Công Nghệ MPLS Áp Dụng Trong Mạng Men (MAN-E)

NGUYN PHM CNG
C1!(6 SGH NPLS

i p D N G TR O N G M N G M E N ( M M I - E I
NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
M s: HT06 HM10
Chng 1
KHI NIM MNG INTERNET
V M HNH THAM CHIU OSI
1.1 NGUN GC V QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA INTERNET
Internet c pht minh t Cc Nghin cu cc d n
quc phng hin i (ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency
Network), l mt c quan ca B Quc phng M (DoD:
Demrtment of Defence). Nm 1969, ARPA trin khai mt mng
chuvn mch gi gm 4 nt gi l ARPANET. Trong qun s,
DoD mun bo m truyn s liu tin cy ngay c khi cc phn ca
mng b ph hu. Giao thc tng giao vn ban u (tng 4 ca
m hnh OSI) c gi l giao thc iu khin mng NCP
(Network Conol Protocol), v sau kch thc mng c m
rng, cc kt ni lin mng rt kh khn nn thc y vic trin
khai mt tng mi, tng mng v giao thc tng ny c gi l
giao thc iu khin truyn dn TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) v giao thc Internet IP (Internet Protocol).
TCP/IP thc cht l chng giao thc cng hot ng cung
cp cc phng tin truyn thng lin mng. Nm 1981, m hnh
TCP/IP phin bn 4 (IPv4) c hon thnh v s dng ph bin
trn my tnh s dng h iu hnh UNIX v tr thnh mt trong
nhng giao thc c bn ca h iu hnh Windows ca
Microsoft. Nm 1994, mt phin bn mi ca TCP/IP l IPv6
c hnh thnh trn c s ci tin nhng hn ch ca IPv4.
Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
Mng Internet l mng my tnh kt ni ton cu vi nhau v
hot ng truyn thng tun theo b cc giao thc TCP/IP. Ni
cch khc, mng Internet l mng ca cc mng kt ni vi nhau v
hot ng tun theo giao thc TCP/IP. Nh vy, mng Internet l
mng din rng (WAN), bao gm hng triu cc mng my tnh
tri rng khp th gii, gip cho hng triu ngi s dng trn tri
t c th thng tin, trao i vi nhau. Ngoi ra n l nhng ngun
ti nguyn v gi cho cc nh nghin cu, cc nh gio dc, cc
quan chc chnh ph... Internet tr thnh mt cng c thit yu
cho mi hot ng ca con ngi.
1.2 M HNH KIN TRC A TNG
Cc mng my tnh c thit k v ci t theo quan im
c cu trc a tng. Mi mt thnh phn ca mng c xem nh
mt h thng gm nhiu tng v mi mt tng bao gm mt s
chc nng truyn thng. Cc tng c chng ln nhau (chng giao
thc), s lng v chc nng ca cc tng ph thuc vo cc nh
sn xut v thit k. Tuy nhin quan im chung l trong mi tng
c nhiu thc th (cc tin trnh) thc hin mt s chc nng nhm
cung cp mt s dch v, th tc cho cc thc th tng trn hot
ng.
B giao thc gm mt tp hp cc giao thc xp chng ln
nhau, tcmg thch, kt hp vi nhau thc hin mt tin trnh
truyn thng hon chnh, c ci t v thc thi trn mt my tnh
c th. Mi tng thc hin mt s chc nng truyn thng v cung
cp mt s dch v cho cc hot ng ca tng trn k tip. Hai
my tnh c th truyn thng vi nhau, hai my phi ang thc
hin cc b giao thc ging nhau, hoc toTig thch vi nhau. Mi
mt tng trong b giao thc ca my ny phi tng tc vi tng
tng ng ca my kia. Nu cc b giao ic trn cc my tng
thch nhau, cc kiu my tnh khc nhau cng thc hin c
uyn thng vi nhau.
.2.1 Cc quy tc phn tng
T chc tiu chun quc t ISO (International Standard
Orgnazation) quy nh cc quy tc s dng trong qu trnh xy
dng m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System
Interconnection):
- Khng nh ngha qu nhiu tng, s lng tng, vai tr v
chc nng ca cc tng trong mi mt h thng ca mng l nh
nhau. Khng qu phc tp khi xc nh v ghp ni cc tng. Chc
nng cc tng c lp vi nhau v c tnh m.
- Trong mi mt h thng, cn xc nh r mi quan h gia
cc tng k nhau, gi l giao din tng (Interface). Mi quan h ny
quy nh nhng thao tc v dch v c bn m tng k di cung
cp cho tng k trn v s cc tng tc qua li gia hai tng k
nhau l nh nht.
- Xc nh mi quan h gia cc ng tng vi nhau thng
nht v cc phng thc hot ng trong qu tnh truyn thng,
gi l giao thc tng. Mi quan h l tp cc quy tc v cc tho
thun trong hi thoi gia cc h thng truyn thng v cch thc
thc hin truyn thng.
- D liu khng c truyn trc tip t tng th i ca h
thng pht sang tng th i ca h thng nhn (tr tng thp nht -
tng vt l) m c chuyn t tng cao xung tng thp nht bn
h thng pht v qua ng truyn vt l, d liu l chui bit
khng cu trc c truyn sang tng thp nht ca h thng nhn
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI___________ 7 _
v t d liu c chuyn ngc ln cc tng trn. Gia cc
ng tng xc nh lin kt logic, gia cc tng thp nht c lin
kt vt l.
Nh vy mi mt tng c hai quan h: quan h theo chiu
ngang v quan h theo chiu dc. s lng cc tng v cc giao
thc tng c gi l kin trc mng (network architecture).
Quan h theo chiu ngang l phn nh s hot ng ca cc
ng tng. Cc ng tng trc khi trao i thng tin vi nhau phi
bt tay, hi thoi v tha thun vi nhau bng cc tham s ca cc
giao thc (hay l i tc), c gi l giao thc tng.
Quan h theo chiu dc l quan h gia cc tng k nhau
trong cng mt h thng. Gia chng tn ti giao din xc nh cc
thao tc nguyn thy v cc dch v tng di cung cp cho tng
trn. c gi l giao din tng.
Trong mi tng c mt hoc nhiu thc th (Entity) hot
ng, thc hin mt s chc nng truyn thng. Cc thc th c th
l tin trnh (Process) trong mt h a x l, hoc c th l mt
chuofng trnh con... Chng thc hin cc chc nng ca tng N v
giao thc truyn thng vi cc thc th ng tng trong cc h
thng khc. K hiu N_Entity l thc th tng N.
Cc thc th ca tng truyn thng vi cc thc th tng trn
n v cc thc th tng di n thng qua cc im truy cp dch
v SAP (Service Access Point) trn cc giao din. Cc thc th
phi xc nh c cung cp nhng dch v g cho cc hot ng
ca cc thc th tng trn k n v cc hot ng truyn thng ca
n. Nhng hot ng ny c s dng cho nhng dch v no ca
cc thc th tng k di n c cung cp thng qua cc li gi
hm v qua cc im truy cp (SAP) trn giao din cc tng.
8_____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI
Khi m t hot ng ca bt k giao thc no trong m hnh
OS, cn phi phn bit c cc dch v cung cp bi tng k
di, cc hot ng bn trong ca tng v cc dch v m n khai
thc, s dng. iu ny rt quan trng v khi mi c th nh
ngha c chc nng ca mi mt tng trong mi quan h vi cc
tng khc. S tch bit gia cc tng gip cho vic b sung, sa i
chc nng ca giao thc tng m khng nh hng n hot ng
ca cc tng khc, v vy c th ni h thng l mt h thng m.
H thng A
Tng N
Giao din I
tng N/N-1 ;
Giao thc tng N
H thng B
Tng N
_ _ _
Tng N - 1
Tng 2
Giao thc tng N - 1
Giao thc tng 2
Tng N - 1
Tng 2
Giao din i
tng 2/1 ;
Tng 1
Giao thc tng 1
ng truyn vt l
Tng 1
Hnh 1.1: M hnh kin trc phn tng
1.2.2 Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc a tng
H thng A H t h n g B
(5)
(4)
M
Giao thc tng 5
M
Giao thc tng 4
M
( 3 ) H 3
H 4 H 3 H 4 M 2 ................................................................ H 3 H 4 I M ,
1 r
1
i
t G i a o t h c t n g 7 .
