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Proposed Syllabus for M. S. Program in APECE for the session 2010-2011

The proposed M.S. program will extend for at least one academic year comprising a total of 33 credits. One credit is
defined as one contact hour per week for 15 working weeks. The students have to take five compulsory course modules
and three optional course modules chosen from different course modules each having three credits. Besides, they also
required to submit a thesis after the completion of in depth study and research in a selected topic having academic or
practical importance. The thesis will be of 6 credits which will be complemented by a thesis defense comprising 2
credits. The outline of the distribution of the credits and courses are as follows:

Student groupings:
(a) Thesis group, (b) Non-Thesis Group.

Marks Distribution:
Final Exam: 70%
Incourse Exam: 25%
Attendance: 5%


Compulsory Course Modules:


Courses Credits
APECE-501: High Speed Computer Networking 3
APECE-502: Advanced Signal Processing 3
APECE-503: Biomedical Signal Analysis & Imaging 3
APECE-504: Electronic Materials 3
APECE-505: Intelligent System Engineering 3
Sub-total 15
Optional Course Modules (any three are to be taken): 3 X 3 = 9
APECE-506: Thesis/ Practical 6
APECE-507: Viva-Voce 3
Total 33 credits

The optional courses, which will be offered in a particular year, will be decided by the Academic Committee of the
Department subject to the availability of the teacher and enrollment of minimum of five students for a course among the
following alternatives:

1. APECE-508: Advanced Instrumentation
2. APECE-509: Material Structure Analysis
3. APECE-510: Semiconductor Characterization
4. APECE-511: Optical Integrated Circuits
5. APECE-512: Renewable Energy Technology
6. APECE-513: Advanced Data & Mobile Communication
7. APECE-514: Advanced Communication Theory
8. APECE-515: Network & Information Security
9. APECE-516: Information & Coding Theory
10. APECE-517: Traffic Theory and Queueing Systems
11. APECE-518: Speech Processing
12. APECE-519: Digital Image Processing
13. APECE-520: Radiation & Medical Physics
14. APECE-521: Applied Geophysics
15. APECE-522: Advanced Engineering Mathematics.


The contents of the above mentioned courses are as follows:

APECE-501: High Speed Computer Networking
Driving forces for high speed networking, High speed LANs, Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI and DQDB,
Frame relay architecture, Standards and protocols, Switched Multi Megabit Data Services, ATM standards & protocols,
ATM LANs, Traffic and Congestion Control in ATM Networks, Optical Communication and SONET/SDH, Broadband
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access technologies, x-DSL, BISDN protocol and architecture, Broadband service aspects and access architecture,
Broadband transmission network, Broadband access network technology, Cable TV networks, Hybrid Fiber Coaxial
(HFC) network, Data Transmission Schemes: DOCSIS, Congestion Control and QoS in Data Networks and Internets,
Advanced network architectures, Overlay model, MPLS, RSVP, Differentiated services, VOIP, H.323, Session initiation
protocol, PSTN vs. VOIP, VSAT networks.

IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)& IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX): Network structure, Protocol stack, PHY layer, MAC layer, QoS,
mobility, OFDMA, SOFDMA, Subchannelization, Adaptive modulation and coding, Frame structure, Spectral
efficiency, Network capacity, LTE, beyond 4G.

Traffic analysis, QOS, Self similar traffic, Queue, Single server, multiserver queue.

IEEE 802.20 (MBWA): Technical specification and advantages, Network structure, Co-existence, comparison with other
wireless systems, Spectral efficiency, and Network capacity, Sensor network, Network of Queue, Fractal Network.

References:
1. Data Communications & Networking, Behrouz A. Forouzan, TATA McGraw-Hill, 4
th
edition.
2. Communication networks, Alberto Leon-Garcia & Indra Widjaja, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
3. Voice over IP Technologies, Mark A. Miller, Wiley-dreamtech, 2005.
4. Data and Computer Communications, William Stallings, Prentice-Hall, 8
th
edition.
5. Computer Networks & Internets with Internet Applications, Douglas E. Comer, Pearson Education, 4
th
edition.
6. High-Speed Networks and Internets: Performance and Quality of Service, William Stallings, Prentice-Hall, 2
nd

Edition.


APECE-502: Advanced Signal Processing
Review of Digital Filters: A review of the fundamentals of digital filter design techniques for Infinite Impulse Response
(IIR) and Finite Impulse Response filter (FIR) types, Comparisons between FIR and IIR filters, MATLAB design
examples, Filter structures.
Multirate Digital Signal Processing: Multirate processing fundamentals of decimation and interpolation, Methods for
optimizing processing throughput requirements via multirate designs, Multirate techniques in filter banks and spectrum
analyzers and synthesizers, Structures and Network theory for multirate digital systems, wavelets.
Finite Arithmetic Error Analysis: Analog-to-Digital conversion errors, Quantization effects of finite arithmetic for
common digital signal processing algorithms including digital filters and FFTs, Methods of calculating the noise at the
digital system output due to arithmetic effects
System Design: Digital Processing system design techniques, Methodologies for signal analysis, system design
including algorithm selection & implementation, architecture selection, configuration analysis, and performance analysis;
typical state-of-the-art signal processing devices.
Linear Prediction theory: Representation of a Stationary Random Process, discrete random signals, moments, bias-
variance, linear stochastic models, ARMA (Auto Regressive Moving Average) modeling, properties of estimators
bias/variance, Cramer Rao Lower Bound , MVU (Minimum Variance Unbiased) estimator, BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased
Estimator), ML (Maximum Likelihood) estimation, Bayesian estimation, Forward and Backward Linear Prediction,
Levinson-Durbin Algorithm, Properties of the Linear Predictors, The Concept of a Whitening Filter
Power Spectrum Estimation: Estimation of Autocorrelation and Power Spectrum of Random Signals, Non Parametric
Methods for Power Spectrum Estimation, Parametric Methods for Power Spectrum Estimation
Statistical signal processing: orthogonality principle, block and sequential forms, Wiener filter, adaptive filtering,
Recursive Least Squares Estimation, Kalman Filter Theory, Adaptive Algorithms: LMS, RLS and their variants, Joint
Multichannel Least Squares Lattice, Spatial filtering of equally and unequally spaced arrays.
Applications: acoustic echo cancellation, signal enhancement, inverse system modelling, denoising.

