho ng h ca my thu ng b vi ng h ca my pht. Mt
trong cc giao thc c in ca loi ny l giao thc thi gian mng (network time protocol -
NTP), giao thc ny c s dng rng ri trong mng Internet. Ni chung, my pht/my
thu da trn cc giao thc yu cu cc ng kt ni song hng gia cc nt ln cn.
8.2.1 Giao thc ng b thi gian hng nh - Lightweight time synchronization protocol
(LTS)

181
Giao thc ng b thi gian t quan trng (LTS) c van Greunen v Rabaey trnh by
[16] c gng ng b cc ng h ca mt mng cm bin vi cc ng h gi bi cc nt
tham chiu no , v d: cc nt c th c cc b thu GPS. Giao thc c cc nt bm iu
khin m cho php s khng dung ha gia ph tn nng lng v chnh xc c th nhn
c, v n cung cp cc gii hn chnh xc khng tin nh di cc gi thuyt no v h
iu hnh v phn cng di. LTS khng to ra hn ch no i vi quy nh cp nht ng
h cc b v n khng c gng nh gi cc tc lch thc t.
LTS chia nh thi gian ng b thnh hai khi:
- Mt giao thc ng b theo cp (pair-wise) ng b hai nt ln cn.
- gi tt c cc nt hoc tp hp cc nt li ch ng b vi mt nt tham chiu
chung, th mt cy bao trm t nt tham chiu ti tt c cc nt c to ra. Nu cc
li ng b mt bc nhy l c lp v c phn b ging nhau v c trung bnh
bng 0, cc nt l ca cy cng c mt li ng b c th d on c l bng 0
nhng lch l tng ca cc lch dc theo ng dn t nt tham chiu n nt
l. Do , lch ny c th c gim nh bng cch tm kim mt cy bao trm
c chiu di nh nht.
ng b theo cp (Pair-wise):
u tin chng ta gii thch giao thc ng b theo cp (Hnh 8.2). Giao thc s dng
mt k thut ch th ng h t xa. Gi thit mt nt i mun ng b ng h ca n vi ng
h ca mt nt j.
Sau khi vic ti ng b c kch hot ti nt i, mt gi tin yu cu ng b c nh dng
v dn nhn thi gian ti thi im
1
t vi thi gian ( )
1
t L
i
. Nt i x l gi tin qua h iu hnh
v ngn xp giao thc, gi tin trong mt khong thi gian no . Tr truy cp ng
truyn c th bin i nhiu v b mt phn ng k thi gian ny. Thng th, tr ny l mt
bin ngu nhin. Khi nt i ang gi bit u tin ti thi im
2
t , nt j nhn bit cui cng ca
gi tin ti thi im
p
t t t + + = t
2 3
, trong t l tr truyn lan v
p
t l thi gian truyn dn
gi tin (chiu di ca gi tin c chia bi tc bit). Mt thi gian sau (tr ngt - interrupt
latency), ti thi im
4
t , gi tin n c bo hiu cho h iu hnh ca nt j hoc ng dng
thng qua mt ngt v n c dn nhn thi gian ti thi im
5
t vi ( )
5
t L
j
. Ti thi im
6
t , nt j nh dng gi tr li ca n, dn nhn thi gian vi ( )
6
t L
j
, v chuyn giao gi tr li
ny ti h iu hnh ca n v ngn xp ca mng. Gi ny cng bao gm cc nhn thi gian
pha trc ( )
5
t L
j
v ( )
1
t L
i
. Nt i nhn ngt thu gi tin (packet reception interrupt) ti thi
im
7
t (l
6
t cng phn tip u ca h iu hnh/ tip u ca mng), tr truy cp ng
truyn, tr truyn lan, thi gian truyn gi tin, v tr ngt (interrupt latency) v dn nhn thi
gian cho n ti thi im
8
t vi ( )
8
t L
i
. By gi chng ta hy phn tch lm th no m nt i
suy lun ra vic hiu chnh thi gian ca n. Chnh xc hn th nt i mun nh gi
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
: t L t L t O
j i
= A = . lm iu , chng ta gi thit rng khng c lch no gia
cc ng h trong khong thi gian gia
1
t v
8
t , ngha l ( )
*
t O A = vi tt c | |
8 1
*
,t t t e , v
trong thc t nt i nh gi O bng cch nh gi ( )
5
t A . T hnh v, nhn thi gian ( )
5
t L
j
,

182
m nt i ly li, c to ra ti thi im no khng r gia
1
t v
8
t . Tuy nhin, chng ta
c th gim s khng chc chn ny bng cc quan st sau y:

Hnh 8.2 Mt phn s ca hot ng trong ng b my pht/my thu

C mt tr truyn lan t cng vi thi gian truyn mt gi tin
p
t gia
1
t v
5
t .
- C mt thi gian khc
p
t + t gia
5
t v
8
t dnh cho gi tin phn hi (tr li). i
vi cc nt dng, chng ta c th gi thit mt cch an ton rng cc tr truyn lan
l nh nhau c hai hng.
- Thi gian gia
5
t v
6
t cng c bit bi nt i t hiu ( ) ( )
5 6
t L t L
j j
.
Do , s khng chc chn v
5
t c th c gim xung ti khong
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
5 6 8 1
, t L t L t t L t t L I
j j p i p i
+ + = t t . Nu chng ta gi thit rng c cc thi gian
dnh cho h iu hnh v ngn xp mng, th cc tr ngt cng nh tr truy nhp ng
truyn l nh nhau c hai hng, sau nt i c th kt lun rng j to ra nhn thi gian
( )
5
t L
j
ca n ti thi im (t im quan st i)
Kch hot s ti ng b
nh dng gi tin ng b
Dn nhn gi tin vi L
i
(t
1
)
Chuyn giao gi tin cho truyn dn
Truy cp knh, H iu hnh,
Bt u truyn dn gi tin Tr truyn lan
Thi gian truyn gi tin
Ngt nhn gi tin
Dn nhn vi L
j
(t
5
)
nh dng gi tin tr li ng b
Dn nhn vi L
j
(t
6
)
Chuyn giao gi tin cho truyn dn
Truy cp knh, H iu hnh
Truy cp knh, H iu hnh
Bt u truyn dn gi tin
Ngt nhn gi tin
Dn nhn vi L
i
(t
8
)

183
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
5 6 8 1
5
t L t L t t L t t L
t L
j j p i p i
i
+ + +
=
t t

Do ,
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
5 6 1 8
5 5 5
t L t L t L t L
t L t L t O
j j i i
j i
+
= = A =
By gi nt i c th iu chnh ng h cc b ca n bng cch cng thm phn b O
vo ng h ca n. Bng cch ny, nt i ng b vi thi gian cc b ca nt j, vi chi ph l
hai gi tin. Ngoi ra, nu mc ch l nt j bit v O, th cn thit phi c mt gi tin th
ba, gi t i ti j v bao gm c O. Trong trng hp ny, ton b vic ng b cn ba gi tin.
Li ng b cc i ca phng php ny l 2 / I nu thi gian t v
p
t bit vi chnh
xc cao. Li ng b thc t v c bn c th c cho l do cc tr ngt khc nhau ti i v j,
l do cc thi gian khc nhau gia vic ly mt ngt thu v dn nhn thi gian cho gi tin, v
l do cc thi im truy cp knh truyn khc nhau. Cc s khng chc chn ny c th gim
xung ng k nu nt yu cu c th dn nhn gi tin ca n cng mun cng tt, tt nht l
ngay trc khi pht hoc ngay sau khi nhn c truy cp ng truyn.
Nhiu tc gi bao gm c Elson trong [11] gi thuyt cho my thu c cc gi tin nhn
thi gian cng sm cng tt, v d: trong mt thng trnh ngt gi l gi tin n (packet
arrival) t b thu pht. Elson [11] ch ra rng i vi nhiu b thu c nhim v dn nhn thi
gian cng mt gi tin trong cc thng trnh ngt ca chng, s khc nhau tng cp (pair-
wise) trong cc thi gian to ra nhn thi gian thc t c phn phi thng thng vi trung
bnh 0 v mt lch tiu chun s o 1 , 11 = (so snh vi hnh 8.6). Greunen v Rabaey [16]
a ra gi thit thm rng s khc bit trong cc thi im truy cp knh truyn tun theo
cng mt s phn b. Ph thuc vo mc ca s kt hp gia lch thi gian truy cp v
lch nhn thi gian, s khc bit ca tng ca cc bin ny t nht gp bn ln lch
2
o
ca thit b ny hay thit b khc. Do , van Greunen and Rabaey [16] phn loi tng ny
(ngha l li tng trong nh gi trn ca O) nh mt bin ngu nhin thng thng vi
lch
2
4o v lch tiu chun o 2 . Ngi ta bit r i vi phn b thng thng th 99%
ca tt c cc tc ng c mt lch gn 2,3 ln lch tiu chun so vi gi tr trung bnh,
v do theo cc gi thit ny, li cc i sau khi iu chnh ng h ca i theo ng h ca j
vi xc sut 99% l nh hn 2,3 x 2 x s.
ng b ton mng
Vi kh nng thc hin cc ng b theo cp (pair-wise), LTS k tip gii quyt nhim
v ng b tt c cc nt ca mt mng cm bin (c kt ni) vi mt nt tham chiu. Nu
mt nt c th i c mt khong cch l h
i
bc nhy ti nt tham chiu, v nu li ng b
c phn phi mt cch thng thng vi cc tham s = 0 v o o 2
'
= ti mi bc nhy,
v nu thm vo cc bc nhy l c lp th li ng b ca i cng c phn phi mt
cch thng thng vi lch
2 2
4 o o
i
h
i
= . Trn c s ca s quan st ny, LTS nhm ti xy
dng mt cy bao trm (spanning tree) vi chiu di nh nht v ch cc cp nt dc theo
ra ca cy c ng b. Nu qu trnh ng b dc theo cy bao trm mt nhiu thi gian,
s trt gia cc ng h s to thm cc li.
Ngi ta xut hai bin khc nhau, mt bin tp trung v mt bin phn tn.

184
LTS a bc nhy tp trung
Nt tham chiu, v d: mt nt vi mt b thu GPS hoc tham chiu thi gian cht
lng cao khc xy dng mt cy bao trm T v bt u ng b: u tin nt tham chiu
ng b vi nt con ca n ti T, sau nt con ny ng b vi nt con ca n, v c nh
vy cho n ht. Suy ra, mi nt phi bit con ca n. C vi thut ton c sn cho vic
xy dng phn tn ca mt cy bao trm; i vi LTS th c hai thut ton c th c tho
lun trong ti liu tham kho [16], v chng c tn l thut ton nghin cu su u tin
(DDFS - Distributed Depth-First Search) v thut ton ting vng.
Nt tham chiu cng phi quan tm n vic ti ng b tn s b li lch. Ngi
ta gi thit rng nt tham chiu bit bn tham s: chiu cao ti a h ca cy bao trm, lch
cc i sao cho phng trnh 8.1 c tha mn cho tt c cc nt trong mng, lch tiu
chun cho bc nhy n l o 2 (c tho lun trn), v chnh xc mong mun . Mc
ch l lun lun c mt li ng b ca cc nt l nh hn vi xc sut 99%. Ngay lp tc,
sau khi ti ng b th s chnh xc ca nt l nh hn h.2,3.2. v n c php pht trin
gn ti mc . Vi tc lch cc i , s pht trin ny mt 2.2,3.h.. thi gian. S
la chn thc t ca chu k ng b phi nh hn mt cht so vi lch xut hin trong mt
s ti ng b n l, c th lm nh hng n chnh xc ban u 2,3 2 h . Mt vn
then cht l cc gi thnh ca vic truyn thng. Mt s ng b cp n (single pair-
wise synchronization) c gi tng ng 3 gi tin, v do ng b mt mng c n nt mt
3n gi tin, khng tnh n cc li knh hay cc xung t. Thm vo , cn nng lng ng
k xy dng cy bao trm, v ngi ta gi thit l lp li cu trc ny trn mi vng ng
b nhn c mt dung sai li no . i vi cc l do v li ng b, vic c nhiu nt
tham chiu cng c li v: nu mt trong s cc nt b hng hoc nu mng tr nn b chia
tch, th mt nt khc s m nhim. Mt giao thc la chn nt lnh o l hu ch h tr
cc nt tham chiu ng.
LTS a bc nhy phn tn
Bin th hai l giao thc LTS a bc nhy phn tn. Khng c cy bao trm no c
xy dng, nhng mi nt bit cc nhn dng ca mt lng ln cc nt tham chiu dc theo
cc tuyn ti cc nt . l trch nhim ca cc nt bt u vic ti ng b theo chu
k. cp n tnh hung trnh by hnh 8.3 v gi thuyt rng nt 1 mun ng b vi nt
tham chiu R. Nt 1 a ra mt yu cu ng b hng ti R, m kt qu l mt chui cc
ng b theo cp: nt 4 ng b vi nt R, nt 3 ng b vi nt 4, v c tip tc nh vy
cho n khi tin ti nt 1. C hai ci ng ch :
- Nh mt sn phm ph, nt 2,3, v 4 cng nhn c ng b vi nt R.
- Cho cng yu cu chnh xc v cng tc dch cho tt cc nt, tn s ti
ng b cho mt nt i m nhy h
i
bc khi nt tham chiu c cho bi

o o . . 3 , 2 . 4
i
h
. Do , trong hnh v, nt 1 v nt 6 c chu k ti ng b ngn nht.
Nu hai nt ny lun yu cu ti ng b vi nt R, cc nt trung gian 2,3,4, v 5 s
khng bao gi t c yu cu ti ng b.
Mt nt s chn nt tham chiu gn nht ti thiu ha li ng b ca n. Theo cch
ny, mt cy c trng s nh nht khng c xy dng mt cch r rng, nhng n lnh

185
trch nhim ca giao thc nh tuyn tm ra cc ng tt nht. i vic thit lp mng v
cc giao thc nh tuyn no , vic a ra cc chu k nh tuyn/ng b c th tng ln, v
iu ny cn phi trnh. T v d trn y, nu mt nt c th li dng vic ng b ang
din ra th cng c li. V d nt 5 trong hnh 8.3. Thay v ng b nt 5 mt cch c lp vi
nt tham chiu R (nt m lm cho nt 3 v 4 x l hai yu cu ng b mt cch ng thi),
nt 5 c th hi tt c cc nt trong khu vc ln cn ca n v cc yu cu ng b ang din
ra. Nu c yu cu ng b no th nt 5 c th i trong mt khong thi gian no v
sau c gng ng b vi bn pht p (responder). Mt ti u ha khc ca LTS cng
c gii thch trong hnh 8.3, s dng cc ng t nt. Li gi thuyt rng nt 5 mun
ng b. Nh gii thch trn, mt ty chn l nt 5 tham gia vo mt yu cu ng b
ang din ra ti nt 3. Mt khc, vic gi cc nt 7 v 8 cng c ng b vi R c th l
cn thit. c c iu ny, nt 5 c th a ra yu cu ca n thng qua cc nt 7 v 8 ti
R v ng b cc bc nhy trung gian nh mt kt qu ph. iu ny gi l a dng ha
ng truyn (path diversification). Cc c im ca cc bin LTS c nghin cu bng
cch m phng 500 nt phn b ngu nhin trong phm vi 120m (120m ch nht, mi nt c
mt phm vi truyn dn l 10m). Nt tham chiu n c t trung tm. N cho thy rng
LTS a bc nhy phn tn c gi thnh cao hn do trao i cc gi tin khi tt c cc nt ca
mt mng phi c ng b (gia 40 v 100% tng chi ph ca thut ton trung tm), thm
ch khi cc ti u ha nh s a dng ng truyn hoc s tham gia vo cc ng b ang
din ra c trin khai (gim gi thnh xung 15 n 60%). Tuy nhin, nu ch mt phn ca
cc nt phi c ng b, cc thut ton phn tn c th gii hn chi ph ny theo tp hp li
ch v bo tn nng lng ca tt c cc nt khc trong khi cc thut ton tp trung lun bao
gm tt c cc nt v do c cc gi thnh c nh bt chp vic ng b thi gian hin ti
c c yu cu hay khng. LTS a bc nhy phn tn c u im l n c th l ng b
pha sau (post-facto synchronization). Nt i c th t quyt nh khi no th ng b vi cc
nt ln cn gn vi nt tham chiu.

Hnh 8.3 LTS a bc nhy phn tn

8.2.2 Lm th no tng chnh xc v c lng lch
Chng ta s dng giao thc ng b theo cp ca LTS gii thch bng cch no li
ng b gia cc nt c th gim xung v bng cch no lch ca ng h ca nt x i
vi ng h ca nt tham chiu R c th c c lng. C hai u c th bin thnh cc
vn nh gi tiu chun.

186
Tng chnh xc tuyt i
Gi thit rng lch gia x v R l khng ng k i vi mt thi im no v nt
x mun c lng b pha i vi ng h ca nt R. Nt x c th tng chnh xc ca c
lng ca n bng cch lp li vic trao i gi tin, v thu c cc c lng O(t
0
),O(t
1
), . . .
, O(t
n
1). Cho A l b pha ban u ti thi im t
0
v chng ta gi thit rng cc li ng b
c quan st ti cc thi im khc nhau t
0
, . . . ,t
n1
l c lp. Do mt ngi c th a
ra m hnh ca mi O(t
k
) nh sau:
O(t
k
) = A + w(t
k
)
trong w(t
k
) c ly mu t mt qu trnh nhiu Gaussian trng vi trung bnh bng 0 v
lch tiu chun
x
= 2., ngha l tt c cc w(t
k
) u c lp. Do ,
( )

=
=
1
0
^
1
n
k
k
t O
n
A
l mt c lng c lch nh nht khng phn cc i vi A, v lch ca n l
n
x
2
o
,
gim tuyn tnh theo n. Do , cc t l lch ca c lng vi n l O(n
1
).
Nu nt p li mt gi tin yu cu gi cu tr li ca n nhanh nht c th, th ngi ta
c th s dng mt phng php khc to ra t gi thit hn v cc quan st v nhiu. Khi
xem hnh 8.2, chng ta c th quan st thy nh sau: khi nt i lm quan st th k gi l O
k
, n
o lch thi gian gia cc thi im t
1,k
v t
8,k
, ngha l cc thi im gia cc ln dn nhn
thi gian ca gi tin yu cu v gi tin tr li. R rng l, vic quan st k vi lch nh nht
t
8,k
-t
1,k
c s khng chc chn nh nht v do l chnh xc nht.
c lng lch
R rng l ngi ta c th c lng lch t ch mt ti ng b. Do , cho
O(t
0
),O(t
1
), . . . , O(t
n1
) l cc b c lng nt x nhn c cho cc ti ng b c tin
hnh ti cc thi im t
0
, t
1
, . . . , t
n1
. Chng ta gi thit rng lch
x
ca nt x l khng i
trong khong thi gian [t
0
, t
n1
]. Chng ta u tin quan tm n trng hp giao thc ng
b theo cp (pair-wise) ca phn 8.2.1 chy mt cch lp li nhng nt x khng ti iu chnh
ng h ca n sau khi tin hnh mt quan st. Trong trng hp ny, chng ta c th vit
O(t
i
) nh sau: ( ) ( ) ( )
i i x i
t w t t A t O + + =
'
trong A l s b chnh xc gia hai ng h ti
mt thi im tham chiu
'
t v w(t
0
),w(t
1
), . . . , w(t
n1
) l nhiu Gaussian trng. T tho lun
trn, gi thit nhiu Gaussian trng l tng thch vi cc gi thit c thc hin cho LTS.
n gin ha, chng ta gi thit rng 0
'
= t . By gi c t nht hai phng php c
lng cng nhau A v
x
:
- Chng ta c th chn lch thi gian t
1
t
0
ln n ni m ln ca w(t
0
) v
w(t
1
) l ging ng k so vi
x
(t
1
t
0
). Suy ra,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 0
'
0 1
'
1 0 1
t t t w t t A t w t t A t O t O
x x x
~ + + =
m cho chng ta
x
t cc quan st O(t
0
) v O(t
1
). Trong bc th hai, chng ta c th
rt ra ( )
'
1
t t
x
t O(t
1
) nhn c mt c lng ca A.
- Nu c sn nhiu c lng, chng ta c khi nim v vn v s iu chnh
ng (line fitting) vi d liu b nhiu. Hm mt xc sut ca vic thc hin cc

187
quan st O(t
0
), . . . , O(t
n1
) cho cc tham s A v
x
gi thit l bit, c th c
vit nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
[

=
2
2
1
0
2
1 1
2
exp
2
1
, ; ,...,
x
i x i
n
i
x
x n
t A t O
A t O t O p
o

to

( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
0
2
2
2
2
2
1
exp 2
n
i
i x i
x
n
x
t A t O n
o
to
Kay [414, Chng 3] ch ra rng c lng khng phn cc lch nh nht cho loi vn
c lng ny c cho bi:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )


=

=
+

=
1
0
1
0
^
.
1
6
1
1 2 2
n
k
k
n
k
k
t O k
n n
t O
n n
n
A

( )
( )
( )
( )


=

=

+
+

=
1
0
2
1
0
^
.
1
12
1
6
n
k
k
n
k
k x
t O k
n n
t O
n n

(c lng bnh phng nh nht l nh nhau). Cn nhiu k thut c lng tin tin hn
khi w(t
i
) c bit l khng kt hp (correlated) hoc khng l hm Gaussian (non-Gaussian).
Trng hp quan tm khc l khi ng h ca nt x c ti iu chnh theo mi ln ti
ng b bi s b c lng O(t
k
). Theo sau y, chng ta iu khin mt c lng ging
nhau ti a (maximum-likelihood) n gin cho tc lch
x
. Theo m hnh d liu ca
chng ta t trn, i vi quan st u tin O(t
0
) chng ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
'
0 0
t w t t A t O
x
+ + =
v ngay sau quan st ny nt x sa li ng h ca n bng cch tr i O(t
0
). S b pha mi
A(t
0
) ngay sau khi s li ng h ch l w(t
0
). T gi tr i, chng ta khng phi quan tm
n s b u tin ( )
'
t A A = na. i vi O(t
1
) ta c:
O(t
1
) = A(t
0
) +
x
(t
1
t
0
) + w(t
1
) =
x
(t
1
t
0
) + w(t
1
) w(t
0
)
V s b pha mi ngay sau khi s li l A(t
1
) = w(t
1
). Bng cch lp li i s ny, chng ta
nhn c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k k k x
k k k k x k k k x k k
t w t t
t w t w t t t w t t t A t O
* 1
1 1 1
1
+ =
+ = + + =