< 2 ) H 2 H 3 I V t ^
T 2 H 4 M 2 T 2 H 2 H 3
T 2
H, M
H,
H3 H,
n g t r u y n v t i
Hnh 1.2: V d v lu chuyn thng tin
Hnh 1.2 mt v d minh ha cho s lu chuyn thng tin
trong mng my tnh kt ni gia 2 h thng A v B gm N = 5
tng. Gi s trn h thng A, bn pht (my ngun), mt thng
ip M c to ra bi qu trnh thc hin ng dng trn tng 5 v
gi xung tng 4 qua cc cc im truy cp (SAP) trn giao din
5/4 truyn. Tng 4 thm mt mo u (header) H4 vo trc
thng ip nhn dng thng ip v a kt qu xung tng 3
qua cc cc im truy cp SAP trn giao din 4/3. Mo u bao
gm thng tin iu khin, chng hn nh s th t, cho php
tng 4 h thng B, my nhn, giao thng bo n ng ni nu
cc tng thp hn khng duy tr c trnh t. i vi mt vi
tng, cc mo u c th cha kch thc, thi gian v cc trmg
iu khin khc. Gi s, tng 3 ch thc hin cc chc nng truyn
thng ca n theo quy nh gii hn v kch c gi tin, nn trc
khi chuyn thng tin xung tng 2, n phi chia thng bo t tng 4
chuyn xung thnh cc gi nh hn M| v M2 v thm mt mo
u H3 ca tng 3 cho mi gi. Tng 3 s quyt nh s nh tuyn
i n ch cho d liu v gi cc gi xung tng 2 qua cc cc
im truy cp SAP trn giao din 3/2. Tng 2 khng ch thm
header H2 vo phn u mi mt gi tin m cn thm thng tin
nh du T2 ri gi kt qu xung tng 1 qua cc cc im truy cp
(SAP) trn giao din 2/1 cho ng truyn vt l. Trn h thng B,
bn nhn (my ch), d liu c chuyn ngc ln theo tun t
t tng 1 cho n tng 5 thng qua giao din cc tng. Ti cc tng,
nh giao thc tng v dch v tng di cung cp cho tng trn qua
cc giao din tng, n tch b cc thng tin iu khin, khng c
header ca tng di c chuyn ln tng trn. Trong tng 5 d
liu M c khi phc tr li. V d trc khi chuyn cc gi tin
t tng 2 ln tng 3, tng 2 phi tc b thng tin iu khin H3 v
10____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
nhp M v g M2 thnh M, gi nguyn thng tin iu khin H4.
Tng 2 chuyn gi tin H4M ln tng 3 qua cc im SAP trn giao
din 3/2 .
1.2.3 Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng
Pht sinh ng truyn ca mt thng ip (message) t tng
giao vn (Transport Layer). Thng ip c chuyn dc xung
chng giao thc bn pht, thng qua mg truyn vt l, thng
ip li c chuyn ngc ln theo chiu dc chng giao thc bn
nhn. V nu tng giao vn trong h thng nhn hiu c cc giao
thc giao vn trong my gi khi thng ip c bn giao gia
my gi v my nhn. Nh vy truyn thng cng tng, thng
ip khi chuyn dc xung qua tng tng s c b sung thm
vo phn u thng ip bng thng tin iu khin ca tng
(header). V khi thng ip c chuyn ln theo dc chng giao
thc bn nhn, cc thng tin iu khin c g b qua cc tng.
Vic thm header vo u cc thng ip khi i qua mi tng trong
qu trnh truyn d liu c gi l ng gi {Encapsulation). Qu
trnh nhn d liu s din ra theo chiu ngc li, khi thng tin qua
cc tng, thng ip s tch thng tin iu khin thuc n trc khi
chuyn d liu ln tng trn.
n v d liu c s dng trong cc tng bao gm:
- Thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI (Protocol Control
Information); Thng tin c thm vo u cc gi tin trong qu
trnh hot ng truyn thng ca cc thc th. K hiu N PCI l
thng tin iu khin giao thc ca tng N.
- n v d liu dch v SD (Service Data Unit): L n v
d liu truyn thng gia cc tng k nhau. K hiu N_SDU l n
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI___________ J_
12 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
v d liu truyn t tng (N+1) xung tng N cha thm thng tin
iu khin.
- n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit): n v
d liu giao thc: PDU = PCI+SDU, ngha l gi tin PDU bao
gm thng tin iu khin PCI c thm vo u n v d liu
dch v SDU.

Diu Tng ng dng Tng ng dng D liu
D liu Tng trinh din Tng trnh din D liu Ha
D iu HpH^ Tng phin Tng phin D liu HpH^
D liu HsHpH^ Tng giao vn Tng giao vn D liu HsHpH*
D liu Tng mng Tng mng D liu HxHsHpH^
D liu HnHx Hs HpH^ Tng lin kt d liu Tng lin kt d liu D liu
11001110101010101 Tng vt l Tng vt l 110011101010101
1100111010101011110100110
Tng Tiu Tn d liu
ng dng Ha
Tiu tng ng dng Thng ip v gi
Trnh din
Hp
Tiu tng trinh din
Gi
Phin
Hs
Tiu tng phin
Gi
Giao vn
Ht
Tiu tng giao vn
Datagram, on v g
Mng
Hn
Tiu tng mng
Datagram v gi
Lin kt d liu
Ho
Tiu tng lin k d liu
Khung v gi
Vt l
Tiu tng vt l
Bt
Hnh . 3: B sung phn u thng bo v tn d iu s dng
1.2.4 Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v
Chc nng ca cc tng l cung cp dch v cho tng trn k
n. Trong mi mt tng c mt hay nhiu thc th. Thc th trn
cng tng cc my khc nhau c gi l thc th ng tng. Thc
th tng N thc hin cc dch v m cc thc th tng N+1 yu
cu s dng, khi tng N c gi l tng cung cp dch v, tng
N+1 c gi l tng s dng dch v. Tng N s s dng dch v
ca tng N-1 cung cp cc dch v cho tng N+1. Cht lng
dch v c nhiu mc khc nhau, chng hn dch v nhanh, dch v
chm... Cc thc th trao i dch v vi nhau qua cc im truy
cp dch v SAP. Cc thc th tng N cung cp dch v cho cc
thc th tng N+1 qua cc im truy cp dch v SAP trn giao
din N+l/N. Mi SAP c mt tihn dng duy nht.
Hai tng trao i thng tin vi nhau phi c nhng tho thun
v thit lp cc quy tc giao din. Thc th ca tng N+1 chuyn
mt n v d liu giao thc PDU ti thc th tng N thng qua
SAP. PDU bao gm mt n v d liu dch v SDU v thng tin
iu khin PCI. SD l thng tin gi qua mng ti thc th ng
tng v sau a ln tng N+1. Thng tin iu khin cn thit
tng di phc v cho n. Nu di ca SDU ln hn di quy
nh, trc khi chuyn xung tng di, cc thc th tng N chia
SDU ra nhiu gi tin nh c di quy nh v thm vo mi mt
gi thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI hay gi l header. Header
ca PDU c cc thc th ng tng nhn dng PDU no cha d
liu v PD no cha thng tin iu khin PCI...
Hnh 1.4 minh ha giao din v dch v trong cc tng k
nhau. Thc th tng N t h thng A khng th truyn d liu
trc tip sang tng N ca h thng B m phi chuyn tun t xung
cc tng di n, cho ti tng thp nht, tng vt l. Bng phng
tin truyn vt l, d liu l nhng chui bit 0 v 1 c truyn
sang tng vt l ca h thng B. T y d liu c chuyn ln
cc tng trn.
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI____________
Hnh 1.4: Khi nim giao din v dch v trong mi trng OSI
Trong h thng A, d liu c chuyn xung tng N,
N_SDU c xem nh l mt cm v d liu dch v ca tng N.
Thng tin iu khin N_PCI c thm vo u N_SDU, bin i
N_SDU thnh N_PDU = (N_PCI) + (N_SDU). Trng hp
N_SDU qu di ieo quy nh ca mt n v d liu, n c chia
nh thnh nhiu on v trong phn u ca mi on, ing tin
iu khin N_PC c thm vo to nhiu N_PDU mi. N_PD
c cc thc th tng N chuyn xung tng (N-1) qua cc im
truy cp SAP trn giao din tng N/N-1. Trong tng (N-1) d liu
c xem nh l cc on v d liu dch v tng th (N-1)_SDU.
Qu trnh c tip tc din ra cho n khi n xung n tng vt l.
Bn h thng nhn B qu trnh bin i s xy ra ngc li, tc l
qua mi tng d liu N_PDU c phn tch v phn thng tin iu
khin N_PCI s c g b. N_SDU s c chuyn ln tng
(N+1). y N_SDU s c xem nh l mt (N+1)_PDU.
1.3 M HNH KT NI CC H THNG M OSI
M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System
Interconnection) l m hnh c bn v cc tin trnh truyn thng,
thit lp cc tiu chun kin trc mng mc Quc t, l c s
chung cc h thng khc nhau c th lin kt v truyn thng
c vi nhau. M hnh OSI t chc cc giao thc truyn thng
thnh 7 tng, mi mt tng gii quyt mt phn hp ca tin trnh
truyn thng, chia tin trnh truyn thng thnh nhiu tng v trong
mi tng c th c nhiu giao thc khc nhau thc hin cc nhu cu
ca mt mi trng truyn thng c th. Cc tng c xp ln
nhau thnh chng giao thc (Protocol stack) c kh nng gii quyt
trn vn mt cuc lin lc gia cc thnh phn ca mng. Ni cch
khc, chng giao thc l mt tp cc giao thc c xp chng ln
nhau, cc giao thc c th tng thch vi nhau c ci t
trn mt my c th v cng thc hin mt tin trnh truyn thng
hon chnh. Cc hot ng ca tng di cung cp cc dch v cho
cc hot ng ca tng trn. Nh vy giao thc nm di y ca
chng giao thc phi l giao thc vt l truyn tin gia cc my vi
nhau. Hai thc th c th truyn thng vi nhau nu c ci t
cng mt chng giao thc hoc cc chng giao thc tng thch
vi nhau.