References:
1. Digital Signal Processing: A computer-based approach, Sanjit K. Mitra, McGraw-Hill, 3rd edition, 2005.
2. Digital Signal Processing - Principles, Algorithms and Applications, John G. Proakis and Dimitris G.
Manolakis, Macmillan, New York, Third edition,1996.
3. Theory and Application of DSP, L.R. Rabiner and B. Gold.
4. Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Oppenheim, Schafer & Buck, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2
nd
edition, 1999.
5. Statistical and Adaptive Signal Processing, Manolakis, D., Ingle, M., Kogon, S., McGraw-Hill, 2000.
6. Adaptive Filter Theory, Haykin, S., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Third edition,1996.
7. Advanced Digital Signal Processing, Proakis, J. G., Rader, C. M., Ling, F., Nikias, C. and L., Macmillan, New
York, 1992.
8. Digital Signal Processing: A System Design Approach, DeFatta, D. J., Lucas, J. G., Hodgkiss and W. S., John,
Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988.
9. Introductory Digital Signal Processing with Computer Applications, P.A. Lynn, W. Fuerst and B.Thomas, John
Wiley.
10. Digital Signal Processing, M.H.Hayes, Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw Hill, 1999.
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11. Statistical Signal Processing, Scharf, L. L., Addison-Wesley, 1991.
12. Digital Processing of Random Signals, Porat, B., Prentice Hall, 1994.
13. Adaptive filters: Theory and Applications, B. Farhang-Boroujeny.
14. Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory, S. Kay, Prentice Hall.
15. Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modelling, Monson Hayes, Wiley, 1996.


APECE-503: Biomedical Signal Analysis & Imaging
Biomedical Signal Analysis: Nature and examples of biomedical signals (ECG, EEG, EMG, EWG, CP), objectives and
difficulties of biomedical signal analysis, concepts of time domain, frequency domain, optimal and adaptive filtering.
Random noise, structured noise and physiological interference, stationary vs. nonstationary processes.

Case-study: noise cancellation in ECG signal. Event detection: P, QRS and T waves in ECG
Derivative based and Pan-Tompkin algorithm for QRS detection, Detection of EEG rhythms.
Analysis of Non-stationary signals.

Joint time-frequency analysis methods, Wavelets in Biomedical Signal analysis with case studies. Wavelet compression
of medical images, comparison with JPEG, Human visual response, Medical acceptance of lossy compression.

Modeling Biomedical Systems, Parametric system modeling, Electromechanical models of signal generation &
applications.

Pattern classification and Diagnostic decision, Probabilistic models and statistical decision, measures of diagnostic
accuracy and cost, reliability of classifiers and decisions, applications.

Imaging: Image formation, basic imaging theory, the imaging equation, image reconstruction from profiles, Image
processing and analysis, image registration;

Image production, Radionuclide imaging: the gamma camera, Single photo emission tomography (SPET), positron
emission tomography (PET); Ultrasonic imaging: Pulse-echo techniques, Doppler imaging; Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI): the saturation recovery pulse sequence, the spin-echo pulse sequence, imaging & multiple slicing, CT
scanning: absorption of x-rays, image reconstruction, Spiral CT; Electrical impedance tomography (EIT): Multifrequency
and 3D imaging.

References:
1. Biomedical Signal Analysis (A case study approach), R.M. Rangayyan, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
2. Time Frequency and Wavelets in Biomedical Signal Processing, Edited by Mefin Akay, IEEE Series in Biomedical
Engineering, 1998.
3. Biomedical Digital Signal Processing, Willis J.Tompkins, Prentice-Hall.
4. Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, B H Brown, Taylor & Francis.

APECE-504: Electronic Materials
Bandgap Engineering:
Introduction to semiconductor band structure, Calculation of semiconductor bandstructure: Tight binding method,
Pseudopotential method, Orthogonalized plane wave method, Perturbative technique: k.p method.
Bandstructure modification: by Semiconductor alloy, by Quantum confinement using heterostructure, by built-in strain
using lattice mismatched epitaxy. Band engineering using organic molecules.
Band structure of Quantum Well. Quantum Wire and Quantum Dot.
Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials:
An atomistic view to electrical resistance: Energy level diagram, Electron flow, Quantum of Conductance, Potential
profile, Coulomb Blockade, Nano Transistor.
Introduction to Nanotechnology, Emergence of Nanotechnology, Top down and Bottom up approach, Challenges in
Nanotechnology.
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface: Surface energy, Chemical potential as a function of surface curvature, Electrostatic
Stabilization,
Zero Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanoparticles through homogeneous nucleation, Nanoparticles through heterogeneous
nucleation.
One Dimensional Nanostructures: Spontaneous growth, Template based synthesis, Electrospinning, Lithography.
Two Dimensional Nanostructures: Fundamental of film growth.
Nanostructures Fabricated by Physical Techniques: Lithography, Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography, Nanoimprint.
Carbon Nanostructures: Carbon molecules, Carbon clusters.
Carbon Nanotubes: Fabrication, Structures, Electrical properties, Vibrational properties, Mechanical properties,
Application of Carbon Nanotubes.
Nonlinear Optics:
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Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility, Nonlinear Susceptibility of an Anharmonic Oscillator, Noncentrosymmetric media,
Centrosymmetric media, Wave Equation for Nonlinear Optical Media, Harmonic Generation, Second Harmonic
Generation, Phase Matching, Third Harmonic Generation, Optical Mixing, Optical Parametric Oscillator, Self Focusing
of Light, Nonlinear Optics at an Interface, Concepts of optical computing, Nonlinear properties of optical fibers &
solutions.