Trong ( )
k
t w
*
l cc bin ngu nhin Gaussian c lp vi trung bnh bng 0 v lch
2 2
*
2
x
o o = . S ging nhau tnh theo logarit (log-likelihood) ca thc hin cc quan st O(t
1
), . .
. , O(t
n1
) cho
x
cho c cho bi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

=

+ =
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
1
2
1 2
*
2
*
1
1
2
1 2
*
2
*
2
1
2 log
2
2
1
exp
2
1
log
n
k
k k x k
n
k
k k x k x
t t t O
n
t t t O L

o
to

o to


t tch phn ( )
x
x
L
d
d

bng 0 v gii cho


x
ta c:

188
( )( )
( )

=
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
.
n
k
k k
n
k
k k k
x
t t
t t t O

8.2.3 Giao thc ng b thi gian cho cc mng cm bin (TPSN)
Giao thc ng b thi gian cho cc mng cm bin (TPSN) [271, 272] l mt giao
thc da trn my pht/my thu th v khc. Mt ln na, u tin chng ta gii thch phng
php ng b theo cp trc khi chuyn sang trng hp a bc nhy.
ng b theo cp (pair-wise)
Giao thc ng b theo cp (pair-wise) ca TPSN c mt s im chung so vi LTS. N hot
ng theo cch khng i xng: nt i ng b vi ng h ca nt j khc nhng khng ngc
li (Hnh 8.4). Hot ng din ra nh sau:
- Nt i khi ng vic ti ng b ti thi im t
0
. N nh dng mt gi tin xung
ng b v chuyn giao n cho h iu hnh v ngn xp mng ti thi im t
1
.
- Ngn xp mng thc hin giao thc MAC v xc nh mt thi gian ph hp cho
vic truyn dn gi tin, l thi im t
2
. Ngay trc khi truyn dn, gi tin c dn
nhn thi gian l L
i
(t
2
). Bng cch dn nhn thi gian gi tin ngay trc khi truyn
dn v khng phi ngay khi gi tin c nh dng trong lp ng dng, hai ngun
ca s khng chc chn b loi b, l hot ng ca ngn xp h thng/mng v
tr truy cp ng truyn. S khng chc chn cn li l khong thi gian nh gia
vic dn nhn gi tin v s bt u thc s vic truyn dn n. Tr ny c to ra,
v d, l do vic cn thit ti tnh ton tng kim tra (kim tra tng) ca gi tin ngay
trc khi gi n.
- Sau thi gian tr truyn lan v thi gian truyn dn gi tin, bit cui cng n my
thu ti thi im t
3
, v i khi sau ngt nhn gi tin c kch hot, l ti thi
im t
4
. My thu dn nhn thi gian gi tin trong thng trnh ngt (interrupt
routine) vi L
j
(t
4
).
- Nt j nh dng mt gi tin xc nhn (acknowledgement packet) v chuyn giao
n ti thi im t
5
ti h iu hnh v ngn xp mng. Mt ln na, ngn xp mng
thc thi giao thc MAC v gi gi tin ti thi im t
6
. Ngay trc khi truyn dn,
gi tin c dn nhn vi L
j
(t
6
), v gi tin cng mang cc nhn thi gian khc L
i

(t
2
) and L
j
(t
4
).
- Cui cng th nt i dn nhn thi gian gi tin xc nhn ang n cng sm cng tt
vi L
i
(t
7
).
Nu O l s b thc s ca ng h nt i so vi ng h j, chng ta c gi tin xung
ng b L
j
(t
4
) = L
i
(t
2
) + O + + t
p
+
s,i
+
r,j
, trong l tr truyn lan, t
p
l thi gian
truyn dn gi tin (chiu di gi tin c chia ra bi tc bt ca knh truyn),
s,i
l s
khng chc chn (nh) ti bn pht gia thi im dn nhn thi gian v thi im bt u
thc s ca vic truyn dn, v
r,j
l s khng chc chn ca my thu ti thi im j. Theo
hng khc, i vi gi tin xc nhn, chng ta c
L
i
(t
7
) = L
j
(t
6
) O + + t
p
+
s,j
+
r,i


189
(gi thit rng gi tin xc nhn v gi tin xung ng b c cng chiu di v tr truyn lan l
ging nhau c hai hng). By gi
(L
j
(t
4
) L
i
(t
2
)) (L
i
(t
7
) L
j
(t
6
))
= (O + + t
p
+
s,i
+
r,j
) (O + + t
p
+
s,j
+
r,i
)
= 2 O + (
s,i

s,j
) + (
r,j

r,i
).

Do ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
, , , , 6 7 2 4 i r j r j s i s j i i j
t L t L t L t L
O
o o o o


=
c im ch cht ca phng php ny l nt i dn nhn thi gian gi tin i ra cng
mun cng tt v nt j dn nhn thi gian gi tin i vo cng sm cng tt. Cc yu cu ny
h tr t lp MAC, lp MAC l d dng c c trong cc nt cm bin hn l vi phn cng
thng mi nh cc card giao tip mng IEEE 802.11. Hiu sut tng i ca TPSN so vi
giao thc RBS c tho lun trong phn 8.3.1.
ng b ton mng
Thut ton ng b ton mng ca TPSN xy dng ch yu mt cy bao trm
(spanning tree), mi nt bit v tr ca n trong cy v nhn dng ca nt m ca nt .
Nt gc (root node) c ch nh v tr 0 v trch nhim ca n l kch hot cu trc ca
cy. Tt c cc nt c th ti c trong mng ng b vi nt gc. Nu nt gc truy cp vo
mt h thi gian m rng chnh xc ging nh UTC, th do tt c cc nt ng b vi
UTC.
Giao thc hot ng nh sau. bt u cu trc cy, nt gc gi mt gi tin pht hin
mc (v tr) cha mc 0 ca n. Tt c cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy ca nt gc t n nh
cho mnh mt mc bng mt cng vi mc c ch ra trong gi tin pht hin mc nhn c
v chp nhn nt gc nh m ca chng. Sau , cc nt mc 1 gi i cc gi tin pht hin
mc mc 1 ca bn thn chng v c tip tc nh vy. Cc nt mc 1 chn mt tr ngu
nhin trnh cc xung t MAC qu ng. Mi khi mt nt nhn c mt gi tin pht hin
mc, nt khi to ra gi tin c chp nhn l nt m v tt c cc gi tin tip theo sau b b
i. Sau khi mt nt tm thy mt nt m, n ti ng b theo chu k theo ng h ca nt m.
Mt nt c th nhn trt cc gi pht hin mc bi v cc xung t MAC hoc bi v n
c trin khai sau cu trc cy u tin. Nu mt nt i khng nhn c bt c gi tin pht
hin mc no trong mt khong thi gian no , n hi nt ln cn mt bc nhy ca n v
mt cy ang tn ti bng cch a ra mt gi tin yu cu mc. Cc nt ln cn tr li bng
cch gi mc ca bn thn chng. Nt i la chn cc cu tr li t ca s thi gian no v
chn nt ln cn vi mc nh nht lm m ca n.
S duy tr cy c tch hp vi vic ti ng b. tnh lch (s trt), mt nt i phi
chy thut ton theo cp (pair-wise) vi nt m ca n theo chu k. Nu iu khng thc
hin c nhiu ln lin tip, th nt i kt lun rng nt m ca n b di i hoc cht.
Nu mc ca i l mc 2 hoc ln hn, n gi mt gi tin yu cu mc, thu thp cc cu tr li
trong mt khong thi gian no v t n nh cho bn thn mt mc mi t gi tin tr li
mc thp nht. Nu i l mc mt, th n kt lun rng nt gc cht. C nhiu cch gii
quyt tnh trng ny. Mt trong s chng l chy mt giao thc la chn nt lnh o gia cc
nt mc 1.

190

Hnh 8.4 S ng b my pht/my thu trong TPSN

Phng php ny c cc c im sau:
- Cy bao trm thu c khng nht thit l mt cy ti thiu, bi v cc xung t
MAC v cc tr ngu nhin c th dn n mt tnh trng, u tin mt nt
nhn c mt pht hin mc t mt nt mc cao hn. Tuy nhin, c mt s khng
dung ha gia chnh xc ng b (cc ng di hn ng li trung bnh nhiu
hn) v tng chi ph cho cu trc cy. Cc thut ton tm cc cy bao trm nh
nht l phc tp hn.
- Nu hai nt i v j l gn nhau v mt vt l v nhn cng mc pht hin mc
trong pha thit lp cy, c hai t n nh cho mnh mc + 1 v c gng gi li gi
tin pht hin mc. Mt trong hai nt ny s chin thng trong cuc ganh ua. Bi v
c hai u gn nhau, cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy ca chng l gn ging nhau.
Kt qu l tt c cc nt ln cn n thi im cha ng b s chp nhn nt i
nh l nt m ca chng v to ra ti ti ng b ng k cho nt i, trong nt j
gn nh khng b mt nng lng bi v n khng c nt con no. trnh s
Kch hot s ti ng b
nh dng gi tin ng b
Dn nhn gi tin vi L
i
(t
2
)
Bt u truyn dn gi tin

Chuyn giao gi tin cho truyn dn
Tr truyn lan
Thi gian truyn gi tin
Ngt nhn gi tin
Dn nhn vi L
j
(t
4
)

nh dng gi tin tr li ng b
Chuyn giao gi tin cho truyn dn
Truy cp knh, H iu hnh
Truy cp knh, H iu hnh
Dn nhn vi L
j
(t
6
)
Bt u truyn dn gi tin
Ngt nhn gi tin
Dn nhn vi L
i
(t
7
)


191
khng cng bng, cu trc cy phi c lp li theo chu k, iu ny ln lt to ra
ti ca mng.
- ln trung bnh ca li ng b gia mt nt mc v nt gc tng ln dn dn
theo . i vi mt bc nhy, li ng b trung bnh l 17 s v i vi 5 bc
nhy l 23 s.
- Ngi ta c th nhn c ng b pha sau (post-facto). Trong trng hp ny,
khng c cy bao trm no c xy dng. Xem xt mt tiu ch trong mt nt i
0

mun thng tin mt s kin (m xy ra ti thi im t) ti mt nt i
n
khc thng qua
nhiu bc nhy trung gian i
1
, i
2
, . . . , i
n1
. Nt i
0
gi gi tin cng vi nhn thi gian
cc b L
i0
(t )ca n ti i
1
. Sau , nt i
1
ng b ng h ca n vi ng h ca nt
i
0
v chuyn tip gi tin n nt i
2
, v c tip tc nh vy. Cui cng th tt c cc
nt bao gm nt i
n
ng b vi nt i
0
v i
n
c gi tin vi nhn thi gian L
i0
(t) v do
c th quyt nh v tui ca s kin.
8.3 Cc giao thc da trn s ng b my thu/my thu
Trong ng b da trn my pht/my thu, my thu ca mt gi tin c dn nhn thi
gian ng b vi my pht ca gi tin. Trong cc phng php ng ng b my thu/my
thu, nhiu my thu ca cng gi tin c dn nhn thi gian ng b vi nhau, nhng khng
ng b vi my pht. Chng ta tho lun hai giao thc thuc v loi ny.
8.3.1 S ng b qung b tham kho (RBS - Reference broadcast synchronization)
Giao thc ng b qung b tham kho (RBS) [11] bao gm hai thnh phn. Trong
thnh phn th nht, mt tp hp cc nt trong mt min qung b n l (ngha l mt tp
hp cc nt m c th nghe thy nhau) c lng cc ng h ca cc nt ngang hng ca
chng. Thnh phn th hai cho php lin kt cc nhn thi gian gia cc nt xa vi cc
min qung b gia chng. Chng ta ln lt gii thch mi thnh phn.
8.3.1.1 S ng b trong mt min qung b
tng c bn nh sau: Mt my pht gi mt gi tin theo chu k ti mt knh qung
b v tt c cc my thu dn nhn thi gian gi tin ny. Cc my thu trao i cc nhn ca
chng v c th s dng d liu ny bit v cc ng h ca nt ln cn ca chng. Bng
cch lp li qu trnh ny, cc nt c th khng ch bit v s b pha ln nhau ca chng m
cn bit v tc lch ca chng. Cc nt khng iu chnh cc ng h cc b ca chng
nhng xy dng mt bng, bng ny lu cc tham s cn thit chuyn i cc gi tr ng
h cho mi nt ln cn.
V d:
Mt v d c trnh by hnh 8.5. Hai nt i v j mun ng b. Ti thi im t
0
, nt
R khc pht qung b mt gi tin xung (pulse packet), gi tin ny bao gm nhn dng R ca
n v mt chui s s. (ch : gi tin xung khng cn thit phi l mt gi tin ng b thi
gian dnh ring, ch cn l cc gi tin d liu bnh thng mang cc s chui l ). Bi v
cc nt i v j c khong cch khc nhau so vi nt R, cc tr truyn lan l khc nhau: bit cui
cng ti nt i ti thi gian thc t
1,i
v nt j ti thi gian thc t
1
,
j
, v cc tr truyn lan l
i
and

j
tng ng. Trong hai nt, mt ngt thu gi tin c to ra, ti cc thi im t
2,i
v t
2,j
cho
cc nt i v j. Mt thi gian ngn sau , ti thi im t
3,i
, nt i dn nhn thi gian gi tin vi

192
nhn thi gian cc b ca n l L
i
(t
3,i
); nt j cng lm tng t, v to ra mt nhn thi gian
L
j
(t
3,j
). Sau , nt i v j trao i cc nhn thi gian ca chng v nhn dng (a ch my
pht, s chui sequence number) ca gi tin xung tng ng. C hai nt c th tnh ton d
dng cc dch pha tng i ca cc ng h ca chng bng cch gi thit t
3,i
= t
3,j
. c bit
l nt i lu gi tr O(t
3,i
) = L
i
(t
3,i
)- L
j
(t
3,j
) nh s b pha trong mt bng cc b m khng phi
ti iu chnh ng h ca n. R rng l, phng php ny c th c li t vic c my thu
cc gi tin dn nhn thi gian ang n cng nhanh cng tt trong thng trnh ngt.
Chp nhn thut ng c gii thiu cho TPSN, thi gian gia vic nhn bit cui cng
v vic dn nhn thi gian gi tin c gi l s khng chc chn ca my thu. N c biu
th bi
r,i
and
r,j
cho cc nt i v j tng ng.

Hnh 8.5 V d RBS: hai nt i v j v mt my pht R

chnh xc c th nhn c cho mt xung n
Cui cng th tnh ton tng qut l chnh xc tuyt i khi gi thit t
3,i
= t
3,j
l thc s
ng. Chng ta hy phn tch tm tt cc nguyn nhn ca cc li ng b c th.
- Tr truyn lan: trong mt mng cm bin, min pht qung b l kh nh v tr
truyn lan ca gi tin l khng ng k. Ngoi ra, n ch l s khc nhau
(difference) trong tr truyn lan gia i v j v s khc bit ny c xu hng nh hn
na.
- Tr gia vic nhn bit cui v to ra ngt thu gi tin (packet reception interrupt):
iu ny c th l do cc tr x l phn cng (nh cc tnh ton tng kim tra - kim
tra tng) v cng chn cc ngt trong mt thi gian ngn trong trng hp cc phn
ch cht hoc cc ngt dch v c u tin cao hn. Mt ln na, l s khc
nhau (difference) gia i v j, s khc nhau ny dng tnh cc li ng b.
Gi (L
i
(t
3,i
),R,s)
Ngt nhn gi tin


Dn nhn thi
gian vi L
i
(t
3,i
)
Ngt nhn gi tin


Dn nhn thi
gian vi L
j
(t
3,j
)
Gi tin (R,s)

Gi tin (R,s)

S khng chc chn
ca my thu

Gi (L
j
(t
3,j
),R,s)

193
- Tr gia vic nhn ngt gi tin v vic dn nhn thi gian gi tin: nu nhn thi gian
c to ra trong thng trnh ngt, tr ny l nh.
- lch gia vic dn nhn thi gian v vic trao i cc nhn thi gian quan st
c cng gp phn vo cc li ng b. Cng nhiu thi gian tri qua, th li ny
s l cng ln.
So snh vi cc phng php da trn my pht/my thu, thi gian yu cu i vi R
nh dng gi tin ca n, di chuyn n qua h iu hnh v phn mm mng ca n, cng nh
tr truy cp ng truyn l hon ton khng lin quan bi v im chung tham chiu cho i v
j l thi im t
0
m gi tin xut hin trn ng truyn.
So snh gia RBS v TPSN
Ganeriwal [13] so snh RBS v TPSN. C hai giao thc dn nhn thi gian cc gi tin
va nhn c trong ngt my thu.
Nh c so snh vi cc giao thc da trn my pht/my thu khc, TPSN loi b
nhiu s khng chc chn ti my pht (h iu hnh v ngn xp mng, tr truy cp ng
truyn) bng cch dn nhn thi gian mt gi tin sp i ra ngay trc khi truyn dn. i vi
trng hp TPSN, chng ta bt ngun t phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
, , , , 6 7 2 4 i r j r j s i s j i i j
t L t L t L t L
O
o o o o


=
trong L
x
(t
y
) l cc nhn thi gian v
s,i
and
r,i
l s khng chc chn ca my pht v
my thu ti nt tng ng. By gi chng ta xem xt RBS. Chng ta c hai my thu i v j, v
nt i mun c lng s b so vi nt j. Hy s b thc s l O. T hnh 8.5, chng ta c
th vit (vi t
1
= t
1,i
, i l thi gian trong i dn nhn thi gian gi tin xung):
L
i
(t
1
) = L
j
(t
1
) + O (
r,i

r,j
) (
i

j
)
Kt qu l:
O = L
i
(t
1
) L
j
(t
1
) + (
r,i

r,j
) + (
i

j
).
Gi thuyt rng (i) s khc bit trong tr truyn lan l khng ng k, v (ii) s khng chc
chn ca my pht l nh (Phn 8.2.3), li trong vic c lng s b chi phi bi thut ng
2
, , i r j r
o o
trong trng hp ca TPSN v bi
r,i

r,j
i vi RBS.
i vi khng phi TPSN cng khng phi RBS, lch ng h c th trong qu trnh
trao i cc gi tin ng b c xem xt.
S dng cc a xung
My pht c th gi cc gi tin xung mt cch u n, i vi mi gi tin xung, cc
nt i v j trao i cc quan st cc b ca chng. S hi quy tuyn tnh bnh phng nh nht
c xut cho RBS gn nh tng ng vi b c lng khng phn cc khc bit nh
nht (minimum-variance unbiased estimator) c tho lun trong phn 8.2.2. Mt k thut
loi b bn ngoi (outlier-rejection technique) c s dng thm vo. Bng cch bt chp
cc quan st ny lu hn mt ngng nht nh (vi pht trong RBS), cc tc lch bin i
theo thi gian c th c xem xt.
a nt v gi thnh RBS

194
N rt n gin khi m rng k thut ny ti m > 2 nt trong mt min qung b: cc
gi xung bt c bi tt c cc nt m v tt c cc nt trao i nhng quan st ca chng.
Bng cch ny, mt nt n trong s cc nt ny, chng hn nt i, c th c lng lch
v cc b pha cho tt c cc nt ngang hng ca n trong min qung b. Bng cch lu cc
gi tr ny cho mi nt ngang hng trong mt bng, nt i c th bin i cc nhn thi gian
cc b ca n thnh gc thi gian ca bt k nt ngang hng no. Nh i vi cc my pht
xung, c t nht cc la chn sau y:
- Trong cc mng ni m cc nt h tng tnh c mt (v d nh IEEE 802.15.4 trong
ch n hiu - beaconed mode), cc nt ny c th gi cc gi tin xung. Chng
c th lm thm ch nhiu hn na chng cng c th la chn cc quan st t cc
nt cm bin, tnh ton cho mi cp nt cc s b v cc tc lch vi phng
php bnh phng nh nht, v gi tr li kt qu.
- Mi nt hot ng nh mt my thu v mt my pht ca cc gi tin xung. Theo
cch ny, c nhn dng my pht v cc s chui trong cc gi tin u thc s l cn
thit.
Sau mc tiu v chnh xc trong mt min qung b l gim cc li pha cc i
gia tt c cc cp nt, c gi l phn tn nhm (group dispersion). N cho thy rng
phn tn nhm ph thuc vo kch thc nhm (cc nhm ln c phn tn nhm ln
hn) v ph thuc vo s lng cc quan st c s dng c lng lch pha v tc
lch (khi tng s lng cc quan st s lm gim phn tn nhm). i vi hai nt, n
cho thy rng vic tng cc quan st vt qu 30 khng cung cp thm li ch cho chnh
xc. Giao thc RBS cng c so snh vi NTP, NTP s dng mt phng php da trn
my pht/my thu. Trong vin cnh c nghin cu, RBS c phn tn nhm nh hn
nhiu so vi phn tn nhm c th nhn c vi NTP. Hn na hiu sut ca RBS cng
gn nh khng nhy cm vi ti nn (background load) trong min qung b, trong khi
phn tn nhm ca NTP tng ln cng vi vic tng ti. iu ny c th c gii thch bng
nh hng ca cc tr truy cp ng truyn trong NTP. Trong vin cnh cho, RBS tt
hn xp x 8 ln so vi NTP khng c ti nn.
K thut ng b ny gii thiu tng chi ph no , m tng chi ph ny vn cha c
m t y :
- trao i cc quan st ca mt nhm gm m nt trong mt min qung b, cn
mt s lng 2m gi tin khi cc quan st c chn la v c lng ti mt nt
trung tm v sau gi tr li cc my thu. Trong cc vin cnh khng c cc nt
trung tm, vic trao i cc quan st chim m (m 1) = O(m
2
) gi tin. Trong cc
mng cm bin mt cao, mt nt c th l mt thnh vin trong nhiu min
qung b (c th chng nhau mt phn), v ti lm vic tng ln mt cch ph hp.
- Tc ca cc gi tin xung l cn thit gi phn tn nhm nh hn mt mc
no ph thuc vo kch thc nhm. Mt c im chnh xc hn ca mi quan
h ny cn phi c pht trin.
- S hi qui bnh phng nh nht yu cu s tnh ton ng k.
RBS v ng b pha sau (post-factor)

