ftw.

Technical Report
FTW-TR-2008-002
Printed August 2008
Open Source Software-e!ned Radio"
A sur#e$ on %&'radio and its
applications
anilo (alerio
ftw. Forschungs)entru* Tele!o**uni!ation Wien
onaucit$strasse +, +220 (ienna, A'STR-A
F T W - TR-2008- 002
Pri nt e d A ug ust 2008
O p e n S o ur ce S o f t w a r e - D e k ne d Radio: A
sur e ! o n " # $radio a nd it s a p p%ic a tions
D an i%o & a%erio
ft w ' F o rsc ( u n g s)en tr u* T e %ek o * * un ik at io n W ien +
D o n au-, it! -Strasse -+ A --220 & ien n a+ Aus t ria
a%er io .ftw 'at
2
A bst r ac t
T ( i s r e po rt ana% ! )e s t (e f e asi/i %i t ! of us ing a Sof t war e De k ne d R adio so %ut i on f or
r e se ar c ( purpos e s ' W e f oc use d o n t (e o pe n sour ce "# $ r ad i o pr o0 e ct and st ud i e d
it s sui t a/i% it ! f or r e pr oduci ng and ana%! )ing so*e wide spr e ad wir e % e ss pr o t oc o% s+
suc ( as 1 222 802'--+ 3%ue t o ot (+ 1 222 802'-4'5+ and "S6 ' W e f ound t (at t (e use o f
"# $ r ad i o wit ( t (e $ ni e rsa% Sof t war e R ad i o Pe r ip(e ra% can (e %p r e se ar c (e r s in
a oiding t (e c% ose d sour ce k r*war e s7 dri e rs of co * *e r c ia% c (ipse t s /! pr o i d i n g
a f u%% cust o *i)a/i% it ! at p(! si ca% and d at a% ink %a! e r s' On t (e ot (e r (an d+ so ft w ar e
radio s ar e not a%wa! s c apa/%e o f c orr e c t %! r e pr oducing ope rat i ons pr e ious %! done
in t (e (ar dwar e do*ain' T ( i s %e ad s t o s e e ra% % i*it at ions w i t ( wide spr e ad s t an-
dar d s ' 1n t (is r e port w e t r ! t o pr o ide a pic t ur e o f suc( %i*i t at io ns and t ( e curr e nt
st at us o f t (e "# $ r ad i o f r a* e wor k '
T (is w o r k ( a s / e e n suppo rt ed / ! t (e T e % e c o * * un ic a t io n s R e se a r c ( ,e n te r & ie nn a 8ft w ' 9 pr o 0 e c t #0' F tw i s suppor t e d
/ ! t (e A ust r ia n " o e rn* e nt a n d / ! t (e ,it ! o f & ie nn a w it (in t ( e c o* pe t e nc e c e n t er pr og r a * ,O6 2 T ' T ( i s w o rk w ou% d
n o t (a e / e e n po s si / %e w i t ( o ut t ( e pr e c i ous in f or * a t i on c ont a ine d in t (e o f kc ia % " #$ra d io * a i%i n g % ist a r c ( i e ' A spe c ia %
t (ank s goe s to a %% t (e a c t i e pa rtic i pa n t s'
:
Con t e n t s
1 In t ro d uct i o n 5
2 T he U ni v er s al So f ware Radi o Per i ph eral 9
2'- 6 ot (e r/o ar d' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ;
2'2 A D, s7 DA , s ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -0
2': F P"A ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' --
2'5 D aug ( t e r /oar ds ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '-2
T he ! "U r adi o P ro # ect 1$
:'- 1nt r oduct ion ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -5
:'2 A r c (it e ct ur e ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '-5
:': 1*p%e *e nt at ion ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -<
:'5 2= ist i ng i * p% e * e nt at i ons ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ->
:'5'- 12 22 802'-- ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ->
:'5'2 3%ue t o ot ( ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -8
:'5': 802'-4'5 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -;
:'5'5 "S6 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -;
$ !"U r adi o an d Res ear c h 22
5 C o n c lusi o ns 2$
5
Ch a pte r 1
I n t r od uc ti on
T ( e e =po ne nt i a% inc r e ase i n c(ip c o*put ing powe r e n c our ag e d r ad i o e ng ine e r s
t o c ont inuo us%! r e t (ink t ( e de sig n of r ad i o t ransc e i e r s' T (e past d e cade s saw a
co nt inuous pr o%i f e r at io n o f radio (ar d war e ' T (e t radit i ona% an a% og ue (ar dwar e ra-
dio ar c(it e c t ur e c onsi st e d of a supe r (e t e r o d ! ne t ransce i e r + w(e r e sig na% f r o * t (e
ant e nn a is co n e rt e d down t o an 1n t e r *e diat e F r e ? ue nc! 8 1F 9+ k %t e r e d+ c on e r t e d
down t o t (e /as e /and+ an d k na% %! de *odu%at e d' T ( i s si * p% e de s ig n (as /e e n
t (e k e ! suc ce ss f ac t or f or t (e spr e ad of t e %e isi ons+ F 6 radio s+ an d k rs t g e ne ra-
t i on * o /i% e p(one s' @ at e r in t (e 80s t (e d i f f usi on o f f ast and c(e ap Di g it a% Si g na%
Pr o ce sso rs 8D SP9 % e d up t o t (e de e %o p* e nt o f d i g it a% t ransc e i e r s' A dig it a% ra-
dio t ransc e i e r i s di ide d int o t w o part s: a r a di o F r on t - 2 n d 8 F 29+ w (o se pur pose i s
%i *it e d t o a narr o w /and f r e ?ue n c ! downco ne rs ion f o %%o we d /! an A na%og ue - t o -
Di g it a% , one r sio n 8 A D , 9 + and a r adi o 3ac k- 2n d 8329+ w(ic ( i s r e sponsi /%e f or t (e
r e *aining sig na% pr oc e ssing st e ps+ suc ( as 8de 9 * o d u% at io n+ k % t e ring + and c(anne %
8 d e 9 co d i ng i n t (e dig i t a% do*ai n ' T(is ar c(i t e ct ur e suc ce e d e d *ain%! /e c ause o f
t (e % ow- co st a ai% a/i%i t ! o f A pp%i cat i on S pe c ik c 1n t e g r at e d , ir c uit 8 A S 1 , 9 c (ipse t s
/ut suf f e rs f r o* st ri ct %i *it at i ons in t e r*s o f k e =i /i%i t !' 1n f act A S1 , s ar e cus -
t o * i )e d f or a par t ic u%ar use + rat ( e r t (an i n t e nde d f or g e ne ra% - purpos e use ' A %-
t (oug ( /ot ( F 2 and 32 can /e e =pande d 8 e 'g ' /! add i n g ne w n ar r ow/and or
/ase /and c ar ds9 + rapid e o % ing pr ot o co %s do not % e t t (e i n e st *e nt /e a* o rt i )e d '
T(e ne e d t o upg rade a radio t ransc e i e r ia s of t war e updat e s wit ( a *ar g ina%
in e st *e n t %e d in t (e past fe w ! e ars t o t (e d i f f usi on of t (e so - ca%% e d Sof t war e -
De k ne d R adio 8 SDR9 ar c(it e c t ur e s' 1n t (e se s! st e *s t (e si g na% pr o ce ssi n g is pe r -
f or * e d 8 or at % e as t *anag e d 9 i a s of t war e /! using F i e %d-Pr og ra**a/%e "at e A r -
ra! s 8 F P"A 9 + " e ne ra% Purpos e Pr o ce sso rs 8 " PP9 + o r an! ot (e r pr og ra**a/%e d e -
ice ' 3 ! using SDR + e ng ine e r s t r! t o *o e t ( e so ft w ar e do*ai n as c% ose as po ssi -
/%e t o t (e ant e nna i n or de r t o g uarant e e a (ig (e r k e = i/i %it !' T (e de c isi on of w(at
s(ou% d /e i * p% e * e nt e d in sof t war e and w(at in (ar dwar e de pe nds o n t (e pe rf or -
*ance r e ? ui r e *e nt s of e ac ( part i cu% ar i*p%e *e n t at io n '
4