1.3.1 Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m
M hnh OSI tun theo cc nguyn tc phn tng nh sau;
- M hnh gm N = 7 tng.
- OSI l h thng m, phi c kh nng kt ni vi cc h
thng khc nhau, tng thch vi cc chun OSI. Cc thc th h
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI___________
thng c th l cc my ch, nt mng, trm lm vic hay cc thit
b u cui...
- Qu trnh x l cc ng dng c thc hin trong cc h
thng m, trong khi vn duy tr c cc hot ng kt ni gia cc
h thng.
- Thit lp knh logic thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia
cc nt.
Host A Host B
ng ng
Trinh din
Phin
Giao vn
Mng
Lin kt d liu
Vt l
\
-*
*-
B nh tuyn
Mng
Lin kt d liu
V t l
ng dng
Trinh din
Phin
Giao vn
Mng
Lin kt d liu
I
V t l
Dng truyn vt l
Hnh 1.5: M hnh tham chiu OS
.3.2 Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI
Khi m t hot ng giao thc trong m hnh OSI, cn nh
ngha vai tr v chc nng ca cc tng trong mi quan h gia
chng vi nhau, cn phi phn bit cc khi nim cung cp dch v,
cc dch v c cung cp v cc hot ng ca thc th ng
tng. Nh vy khi xem xt chc nng ca giao thc, khng ch xem
xt vai tr v chc nng ca n m cn phi xem xt n c s
dng nhng dch v g m tng k di cung cp cho n v n
cung cp nhng dch v no cho cc hot ng ca tng k trn.
Khi nim dch v bao gm c im v cc dch v ca tng di
cung cp cho cc tng trn thng qua cc hm dch v nguyn thu,
mi mt hm ng vi mt tp cc tham s dch v cc tng k trn
c th giao tip vi ng tng ca mt h thng khc.
Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc c s dng: giao
thc hng lin kt v giao thc khng lin kt.
Gi Un giao hc: Gi tin (packet) l mt ofn v ing tin
c s dng trong qu trnh trao i thng tin. Nhng thng ip
(message) trao i gia cc thc th trong mng, c chuyn i
thnh cc gi tin nt ngun. Nhng gi tin ny khi n ch s
c khi phc li thnh thng bo ban u. Mt gi tin c th
bao gm cc thng tin v cc yu cu dch v, thng tin iu
khin v thng tin d liu.
Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng, mi tng ch thc
hin mt chc nng l nhn d liu t tng k trn chuyn giao
xung cho tng k di v ngc li. Chc nng ny thc cht l
gn thm v g b phn header i vi mi mt gi tin trc khi
chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, mi mt gi tin bao gm header v
phn d liu. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm
mt phn mo u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi,
tip tc cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng truyn vt l sang
bn nhn. Bn nhn, cc gi tin c g b header tng ng tng.
1.3.3 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI
Qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu trong mi trng OSI din
ra nh sau: Tng ng dng tip nhn d liu bi cc giao thc ng
dng nt ngun. Tng ny s chn thm thng tin iu khin
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI___________ V7_
header Ha (c th c hoc khng) vo u thng bo ri gi kt
qu xung tng 6. Tng 6 c th chuyn i d liu theo cc cch
khc nhau sao cho ph hp vi ngn ng x l ca mng v c th
chn thm header Hp ca n vo u bn tin, ri gi kt qu xung
tng di - tng Phin. Tng ny khng phn bit header ca cc
tng trn vi d liu trong thng ip m n nhn c. Qu trnh
ny tip tc thc hin cho n khi d liu c truyn xung tng
vt l v c bin i thnh chui bit khng cu trc truyn n
nt ch. Ti nt ch, cc header tng ng c ln lt loi b
khi thng ip c chuyn t tng thp nht (tng vt l) ln tng
cao nht v chuyn i v ngn ng ngi s dng. Ti cc tng,
nu pht hin li, n yu cu pht li.
.3.4 Cc tham s dch v v tng tc gia cc tng
Lin kt vi hm dch v nguyn thu l tp cc tham s dch
v. Thng qua cc tham s cc tng k nhau ong mt h thng c
th trao i thng tin vi nhau v cc ng tng trong cc h thng
trao i cc n v d liu PDU.
*
V d: TCONNECT.Request (calling address, called
address,..., user data). Cc tham s called address v calling
address l nhng tham s ca cc a ch cn thit lp kt ni logic.
Thng thng, trmg user data (d liu ngi dng) thc cht l
con tr a ch tr ti b nh m cha cc n v giao thc d liu
PD c to ra bi i tng giao thc tng trn yu cu cung
cp dch v. Cc gi tin PDU ny c chuyn ti cho cc i
tng giao thc tng ng trong tng ca h thng t xa. Thut
ng data" bao gm d liu v thng tin iu khin giao thc
c to ra trao i gia cc ng tng trong cc h thng.
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI 19
Hnh 1.6: Trng thi hot ng cc hm dch v
Cc tham s d liu kt hp vi mt hm dch v c hiu
nh l mt n v d liu dch v SDU. SDU cha PDU v c lin
quan n tng k trn, (N+1) PDU tng ng nh (N) SDU,
ngha l n v d liu giao thc tng (N+1) chnh l n v d liu
dch v tng N. Khi nhn c mt hm dch v, giao thc tng
c cc tham s hm dch v v kt hp vi cc thng tin iu
khin giao thc PCI to ra mt PDU cho tng v PDU c
chuyn xung tng k di.
1.3.5 Trng thi hot ng cc hm dch v trong m hnh OSI
Mi tng c mt lp cc hm cung cp dch v nh thit lp
lin kt, truyn d liu v gii phng lin kt. Khi nhn c hm
dch v giao din tng, thc th giao thc tng cn phi bit hm
c ng theo th t hay khng. V d nh hm request khng th
xut hin trc khi lin kt c thit lp. Th t chun c minh
ha trong hnh 1.6 chuvn i trng thi cc hm dch v. Trong
hnh 1.6, cc dch v h tr cho php ngi s dng thit lp lin
kt, truyn d liu v gii phng lin kt, tc l xem xt cc hm
h tr cho vic thit lp lin kt v truyn d liu. Khi nhn c
mt hm khng theo trnh t, ngha l giao thc b xm phm v
lin kt b hu b.
1.4 VAI TR V CHC NNG CH YU CC TNG
.4.1 Tng ng dng
Tng ng dng (Application Layer) l tng cao nht ca m
hnh kt ni cc h thng m (OSI), n xc nh giao din gia
ngi s dng v mi trng kt ni cc h thng m (OSI). Bao
gm nhiu giao thc ng dng khc nhau cung cp cc phng tin
cho ngi s dng truy cp vo mi tmng mng v cung cp cc
dch v phn tn. Khi cc thc th ng dng AE (Application
Entity) c thit lp, n s gi n cc phn t dch v ng dng
ASE (Application Service Element). Mi thc th ng dng c th
gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t
dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng
dng thng qua cc lin kt gi l i tng lin kt n SAO
(Single Association Object). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng v
cho php tun t ha cc giao tc truyn thng.
Mt phn mm c th s dng trn nhiu thit b u cui
(Terminal) c cc c tnh phn cng khc nhau, bng cch nh
ngha mt thit b u cui mng o, mt nh x cc chc nng ca
thit b u cui mng o ln cc chc nng ca thit b u cui
thc. Tng 7 thc hin chc nng gii quyt s khng tng thch
gia 2 thc th truyn thng cho nhau v cch t tn tp, cch th
hin mt dng ca mt vn bn... Tng ny cng c chc nng cho
php truy cp v qun l chuyn giao tp FTAM (File Transfer
Access And Management), th in t (E-mail)...
1.4.2 Tng trnh din
Tng trnh din (Presentation Layer) gii quyt cc vn
lin quan n c php v ng ngha ca thng tin c truyn. Biu
din thng tin ngi s dng ph hp vi thng tin lm vic ca
mng v ngc li. Thng thng biu din thng tin cc ng dng
ngun v ng dng ch c th khc nhau bi cc ng dng c
chy trn cc h thng c th khc nhau. Tng trnh din phi chu
trch nhim chuyn i d iiu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu
din ny sang mt loi khc, n cung cp mt dng biu din
truyn thng chung cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b
sang biu din chung v ngc li.
V d in hnh chc nng ca tng ny l m ho (Encoding)
d liu theo nhng chun c hai thc th truyn thng tho
thun trc. cho cc thc th khc nhau s dng cc biu din
d liu khc nhau c th truyn thng c vi nhau, d liu trao
i c th c nh ngha mt cch tru tng km theo cc tiu
chun m ho s dng. Qun l cu trc d liu tru tng v bin
i (Convert) d liu. Tng ny cng thc hin cc dch v nh
nn d liu gim s lng bit phi truyn, cng nh vic thc
hin quyn truy cp hp php (Authentication).
1.4.3 Tng phin
Tng phin (Session Layer) cho php ngi s dng trn cc
my khc nhau thit lp, duy tr, hu b v ng b phin truyn
thng gia h vi nhau. Ni cch khc tng phin thit lp "cc giao
dch" gia cc thc th u cui trn mng. Tn ca mi giao dch
l nht qun cho mi thnh phn i thoi vi nhau v thit lp nh
x gia cc tn vi a ch ca chng. Mt giao dch phi c
thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn trn mng, tng phin m
bo cho cc giao dch c thit lp v duy tr theo ng qui nh.