195
Khi nhn tng chi ph, mt ngi c cm gic rng RBS c th tr nn kh t v
mt s lng cc gi tin trao i v s lng cc php tnh. Tuy nhin, mt trong cc c
im quan trng nht ca RBS l n c th tham gia vo ng b pha sau (post-facto).
Trong ch ny, cc nt khng ng b vi nhau tr phi mt s kin li ch bn ngoi xy
ra. Mi nt i dn nhn thi gian s kin ny vi mt nhn thi gian cc b L
i
(t
0
). S kin ny
kch thch s ng b gia cc nt v cc nt bit v cc lch pha tng ng v cc tc
lch ca chng. Nu dnh c ng b mt cch nhanh sau khi s kin xut hin, n an
ton khi gi thit rng lch tng i khng thay i. Do , nt j c th s dng c
lng ca n v lch pha ca nt i v tc lch c lng chnh xc L
j
(t
0
), ngha l
lm mt php ngoi suy li.
8.3.1.2 ng b mng qua nhiu bc nhy
Ci m chng ta bit n thi im ny l ng b cc b trong mt min qung b.
Trong nhiu trng hp, mt min qung b bao ph ch mt phn nh ca c mng cm
bin. Do cu hi t ra l bng cch no mt nt bit c ti thi im no, c o vi
trc thi gian cc b ca n, mt s kin t xa xut hin?
Phng php bin i nhn thi gian
tng c bn l khng xy dng mt trc thi gian cc b, nhng bin i mt
nhn thi gian ca gi ti mi bc nhy thnh trc thi gian ca nt ca bc nhy k tip
cho n khi n tin n ch cui cng. Hnh 8.6 cung cp mt v d minh ha. Chng ta hy
gi thit rng nt 1 quan st mt s kin m n mun thng bo cho nt thu. Ngi iu
hnh ti nt thu mun bit khi no s kin xy ra v anh ta cn thng tin ny trong mt trc
thi gian c chp nhn chng hn nh UTC. Nt 1 dn nhn thi gian s kin ti thi im
L
1
(t ), v gi ny phi chuyn qua cc nt 1 3 5 9 8 14 15 my thu.
Thm vo , gi thit rng cc nt to ra cc min qung b c ch ra theo cc vng trn.
Quan st thy rng cc nt 5, 8, v 9 l cc thnh vin ca nhiu min qung b. Nt ngun 1
l cng min qung b nh nt 3 k tip n v do nt 1 c th s dng cc c lng v
lch pha ca n v tc lch ca nt 3 bin i nhn thi gian L
1
(t) thnh L
3
(t). Nt 1
dn nhn thi gian gi tin s kin khng phi vi nhn thi gian ca bn thn n m vi L
3
(t).
Nt 3, da trn vic nhn c gi tin ny, lm mt quyt nh nh tuyn v suy ra rng nt
5 l bc nhy k tip. May l nt 5 trong cng mt min qung b nh i vi nt 3 v nt
3 do c th bin i nhn thi gian nhn c L
3
(t ) thnh L
5
(t). Qu trnh ny c tip
tc cho n khi gi tin tin ti my thu. Nt cui cng trc my thu, nt 15, l nm trong
cng min qung b vi my thu, ni gi thi gian UTC. Mt ln na, nt 15 bit lch pha
ca n v tc lch i vi my thu v do c th bin i nhn thi gian L
15
(t ) thnh
thi gian UTC.
Cc im sau l ng ch :
- Nt thu nhn mt nhn thi gian s kin trong trc thi gian UTC.
- Mi nt gi trc thi gian cc b ca n v vic bin i nhn thi gian c th c
tch hp vi vic chuyn tip gi tin. Thc t, khi nt i phi quyt nh v mt s
chuyn tip c kh nng xy ra, ch cc ng c vin j m c mt min qung b
ging nh vi i mi l cc ng c vin ph hp. iu ny yu cu rng i vi nt i
v mt nt chuyn tip c kh nng xy ra j, tn ti mt nt th ba m cc gi tin

196
xung ca n c th c nghe bi c i v j. iu ny c th khng lun tn ti trong
cc mng cm bin tha tht.
- Khng c thng tin lin quan n ng b thi gian. ng b thi gian phi c sn
ton mng.
- Nu li ng b mt bc nhy n c phn loi bi mt phn b thng thng
vi trung bnh bng 0 v lch tiu chun v nu cc li ng b ca cc bc
nhy khc nhau l c lp, th sau n bc nhy li ng b l hm Gaussian vi
trung bnh bng 0 v lch tiu chun n . o . Tc pht trin ny cng c xc
nh bng cc php o.

Hnh 8.6 Nhiu min qung b

Bng cch no to ra cc min qung b
Mt trong cc im m trong RBS l bng cch no cc min qung b c to thnh
v bng cch no n c th m bo rng mt ng bin i thi gian tn ti mt cch thc
s gia hai nt mong mun, chng hn nh gia mt cm bin v mt nt thu.

Hnh 8.7 Tch hp gi tin, chuyn tip v bin i nhn thi gian

Chng ta hy nhn vo hai kch bn khc nhau (Hnh 8.7). Trong tiu ch u tin, s
lng cc nt tnh hot ng nh cc my pht xung chuyn dng v cng nh cc b chuyn
tip gi tin; chng c trnh by nh l cc vng trn trong hnh v. Cc nt cm bin thng
thng (c trnh by nh cc hnh ch nht) trong phm vi ca mt my pht xung khng
cn thit phi c cc nt ln cn trung gian c ng b. Cc nt cm bin dn nhn thi
gian cc gi tin xung, pht cc quan st ca n ti my pht xung, my pht xung tnh ton
cc lch pha v cc tc lch tng ng cho mi cp nt cm bin v phn phi cc
kt qu tr li. Do , mt min qung b c to nn bi phm vi truyn dn ca my pht
xung. Mt nt cm bin i sp sa chuyn tip mt gi tin c hai ty chn:
Ngun
My thu

197
- N c th t xc nh nt cm bin j khc trong cng mt min qung b chuyn
tip gi tin ti . Nu c hai l cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy, nt i c th bin i
nhn thi gian v gi gi tin trc tip ti j. iu ny c ch ra bi cc vng cung
nt m trong hnh 8.7. Trong trng hp khc, nt i c th hi my pht xung
chuyn tip gi tin ti nt j m khng cn thao tc n. Trong c hai trng hp,
khng cn my pht xung gi mt bng vi thng tin bin i.
- N c th chuyn tip gi tin ny ti my pht xung. Trch nhim ca my pht
xung l tra bng mt nt k v j v bin i nhn thi gian (c ch ra bi cc
ng gch ngang trong hnh 8.7). Do , cn phi c my pht xung gi mt
bng vi cc tham s bin i.
Trong mi trng hp, my pht xung khng li dng ng h cc b ca n v do
khng cn thit phi c ng b vi cc nt cm bin ca n. Trong c hai trng hp, cc
min qung b nn c la chn nh sau:
- Mi nt cm bin l mt thnh vin ca t nht mt min qung b.
- Khi mt gi tin sp c chuyn giao t mt nt ngun ti mt nt thu trong mt
min qung b khc, phi c mt dy cc min qung b ln cn trn ng i gia
ngun v my thu v hai min qung b ln cn buc phi chng nhau t nht mt
nt. Cc nt cng ny - gateway nodes (cc nt ch nht vi hai mc xm khc
nhau trong hnh 8.7) bit cc tham s bin i cho tt c cc nt trong c hai min
qung b v do c th bin i cc nhn thi gian. Cn phi c s chng nhau
gia cc min m bo s hin din ca cc nt cng. Mt cch l tng, gia
hai min c hn mt nt cng cho php mt s ti cn bng v chuyn tip.
- S lng ca cc s bin i cn thit gia mt nt ngun v mt nt thu nn nh
trnh mt chnh xc; iu ny yu cu cc min qung b rng. Ni cch khc,
trong cc min rng ln, nhiu gi tin hn phi c trao i v mt cng sut pht
ln phi c s dng n c tt c cc nt ln cn, iu ny lm tiu hao pin
mt cch nhanh chng.
iu ny c th c xem nh mt vn phn nhm (xem chng 10), vi mc ch
l tm cc phn nhm chng ln nhau (overlapping clusters). C mt giao thc phn nhm
dnh ring cho cc mc ch ca RBS. Giao thc ny cho php iu chnh kch thc phn
nhm tm ra s khng dung ha gia vic ti thiu ha s lng cc bc nhy v vic ti
thiu ha s lng cc gi tin/cng sut pht.
Nu khng c sn cc nt dnh ring hoc khi thc t l tt c cc nt bao gm c cc
my pht xung cn thit phi c ng b, cc min qung b buc phi nh hn v tt c
cc thnh vin ca mt min qung b buc phi l cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy c th
trao i cc quan st xung cng nh chuyn tip cc gi tin d liu. Mt min qung b do
l mt tp hp cc nt. Theo kch bn ny mi nt hot ng va nh mt my thu va nh
mt my pht ca cc gi tin xung, v cc quyt nh chuyn tip l b gii hn vo cc nt
ln cn mt bc nhy, cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy ny chia s t nht mt min qung b
vi nt chuyn tip.
8.3.2 Phn tng tham chiu ng b thi gian (HRTS - Hierarchy referencing time
synchronization)

198
Giao thc ng b thi gian c trnh by bi Dai v Han [8]bao gm k thut da
trn mt my thu/my thu v mt my pht/my thu. N bao gm hai giao thc con, hai giao
thc con ny c th hot ng c lp vi nhau. Giao thc Phn tng tham chiu ng b
thi gian (HRTS) tho lun di y l mt k thut my thu/my thu ng b tt c cc nt
trong mt min qung b v thm vo xy dng mt cy ng b ng b cho ton
mng. Vic ng b c kch hot theo chu k bi gc ca cy. Giao thc khc, gi l giao
thc ITR (Individual-based Time Request - Yu cu thi gian da trn c nhn), tuy nhin
giao thc ny khng c tho lun y.
ng b trong mt min qung b
Chng ta gii thch phng php ny bng mt v d, trnh by hnh 8.8. Mt nt dnh
ring, c gi l nt gc hoc trm gc (nt R trong hnh 8.8) kch hot ng b thi gian
ti thi im t
1
(tng ng vi thi gian cc b L
R
(t
1
) bng cch pht qung b mt gi tin
thng bo bt u ng b). Gi tin ny bao gm hai tham s, mt gi tr mc (c gii
thch di y) v nhn dng ca mt trong cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy ca nt R, chng
hn nh nt i. Nt c la chn i dn nhn thi gian gi tin nhn c ti thi im t
2
vi
thi gian cc b ca n L
i
(t
2
). Nt khc dn nhn thi gian cng gi tin ti thi im
'
2
t vi
( )
'
2
t L
j
. Tng t vi RBS, t
2
v
'
2
t c th khc nhau cht t bi v cc s khng chc chn
ngu nhin ca my thu. Bi v nt i tm thy nhn dng ca n trong gi tin, n nh dng
mt gi tin tr li v dn nhn gi tin tr li ny truyn dn ti thi im t
3
vi thi gian
cc b ca n l L
i
(t
3
). C hai nhn thi gian u bao gm L
i
(t
2
) v L
i
(t
3
) trong gi tin tr li.
Nt gc R nhn gi tin v dn nhn thi gian n ti thi im t
4
vi L
R
(t
4
). Nt gc R by gi
c th c lng s b O
R,i
gia ng h cc b ca n v ng h cc b ca nt i trong mt
kiu cch tng t nh giao thc ng b theo cp (pair-wise) ca LTS v TPSN nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 4 1 2
,
t L t L t L t L
O
i R R i
i R

=
Trong bc k tip, nt gc R qung b cc gi tr O v L
i
(t
2
) ti tt c cc nt. By gi,
chng ta hy xem bng cch no cc nt c nhn iu chnh c cc ng h ca chng:
- Nt i n gin tr i s b O
R,i
khi ng h cc b ca n.
- Gi thit rng nt j khc trong cng mt min qung b c s b pha O
j,i
so vi nt
i. Di gi thit rng i v j nhn bt u ng b ti cng thi im, chng ta c t
2
=
'
2
t v L
i
(t
2
)= ( )
'
2
t L
j
+ O
j,i
. Da trn vic nhn c gi tr ng h L
i
(t
2
) t vic
qung b cui cng ca nt gc, nt j c th tnh ton O
j,i
trc tip nh sau O
j,i
=
L
i
(t
2
) - ( )
'
2
t L
j
. Mt khc, bi v
L
i
(t
2
) = L
R
(t
2
) + O
R,i

L
j
(t
2
) = L
r
(t
2
) + O
R,j


chng ta nhn c ( ) ( )
j i j i R R
O t L O t L
,
'
2 , 2
+ = +
m cho

199

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
'
2 2 ,
, ,
2 , , 2
2
'
2
2 2 ,
t L t L O
O O
t L O O t L
t L t L
t L t L O
j i i R
i j i R
R i j i R R
R j
R j j R
=
=
+ =
~
=

Do , nt j c th tnh ton s b pha so vi nt R mt cch trc tip t vic quan st
( )
'
2
t L
j
ca chnh n v cc gi tr t bn tin qung b cui cng, m khng phi trao i bt
c gi tin no vi cc nt khc.


Hnh 8.8 ng b thi gian: ng b trong mt min qung b n l

c im quan trng ca phng php ny l ba gi tin ng b tt c cc nt
ln cn ca nt R theo ng h ca R, bt k s lng ca chng l bao nhiu v liu chng
c nm trong phm vi ca nhau hay khng. i lp vi RBS, cc my thu ca gi tin bt u
ng b khng phi trao i tt c cc quan st ca chng theo kiu theo cp v do giao
thc ny l khng nhy cm i vi mt ca mng.
Dai v Han [8] trnh by mt cch thc nghim rng i vi mt min qung b n l
cng nh qua nhiu bc nhy, giao thc HRTS v RBS c xp x cng phn b cc li ng
b khi tin hnh mt lng ln cc php lp. Tng t nh cc giao thc khc, s khng chc
chn thu v pht c th gim i bng cch dn nhn thi gian cc gi tin i ra cng mun cng
tt v dn nhn thi gian cc gi tin i vo cng sm cng tt.
Dn nhn thi
gian vi L
i
(t
2
)
Dn nhn thi
gian tr li vi
L
i
(t
3
)
Dn nhn thi
gian vi L
R
(t
4
)
Tnh ton b O
Dn nhn thi
gian vi L
j
(t
2
)

200
Mc du khng cn thit i vi vic thc hin phng php ny, Dai v Han [8]gi
thit chy giao thc ny trn mt knh MAC tch bit. Mc ch l tch bit thng tin
truyn i lin quan n ng b vi thng tin d liu ngi s dng v do lm gim xc
sut ca xung t v cc tr truy cp ng truyn khi nt i c chn tr li gi tin bt u
ng b ca nt gc. R rng l, nt gc gi gi tin bt u ng b trn mt knh iu
khin v bao gm cc thng s ca knh dnh ring khc, knh ng h. C nt gc v nt
c chn i chuyn sang knh ng h v i pht gi tin tr li ca n. Cui cng th nt gc
pht qung b gi tin cha L
i
(t
2
) v O mt ln na trn knh iu khin. Tt c cc nt khc
c th tip tc chuyn tip cc gi tin d liu nh R v i trao i cc gi tin ca chng.
ng b mng qua a bc nhy
Chng ta gi thit rng ton b mng l tnh v c ni v c t nht mt nt tham
chiu c truy cp ti mt ngun thi gian ngoi v do ti thi gian UTC; c th c nhiu
nt tham chiu. Cc nt tham chiu c ch nh mc 0 v tr thnh cc nt gc cho cc
nt ln cn mt bc nhy ca chng. Chng kch hot vic ti ng b theo chu k, theo
giao thc c m t trong phn trc. Mc ny c bao gm trong gi tin bt u ng
b. Tt c cc nt x s tun theo mt quy lut n gin. Chng duy tr mt bin mc cc b,
c bt u vi mt gi tr ln. Nu mt nt thu mt gi tin bt u ng b vi mt gi
tr mc l thc s nh hn so vi bin mc ca bn thn n, nt chp nhn gi tin, t mc
ca bn thn n bng gi tr mc nhn c cng thm 1, v tr thnh mt nt gc ca chnh
n, bt u ng b vi cc nt ln cn ca n sau khi vic kch hot vng ng b kt thc.
Trong trng hp khc, nu mc thu l ln hn hoc bng vi bin mc ca bn thn n, n
gin l b i gi tin bt u ng b. Qu trnh ny tip tc theo kiu quy cho n khi tin
ti ra ca mng.
Theo cch ny, cc nt lun ng b qua a bc nhy vi nt tham chiu gn nht, v
bin mc ca chng ch ra khong cch nhy. Nu mt nt va c ng b bit mun hn
v mt nt tham chiu gn hn, n n nh cho bn thn n mt mc mi v bt u vic ti
ng b cho cc nt con ca n. Tng chi ph (biu din di dng s lng cc gi tin c
trao i) ca HRTS v RBS c Dai v Han [189] so snh i vi mt kch bn gm 200 nt
t trong mt khu vc c din tch 400 400 m
2
khi bin i mc nt trung bnh. RBS to
ra tng chi ph cao hn nhiu so vi HRTS, tuy nhin, tng chi ph ca HRTS tng ln khi
mt nt tng ln. Mt gii thch cho iu ny c th l s quan st m cc min qung b
ca cc nt mc cao hn l nh hn cc min qung b ca cc nt tham chiu bi v cc
phm vi truyn dn ca cc nt con ln cn b chng nhau. Theo cch ny chng c kh t nt
con.
Giao thc ny c mt c ch thm vo hn ch chiu su ca cy ng b c gc l
mt nt tham chiu. Thm vo tham s mc v nhn dng ca nt tr li, mi gi tin bt u
ng b cng mang mt tham s chiu su, tham s ny c gim dn trong tng mc ca
cy. Vic xy dng cy dng li khi tin ti chiu su bng 0.

201
CU HI N TP CHNG 8

1. S cn thit ca vn ng b thi gian trong WSN?
2. Vn v chnh xc trong ng b thi gian?
3. c im v cu trc ca thut ton ng b thi gian?
4. ng b thi gian trong WSN?
5. Gii thiu khi qut cc giao thc da trn ng b my pht/my thu?
6. Cc phng php tng chnh xc ca cc giao thc?
7. Giao thc ng b thi gian cho cc mng cm bin?
8. Gii thiu khi qut cc giao thc da trn ng b my thu/my thu?
9. Nguyn nhn ca cc li ng b my thu/my thu?
10. So snh RBS v TPSN?
11. Phng php ng b mng qua nhiu bc nhy?
12. c im ca HRTS?







202
CHNG 9. NH V V XC NH V TR

Mc ch ca chng
Chng ny a ra mt tng quan v cc phng php xc nh v tr tng trng
v d: trong phng khch v v tr s - ti cc ta (23,54; 11,87) ca mt nt cm
bin khng dy. Cc c im ca cc phng php ny v cc kh nng chnh i vi mt
nt xc nh thng tin v v tr ca n c tho lun trong chng ny. Cc c s ton
hc cho vic xc nh v tr c gii thiu v trng hp xc nh v tr mt bc nhy v
nhiu bc nhy c m t bng cch s dng vi h thng v d. cui chng ny, ngi
c s hiu c nhng s khng dung ha ch yu trong thit k i vi vic xc nh v tr.
Trong nhiu tnh hung, mt nt trong mt mng cm bin khng dy nu bit c v
tr ca n trong th gii vt l th rt l hu ch hoc thm ch l rt cn thit. V d, cc chc
nng theo du vt hoc pht hin s kin s khng c bit hu ch nu WSN khng th cung
cp bt c thng tin no v vic mt s kin s xy ra u. Thng th lm iu v tr
ca cc nt thng bo phi c bit. Vic nh dng thng tin nh v trong mi nt trong khi
trin khai khng phi l mt ty chn. Tng t, vic trang b mi nt vi mt b thu H
thng nh v Ton cu (GPS) l khng th thc hin c do hn ch v gi thnh v hn
ch trong vic trin khai (chng hn GPS khng hot ng c trong nh).
Chng ny gii thiu nhiu k thut khc nhau v vic bng cch no cc nt cm bin
c th bit c v tr ca chng mt cch t ng, hoc l hon ton t ng bng cch da
vo phng tin ca bn thn WSN hoc bng cch s dng mt s h tr t h tng c s
bn ngoi.
9.1 Cc c im ca quy trnh nh v v xc nh v tr
S hiu bit bng trc gic n gin v cung cp thng tin nh v cho mt nt c mt
s cc kha cnh m nn c phn loi thc hin cc ty chn cho mt quy trnh nh v
r rng. Cc c im quan trng nht l:
V tr vt l so vi v tr biu tng: h thng cung cp d liu v v tr vt l ca mt nt
(trong h thng ta s no ) hoc mt nt bit v mt v tr biu tng v d, trong
phng khch, vn phng 123 trong ta nh 4? Thm vo , n c th ph hp vi v tr
vt l vi mt tn v tr mang tnh biu tng?
Trong khi hai khi nim ny l khc nhau, th cng khng c mt thut ng nht qun
no trong ti liu vic xc nh v tr v nh v thng c s dng hon i cho nhau. Xu
hng l s dng nh v nh mt thut ng chung. Chng ta phi da trn tnh hung
phn bit gia hai thut ng ny.
Ta tuyt i v ta tng i: Mt h thng ta tuyt i l hp l cho tt c cc
i tng v c nhng trong mt khung tham chiu chung no . V d: cc v tr trong
cc ta UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) to ra mt h thng ta tuyt i cho bt
c v tr no trn tri t. Mt khc, cc ta tng i, c th khc i vi bt k i tng
c nh v no hoc tp hp ca cc i tng v d: mt WSN cc nt c cc ta
, cc ta ny l ng i vi nhau nhng khng c mi quan h no i vi cc ta
tuyt i.