Antenna
ADC
de
modulator
RF IF
Baseband
output
Digital!
Signal !
Processor
Antenna
RF IFor ! !
baseband
mixer
Information
bits
Radio!
Frequency!
Frontnd
AnalogueR!c"ain ! !
#a$
#b$
% i & u re 1'1' A na l o & u e ( a ) a nd d i & it a l ( b ) ha r d w a r e r e c e i v e rs
S o f tw a re * e + n ed R a d i o
W e (a e d e k ne d an SDR as a radio p%at f o r* t (at use s sof t war e t e c(ni?ue s on dig -
it i)e d r ad i o si g na%s' T (e r e fo r e + at a c e r t ain st ag e in t (e r e ce i i n g c(ai n t (e si g na%
is d i g it i )e d and pas se d t o t (e sof t war e d o *ain' 3e side s k e = i/i% it !+ t (e *ain ai*
of SDR is At o t urn (ar dwar e pr o/%e *s int o so f t war e pr o/% e * s B C -D + e na/%i ng r ad i o
e ng ine e r s t o work in a *or e acce ss i/%e do*ain' 6o r e i n g e ne ra% + an S DR is di-
ide d int o t w o su/s ! st e *s: t (e (ardwar e- de n e d s u / s !ste* and t (e s of t wa r e - de n ed
s u b s yst e m . The s e par at io n be t we e n har dwar e and sof t war e s ubsy st e ms is no t k x e d.
1 de a%% !+ an S DR cou% d co nsist of an ant e nn a+ an A D, + and a so ft w ar e - de k n e d s u/-
s! st e * 8 se e F ig ' -'29 ' R e a%i )ing s uc( a de i ce wou% d r e ?uir e t (at e ac ( o f t (e t (r e e
f o% %owi n g co nd i t io n s ar e *e t :

T (e ant e nna s(o u%d /e capa/% e t o ope rat e at t (e f r e ? ue nc! of a%% r ad i o s ig na%s
o f int e r e st E

T (e A D, and t ( e DA , s ( o u%d (a e a sa*p%i ng rat e g r e at e r t (an t wo t i*e s

t ( e f r e ?ue nc ! o f t ( e si g na%s of int e r e st E
<




ADC
Soft%are
Subsystem
Recei&esignalpat"
Antenna
DAC
Soft%are
Subsystem
'ransmitsignalpat"
Antenna
% i& ur e 1'2' , l o c + d i a & ra - o f a n i d e a l S * R

T (e so f t war e su/s! st e * s(ou% d (ae e n o ug ( pr oc e ssing po we r t o (and % e t (e

s ig na% pr o ce ssi ng of a%% radio sig na%s o f i nt e r e st '
1 n pr act i ce A D, s an d D A , s ar e not f ast e noug ( t o pr oce ss a % ar g e po rt i on o f t (e
spe ct r u* and ant e nnas ar e de sig ne d f or spe ci k c f r e ?ue n c ! /ands'A s a r e su%t +
ide a% SDR ar e r e a%i)e d o n%! f or part icu% ar% ! s i*p%e t e c(no%o g ie s 8 e 'g ' A 6 radio 9'
1 n a t ! pi ca% SDR t (e (ar d war e - de k ne d su/s! s t e * co nsist s o f a wide /an d Rad i o
F 2 t (at t ak e s a por t io n of s pe c t r u* and s(i ft s it t o t ( e 1F pr ior t o dig i t i)at i on' T(e
so ft w ar e - de k n e d su/s ! st e * r e ce i e s t (e d i g it a% wi d e /and sig na%+ se nd s it t o a se t
of dig it a% d o wn c on e r t e rs t o iso %at e t (e r e ? ui r e d car ri e r + and pr o ce e d s wit ( t (e d e -
*odu%at i on' 1t is i * po rt ant t o not e t (e f und a*e nt a% dif f e r e nc e /e t we e n t (e r ad i o
F 2 as de k n e d f or c o**on dig it a% t ransc e i e r s and t (e one us e d in SDR ' T (e f or*e r
is narr o w /and' 1t t ak e s a nar r ow por t io n of t (e spe c t r u* and s(if t s it t o 1 F or /ase -
/and ' T(e % at t e r + in c ont r ast + i s usua% %! wide /an d' 1 t pe r fo r*s t (e sa*e ope r at io n
f or a wide r port ion o f spe c t r u* + i n o r de r t o /e suit a/%e f or dif f e r e nt t e c(no% og ie s'
F urt ( e r k %t e ri ng is t (e n done i n t (e sof t war e do*ain' T (e de sig ning g oa% of S DR
r e *ains t o *ak e t (e F 2 as g e ne ra% as possi /%e and ac t o n t (e so ft w ar e su/s! s t e *
f or t (e i*p%e *e nt at io n of ne w f unct i ona%i t ie s' T(e s of t war e - d e k ne d su/s! s t e *
can a% so /e co *pose d /! a c o*/inat i on of pr o g ra**a/%e d e ice s+ pr o ide d t (at
t (e c onne ct i on /e t w e e n t ( e * i s f ast e n o ug ( t o t ransf e r DSP d at a' T(e r e ar e se e r a%
SDR so% ut io n s aai %a/% e o n t (e *ark e t ' 1n t (is r e por t we f oc us o n t (e "# $ r ad i o
p%at fo r*+ d ue t o it s k e = i/% e and e nt i r e %! ope n so ur ce de sig n'
>