Tng phin cho php s giao vn d liu thng thng nh
tng giao vn, nhng n cng cn cung cp nhng dch v nng
cao trong mt s ng dng. Tng ny c th cho php ngi s
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI____________ ^
dng ng nhp (Log Into) vo nhng h thng chia s thi gian t
xa hoc truyn tp tin gia cc my tnh. Mt trong nhng dch v
phin l qun l iu khin i thoi. Nu cc phin cho php
truyn song cng (Full Duplex), ngha l hai bn ng thi gi d
liu i th khng i hi phi c nhim v qun tr tng tc c
bit no. Nu truyn bn song cng (n cng) (Half Duplex), cc
thc th phin duy tr tng tc lun phin s dng quyn c
truyn d liu khi n lt. Phng thc ny ph hp vi cc ng
dng hi-p. Trng hp hi thoi mt chiu (Simplex), chun
OSI khng xt n trng hp ny.
Dch v phin nhm mc ch cung cp mt lin kt gia 2
u cui s dng dch v phin sao cho trao i d liu mt cch
ng b v khi kt thc th gii phng lin kt. S dng th bi
(Token) thc hin truyn d liu, ng b ha v hy b lin kt
trong cc phng thc truyn ng thi hay lun phin. Thit lp
cc im ng b ha trong hi thoi. Khi xy ra s c c th khi
phc hi thoi bt u t mt im ng b ha tha thun.
1.4.4 Tng giao vn
Tng giao vn (Transport Layer) cung cp cc chc nng cn
thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn. L tng cao nht c lin quan
n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m. Kim sot
vic truyn d liu ton trnh. Th tc trong 3 tng di (tng vt
l, tng lin kt d liu v tng mng) ch phc v vic truyn d
liu gia cc tng k nhau ong tng h thng. Cc th tc trong cc
tng tr 4 n 7 c chc nng kim sot ton trnh. Cc thc th ng
tng hi thoi, thng lng vi nhau trong qu trnh truyn tin.
Tng giao vn gn cc thc th u cui bng mt a ch
duy nht v qun l s kt ni gia cc thc th. Tng giao vn
thc hin vic chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc
khi gi i v thng thng tng giao vn nh s cc gi tin v
m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. L tng cui cng chu
trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc
tng giao vn ph thuc nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng.
Tng giao vn thc hin vic ghp knh v phn knh. Thng
thng cc thc th ca tng to ra mt lin kt cho mi yu cu
lin kt ca tng trn n, tuy nhin trong tnrofng hp tng n i
hi vic giao vn thng lng cao thi tng ny c th to ra nhiu
lin kt mng v truyn thng d liu i ng thi trn nhiu
ng. Tng giao vn c th thc hin vic ghp knh (multiplex)
mt vi lin kt vo cng mt lin kt ni gim gi inh.
Giao thc tng giao vn bao gm:
Giao thc lp 0 (Simple Class): Cung cp kh nng om gin
thit lp lin kt, truyn d liu v hy b lin kt trn mng
"hng lin kt" loi A c t sut li v s c c bo hiu chp
nhn, cc gi tin c gi thit l khng b mt. Giao thc lp 0 c
kh nng pht hin v bo hiu cc li nhng khng c kh nng
phc hi.
Giao hc lp (Basic Error Recovery Class): Cc giao thc
lp ny s dng cc loi mng B, c t sut li chp nhn c
nhng t sut s c c bo hiu li khng chp nhn c. Tng
giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra s c. Cc gi tin
(TPDU) c nh s. Ngoi ra giao thc cn c kh nng bo
nhn cho ni gi v truyn d liu khn. So vi giao thc lp 0,
giao thc lp 1 c thm kh nng phc hi li.
Giao thc lp 2 (Multiplexing Class): Cc giao thc lp ny
c ci tin ca cc giao thc lp 0, cho php dn mt s lin kt
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI___________ ^
giao vn vo mt lin kt mng duy nht, ng thi c th kim
sot lung d liu trnh tc nghn. Giao thc lp 2 khng c
kh nng pht hin v phc hi li. V vy cc giao thc ny ch
ph hp vi mng loi A.
Giao thc lp 3 (Error Recovery and Multiplexing Class) l
s m rng giao thc lp 2 vi kh nng pht hin v phc hi li,
ph hp vi mng loi B.
Giao thc lp 4 (Error Detection and Recovery Class) l cc
giao thc c hu ht cc chc nng ca cc giao thc lp trc v
cn b sung thm mt s kh nng khc kim sot vic truyn
d liu.
1.4.5 Tng mng
Tng mng (Network Layer) thc hin chc nng nh tuyn
(Routing), chn fng i cho cc gi tin t ngun ti ch. a ch
ngun v a ch ch c th ong cng mt mng hoc khc mng
nhau. ng i c th c c nh, t thay i, cng c th c
nh ngha khi bt u hi thoi, v c th ng i l ng
(Dynamic), ngha l c th thay i vi tng gi tin tu theo trng
thi ti tc thi ca mng. Trong mng qung b (Broadcast
Network), vic nh tuyn rt n gin.
Tng mng cung cp cc phoTig tin truyn cc gi tin
qua mng. V vy cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu mng v nhiu
kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. Hai chc nng ch
yu ca tng mng l nh tuyn (Routing) v chuyn tip
(Forward). Khi kt ni cc loi mng khc nhau, cn phi c mt
b nh tuyn (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t
mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li. i vi mt mng chuyn
mch gi cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h thng ti mt h
thng khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui cc nt.
Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (Incoming Link) ri
chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (Outgoing Link) hng n ch
ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung gian phi thc hin cc chc
nng nh tuyn v chuyn tip.
K thut nh tuyn phi thc hin hai chc nng
chnh sau y:
- Quyt nh nh tuyn ti u da trn cc thng tin c v
mng ti thi im thng qua nhng tiu chun ti u nht nh.
- Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, s dng cho vic nh
tuyn. Trn mng lun c s thay i nn vic cp nht l cn thit.
Thng tin c s dng cho vic nh tuyn bao gm: trng
thi ca Tig truyn, thi gian tr khi truyn trn rng dn, mc
lu thng trn mi Tig v cc ti nguyn ca mng. Khi c
s thay i trn mng (v d thay i v cu trc mng do c s c
ti mt vi nt, phc hi ca mt nt mng, thm nt md... hoc
thay i v mc lu thng...) cc thng tin ny cn c cp
nht vo cc c s d liu trng thi ca mng.
Hin nay khi nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin, tch hp
cc loi d liu vn bn, ha, hnh nh, m thanh ngy cng
pht trin, th i hi cc cng ngh truyn dn tc cng cao nn
vic pht trin cc h thng nh tuyn tc cao ang rt c
quan tm.
Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca tng mng l chc nng
iu khin tc nghn (Congesion control). Nu c qu nhiu gi
tin cng lu chuyn trn cng mt ng th c th xy ra tnh
trng tc nghn, tng mng phi gii quyt vn ny. Thc hin
chc nng giao tip gia cc mng khi cc gi tin i t mng ny
sang mng khc ti ch, c nhiu vn c th xy ra:
- Cc mng c th s dng cch nh a ch khc nhau.
- Cc mng c th chp nhn kch thc cc gi khc nhau.
- Cc mng c th s dng cc giao thc khc nhau...
1.4.6 Tng lin kt d liu
Tng lin kt d liu (Data link Layer) l tng 2 trong m
hnh OSI, nm trn tng vt l v di tng mng. Tng lin kt d
liu s dng cc dch v ca tng vt l v cung cp cc dch v
cho tng mng thc hin ng b, kim sot lung d liu v kim
sot li nhm bo m qu trnh truyn thng c tin cy cao.
Chc nng ch yu ca tng lin kt d liu l thc hin vic
chuyn i thng tin mc mng thnh tng on thng tin gi l
khung (Frame). m bo truyn lin tip cc khung ti tng vt l,
ng thi x l cc thng bo t my thu gi tr li. Ni tm li,
nhim v chnh ca tng ny l khi to v t chc cc khung cng
nh x l cc thng tin lin quan ti n. Tng lin kt d liu quy
nh khun dng, kch thc ca khung thng tin. Xc nh c ch
truy cp phng tin truyn cho cc gi tin sao cho n ch c
tin cy cao. Tng lin kt d liu c hai phng thc lin kt:
phng thc im - im v phng thc a im.
Theo quy c, tng lin kt d liu c chia thnh 2 tng
con: tng con iu khin lin kt logic LLC (Logical Link Control
Sublayer) c nh ngha trong chun 802.2 bao gm mt s chc
nng nh phn khung d liu, iu khin lung d liu v qun l
li. Tng con iu khin tmy cp phcmg tin truyn MAC (Media
Access Control sublayer) cung cp cc giao thc qun l truy cp
ng truyn khi cc nt s dng chung mt mi trng truyn
trao i thng tin.
Mt s dch v cung cp cho tng mng, bao gm:
- iu khin truy cp ng truyn.