203
cung cp cc ta tuyt i, vi ngun tin cy (nt neo - anchors) l cn thit (t
nht l ba ngun tin cy i vi mt h thng hai chiu). Cc ngun tin cy ny l cc nt
m bit v tr ca bn thn chng trong h thng ta tuyt i. Cc ngun tin cy c th
xoay, tnh tin, v c th t l vi mt h thng ta tng i do n trng vi h thng
ta tuyt i. Cc nt neo ny cng c gi chung l n hiu - beacons hocmc
gii - landmarks trong ti liu.
Tnh ton cc b so vi tnh ton tp trung: C bt c tnh ton theo yu cu no c
thc hin mt cch cc b bi cc i tng tham gia, trn c s ca vi php o c sn mang
tnh cc b hoc l cc php o c thng bo cho mt trm trung tm, trm trung tm ny
tnh ton cc v tr hoc cc nh v v phn phi chng ngc tr li cho cc i tng tham
gia hay khng? Bn cnh cc mi quan tm v t l v v hiu sut (c hai u c ngha i
vi tng chi ph cho vic truyn thng v tnh ton), y cc vn ring t l quan trng
khi mt i tng tham gia c th khng mong mun l v tr ca n cho mt thc th
trung tm.
chnh xc tuyt i v chnh xc tng i (Accuracy v Precision): Hai thng s
xng ng c quan tm nht i vi mt h thng nh v l chnh xc tuyt i v
chnh xc tng i ca kt qu. Xc nh v tr chnh xc tuyt i l khong cch ln nht
gia v tr thc s v v tr c lng ca mt thc th ( chnh xc cao biu th mt s sai
lch cc i nh). chnh xc tng i l mt t s, vi t s ny mt chnh xc tuyt
i cho c t ti, c ly trung bnh trn nhiu c gng lp li xc nh mt v tr.
V d: mt h thng c th yu cu cung cp mt chnh xc tuyt i l 20-cm vi
chnh xc tng i t nht l 95%. Hin nhin, cc gi tr chnh xc tuyt i v chnh
xc tng i ch c ngha khi chng c xem xt cng nhau, to thnh c im chnh
xc tuyt i/ chnh xc tng i ca mt h thng.

Hnh 9.1 Xc nh v tr ca cc nt cm bin vi s h tr t mt s cc im neo;
khng phi tt c cc nt l cn thit trong giao tip vi tt c cc nt neo.
Phm vi: mt h thng c th c d kin cho cc phm vi khc nhau, v d - trong vic
trin khai trong nh kch thc ca mt phng hoc mt ta nh hoc - trong vic trin khai
bn ngoi nh mt ch xe hoc thm ch mt hot ng trn ton cu. Hai vn quan
trng y l khu vc m h thng c th bao ph trn mt n v c s h tng v s lng
ca cc i tng c th nh v trn mt n v c s h tng trong mt khong thi gian.

204
Cc hn ch: i vi mt s cc k thut xc nh v tr, c cc hn ch trin khai c hu. V
d: GPS khng lm vic trong nh; cc h thng khc th ch b gii hn v cc phm vi,
ngha l chng ch hot ng trong cc phm vi ny.
Gi thnh: Cc h thng xc nh v tr gy ra chi ph v mt thi gian (ci t h tng, qun
l), v mt khng gian (kch thc thit b, khng gian cho h tng), nng lng (trong sut
qu trnh hot ng), v vn (gi thnh ca mt nt, ci t h tng).
Hnh 9.1 minh ha vn xc nh v tr. Cc hnh v trong chng ny s dng biu
tng im truy cp biu th cc nt neo cho d phn bit. Tuy nhin, ngi ta c th
ch ra rng cc nt cm bin thng thng ch c th c s dng tt nh cc nt neo, min
l chng bit v v tr ca chng. Thm vo , mt h thng xc nh v tr hoc nh v c
th c s dng cung cp s tha nhn hoc s phn loi cc i tng; c im ny t
quan trng hn trong bi cnh WSN hoc nu c s dng th thng khng c xem xt
nh mt phn ca h thng nh v.
9.2 Cc phng php c th
C ba phng php chnh tn ti xc nh v tr ca mt nt: s dng thng tin v
mt nt ln cn ca nt (cc phng php da trn s gn gi), khai thc cc c im hnh
hc ca mt bi cnh cho (php c tam gic v php o ba cnh tam gic), v c gng
phn tch cc c im tiu biu ca v tr ca mt nt so vi cc c im c o trc
(phn tch cnh).
9.2.1 Phng php da trn s gn gi
K thut n gin nht l khai thc phm vi hu hn ca truyn thng khng dy. N c
th c s dng xc nh liu mt nt m mun xc nh v tr ca n hoc nh v c
nm trong vng ln cn (trong s gn gi) ca mt nt neo hay khng. Trong khi iu ny
ch cung cp thng tin th, th cc thng tin ny c th l hon ton . V d: s hn ch t
nhin ca vic truyn thng bng sng hng ngoi l cc bc tng, cc bc tng ny c th
c dng cung cp cho mt nt cc thng tin nh v n gin v ci phng m nt
trong .
Cc h thng da trn s gn gi c th kh phc tp v thm ch chng c th c s
dng xp x v tr khi mt nt c th phn tch thng tin gn gi ca vi nt neo chng
nhau. Chng cng c th l tng i hiu qu i vi cc s khng chc chn ca knh
khng dy quyt nh liu mt nt nm trong vng ln cn ca nt khc c tng ng vi
vic quyt nh kt ni, cc kt ni m c th xy ra trong cc phm vi thi gian tng i
di, ly trung bnh cc s thay i bt thng ngn hn.
9.2.2 Php c tam gic (triangulation) v php o ba cnh tam gic (Trilateration)
Cnh bn i vi s to thnh gc
Thm vo thng tin kt ni/vng ln cn, vic truyn thng gia hai nt thng cho
php rt ra thng tin v mi quan h hnh hc ca chng. V d: khong cch gia hai nt
hoc gc trong mt tam gic c th c c lng bng cch no iu ny c tho lun
trong hai phn nh sau y. S dng hnh hc s cp, thng tin ny c th c s dng
thu thp thng tin v cc v tr ca nt. Khi cc khong cch gia cc thc th c s dng,
phng php ny c gi l Cnh bn; khi cc gc gia cc nt c s dng, phng php

205
ny gi l s to thnh gc. i vi cnh bn trn mt mt phng, trng hp n gin nht
l mt nt c cc php o khong cch chnh xc ti ba nt neo khng ng tuyn tnh. Vic
m rng ti mt khng gian ba chiu l khng quan trng (cn bn nt neo); tt c tho lun
di y s tp trung vo trng hp hai chiu cho n gin. S dng cc khong cch v cc
v tr nt neo, v tr ca nt phi l giao im ca ba vng trn xung quanh cc nt neo
(Hnh 9.2).
Vn y l, trn thc t, cc php o khong cch l khng bao gi hon ho v
giao im ca ba vng trn ny ni chung s khng cho kt qu l mt im n l. khc
phc s khng hon ho ny, cc php o khong cch to ra nhiu hn ci m ba nt neo c
th c s dng, gy ra vn a cnh (multilateration). S a cnh l gii php k thut
li, c s dng v ti s dng trong nhiu h thng c th c m t di y. Cc chi tit
ton hc ca n c a ra phn 9.3.
S to thnh gc khai thc s tht rng trong mt tam gic mi khi chiu di ca hai
cnh v hai gc l bit th v tr ca im th ba c bit nh l giao im ca hai cnh
cn li ca tam gic. Vn ca cc php o khng chnh xc cng tng ln y v cng c
th c gii quyt bng cch s dng nhiu php o.
Xc nh cc khong cch

Hnh 9.2 Php c tam gic bi ba vng trn giao nhau

s dng (nhiu) cnh bn, yu cu phi c cc c lng ca cc khong cch ti
nt neo. Qu trnh lp phm vi l tng c tc dng thc y cc iu kin thun li c
sn trong mt nt khng dy, c bit l thit b truyn thng v tuyn. Cc c im ca
truyn thng khng dy c xc nh mt phn bi khong cch gia my pht v my thu,
v nu cc c im ny c th o c pha my thu, th chng c th c s dng nh
mt b c lng khong cch. Cc c im quan trng nht l B ch th ln tn hiu thu
(RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indicator), Thi gian n (ToA - Time of Arrival),v s
khc bit thi gian n (TdoA - Time Difference of Arrival).

206
Nu b ch th ln tn hiu thu P
tx
, m hnh suy hao ng truyn, v h s suy hao
ng truyn l bit, th my thu c th s dng ln tn hiu thu c P
rcvd
c li
gii v khong cch d trong mt phng trnh suy hao ng truyn nh sau:
o
o
rcvd
tx tx
rcvd
P
P
c d
d
P
c P = =
iu ny l hp dn bi v khng cn phi thm phn cng no v chng ta c th nhn
c cc c lng khong cch thm ch khng cn chi ph thm cho vic truyn thng ang
din ra. Tuy nhin, nhc im l cc gi tr RSSI khng phi l hng s nhng c th dao
ng mnh, thm ch khi my thu v my pht khng di chuyn. iu ny gy ra bi cc tc
ng ging nh fading nhanh v s bin i ca mi trng phm vi ca li c th l 50%.
i vi mc no , tc ng ny c th b mt tc dng bi cc php o lp li v lc i
cc gi tr khng ng bng cc k thut thng k. Thm vo , cc b thu pht v tuyn n
gin, r tin thng khng c kim chun v cng mt ln tn hiu thc t c th to ra
cc gi tr RSSI khc nhau trn cc thit b khc nhau; tng t, cng sut truyn dn thc t
ca b thu pht ny cho thy nhng s tri ngc nhau trong cng sut d kin. Mt vn
th ba l s c mt ca cc vt cn kt hp vi fading a ng. y, khi s suy gim
ca tn hiu dc theo mt ng gin tip ln hn s suy gim ca tn hiu dc theo mt
ng trc tip c th dn n vic gi thit khng chnh xc mt khong cch l di hn
khong cch thc t. Khi n l mt vn cu trc, n khng th b tc ng bi cc php o
lp i lp li.

Hnh 9.3 Bn cht ngu nhin ca vic nh x cc gi tr RSSI ti cc khong cch [25].

Mt s xem xt chi tit hn ch ra rng nh x cc gi tr RSSI ti cc khong cch thc t l
mt qu trnh ngu nhin. V d: Ramadurai v Sichitiu [25] thu thp, i vi vi khong
cch, cc v d lp i lp li ca cc gi tr RSSI trong mt thit lp mi trng m. Sau ,
h m xem c bao nhiu ln mi khong cch a ra mt gi tr RSSI cho v tnh ton
mt ca bin ngu nhin ny Hnh 9.3(a) trnh by hm mt xc sut i vi mt gi
tr n cho ca RSSI, Hnh 9.3(b) cho nhiu gi tr. Ni ring, thng tin c cung cp bi
cc gi tr RSSI nh, ch th cc khong cch di hn, l b hn ch khi mt c tri rng.

207
Suy ra, khi s dng RSSI nh mt k thut lp phm vi, cn thit phi chp nhn v gii
quyt cc li v phm vi ng k hoc x l u ra ca qu trnh lp phm vi nh mt kt
qu khng tin nh (stochastic) v bt u vi kt qu .
Thi gian n
Thi gian n (ToA) (i khi c gi l thi gian bay - time of flight) khai thc mi
quan h gia khong cch v thi gian truyn dn khi bit tc truyn lan. Gi thit rng c
my pht v my thu u bit thi gian ny khi mt s truyn dn (v d: mt xung siu m
ngn) bt u, thi gian n ca s truyn dn ti my thu c th c s dng tnh ton
thi gian truyn lan v do tnh ton khong cch. lm nh bt trch nhim ny ca my
thu, my thu c th tr li bt k xung o nhn c no trong mt thi gian tin nh; sau
my thu gc ch phi o thi gian ca mt vng vi gi thit cc ng l i xng.
Ph thuc vo mi trng truyn dn ang s dng, thi gian n yu cu cc ng h
phi c phn gii rt cao to ra cc kt qu c chnh xc c th chp nhn c. i
vi cc sng m, cc yu cu gii php ny l bnh thng; tuy nhin chng l rt kh i vi
s truyn lan sng v tuyn.
Mt nhc im ca m thanh l tc truyn lan ca n ph thuc vo cc nhn t
bn ngoi chng hn nh nhit hoc m do cn thit phi ly chun cn thn nhng
khng bt buc.
S khc bit thi gian n (TDoA)
khc phc s cn phi c ng b hin, phng php S khc bit thi gian n
(TDoA) s dng s ng b n bng cch cung cp trc tip s bt u ca thng tin truyn
dn cho my thu. iu ny c th c thc hin nu s dng hai mi trng truyn dn c
cc tc truyn lan rt khc nhau v d: cc sng v tuyn truyn lan tc nh sng v
siu m, vi tc khc nhau khong 6 bc bin ( 21C: tc ca nh sng trong chn
khng l 299.792.458 m/s, tc sng siu m trong khng kh vo khong 344 m/s). Suy
ra, khi mt my pht bt u mt truyn dn sng siu m v mt truyn dn sng v tuyn
mt cch ng thi, my thu c th s dng s n ca truyn dn sng v tuyn bt u
o thi gian cho n khi truyn dn sng siu m n, b qua mt cch an ton thi gian
truyn lan ca s truyn thng v tuyn. (Trong thc t, iu ny ging vi iu xy ra khi
mt ngi c lng khong cch ti mt cn bo c sm bng cch tnh s giy gia nh
chp v ting sm).
Nhc im hin nhin ca phng php ny l mi nt cn thit phi c c hai loi:
my pht v my thu. Mt khc, u im l chnh xc tt hn nhiu so vi cc phng
php da trn RSSI. Khi nim ny v cc bin th ca n c s dng trong nhiu n lc
nghin cu khc nhau v theo nh cng b th cc chnh xc gim xung ti 2 cm.
Tho lun
C mt s khng dung ha r rng gia li lp phm vi v gi thnh/ phc tp. Cc
phng php da trn RSSI l n gin hn v lm vic vi phn cng m n yu cu; Cc
phng php da trn TDoA cung cp cc kt qu lp phm vi cao hn nhng cn nhiu phn
cng hn v phn cng cng phc tp hn, iu ny cng dn n tiu th nng lng nhiu
hn. Do cu hi m l liu c th gii quyt vn xc nh v tr thc t hoc nh v da

208
trn cc php o d xy ra li c cc phng php da trn RSSI cung cp hoc liu tng
chi ph cho TDoA l khng th trnh c.
Cn phi lm thm nhiu cng vic vic thc hin cc php o phm vi c tin cy
cao hn, v d: bng cch s dng phm vi m hc tng phn vi suy gim tn s v
tuyn hoc bng cch xem xt cc nh hng c gii thiu bi cc gi tr RSSI lng t
ha (thc t th cc h thng gn gi c th xem nh cc lng t ha c/khng ca RSSI).
Xc nh cc gc
thay th cho vic o cc khong cch gia cc nt, ngi ta o cc gc. Gc ny c
th hoc l gc ca mt ng kt ni gia mt nt neo v mt nt khng bit v tr vi mt
hng tham chiu cho (0 bc). N cng c th l gc gia hai ng kt ni ny nu
khng c hng tham chiu no ti tt c cc nt c bit chung (hnh 9.4).

Hnh 9.4 Gc to bi hai nt neo

Mt phng php truyn thng o cc gc l s dng cc anten c hng (cc anten
m ch gi tin/ nhn tin theo mt hng cho), quay trn trc ca chng, ging nh trm
radar hoc mt ngn hi ng truyn thng. iu ny lm cho cc php o gc mang tnh khi
nim n gin, nhng cc thit b ny l kh khng ph hp i vi cc nt cm bin; chng
c th l hu ch i vi vic h tr cc nt neo c s.
Mt k thut khc l khai thc tc truyn lan hu hn ca tt c cc sng. Vi nhiu
anten gn trn mt thit b vi khong cch gia cc anten l bit v o s khc bit thi
gian gia sng n ca tn hiu ti cc anten khc nhau, hng t mt sng ti thit b c
th c tnh ton. Khong cch gia cc anten cng nh, chnh xc ca s khc bit thi
gian phi cng cao, iu ny gy ra cc yu cu nh thi kh thc hin khi cho trc kch
thc nh nh mong mun ca cc nt cm bin.
Tm li, vic xc nh gc l k thut t c tho lun so vi k thut cnh.
9.2.3 Phn tch cnh
Mt k thut khc l phn tch cnh. Dng ca n l phn tch cc bc nh chp bi
my nh v c gng ly c v tr t bc nh ny. iu ny yu cu n lc tnh ton ng k
v kh c th ph hp vi cc nt cm bin.
Nhng ngoi tr cc bc nh o, c im c th o c khc l du vn tay ca
mt v tr cho c th c s dng cho vic phn tch cnh, v d: cc mu truyn lan sng

209
v tuyn. Mt ty chn l s dng cc php o ln tn hiu ca (mt hoc nhiu nt neo)
ang truyn dn mt ln tn hiu bit v so snh cc gi tr o c thc t vi cc gi
tr c lu trong c s d liu ca cc gi tr o c khi mng khng hot ng (off-line)
trc ca mi v tr. S dng cc c im vt l khc nh c tnh a ng cng c th
bit c.
Trong khi vic phn tch cnh l ng quan tm i vi cc h thng m c pha trin
khai dnh ring v ni m cc php o khi mng khng hot ng (off-line) c chp nhn,
iu ny khng lun lun xy ra i vi cc mng WSN. Suy ra, phng php ny khng
phi l tiu im ca s quan tm y.
9.3 C s ton hc cho cc vn cnh
Do (nhiu) cnh l mt trong nhng cc k thut ph bin nht cho vic xc nh v tr
c p dng trong cc mng WSN v cung cp nh mt k thut nguyn thy cho mt s
cc phng php c tho lun pha sau. Chng ta cn phn tch k hn cc php ton trong
k thut ny.
9.3.1 Gii php vi ba nt neo v sa li cc gi tr khong cch
Gi thit rng c ba nt neo vi cc v tr bit (x, y
i
), i = 1, . . . , 3, mt nt ti v tr
khng bit (x
u
, y
u
), v cc gi tr khong cch hon ho r
i
, i = 1, . . . , 3. T l thuyt Pytago,
dn n mt h ba phng trnh nh sau:
(x
i
x
u
)
2
+ (y
i
y
u
)
2
= r
i
2
vi i = 1, . . . , 3. (9.1)
gii h cc phng trnh ny, d dng hn khi vit n nh mt h cc phng trnh
tuyn tnh theo x
u
v y
u
. lm iu ny, phi loi b cc thut ng bc hai
2
u
x v
2
u
y . iu
ny c th nhn c bng cch tr phng trnh th ba khi hai phng trnh u, kt qu l
cn hai phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
r r y y y y x x x x
u u u u
= + (9.2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
r r y y y y x x x x
u u u u
= + (9.3)
Sp xp li ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1 1 3 1 3
2 2 y y x x r r y y y x x x
u u
= + (9.4)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2 2 3 2 3
2 2 y y x x r r y y y x x x
u u
= + (9.5)
Chng ta c th d dng vit li thnh phng trnh ma trn tuyn tnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(



=
(



2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2 3 2 3
1 3 1 3
2
y y x x r r
y y x x r r
y
x
y y x x
y y x x
u
u
(9.6)
trong ma trn bn pha tri v bn pha phi ch bao gm cc hng s bit.
V d 9.1 (Xc nh v tr) s dng cc v tr v d ca hnh 9.2 (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 1), (x
2
, y
2
) =
(5, 4), and (x
3
, y
3
) = (8, 2) vi cc khong cch gia cc nt neo v nt m khng bit v tr
3 , 2 , 10
3 2 1
= = = r r r , phng trnh 9.6 tr thnh
,
22
64
2 3
1 6
2
(

=
(

u
u
y
x
(9.7)

210
Cho kt qu x
u
= 5 and y
u
= 2 l v tr ca cc nt cha bit.
9.3.2 Gii quyt vn cc li khong cch
Thch thc thc s i vi php c tam gic tng ln khi cc php o khong cch
khng hon ho nhng ch cc c lng
~
r vi mt li cha bit c l bit. Gii cc
phng trnh trn vi
i i
r r
i
c + =
~
ni chung l s cho cc gi tr ng i vi cc v tr cha
bit (x
u
, y
u
).
Gii php trc gic cho vn ny l s dng nhiu hn ba nt neo v cc php o
khong cch d tha tnh ton li trong mi php o c nhn. V mt ton hc, iu ny
bin cc phng trnh trn thnh mt h thng cc phng trnh xc nh qu
(overdetermined system of equations), c vit di dng ma trn nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(



=
(

(
(
(




2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
1 1
1 1
2
n n n n n n
n n n
u
u
n n n n
n n
y y x x r r
y y x x r r
y
x
y y x x
y y x x
M M M (9.8)
i vi mt h thng xc nh qu ca phng trnh tuyn tnh nh vy, mt gii php
c th c tnh ton gim ti thiu li bnh phng trung bnh, ngha l gii php l
cp (x
u
, y
u
) m ti thiu ha
2
b A x , trong 0,5A l ma trn bn tay tri (mt ma trn n
1 2), x = (x
u
, y
u
) l vit tt cho vecto m t v tr cha bit, v b bn tay phi (mt vecto
hng n 1) t phng trnh (9.8). Bi v
2
. , dng chun 2 (2-norm) ca mt vecto (cn bc
hai ca tng cc bnh phng ca cc thnh phn vecto), c ti thiu ha, iu ny phn
nh li gii cho v tr m tha mn tt nht, vi li trung bnh nh nht, tt c cc s rng
buc v tr t tt c n nt neo.
tm ra mt gii php cho vn ti thiu ha ny, hy xem biu din cho bnh
phng ca 2-tiu chun trn. Hy quan st rng i vi bt k vecto v no, ||v||
2
2
= v
T
v.
Suy ra,
||Ax - b||
2
2
= (Ax - b)
T
(Ax - b) = x
T
A
T
Ax 2x
T
A
T
b + b
T
b (9.9)
Ti thiu ha biu din ny tng ng vi vic ti thiu ha li bnh phng trung
bnh. V vic ny nh mt hm trong x, gradient ca n phi c t bng 0:
2A
T
Ax 2A
T
b = 0 A
T
Ax = A
T
b. (9.10)
Phng trnh (9.10) c gi l phng trnh chun tc i vi vn bnh phng
nh nht tuyn tnh. Phng trnh ny c mt li gii duy nht di cc iu kin no (A
phi c bc y ). C nhiu phng php khc nhau gii phng trnh ny, v d: khai
trin Cholesky.
V d 9.2 (cc v tr vi thng tin khng chnh xc) minh ha khi nim ny. Hy xem v d
trc , gi thit rng i vi ba nt neo ch c sn cc c lng v tr khng chnh xc
4 , 1 , 5 3
~
2
~
1
~
= = = r r r . Gii phng trnh kt qu tng ng vi phng trnh 9.7 cho v tr
khng chnh xc (5,2; 4,8) vi mt khong cch l ( ) ( ) 2 , 2 2 2 , 4 5 2 , 5
2 2
~ + gia v tr
c lng v v tr chnh xc. (Ch l khng cn gii php bnh phng trung bnh).