Recei&esignalpat"
Antenna
'ransmitsignalpat"
Antenna
Radio
Frontnd !
Radio
Frontnd !
(ard%arebasedsubsystem ! Soft%arebasedsubsystem !
ADC
DAC
Programmable
de&ice#s$
#e)g)FP*A+*PP$
,anagement
Soft%are
% i & ur e 1'' , l o c + d i a & r a - o f a t . p i c a l S * R
T(e r e *ai n de r o f t (is r e por t is or g ani)e d as f o% %o w s : 1 n c ( apt e r 2 we ana%! )e
an SDR so %ut i on f r o * 2t t as Re s e ar c(+ na*e % ! $ ni e rsa% So ft w ar e R adio Pe ri p( e r a%
8 $ SR P9 + po int ing out i t s *ain % i*it at ions' 1n c(apt e r : we pr o ide a s(or t o e r i e w
of t (e "#$ r ad i o f ra*e work ' W e f urt (e r ana%! )e t (e suit a/i %i t ! of t ( e "# $ r ad i o
p%at fo r* f or so *e wide spr e ad wir e % e ss t e c(no% og ie s' F ina%% !+ in 4 we draw t (e
*ain co nc%us ions'
8
Ch a pte r 2
The Un i ve r s a l Sof w ar e Ra d i o
P er iph e r a l
T ( e $ ni e r sa% Sof t war e Rad i o Pe rip(e ra% 8$ SRP9 is a d e ic e d e e % ope d /! 2t t us
R e se ar c ( @@ , C 2D+ w(ic ( t ur n s g e ne r a% purpos e co * put e r s int o k e =i /%e SDR p%at -
f or * s 'T(e c or e of t (e $ SRP is a *o t (e r /oar d w i t ( f our (i g ( - spe e d A D, s an d
DA , s and an A % t e ra , ! c% one 2P-, -2 F P" A ' T ( e A D, s7 DA , s ar e co n ne ct e d t o
t (e r ad i o F 2 s 8 ca% %e d d aug (t e r /oar ds9 + w (i %e t (e F P" A is co nn e c t e d t o a $ S32
int e r fac e c(ip t owar d a g e n e r a% purpo se co * put e r ' F i g ur e 2'- d e pic t s t (e /% oc k di-
ag ra* of t (e $ SR P r e isi on 5' T ( e *ain pri n c ip% e /e (ind t ( e $ SR P is t ( at t (e dig -
it a% radio t ask s ar e di ide d /e t we e n t (e int e rna% F P"A and t (e e =t e r na% (ost , P$ '
T ( e (ig ( spe e d g e ne r a% pur pose pr o ce ssi n g + %i k e down and up co n e rsi on+ de c-
i*at i on+ and i nt e rpo% at io n ar e pe r f or*e d in t (e F P"A + w(i% e wa e f o r*- spe cik c
pr o ce ssi n g + suc ( as * o d u% at io n and de *o d u% at io n + ar e pe r fo r*e d at t (e (o st cpu'
3e s ide s d at as ( e e t s and , A D k %e s+ t (e *ost co * p% e t e so ur ce o f i n f o r*at io n r e g ar d-
ing t (e $ SR P i s pr o/a/% ! t (e doc u* e nt AT ( e $ SR P und e r -'4F 6ag nif ! i n g @e nsG B
C :D + w(e r e a s(o rt pr e se nt at i on of t (e $ SR P is g i e n+ f o %%o we d /! a c o%% e ct i on o f
f r e ? ue nt % ! ask e d ? ue st i ons g at (e r e d fr o* ar io us 1 nt e rne t fo r u* s ' 1 n o r de r t o un-
de r st and t (e %i*i t at io ns of t ( e $ SR P+ i n t (e f o %%o wing su/se ct ions we wi%% %oo k at
e ac( co *pone n t se par at e %!'
2'1 / o t h e rb o a rd
F ig ur e 2'2 d e pic t s t (e % a! out o f t (e $ S R P *ain/oar d' T(e $ S R P is co *p%e t e %! d e -
si g n e d und e r an ope n spe cik c at io n pr o0 e ct using f r e e an d o pe n s our c e , A D so ft -
war e + i'e ' sc(e *at ic s+ c ad k % e s + an d a%% ot ( e r spe ci k cat i on de t ai%s ar e a ai% a/%e f or
down%oad on C 2D ' g 2 D A an d P, 3 ( a e /e e n use d f o r sc(e *at ic s and /o ar d % a! out '
A %so t ( e F P"A de sig n is o pe n+ t ( e r e f or e t (e F P"A k r *w ar e can /e e as i%! *odi-
;




ADC
Antenna
Radio
Frontnd !
FP*A
DAC
Antenna
Radio
Frontnd !
Personal
Computer
-SRP,ot"erboards
-SRP
Daug"terboards
% i & u re 2'1' U S RP s i -p li +e d b lo c + d i a & r a -
k e d ' 1t i s wort ( t o t ak e a c% ose r % oo k at t (e pic t ur e ' T (e f our w (i t e s%o t s ar e us e d
f or co n ne ct ing t (e daug (t e r/o ar d s ' T wo s%o t s ar e use d f o r t r ans*issi on 8 T FA an d
T F39 an d t wo f or r e ce pt i on 8 R FA an d RF39 ' Si g n a% s f r o*7 t o t ( e d aug (t e r/o ar ds
pass t (r o ug ( t (e A D , s7 D A , s 8 t (e /%ac k c (ips /e t we e n t ( e w(it e s% ot s 9' A t t (e
ce nt e r of t (e *ot (e r/o ar d is t ( e A %t e ra , ! % one F P"A + w( e r e par t of t (e D SP i s
pe rf or *e d' So*e ce nt i*e t e rs unde r t (e F P" A one can se e t ( e $ S3 int e rf ac e c (ip+
use d f or t (e c o**unicat ion f r o*7 t o t (e (ost c pu' 6o r e d e t ai %s o n e ac( c (ip ar e
g i e n in t (e fo %% owing su/s e c t io ns'
2'2 A * C s0 * A C s
T ( e $ SR P co n t ains fo ur -2 /i t s A D, s'T(e sa*p%i ng rat e is <5 6s a* p% e s pe r
se co nd + t (e r e f or e a si g n a% wit ( /and wi d t ( up t o :2 6H) c an /e d i g it i )e d 8 se e
n! ? ui st t (e o r e *9' 1 n ot ( e r wor ds+ i n o r d e r t o dig i t i)e sig na%s o f f r e ? ue nc! (ig (e r
t (an :2 6 H ) w i t (out i n t r oduci n g a%i asing t (e r ad i o F 2 n e e ds t o d o wn c on e r t i t
pri or t o t (e A D, ' T (e /oar d i s a%so pr o ide d wit ( a Pr o g ra**a/%e "ain A *p%i k e r
8 P" A 9 /e f o r e t (e A D, s + i n or d e r t o use t (e w (o %e a ai% a/%e input r an g e i n c ase o f
we ak si g na%s' O n t ( e t r ans*it t i ng s ide t (e r e ar e f our -5 /i t s DA , s wit ( a s a* p% ing
-0

% i & ur e 2'2' U S RP -a i nb o a r d ( f r o - 1 2 2 )
rat e of -28 6 sa*p%e s pe r se co n d' 1n t (i s c ase t (e n ! ?uis t f r e ?ue nc ! is <5 6H)+
a%t ( o ug ( o e r sa*p%ing s ( o u%d /e use d f or /e t t e r k %t e r pe rf or * anc e ' DA , s ar e
a%s o f o% %owe d /! P"A + pr o iding up t o 20d 3 g ai n'
2' % P ! A
T ( e F P"A p% a! s a ce nt r a% r o%e in t (e $ SR P de sig n' T (e $ SR P F P" A us e s &e ri %og
(ar dw ar e d e sc ri pt io n % ang uag e + co *pi%e d /! using I uart us 1 1 we / e dit i on f r o *
A %t e r a'T(i s c o*pi% e r is a ai% a/%e f or fr e e + t (e r e fo r e cus t o*i)e d &e ri %og co d e can
/e co * pi %e d and up% oade d t o t (e F P" A k r*war e 'T(e st an dar d c onk g urat ion i s
a%r e ad! sui t a/%e f o r a arie t ! o f app%ic at io ns' 1 n a% t e rnat i e + &e ri %o g c ode f or par -
t i cu%ar app% ic at io n s can /e f ound i n t (e " #$ radio co**unit ! we /sit e C 5D ' T(e
F P"A i s co nn e c t e d t o t (e A D, s+ t (e DA , s+ and t (e $ S3 c ont r o %%e r ' 1 n t ( e r e c e i -
ing pat (+ t ( e ana%o g sig na% is c one r t e d /! t (e A D, in -2 /it sa*p% e s an d t ( e n
--