Text:
1. Electronic and optoelectronic properties of semiconductor structures, Jasprit Singh, Cambridge University Press.
2. Band Theory and Electronic Properties of Solids, John Singleton, Oxford University Press.
3. Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots, Paul Harrison, Wiley Inter Science.
4. Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor, Supriyo Datta, Cambridge University Press.
5. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, Guozhong Cao, Imperial College Press.
6. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Frank J Owens, Wiley Interscience.
7. Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, B B Loud, New Age Internatioanl Limited Publishers.
8. Nonlinear Optics, Robert W. Boyd.

APECE-505: Intelligent System Engineering
Expert system: Characteristics, Knowledge representation and reasoning, Knowledge based system, Structured
representation of knowledge, Inference techniques, Rule-based expert systems, Knowledge acquisition, applications.
Neural Networks: Biological neuron, Artificial neurons and neuronal networks, Neural network based approximate
reasoning, learning rules, learning processes, perception and multilayer perception, back directional associative memory,
back propagation method, Self-organizing kohonen networks, Hopfield natural network, Practical implementation and
applications.
Fuzzy Logic: Fuzzy set and control theory, Fuzzy inference, Fuzzy logic expert systems, Fuzzy associative memory,
Fuzzy neural control, Ideas and paradigms.
Robot vision: Introduction, two-stages of Robot vision, Image processing, Genetic/Pattern discovery program, Scene
analysis, Interpreting lines and curves in the image, Model based vision.
Genetic Algorithm: Adaptation and evaluation, simple genetic algorithms, genetic algorithms in control, parameters for
genetic algorithm.

References:
1. Artificial Intelligence: A new synthesis, Nils J. Nilsons.
2. Artificial Intelligence, Elain Rich
3. Neural Networks: Algorithms, Applications and Programming techniques, James. A Freeman and David M. Skipara
, Pearson Education, 2001
4. Fuzzy Neural Control Principles, Algorithms and Applications, Junhong Nie and Darek A. Limkems.
5. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems, Darl kuke, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2001
6. Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach, Start J. Russel & Peter narviz.
7. Neural Networks, Zuvada.


APECE-508: Advanced Instrumentation
X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER
Fundamentals: X-ray spectrum, Characteristic spectrum, Absorption, Auger effect, Filters, X-ray tube.
Experimental Method: General features, Counters, Counting loss, Counting efficiency, Energy resolution, Proportional
counters, Scintillation counters, Geiger counters, Semiconductor counters, Pulse height analysis, Energy dispersive
diffractometry, Time analysis diffractometry, Scalers, Rate meters, Monochromators.
VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER
Source of visible radiation, Filters, Diffraction gratings and monochromators, Radiation intensity detectors, Single and
double beam photometer, wavelength calibration.
FLAME EMISSION PHOTOMETER
Composition of flame, Instrumentation, Quantitative analysis, Sources of error.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER
Single-beam AAS, Radiation source, Double-beam AAS, Calibration, Flame optimization, Flameless AAS, Background
correction.
ADVANCE MICROSCOPES
Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron microscope (TEM), Scanning tunneling microscope
(STM), Atomic force microscope (AFM).
BLOOD CELL COUNTERS
Cell counters based on electrical resistance measurements, Cell counters based on optical measurements, The hematrak.
BIOSENSOR
Schematic outline of biosensor, Types of biosensors, Application of biosensors.

References:
1. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, B. D. Cullity, Addison-Wesley publishing company.
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2. Principle of Chemical Instrumentation, Gray T. Bender, W. B. Saunders Company.
3. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, R. S. Khandpur, Tata McGraw-hill publishing company ltd.


APECE-509: Material Structure Analysis
Geometry of Crystals:
Lattices, Crystal systems, Symmetry, Primitive and non-primitive cells, Lattice directions and planes, Crystal structure,
Atom sizes and coordination, Stereographic projection
Diffraction and Diffractometer
Introduction, X-ray spectroscopy, Diffraction directions, Laue methods, Rotating Crystal method, Powder method,
Diffractometer method, Diffraction under non ideal conditions, Intensities of diffracted beams, Scattering by an atom,
Scattering by a unit cell, Structure factor calculation, Multiplicity factor, Lorentz factor, Absorption factor, Temperature
factor, Intensities of powder pattern lines, Example of intensity calculations, Counters, Counting losses, Counting
efficiency, Energy resolution, Proportional counter, Scintillation counter, Semiconductor counter, Pulse height analyzer,
Energy dispersive diffractometry, Time analysis diffractometer
Structure Analysis by Neutrons
Neutron scattering length and nuclear interaction, Scattering and absorption cross-sections, Coherence and incoherence,
negative scattering lengths, Bragg scattering by crystals, Magnetic scattering amplitude, Inelastic and elastic scattering,
Neutron diffractometer and spectrometer, structure factor calculation for bcc, fcc, NaCl, diamond and spinel (MgAl
2
O
4
),
Structure of amorphous and porous solids
Small Angle Scattering
Survey, General Theory: Scattering, Interference, Small angle scattering, Correlation function, Partial scattering: General
case, Special case.