211
Thm cc nt neo vo (x
4
, y
4
) = (3, 1), (x
5
, y
5
) = (7, 5), (x
6
, y
6
) = (2, 8), v (x
7
, y
7
) = (4,
6) vi cc c lng khong cch , 7 , 3 , 2 6
~
5
~
4
~
= = = r r r v , 4 7
~
= r s ci thin s c lng
ny. Thu c ma trn kt qu A v ma trn b pha bn tay phi l:

A =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

2 2
1 3
5 1
4 4
2 1
5 2
b =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

17
29
30
16
4
56
(9.11)

Gii A
T
Ax = A
T
b cho x thu c kt qu l x = (5,5; 2,7), vi mt li khong cch bng
(5,5 5)
2
+ (2,7 2)
2
0,86.
Suy ra, hnh thc ny cho php tnh ton v tr vi li bnh phng trung bnh nh nht
ngoi n 3 nt neo vi s c mt ca cc li trong cc php o khong cch. S khi qut
cho ba chiu l hin nhin, v d: ngi ta tho lun bng cch no a s c lng tc
truyn lan cha bit (trong hon cnh ca mt h thng lp phm vi TDoA) vo trong vn
ti u ha ny.
9.4 Xc nh v tr trong cc mi trng a bc nhy
Tt c cc phng php v cc khi nim trong vic xc nh v tr trong mi trng
mt bc nhy u gi thuyt rng mt nt ang c gng xc nh v tr ca n c th truyn
thng trc tip ni chung vi vi nt neo. Gi thuyt ny khng lun lun ng trong mt
mng cm bin khng dy khng phi tt c cc nt c giao tip trc tip vi t nht ba nt
neo. Cc c ch l cn thit, c th bng cch ny hay cch khc i mt vi s hn ch v
mt a l c sn ca phm vi (tng i) chnh xc hoc thng tin v tr. Cc c ch ny v
cc phng php c m t y. Trong dng ny hay dng khc, cc phng php u da
trn s tht rng i vi mt biu kt ni y vi chiu di ca cc cnh bit, ngi
ta c th ti cu trc vic nhng n trong mt phng (hoc trong khng gian ba chiu).
9.4.1 S kt ni trong mt mng a bc nhy
Mt chng trnh bn xc nh cng thc kh thi
Phng php u tin [10]i vi vn xc nh v tr a bc nhy (ch yu) da
trn thng tin kt ni v xem xt vic xc nh v tr nh l mt vn kh thi. Gi thit rng
cc v tr ca n nt neo u c bit v cc v tr ca m nt l sp c xc nh, gi thit
rng kt ni gia hai nt bt k ch c kh nng xy ra nu cc nt cch nhau ti a R n v
khong cch, v rng bit kt ni gia hai nt bt k. S tht l hai nt c ni a ra
mt s rang buc i vi vn kh thi i vi hai nt c kt ni, ngi ta khng th
chn cc v tr khi m t cc nt xa hn khong cch R. i vi mt nt n, nhiu yu cu
bt buc c th tn ti n ni m cc yu cu ny phi c tha mn mt cch ng thi
hi ging vi cc vng trn chng nhau nh trn, cc vng trn m gii hn cc v tr c th
ca mt nt.

212
Trn c s ca cng thc ny, Doherty [10]cung cp mt thng tin v vn kh thi
nh mt chng trnh bn nh ngha (mt khi qut ca cc chng trnh tuyn tnh). Vn
ny c th c gii quyt, nhng ch mt cch tp trung, yu cu tt c cc thng tin kt ni
ti mt im.
S quan st ch yu y l trong cng thc ny, s tht l hai nt khng c kt
ni khng cung cp bt c thng tin thm no ngi ta khng th vit ra mt yu cu bt
buc trong mt chng trnh bn nh ngha rng hai nt cch nhau t nht mt khong cch
cho; cc nt c th l c y ra xa. Nh mt v d h qu, mt chui tuyn tnh cc
nt vi ch mt nt neo trong chui c th c phn bit t mt tnh hung m trong tt
c cc nt t hp li quanh nt neo. iu ny ng rng cc nt neo nn c t mt cch
kho lo hn ti cc ng bin ca mng, p t cng nhiu yu cu bt buc ko ra xa
cng tt. Vic sp t c iu khin nh vy lm gim ng k li xc nh v tr trung bnh
so vi vic sp t nt neo mt cch ngu nhin. Doherty [10]cng tho lun cc bin i v
cc m rng ca tng chnh ny. Ni ring th vic s dng cc c lng ca khong
cch thc t ny ch thay cho gii hn trn xut pht t kt ni; thng tin gc thay th cho cc
phm vi (ly cm hng t thng tin quang trc tip); v tnh ton cc gii hn ca li v tr
bng cch gii quyt nhiu vn kh thi. Tuy nhin, do c im tp trung ha ch yu ca
n, khi nim ny ch c p dng c gii hn cho cc WSN.
Chia t l a chiu
Cng mt vn c bn ca phm vi t do, vic nh v da trn kt ni c Shang
[28] gii quyt s dng cng thc ton hc Chia t l a chiu (MDS - MultiDimensional
Scaling). Trn c s ca kt ni gia cc nt, mt thut ton ng truyn ngn nht cho tt
c cc cp c lng xp x cc v tr ca cc nt. MDS ci thin c lng ban u ny, v
nu cc nt vi thng tin v tr tuyt i l c sn, th cc ta kt qu c chun ha mt
cch chnh xc.
Tham kho ti liu [28] bit thm chi tit v k thut ton hc ny. u im chnh
ca phng php ny l n kh n nh i vi vic sp t nt neo, nhn c cc kt
qu tt thm ch ch c sn vi nt neo hoc vi nt neo c t, v d nh trong mng ny.
Thm vo ngi ta thy rng MDS cng ph hp vi cc mng khng ng hng (cc
mng m trong khong cch gia cc nt ln cn khng nh nhau trn phn m rng ca
mng ).
9.4.2 Vic c lng phm vi a bc nhy
Phng php a bn c s (multilateration) yu cu mt nt phi c cc c lng
phm vi ti t nht ba nt neo cho php n c lng v tr ca bn thn n. Niculescu v
Nath [22] xem xt vn ny khi cc nt neo khng th cung cp cc c lng phm vi cho
tt c cc nt trong mng, m ch cung cp cho cc nt ln cn trc tip ca chng (v d: do
cc gii hn v cng sut truyn dn). tng l s dng s c lng phm vi gin tip
bng truyn thng a bc nhy c kh nng ti s dng thut ton a bn ni ting.
tnh ton cc c lng phm vi gia mt nt v mt nt neo xa thng qua nhiu bc
nhy gin tip, Niculescu v Nath [22] m t ba kh nng khc nhau. Tt c cc kh nng ny
u da trn vic lm trn ngp mng vi thng tin, bt u mt cch c lp t mi nt neo,
ging vi hot ng ca mt giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch (DV - Distance Vector).

213
Kh nng n gin nht l phng php nhy DV. tng l tnh ton s lng
cc bc nhy (dc theo ng ngn nht) gia hai nt neo bt k v s dng n c
lng chiu di trung bnh ca mt bc nhy n bng cch chia tng cc khong cch ti
cc nt neo khc cho tng ca cc bc nhy m c. Tt c nt neo tnh ton chiu di
bc nhy c tnh ny v truyn n vo trong mng. Mt nt vi v tr cha bit sau c
th s dng chiu di bc nhy c tnh ny (v s lng cc bc nhy bit i vi cc
nt neo khc) tnh ton mt c lng phm vi a bc nhy v thc hin a bn. Ch
rng thc t l mt phng php phm vi t do (range-free) bi v khng cn thit phi
c lng cc khong cch gia cc nt.

Hnh 9.5 c lng khong cch Euclidean trong s vng mt ca kt ni trc tip [22]

Khi cc c lng phm vi gia cc nt ln cn l c sn, chng c th c s dng
mt cch trc tip trong cng mt c cu t chc, kt qu l phng php Khong cch
DV.
Vi s c mt ca cc c lng phm vi v mt lng cc nt ln cn, mt nt c
th thc s c gng tnh ton khong cch Euclidean thc s ca n ti mt nt neo xa.
Hnh 9.5 minh ha tng ny: gi thuyt rng cc khong cch AB, AC, BC, XB, XC tt c
u bit, ngi ta c th tnh ton khong cch cha bit XA (thc t, c hai gii php, mt
l nt X nm pha khc ca ng BC nt X c kh nng phn bit hai gii php ny da
trn thng tin cc b). Theo cch ny, cc v tr thc s c th c chuyn tip gia cc nt.
chnh xc c th nhn c y ph thuc vo t s ca cc nt neo so vi tng
s cc nt. Phng php Euclidean lm tng chnh xc khi s lng ca cc nt neo
tng ln; vect khong cch ging nh cc phng php ph hp tt hn vi mt t s
thp ca cc nt neo. Nh d kin, cc phng php vect khong cch thc hin khng tt
trong cc mng khng ng hng so vi trong cc mng phn b ng u; mt khc,
phng php Euclidean khng thc s nhy cm vi tc ng ny.
9.4.3 a bn cng tc v lp
Phng php trc y c gng c lng cc khong cch gia cc nt c v tr cha
bit v cc nt neo p dng s a bn vi bn thn cc nt neo. Mt phng php thay
th l s dng cc nt bnh thng, mi khi cc nt ny c lng cc v tr ca chng,
ging nh cc nt neo trong mt thut ton a bn. Hnh 9.6 ch ra mt v d: cc nt A, B, C
l khng bit v tr ca chng. Nt A c th lp li tam gic v tr ca bn thn n s dng ba
nt neo. Mi khi nt A c mt c lng v tr, nt B c th s dng n v hai nt neo cho
s c lng ca bn thn n, ln lt cung cp nt C vi thng tin b mt cho php c tam
gic ca bn thn n. tng c bn cho a bn lp c xut bi Savarese [27].

214
Mt s thc hin tp trung l t quan trng, thng bt u vi nt c v tr cha c
xc nh, nt m c phn ln cc kt ni vi cc nt neo/cc nt vi cc c lng v tr
c xc nh v tnh ton lp nhiu c lng v tr hn. Trong mt s thc hin phn tn,
cc nt c th tnh ton mt c lng v tr mi khi t nht ba nt ln cn c th cung cp
thng tin v tr, cho kt qu l mt c lng khi u v v tr ca nt. Khi c sn nhiu
thng tin hn v d: bi v nhiu nt ln cn c lng v tr ca bn thn chng - ngi ta
c th s dng n ci thin c lng v tr v truyn mt c lng v tr cp nht ti mt
nt ln cn ca nt . Hy vng l thut ton ny s hi t ti tp hp cc v tr ng i vi
tt c cc nt. Li v tr trung bnh sau mt b lc lp nh vy ph thuc vo chnh xc ca
s c lng phm vi, s c lng v tr khi u, s lng trung bnh ca cc nt ln cn,
v vo s lng ca cc nt neo [27]. N cng khng m bo mt cht no rng thut ton
lc s hi t; c th c cc tnh hung trong li v tr lm tng thi gian chy ca thut
ton. Thc t l thut ton lc khng phc tp s khng cho kt qu l mt hiu sut c th
chp nhn c. iu ny ch yu l do s truyn lan li qua ton mng. ci thin,
Savarese [27] gi a thm cc nh hng tin cy vo tt c cc c lng v tr v gii
quyt mt vn ti u ha trng s bin i, v cho kt qu l s hi t ca gn nh tt c
cc kch bn.

Hnh 9.6 a bn lp: cc nt A, B, v C c th xc nh cc v tr ca n trong vi php
lp (cc mi tn m ch cc ng ni m phm vi ca chng c s dng trong mt
php lp cho)

Mt thch thc c bit i vi lp thut ton ny xy ra khi khng phi tt c cc nt
trong mng s c ba nt vi cc c lng v tr. iu ny l d dng pht hin mt nt

215
n, nhng kh thc hin cho mt nhm cc nt. Tuy nhin, ph thuc vo cu trc lin kt
mng (tp mng), n vn c th c lng t nht vi v tr - gi l a bin cng tc.
Hnh 9.7 minh ha hai trng hp ang tranh lun. Kch bn pha bn tri vn c xc
nh y khi c sn thng tin y gii h phng trnh cho hai nt vi v tr cha
bit. i vi kch bn bn phi, c hai gii php (X v
'
X ) cho v tr ca nt X, m khng th
phn bit c, nhng v tr ca nt cha bit khc vn c th xc nh c.

Hnh 9.7 Cc kch bn cn phi bn cho a bn lp

Ngi ta tip cn cc trng hp cn ang tranh lun ny bng cch xc nh cc nt
tham gia cc nt m c t nht ba nt neo hoc cc nt tham gia khc nh cc nt ln cn,
lm cho nt A v B trong hnh 9.7 tr thnh cc nt tham gia. i vi cc nt tham gia ny,
vic xc nh v tr c th c gii quyt.
Savarese [27] dng mt cch tip cn hi khc y. Vic quan st ch yu l mt
nt, xc nh v tr ca n, cn t nht ba tham chiu c lp i vi cc nt neo cc
ng ti cc nt neo phi l cc cnh tch ri nhau. Cc nt nh vy c gi l m thanh
(sound). Trong hnh 9.7, cc nt A, B, C u l m thanh. S ng n c th c pht hin
trong c lng v tr khi u, v d: bng cch ghi li qua nt ln cn no th ng ngn
nht ti mt nt neo cho m rng ra. Nu ba hoc nhiu hn cc ng ny c pht
hin, nt ny tuyn b m thanh ca bn thn n v truy cp vo pha lc. V d: nt X t hnh
9.7 s khng th tuyn b m thanh ca bn thn n. Hu qu l quy trnh m thanh s c
th nh v nhiu nt hn nt tham gia. Thut ton trong ti liu tham kho [27] cng ph hp
tt hn i vi cc t s nt neo thp v c th xc nh cc v tr ca nhiu nt hn.
9.4.4 M t v truyn lan vic xc nh v tr theo xc sut
Cc phng php trc u m t v tr ca mt nt mi khi n c xc nh, bng
mt tp hp cc ta r rng. Vic m t tin nh - deterministic ny lm sp tnh
ngu nhin vn c, v d: gy ra bi cc s khng chc chn trong cc c lng phm vi.
Ramadurai v Sichitiu [25] c gng tnh n mt cch r rng tnh ngu nhin ny bng cch
m t v tr ca mt nt bng mt hm xc sut ca v tr c th ca nt , m t lng thng
tin c sn cho v tr ca nt ny. Ban u, mt nt c th tt c cc v tr vi xc sut nh
nhau. Mt php o khong cch c th, v d: mt gi tr RSSI, cung cp s tng cho mt hm
mt xc sut, lin h mi khong cch vi mt xc xut no v vi xc sut ny n
tng ng vi gi tr RSSI (Hnh 9.3). Suy ra, mt nt o mt gi tr RSSI no t mt
nt neo bit rng n c mt xc sut cao l n mt ni no trong mt vng trn xung
quanh nt neo (Hnh 9.8(a)). Mi khi thng tin t mt nt neo th hai tr nn sn c (Hnh

216
9.8(b)), th hai hm mt c th c chp li v cho kt qu l mt m t ca cc xc sut
v v tr ca nt c ci thin (Hnh 9.8(c)).



Hnh 9.8 S x l theo xc sut cc v tr ca nt [25]

Ramadurai v Sichitiu [25] m t chi tit theo ton hc cc hot ng v cng thc cho
vic m t cc hm xc sut ny. Li xc nh v tr thu c bin i ng k gia cc nt
khc nhau, c phm vi t cc ln n kh ln.
9.5 Tng kt
Vic xc nh cc v tr v, mt mc km hn (xc nh cc nh v) trong mt
mng cm bin khng dy l gnh nng ng k i vi tng chi ph v nguy c ca cc kt
qu khng chnh xc tuyt i v khng chnh xc tng i. Mt s lng ng k cc nt
neo l cn thit cho cc h thng ta ton cu, thi gian v phn tip u ca bn tin l cn
thit tnh ton cc v tr nu khng c sn s truyn thng trc tip gia cc nt neo v cc
nt sn c s khng c a vo c lng. Tuy nhin, ngi ta c th rt ra t cc php
o c li mt mc thng xuyn hi lng ca cc c lng v tr.
(a) Hm mt xc sut ca mt nt
xc nh v tr sau khi nhn c mt
c lng khong cch t mt nt neo
(b) Cc hm mt xc sut ca
hai php o khong cch t hai
nt neo c lp
(c) Hm mt xc sut ca mt nt
sau khi cho giao nhau cc php o
khong cch ca hai nt neo
Y (m)
X (m)


217
CU HI N TP CHNG 9

1. Cc c im ca quy trnh nh v v xc nh v tr?
2. Gii thiu khi qut cc phng php nh v?
3. C s ton hc cho cc vn cnh?
4. S kt ni trong mng a bc nhy?
5. Cch xc nh cnh?
6. Cch xc nh gc?
7. Xc nh v tr theo xc sut?
8. Vn c lng phm vi a bc nhy?















218
CHNG 10: IU KHIN CU TRC LIN KT MNG
(TOPOLOGY)

10.1 Mc ch ca chng
Trong mt mng khng dy c trin khai dy c, mt nt n c nhiu nt ln cn.
Vic truyn thng trc tip vi cc nt ln cn ny l c th thc hin c khi s dng cng
sut truyn dn ln. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng thc s mang li li ch bi v: cng sut
truyn dn cao yu cu nhiu nng lng, nhiu nt ln cn l mt gnh nng cho mt giao
thc MAC, v cc giao thc nh tuyn phi chu s khng n nh trong mng khi cc nt di
chuyn xung quanh mng, thng xuyn to nn v tch ra nhiu ng kt ni.
khc phc cc vn ny, ngi ta p dng vic iu khin cu trc lin kt mng.
tng l gii hn mt cch c tnh ton tp hp cc nt ln cn ca mt nt cho. iu
ny c th c thc hin bng cch iu khin cng sut pht, bng cch gii thiu kin trc
phn tng trong mng v bo hiu vi nt tip qun cc nhim v kt hp no , hoc
bng cch n gin l tt i mt s nt trong mt thi gian no .
Cc tng c bn
Mt c im c l l in hnh ca cc mng cm bin khng dy l kh nng trin
khai nhiu nt trong mt khu vc nh, v d: l m bo vic ph sng cho mt khu
vc hoc c s d tha trong mng nhm bo v chng li cc li ca nt. Trong khi y
l cc u im hin nhin ca s trin khai mng dy c v d: mt c o c bng
s lng cc nt ln cn trung bnh m mt nt n c th n cng c cc nhc im.
Trong mt mng mt tng i cao (Hnh 10.1), nhiu vn mng khng dy in hnh
tr nn trm trng thm bi mt s lng ln cc nt ln cn: nhiu nt gy nhiu cho cc nt
khc, c nhiu tuyn ng c th s dng c, cc nt c th s dng mt cch d tha
cng sut truyn dn ln ni chuyn vi cc nt xa mt cch trc tip (n cng hn ch
vic ti s dng bng thng khng dy), v cc giao thc nh tuyn c th phi tnh ton li
cc tuyn ng thm ch ch khi c nhng di chuyn nh ca nt xy ra.
Mt s vn trong s cc vn trn c th c gii quyt bng cc k thut iu
khin cu trc lin kt mng (topology-control). Thay v s dng kt ni c th ca mt
mng cho s m rng cc i c th ca n, ngi ta thc hin mt la chn thn trng
hn ch cu trc lin kt ca mng. Cu trc lin kt ca mt mng c xc nh bi tp con
ca cc nt tch cc v tp hp ca cc ng truyn tch cc m dc theo cc ng truyn
ny c th xy ra s truyn thng trc tip. Ni mt cch chnh quy, mt thut ton iu khin
cu trc lin kt mng ly mt s G = (V ,E) biu din mng ni m V l tp hp ca
tt c cc nt trong mng v c mt cnh (v
1
, v
2
) e E e V
2
nu v ch nu cc nt v
1
v v
2
c
th giao tip trc tip vi nhau v bin i n thnh mt s T = (V
T
,E
T
) sao cho V
T
e V
and E
T
e E.


219

Hnh 10.1 Cu trc lin kt mng trong mt mng cm bin khng dy c trin khai
vi mt cao.