passe d t o t (e F P" A fo r f urt (e r pr oce ss ing ' He r e + a *u%t i p%e =e r r o ut e s t (e si g na%
t o t (e appr opr iat e Di r e ct D own , o n e rt e r + w(ic ( co ne rt s t ( e sig na% t o t (e /ase -
/and and d e ci *at e s it /! a f act o r spe cik e d /! t (e use r ' Dat a is t (e n i n t e r %e a e d 8 if
t (e r e ar e *u%t i p%e c(ann e % s9 and pas se d in -< /it sa*p%e s t o t (e $ S 3 2 c ont r o %% e r
f or t r an s * i ssi on t o t (e (ost cpu'T (e $ S 3 co nn e c t io n (as a no * i na% /and widt (
of :2637 s (a%f - dup%e =+ i'e ' /and wi d t ( n e e ds t o /e par t it ione d /e t w e e n d o w n an d
up- %i n k ' T (e $ S 3 /and widt ( is one of t (e *ost st ring e nt % i*it at io n s w(e n d e -
si g n i ng a so ft w ar e r ad i o w i t ( $ SR P' -< /i t sa*p%e s 8 2 /! t e s 9 r e s u%t i n :2 6 3 ! t e s7 2
3! t e sJ -< 6s a* p% e s pe r s e c ond+ w( i c( pr o i d e s a *a=i * u* s ig na% /andwidt ( o f
8 6 H)+ acco r ding t o t ( e n ! ?uis t t (e or e *' T ( i s r e ?uir e s ce rt ai n DSP st e ps t o /e
done in t (e F P" A pri or t o t (e dat a t ransf e r t o t (e ( o st cpu'
R!
daug"terboard
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ADC
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Controller
% i & u re 2'' % P!A c o nne c t i o n s
2'$ * a u & h t er b o a rd s
T ( e $ S R P * o t (e r/oar d can /e co nn e c t e d t o f our r ad i o F 2 + n a*e %! d aug (t e r /oar ds'
2ac( o f t (e * (as ac ce ss t o 2 (ig (- spe e d A D, s7 DA , s and c ont ains t w o S6 A co n-
ne ct o rs f or i n put and out put s ig na%s' 2t t us R e se ar c( @ @, pr oduce s t e n daug ( t e r -
/oar d s f or dif f e r e nt app% ic at io n s :
-2

3asi cR F + 0'-- :00 6H) r e c e i e

3asi cT F+ 0'-- 200 6 H) t rans*it

@F R F + D, -:0 6H) r e ce i e

@F T F+ D, - :0 6H) t r an s * i t

T &R F + 40- 8<0 6 H ) r e c e i e

D 3 SRF+ 800- 2500 6 H) r e ce i e

RF F;00+ 800- -000 6H) T r an s ce i e r

RF F-200+ --40--500 6H) T r an s ce i e r

RF F-800+ -400-2-00 6H) T r an s ce i e r

RF F2500+ 2240-2;00 6H) T r an s ce i e r

T ( e 3 as icRF7 T F daug (t e r/oar d s se r e as si*p%e e nt r ! 7 e = it po int s f or a si g na%'
T ( e ! do not (a e an! *i= e r + k %t e r + o r a*p%i k e r + so t (e ! ar e 0us t i nt e rf ace s /e t we e n
t (e *ot ( e r /oar d and t (e e t ( e r ' T (e RF F se rie s co n s ist s of c o*p%e t e RF t ransce i e r
s! st e *s wi t ( inde pe nde n t %o ca% osc i% %at o rs+ t rans*iss ion7 r e c e pt ion swit c (e s + an d
int e r e st ing %! t ( e ! ar e 6 1 6 O capa/% e ' 1n t (is t e c(nic a% r e port we f o cus o n t (e
R F F 2500 si nce i t e na/%e s r e ce pt io n an d t rans*iss ion in t ( e 2'5 "H) 1S6 /an d'
R F F 2500 use s dir e ct co ne rs ion+ i'e ' sig na% s ar e t rans%at e d t o t (e /as e /and w i t (out
an! i nt e r*e d i at e st ag e ' 1 t is a/%e t o t rans*it 7 r e c e i e sig na%s wit ( 20 6H) /and -
widt ( and it c ont ai n s a k %t e r ar o und t (e 1 S 6 /and 8 i'e ' 2500- 258: 6H)9 + w(ic ( can
/e e asi %! /! passe d' T(e *a= i*u* t rans*it po w e r is 40*W 8 ->d 3*9' #o t e t (at
t (e f un c t io ns of t (e daug ( t e r /oar ds ar e a% so c ont r o %% a/%e ia so ft w ar e 7 F P"A '
-:
Ch a pte r
The ! "U r a d i o P r o# e c t
'1 I n tro d u ct io n
A f t e r t (e si g na% (as /e e n pr o ce sse d /! t (e $ SR P F P" A + t ( e st r e a* o f /it s k na% %!
k ows t (r oug ( t (e $ S3 c onne c t io n t o t (e (os t c pu' 1 t is (e r e t (at t ( e "# $ r ad i o
f ra*e work co *e s int o p% a!' " #$ radio is a f r e e so ft w ar e t o o%k i t %ic e n s e d unde r
t (e " P@ fo r i*p% e *e nt ing so ft w ar e - de k n e d r ad i os' 1n i t ia% %!+ it was *ain% ! us e d
/! radio a*at e ur e n t ( us iast s + /ut i t g aine d e = pone nt ia% int e r e st f r o* t (e r e se ar c (
wor %d+ i n an at t e *pt t o st a! awa! f r o * c% ose d s our c e k r*war e s7 d r i e rs+ and % ow
%e e % o f cust o *i)a/i% it ! of c o**e r cia% c(ips' T(e "# $ r ad i o pr o0 e ct was f ounde d
/! 2ri c 3 % osso *' 1t s upport s nat i e %! @inu= + and pac k ag e s ar e pr e c o*pi% e d f or
t (e *a0 or @ i n u= dist ri/ut ions' A port t o W ind o ws (as /e e n a%so d e e %ope d+ /ut i t
pr o i d e s %i * i t e d f unct iona% it i e s ' T (e " #$ radio w e /si t e is a ast sour c e o f inf or -
*at io n C 5D and t (e r e ar e ario us act i e f or u*s on t ( e we /'
1 n " #$ radio + a t r an s ce i e r is r e pr e se nt e d /! a g rap(+ w( e r e t (e e rt i ce s ar e
si g n a% pr oc e ssing /%o ck s and t (e e dg e s r e pr e se nt t (e d at a k o w /e t w e e n t (e *' 1 n
t (is wa!+ t ( e pr oce ss of de e % oping an SDR is si*i% ar t o w(at i s d o ne in t (e ( ar d -
war e do*ain+ w( e r e p( ! s ica% R F /ui% d i n g /%o ck s ar e c onne c t e d t o e ac ( o t (e r t o
cr e at e a (ar dw ar e r ad i o' T ( e pac k ag e i t se %f inc% ud e s /! d e f au%t s e e ra% /ui %ding
/%o ck s f or sig na% an d inf or*at i on pr oc e ssing '1 n t (e f o%% owing se ct ions we wi% %
de s cri /e so*e of t (e *'
'2 A rc h it ec tu r e
So f ar + we (ae se e n t ( at a "#$ r ad i o app%i cat i on c onsi st s o f a k o w g rap(' T(e e r -
t i ce s of t (e g r ap( can /e s ig na% so ur ce s+ sink s o r pr o ce ssi n g /%o ck s' 2ac( /%oc k i s
-5
c(ar act e ri )e d /! at t ri /ut e s t (at i nd i cat e t (e nu*/e r o f i n put and out put po rt s+ an d
t (e t ! pe of dat a t (at i t can pr oce ss ' , %e ar% !+ a so ur ce /%o ck (as o n % ! out g o ing po rt s+
a sink /%oc k (as on% ! inc o*ing po rt s + an d a pr oc e s sing /%o ck can (a e *u%t ip%e in-
co *ing and out g o ing por t s' S ig na% pr o ce ssi n g /%o ck s can /e e it ( e r s ! n c (r onous or
as! nc(r o nous' A s far as r e g ar ds t (e dat a f or *at + /% oc k s pr oce ss usua%% ! co *p%e =
k oat s+ /ut ot (e r dat a fo r*at s ar e a%s o po ssi /%e 8k oat + s(o rt + and c(ar s9 ' $ nf or -
t unat e %!+ "# $ r ad i o is e r! /ad % ! d o cu*e n t e d r e g ar d i ng t (e /%oc k s t (at ar e pr o -
ide d' 1 n or d e r t o und e rs t and t (e (und r e ds of i * p% e * e nt e d /%o ck s+ t (e o n%! pr ac-
t i ca/%e wa! i s t o %oo k at t (e sour c e c ode and t ( e doc u*e nt s g e ne rat e d /! do= ! g e n '
A n i n c o*p%e t e % ist of i * p% e * e nt e d /%oc k s is di ide d i n C -0 D in t (e f o% %owi n g
f unct i ona% g r oups :

