The Circulatory System

Textbook Chapter 12
Pages 217 238
Blood essels
Three !essels carry blood"
arteries #arterioles$ carry blood a%ay &rom
the heart to the body
!ei's #!e'ules$ carry blood to%ards the
heart &rom the body
capillaries excha'ge 'utrie'ts at the
tissue le!el
(rteries
(rteries
Carry blood a%ay &rom the heart to other
parts o& the body
The %alls o& arteries ha!e ha!e three
layers"
Squamous epithelium (endothelium)
surrounded by connective tissue lines the
inside of the artery
A thick smooth muscle layer in the middle
controls blood flow and pressure
Loose connective tissue forms the outer wall
(rterioles
(rteries bra'ch i'to smaller arteries are
called arterioles
(rterioles co'trol blood &lo% by co'tracti'g
or dilati'g
They lead to capillary beds %here 'utrie't
excha'ge occurs
Blood Pressure
)he' arterioles relax* they dilate* allo%i'g
more blood to &lo%
)he' arterioles co'strict* they restrict
blood &lo%
Blood pressure drops %he' !essels dilate
Blood pressure rises %he' !essels co'strict
Capillaries
(rterioles bra'ch i'to smaller !essels called
capillaries* %hich are +ust 1,cell thick
By bei'g so small* they allo% &or e&&icie't
excha'ge o& 'utrie'ts &rom blood to
tissues
Though they are small* they &orm massi!e
'et%orks throughout your body
Capillary Beds
Capillary Beds
Capillary beds are &ou'd e!ery%here i' the
body a'd explai's %hy bleedi'g ca' occur
a'y%here a' i'+ury occurs
)here blood e'ters a capillary bed* like the
e'd o& a' arteriole* sphi'cters #ri'gs o&
muscle$ co'trol the &lo% o& blood i'to the
capillary bed
They allo% blood to be acti!ely directed
#shu'ted$ to%ards the areas that re-uire
i'creased blood &lo%
ei's
.arger blood !essels that collect blood a'd
retur' it to the heart
Blood &lo% i' the !ei's is promoted by
muscle co'tractio's
/'e,%ay !al!es i' !ei's that do 'ot allo%
back&lo% o& blood* allo%i'g &or the retur'
o& blood to the heart &rom the lo%er body
agai'st the do%'%ard pull o& gra!ity
ei's are co'sidered a blood rese!oir"
about 701 o& the blood i' here
e'ules
e'ules are small !ei's that collect the
blood that drai's &rom capillary beds
The blood &rom ma'y capillaries co'!erge
i'to a si'gle !e'ule a'd mo!es back
to%ards the heart
e'ules a'd !ei's ha!e the same three
layers as arteries but the smooth muscle
a'd co''ecti!e tissue layers are thi''er*
maki'g !ei's more elastic
2a+or Blood essels
2a+or (rteries
(orta , largest artery i' the body , recei!es
oxyge'ated blood at pressure directly
&rom the le&t !e'tricle a'd takes it to the
body
2a+or (rteries
Pulmo'ary (rtery, thi'k to lu'gs , recei!es
deoxyge'ated blood at pressure directly
&rom the right !e'tricle a'd takes it to the
lu'gs
Coro'ary (rteries , thi'k to heart , bra'ch
o&& the aorta a'd take oxyge'ated blood
to the heart muscle
2a+or (rteries
Carotid (rteries , thi'k to head , takes
oxyge'ated blood to head
Subcla!ia' (rteries , thi'k u'der cla!icles
to arms , takes oxyge'ated blood to the
arms3
2a+or (rteries
2ese'teric (rteries , thi'k to i'testi'es ,
takes oxyge'ated blood to the i'testi'es
4e'al (rteries , thi'k to kid'eys , takes
oxyge'ated blood to kid'eys
5liac (rteries , thi'k to legs , takes
oxyge'ated blood to the legs
Pulmo'ary System
2a+or ei's
('terior e'a Ca!a , thi'k &rom top o& body
, large !ei' that collects deoxyge'ated
blood &rom head and arms a'd retur's it
to the right atrium o& the heart
Posterior e'a Ca!a , thi'k &rom bottom o&
body , large !ei' that collects
deoxyge'ated blood &rom the abdomen
and lower body a'd retur's it to the
right atrium o& the heart
2a+or ei's
Pulmo'ary ei' , thi'k &rom lu'gs , carries