Text:
1. Elements of X-ray diffraction, Author: B.D. Cullity
2. Neutrons and Solid State Physics, Author: L. Dobrzynski and K. Blinowski
3. Small Angle X-ray Scattering, Author: O. Glatter and O. Kratky

APECE-510: Characterization of Semiconductors and Materials

01. Basic Principles: Interaction of radiation of ion and electron beam with matter.
02. Electrical Characterization : Capacitance Measurements, Current-Voltage Measurements, I-V, I-V-T, C-V, C-V-
T, Contact resistance and Schottky Barrier Height, Carrier Lifetime measurement, generation lifetime and
recombination lifetime measurement : optical and electrical techniques, Surface Photo-voltage (SPV), Deep Level
Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS), Interface Trapped Charge DLTS, CDLTS and QDLTS, Positron Annihilation
Spectroscopy (PAS), The Four-Point Probe, Wafer Mapping, Resistivity profiling, Dopant Profiling, Series
resistance, Channel Lengths, Threshold Voltage, Schottky Barrier Height, Mobility : magneto-resistance, time-of-
flight drift and MOSFET mobility.
03. Optical Characterization: Optical Microscopy, Dark-field, Phase and Interference Contrast Microscopy, Confocal
Optical Microscopy, Interferometric Microscopy, Near Field Optical Microscopy (NFOM), Ellipsometry, Plasma
resonance, Infrared Spectroscopy, Free carrier Absorption, Transmission, Reflection, Photoluminescence (PL),
Raman Spectroscopy, Modulation Spectroscopy,
04. Characterization by Surface Spectroscopy and Probe Microscopy: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS),
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Low Energy Loss Spectroscopy, adsorption and desorption, Different energy
analyzers, Focused Ion Beam Etching for smooth surface, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), Scanning
Capacitance Microscopy (SCM), Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy (SSRM), Scanning Kelvin Probe
Microscopy (SKPM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).
05. Nuclear Analytical Techniques : Irradiation of materials with neutrons in a nuclear reactor and neutron generator,
Nuclear Analysis using Ion Beam Analytical Techniques (IBA), Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Proton
Induced Gamma Emission (PIGE), Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), Semiconductor Gamma-ray
spectrometers, Neutron Diffraction, Neutron Powder Diffractrometer, Neutron Scattering, Triple Axis Neutron
Spectrometer, Characterization of Functional materials, Study on the phase purity, lattice constants, phase fraction,
phase transition, Neutron radiography.
06. Thermal Analysis: Thermogravimetry, Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC).
07. Chemical and Physical Characterization :
Electron Beam Techniques : Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM),
Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscopy (STEM), Energy Dispersive Analysis with X-ray (EDAX), Auger
Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Electron Microprobe (EMP), Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC),
Cathodoluminescence (CL), Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED), High Energy Electron Diffraction (HEED),
Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED), Low Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy (LEELS).
Ion Beam Techniques: Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)
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X-ray and Gamma-ray Techniques: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) - Braggs diffraction condition, X-ray
spectroscopy, Laue method, rotating crystal method, powder method, Diffractrometer method, diffraction under
non-ideal conditions, intensities of diffracted beams, scattering by an atom and unit cell, structure factor calculation,
multiplicity factor, Lorenz factor, absorption factor, Temperature factor, Intensities of powder pattern lines, pulse
height analyzer, energy-dispersive Diffractrometry, time analysis Diffractrometry, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF),
Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Topography
(XRT), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA).
Other techniques: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: Flame and Flameless (AAS), Inductively Coupled
Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR),
Electron spectroscopy: Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy,
08. Failure Analysis Characterization Techniques: Emission Microscopy (EMMI), Fluorescent Microthermography
(FMT), Infrared Thermography (IRT), Voltage Contrast, Laser Voltage Probe (LVP), Optical Beam Induced
Resistance Change (OBIRCH), Focused Ion Beam (FIB)

Text Books:
1. Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization, Dieter K Schroder, John-Wiley and sons, Inc. , New
York.
2. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, B D Cullity, Addision-Wesley Publishing Comp. Inc. USA.
3. Physical Metallurgy Part I and II: Edited lay Cahn and H Hassan, North Holland.
4. Physics of Low Dimensional Structure: J.H. Cambridge.
5. Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanoparticles: S.V. Gopenko
6. SEM Microcharacterization of Semiconductors: D.B. Holt and D.C. Joy, Academic Press, New Delhi.
7. Electron Spin Resonance: Elementary Theory and Practical Applications, 2
nd
Edition, 2007.
8. Growth and Characterization of Semiconductors, R A Stradling and PC Kilpstein, IOP Publishing, UK, 1996.
9. Characterization of Semiconductor, P Blood and J W Orton, Academic Press, New York.
10. Practical Surface Analysis, D Briggs and M P Seah (edited), Vol. I : Auger and X-ray Photo Electron
Spectroscopy, Wiley and Sons.
11. Ion Beams with Applications to Ion Implantation, Robert G Wilson and George R Brewer.
12. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis.
13. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Joseph A Stroscio and William Kaiser, Academic Press.
14. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties and Applications, Guozhong Cao.

APECE-511: Optical Integrated Circuits
Advantages of optical Integrated circuits (OICs), types of optical waveguides, Materials and fabrication techniques of
optical waveguides, Modal analysis of guided beam in Optical waveguides (2D and 3D structures), beam propagation
method (BPM), Finite element BPM (FE-BPM).
Working principle of OIC elements (optical switch, optical directional coupler, light divider, light combiner, optical
polarizer, optical isolator).
Advantage of external modulation over direct modulation, electro-optic and electro-absorption modulators, DFB laser
and APD.
Non-linear characteristics of OICs, Optical amplifiers and noise, Periodic deformation of optical waveguide shape, Bragg
condition of optical grating, Optical grating filters, Optical sensor devices (such as pressure meter, thermometer, etc).
Measurement techniques of OIC components.

References:
1. Optical Integrated Circuits, H. Nishihara, M. Haruna and T. Suhara, McGraw Hill, 2001.
2. Introduction to fiber optics, A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
3. Eigenmode analysis of whispering gallery modes of pillbox-type optical resonators without loss by FE-BPM
formulation, Anis Ahmed, Ryuichi Koya and others, IEICE Transactions on Electronics, Vol. E78-C (1995).
4. Field analysis of pillbox resonator with radiation loss , Anis Ahmed, Ryuichi Koya, and others,
Optical Review, Vol.3, No. 2 (1996).