6 at (e * at ica% ope rat ions 8 ad d+ *u%t i p%!+ % og + e t c'9

1nt e r%e a ing + de % a! /%o ck s+ e t c'

F i %t e r s 8 F 1R + 11 R + H i %/e rt + e t c'9

F F T /%oc k s

A ut o *at ic "ain , ont r o% 8A ", 9 /%oc k s

6 odu%at i on an d de *o d u% at io n 8 F 6 + A 6+ PSK + I A 6 + " 6 SK + O F D6 + e t c '9

1nt e rpo% at io n and de c i*at i on

T r e %%i s and & it e r/i suppor t

W (i% e + t (e pr o ide d sour ce and si nk /% ock s i n c %ude :

S ig na% g e ne rat o rs

#o ise g e ne r at or s

Ps e udo r and o * nu*/e r g e n e r at or s

$ SRP so ur ce an d si n k 8 t o t rans*it 7 r e c e i e sig na%s ia $ SR P9

"rap(i ca% s ink s 8O sc i% %os cope + F F T + e t c '9

A udio sour c e and si n k

F i %e so ur ce an d si n k 8 r e ads7 wri t e s sa*p%e s f r o*7 t o a k %e 9

$ se r Dat ag ra* Pr ot o co% 8 $ DP9 s our c e an d sink 8 t o t ranspo rt sa*p% e s o e r a

ne t wor k 9
-4


' I - p le - e n ta ti o n
1 n " #$ radio t (e /% oc k s ar e c r e at e d i n , L L and t (e g rap(s ar e /ui% t and r un in
P! t (on' S W 1 "2 i s use d as int e rf ace /e t we e n t (e *' 3asi ca%% !+ , L L i s us e d f or %o w-
%e e % pr og r a* *i n g + w(i% e P! t (o n i s us e d on a (ig (e r % e e %+ t o cr e at e g rap(s or
(ig (e r %e e % /% oc k s' "#$ r ad i o c% ass ( i e rar c ( ! is d e pi ct e d i n C 4D ' 1t is poss i/%e t o
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S/I*
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% i & u re '1' ! " U ra d i o f r a -e w o r+ s t r u c t u r e
se e t (at *o st of t (e s ig na% pr o ce ssi ng /% ock s ar e de r i e d fr o* t ( e c%as s gr / % oc k '
1 n or de r t o cr e at e ne w /% ock s 8 in , L L 9 + a ne w c %ass n e e ds t o /e de r i e d f r o* t (e
g r /%oc k c% ass 8 or an! of i t s su/c %asse s9 ' W e do not g o f ur t (e r i nt o t (e cr e at ion o f
ne w si g n a% pr oce ss ing /%oc k s' 1 nt e r e st e d r e ade r can k nd us e f u% i n f o r*at io n i n t (e
t ut o ri a% AH o w t o writ e a 3%oc k B /! 2ri c 3%o sso* C <D'
, r e at i ng a k o w g rap( wit ( P! t (on is st raig (t f o rwar d' 3! usi n g SW 1" a% %
t (e /% oc k s ar e acce ss i/%e f r o* t (e P! t (on so ur ce c ode '1t i s i*por t ant t o not e
t (at "#$ r ad i o pr o i d e s c %ass e s t o int e rf ac e wi t ( t (e $ SRP 8 and t (e de e %o pe r s
st r ong %! sug g e st t o us e t ( i s de i ce 9 ' Ho w e e r " #$ radio is a *or e g e ne ric f r a* e -
wor k ' T(e r e ar e no (ind r ance s i n usi n g ot (e r (ar dwar e ' A si * p% e A 6 r e ce i e r f or
e =a*p% e can /e i*p%e *e nt e d wit ( o ut $ SR P+ sinc e t (e f r e ? ue nc! i s no t t (at (ig (
and t ( e ant e nna can /e co nn e c t e d d i r e ct % ! t o t (e A D, '
Pr og r a* *i n g a "#$ radio app% icat ion i n P! t (on doe s no t r e ? ui r e f u%% k now% -
e d g e of t (e , L L code in e ac ( /%o ck s' T (e co nce pt is si*i% ar t o t (e O S1 r e f e r e nce
*ode %' Si g n a% pr o ce ssi ng /%o ck s us e t (e se r ic e s of f e r e d /! t ( e ( ar d war e + an d
pr o i d e se r ice s t o t (e p! t ( o n c ode t ( r oug ( t (e SW 1 " int e r fac e '
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"# $ r ad i o e na/%e s e ng ine e r s t o i * p% e * e nt s e e ra% t e c (n o %o g ie s i n t ( e so ft w ar e
do*ain' T ! pic a%%!+ t (r e e st e ps ar e ino % e d in t ( e pr oc e ss:

D e e p% ! un de rst an d t (e p(! sic a% %a! e r o f t ( e t e c ( no %og ! of int e r e st E