oxyge'ated blood &rom the lu'gs to the
le&t atrium o& the heart
Coro'ary ei's , thi'k &rom heart , retur'
deoxyge'ated blood &rom the heart
muscle to the right atrium
6ugular ei's , thi'k &rom head , takes
deoxyge'ated blood &rom head back to
the a'terior !e'a ca!a
2a+or ei's
Subcla!ia' ei's, thi'k u'der cla!icles ,
bri'gs deoxyge'ated blood &rom the arms
back to the a'terior !e'a ca!a
7epatic Portal ei' , thi'k &rom i'testi'es
directly to the li!er , carries blood rich i'
'utrie'ts to the li!er &or processi'g be&ore
retur'i'g to the heart3
2a+or ei's
7epatic ei' , thi'k &rom li!er , retur's
deoxyge'ated blood &rom the li!er to the
posterior !e'a ca!a
4e'al ei's , thi'k &rom kid'eys , retur's
deoxyge'ated blood &rom the kid'eys to
the posterior !e'a ca!a
5liac ei's , thi'k &rom legs , retur's
deoxyge'ated blood &rom the legs to the
posterior !e'a ca!a
2a+or essels ideo
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Pulmo'ary System
Pulmo'ary Circuit
The pulmo'ary circuit i'!ol!es the
tra'sport o& blood to a'd &rom the lu'gs
?eoxyge'ated blood retur's to the right
side o& the heart
The' pumped by the right !e'tricle i'to the
pulmo'ary artery #deoxyge'ated blood$
The' i'to the capillaries o& the lu'gs
Pulmo'ary Circuit
(t the lu'gs i' the capillaries o& the al!eoli*
oxyge' e'ters the blood a'd bi'ds to
hemoglobi' i' red blood cells
Carbo' dioxide di&&uses out o& the blood i'to
the lu'gs &or remo!al
The oxyge'ated blood the' tra!els i' the
pulmo'ary !ei' back to the le&t atrium o&
the heart %here it %ill be pumped to the
rest o& the body #systemic circuit$
Systemic Circuit
The systemic circuit i'!ol!es the tra'sport
o& blood to a'd &rom all the tissues o& the
body
Because this circuit is larger tha' the
pulmo'ary circuit* the %alls o& the le&t
!e'tricle o& the heart are much larger
tha' o' the right side
This thicker muscle ge'erates the &orce
re-uired to pump blood all arou'd the
systemic circuit
Systemic Circuit
/xyge'ated blood is pumped by the le&t
!e'tricle i'to the aorta
The aorta the' bra'ches i'to ma'y smaller
arteries that carry blood to all areas o& the
body
5' the capillaries* oxyge' is deli!ered to
cells a'd carbo' dioxide is picked up &or
remo!al
The deoxyge'ated blood the' retur's to the
heart &rom the !e'a ca!a
Both !e'a ca!a e'ter the right atrium
%here blood is retur'ed back to the
pulmo'ary circuit &or oxyge'atio'
@etal Circulatio' page >A8
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@etal Circulatio'
@our mai' di&&ere'ce bet%ee' the
circulatory system o& a &etus a'd a' adult
T%o are related to the excha'ge o& oxyge'
!ia the place'ta
T%o are temporary structural cha'ges
allo%i'g the &etal circulatio' to bypass the
lu'gs
Bmbilical !ei' a'd arteries
7oused i' the umbilical cord %hich attaches
the place'ta to the umbilicus
The umbilical !ei' carries oxyge'ated blood
%ith mater'al 'utrie'ts to the &etus
The umbilical arteries carry deoxyge'ated
blood %ith &etal %aste to the place'ta
The umbilical arteries recei!e blood &rom
the &etal heart !ia the dorsal aorta a'd
both iliac arteries o& the legs %here they
bra'ch o&& to the umbilical cord3
e'ous ?uctus #?uctus
e'osus$
4ecei!es blood &rom the umbilical !ei' a'd
directs it to the posterior8i'&erior !e'a
ca!a
This !e'ous duct acts as a li!er bypass*
mo!i'g blood i'to the &etal systemic
circulatio'
Bypassi'g the .u'gs
/!al ope'i'g or &orame' o!ale is a'
ope'i'g or hole bet%ee' the right a'd le&t
atria o& the heart
5t is co!ered %ith a &lap that allo%s blood to
mo!e &rom the right atrium to the le&t
atrium o'ly* allo%i'g blood to bypass the
lu'gs completely