APECE-512: Renewable Energy Technology
Review of solar cells and PV modules: Single sun and multiple sun solar cells, Module manufacturing and testing.
PV System Component Technologies: Electric energy storage systems, Inverter technologies, Charge regulator and
system control, Power conditioning system, Maximum power point tracker.
PV System Design:
Stand Alone System: Load estimation, battery sizing, Module/Array sizing, Inverter and other related component sizing,
system wiring.
Hybrid System: PV/Diesel generator system, PV/Wind system.
Grid Connected Systems: Rooftop grid connected PV system, PV/Wind grid connected system, Installation and
troubleshooting.
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Solar Thermal Systems: Hot water system, Solar dryer, Passive cooling, Solar Thermal System Testing.
Selective Surface Coatings: Preparation, Production method and Study of the properties, Integrated Renewable Energy
Systems, Economics & Environmental Impact of Solar Energy System.
Other Renewable Energy: Biofuels, Biomass, Biogas, Geothermal energy, Hydro power, Tidal power, Wave power,
Ocean thermal energy conversion, Deep lake water cooling, Blue energy, Wind energy.
Renewable energy commercialization: Costs, Use of ethanol for transportation, Wave farms expansion, Geothermal
energy prospects, Future potential, Trends favoring renewables, Constraints and opportunities, Availability, Aesthetics,
Environmental and social considerations, Longevity issues, Energy Diversification.

References:
1. Physics, Technology and use of photovoltaic, R.I. Van Over structure and R.P. Mortens.
2. PV engineering, Edited by Asian Institute of Technology (AIT).
3. Solar cells and their application, Larry, D. Partain.
4. Standalone photovoltaic system design, A handbook of Sancia National Laboratory, USA.
5. Solar Engineering of Thermal process, Duffy and Beckman.
6. Treatise on Solar Energy (Volume-1), H.P. Garg.
7. Solar Energy- Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, S.P. Sukhatme.


APECE-513: Advanced Data & Mobile Communication
Discrete Data Transmission: Modulation, demodulation, discrete data detectors, ML and MAP detectors, AWGN noise
and bit error rate as a function of SNR, Union bound approximation, PSK, PAM and QAM systems
Transmission through ISI Channels: Inter Symbol Interference, ISI model, Nyquist criterion, Raised cosine pulse,
Zero Forcing Equaliser (ZFE), MMSE Linear Equaliser, Decision Feedback equalizer, Error propagation, precoders:
Tomlinson, Larcia.
Multi Channel Modulation: Basic multi tone, gap analysis, water filling optimization, Rate adaptive, Margin adaptive
water filling algorithm, Discrete loading: Chows algorithm, Levin Campello algorithm, Dynamic loading, channel
partitioning, modal modulation, Discrete Multi-tone
Coding and Sequences, Sequential Detection: Convolution codes, Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm for sequential
detection, Viterbi algorithm, MAP algorithm for sequential detection, Iterative decoding, Turbo codes, Low Density
Parity Check codes, Partial response Decision Feedback Turbo equalization
Mobile radio channels: Path loss, slow-fading, fast-fading, Doppler spread and coherence time, delay spread and
coherence bandwidth, flat fading and frequency selective fading, The power budget design of mobile radio channels
System Capacity: Average capacity, Shannon capacity /water filling approach, Rate Adaptive loading and power
allocation, Capacity for narrow and wideband systems
Advanced wireless transmission and systems: CDMA technology, Advanced orthogonal multicarrier modems,
Spectral efficiency of wireless systems, Comparison of existing wireless systems and standards, Future narrow- and
wide-band wireless multimedia systems, UMTS, Wideband system 1 (2G/GSM _2.5G): Air interface, 2.5 G transition
from 2G to 3G. Backbone networks, Wideband system 2: Back bone networks and 3G air interface, DSSS for 3G, Link
optimization, Iterative Water Filling for power allocation

References:
1. Signal Processing and Detection, John Cioffi.
2. Communication Systems Engineering, Proakis and Salehi, Second edition.
3. Modulation and Coding for Wireless Communications, Burr A, Prentice Hall, 2001.
4. Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications, Sklar B, Prentice Hall, 2001.
5. Digital Communications, Haykin S, Wiley, , 2001.
6. Digital Communications, Bateman A, Addison-Wesley, 1999.
7. Digital Communications, Proakis JG, McGraw Hill, , 2001.
8. Digital Communications, Glover IA and Grant PM, Prentice Hall, 1998.
9. Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice, Rappaport TS, Prentice Hall, 2002.
10. An Introduction to GSM, Redl SM, Weber MK and Oliphant MW, Artech House, 1995.
11. Principles and Applications of GSM, Garg VK and Wilkes JE, Prentice Hall, 1999.
12. Introduction to Digital Communication, Zieman, RE and Peterson, RL, Prentice Hall, 2001.
13. Single- and Multi-Carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: Principles and Applications for Personal
Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting, L Hanzo, W Webb and T Keller, Wiley, 2000.
14. Mobile Radio Communications, R Steele and L Hanzo (Ed), IEEE Press-John Wiley, 2nd edition, 1999.
15. Wireless Communications, Andre Goldsmith.
16. Third Generation Systems and Intelligent Networking, J. S. Blog and L. Hanzo.
17. Wireless Communication Systems, X. Wang and H.V. Poor.
18. Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, David Tse and Pramod Viswanath.
19. WCDMA for UMTS, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala.
20. Third Generation Systems and Intelligent Networking, J. S. Blog and L. Hanzo.
21. WCDMA Mobile Communication Systems, Keija Tachikawa.
22. GSM Switching, Services and Protocols, J. Eberspacher and H. Vogel, Wiley, 1999.
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23. GSM - Evolution towards 3rd Generation Systems, Z. Zvonar, P. Jung and K. Kammerlander, Kluwer, 1999.
24. The GSM System for Mobile Communications, M. Mouly and M. Pautet, Cell & Sys, 1992.