, r e at e t ( e r e ?uir e d si g n a% pr oc e ssing /% ock s or use t (e o ne s pr o i d e d wit (i n

t ( e "#$ r ad i o pac k ag e E

, r e at e t (e k o w g rap( and t une t (e /%o ck s'

T ( i s c an /e a t e d i ous pr oce ss and se e r a% % i*it at ions c an ari se during t ( e i*p%e -
*e n t at io n d ue t o i *possi /i% it ! of t ( e s of t war e t o a% wa! s co rr e c t %! r e pr o d uc e t (e
(ar dw ar e t =7 r = c ( ai n'1 n t ( e " #$ radio pac k ag e so*e p! t (o n app%ic at io ns ar e
pr o i d e d+ s uc( as r e a%t i*e capt ur e and d i sp%a! o f ana% og T & st at i ons+ t rans*is -
si on an d r e ce pt i on o f F 6 si g n a% s+ t rans*is sio n o f dia% t one s t o t (e s ound car d+
e t c' Howe e r + s e e ra% g r o ups ar ound t ( e w o r% d i * p% e * e nt e d ne w *odu%e s+ r e -
pr o d uc ing a ari e t ! o f wide % ! use d t e c(no% og ie s' $ nf or t unat e %!+ t o t (e /e s t o f
our k no w % e d g e t (e r e is no on%i n e % ist i ng dir e c t or ! t (at g r o ups a% % t (e a ai%a/% e i*-
p%e *e nt at io ns'2=t e nsi e r e se ar c ( is r e ? ui r e d i n or de r t o ide n t if ! w(at (as /e e n
a%r e ad! i*p% e *e nt e d and wit ( w(ic ( %i*i t at io ns'
W e g i e ( e r e so*e e =a*p%e s of t ( i r d-par t ! * o d u% e s t (at *ak e use o f " #$ -
radio and an unde r%! i ng $ SR P /oar d' A c o*p%e t e "PS r e ce i e r (as /e e n i*p%e -
*e n t e d i n C >D ' 1 t use s t (e D 3 SRF d aug (t e r/o ar d f or r e ce i ing "PS s ig na%s+ an d
co nt ains i n t e r f ace s t o t (e " o og % e 2art ( d at a' 2ri c 3%o sso* pr e se nt e d in C8D a pas-
si e r ad ar /! using F 6 f r e ?ue n c ie s 8 t (e co d e i s inc %ude d i n t (e , &S " #$ r ad i o
r e pos it o r! 9 ' A D&3- T * o d u% e (as /e e n pr e se nt e d in C ;D + w (i c( is capa/%e of r e -
ce i i n g 8 and p% a! ing 9 D &3 - T si g n a% s' Part o f a DA 3 r e ce i e r (as a% so /e e n i*p%e -
*e n t e d in C -0D 8c ode i s aai %a/% e at C --D 9 + i nc%uding a work i ng p( ! s ica% %a! e r + part
of F ast 1n f o r*at io n , (an ne % 8 F 1 , 9 t o se e t ( e na*e s o f t (e radio st at i ons+ /ut wi t (-
out t (e 6ai n S e r i ce , (ann e % 8 r e ?uir e d t o ac t ua%% ! (e ar so *e t ( i ng 9' W i se r SR @
C -2D c %ai * s t o (a e i *p%e *e nt e d a "S6 -R S ig na% 1 nt e g ri t ! De t e c t io n S! st e * 8 co d e
is not a ai%a/% e at t (e t i *e of wri t ing 9 ' 1 *p%e *e n t at io n s f or 12 22 802'--+ 3%ue -
t o ot (+ 12 22 802'-4'5+ and "S6 ar e a%so a ai%a/% e wit ( ce rt ai n %i * i t at i ons' 3e cause
of t (e i*po rt ance o f s uc( app%i cat i ons+ we t r e at t (e * se par at e %! in t (e f o% %owi n g
su/se c t io n s '
'$'1 I3 33 562'11
T ( e r e ( a e /e e n s e e ra% at t e *pt s t o r e pr o d uc e t ( e 1 22 2 802'-- s ig na%s wi t ( " #$ -
radio ' A s w e (ae s e e n in c(apt e r 2+ t (e $ S3 /andw i d t ( i s %i*i t e d t o :2 6 3 7 s'
->
T ( e 1 22 2 802'-- s ig na% spe c t r u* i s -- 6H)+ t ( e r e f or e t ( e * i ni*u* sa*p%i ng rat e
wou% d /e 22 6 sa*p%e s7 s' 3! usi n g -< /i t s sa*p% e s 88 /it s f or e ac( 1 an d I sa*-
p%e 9 we wou% d r e ?uir e a /andwidt ( of 2M 22 6s J 55 637 s+ w(ic ( is a/o e t (e
$ S32 %i *it 'A t t ( e t i *e o f w r it i ng we can co unt t w o s ucce ss fu% i *p%e *e nt at ions
t (at t r! t o a oi d t (e $ S3 d at a rat e /ot t %e ne c k '
A k r st /r oad%! use d i*p%e *e n t at io n (as /e e n de e % ope d wit (in t (e A D R O 1 T
pr o 0e c t funde d /! t (e DA R P A N s A , 2R T pr og r a* and is aai %a/%e in C -:D ' 1 n t (is
i*p% e *e nt at i on t ( e si g na% /an dwidt ( is r e duce d t o 5 6H) /e f or e /e ing passe d t o
t (e $ S 3 co nt r o% %e r ' 1 n t (is wa!+ t (e sig na% i s /asic a%%! su/sa*p%e d+ t (e r e fo r e t (e
Si g n a% t o #oi se R at i o 8 S#R 9 de g rade s ' S e e ra% post s i n C-5 D r e po rt a s ucce ss fu% r e -
ce pt i on o f 1 222 802'-- d at a at - 6/ps 8D 3 PSK 9' 6o r e inf or *at io n c an /e g at (e r e d
/! %o ok i n g at t (e aai %a/%e so ur ce co d e '
H a*e d F ir o o) C -4D pr opo se d anot ( e r i *p%e *e nt at ion' 1n it s ar c(it e c t ur e + d e -
spr e ading ope r at io n is pe r f or*e d in t (e F P" A pr io r t o t (e $ S3+ rat (e r t (an in t (e
(ost , P$ ' 1n t (i s w a!+ t (e d at a t o /e t ransf e r e d t (r oug ( t ( e $ S3 c onne c t io n i s
co nside ra/%! r e duce d' Re c a%% t ( at 1 222 802'-- use s Dir e c t - Se ? ue nce Spr e ad Spe c-
t r u* 8D S- SS9 + wit ( a c ode se ? ue nce o f -- c(ips pe r s! */o% ' 3! d e spr e ading t (e
si g n a% /e f or e t (e $ S3 c onne c t io n+ t ( e s ! * /o % r at e i s r e d uc e d t o - 6s ! * /o % pe r se c-
ond+ w(ic ( i s e asi %! suppor t e d /! t (e $ SR P' W (e n t (e sig na% ar ri e s at t (e P, + t (e
1 222 802'-- de *o d u% at or an d P(! sic a% @a! e r , one r g e nce Pr ot oco % 8 P@, P9 f r o *
t (e A DR O 1 T pr o 0e c t is us e d f or de c oding t (e f ra*e ' D e t ai%s on t (e i * p% e * e nt at i on
and t ( e &e ri% og c ode f o r t (e A % t e ra F P"A ar e f r e e %! a ai%a/% e in C -4D '
'$'2 , lueto o th
A t a g %anc e it co u%d se e * t (at t (e %ow powe r an d d at arat e c ( ar act e r ist i cs o f 3%ue -
t o ot ( *ak e i t e as ! t o /e i * p% e * e nt e d in t (e $ SR P7 "#$ radio' A *o r e ac curat e
ana%! si s r e e a% s t (at t (is is n o t a%wa! s t r ue '
3 % ue t oot ( co * *unic at io ns use f r e ? ue nci e s f r o* 2502 6 H) t o 2580 6H)' One
/%ue t o ot ( c(ann e % is - 6 H) wide r e su%t i ng in a t o t a% o f >; c (an ne %s ' T (e d at a i s
*odu%at e d using "aussi an F r e ?ue nc! S(if t K e ! i ng 8 "F SK 9 wi t ( a s! */o% r at e o f
- 6 Sa*p%e s7 s' "F SK i s not e = p%ic it % ! i*p% e *e nt e d in "#$ radio+ /ut since i t i s a
ariant o f "aussi an 6 ini*u* S(if t K e ! ing 8 " 6 SK 9 i t can /e e as i%! i * p% e * e nt e d
/! us ing t (e i nc%ude d *odu%e s' A %s o t ( e s! */o% rat e d o e s not po se an! pr o/% e *
in t (e $ SR P' Howe e r 3%ue t oo t ( us e s a t e c(ni?ue k nown as F r e ?ue nc! H o pping
Spr e ad Spe ct r u* 8 F H- SS9 ' A c o**un i cat i on d o e s not t ak e p% ace on a si n g % e c ( an-
ne % 8 as in 12 22 802'--9 /ut (ops /e t we e n dif fe r e nt c(ann e % s' 1n /%ue t o ot ( t (e c ( an-
ne % c(ang e s e e r ! <24
s
+ an d t (e (oppi n g se ?ue nc e is c a%cu% at e d f r o* t ( e c% ock
and t (e 6A , ad dr e ss of t (e *ast e r de i ce 8 e = c(ang e d d ur ing t (e pair ing pr oc e -
dur e 9' T ( e r e f or e + t un i ng t (e $ SRP on o n e c ( anne % w o u%d a%% ow us t o r e t ri e e on%!
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/oar d t ak e s ar ound 200
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t o se t t % e t o a f r e ? ue nc! w(e n a t une co ** and is iss ue d'
T ( i s *e ans t ( at r oug (% ! t (e k r st t (ir d of a t r an s * i ssi on s%o t w i %% /e *is se d as t (e
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pe rf or *e d /! Do*i n i c Spi% % C ->D+ w (o pr o pose s t (e use of t wo /%ue t o ot ( daug ( t e r -
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T i*e s 8 R TT 9 t (r e e t o si = t i * e s %ar g e r t (an co ne nt io na% radio c(ips ' T (e ! f o un d
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*o /i%e p(one f or t (e co %% e c t io n o f t r ace s'