10.1.1 Cc ty chn cho vic iu khin cu trc lin kt mng
tnh ton mt s T c bin i t mt s G biu din mng gc G, mt
thut ton iu khin cu trc lin kt mng c vi ty chn:
- Tp hp cc nt tch cc c th gim xung (V
T
c V ), v d: bng cch tt i mt
cch c chu k cc nt c d tr nng lng thp v kch hot cc nt khc thay th,
li dng vic trin khai d tha cc nt lm vic ny.
- Tp hp cc nt ln cn/ tp hp cc ng truyn tch cc cho mt nt c th c
iu khin. Thay v s dng tt c cc ng truyn trong mng, mt s ng
truyn c th khng cn quan tm nhiu v s truyn thng c gii hn trong cc
ng ti hn.
Khi ngi ta mong mun c mt cu trc lin kt mng phng (tt c cc nt
c xem l ngang nhau), tp hp ca cc nt ln cn ca mt nt c th c gim i
bng cch n gin l khng truyn thng vi vi nt ln cn. C vi phng php c
th chn cc nt ln cn, nhng mt phng php hin nhin c trin vng i vi
mt WSN l hn ch vic tip cn cc truyn dn ca mt nt in hnh l bng iu
khin cng sut, ngoi ra cn bng cch s dng cc iu ch thch nghi (s dng cc
iu ch nhanh hn ch c th cho cc khong cch ngn hn) v s dng hiu sut
nng lng c ci thin ch khi truyn thng vi cc nt ln cn gn .
Hnh 10.2 minh ha lm cch no m cu trc lin kt mng mt cao nh
hnh 10.1 c th b gim xung bng cch p dng vic iu khin cng sut. Thc
cht, vic iu khin cng sut c gng ti u ha s khng dung ha gia mt mt l
kh nng c th xy ra cao ca vic tm kim mt my thu (c ch) ti cc gi tr cng
sut cao hn, v mt khc l tng c hi xy ra cc xung t/nhiu/gim vic ti s
dng khng gian.
- Cc ng truyn/cc nt ln cn cng c th c ti sp xp li trong mt cu trc
lin kt mng c phn tng, trong mng ny vi nt gi thit l c vai tr c bit.
Mt v d, c minh ha hnh 10.3, mt s nt c la chn nh l mt xng
sng cho mng v ch s dng cc ng kt ni trong xng sng ny v cc
ng kt ni trc tip t cc nt khc ti xng sng. lm iu ny, xng

220
sng phi hnh thnh mt tp hp chi phi: mt tp con D c V sao cho tt c cc
nt trong V u hoc trong bn thn D hoc l cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy ca
nt no d e D ( v e V : v e D v - d e D : (v, d) e E). Sau , ch cc ng
kt ni gia cc nt ca tp hp chi phi hoc gia cc nt khc v mt thnh vin
ca tp hp tch cc c duy tr. mt xng sng l c ch th n phi c
c kt ni.
Mt tng c lin quan nhng hi khc l chia mng ny thnh cc phn
nhm (hnh 10.4). Cc phn nhm l cc tp con ca cc nt m bao gm cng nhau
tt c cc nt ca s gc sao cho i vi mi phn nhm, cc iu kin no
c gi li (cc chi tit th c th bin i). Vn in hnh nht ca vic to thnh
cc phn nhm l tm kim cc phn nhm vi cc ch huy phn nhm mt i
din ca mt phn nhm sao cho mi nt ch cch ch huy phn nhm ca n mt
bc nhy. Khi s lng (trung bnh) ca cc nt trong mt phn nhm c ti thiu
ha, n tng ng vi vic tm kim mt tp hp c lp (chi phi) cc i (mt
tp con C c V sao cho v e V C : - c e C : (v, c) e E v khng c hai nt no
trong C c kt hp bi mt cnh trong E c1, c2 e C : (c1, c2) E e ). Trong mt
mng chia thnh cc phn nhm nh vy, ch c cc ng kt ni trong mt phn
nhm l c duy tr (in hnh l ch cc ng kt ni m lin quan n ch huy
phn nhm) nh cc ng kt ni c la chn gia cc phn nhm m bo kt
ni cho ton b mng.
C hai vn u l cc xp x bin i v thc s kh v cn c nghin cu di
dng n gin hn.

Hnh 10.2 Cu trc lin kt mng tha hn sau khi gim cng sut pht.

Hnh 10.3 Gii hn cu trc lin kt mng bng cch s dng mt xng sng.

221
Ba ty chn ch yu ny i vi vic iu khin cu trc lin kt mng mt l cc
mng phng vi s tp trung c bit vo vic iu khin cng sut, hai l cc kin trc mng
phn tng vi cc xng sng, ba l cc phn nhm s c nghin cu chi tit hn tng
ng trong cc phn 10.2, 10.3, v 10.4. u tin, mt vi kha cnh mong mun ca cc thut
ton iu khin cu trc lin kt mng s c tho lun.

Hnh 10.4 S dng cc phn nhm chia mt s thnh cc phn.

10.1.2 Cc kha cnh ca cc thut ton iu khin cu trc lin kt mng
C vi tham s o c bn nh gi hiu qu v cht lng ca mt thut ton iu
khin cu trc lin kt mng:
S kt ni: iu khin cu trc lin kt mng khng c ngt kt ni ca mt s G
c kt ni. Ni cch khc, nu c mt ng (a bc nhy) trong G gia hai nt u v v,
th cng phi c mt ng no nh vy trong T (r rng l n khng nht thit phi l
cng mt ng).
Cc h s dn: vic loi b cc ng kt ni khi mt s s c th tng chiu di mt
ng ni gia hai nt bt k u v v. H s dn bc nhy c nh ngha l vic tng ln
ti t nht trong chiu di ng kt ni i vi bt k cp nt u v v no gia s gc G v
ng kt ni iu khin cu trc lin kt mng T . Mt cch chnh thc,
H s dn bc nhy =
( )
( )
G
T
V v u
v u
v u
,
,
max
, e
(10.1)
Trong (u, v)
G
l ng ngn nht trong s v |(u, v)| l chiu di ca n.
Tng t, h s dn nng lng c th c xc nh:
H s dn nng lng =
( )
( ) v u E
v u E
G
T
V v u
,
,
max
, e
(10.2)
Trong E
G
(u, v) l nng lng c tiu th dc theo ng truyn c hiu sut nng
lng cao nht trong s G. R rng l ngi ta mong mun cc thut ton iu khin cu
trc lin kt mng vi cc h s dn nh.
Cc tham s ca s (Graph metrics): cc v d trc quan trn ch ra tm quan trng ca mt
s lng nh cc cnh trong T v mt mc cc i nh (s lng ca cc nt ln cn) cho
mi nt.

222
Thng lng: cu trc lin kt mng gim xung phi c kh nng duy tr mt lu lng
tng ng vi mt mng gc (iu ny c th l quan trng thm ch trong cc mng cm
bin khng dy vi lu lng trung bnh thp, c bit trong trng hp c cc trn ma s
kin). Mt tham s o biu th kha cnh ny l tnh ua tranh thng lng ( 1 ln nht
sao cho, cho mt tp hp cc dng chy t mt nt s
i
ti nt d
i
vi tc m c th nh
tuyn trong G, tp hp vi cc tc r
i
c th c nh tuyn trong T), xem ti liu tham
kho [24] bit thm chi tit.
Sc mnh ca s di ng: khi cc mi quan h ln cn thay i trong s gc G (v d : bi
v cc nt di chuyn xung quanh hoc c im ca cc knh v tuyn thay i), mt s nt
khc c th phi thay i thng tin cu hnh lin kt mng ca chng (v d: i vi cc
ng kt ni ti kch hot). R rng l, mt cu trc lin kt mng mnh ch nn yu cu mt
lng nh cc s thch nghi ny v trnh cc nh hng ti t chc ca mt dao ng do s di
chuyn ca nt cc b trn ton b mng.
Tng chi ph ca thut ton: tng chi ph bi bn thn thut ton l nh (do s lng nh ca
cc bn tin cn phi thm vo, tng chi ph tnh ton l nh). Cng nh vy, vic thc hin
phn tn thc t l mt iu kin hnh sin.
Trong bi cnh hin ti ca cc WSN, cc h s kt ni v h s dn c l l cc c
im quan trng nht ca mt thut ton iu khin cu trc lin kt mng, ngoi tr bn cht
phn tn l khng th thiu c v tng chi ph thp. Tuy nhin, nhm tha mn mc tiu
ti u ha th cn c bo trc ngn gn v vic kt ni.
Mt s bo trc cho vic kt ni
Chng ta xem xt mt v d n gin v iu khin cu trc lin kt mng cng sut.
Nm ngn nt l ging nhau, c trin khai mt cch ngu nhin trn mt din tch 1000 x
1000 m. Phm vi truyn dn ca mi nt c th c t bng mt bn knh chnh xc l r m
(ngha l tt c cc nt cch khong r m c th truyn thng mt cch trc tip, v khng
nt no khc c th lm c iu ). M hnh ny c bit n nh l m hnh s a
(disk graph model); trng hp c bit l r = 1 c gi l s a n v. i vi mng
v d ny v mt phm vi truyn dn cho, th mng ny hoc c kt ni hoc khng.
Vic xc nh kt ni cho 100 mng khc nhau c to ra mt cch ngu nhin cung cp mt
c lng xp x v xc sut ca s kt ni nh mt hm ca phm vi truyn dn, v c
trnh by bi ng nt t hnh 10.5.
Nh mong i, xc sut ca vic kt ni l 0 cho cc phm vi truyn dn nh v tng
ln tng i nhanh, cho n khi cc mc ca n tin xa v dn tin n xc sut bng 1
phm vi truyn dn khong 30m.
Mt th nghim tng t cho php xem xt thm mt tham s o. i vi mi ln lp,
kch thc ca thnh phn c kt ni ln nht c th c tnh ton, v kch thc ny
c ly trung bnh trn 100 php lp, nh trnh by hnh 10.5, n cng l mt hm ca
phm vi truyn dn. R rng l thm ch i vi cc phm vi truyn dn kh nh, gn nh tt
c cc nt u c ni vo mt thnh phn n, thm ch xc sut ca vic kt ni thc t l
vn bng 0 bi v c ba nt v tr khng thch hp. V d: i vi phm vi truyn dn l
25m, kch thc trung bnh ca thnh phn ln nht l 4997 ngha l, ch 3 trong s 5000
nt l c ni trong xc sut ca vic kt ni thc t vn l 0. Hin nhin, i vi WSN

223
th vic kt ni c th l mt tham s o c lin quan, nhng mt gi tr ln ca kch thc
thnh phn cc i s l quan trng hn.


Kch thc thnh phn cu thnh cc i

Xc sut ca s kt ni

K

c
h

t
h

c

t
r
u
n
g

b

n
h

c

a

t
h

n
h

p
h

n

c

u

t
h

n
h

l

n

n
h

t


X

c

s
u

t

c

a

s

t

n

i



Phm vi truyn dn cc i

Hnh 10.5 Mc tiu ti u ha iu khin cu trc cu trc lin kt mng: xc sut ca
mng c kt ni so vi kch thc trung bnh ca thnh phn cu thnh ln nht.

Phn ni bt ca nghin cu l i su vo nghin cu cc c im kt ni, tm quan
trng ca kch thc ca thnh phn cu thnh ch c nhn ra mt cch t t. Mt kha
cnh quan trng khc l vng ph - m bo chc chn rng tt c cc im trong mt
phng c bao ph bi mt nt quan st. Nu vi nt mt tch i vi s kt ni th cng l
quan trng i vi vng ph, v thc s c th khng trnh c vic phi u t nng lng
cn thit kt ni chng.
Hnh 10.5 cng ch ra cc nh hng khc. Kch thc trung bnh ca thnh phn cu
thnh ln nht v xc sut ca vic c mt mng kt ni cng khng tng ln mt cch chm
ri vi phm vi truyn dn cc i (hoc vi mt ca mng). Hn na, c hai tham s o
u tng ln mt cch nhanh chng t 0 ti cc gi tr cc i ca chng mi khi mt ngng
quyt nh no i vi phm vi truyn dn b vt qu. nh hng ny c bit n i
vi mt s lng ln cc kha cnh ca cc s (ngu nhin) ni chung v c gi l mt
s qu pha. Vic tn ti ca cc ngng ny l c th chng minh c i vi cc s
ngu nhin thun ty v l hp l i vi cc s a (n v) khi c s dng m hnh
ha cc mng khng dy. Krishnamachari [19] tho lun nhiu v d khc nhau cho cc
ngng ny v khuyn ngh t cc tham s hot ng ca mt mng ch ln hn ngng
quyt nh mt cht nhn c s hot ng mong mun m khng lng ph cc ti
nguyn. Hin tng qu pha thng c phn loi bng cch s dng cc k thut l
thuyt lc (percolation theory).
10.2 iu khin cu trc lin kt mng trong cc mng phng iu khin cng sut
Vic iu khin tp hp cc nt ln cn m mt nt ni chuyn vi chng l phng
php c bn iu khin cu trc lin kt mng. Trong phn ny, mt cu trc lin kt mng
phng c xem nh ni m tt c cc nt ang hot ng v c cng cc nhim v. Vn

224
ny c mi lin quan mt thit vi vic iu khin cng sut truyn dn ca cc nt v c th
thng c tm thy trong cc ti liu di tiu ny. Ni mt cch ngn gn, iu khin
cng sut y cng c s dng ngn gn nh mt thut ng, mc d khng chnh xc
mt mc no .
10.2.1 Mt s cc kt qu phc tp
Vn iu khin cng sut c nhiu bin th khc nhau. m t mt vn iu
khin cng sut, mt b bn (M,P,O, I) c s dng:
- M {dir, undir} m t mt m hnh th trc tip hoc gin tip (nh ngha cho
trn l mt th trc tip (V ,E), th gin tip tng ng l (V ,E E
1
), ngha
l, cc ng truyn khng i xng b loi b i).
- P l c tnh ca th m c m bo trong th c cu trc lin kt mng
c iu khin T .
V d cho cc c tnh bao gm trong nhng khng b hn ch i vi:
- Kt ni mnh
- Kt ni k nt (k-NC), ngha l c k nt trong th m vic xa cc nt ny lm dng
kt ni s gin tip; s vn c kt ni khi xa bt c k 1 nt no.
- k cnh c kt ni (k-EC) (tng t cho cc cnh). Ch rng kt ni k nt ng l
kt ni k cnh, nhng khng nht thit phi ngc li.
- O l hm i tng m c ti thiu ha. Cc v d bao gm vic ti thiu ha
cng sut cc i c n nh cho bt k nt no (O = max P) hoc ti thiu ha
tng s cc gi tr cng sut c n nh cho tt c cc nt (O = total P).
- I l bt c thng tin thm vo no m iu khin cu trc lin kt mng c th s
dng. V d ni bt nht l thng tin v cc v tr a l ca cc nt (I = pos).
Lloyd [20] cung cp tm tt vi kt qu phc tp c s cho iu khin cu trc lin kt mng:
- (undir, 1-NC, total P,) l NP-cng, c mt thut ton xp x vi mt m bo hiu
sut bng 2. (Mt thut ton xp x c mt m bo hiu sut nu i vi tt c
cc vn v d, gii php c xp x l nm trong mt h s ca ca gii php
ti u). Cc phin bn hnh hc ca vn NP-cng trong 2 hoc 3 chiu.
- (undir, 1-NC, max P,) v (undir, 2-NC, max P,) l c th gii c trong thi a
thc.
- Bt c c tnh n tnh (monotone) P no c th kim tra c trong thi a thc
trong mt th trc tip (gin tip), (undir,,max P,) and (dir, , max P,)c
th c gii trong thi a thc. N khng phi l trng hp cn thit cho tt c
nu s lng cc nt s dng cng sut cc i cng phi c ti thiu ha [20].
- Khng n tnh nhng cc c tnh P c th kim tra mt cch hiu qu (v d: s
l mt cy) sao cho ti thiu ha max P l NP-hon thin [20].
- Lloyd [20] cng m t mt phng php c c im chung thit k cc thut
ton xp x cho ton b cc vn P, cc vn ni chung l NP-cng.
- C vi cu trc thi a thc, phn b cho cc th con T ca G vi mt h s dn
l hng s - cc s ny c gi l cc s bao trm (spanner graphs)

225
(khong cch gia hai nt bt k trong T l gn nh gp khong cch ca hai nt
trong G mt s ln khng i) [24].
10.2.2 Cc gii hn ca cc tham s ch cht
Cho trc phm vi ca cc vn khc nhau, bng cch no chng ta thit k cc thut
ton c th m thu c mt mc ch ti u ha cho bng cch iu khin cu trc lin
kt mng ca s ? Mt tng u tin l i vi tt c cc nt ch truyn thng vi k
nt ln cn nht ca n, trong s k (mong mun) c xc nh sao cho n ti u ha mt
mc tiu cho, v d: thng lng hoc s kt ni. Tnh trng n gin nht s l nu n c
th xc nh mt gi tr ca k m khng ph thuc vo s thc t c iu khin. Mt gi
tr hng s k nh vy c th c gi l con s k diu. Mt s ti liu c gng chng
minh s tn ti ca con s ny, thc s bt u vo nhng nm 1970.
Cc bi bo ni ting nht l ca Kleinrock v Silvester [17]. Chng cp n mt tp
hp cc nt c phn b u trn mt hnh vung v c gng cc i ha tin trnh mong
mun m mt gi tin c th lm hng ti ch ca n, gi thit rng mt giao thc ALOHA
MAC kiu chia khe v vi truyn dn gi xy ra ng thi. Chng gi rng k = 6 s cc i
ha thc t tin trnh trn mi bc nhy. Kt qu ny c chng minh l ng vi k 8, s
dng cng mt ng lp lun c bn.
Trong cc kt qu th v ny, iu quan trng l ngi ta khng cng b vn kt ni.
Hn na, mc ch ti u ha y l thng lng. Ni cch khc, khi s dng cc con s
k diu ny, s kt qu khng c m bo l s c kt ni. Trong thc t, trng
hp ny khng ph bin.
Khi nhn vo vn kt ni, c hai ty chn tip cn vn ny. Mt ty chn
cp n phm vi truyn dn ca mt nt, v ty chn kia cp n s lng ca cc nt ln
cn. Vi cc gi thit no , hai ty chn ny l tng ng, nhng dn n cc kiu chng
minh v cc kt qu khc nhau mt cht.
iu khin phm vi truyn dn
Ty chn u tin, iu khin phm vi truyn dn, l hnh hc thun ty v gi thit mt
m hnh s a n v v mt phn b ng nht ca cc nt trong mt khu vc c din
tch A cho. Vic gi thit m hnh ny tng ng vi l thuyt ca cc s hnh hc ngu
nhin, cc s m c th c s dng y c c li ch ln.
i vi mt mng nh vy, ngi ta bit rng xc sut ca vic c kt ni ca n tin
n 0 nu ( )
( )
V
V A
V r
t
c log 1
s i vi bt c > 0. Nu, mt khc,
( )
( )
V
V A
V r
t
c log 1
> th s c ni vi xc xut che ph tin ti 1 nu v ch nu |V
| nh l mt hm ca s lng cc nt trong mng.
Mt phng php tng t da trn cc s hnh hc ngu nhin c s dng xc
nh mt biu thc cho xc sut ca mt s (mt ) c k kt ni (lm cho cc kt qu ny
c tnh khi qut hn l kt qu trc ), ph thuc vo phm vi truyn dn r ca nt v vo
mt nt (gi thit phn b ng u ca nt trn mt khu vc cho). Kt qu kha

226
c s dng y bi Penrose [23], ng chng minh rng mt s vi mt s lng
ln cc nt l k c ni ngay khi cng sut truyn dn tr nn ln m bo rng a v
nh nht trong s l k t nht (vi xc sut cao). Kt qu ny c s dng pht trin
mt cng thc cho xc sut ca a v nt cc tiu trong mt s , dn n kt qu chnh nh
sau:
P(G l k c kt ni)
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

1
0
2
2
!
1
k
l
r
l
e
l
r
t
t
(10.3)
Cng thc ny l ng cho cc vng v hn nhng khng ng cho cc vng hu hn
nh c s dng trong cc m phng v gii thch cch tnh nh hng cnh (ra) ny.
Vic x l cc nh hng cnh v cc cng thc xp x thc t lm cho n ngha thc tin
v c gi tr s dng trong cc nghin cu da trn vic m phng. Tuy nhin, n khng r
rng l bng cch no cc kt qu ny ph bin cho vic trin khai nt khng ng dng v,
ni ring, cho cc mng tha tht khi l thuyt ca cc s hnh hc ngu nhin khng
c p dng y.
Mt nghin cu v vn ca kt ni k cng c cng b, trong ch ra rng xc
sut m mt mng gm n nt m t nht (k + 1) nt c kt ni l t nht
o
e
e khi bn knh
truyn dn r tha mn nr
2
ln n + (2k 1) ln (ln n) 2 lnk + 2 i vi k > 0 v n ln.
Cng nh a ch cc mng tha tht, Santi v Blough [26] pht biu vn mt
cch c h thng vi cht t khc bit. H xem xt vic trin khai ng dng v ngu nhin
ca mt s lng c nh (c th l di ng) ca cc nt n trong mt vng trin khai d-chiu
R = [0, l]
d
, cho n nay vic khng quan tm n trng hp d = 3 cng c bao gm y.
Khng c s gii hn no ln mt nt = n/l
d
. Mc ch l n nh mt phm vi ti
thiu cho tt c cc nt sao cho s kt qu c kt ni.
i vi trng hp mt chiu d = 1, ngi ta ch ra rng s c ni vi xc sut
cao nu rn 2l ln l v rng n c kt ni vi xc sut cao nu rn < l ln l. i vi trng
hp d = 2 v d = 3, cc kt qu sau c cho:
- Gi thit rng r
d
l = kl
d
ln l i vi hng s k > 0, r = r(l) << l and n = n(l) >> 1 no
. Nu k > d 2
d
d
d/2
( v thm vo r = r(l) >> 1), th s truyn thng c
ni vi xc sut cao nht.
- Gi thit rng r = r(l) << l and n = n(l) >> 1. Nu f
d
O(l
d
), th s truyn thng
c ni vi xc sut cao nht.
iu quan trng l ch ra rng cc kt qu ny, m c lp thnh cng thc nh l cc
rng buc trong phm vi truyn dn, c th ch c nhn thy l tt nh mt rng buc trn
s lng cc nt nh nht m cn thit che ph mt khu vc cho khi c mt phm vi
truyn dn cc i m rng (v d nh phn cng).
Santi v Blough [26] cng lm cho phn tch ca h c hiu lc bng cch m phng v
cung cp mt s v d da trn s ph thuc ca kch thc ca phn t cu thnh ln nht
trong phm vi truyn dn. Cc kt qu ny l ph hp vi s kin pha trc trong phn
10.1.2. Tuy nhin, h cng xem xt phin bn di ng ca vn kt ni. Phm vi truyn dn
c th b gim c bn nu phi chu cc ngng kt ni ngn hn.
iu khin s lng cc nt ln cn

227
Ty chn th hai khng nhn vo khu vc m mt phm vi truyn dn ca nt phi bao
ph, m xem xt trc tip vo s lng ca cc nt. Cc kt qu trc y cng gi rng s
lng nt ln cn mong mun ca mt nt nn tng ln mt cch logic. Chnh xc hn, chng
ta thy nh sau (gi thit rng cc ng ni l i xng, ngha l mt ng khng i xng
gc c b sung bi ng ni b mt trong hng ngc li): (i) i vi cc mng c kt
ni, s lng ca cc nt ln cn ca mt nt cn tng ln ging nh (log |V |), vi cc hng
s c gii hn nh sau y. (ii) i vi cc nt ln cn nh hn 0,074 log |V |, mng ny
khng c kt ni mt cch tim cn. (iii) i vi cc nt ln cn ln hn 5,1774 log |V |,
mng ny c kt ni mt cch tim cn. Cc kt qu ny vn tip tc c gi khi mt
ng ni khng i xng c gii phng.
Cc kt qu ny cho thy rng khng c cc s k diu no xc nh s lng ca cc
nt ln cn cn thit nhn c mt mng c kt ni. Mc ln (s lng nt theo
logarit) c yu cu cho kt ni mt mc no l thc s bt tin i vi hot ng
ca mng thc t.
10.2.3 Vi cu trc v giao thc v d
Mt cu trc lin kt mng c th c thc hin mt cch c hiu qu mt cch cc b
nu sn c thng tin v cc khong cch gia cc nt hoc cc v tr lin quan ca chng. Vi
cu trc i vi cc s gn gi ny tn ti vi cc c im khc nhau mt s c m
t y. Cng vic ny da nhiu vo cc kt qu ca hnh hc s dng my in ton.
Cc kt qu c th i khi di dng ca mt cu trc hnh hc trn mt s cho, s
m thng l p ng i vi mt giao thc tp trung ha. i khi cc giao thc phn tn
cng c cho trc.
S ln cn lin quan
S ln cn lin quan (RNG) T ca mt s G = (V,E) c nh ngha nh sau
T =(V ,E

) trong c mt cnh gia cc nt u v v nu v ch nu khng c nt w no khc


(mt nhn chng) m gn hn vi hoc nt u hoc nt v so vi khong cch gia hai nt
u v v mt cch chnh thc, e u, v eV : (u, v) e E

nu - w e V : max{d(u,w), d(v,w)} <


d(u,v), trong d(u, v) l khong cch Euclidean gia hai nt. Theo mt cch khc, cu trc
RNG loi b cnh ln nht khi bt c tam gic no (hnh 10.6).