- Cung cp cc lin kt gia cc thc th ca tng mng.
- To khung v m bo truyn khung qua cc lin kt theo
th t.
- Tnh gi tr FCS (Frame Check Sequence: Tun t kim tra
khung) khung trc khi truyn v kim tra sau khi nhn.
- iu khin lu lng iu chnh s lng khung c
truyn.
- La chn cc tham s cht lng dch v.
Giao thc iu khin d liu mc cao HDLC (High - Level
Data Link Control) l giao thc c pht trin bi ISO 3309 v
ISO 4335 s dng trong cc mng im - im v a im, song
cng (Full-Duplex), cu trc khung nh hnh 1.7.
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI___________ 27_
8 bit 8/16 bit 8/16 bit 46-1.500 byte 16/32 bit 8 bit
Flag Address Control Information FCS
Flag
01111110 Frame Header
Frame
Check
Sequence 01111110
Hnh 1.7: cu trc khung HDLC
Trong ;
Flag field (Trng c): Mi mt khung d liu c bt u
v kt thc bng 1 byte gi l c c gi tr l 01111110 phn
bit cc khung vi nhau. trnh s nhm ln gi tr byte c vi
gi tr ca cc byte d liu, ngi ta quy nh nu xut hin 5 bit 1
lin nhau trong chui d liu th h thng s t ng in thm mt
bit 0 trc khi truyn v sau khi nhn nu pht hin c bit 0 sau 5
bit 1 lin tip th h thng t ng loi b bit 0 .
Address field (Trng a ch): Trfng ny xc nh khung
i khung lnh (Command) hay l khung phc p (Response). Nu
l khung lnh, trng a ch s l a ch ca thit b ch. Nu l
khung phc p, trng a ch s l a ch ca thit b ngun.
Trng a ch c th c di l 1 byte (chun) hoc 2 byte (m
rng).
Control field (Trng iu khin) cha cc ch thao tc
lnh (Command) hay ch thao tc phc p (Response), ph
thuc khung lnh hay l khung phc p. di chun ca trng
ny l 1 byte. Nu m rng t-ng iu khin c di 2 byte phi
thit lp lnh Mode gia iit b truyn v thit b nhn. C 3 loi
khung: thng tin, gim st v khng nh s.
- 1- Frame (Information Frame): l khung dng truyn cc
gi d liu cho cc thc th tng 3. N cng cha thng tin v vic
s gi N(R) v s th t N(S) cc gi trong trng iu khin, cu
trc khung tin bao gm cc trng Flag, Address, Control,
Infomation, FCS, Flag.
- s - Frame (Supervisory Frame): Khung gim st dng iu
khin li d liu v kim sot lung d liu. C 3 loi s - Frame
khc nhau, l cc khung mng thng tin v nt ch sn sng
nhn, khng sn sng nhn v t chi nhn. Khung gim st c cc
trng; Flag, Adds, Add, Control, FCS, Flag.
- u - Frame (Unnumbered Frame): Khung khng nh s v
n khng cha cc tham s N(R) v N(S). Loi khung ny s dng
thit lp v hu b cc lin kt d liu theo cc phcmg thc
hot ng khc nhau. C 5 loi khung khng nh s loi U:
+ Phng thc tr li chun SNRM (Set Normal Response
Mode): Client ch c truyn khi Server cho php.
28_____________________Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
+ Phuofng thc tr li d b SARM (Set Asynchronous
Response Mode): Client c th tmyn khng cn i s cho php
ca Server.
+ Phng thc d b cn bng SABM (Set Asynchronous
Balanced Mode): S dng trong trng hp im - im, 2 chiu,
khng c Server/Client. Giao thc X.25 (CCITT) c xy dng
theo giao thc ny ca HDLC.
+ Gii phng lin kt DISC (Disconnect).
+ Tr li cho cc khung loi u khc UA (Unnumbered
Acknowledgement).
Information Field (Trng thng tin): Trng ny ch dnh
cho khung loi I. di thay i ph thuc vo kin trc mng. V
d mng Ethernet, di trng thng tin c th t 46 bit n
1.500 bit.
FCS Field (khung Check Sequence): Trng kim sot li c
th xy ra trong khung truyn. FCS c tnh ton da trn ni
dung ca trng a ch, trng iu khin v trng thng tin.
FCS xc nh bng phorng php m vng c d CRC (Cyclic
Redundancy Code). Khi s dng phng php ny, bn pht v bn
thu cng s dng mt a thc sinh G(X) (Generator Polynomial)
c quc t chun ho.
Mt s giao thc dn xut t HDLC
- LAP (Link Access Procedure); Tng ng vi phng thc
tr li d b ARM ca HDLC dng trong bi cnh khng cn bng
(c trm iu khin).
- LAP-B (Link Access Procedure - Balanced): Tng ng vi
phng thc tr li d b cn bng ABM ca HDLC cho bi cnh
Chng 1: Khi nim mng Internet v m hnh tham chiu OSI___________ 29^
4
cn bng. c dng trong hu ht cc mng truyn d liu cng
cng X.25 (CCITT X.25.2).
- LAP-D (Link Access Procedure - D channel): Cng l mt
tp con ca HDLC, mc d c mt vi m rng thm, c xy
dng t LAP-B v c dng nh giao thc lin kt d liu cho
cc mng dch v tch hp s ISDN cho php cc DTE truyn
thng vi nhau qua knh D ca n.
- SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control): L giao thc
tng ng vi phng thc tr li chun NRM v c m rng vi
kh nng ty chn. Cc khung ca SDLC c cng khun dng nh
khung HDLC.
- ADCCP (Advanced Data Communication Control
Procedure) c pht trin bi Vin Tiu chun quc gia M
ANSI. N cng tomg t nh HDLC, vi cht t thay i, c ban
hnh nh mt chun quc gia (ANSI X3.66).
Cu trc khung IEEE 802.3
Phn nh ranh gii
{ byte)
di d liu
(2 bte)
m (Pad)
(n byte)
Phn m
u (7 byte)
a ch ch
{6 byte)
a ch ngun
(6 byte)
D lu
(46 byte n . 500 byte)
T
P
FCS
(4 byte)
Phn m u
<----- ------------- p.
Header Data Trailer
8 byte 8 byte (46 byte n 1.500 byte)
Kch thc khung--------------
Hnh 1.8: cu trc khung theo IEEE 802.3
Phn m u (Preamable): 7 byte, c dng ng b.
s (Start Frame Delimiter): 1 byte, im bt u d liu, l c
Start-Stop.
a ch ch (Destination Address): 48 bit, l a ch vt l
ca trm nhn.
a chi ngun (Source Address): 48 bit, l a ch vt l ca
trm pht.
di d liu (Length Count): 2 byte.
di ca trng d liu, ngay sau trng ny: 46 byte n
1.500 byte.
m (Pad): Cha d liu gi, sao cho phn d liu c di
nh nht l 46 byte
Trng kim tra (Frame Check Sequence): CRC 4 byte, m
pht hin li.
di ca ca khung IEEE 802.3, tr phn m u s l t
64 byte n 1.518 byte.
1.4.7 Tng vt l
Tng vt l (Physical layer) l tng thp nht trong m hnh 7
lp OSI. Khc vi cc thc th ng tng ca cc tng trn, cc
thc th tng giao tip vi nhau qua mt knh logic cn cc thc
th tng vt l giao tip vi nhau qua mt cmg truyn vt l.
Tng vt l xc nh cc chc nng, th tc v in, c, quang
kch hot, duy tr v gii phng cc kt ni vt l gia cc h thng
mng. Cung cp cc c ch v in, c hm, th tc... nhm thc
hin vic kt ni cc phn t ca mng thnh mt h thng bng
cc phng php vt l. m bo cho cc yu cu v chuyn mch
hot ng nhm to ra cc ng truyn thc cho cc chui bit
thng tin. Cc th tc trong tng vt l l cc th tc xc nh giao
din gia ngi s dng vi mi trng mng.
Cc giao thc c xy dng cho tng vt l c phn chia
thnh hai loi giao thc s dng phoTig thc truyn thng d b
(Asynchronous) v phng thc truyn thng ng b (Synchronous).
Phng thc truyn d b: khng c mt tn hiu quy nh
cho s ng b gia cc bit gia my gi v my nhn, trong qu
trnh gi tn hiu my gi s dng cc bit c bit START v
STOP c dng tch cc xu bit biu din cc k t trong dng
d iu cn truyn i. N cho php mt k t c truyn i m
khng quan tm n cc tn hiu ng b trc .
Phng thc truyn ng b ngha l cn c ng b gia
my gi v my nhn, bng cch chn cc k t c bit nh SYN
(Synchronization), EOT (End Of Transmission) hay c (flag)
gia cc d liu ca my gi bo hiu cho my nhn bit c
d liu ang n hoc n.
1.4.8 Tm tt chc nng cc tng
Tng Chc nng ch yu Giao thc
7. ng dng
Cung cp cc dch v ng dng trn mng
cho ngi s dng qua mj trng OSI.
Giao thc
ng dng
6. Trnh din
Chuyn i c php d u p ng yu
cu truyn thng ca cc ng dng.