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a% g or it (* us e d in "S6'

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T he Si - Co - Trace P ro #ec t 7 ai-s at r e ce i vi n & d e bu& inf or-at i on f r o- t he

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20

S D, , H - st and- a%one d e dicat e d c ont r o % c (an ne %'

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e r r or s e e n wi t ( a ( i g ( sig na%- t o - n o ise r at io '
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1 n t (e past f e w ! e ars s e e ra% r e se ar c( g r o ups (a e c(o se n "#$ radio and t (e $ SR P
as a t e st /e d p% at f or * ' T(e *ain r e ason is t (at it pr o i d e s an i n c r e ase d % e e % of cus -
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T ( e pr opos e d a%g o rit ( * * ak e s use o f ne t wor k - %e e % inf or *at io n t o c an c e % i n t e r -
f e r e n c e at t (e r e ce i e rs at sig na% %e e % ' T e st i n g suc( a sc(e *e i n usua% co * *e r c ia%
p%at fo r*s w o u%d (a e /e e n e =pe nsi e an d wou% d (a e r e ?uir e d t o r e -pr og ra* t (e
F P"A s 'O n t (e ot (e r (and + a si*u%at ion appr o ac( wou% d (ae /e e n t oo inacc u-
rat e ' T(e aut ( o rs us e d "#$ radio in i t s de fau% t c onk g urat ion and i * p% e * e nt e d
t (e ir * e c ( ani s* w i t ( r e % at i e %! si*p% e p! t (on code '
A wi r e %e ss cr o ss- %a! e r t e s t /e d ca% %e d AH! draB (as /e e n d e e % ope d at t ( e $ ni-
e r sit ! o f T e = as at A ust i n C 2<D /! usi n g "# $ r ad i o and $ SR P /oar d s' H! d r a % e t s
p(! sic a%+ d at a% ink + and ne t work % a! e r s int e rac t wit ( e ac( o t (e r f aci% it at ing cr o ss-
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ne ct e d t o a $ SR P' T(e p(! sic a% %a! e r i s /ase d on "# $ r ad i o' 6o r e spe ci k ca% %!+ an
O F D6 i*p% e *e nt at i on /as e d on 1 22 2 802'--a i s use d' T(e PHP (as an int e rf ace t o
t (e 6 A , %a! e r + i * p% e * e nt e d o e r $ DP t ( r oug ( a % oca% 1P c onne ct i on' T (e 6A ,
and t (e ne t wor k % a! e r ar e i*p% e *e nt e d w i t ( , % ick C2>D + an ope n so ur ce f r a* e -
wor k de e %o pe d at 6 1 T f o r /ui% d i n g k e =i /%e + (ig ( pe r f or*ance r o ut e rs' , % ic k i s
e r ! e rsat i %e ' 1 t a% %ows t o e asi %! co*po se 6A , pr ot o co %s and sc ( e du%i n g a%g o -
ri t (*s' 6o r e o e r + it i n t e r f ace s t o t (e % inu= T, P7 1 P st ac k ia a si *p%e t unne % %i n g
*e c(anis*' T ( i s a%% ows t o t e st t (e de e %o pe d pr ot o co% s w i t ( t oo %s r unning at t (e
app%i cat i on % a! e r ' 1n C 2<D H! dra is use d t o t e st a S#R - /ase d rat e - ad apt i e 6A ,
pr o t oc o%+ s(owing so*e of t (e po t e nt ia% it i e s o f an SD R - /ase d t e st /e d'
22
" #$ radio (as g ai n e d int e r e st a%so i n o t (e r k e %ds' 1n C -8D k aws in t (e /%ue t oo t (
pri ac ! *e c(anis * s ar e s(owe d /! snif k ng wit ( a $ SR P d e ice '1 n C 28 D " #$ -
radio i s use d f o r i*p%e *e n t ing p(! sic a% %a! e r t e c(ni?ue s f or s e c uri n g w i r e %e ss
s! t e *s' F ina%% !+ so *e of t (e *o st i *port an t e *u% at io n p% at f or*s+ suc ( as 2 *u-
%a/ C2;D and O r/i t - %a/ C :0D+ a%r e ad! a%% ow p( ! s ica% %a! e r e = pe ri*e nt s /! inc% ud i n g
$ SR P- e ? ui ppe d n o d e s'
2:
Ch a pte r 5
Con c lus ions
Dr i e n /! t (e i ncr e asi n g i n t e r e s t f r o * t (e r e se ar c( co**unit !+ we ( a e r e por t e d
a/out t (e curr e nt st at us of t (e *ain ope n sour ce so f t war e -de k ne d r ad i o so% ut io n '
W e s ( o we d t (at "#$ radio pr o ide s + t og e t (e r w i t ( t ( e $ SR P+ a co * f o rt a/% e e n i-
r o n *e nt f o r de e % oping and t e st ing ne w ide as+ w(i% e it pr e se n t s so*e % i*it at ions
in r e pr o d uc ing c urr e nt w i d e spr e ad t e c(no% og i e s ' 6o r e spe c ik ca% %!+ t (e % i*it e d
/and wi d t ( of t (e $ S 3 2 t e c (n o %o g ! an d so *e (ar dwar e -s pe c ik c %i *it at i ons pose
a st r ict /ot t % e n e c k in c o*pari son t o co ** o n dig it a% t ransce i e rs ' Ho w e e r + 2t t us