APECE-514: Advanced Communication Theory
Introductory concepts: Modelling of information sources, Communication channels and sinks, Definitions of priori and
posterior probabilities in relation to the model of a communication channel, MAP criterion, likelihood functions and
likelihood ratio, An initial study on the performance of a digital communication system and expansion to a spread
spectrum system.
Optimum detection theory: Detection criteria, Receiver operating characteristics (ROC), Detection of known signals in
the presence of white noise and the concept of an optimum receiver, Matched filter receivers and their mathematical
analysis, Extension to non-white noise, Orthogonal signals and the approximation theorem, M-ary signals and signal
constellation, Basic concepts and analysis of orthogonal and biorthogonal M-ary communication systems, 64-ary Walsh-
Hadamard signal set.
PN-sequences: Galois field GF(2) basic theory, Shift registers, Basic properties of m-sequences, Statistical properties of
m-sequences, Gold sequences.
PN-signals: Modelling, Cross/Auto correlation functions and Power spectral density, Partial
correlation properties.
Spread spectrum systems (SSS): Basic concepts and parameters, Classification and modelling of jammers, Modelling
of BPSK and QPSK direct sequence SSS in a jamming environment, Estimation of SNIR and bit-error-probability, Direct
sequence SSS on the (SNR/pe, EUE, BUE) parameter plane, Frequency hopping SSS.
Principles of CDMA system: Investigation of important system components with special attention given to RAKE
receiver, Modelling and analysis with emphasis given on capacity issues, An overview of the TIA/ISA IS-95 CDMA
standards, Wideband CDMA (3G).
Space-time communications: Definitions, notation, spaces and projection operators, Modelling an array received signal-
vector and the concept of the array manifold, Multidimensional correlators, Estimation of signal parameters including
directions of arrival, powers, cross-correlations, etc., Array pattern and beamformers, Vector-channel effects (including
multipaths, angular spread, Doppler spread and fading), Outage probability, Integrated array CDMA systems, Single-user
and multi-user array CDMA receivers.

References:
1. Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications, R.L.Peterson, R.E.Ziemer and D.E. Borth, Prentice Hall, 1995.
2. Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
3. Differential Geometry in Array Processing, A. Manikas, Imperial College Press, 2004
4. Digital Communications, I. A. Glover & P.M. Grant, Pearson and Prentice hall, 2004.
5. Communication Systems, S. Haykin, J. Wiley & Sons, 4
th
edition, 2001.
6. Introduction to Digital Communications, R.E. Ziemer & R.L. Peterson, MacMillan, 2nd edition, 2001.

APECE-515: Network & Information Security
Requirements for network security: examples of types of network attack; passive and active,
communication channel and network management, traffic related protection by encryption and authentication, Digital
signatures, Management controls, Importance of trusted parties in system management, Overhead, cost and other
management aspects.
Algorithms and standards: private key systems and DES, Public key systems and RSA. Analysis of strength of
protection, Weak keys, Attack by exhaustive search, Calculation of required key length, Types of analytic attack,
Relationship with information and coding theory.
Key management: Diffie-Hellman key exchange, RSA key management, Public key certificates, Overall system
management and management controls.
Systems for network security: VPN security, Wireless (including wireless LANs) security, LAN security, Internet
security and the IPSec protocol.

References:
1. Network Security: Private communication in a public world, Kaufman, C, Perlman, R and Speciner, M., Prentice
Hall, 2002.
2. Applied Cryptography, Schneier, B., John Wiley, 1996


APECE-516: Information & Coding Theory
The statistical nature of communication, Elements of information theory of discrete systems;
information measures, memoryless and memory sources, the noiseless coding theorem, Methods of source coding,
Information theory of continuous systems, Shannons capacity theorem and its interpretation, Comparison of
communication systems with the ideal. Applications of information theory in communications and signal processing.

Elementary ideas of redundancy, Fundamental problems in coding theory and practice. Distance measures, Bounds to the
performance of codes, Important linear codes, Construction and properties of finite fields, Cyclic codes, BCH and Reed
Solomon codes, Error correction for BCH and RS codes.
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References:
1. Elements of Information Theory, T M Cover & J A Thomas, Wiley.
2. Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, D MacKay, CUP, free at
http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/
3. Probability, Information and Coding Theory, P. S. Sathyanarayana, Dynaram Publication.
4. Error-Correcting Codes, W. Wesley Peterson and E. J. Weldon, The MIT Press, 2nd Edition.
5. Error-Control Coding for Data Networks, Irving S. Reed and Xuemin Chen, Springer, 1st edition.
6. Principles of Communications- Systems, Modulation and Noise-R.E. Ziemer and William H. Tranter


APECE-517: Traffic Theory and Queueing Systems
Introduction to teletraffic analysis; Mathematical basis of traffic theory: Markov processes; Loss system analysis: route
congestion in circuit-switched systems; models for overflow traffic; restricted availability; congestion in circuit switches;
Delay-system analysis: introduction to queueing theory; congestion in message-switched systems and packet-switched
systems; queueing network models; Analysis of random-access protocols; traffic characterisation of broadband services;
admission and access control in broadband networks; routing in ATM networks. Performance/reliability (performability)
models.

References:
1. Communication networks, Alberto Leon-Garcia & Indra Widjaja, McGraw-Hill, 2000
2. Data Networks, Bertsekas, D.P. and Gallger, R., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992.
3. An introduction to Queueing theory & Stochastic Teletraffic Models, Moshe Zukerman
4. Queueing Systems, Volume 1: Theory, Leonard Kleinrock, John Wiley & Sons, NY.


APECE-518: Speech Processing
The human vocal and auditory systems, Characteristics of speech signals: phonemes, prosody, IPA notation; Lossless
tube model of speech production; Time and frequency domain representations of speech; window characteristics and
time/frequency resolution tradeoffs; Properties of digital filters: mean log response, resonance gain and bandwidth
relations, bandwidth expansion transformation, all-pass filter characteristics; Autocorrelation and covariance linear
prediction of speech; optimality criteria in time and frequency domains; alternate LPC parametrisation; Speech coding:
PCM, ADPCM, CELP; Speech synthesis: language processing, prosody, diphone and formant synthesis; time domain
pitch and speech modification; Speech recognition: hidden Markov models and associated recognition and training
algorithms; Dynamic programming; Language modelling; Large vocabulary recognition; Acoustic preprocessing for
speech recognition.