Giao thc
bin i m
5. Phin
Qun l cc cuc lin c gia cc thc th
bng c^ch thit lp, duy tr, ng b ho v
hu b cc phin truyn thng gia cc ng
dng
Giao thc
phin
4. Giao vn
Giao vn thng tin gia cc my ch (End to
End). Kim sot li v lung d liu.
Giao thc
giao vn
3. Mng
Thc hin vic chn ng v m bo trao
i thng tin gia cc mng con trong mng
ln vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp.
Giao thc
mng
2. Lin kt
d liu
Chuyn i khung thng tin (Frame) thnh cc
chui bit truyn v kin to li cc khung t
cc bit nhn c
Th tc kim
sot truyn
1. Vt l
m bo cc yu cu truyn/nhn cc chui
bit qua cc phng tin vt l.
Giao din
DTE - DCE
1.4.9 Mt s nhn xt v kin trc m hnh OSI
M hnh OSI t chc cc giao thc truyn thng thnh 7
tng, c bt u nghin cu trong nhng nm thp k 70 ca th
k XX v c hon thnh sau khi cc giao thc TCP/IP c
s dng rng ri, tr thnh chun cho cng ngh mng my tnh. V
vy, trn thc t, m hnh OSI khng c s dng, n tr thnh
m hnh tham kho tng qut v c bn cho vic nghin cu kin
trc mng tin tin hcm. Cc giao thc ca OSI cha c hon iin,
phc tp. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng phin khng c s dng
nhiu trong cc cc ng dng, tng trnh din gn nh khng c g,
trong di tng lin kt d liu v tng mng li qu phc tp n
mc phi chia thnh cc tng con vi cc chc nng khc nhau.
M hnh OSI ch quan tm n truyn thng
(Communication), m khng quan tm nhiu n mi quan h gia
Computing (in ton) v Communication.
Chng 2
MNG RING o
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
2.1. Khi nim
Mt mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network) l s m
rng ca mt mng ring bao hm cc lin kt thng qua cc
mng cng cng, v d nh mng Internet. Mt VPN cho php
ngi ta gi d liu gia hai my tnh qua mt mng cng cng
hoc mt mng chia s theo phng thc c th m phng li cc
tnh cht ca mt lin kt ring. Hnh 2.1 a ra ci nhn khi qut
v ba loi hnh mng.
duy tr c tnh ring t trn c s h tng vin thng
cng cng, mt VPN phi s dng cc giao thc to ng hm v
cc bin php m bo an ninh. Mt VPN c th i chiu vi mt
h thng knh xy dng ring hoc knh thu ring cho mt cng
ty. Mc ch chnh ca VPN l cung cp cho mt ngi s dng tt
c cc tnh nng m mt knh thu ring c th mang li, nhng
vi mt gi thnh r hn rt nhiu thng qua vic s dng h thng
h tng c s cng cng. Hn thp k qua, cc cng ty vin thng
cung cp cc ti nguyn ring c chia s cho mc ch m
thoi. Vi VPN, vic chia s cc ti nguyn cng cng cho d liu
mt cch an ton tr thnh hin thc. Cc doanh nghip ngy
nay ang quan tm ti vic s dng VPN cho mng ngoi bin v
mng ni b din rng.
5
T r s chnh
tri
Chi nhnh
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ii
i i
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OBDB
Ch nhnh Ch nhnh
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Chi nhnh
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cng cng
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Mng rng
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Mng chng
i 15!
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T r s chnh T r s chnh
Mng ring o
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5
CQ
o
Hnh 2.1: Mng ring, mng chung v mng ring o
O
2.1.2 Phn loai
Phn ny a ra mt s nh ngha v cc loi VPN v cc tiu
ch phn bit chng. Khi la chn cc tiu ch ngi ta phi
chp nhn mt s tha hip no v kh c th s dng mt tiu
ch c th a ra mt loi VPN hon ton khc bit vi cc loi
khc. Khi thc hin phn loi chng ta s thy, phn loi VPN theo
mt tiu ch ny li c th bao hm cc VPN c phn loi theo
mt tiu ch khc.
2.1.2.1 Phn loai theo m hnh kt ni
- Mng ring o truy cp t xa (Remote Access VPN): Trong
m hnh ny ngi s dng thay v quay s trc tip vo mng ca
doanh nghip s s dng kt ni Internet to ra mt kt ni VPN
vo mng ca doanh nghip. Hai im cui ca ng hm
(turniel) s chnh l my tnh v thit b truy cp mng ring o t
ti mng doanh nghip. y l m hnh c p dng cho ngi i
cng tc xa, cng tc vin, V.V....
- Mng ring o t v tr n v tr (Site-to-Ste VPN)'. Trong
m hnh ny mi mt v tr u c cc thit b truy cp mng
ring o, cc thit b ny thng c cc kt ni TC tip vo
Internet. Hai im cui ca ng hm chnh l hai thit b truy
cp mng ring o. M hnh ny c p dng kt ni mng
doanh nghip vi mng ti cc chi nhnh hoc mng doanh nghip
vi mng ca i tc.
2. . 2.2 Phn loi theo quyn truy nhp
- Mng ring o trong (Intranet VPN): L khi nim ch mt
mng ring o c to ra ch dnh ring cho ngi s dng ca
doanh nghip, n hon ton khng lin quan n m hnh hay cng
ngh c p dng.
- Mng ring o ngoi (Extranet VPN): Cng nh mng ring
o trong, loi mng ny khng lin quan n m hnh kt ni hay
cng ngh c p dng, m chi l mt khi nim ch mt mng
ring o trong c m rng quyn truy nhp cho ngi s dng
bn ngoi doanh nghip, v d khch hng hay nh cung cp, V.V....
2.1.2.3 Phn loi theo nguyn tc hot ng
- Mng ring o an ton (Secure VFN): Mng ring o an ton
bao gm tt c cc loi mng ring o m trong tnh ring t
c m bo nh vo cc k thut an ninh, m ha. Thuc v
phn loi ny bao gm cc mng ring o s dng cc giao thc
GRE, L2TP, PPTP, IPSec, V . V . . . .
- Mng ring o tin cv (Trusted VPN): Mng ring o tin cy
bao gm tt c cc mng ring o m trong tnh ring t c
m bo thng qua vic duy tr s ton vn ca knh thng tin.
Thuc v phn loi ny bao gm tt c cc mng ring o s dng
FR, ATM, MPLS L2, MPLS L3, V.V....
2.1.2.4 Phn loi theo cng ngh p dng
Cch thc phn loi ny da vo mt cng ngh hay mt giao
thc c th c p dng to ra ng hm. Hai ci tn c
trng nht trong cc loi cng ngh mng ring o c lit k
di y.
- Mng ring o da trn giao thc an ton mng IPSec
(IPSec VPN)
Chng 2: Mng ring o _____________________ ^
- Mng ring o da trn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPLS (MPLS VPN)
2.1.2.5 Phn loai theo m hnh OSI
- Mng ring o lp 2 (L2 VPN): L tt c cc mng ring o
c to ra da vo cc cng ngh, cc giao thc hot ng lp 2
ong m hnh OSI. Mt s loi mng ring o ph bin ieo cch
phn loi ny l cc mng ring o da trn ATM, L2TP, PPTP.
- Mng ring o lp 3 (L3 VPN): L tt c cc mng ring o
c to ra da vo cc cng ngh, cc giao thc hot ng lp 3
trong m hnh OSI. Mt s cc loi mng ring o ph bin theo
cch phn loi ny l cc mng ring o da trn giao thc cng
bin/chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (BGP/MPLS), giao thc an
ton mng (IPSec).
2.1.2.6 Phn loi theo m hnh qun lt khai thc
- Mng ring o khch hng khai thc (customer-provisioned
VPN): i vi cc mng ring o ny khch hng phi t qun l
v khai thc mng ring o ca mnh bao gm c vic qun l v
cu hnh cc thit b u cui. Nh cung cp y ch ng vai tr
l nh cung cp kt ni.
- Mng ring o nh cung cp khai thc (provider-provisioned
VPN): i vi cc mng ring o loi ny, nh cung cp s qun l
v khai thc ton b mng bao gm c vic cu hnh cc thit b
u cui. Mng ring o y c coi nh l mt dch v c
nh cung cp mang n cho khch hng. Hnh 2.2 a ra s
phn loi mng ring o theo tiu ch ny. Ngi ta c th thy
ngay rng cc tiu ch phn loi khc nh m t cc phn
trc li c trn ln trong tiu ch phn loi ny.
Chng 2: Mng ring o 39
VPWS: Vitual Private Wire Service: Dch v cp ring o
VPLS: Vltual Private LAN Service: Dch v LAH ring o
IPLS: IP ony ^N - like Service: Dch v IP-^N tng thch
BGP/MPLS: Border Gateway Protocx)l/Multi Protocol Label Switch Internet
Protocol: Giao thc cng bin/ chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
Vltual Router: B nh tuyn o
!P See: IP Security: Giao thc mng an ton
Hnh 2.2: Phn loi mng ring o nh cung cp khai thc
2.2 NGUYN TC HOAT NG
#
Nh chng ta bit, mt mng ring o l s m rng ca
mt mng ring bao gm cc iin kt kt ni vi cc mng chia s
hoc mng cng cng. R rng l khch hng s dng mng ring
o i hi phi c mt phng thc no m bo tnh ring t
khi d liu ca khch hng di chuyn qua mt mng cng cng.