@@ , a%r e ad! announc e d a n e w $ S R P 2 /oar d ' A ne w d e si g n and a g i g a/it e t (-
e rne t conne ct i on 8 r e p%aci ng t (e $ S3 29 s(o u%d o e r co * e *ost of t (e e nc ount e r e d
pr o /%e *s' A c cor d i n g t o t (e o f k c ia% "#$ radio f or u*+ t (e ne w $ S R P /o ar d wi%% /e
pr e se nt e d of k cia% %! at t (e e nd o f t ( e s u* *e r ' W e (o pe t (is wi% % p% ace a *i% e st one
f or t (e r e s e ar c(e rs t o de k nit i e %! a/dicat e c% ose d an d co st % ! c o**e r cia% pr oduct s+
of t e n /ad%! d o cu*e n t e d and poo r% ! cus t o*i)a/% e 'T(e ide a t (at so f t war e pr o -
g ra**e rs and e %e ct ric e ng ine e rs k n a% %! 0o ine d e ac( ot (e r an d s(ar e d t (e ir co * pe -
t e nce s %e ads t o st r ong e =pe c t at io ns' W e s t r ong % ! /e % ie e t (at in fut ur e + "# $ r ad i o
and ope n sour c e sof t war e - de k ne d radio s wi% % /e t (e de - fac t o st and ar d f o r i n e st i -
g at i n g ne w par ad i g *s+ suc( as c r os s- %a! e r c o**unicat ion and c og nit i e r ad i o'
25
Re f e r e nces
C -D 2' 3%os so*+ A" #$ R ad i o: T o o%s fo r 2=p% or ing t ( e R ad i o F r e ? ue nc! Spe c t r u* B
@inu= R o urna%+ 2005+ (t t p:7 7 www '% inu= 0o urna%'c o*7 art ic% e 7 >:-;
C 2D 2t t us R e se ar c( @@ , '+ (t t p:7 7 w ww 'e t t us'co *
C :D F ir as A //as Ha*)a+ AT (e $ SR P unde r -'4F 6ag ni f! i ng @ e nsB+
(t t p:7 7 g nuradio 'or g 7 t rac7 at t ac(*e n t 7 w i k i 7 $ srpF A I 7 $ S R P Do cu*e n t at io n 'pdf
C 5D "# $ r ad i o O f k ci a% w e /si t e + (t t p:7 7 g nuradio 'or g 7 t r ac
C 4D "# $ r ad i o Do =! g e n doc u*e nt at ion+ , % ass Hie r ar c(!+
(t t p:7 7 g nuradio 'or g 7 doc 7 d o =! g e n7 in(e ri t s '( t * %
C <D 2' 3 % osso ** + AHo w t o wri t e a Si g n a% Pr o ce ssi n g 3 % ock B+
(t t p:7 7 www 'g nu'or g 7 sof t war e 7 g nuradio 7 d o c 7 ( o wt o - wri t e - a- /%o ck '(t *%
C >D "r e g or! W He ck % e r +A2=p% or ing "PS wi t ( So ft w ar eD e k ne d R adio B+
(t t p:7 7 www 'g ps- sdr 'c o*
C 8D 2ric 3 % osso *+ A1 se e A irp% ane s G How t o /ui%d ! our own radar s! st e *B+ 22nd
, ( ao s , o**un i cat i on , o n g r e s s+ D e c e * /e r 2004+ 3e r% in
C ;D &' Pe %% e g r ini+ "' 3 ac ci + 6 ' @ ui se + ASof t - D& 3 + a F u%%! So f t war e + " #$ R adio
3ase d 2 T S1 D& 3 - T 6 odu%at o r B+ 4t ( K ar% sr u(e W o rk s(op o n So ft w ar e R adio s+
6ar c( 2008+ K ar% sr u(e + "e r*an!
C -0D A nd r e as 6ue % %e r + ADA 3 so f t war e r e c e i e r i*p% e *e nt at i onB+ S w i ss F e de ra% 1 n-
st i t ut e of T e c (n o %o g ! O uri c(+ R une 2008
C --D "R - DA 3 + ( t t p:7 7 pe op%e 'e e 'e t ()'c(7 and r * ue % 7 k %e s7 g nuradio 7 g r - d a/'t g )
C -2D W 1 S 2 R S'r '% ' W ir e %e ss S! st e * 2n g i ne e r ing R e se ar c(+ A"R 1 D 2 S: "S6 -R Si g na%
1 nt e g r it ! De t e ct i on S! st e *B+ @i or no+ 1 t a% !
C -:D 33 # t e c (n o %o g ! - A c e rt Sa ane Se r e r + ( t t p:7 7 ace rt 'ir '//n'co *7
C -5D "# $ r ad i o *ai %ing % ist + ( t t p:7 7 %i st s'g nu'or g 7 ar c(i e 7 (t *%7 disc us s -
g nuradio 7
24
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C -<D T ( e " S6 S of t war e Pr o0 e ct + (t t p:7 7 w i k i't (c 'or g 7 g s*
C ->D Do * i nic Spi% %+ A1* p% e * e nt at i on of t ( e 3%ue t oo t ( st ac k fo r sof t war e de k ne d
radio + w i t ( a i e w t o snif k n g and i n0e c t ing pac k e t sB $ n i e r sit ! , o% %e g e @on-
don+ 6a! 200>'
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k rs t $ S2#1 F work s ( o p on O f f e nsi e T e c(no% og i e s + 3ost o n+ 6A + A ug ust 200>
C -;D "# $ - R adio *ai %ing % ist ' T ( r e ad A802'-- and 3 % ue t oot ( B+
(t t p:7 7 % ist s 'g n u'o r g 7 ar c ( i e 7 (t *%7 dis cus s- g nur ad i o7 200<-
-27 *sg 0008;'(t *%
C 20D T ( o *as Sc(*id+ T ad Dr e ie r + 6ani 3 Sr i ast a a+ ASof t war e R ad i o 1 *p% e *e n-
t at i onof S ( o rt - r an g e W i r e %e ss S t and ar ds f or Se nsor #e t wor k ing B+Se nS! s
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