Bypassi'g the .u'gs
(t birth %he' the umbilical cord is cut*
blood begi's to &lo% i'to a'd out o& the
lu'gs
)he' blood retur's &rom the lu'gs to the
le&t atrium* it closes the &lap bet%ee' the
t%o atria
( Cblue babyC is o'e %here the &lap does
'ot close a'd the lu'gs do 'ot properly
oxyge'ate the blood
Bypassi'g the .u'gs
(rterial duct or ductus arteriosus is a duct
that co''ects the pulmo'ary artery a'd
the aorta
This duct acts to direct blood a%ay &rom the
lu'gs a'd i'to the systemic circulatio'
(t birth* this arterial duct #bet%ee' t%o
arteries$ closes %he' cells gro% o!er the
ope'i'g
Dui< 11 The path o& blood
Trace the path o& blood starti'g
&rom the !e'a ca!a a'd back
agai'3 5'clude as ma'y ma+or
arteries a'd !ei's as you ca'
81A
Blood
Blood is co'sidered a body tissue* though i'
a li-uid &orm
5t tra'sports oxyge' a'd 'utrie'ts to cells
a'd carries a%ay carbo' dioxide a'd
other cellular %aste products
Blood also helps bala'ce &luid le!els*
temperature* io' co'ce'tratio's* a'd p7
%ithi' the body
Blood
Blood is composed o& t%o parts" plasma a'd
cellular material
Plasma is composed o& mai'ly %ater
#EF21$* but also some dissol!ed
substa'ces
4ed blood cells carry oxyge'* %hite blood
cells &u'ctio' i' immu'e respo'se* a'd
platelets #%hich are cell &ragme'ts$ clot
blood
Plasma
Plasma protei's , (lbumi' #mai'tai's blood
!olume$* 5mmu'oglobuli's #&ight i'&ectio'$*
a'd &ibri'oge' #blood clotti'g$
Salts , sodium io'* potassium io'* chloride io'*
calcium io'* etc
;utrie'ts , glucose* ami'o acids* &atty acids*
some !itami's
Gases , oxyge' &rom lu'gs a'd carbo' dioxide
&rom the tissues
)aste , urea &rom the li!er
7ormo'es , ma'y , examples are thyroxi'e*
i'suli'* adre'ali'* estroge'* etc
Blood Cells
Blood cells are produced i' red bo'e
marro%* the ce'tre o& some bo'es #ribs*
skull* !ertebrae* lo'g bo'es$
4ed Blood Cells #Hrythrocytes$
4ed Blood Cells
The ma+ority o& blood cells red blood cells or
erythrocytes
4BCIs are 'o','ucleated bico'ca!e disks
co'tai'i'g hemoglobi'
Their shape i'creases the sur&ace area &or
gas excha'ge a'd aids their tra'sport i'
capillaries
1 m. o& blood %ill 'ormally co'tai' > to J
billio' 4BCIs
They li!e up to > mo'ths but are co'ti'ually
bei'g created by stem cells i' the bo'e
marro%
4ed Blood Cells
4BCIs carry oxyge' &rom the lu'gs a'd
deli!er it to the body tissues i' the
capillaries
7emoglobi' is composed o& &our
polypeptides* each %ith a heme group
co'tai'i'g iro'
5t is this heme group that bi'ds to oxyge'
a'd releases it to the tissues o& the body
i' the capillaries
5& hemoglobi' le!els i' the blood drop*
called a'emia* more o& the hormo'e
erythropoieti' is produced %hich
i'creases the 'umber o& 4BCIs produced
i' the bo'e marro%
)hite Blood Cells
)hite Blood Cells
)hite blood cells #leukocytes$ are larger*
ge'erally spherical 'ucleated cells that
!ary i' appeara'ce a'd li&e spa'
)BCIs &u'ctio' i' the body to &ight i'&ectio'
a'd de!elop immu'ity to &uture i'&ectio's
There are ma'y di&&ere't ki'ds o& )BCIs
each %ith a speci&ic &u'ctio' %ith the
body
Produced i' the red bo'e marro% &rom
stem cells that di&&ere'tiate i'to di&&ere't
types o& blood cells
;eutrophils
Neutrophils , 2ost
commo' )BC* has a
multi,lobed 'ucleus*
phagocytic #they
e'gul& a'd i'gest
&oreig' substa'ces or
i'!aders like bacteria
#pathoge's$ a'd
destroy them
.ymphocytes
Lymphocytes , 2ature i'
lymphatic tissues such as
the the thymus a'd splee'
T%o mai' types , B
lymphocytes a'd T
lymphocytes , both
produce a'tibodies a'd
pro!ide seco'dary
immu'ity
.ymphocytes produce
a'tibodies
('tibodies
('tibodies are protei' molecules that tra!el