Ngoi vic m bo tnh ring t cho thng tin, cc k thut mng
ring ang tn ti c xy dng trn cc cng ngh lp 1 hay lp
2 u c ch nng m bo cht lng dch v. Cc ng thu
ring hoc cc ng quay s u m bo bng thng v tr,
trong khi cc cng ngh kt ni nh FR (Frame Relay) hay ATM
(ASynchronouns Transfer Mode) cn c cc c ch rng ri m
bo cht lng dch v.
c th thc hin c iu cc mng ring o phi c
trin khai nh vo mt hnh thc no ca k thut to ng
hm, cc khun dng gi v/hoc a ch s dng cho mng
ring o khng lin quan n ci c s dng nh tuvn cc
gi xuyn qua ng hm qua mt mng xng sng. Cc ng
hm nh vy c th mang li mt mc an ninh thc t no ,
mng chung c s drig nh mng ring.
_ im cui ng hm ___
Thit bj
mng ring o
Mng trung gian
Thit b
.......... ^7)
ng hm
Hnh 2.3: Khi nim ng hm
Mt ng hm kt ni hai im cui mng ring o chnh l
thnh phn c bn nht m t ngi ta c th xy dng nn cc
loi mng ring o khc nhau. Mt ng hm IP hot ng chng
ln qua mt mng xng sng IP v lu lng c gi qua mt
ng hm l hon ton m i vi mng xng sng pha di.
Nh th mng xng sng IP c s dng nh l cng ngh lp 2
v Tig hm to ra mt lin kt im ti im nh l mt lin kt
ring. C nhiu k thut to Tig hm khc nhau nh IP/IP
(IP ng gi trong IP), GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation: ng
gi nh tuyn chung), PPTP (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol:
giao thc ng hm im - im, L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling
Protocol: giao thc ng hm lp 2), IPSec v MPLS [6]. Cun
sch ny cp n k thut s dng MPLS to ra cc mng
ring o.
2.3 SO SNH MT s M HNH MPLS
2.3.1 So snh mng ring v mng ring o

Khi nim mng ring o (VPN) ni ln c UXI im ca
n. Hin nay vi tc pht trin v cng mnh m ca Internet,
cc mng vin thng tc cao v li ch to ln do vic p dng
cng ngh thng tin vo mi lnh vc, c bit l trong lnh vc
vn phng, qun l, v.v..., th mng ring o dng nh yu cu
bt buc cho cc doanh nghip. T nhu cu tniy nhp t xa vo
mng ca doanh nghip, n vic to mi quan h vi khch hng,
gip h c th khai thc mt phn ngun ti nguyn ca mnh m
vn m bo tnh bo mt cn thit cho thng tin.
Mc ch ca VPN l cung cp cho khch hng kt ni thng
qua mt c s h tng chia s vi tt c cc thun li ca mt mng
ring. Mt gii php VPN phi chng li c s xm nhp tri
php v s xo trn; Cung cp d liu quan trng ng lc, tin cy,
v phi c kh nng qun tr c. Di y l mt s cc u im
v nhc im ca VPN.
2J.1.1 u im
- Chi ph thp: Nu nhn t mi gc v chi ph, t chi ph
thit lp h thng n chi ph vn hnh th r rng rng vic s
dng mng ring o s c chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph phi
b ra cho mt mng ring.
- n gin trong Irin khai: Vic trin khai mt mng ring
cho doanh nghip ca mnh khng phi lc no cQng c th thc
Chng 2: Mng ring o____________________________41_
hin c, nht l i vi cc doanh nghip khng hot ng trong
lnh vc vin thng.
- n gin trong vn hnh v khai thc: iu ny c bit
ng i vi cc mng ring o an ton. Ch vi mt my tnh s
dng Windows 2000 Server c kt ni Internet v mt my tnh c
nhn thng thng c kt ni Internet ngi ta c th xy dng
ngay cho mnh mt mng ring o.
- Kh nng m rng: R rng khi s dng mt h tng chia s
ngd ta gn nh c th xy dng mt mng ring o bt k mt
quy m no. c bit i vi cc mng ring o s dng Internet l
h tng chia s.
2.3J.2 Nhc im
- Bo mt: Mng ring o c coi l c tnh bo mt thp do
phi chuyn cc thng tin c tnh ring t v quan ng qua mt
mng dng chung c bo mt km, nht l i vi cc mng
ring o s dng Internet i h tng chia s. ng c dn n
vic cc mng ring o b tn cng c th l: s cnh tranh gia cc
doanh nghip, s tham lam mun chim ngun thng tin, s tr th,
cm gic mnh, V.V.... Ngun tn cng c th t bn ngoi, m
cng c th ngay bn trong.
- m bo cht lng dch v (QoS): Ta bit rng cc mng
ring o ngy nay ch yu l da trn nn h tng mng IP. M c
th ca mng IP l mng c cu trc n gin, lu lng ing tin
ln, kh d on cng chnh v th m vic qun l cht lng cho
tng dch v l rt kh khn.
- Kh nng qun l: Cng vi l do l mng ring o phi i
qua mt h tng mng cng cng c th c cu thnh t mng
ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau nn vic qun l kt ni im
cui-n-im cui cng kh thc hin.
2.3.2 So snh mt s m hnh MPLS
Phn ny chng ta a ra mt s so snh, nh gi mt s
cng ngh VPN
2.3.2.1 Vai tr v th mnh ca MPLS VPN
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS) hp nht s thng
minh ca nh tuyn (routing) vi tc ca chuyn mch
(switching). N mang li nhiu thun li ng k so vi cc mng
ch c kin trc thun IP, nh l cc mng kt hp IP vi ch
truyn khng ng b (ATM) v cc mng vi mt s pha trn
gia cc cng ngh lp hai (L2). Cng ngh MPLS chnh l cha
kha cho cc VPN c kh nng m rng v gip cc nh cung cp
dch v d dng s dng h thng mng ang tn ti mt cch hiu
qu p ng s tng trng trong tng lai. Cht ing dch v
im - ti - im ca n cho php sa li lin kt nhanh chng.
MPLS cn gip mang li cc dch v IP im - ti - im c kh
nng m rng cao vi s ofn gin trong cu hnh, qun l v cung
cp. Sau y l cc th mnh c bn ca MPLS VPN.
- Kh nng m rng: Mt s trin khai MPLS VPN tt c th
h tr hng nghn mng ring o. Kh nng m rng l vn c ca
MPLS VPN bi trong MPLS VPN khng c yu cu v kt hp v
tr - n - v tr (site-to-site peering).
- An ninh: MPLS gi lu lng ring bit thng qua vic s
dng s phn bit tuyn (RD - Route Distingsisher) duy nht. c
gn t ng khi VPN c cung cp, s phn bit tuyn c t
Chng 2: Mng rng o____________________________4 ^
vo u gi nh l mt cch phn tch lui lng, s phn tuyn
ny l trong sut i vi ngi s dng trong cng mt VP^.
- K thut lu lng (Traffic Engineering): Traffic Engineering
c thc hin trong cc c cu MPLS v cho php lu lng
c chuyn i thng qua mt ng ring bit (khng nht thit
phi l ng r nht). Thng qua vic s dng k thut lu lng
trn mng li, cc chuyn vin mng c th thc hin cc chnh
sch nhm m bo vic phn chia lu lng ti u v tng cng
c hiu qu s dng mng.
- Lp dch v (CoS): Cc c tnh ca CoS trong MPLS cho
php cc nh cung cp dch v a ra nhiu loi hnh dch v khc
nhau trn mng MPLS, bng cch n gin l nh du cc gi vi
cc im m dch v phn bit (DSCP - Distinguisher Service Code
Point) v x l chng mt cch tng ng. Cc k thut s dng
h tr cc dch v phn bit bao gm phn loi gi, trnh nghn v
qun tr.
- H tr tha thun v dch v (SLA): Mt s trin khai MPLS
VPN tt s h tr SLA v cam oan v tho thun dch v thng
qua cc k thut v cht lng dch v, cam oan v bng thng v
cc tnh nng v k thut lu lng (TE).
23.2.2 Vai tr v th manh ca IPSec
Da trn cc tiu chun c IETF pht trin, IPSec m bo
c tnh tin cy, tnh ton vn v xc thc i vi cc vic trao
i d liu thng qua mng cng cng. IPSec ng gp mt thnh
phn thit yu cho mt gii php mm do, da trn tiu chun
c th trin khai mt chnh sch an ninh trn ton mng. IPSec c
bit hu ch cho cc kt ni mng ring o t xa vo mng ca
doanh nghip. Sau y l cc th mnh ca IPSec VPN:
- An ninh: IPSec m bo tnh ring t ca d liu vi mt tp
hp cc c cu to ng hm v m ha mm do, bo v cc
gi khi chng di chuyn trn mng. Ngi s dng c xc thc
bng chng ch s (digital certificate) hoc cc kha c chia s t
trc. Cc gi khng tun th eo chnh sch an ninh s b loi b.
- Trin khai n gin: IPSec c th a ra th trng nhanh
chng. N c th c trin khai trn bt k mt mng IP ang tn
ti no.