References:
1. Discrete-Time Processing of Speech Signals, JR Deller, Jr, JG Proakis & JHL Hansen, Macmillan, 1993.
2. Digital Processing of Speech Signals, LR Rabiner & RW Schafer, Prentice-Hall, 1978.
3. Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition, F Jelinek, MIT Press, 1998.

APECE-519: Digital Image Processing
Introduction and Digital Image Fundamentals, Digital image representation, visual perception, sampling and
quantization, pixel connectivity, Image Enhancement Techniques: Spatial Domain methods: Basic grey level
transformation, Histogram equalization, Image subtraction, Image averaging, Spatial filtering: Smoothing, sharpening
filters, Laplacian filters, Introduction to Fourier Transform and DFT, Two-dimensional DFT, DCT, Wavelet transform,
Frequency domain filters: Smoothing, Sharpening filters, Homomorphic filtering, Image Restoration: Model of image
degradation/restoration process, Noise models, Mean filtering, Inverse filtering, Least mean square filtering, Constrained
least mean square filtering, Blind image restoration. Color image processing: color model, representation, matching,
reproduction, and color difference measures, Image Segmentation and Representation: Edge detection, Thresholding,
Region Based segmentation, Boundary representation: chain codes, Polygonal approximation, Boundary segments,
boundary descriptors, Morphological image processing, Wavelets and multiresolution image processing, and Feature
detection, Fundamental of image / video compression, JPEG, JPEG2000, MPEG-2.
Image / video quality assessment: Artifacts and Impairments, subjective assessment, SSACR, and DSIS, objective
assessments, different objective evaluation models, FR, RR, and NR, Introduction to computer vision and multiview
imaging.

Text Book:
1. Refael C. Gonzalez, and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Published by Pearson Education.
Reference Books:
2. Refael C. Gonzalez, and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing using Matlab, Published by Pearson
Education.
3. Anil K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd.
10
4. Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac, and Roger Boyle, Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision, International
student edition, Tomsons Publishers.
5. William K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
6. ZhouWang and Alan C. Bovik, Modern Image Quality Assessment, Morgan and Claypool Publishers.
7. Stefan Winkler, Digital Video Quality Vision Models and Metrics, Genista Corporation, John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd.

APECE-520: Radiation and Medical Physics
Structure of matter: The atom, the nucleus, Nuclear Forces, Nuclear Energy levels, Particle Radiation, Electromagnetic
Radiation, Quantum Model
Nuclear Transformations: Radioactivity, Decay constant, The Half life and the mean life, Radioactive series,
Radioactive Equilibrium, Models of Radioactive decay, Nuclear Reactions, Nuclear Reactors
Production of X-rays: The X rays, Production and quality control in X-ray
Clinical Radiation Generators: Kilo voltage Units, Van de Graff Generators, Linear Accelerators, Betatron ,Microtron
,Cyclotron ,Cobalt -60 Machine
Interaction of X and Gamma Radiations : ionization ,Beam description ,Beam Attenuation ,Attenuation Coefficient
,Energy transfer coefficient ,Energy Absorption Coefficient ,Interactions of Photons with matter :Coherent Scattering
,Photoelectric effect ,Compton effect ,Pair Production
Measurement of Ionizing Radiation: The Roentgen ,Free air ionization Chamber, Thimble, Condenser, chambers ,
Farmer chambers ,,Electrometers ,,Extrapolation Chambers ,Parallel plate chambers ,Ion collection ,Chamber polarity
effects ,Measurement of Exposure
Measurement and Calculation of Absorbed dose: Radiation absorbed dose, Calculation of dose from exposure, The
Bragg-Gray cavity theory, Determination of absorbed dose in a medium using chamber as a Bragg-Gray cavity theory,
Transfer of absorbed dose from one medium to another, Exposure from radioactive sources, Measurement of absorbed
dose: Calorimetry, Chemical Dosimetry, Thermo luminescence Dosimetry, Film Dosimetry
Dose distribution and Scatter Analysis : Phantoms, Depth Dose Distribution ,Percentage Depth Dose: Dependence on
Beam Quality and Depth ,Effect of Field Size and Shape ,Dependence on Source Surface Distance ,Tissue Air Ratio :
Effect of distance ,Variation with energy ,Depth and Field Size ,Relationship between TAR and Percent Depth Dose
,Calculation of Dose in Rotation Therapy ,Scatter -Air ratio
System of Dosimetric Calculation: Dose calculation Parameters: Collimator Scatter Correction Factor, Phantom Scatter
Correction Factor, Tissue-Phantom and Tissue-maximum ratios ,Scatter Maximum Ratios ,Accelerator Calculation
,Cobalt -60 Calculation ,Practical methods of calculating depth dose distribution
Treatment Planning: Isodose distribution, Patient data, corrections and setup, Field Shaping, Skin Dose and Field
Separation
Electron Beam Therapy: Electron Interactions, Energy Specification and measurement, Determination of Absorbed
dose, Characteristics of Clinical Electron Beams, Treatment Planning
Brachy Therapy: Radioactive sources, Calibration of Brachytherapy sources,Calculation of Dose Distributions ,Systems
of Implant Dosimetry ,Computer Dosimetry system
Radiation Protection : Dose Equivalent ,Maximum permissible Dose Equivalent ,Back ground radiation ,Low level
radiation effects ,Structural shielding design ,Protection against radiation from Brachy therapy sources ,Radiation
protection surveys ,personnel monitoring