Hnh 10.6 Cu trc ca RNG: vng ti phi khng cha cc nt no khc cho hai nt
c kt ni.


228
RNG l d dng xc nh vi mt thut ton cc b. N cng cn thit c kt ni nu
s gc G c kt ni. Tuy nhin, t s dn trong trng hp ti t nht l O(|V |) (suy ra,
cc nt m ch cch nhau vi bc nhy trong s gc c th tr thnh cch nhau rt xa
trong RNG), v nng lng ca n tri l l a thc. Mc trung bnh ca n l 2,6.
Cu trc da trn gii thut cy bao trm
Mt cu trc khc l da trn cc cy bao trm cc tiu cc b. tng l mi nt s
thu thp thng tin v cc nt ln cn ca n (ti cng sut truyn dn cc i) v sau xy
dng (v d: s dng thut ton ca Prim) mt cy bao trm cc tiu cho cc nt ny, vi gi
thnh nng lng c s dng nh cc trng s ca ng ni (cc ng ni vi cng gi
thnh c phn bit bng cch thm vo cc nhn dng nt nh mt bin php quyt nh
ng ni no c chn). Sau kha ch dng duy tr cc cnh ny trong cu trc lin
kt mng gim xung m tng ng vi cc nt ln cn trc tip trong cy bao trm cc tiu.
Cu trc ny to ra cc c tnh th v. N bo tn kt ni ca s gc, v a v cc
i ca mi nt s l su. N c th gii hn ti cc ng ni hai hng, v vic iu khin
cng sut c th c thm vo mt cch d dng. Thm vo , a v nt trung bnh l nh
(gn vi cc ng bao l thuyt). Cu trc ny l kh trin vng khi c so snh vi vi
cu trc khc c tho lun y.
Cc vng tip sng (Relay) v cc phn i km
Mt phn thit yu ca vic xy dng mt cu trc lin kt mng quyt nh cc nt ln
cn no c s dng. i vi cc mng khng dy, vic quyt nh ny nn da trn (t nht
i vi mt mc ln) vic tiu th nng lng m l kt qu t vic s dng mt nt
cho nh mt nt ln cn trc tip. T quan im ny khi nim v mt vng tip sng ln
u tin c cp n: Cho mt nt i v mt nt khc r, i vi cc im no trong mt
phng th i s dng r nh mt nt tip sng gim s tiu th cng sut tng, so vi trng
hp truyn thng trc tip? Mt cch chnh thc, vng tip sng R
ir
= {(x, y)|P
i(x,y)
> (P
ir

+ P
r(x,y)
)}, trong P
ab
l cng sut cc tiu cn thit truyn thng mt cch trc tip t
a ti b (nhn dng cc nt vi v tr ca chng trong k hiu). Hnh dng ca vng tip sng l
khc nhau, ph thuc vo vic m hnh tiu th cng sut c s dng; ch rng b tip
sng bn thn n cng yu cu cng sut, vng tip sng l c un xung quanh nt tip
sng nh c v trn hnh 10.7 v tip cn mt cch tim cn mt ng vung gc vi
ng ngn nht gia cc nt i v r.

Hnh 10.7 Minh ha vng tip sng ca nt i vi nt r (vng ti ch th cc im ni m
tip sng c hiu sut cao hn thay v truyn thng trc tip)


229

Hnh 10.8 Hai kch bn lm cch no xy dng cc nt ln cn cho nt i ngoi cc vng
tip sng vi cc nt khc.

Trn c s ca vic nh ngha cng sut bit ny ca tp hp cc im m mt nt
tip sng c s dng cho cc im ny, bc tip theo l nh ngha cc nt m mt nt
cho i nn truyn thng mt cch trc tip vi cc nt ny. Khu vc ni m cc nt ny c
nh v c gi l vng biu din. Trc gic u tin l phn ct mt cch n gin cc
phn b ca tt c cc vng tip sng v ch xem xt cc nt nm trong s giao nhau ny nh
l cc nt ln cn trc tip. i vi mt nt bn ngoi s giao nhau ny, c t nht mt nt
khc m c th cung cp mt tuyn ng c cng sut thp hn l truyn thng trc tip.
Trc gic ny ng cho vi trng hp, nh c th d bi na bn tri ca hnh 10.8.
V d na bn phi ca hnh 10.8 lm ni bt mt trng hp c hai nt x v z
c duy tr nh cc nt ln cn, bi v nt y, m s chi phi nt z, ln lt b chi phi bi
nt x v do khng c xem xt. Mt cch chnh thc, c im ny ca tp hp cc nt
ln cn c biu din di dng mt phng trnh c nh. Trn nh ca s c nh
ngha ny, mt thut ton nh tuyn c s dng tm kim cc ng c nng lng nh
nht trong mng.
10.3 Cc mng phn tng xng sng
10.3.1 ng c v nh ngha
Phn 10.2 pha trc cp n vic iu khin phm vi truyn dn v suy ra s
lng cc nt ln cn ca mt nt. Phn ny s xem xt cc phng php la chn cc nt
c th no s l cc nt ln cn ca mt nt cho, v cc nt no khc (v cc ng ni ti
cc nt ny) nn b qua. Trong khi iu ny cng hon ton nh hng n s lng ca cc
nt ln cn tch cc, mt s trong s cc nt ln cn ny c th xa, v mt s khc th gn.
Thng thng (tuy nhin khng nht thit) th vic la chn ny ca cc nt ln cn/cc
ng ni ng mt dng phn tng gia cc nt no . Trong phn ny, mt s nt c
la chn t mt xng sng o hoc, mt cch chnh thc, mt tp hp chi phi - mt tp
hp cc nt D c V l mt tp hp chi phi nu tt c cc nt trong V u hoc trong bn
thn D hoc l cc nt ln cn mt bc nhy ca nt d e D (v e V : v eD v - d e D : (v,
d) e E) no . Hnh 10.3 cho chng ta mt hnh dung v khi nim ny.

230
C mt tp chi phi nh vy s n gin ha vic nh tuyn, v d: bng cch cho php
hn ch giao thc nh tuyn thc t ch i vi cc nt xng sng; tt c cc nt chi phi
c th chuyn tip mt cch n gin mt gi tin khng cc b ti (mt trong) cc nt xng
sng lin k ca chng, cc nt m sau s lnh trch nhim chuyn tip gi tin hng ti
ch ca n.
S l c ch khi mt tp hp chi phi nh vy l nh hoc thm ch cc tiu nh
ngha trn tha nhn V = U nh mt gii php, gii php ny khng cung cp bt c u im
no mt cch r rng. Mt tham s o in hnh dng o kch thc v/hoc s ti thiu
ca mt tp hp chi phi U l s lng cc nt ca n. N c gi l vn Tp hp chi
phi nh nht (MDS). Hn na, mt cch trc quan mt nt xng sng nn c ni bng
cch s dng cc nt ch trong bn thn n; n khng cn thit phi ni vi nt khc, cc nt
khng xng sng nh tuyn mt gi tin t mt v tr ti v tr khc.
Suy ra, vn hin nay l: ngh ra mt thut ton phn b u tin c kh nng xc nh
mt Tp chi phi c ni nh nht (MCDS). Thm vo , mi nt nn bit liu n c
trong tp hp ny hay khng v nu khng trong tp hp ny th nt no trong cc nt ln
cn ca n l nm trong tp hp chi phi.
10.3.2 Mt kt qu cng
Vn MDS l NP- cng. N thm ch l mt vn kh xp x ni chung cc s
khi n thm ch khng th xp x trong c log |V | i vi c > 0 no (ngha l, khng c
thut ton thi gian a thc no m lun tm thy mt tp hp chi phi, tp hp m c ti a c
log |V| nt nhiu hn so vi mt tp hp chi phi nh nht c th c). N c th c xp x
trong 1+ log |V|. i vi trng hp cc s a n v, ngi ta c th tm thy mt Kiu
xp x thi gian a thc (PTAS Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme).
Khi cng yu cu s kt ni trong vic gii quyt vn MCDS (m cng l NP-
cng), ngi ta c th xp x n trong 3 ln + A , trong A l mc cc i ca s gc.
S quan st ny khuyn khch vic thit k cc thut ton thc t (v cng l mt s khch l
gii quyt MCDS trn nh ca mt cu trc lin kt mng c iu khin cng sut, cu
trc m hn ch a v ca cc nt).
Thm vo cn c mt kt qu quan trng l bt k thut ton no m tnh ton
mt gii php tp hp chi phi c kt ni quan trng u phi gi t nht ( ) n mlog O bn
tin, trong kch thc bn tin l theo bc ca s lng cc bit cn thit biu din cc
nhn dng duy nht cho tt c cc nt O(log |V |).
10.3.3 Mt s tng t cc thut ton tp trung
Trong khi cc thut ton tp trung thng khng th c p dng mt cch trc tip
cho cc mng WSN, chng c th cung cp mt s tng v vic bng cch no thit k
cc thut ton phn tn cho mt vn cho. Phn ny m t hai v d tp trung.
Pht trin mt cy
Mt cch tip cn n gin
Mt tng ca thut ton u tin l xy dng mt tp hp chi phi nh mt cy
bao trm, thm cc nt v cc cnh mt cch lp i lp li vo cy ny cho n khi tt c cc
nt u c bao trm. Thut ton ny c lp thnh cng thc s dng cc mu ca cc

231
nt: cc nt mu trng l vn cha c x l, cc nt mu en thuc v tp hp chi phi ny,
v cc nt mu xm l cc nt chi phi.
Thut ton ny c trnh by trong m gi trong Danh sch 10.1. N dng mt s G
= (V ,E) v to ra mt tp hp cc cnh T thuc v tp hp chi phi hnh cy v to mu cho
cc nt. Hnh 10.9 minh ha vic chy thut ton ny.
Thc t, s kt qu cho thy mt cy khng bao gi c mt cnh gia hai nt mu
xm hoc gia mt nt mu xm v hai nt mu en; cc nt mu en cng to thnh mt
cy.
Danh sch 10.1: Mt thut ton tp hp chi phi n gin da trn vic pht trin mt cy
initialize all nodes color to white
pick an arbitrary node and color it gray

while (there are white nodes) {
pick a gray node v that has white neighbors
color the gray node v black
foreach white neighbor u of v {
color u gray
add (v,u) to tree T
}
}
Tp hp ca cc nt mu en (cc nt khng c l ca cy bao trm) cng l mt tp hp chi
phi, khi mi nt mu xm c mt nt mu en nh mt nt ln cn v khng c cc nt mu
trng . Tuy nhin, kch thc ca tp hp chi phi ny khng cn l qu nh hay thm ch
khng cn l nh nht. Trong v d ca hnh 10.9, hai nt pha di cng bn phi cng to
thnh mt tp hp chi phi (nh nht). R rng l, chn ly nt mu xm sp c chuyn
thnh mt nt mu en l bc ch cht trong thut ton ny.


Hnh 10.9 Minh ha mt thut ton tp hp chi phi n gin da trn vic pht trin
mt cy (cc ng nt m ch cc cnh trong cy, cc nt mu en to thnh tp hp
chi phi.

Chn la mt cch thn trng cc nt mu xm

232
Mt la chn khm ph hp dn bng trc gic cho nt mu xm tip theo l nt m
s bin cc nt trng nht thnh mu xm. Con s ny c th c xem nh li ch ca vic
chn mt nt mu xm c th.
Thc t, cc nt khm ph tham vng tm kim gii php ti u nh v d trong hnh
10.9. Tuy nhin, c cc s n gin m la chn khm ph ny l tht bi; hnh 10.10 trnh
by mt s nh vy. , thut ton s bt u ti nt u, thm vo bt c mt nt no
trong s cc nt c ni mt cch trc tip vi u, sau phi ct t cc mi lin h gia
cc nt ngang hng ca nt u v la chn mt nt c ni ti nt v. Nu nt u c d nt ln
cn, th trng hp xu nht cho mt thut ton da trn li ch tham vng l mt kch thc
tp con chi phi O(d), trong kch thc ti u l 4 (u, v, v hai nt t bt c ng thng
ng no cc nt u v v s l nu khng yu cu s kt ni ca tp hp chi phi).
L do cho hiu sut khng ti u thc t l thut ton ny khng th phn bit c
gia vic la chn mt nt mu xm t hng th nht hay hng th hai mi hot ng lm
gim s lng ca cc nt trng i mt n v. Hot ng thin cn ny gy tr ngi cho thut
ton t vic nhn ra rng mi khi mt nt t hng th hai c la chn, nt bn di v l nt
mu xm v c th bin thnh nt mu en, to ra tp hp chi phi c yu cu khi nt v c
th che ph tt c cc nt trng cn li trong hng th hai.
S thin cn ny c th c khc phc bng cch cho php thut ton ny nhn v pha
trc mt bc. Thm vo vic xem xt li ch ca vic bin cc nt mu xm ring l thnh
cc nt mu en, thut ton ny cng c th xem xt cc cp gm mt nt mu xm g v mt
nt mu trng w lin k, nghin cu v vic iu g s xy ra nu nt w ny cng b bin thnh
nt mu en trong bc tip theo. i vi mi s kt hp ca cc nt g v w, li ch ca hot
ng ny c th c tnh ton. Sau phng php khm ph s l chn nt mu xm ring
l hoc cp gm mt nt mu xm v mt nt mu trng m to ra li ch cao nht.

Hnh 10.10 S v d mt la chn khm ph tham vng da trn li ch mt
bc b tht bi

tng ny c minh ha hnh 10.11. Phn pha trn ch ra rng vic khm ph da trn
li ch n gin, khng c kh nng bin cc nt mu xm hng pha trn thnh cc nt mu
en nt ny tip sau nt khc m khng to nn s tin trin thit yu chn ly bt c nt
mu xm ring l no s em n mt li ch bng 1 m khng thin v mt nt trong hng
th hai. phn pha di, vic nhn v pha trc ca cc nt nh du g v w (sau bc u
tin ca thut ton ny) em n mt li ch bng 1 + (d 1), nt mu trng bin thnh nt
mu xm, r rng l thin v hot ng ny thng qua vic la chn cc nt mu xm ring l.

233
y l mt v d c th ch ra rng vic hng dn khm ph bng cch nhn v pha trc
nh vy l c trin vng. N kh l mnh: n to ra cc tp hp c kt ni chi phi gn nh
l ln hn vi mt h s 2(1 + H( A)) so vi mt tp hp ti u (H() l hm iu ha
( ) 1 ln
1
1
+ s =

=
k
i
k H
k
i
v A l a v cc i ca s ). Hn na, bng thc nghim ngi ta
chng minh rng thut ton ny lm vic tt trong thc tin.

Hnh 10.11 Cu trc tp hp chi phi tham vng vi v khng vi vic nhn v pha
trc.

Kt ni cc thnh phn cu thnh tch bit
Trong cp pha trc, tp hp cc nt m s rt cuc to nn tp hp chi phi l lun
c kt ni. Mt tng thay th l: u tin xy dng mt tp hp chi phi khng nht
thit phi c kt ni v sau , trong pha th hai, kt ni mt cch r rng cc nt trong tp
hp ny.
Tm kim mt tp hp chi phi khng c kt ni
Trong mt thut ton tp trung, vic tm kim mt tp hp chi phi (khng c kt
ni) no l kh d dng. S dng cc m mu trng/xm/en trn, chn ly mt nt mu
xm hoc mu trng, t mu cho n thnh mu en v t mu tt c cc nt ln cn mu trng
ca n thnh mu xm. Thc hin tip tc nh vy cho n khi khng c nt mu trng no
cn li. Ging nh trong thut ton pha trc, cn cn thn trong vic la chn nt no
bin thnh mu en thu c mt tp hp chi phi nh.
Mt s hng dn khm ph n gin l la chn nt m bin phn ln cc nt mu
trng thnh mu xm. Cn nh rng vic cn thit kt ni cc nt mu en vo mt tp hp
c ni cng c ngha trc gic i vi la chn cc nt mu xm, (cc nt mu xm ny
nm gia hai nt mu en) bi v c mt la chn tt l cc nt mu xm ny c th d sao
chng na cng phi c thm vo tp hp chi phi. Hnh 10.12 minh ha cho mt v d
trong vic cp ny ph v mi quan h gia hai nt A v B, kt qu l B c thm vo
tp hp chi phi ny.

234
Mt cch chnh thc, vic hng dn khm ph c Guha v Khuller [14] xut do
s la chn rng nt mu trng hay nt mu xm s nh l nt mu en k tip m gim
phn ln s lng cc nt mu trng v s lng ca cc thnh phn cu thnh c kt ni
ca cc nt mu en. Khi khng c nt no cn li m gim s lng ny, cng khng c
nt mu trng no cn li th pha u tin c th kt thc.
m bo s kt ni xy dng mt cy Steiner
Mi khi tm thy mt tp hp chi phi khng c kt ni nh vy, th n phi c kt
ni, ngha l nhiu nt mu xm hn phi c bin thnh mu en m bo rng hai nt
mu en c th tin ti ln nhau vi cc nt mu en khc ch nh cc trung gian. iu ny
cng kh l n gin, bi v ti a hai nt mu xm c th tch hai thnh phn cu thnh mu
en gn k. Vic kt ni quy hai thnh phn cu thnh mu en vi mt hoc hai nt
mu xm gia rt cuc s dn n mt thnh phn cu thnh c kt ni n l ca cc nt
mu en, gii quyt c vn ny.
C mt nhn xt bn l rng vn ny cng c th c xem nh vic tm kim mt
cy Steiner: tm kim mt cy bao trm nh nht m cha tt c cc nt ca mt tp hp cc
nt c nh ngha trc, thm vo cc nt khc khi c yu cu. y l vn NP-hon
thin khc, nhng c mt h s xp x khng i.
Ni chung, cc tp hp chi phi c xc nh bi vic khm ph ny ln hn cc tp
hp c th ti u ti a l 3 ln + A .

Hnh 10.12 Tnh n s cn thit kt ni hai nt mu en ph v mi quan h gia
hai nt A v B.

10.3.2 Mt s xp x phn tn
Vic pht trin mt cy c tnh phn tn
Vic khm ph s pht trin ca mt cy [14] c th c thc hin mt cch d hiu
theo kiu phn tn nh c Das v Bharghavan [9] m t. V c bn, tt c cc nt mu
xm thm d cc nt ln cn hai bc nhy, xc nh li ch ln nht m mi nt c th nhn
c. Sau , li ch ln nht c la chn mt cch phn tn (trong thc t, mt s tuyn
c lnh o xy ra dc theo xng sng ang c) v nt en tip theo c xc nh.
Tp hp chi phi C c xc nh bi thut ton ny l ln hn ti a 2H( A) so vi tp
hp ti u; n chim O(|C|( A + |C|)) thi gian v O(n|C|) bn tin tnh ton.
Kt ni mt tp hp chi phi
Das v Bharghavan [9] cng cp n bng cch no thch nghi thut ton tp trung
khc c m t trong phn 10.3.3, xc nh mt Tp hp chi phi nh v sau kt ni n
mt bc tch bit.