i' blood a'd lymph #tissue &luid$ a'd attach
to speci&ic a'tige's #lock a'd key$
('tige's are &oreig' substa'ces that are
recog'i<ed by the immu'e system as
'o',sel& a'd re-uire destructio'
('tibodies act i' ma'y %ays to pre!e't
disease
('tibodies deal %ith a'tige's by attachi'g to
them a'd promoti'g phagocytosis by other
)BCIs* clumpi'g pathoge's together* or
&ormi'g complexes %ith pathoge's that
pre!e'ts them &rom causi'g disease
/ther )BC
Monocytes , largest )BCIs* de!elop i'to
large macrophages i' the body tissues
that phagocyti<e pathoge's duri'g
i'&ectio'
Eosinophils , are i'!ol!ed i' co'trol o&
allergic a'd i'&lammatory respo'ses
Basophils , release histami'e that
i'creases blood &lo% to sites o& tissue
i'+ury
Platelets #thrombocytes$
Platelets are cell &ragme'ts that break a%ay
&rom larger cells i' the red bo'e marro%
1 m. o& blood co'tai's up to 300 millio'
platlets
They are i'!ol!ed i' blood clotti'g &ollo%i'g
tissue i'+ury
Blood Clotti'g
Blood clotti'g is a complex process
i'!ol!i'g platelets* ma'y clotti'g &actors*
the protei's &ibri'oge' a'd prothrombi'*
!itami' K &ou'd i' gree' !egetables a'd
produced by bacteria i' the large
i'testi'e* a'd calcium io's
5' the clotti'g process &ollo%i'g i'+ury*
platelets act as a &irst li'e o& de&e'se by
&ormi'g a platelet plug that acts to seal
up the leak
.ater* a complex series o& e!e'ts &orm a
protei' 'et arou'd the platelet plug %hich
traps 4BCIs
(s tissue repair takes place the plug is
dissol!ed a'd blood &lo% resumes3
The Path o& Blood to the Brai'
(orta Carotid Brai' capillaries
(rtery
.e&t e'tricle 6ugular ei'
.e&t (trium Superior e'a Ca!a
Pulmo'ary ei' 4ight (trium
.u'g capillaries 4ight e'tricle

Pulmo'ary (rtery
The Path o& Blood to the
Kid'eys
(orta ?orsal (orta 4e'al (rtery
.e&t e'tricle Kid'ey capillaries
.e&t (trium 4e'al ei'
Pulmo'ary ei' 5'&erior e'a Ca!a

.u'g capillaries 4ight (trium
Pulmo'ary (rtery 4ight e'tricle
The .ymphatic System
The .ymphatic System
The lymphatic system is comprised o& 3
parts"
lymph capillaries
lymph !essels
lymph 'odes
.ymph Capillaries
The capillaries are the starti'g poi't o& the
o'e,%ay lymphatic system
They origi'ate i' tissues a'd drai' a'y
excess tissue &luid that has 'ot bee'
reabsorbed i'to the bloodstream a'd
mo!e it i'to lymph !ei's
This pre!e'ts s%elli'g or edema #collectio'
o& &luid i' the tissues$
.ymph ei's
The !ei's collect lymph &rom ma'y lymph
capillaries a'd mo!e them i'to lymph
ducts
@rom the ducts they e'ter the subcla!ia'
!ei's %here the &luid is retur'ed to the
bloodstream
The mo!eme't o& &luid i' the lymph !ei's
relies o' muscular mo!eme'ts to s-uee<e
the &luid alo'g
.ymph !ei's #like !ei's i' the circulatory
system$ co'tai' o'e,%ay !al!es that keep
the &luid mo!i'g to%ards the thoracic
ca!ity or chest
.ymph ;odes
.ymph 'odes are co'sidered lymphoid orga's
alo'g %ith the to'sils* splee'* thymus a'd
bo'e marro%
;odes are bea' shaped structures %ith a cortex
a'd medulla similar to ma'y other body
orga's
The cortex co'tai's ma'y a'tibody,produci'g
lymphocytes %hile the medulla co'tai's
macrophages &ight i'&ectio's a'd clea' lymph
.ymph 'odes are &ou'd alo'g lymph !essels
a'd are most 'umerous i' the groi'* 'eck*
a'd armpit areas
S%olle' lymph 'odes are a sig' that a'
i'&ectio' is prese't
Blood Pressure a'd @luid
Hxcha'ge
Blood Pressure a'd @luid
Hxcha'ge
(s blood mo!es a%ay &rom the heart* blood
pressure a'd blood !elocity decrease
because o& the bra'chi'g o& arteries i'to
arterioles a'd the' i'to capillaries
5t is due to a huge i'crease i'
cross,sectio'al area i' the capillaries
The lo%er !elocity i' the capillaries allo%s