Text : The Physics of Radiation Therapy Author : Faiz Khan

APECE-521: Applied Geophysics
Gravity methods: Principles of Gravity, Gravity of the earth, Gravity instruments, Field operations, Gravity data
processing, Gravity interpretation.
Magnetic methods: Principles and Elementary theory, Magnetism of the earth, Field instruments for Magnetic
measurements, Field operations, and Magnetic effects of simple shapes, Processing and interpretation, Field examples.
Seismic method: Introduction, Seismic theory, geometry of seismic weave paths, Characteristics of seismic events,
reflection field methods and equipments, Data processing, Basic geological concepts in petroleum exploration,
Refraction interpretation.
Electromagnetic method: Electromagnetic theory, EM equipments, EM field systems for ground surveys, airborne EM
systems, EM field procedures, Interpretation, Field examples.
Resistivity Method: Electrical Properties rocks and materials methods employing natural electric sources ,Elementary
theory, Effects of inhomogeneous ground, Equipment for resistivity field work, Electrode layout and field procedures,
interpretation.
Induced polarization: Sources of induced polarization effect, induced polarization measurement, IP field operations,
Interpretation.
Radio Activity Method: Principles of radio activity, Instruments, field operation, Interpretation, Field examples.
Integrated geophysical problems.

Text:
Applied Geophysics, W. M Telford, 2
nd
Edition, Cambridge.
Reference:
11
Principles of Applied Geophysics, Parasnis.


APECE-522: Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Review of Vector Analysis and Introduction to Tensor analysis

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
INTRODUCTION
ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS: Step and Signum (Sign) Functions ,Rectangle and Triangle Functions, Sinc and
Gaussian Functions ,Delta and Comb Functions, FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY INTEGRALS: Gamma Functions, Beta
Function, Digamma and Polygamma Functions, Error Functions and Fresnel Integrals ORTHOGONAL
POLYNOMIALS: Legendre Polynomials,Hermite Polynomials,Laguerre Polynomials,Chebyshev Polynomials FAMILY
OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS: Standard Bessel Functions, Modified Bessel Functions, Other Bessel Functions FAMILY
OF HYPERGEOMETRIC-LIKE FUNCTIONS:PochhammerSymbol,Hypergeometric Function of Gauss, Confluent
Hypergeometric Functions, Generalized Hyper geometric Functions,Applications Involving Hyper geometric Functions
COMPLEX VARIABLES
INTRODUCTION
BASIC CONCEPTS:Geometric Interpretation: The Complex Plane,Polar Coordinate Representation,Euler
Formulas,Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers, COMPLEX FUNCTIONS:Loci and Terminology,Functions as
Mappings, Limits and Continuity THE COMPLEX DERIVATIVE:Cauchy-Riemann Equations,Analytic
Functions,Harmonic Functions
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS :Complex Exponential Function,Trigonometric Functions,Hyperbolic
Functions,Complex Logarithm,Complex Powers,Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions MAPPINGS BY
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS:Orthogonal Families,Simple Polynomials,Reciprocal Mapping,Bilinear
Transformations,Conformal Mapping
COMPLEX INTEGRATION, LAURENT SERIES, AND RESIDUES
INTRODUCTION
LINE INTEGRALS IN THE COMPLEX PLANE:Bounded IntegralsCAUCHY'S THEORY OF
INTEGRATION:Deformation of Contours,Integrals Independent of Path,Cauchy's Integral Formula,Cauchy's
Generalized Formula,Bounds on Analytic Functions INFINITE SERIES:Sequences and Series of Constants,Power
Series,Laurent Series,Zeros and Singularities RESIDUE THEORY:Residues EVALUATION OF REAL INTEGRALS
:Rational Functions of Cos and/or Sin,Improper Integrals of Rational Functions,Fourier Transform Integrals
HARMONIC FUNCTIONS REVISITED:Harmonic Functions in the Half-Plane,Harmonic Functions in Circular
Domains,Invariance of Laplace's Equation
EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS AND GREEN'S FUNCTION
EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS AND ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS:Regular Sturm-Liouville Systems, Generalized
Fourier Series, Periodic Sturm-Liouville Systems, Singular Sturm-Liouville Systems GREEN'S FUNCTION: One-Sided
Green's Function, Boundary Value Problems, Bilinear Formula
TRANSFORMS
LINEAR SHIFT-INVARIANT SYSTEMS,HILBERT TRANSFORMS: Analytic Signal Representation, Kramers-
Kronig Relations WAVELETS: Aar Wavelets, Wavelet Transform HANKEL TRANSFORM :Operational Properties
MELLIN TRANSFORM: Operational Properties ,Complex Variable Methods, applications involving the MELLIN
transform WALSH TRANSFORM: Walsh Functions, Walsh Series and the Discrete Walsh Transform
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF SECOND-ORDER PDES
THE HEAT EQUATION: Homogeneous Boundary Conditions,Nonhomogeneous Boundary Conditions, Derivation of
the Heat Equation THE WAVE EQUATION: d'Alembert's Solution THE EQUATION OF LAPLACE: Rectangular
Domain, Circular Domain, Maximum-Minimum Principle GENERALIZED FOURIER SERIES: Convective Heat
Transfer at One Endpoint, Nonhomogeneous Heat Equation,Nonhomogeneous Wave Equation APPLICATIONS
INVOLVING BESSEL FUNCTIONS:Vibrating Membrane,Scattering of Plane Waves By a Circular Cylinder
TRANSFORM METHODS:Heat Conduction on an Infinite Domain: Fourier Transform,Heat Conduction on a Semi-
Infinite Domain: Laplace Transform,Nonhomogeneous Wave Equation,Poisson Integral Formula for the Half-
Plane,Axisymmetric Dirichlet Problem for a Half-Space: Hankel Transform
Finite Difference, Finite Element method and Transmission line modeling.
Nonlinear Systems: Chaos, Bifurcation, Fractals
Text:
1. Mathematical Techniques for Engineers and Scientists, Larry C.Andrews .Prentice Hall India
2. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences ,Mary L Boas ,WILEY
3. Introduction to Mathematical Physics ,Chun WA Wong .OXFORD
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