235
Gi thit a v ca s c gii hn bi hng s c no , c s A . Hy cc nt
qung b a v ca n ti tt c cc nt ln cn ca n. S dng thng tin a v ny t tt c
cc nt, tt c cc nt nh du nt ln cn vi a v cao nht nh nt chi phi ca n (hoc
bn thn n). Tp hp thu c l tp hp chi phi (hin nhin, bi v mi nt la chn mt
nt chi phi), nhng khng cn thit phi c kt ni; mt cy Steiner ging thut ton kt
ni quan tm n vic m bo kt ni trong pha th hai.
Tp hp chi phi thu c c mt t s hiu sut 1 + A trong thi gian O(n A). Bi v
c s A , n vn l mt t s hiu sut hng s. Ngi ta ngh rng, vic m bo mt a v cc
i i vi mt trin khai ngu nhin ca cc nt cm bin l quan trng. Ni chung, cc thut
ton c Das v Bharghavan [9]trnh by c mt h s xp x logarit.
nh du cc nt c cc nt ln cn khng c ni
Trong khi c hai thut ton c tho lun n by gi c gng ngay t ban u hn
ch kch thc ca tp hp chi phi, tng khc l u tin tm kim tp hp chi phi c
ni, kh ln no m c th c cu trc mt cch d dng v sau gim kch thc ca
n i. Nu mt tp hp c cu trc nh vy c mt s cc c im thun li khc, th thm
ch mt tp hp chi phi khng phi l nh nht cng c th c chp nhn.
Mt cu trc tp hp chi phi c ni khng ti u
Mt quan st n gin [12] cho php mt cch nhanh chng, vi tng chi ph bn tin
thp, xy dng mt tp hp chi phi c kt ni. Mt ln na gi thit rng tt c cc nt
ban u l khng c nh du (c mu trng). nh du bt c nt no (lm cho n tr
thnh mt thnh vin ca tp hp chi phi) nu n c hai nt ln cn khng c kt ni trc
tip. Quyt nh ny c th c thc hin mt cch cc b sau khi cc nt trao i cc tp
hp nt ln cn ca chng n gin l bt c nt no cng phi kim tra liu mi trong s
cc nt ln cn ca n c nm trong tt c cc danh sch nt ln cn nhn c. Cu trc n
gin ny a n mt s c im th v:
- Nu s gc c kt ni nhng khng phi ton b s c kt ni, tp hp
kt qu ca cc nt c nh du l mt tp hp chi phi. iu ny c th c
chng minh bng vic xem xt vi trng hp. Trng hp ch cht l mt nt
khng c nh du v vi ch cc nt ln cn khng c nh du v t nht mt
nt c kt ni gin tip u. Nhn thy rng nt u tin trn ng kt ni ngn
nht gia v v u s phi c nh du bi cu trc cho thy s i lp.
- Tp hp kt qu ca cc nt nh du c kt ni. Chng minh cng bng s i
lp, s dng mt ng ngn nht gia hai nt c nh du t hai thnh phn cu
thnh c kt ni khc nhau ca tp hp chi phi. N cho thy rng hoc l tt c
cc nt dc theo ng ny phi c nh du hoc n khng l ng ngn nht,
i lp vi gi thit rng hai thnh phn cu thnh khng c kt ni.
- ng ngn nht gia bt c hai nt bt k khng bao gm cc nt khng c
nh du. Chng minh mt ln na c thc hin bi s i lp v c im ca
cc nt trn mt ng ngn nht. c im ny l khng c quan tm bi cc
cu trc trc y v lm cho tp hp chi phi c th ny phi chu trch nhim
nhiu hn s dng nh mt xng sng nh tuyn.

236
- Tp hp chi phi khng l ti thiu; thc t, n c th khng quan trng (bao quanh
tt c cc nt ca s gc). N c thc hin tt trong cc s thc t. Hnh
10.13 ch ra mt s v d tp hp kt qu ca cc nt c nh du khng
phi l nh nht (c u, v v u, w l ).
Hai khm ph lc bt
Wu v Li [12] xut hai khm ph gim kch thc ca tp hp chi phi trong cc
tnh hung nh vy. Khm ph u tin l khng nh du bt c nt v no sao cho c bn
thn nt v v nt ln cn ca n u c bao gm trong vng ln cn ca nt c nh du
u khc no ; ngoi ra s nhn dng duy nht ca v cng phi nh hn s nhn dng duy
nht ca u. Khm ph th hai khng nh du mt nt v nu vng ln cn ca n nm trong
cc vng ln cn ca hai nt ln cn c nh du u v w v v phi c s nhn dng nh
nht. Hnh 10.15 cng ch ra rng vic phn b ca cc s nhn dng c tc ng ng k ln
cc nt m c th loi b.
So snh vi cc thut ton ca Das v Bharghavan [192], th thut ton y ch yu
cu ( )
2
A O thi gian trao i cc tp hp ln cn v thi gian khng i cho vic gim pha.
Tuy nhin, cc kt qu m phng ch ra rng tp hp chi phi (sau cc khm ph lc bt)
cng c xu hng tr nn nh hn so vi tp hp c to ra bi cc thut ton trc .

Hnh 10.13 S v d cho vic nh du cc nt vi cc nt ln cn khng c kt
ni.

T chc t phn tng da trn vai tr
Tt c cc phng php tp hp chi phi c tho lun cho n gi hon ton l s
mang tnh l thuyt; chng khng tnh n cc nhim v v vai tr c th m cc nt trong s
ny phi thc hin. Kochhal [18] xut mt phng php xy dng mt tp hp chi phi
m xem xt mt cch r rng cc thng tin trn.
Ni ring th mc ca dung sai li trong vic cm bin mt khu vc cho, khu vc
m c ng bi vic trin khai d cc cm bin, kt qu l nhiu cm bin kho st mt
im cho, c s dng quyt nh cc vai tr m mt cm bin cho thc hin. Mc
ca dung sai li c biu din nh mt thuc tnh ca cm bin cho bt k, gi tr Mc
cm bin tch ly - Cumulative Sensing Degree (CSD). Mt cch trc gic, mt gi tr
CSD cao ng rng cc thay i ca mt s kin c pht hin gia cc cm bin ln cn
ca n l cao.
c im ny ca cc gi tr CSD sau c s dng h tr trong vic xy dng
mt Tp hp chi phi c kt ni (CDS). Cu trc ban u nh du cc nt vi cc nt ln
cn khng c ni, nh c m t trong phn trc. Tuy nhin, cc khm ph n gin s

237
dng cc gi tr CSD la chn cc nt s b loi b khi tp hp chi phi ny (gia cc gi
tr khc ging nh mc nng lng hoc mc ca nt). Trn c s ca tp hp chi phi
c kt ni thu c, cui cng th cc iu phi vin cm bin c la chn.
Gii php ny l hp dn ch n kt hp mt cch tip cn l thuyt ca s n
gin vi kin thc v cc nhim v cm bin thc t m cc nt ring l phi thc hin.

10.4 Mng phn tng phn nhm (clustering)
10.4.1 nh ngha cc phn nhm
Phn 10.3 pha trc c gii thiu mt kin trc phn tng trong mt mng bng cch
thit k vi nt khi chng thuc vo mt xng sng, mt tp hp chi phi. kin khc i
vi mt kin trc phn tng s l nh du mt cch cc b mt s nt khi c mt vai tr c
bit, v d: iu khin cu trc lin kt mng cc nt ln cn. Trong kin ny, cc nhm cc
b hoc cc phn nhm ca cc nt c th c hnh thnh; cc b iu khin ca cc
nhm ny thng c xem nh cc ch huy phn nhm. Vic phn nhm ny c cc u
im mong mun tng t vi cc u im ca mt xng sng, nhng nhn mnh thm vo
ty chn ti nguyn cc b (v d, trong cc giao thc MAC), bo v cc lp ng cao hn
trong mng (lm cho cc bng nh tuyn n nh hn bi v tt c cc lu lng c nh
tuyn qua cc ch huy phn nhm), v lm cho cc giao thc lp cao hn c th thay i t l
linh hot hn (bi v kch thc v phc tp ca mng khi nhn bi cc lp cao hn l
gim i bi vic phn nhm). Thm vo , cc ch huy phn nhm l cc v tr t nhin
tp hp li v nn lu lng hi t t nhiu cm bin ti mt trm n l.
Mt cch chnh thc, cho mt s G = (V ,E), vic phn nhm n gin l nhn dng
mt tp hp cc tp con ca cc nt V
i
, i = 1, . . . , n sao cho
i=1,...,n
V
i
= V. S lng cc cu
hi v cc c im chi tit c yu cu t cc tp hp ny phn bit cc phng php phn
nhm khc nhau:
C cc ch huy phn nhm? Vic chia tch V thnh nhiu phn nhm khng y thc bt c
iu g v cu trc bn trong ca mt phm nhm; theo quy tc th tt c cc nt c th bng
nhau. Tuy nhin, in hnh cho mi tp hp V
i
c mt nt duy nht c
i
, ch huy phn nhm,
biu din tp hp ny v c th thc hin cc nhim v khc.
C th cc ch huy phn nhm l cc nt ln cn khng? Mt ln na theo quy tc th n
hon ton c chp nhn i vi hai ch huy phn nhm (ca hai phn nhm khc nhau) l
cc nt ln cn trc tip. Tuy nhin, ngi ta thng mong mun c cc ch huy phn nhm
c tch bit. Mt cch chnh thc, cc ch huy phn nhm nn to thnh mt tp hp c
lp: mt tp con C c V sao cho khng c hai nt no trong C c tham gia bi mt cnh
trong E c
1
, c
2
e C : (c
1
, c
2
) e E.
Vic tm mt tp hp ty chn nh th ny l t quan trng; trng hp ng quan tm
l cc tp hp c lp cc i, m cha cng nhiu nt khng vi phm n c tnh c lp
cng tt, kt qu l cng nhiu phn nhm xung quanh cc ch huy phn nhm cng tt. Hnh
10.14 ch ra mt s v d vi mt tp hp c lp cc i; cc v d khc l c th (d
dng tm thy) khi bn thn tp hp c lp cc i, ni chung l khng duy nht.

238
Mt c tnh quan trng ca mt tp hp c lp cc i nh vy, l n cng l chi
phi (chng minh d dng thng qua s tng phn). c im ny iu chnh mt cch c
bn tm quan trng ca vn lp cng thc: cc tp hp c lp cc i l cc phn t nhin
ca mng v cng to nn mt tp con cc nt m c th iu khin mng.
Vic xc nh cc tp hp c lp cc i nh c mong i, l NP-hon thin. N
tha nhn mt PTAS cho cc s v hng v cc s a n v. i vi cc s c
a v b gii hn, n c th xp x trong ( A+ 3)/5 i vi A nh, v trong O( Alog log A/log
A) i vi cc gi tr ln.
Trong khi s lp thnh cng thc tp hp c lp cc i l d dng, n khng cn thit
phn nh cu hnh mong mun mt cch thc t ca cc phn nhm. V d, xem xt mt s
G = ({v
0
, . . . , v
n
}, {(v
0
, v
i
)|i = 1, . . . , n}) (ngha l mt nt c ni ti n nt khc m
khng c kt ni vi nhau). Tp hp c lp cc i cho s ny l v
1
, . . . , v
n
, kt qu l
n phn nhm, mt phn nhm c kch thc bng 2, cc phn nhm khc c kch thc bng
1. Thc t hn, trong nhiu tnh hung, s s dng nt 0 nh ch huy ca ch mt phn nhm
n. Mt trc quan v cc mng nh vy c phn nh trong phn ln cc khm ph c
m t sau ny mc d cc mc tiu ti u ha thc t thng khng c lp cng thc y
. Cc mc tiu nh vic tri u cc phn nhm trn mt din tch cho thng c xem
l quan trng.

Hnh 10.14 Mt s v d vi mt tp hp c lp cc i

Cc phn nhm c th chng nhau khng? Khi to thnh cc phn nhm ngoi tp hp c
lp cc i nh trnh by trong hnh 10.14, cu hi t ra l phn nhm no n nh cc nt
khng phi ch huy phn nhm, c bit l cc nt m k cn vi hai ch huy phn nhm. Mt
ty chn s n nh cc nt ny cho c hai phn nhm, kt qu l cc phn nhm chng nhau.
Nu iu ny l khng mong nun, th cn phi c mt quy tc quyt nh no n nh
mt cch r rng cc nt l cc ch huy phn nhm. Hnh 10.15 lm ni bt cc kh nng ny.
Lm cch no cc phn nhm truyn thng? Liu cc phn nhm c chng nhau hay
khng, mt nt m k cn vi hai ch huy phn nhm c th h tr mt cch t nhin trong
vic truyn thng gia hai phn nhm n to ra mt cng chnh (gateway) (cc tn khc l
cu (bridge), nt ng bao, hoc cc thut ng tng t). tng l s truyn thng trong
phn nhm c th c nh tuyn thng qua cc ch huy phn nhm, nt m sau s dng
cc cng chnh (gateway) cho bt c vic truyn thng gia cc phn nhm no.

239

Hnh 10.15 Tp hp c lp cc i to ra cc phn nhm chng nhau hoc khng
chng nhau
Tuy nhin, c th c cc trng hp, trong hai ch huy phn nhm c tch ra bi
hai nt, v khng nt n no c th hon thnh y cc trch nhim ca mt cng chnh.
Trong tnh hung nh vy th hai nt t mi phn nhm cng vi nhau c th hot ng nh
mt ci gi l cng chnh phn tn (distributed gateway) cho php vic truyn thng gia
cc phm nhm. tng ny c trnh by hnh 10.16.


Hnh 10.16 Hai phn nhm c ni bi hai cng chnh phn tn

Cc ch huy phn nhm cng vi cc cng chnh - gateway (phn tn) mt ln na hnh
thnh mt tp hp chi phi c kt ni v do hnh thnh mt xng sng ca ton b
mng. S tng ng ny cng c th hng theo s la chn cng chnh, v d nh n c
th khng cn thit kt ni tt c cc phn nhm ln cn thng qua cc cng chnh (mc
du iu ny thng c thc hin bt chp cc c hi ti u tng qut) hoc s la chn
gia cc cng chnh khc nhau c th c ti u ha bi cc nt u tin phc v nh cc
cng chnh m c th kt ni nhiu hn hai phn nhm, v tr thnh giao im ca vi phn
nhm. Mt ln na vic la chn tp hp ti u ca cc cng chnh kt ni cc ch huy
phn nhm cho vo mt tp hp c kt ni li l vn cy Steiner.
C bao nhiu cc cng chnh tn ti gia cc phn nhm? C th c vi ty chn kt
ni hai ch huy phn nhm thng qua vi cng chnh (phn tn). Ph thuc vo mc tiu ti
u ha i vi tp hp chi phi c kt ni cui cng, cn thit c mt mc no ca
s d tha trong vic truyn thng gia cc phn nhm.
ng knh cc i ca mt phn nhm l bao nhiu? Vic biu din ca cc ch huy
phn nhm v mc ch ca vic xy dng mt tp hp c lp cc i ch r mt ng knh
phn nhm cc i ca hai nt mi nt trong mt phn nhm l ti a hai bc nhy khi
nt khc bt k. iu ny l khng cn thit cho trng hp: i khi xem xt cc phn nhm

240
mt bc nhy (m thng khng c cc ch huy phn nhm); i khi, cc phn nhm a
bc nhy vi cc ng knh ln hn c s dng.
C mt kin trc phn tng ca cc phn nhm? Cc ch huy phn nhm p t mt kin
trc phn tng ca cc nt ln mng. Thng th, mt kin trc phn tng hai mc nh vy
c xem xt l . Tuy nhin, ngi ta c th xem xt cc phn nhm nh l cc nt trong
mt s mi, cng vi cc ng ni gia cc phn nhm nh cc cnh trong s ny.
i vi s ny, mt ln na, vic phn nhm (hoc cc phng php tp hp chi phi
khc) c th c p dng.
10.4.2 Mt tng c bn xy dng cc tp hp c lp
Mt tng n gin xy dng cc tp hp c lp l khai thc bn cht cc b vn
c ca s c lp nu cc nt c la chn c th ngn tr tt c cc nt ln cn ca chng
khi b la chn, th sinh ra s c lp. Do , tng l tt c cc nt truyn thng vi
cc nt ln cn ca n v la chn mt cch cc b cc nt tham gia vo tp hp ca cc
nt c lp ( cui cng tr thnh cc ch huy phn nhm).
lm iu , tt c cc nt cn mt c tnh, mt c tnh m c th c xc nh
mt cch cc b, c trao i d dng vi tt c cc nt ln cn, v c xp hng mt cch
r rng bi mi nt (cc mi lin h c th b ph v mt cch cc b). Mt v d n gin
cho mt c tnh nh vy l mt s nhn dng duy nht ca mi nt, c sp xp v d theo
trt t tng dn, cc mi lin h khng th no xy ra. Vic s dng cc s nhn dng
thc s l xut u tin cho mt thut ton phn nhm phn b.
Bt chp vic la chn chnh xc c tnh ny s dng cho vic xp hng cc nt, mt
thut ton phn tn c bn tnh ton cc tp hp c lp bt u bng vic nh du tt c
cc nt nh l chng sn sng cho vic tr thnh cc ch huy phn nhm, nhng vn cha
c quyt nh. Trong sut tin trnh ca thut ton, trng thi ny c chuyn mch ti
ch huy phn nhm hoc thnh vin phn nhm (c th so snh vi cc mu trng, en, v
xm trong phn 10.3). Trong bc u tin, mi nt xc nh c tnh xp hng cc b ca n
v trao i c tnh ny vi tt c cc nt ln cn ca n. Mi khi thng tin ny l sn c, mt
nt c th quyt nh tr thnh mt ch huy phn nhm nu n c cp bc ln nht (hoc nh
nht, ph thuc vo nh ngha) trong tt c cc nt ln cn vn cha c quyt nh ca n.
Do , nt thay i trng thi ca n v thng bo trng thi mi cho cc nt ln cn ca n.
Cc nt m bit v mt ch huy phn nhm trong khu vc ln cn ca chng s chuyn sang
trng thi thnh vin phn nhm v ln lt thng bo iu cho cc nt ln cn ca chng.
Ch rng y l bc thit yu: Mi khi mt nt vi mt cp bc ln tr thnh mt thnh
vin phn nhm i vi mt nt khc no , n c th khng chn cc nt vi cp bc thp
hn trong vng ph cn ca n tr thnh cc ch huy phn nhm trong bn thn chng.
Thut ton ny kt thc mi khi tt c cc nt quyt nh tr thnh mt ch huy phn nhm
hoc mt thnh vin phn nhm.
Thut ton ny c minh ha vi mt mng tuyn tnh n gin nh trong hnh 10.17.
Ch , trong bc 1, cc nt 2 v 5 khng th tr thnh cc ch huy phn nhm bi v cc nt
ln cn 3 v 6 ca chng vn cha c quyt nh v c kh nng chim quyn u tin trn
chng. Mi khi cc nt 3 v 6 bit rng nt 7 tr thnh mt ch huy phn nhm trong vng
ph cn ca chng, cc nt ny quyt nh tr thnh cc thnh vin phn nhm v truyn lan

241
thng tin ny ti cc nt 2 v 5. Sau , cc nt ny c th tr thnh cc ch huy phn nhm
trong bc 3.
Thut ton c bn ny c xem xt vi vi bin i nh. Mt bin i l liu c th
gi mt cch thc s cc nt pha sau (back nodes) khi vic hnh thnh cc phn nhm min
l vic quyt nh ch huy phn nhm c th vn c xem xt li, hoc cho php cc phn
nhm trung gian c hnh thnh, cc phn nhm m sau s c ti phn nhm v cc
nt c th tham gia vo ch huy phn nhm khc. S bin i ny c th c bit hu ch
trong cc mng di ng.
Mt bin i quan trng khc l bng cch no xp hng cc nt. xut u tin l
s dng cc nhn dng nh nht (ln nht) l (m t, v d, kin trc phn nhm c ni,
vi mt s d phng c thc hin trao i thng tin kt ni gia cc nt).

Hnh 10.17 Thut ton c bn xc nh cc tp hp c lp, s dng cc s nhn
dng nt nh xp hng (cc nt mu trng l cha c xc nh, cc nt mu en l
cc ch huy phn nhm, cc nt mu xm l cc thnh vin phn nhm.

10.4.4 Kt ni cc phn nhm
Mi khi cc ch huy phn nhm c xc nh (bng bt k thut ton no), thng cn
thit phi xc nh cc cng chnh (c th phn tn) gia cc phn nhm. cho n gin,
vn ny li c gim xung thnh vn cy Steiner.
Nhng tnh hung y n gin hn trong vic thit lp cy Steiner tng qut khi vi
c tnh ca cc ch huy phn nhm c bit. Ni ring, chng to thnh mt tp hp c
lp, chi phi trong tt c cc nt c tch bit bi ti a ba bc nhy (trong trng hp
hai thnh vin phn nhm bnh thng gp nhau ti ra ca hai phn nhm). Mt thit lp nh
vy s cho kt qu l mt xng sng c kt ni, nu mi ch huy phn nhm kt ni vi
tt c cc ch huy phn nhm khc m cch n ti a ba bc nhy. Trong khi i vi mt s
mng, iu ny c th c ngha l phi cn nhiu kt ni hn l cn thit, nhng cng c cc
mng m tt c cc ng kt ni u cn thit m bo vic kt ni.
Ban u
Bc 1
Bc 2
Bc 3
Bc 4

242
Cng vi vic xem xt kt ni c bn ny, cc kha cnh khc nh s cn bng ti trng
gia nhiu cng chnh cng c th c xem xt.
10.4.5 Quay cc ch huy phn nhm
Tr thnh mt ch huy phn nhm c ngha l tip qun thm cc nhim v: t chc
vic truy cp phng tin truyn dn trong phn nhm hoc tham gia vo cc quyt nh nh
tuyn. Suy ra, pin ca cc ch huy phn nhm s c xu hng b cn kit nhanh hn. Thng
th, ngi ta mong mun rng tt c cc nt c dung lng pin gn bng nhau ti bt c thi
im no. Suy ra, trch nhim ca vic tr thnh mt ch huy phn nhm nn c chia s
gia cc nt. Vic chia s ny trong thc t l mt ty chn c th lm c khi thng
khng ch c mt gii php n l i vi mt vn tp hp c lp cc i m cn c
nhiu gii php tt nh vy (hoc gn nh vy).
c th quay cc ch huy phn nhm, thut ton phn nhm khng th ch chy mt
ln m phi c thc hin lp i lp li. Vic lp i lp li nh vy c th xy ra theo chu k
hoc c th c kch hot bi v d: nt di ng. Tt nhin, vic la chn cc chu k v cc
kch hot mt cch sng sut l mt vn ti u ha quan trng, v d ph thuc vo tc
trung bnh ca nt, tc tiu hao ca pin


243
CU HI N TP CHNG 10

1. Cc tu chn cho vic iu khin cu trc lin kt mng?
2. Cc tham s c bn nh gi hiu qu v cht lng ca mt thut ton iu khin cu
trc lin kt mng?
3. Trnh by mt s kt qu cho vic iu khin cu trc lin kt mng?
4. Cc gii hn ca cc tham s ch cht?
5. Mc ch v nh ngha ca mng phn tng xng sng?
6. Mc ch v nh ngha ca mng phn tng phn nhm?



























244
TI LIU THAM KHO


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