Equation of a Line

DE12 = (E2-E1)

N2 P2:(N2,E2)

Az
Azimuth of the Line DN12 = (N2-N1)
N P:(N,E) Any point on Line
N1 P1
DN=(length of the line)*Cos(Azimuth of the line)
E1*m DE=(length of the line)*Sin(Azimuth of the line)
NE=0
m = slope = DN12/DE12 Tan(Az)= DE12
E1 =Cot(Az) DN12

0
E1 E E2

General Equation:

N − N1 E − E1
= (eq01)
N 2 − N 1 E 2 − E1

Rearranged: (eq02)
0

0
a * E + b * N + c = = ( N1 − N 2 ) * E + ( E 2 − E1 ) * N + ( E1 * ( N 2 − N1 ) − N1 * ( E2 − E1 )) =

a b c

N axis intercept = -c/b = ( N1 * ( E 2 − E1 ) − E1 * ( N 2 − N1 )) /( E 2 − E1 ) = NE=0 (eq3)

= N Value when E=0

E axis intercept = -c/ a = ( N1 * ( E 2 − E1 ) − E1 * ( N 2 − N1 )) /( N1 − N 2 ) = E value when N=0

= EN=0 (eq4)

Write equation of line passing through P1:(500.000,300.000) and P2:(800.000,900.000)

-300.000*E+600.000*N-210,000.000= 0 = -3.00000*E+6.00000*N-2,100.000 = 0

-E+2.00000*N-700.000 = 0 (eq05)

N=(0.500000)*E+350.000 (eq06)

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Equation of 2 Lines and their Intersection
DE12 = (E2-E1)

N2 P2:(N2,E2)
N3 P3

DN12 = (N2-N1)
N P:(N,E) Let intersection be Pi:(Ni,Ei)
N1 P1

DN34=( N4-N3)

N4 P4
DE34 = (E4-E3)
0
E3 E1 E E2 E4

On the N,E Plane any two non-Parallel lines will intersect ( have a common point).
This situation will have one solution.

On the Line defined by P1 and P2, or P1 and Azimuth from P1 to P2 :

N = ( N2-N1) * E + N1-E1*( N2-N1) = ( N2-N1) *(E-E1) + N1 = DN12*(E-E1)+N1 (eq07)

( E2-E1 ) ( E2-E1 ) ( E2-E1 ) DE12

N=(1/Tan(Az12))*E+N1-E1*(1/Tan(Az12)) = Cot(Az12)*E+(N1-E1*Cot(Az12)) (eq08)

On the Line defined by P3 and P4, or P3 and Azimuth from P3 to P4 :

N = ( N4-N3) * E + N3-E3*( N4-N3) = ( N4-N3) *(E-E3) + N3 = DN34*(E-E3)+N3 (eq09)

( E4-E3 ) ( E4-E3 ) ( E4-E3 ) DE34

N=(1/Tan(Az34))*E+N3-E3*(1/Tan(Az34)) = Cot(Az34)*E+(N3-E3*Cot(Az34)) (eq10)

At the intersection (N, E) is the same (equal) on both lines. We will label that Pi:(Ni, Ei).

( N2-N1) * Ei + N1-E1*( N2-N1) = ( N4-N3) * Ei + N3-E3*( N4-N3) (eq11)

( E2-E1 ) ( E2-E1 ) ( E4-E3 ) ( E4-E3 )

Cot(Az12)*Ei+(N1-E1*Cot(Az12)) = Cot(Az34)*Ei+(N3-E3*Cot(Az34)) (eq12)

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 ⎡ N − N1 N − N3 ⎤ ⎡ N − N1 N 4 − N 3 ⎤
Ei = ⎢ N 3 − N1 + 2 * E1 − 4 * E3 ⎥ / ⎢ 2 − ⎥ (eq13)
⎣ E2 − E1 E4 − E3 ⎦ ⎣ E2 − E1 E4 − E3 ⎦

Place this E in either line equation (eq07, eq09) to get N ( or do both for a check, both
should be the same).

Ei = [N 3 − N1 + Cot ( Az12 ) * E1 − Cot ( Az34 ) * E3 ]/[Cot ( Az12 ) − Cot ( Az34 )] (eq14)

Place this E in either line equation (eq08, eq10) to get N ( or do both for a check, both
should be the same).

Note: if line is due N-S division by zero is encountered above.

Example:

P#:( N# , E# )
P1:(500.000,300.000); P2:(800.000,900.000); P3:(850.000,200.000); P4:(150.000,950.000)

Ei=479.070(from eq13), Ni=589.535(from line 12, eq07), Ni=589.535(from line 34, eq09)

P1:(500.000,300.000); Az12:63±26’05.8”; P3:(850.000,200.000); Az34:133±01’30.2”

Ei=479.070(from eq14), Ni=589.535(from P1, Az12,eq08), Ni=589.535(from P3,Az34,eq10)

Or approach the problem with triangles and trigonometry:

list Azimuths that you have for each line or computed from coordinate inverses for each
line.

Lines Az:(P1ØP2)= Az:(P1ØPi), Az:(P3ØP4)= Az:(P3ØPi), and Az:(P1ØP3)(suggested).

Derive distance P1ØP3 from coordinate inverse

Determine interior angles in triangle Pi, P1, P3 by the differences in Azimuth.

Determine another distance (PiØP1 or PiØP3) in the triangle ( or both two provide access
to a check) using the Sin Law.

Use the distance(s) along with the Azimuth(s) to get the deltas ((DN1i, DE1i) or
(DN3i, DE3i) or both to continue with the checking process).

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 Now use the known
P3 coordinates of P1 or P3
P2 (or both to carry on with
access to a check) and the
respective D’s to arrive at
Pi the coordinates for Pi, the
point of intersection.

N1+DN1i=Ni, E1+DE1i=Ei

N3+DN3i=Ni, E3+DE3i=Ei
P1
If you have calculated from
P4 both points you should get
the same Pi solution.
A good confirmation of the solution can also be devised by:

Inverse coordinates P3ØPi. The Azimuth should be the same as for P3ØP4.
Inverse coordinates P1ØPi. The Azimuth should be the same as for P1ØP2.
Both should be true!

Example:

P1:(500.000,300.000); P2:(800.000,900.000); P3:(850.000,200.000); P4:(150.000,950.000)

Inverses: Az12:63±26’05.8”, Az34:133±01’30.2”, Az13:344±03’16.6”, Dist13:364.005

Angle @ P1=((63±26’05.8” + 360±00’00”)- 344±03’16.6”) = 79±22’49.2”

Angle @ P3=((344±03’16.6”-180±00’00”) - 133±01’30.2”) = 31±01’46.4”
Angle @ Pi=(133±01’30.2” - 63±26’05.8”) transversal = 69±35’24.4”
SUM = 180±00’00” 5

Distance P1ØPi= Dist1i = Sin(31±01’46.4”)*364.005/Sin(69±35’24.4”)= 200.206

Distance P3ØPi= Dist3i = Sin(79±22’49.2”)*364.005/Sin(69±35’24.4”)= 381.735

Ni=500.000+200.206*Cos(63±26’05.8”) = 589.535
Ei=300.000+200.206*Sin(63±26’05.8”) = 479.070

Ni=850.000+381.735*Cos(133±01’30.2”) = 589.535
Ei=200.000+381.735*Sin(133±01’30.2”) = 479.070 5

Inverse Az1i = 63±26’05.8” compares to Az12:63±26’05.8” :yes

Inverse Az3i = 133±01’30.1” compares to Az34:133±01’30.2” :yes within reason
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