Muscle Tissue week 5

1. Describe the three types of muscle tissue, smooth, cardiac and skeletal.
Skeletal Muscle derives from myoblasts, powers the movement of the
skeleton, it appears striated under the microscope and the innervation of it is
voluntary. It consists of elongated, multinucleated transversally striated,
muscle cells called myofibres. It has an important relationship with connective
tissue which enables muscle contractions to be transmitted to the bone for
movement.
- microscopic appearance : striated
- innervation : voluntary
- cells : myofibres, large, elongated in transversal cut!, multinucleated, nuclei
peripherally located transversal cut!
- connective tissue : important relationship, connects skeletal muscle to bones,
enables contraction to be transmitted for movement
"ardiac Muscle derives from mesoderm, it is found in the heart and the large
arteries. "ardiomyocytes have an inherent rhythmicity influenced by #S and
are highly resistant to fatigue with $%& of cell being mitochondria.
"ardiomyocytes have one round centerally placed nucleus. 'he structure of
"ardiac muscle appears striated with a branches which (oines cardiomyocytes
to a number of other cells. 'he cells are (oined by intercalated discs which
host the cell (unctions.
- microscopic appearance : striated with branches
- innervation : involuntary
- cells : cardiomyocytes, single centrally located nucleus, $%& mitochondria,
interconnected by intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle is found as circular and longitudinal layers in the contractile
part of most hollow viscera eg. gut, bladder, ureters, uterus, blood vessels.
Smooth muscle cells contract in response to mechanical, electrical #S! and
chemical stimulation by hydrolysing )'* to produce )+* and energy which, in
presence of calcium, causes interaction between actin and myosin filaments.
Smooth muscle cells only use very little )'* and can produce slow contraction
and can maintain contraction over a long period of time without using much
energy.
- microscopic appearance : non-striated,smooth, parallel arrangement of nuclei
- innervation : involuntary
- cells : smooth muscle cells, single elongated centrally located nucleus, pinker
than "'
- connective tissue : e-ternal lamina, surrounding cells, is secreted by cells
2. Describe the histological features and function of skeletal, cardiac and
smooth muscle and the microstructure of skeletal muscle including the
sarcomere structure of the myofilaments.
Skeletal Muscle
.unction :
- movement / support of skeletal system
- thermoregulation
- posture
0istological features :
- linear striated transversal!
- myofibres are large, multinucleated, nuclei peripherally located
- arranged in bundles fascicles
Microstructure :
- myofibrils cytoskeleton contractile proteins!
- composed of 1 types of myofilaments, form sarcomere
- 22 thick f3s 2 myosin 1 golf clubs with interwined shafts / heads pointing in
opposite directions, each head actin binding site / )'*ase important for
muscle contraction!
- 22 thin f3s 2 double heli- of actin 4 troponin, tropomyosin, nebulin!
- arranged in regular pattern give muscle striated structure
- develop from myoblasts
- all cells act together syncytium
"ardiac Muscle
.unction :
- contraction of atria and ventricle
- pumping blood through the whole body
0istological .eatures :
- striated with branches
- cardoimyocytes have single round centrally located nucleus, $%&
mitochondria, linked via intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle
.unction :
- to enable most hollow organs to constrict / dialate
- serves all internal involuntary movement functions e-cept for breathing and
the beating of the heart!
0istological .eatures :
- smooth
- smooth muscle cells appear to have one elongated centrally located nucleus
in longitudinal cuts / a rounder centrally located nucleus in transversal cut
3. Describe the connectie tissue coerings of skeletal muscle and the
formation of Tendons
"onnective tissues
- epimysium - surrounds entire muscle, perimysium - surrounds fascicles,
endomysium - fine layer of reticular fibres surround each myofibre
- connects skeletal muscle to bones, enables contraction to be transmitted for
movement
'endons
- at ends of each muscle myofibres gradually disappear and connective tissue
takes their place
- tendon forms by fusion of all 5 "'s, epimysium, endomysium / perimysium
!. "ompare and contrast the light and electron microscopic features of
smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle.
6lectron microscope
- "ardiac Mitochondria, branching structure, interclated discs
- Skeletal linear structure
- Smooth electron dense bodies some attached to membrane!, small
invaginations to cell membrane, intracellular vesicles
7ight microscope
- Skeletal many elongated in transverse cut, in longitudinal rather round!
nuclei, peripherally located
- "ardiac single round nuclei, centrally located, intercalated discs between
cells
- Smooth smooth, single centrally located elongated in longitudinal cut, in
transverse cut rather round! nucleus
5. #riefly describe the process of muscle contraction.
Skeletal muscle :
Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction. Somatic motor neuron cells are in
the "#S. 'hroughout the body there are neuromuscular (unctions where there are
synapses on the skeletal muscles for the transmition of contraction signals.
8hen a muscle contracts the thick and thin myo filaments slide over each
other, this shortens the sarcomere length. )s all sarcomeres shorten it creates
a visible contraction. skeletal / cardiac!
"ardiac Muscle :
"ardiomyocytes have an inherent rhythmicity that can be influenced by the
autonomic nervous system.
Smooth Muscle :
Smooth muscle cells contract in response to mechanical stretch!, electrical #S!
and chemical stimulation by hydrolysing )'* to produce )+* and energy which,
in presence of calcium, causes interaction between actin and myosin filaments.
Smooth muscle cells only use very little )'* and can produce slow contraction
and can maintain contraction over a long period of time without using much
energy.
$. %hich proteins are found within and which ones are outside the cell&
Myosin / )ctin, within
"ollagen outside
'. Draw and label (arcomeres, )* + ,* #ands, -* + M*line in striated muscle
tissue.
.. /ow are actin and myosin filaments arranged in smooth muscle cells&
- random arrangement
- cell membrane 9 attachment points for actin called focal densityes
- dense bodies also floating around in the cytoplasm
- no sarcomere structure
0. /ow do the different muscle tissues grow and how do they react to in1ury&