the time 'ecessary &or e&&ecti!e Capillary
Tissue,@luid Hxcha'ge
Blood lea!i'g the capillaries co'!erges i'to
!e'ules a'd the' !ei's* causi'g a'
i'crease i' !elocity but pressure remai's
lo%
The 7eart
The 7eartbeat
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The S( ;ode
Si'oatrial #S($ 'ode
5t is &ou'd o' the upper i'side %all o& the
right atrium a'd is best k'o%' as
pacemaker
5t i'itiates a heartbeat e!ery 038A seco'ds*
se'di'g a sig'al tra!els across the atria
causi'g them to co'tract a'd load the
!e'tricles %ith blood
(s the sig'al mo!es across the atria it
reaches the ( 'ode located o' the
bottom o& the right atrium o' top o& the
septum
The ( 'ode
(trio!e'tricular #($ 'ode %orks %ith the
Purki'+e &ibres
The ( 'ode is located o' the bottom
sur&ace o& the right atria a'd i'itiates
co'tractio's o& the !e'tricles
)he' the sig'al &rom the S( 'ode reaches
the ( 'ode there is a small delay to allo%
the atria to &i'ish loadi'g the !e'tricles
(&ter this delay* the ( 'ode relays the
sig'al alo'g t%o ( bu'dles &ou'd i' the
septum a'd o' to the 'umerous Purki'+e
&ibers &ou'd i' the %alls o& both !e'tricles3
Systole a'd ?iastole
The ( 'ode* the ( bu'dles* a'd the
Purki'+e &ibers act together to create a
smoothly coordi'ated a'd po%er&ul
co'tractio' o& the !e'tricles
This co'tractio' o& the !e'tricles pushes
blood i'to the pulmo'ary circuit &rom the
right side o& the heart a'd i'to the systemic
circuit &rom the le&t side o& the heart
This acti!e co'tractio' o& the !e'tricles is
called systole %hile the relaxatio' phase o&
the !e'tricles is called diastole3 2ore o'
these terms i' the blood pressure
measureme't lesso'3
)hat Co'trols /ur 7eartbeat9
/ur heartbeat
is co'trolled
by the
cardiac
co'trol
ce'tre i' the
medulla
oblo'gata
#tur-uoise$
Cha'ges to our 7eartbeat
5' times o& stress or exercise* the cardiac
co'trol ce'tre uses sympathetic 'er!e
sig'als to i'crease heart rate a'd the
&orce o& !e'tricular co'tractio'
Stress hormo'es &rom the adre'al gla'ds
#epi'ephri'e a'd 'orepi'ephri'e$ also
i'crease heart rate a'd &orce o& heart
co'tractio'
5' rest&ul co'ditio's* such as duri'g a 'ap*
%he' the body re-uires less blood
deli!ered to muscles* the cardiac co'trol
ce'tre uses parasympathetic 'er!es to
decrease heart rate
;ormal Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is a measure o& the &orce
blood exerts o' the %alls o& blood !essels
Blood pressure i' arteries is highest %he'
the !e'tricles are co'tracti'g #called
systole or systolic pressure$ a'd lo%er
%he' the !e'tricles are relaxed #called
diastole or diastolic pressure$
;ormal !alues &or systolic a'd diastolic
pressures are 120 mm7g a'd 80 mm7g
o&te' %ritte' as 120 o!er 80 or 120880
;ormal Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is greatest i' the arteries at
120 mm7g duri'g systole a'd lo%est i'
the !e'a ca!a at 0,20 mm7g
(s blood mo!es a%ay &rom the heart*
bra'chi'g o& arteries i'to arterioles a'd
the' i'to capillaries reduces blood
pressure a'd blood !elocity
7yperte'sio'
7yperte'sio' is a co'ditio' characteri<ed
by abo!e 'ormal blood pressure
7igh blood pressure exists %he' the
systolic pressure exceeds 1>0 mm7g or
the diastolic pressure exceeds F0 mm7g
Causes may i'clude co'strictio' o& blood
!essels* too much salt i' the diet or
reabsorptio' o& sodium io' &rom the
kid'eys* a'd artherosclerosis
7ypote'sio'
7ypote'sio' is a co'ditio' characteri<ed by
belo% 'ormal blood pressure
7ypote'sio' ca' be caused by a problem
%ith the 'er!ous system or due to blood
loss &ollo%i'g i'+ury
Patie'ts %ith this lo% blood pressure are
pro'e to &ai'ti'g