2.3.3 So snh CE-based VPN v PE-based VPN

Khi nim CE-based VPN (mng ring o da trn CE) l
cch tip cn m trong cc thit b bin nh cung cp (PE)
khng h bit v cc nh tuyn hay nh a ch ca mng khch
hng. Cc thit b PE ch n thun cung cp dch v IP v ch i
s nhn cc gi IP vi phn mo u (header) cha cc a ch IP
duy nht ton cc. Trong cc CE-based VPN, xomg sng ca
mng khch hng l tp cc mg hm m cc im cui chnh l
cc thit b bin khch hng. Mt yu cu chung l vic gi mt
gi qua ng hm cn phi ng gi n vi mt a ch mo u
IP mi m c a ch l duy nht.
i vi cc CE-based VPN c khai thc bi khch hng,
vic khai thc v qun l cc ng hm l trch nhim ca b
phn qun l mng khch hng. Thng th cc ng hm ny
c cu hnh th cng. Trong trng hp ny vic nh tuyn
gia cc thit b bin chch hng cng l nhim v ca khch hng.
i vi cc CE-based VPN c khai thc bi nh cung cp,
vic khai thc v qun l cc ng hm l trch nhim ca nh
cung cp. Trong trng hp ny nh cung cp c th cu hnh cc
Chng 2: Mng ring o_____ 45
giao'thc nh tuyn ti cc thit b bin khch hng. iu c
ngha l vic nh tuyn trong mng ring ca khch hng c
kim sot bi khch hng v mt phn c kim sot bri nh
cung cp.
i vi cc CE-based VPN (do khch hng hay nh cung cp
khai thc) vic nh tuyn trong mng khch hng c x l bi
cc Tig hm nh l cc lin kt lp 2.
Trong mt PE-based VPN (mng ring o da trn PE) cc gi
ca khch hng c mang qua cc mng nh cung cp thng qua
cc ng hm, cng ging ht nh l trong CE-based VPN, tuy
nhin trong PE-based VPN cc im cui ca ng hm li l cc
thit b PE v cc thit b PE phi bit cch nh tuyn cc gi ca
khch hng da trn cc a ch IP m chng mang theo. Trong
trng hp ny bn thn cc thit b CE khng c bt k mt tnh
nng VPN no v cng ding cn phi bit l chng l mt phn
ca mng VPN.
Ngi ta a ra mt khi nim na gi l thit b bin VPN
(VPN Edge Device) ni n thit b c g vo mng khch
hng v mng xng sng VPN v n thc hin cc chc nng c
trng VPN. Trong trng hp ca cc CE-based VPN th thit b
bin chnh l CE device, cn trong trng hp PE-based VPN ti
thit b VPN bin chnh l PE device.
Chng 3
CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC
3.1 SHNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA CNG NGH
*
Trong mt vi thp k qua, mng ton cu Internet vi thnh
phn chnh trong cu trc l giao thc Internet (IP - Internet
Protocol) pht trin v cng mnh m. Ko theo s pht trin
chnh l s pht trin ca cc mng my tnh, mng vin thng nh
hng theo cng ngh IP. Ngy nay cc mng my tnh ln u
s dng IP, cc ng dng khc nh hi thoi, truyn thanh, truyn
hnh, v.v..., cng ang dn c IP ha. L do, IP l giao thc
chuyn mch gi c tin cy v kh nng m rng cao. Tuy
nhin, do IP s dng phng php nh tuyn theo tng chng nn
vic iu khin lu lng rt kh thc hin. ng thi, IP cng
khng h tr m bo cht lng dch v.
Ch truyn khng ng b (ATM - Asynchronous Transfer
Mode) c nhn nhn l mt trong nhng nn tng mang li dch
v tc cao lp lin kt d liu c kh nng m bo cht
lng dch v (QoS) vi giao din ngi s dimg - mng (NI).
i khi ngi ta cng ni rng mng ATM mang li mt mng lin
kt ln lp lin kt d liu m khng c s tham gia ca cc b
nh tuyn (router). Tuy nhin vi s pht trin ca mng IP, ngi
ta cng vn phi cn c router u . Cho d ATM tr thnh
mt nn tng mng lp lin kt d liu quan trng th cc phn
mng, tc l cc mng IP con, cn phi lin kt vi nhau thng qua
router, c ngha l cc thit b hot ng lp mng.
Nm 1994, Toshiba trnh ln IETF tng v b nh
tuyn chuyn mch t bo (CSR - Cell Switch Router) mt trong
nhng nim u tin cho chuyn mch nhn. Nm 1996, cc cng
ty nh: Ipsilon Networks, Cisco Systems v IBM a ra k hoch
v pht trin cc c ch chuyn mch nhn cho ring mnh, ln lt
l IP Switch, Tag Switch v ARIS (Aggregated Route-Based IP
Switch). n nm 1997, IETF thnh lp nhm lm vic MPLS.
Mc tiu l pht trin v chun ha mt cng ngh c c nhng
u im trong nh tuyn IP v c c tc nh trong chuyn
tip ATM.
3.2 NGUYN TC HOT NG
Trong phn ny chng ta tm hiu mt s cc khi nim v
MPLS v m t cch thc tip cn c th s dng.
3.2.1 Mt s khi nim

3.2.1.1 Nhn
Mt nhn (label) l mt nh danh ngn, chiu di c nh, c
ngha cc b, c s dng nh danh mt lp chuyn tip
tng ng (FEC - Forwarding Equivalence Class). Mt nhn,
khi c dn vo mt gi c th, s biu din FEC m gi
c gn cho.
Nhn chnh l cc mc (entiy) trong ngn xp nhn (iabel
stack). Mt nhn c biu din bi 32 bit (4 byte) v c cu trc
nh hnh 3.1.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thx: 49
Tiu
Gi tr nhn Tiu
Lp lin kt d liu Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
' ........'sH
Lp mng
' ' \ 2 3 4 5 1 5 7 3 ' J O 1 2 i 4 f . 6 7 S ' i O I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~
I I I I I I T ' I I I I I I I I I
L a b e l
... L....1_LL-LL
E X p T T L
Label:
Exp:
S:
TTL:
Gi tr nhn (Label Value), di 20 bit
S dng khc (Experimental Use), v d cho lp dch v (CoS), di 3 bit
y ngn xp {Bottom of stack), 1 bit
Thi gian sng (Time to Live), 8 bit
Hnh 3.1: cu trc mt nhn MPLS
Nhn lun xut hin ngay sau mo u lp lin kt d liu
(data link) v trc bt k mt mo u lp mng no [3]. nh
ca ngn xp nhn xut hin sm nht v y xut hin mun nht
trong gi tun theo c ch vo sau ra trc (LIFO - Last In First
Out). Gi lp mng theo sau ngay nhn c bit s c t bng 1.
Cc trng trong mt nhn c nh ngha nh sau:
1. s (Stack: y ngn xp)
Bit ny c t bng 1 i vi nhn cui ca ngn xp, ngha
l nhn y ca ngn xp v 0 i vi tt c cc nhn khc.
2 TTL (Time To Live: Thi gian sng)
Trng di 8 bit ny c s dng m ha gi tr thi gian sng.
3. Experimental Use (S dng khc)
TrTig di 3 bit ny c dnh cho s dng khc, trong mt s
cc ti liu trng ny cn c gi l CoS (Class of Service)
v n c s dng cho vic phn lp dch v.
4. Label Value (Gi tr nhn)
Trng di 20 bit ny mang gi tr tic ca nhn.
Khi nhn c mt nhn, gi tr nhn nh ca ngn xp c
tra. Nu tra thnh cng ngi ta s bit:
a) Chng tip theo m gi phi c chuyn tip
b) Php ton cn c thc hin ti ngn xp trc khi chuyn
tip, php ton ny c th l thay th nhn trn cng v y
thm mt hoc nhiu nhn na vo ngn xp.
Thng thng, mt gi c gn cho mt FEC da trn (mt
phn hoc ton b) a ch ch lp mng ca gi . Tuy nhin
nhn khng bao gi l mt m ca a ch .
Nu Ru v Rd l cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSR -
Label Switching Router), chng c th tiia thun rng khi Ru
truyn mt gi ti Rd, Ru s dn nhn cho gi vi gi tr L, khi
v ch khi gi l thnh vin ca mt FEC c th F. iu c
ngha, chng c th tha thun v mt s gn kt gia nhn L v
FEC F cho s di chuyn ca gi t Ru n Rd. Kt qu ca mt
tha thun nh vy, L s tr thnh nhn i (outgoing label) ca Ru
v biu din FEC F v L tr thnh nhn n (incoming label) ca
Rd v biu din FEC F.
Cn lu rng L khng cn thit phi biu din FEC F i vi
cc gi khc vi cc gi c chuyn t Ru ti Rd. L l mt gi tr
tiy bin v s gn kt n vi FEC F ch l cc b i vi Ru v Rd.
Khi ni rng cc gi c gi t Ru n Rd, khng h m chi
rng gi c bt ngun t Ru hay l ch ca n l Rd. ng ra,
ngi ta ch mun bao hm nhng gi l nhng gi qu giang
(transit) qua mt hoc c hai LSR.
i khi, c th s kh khn hoc thm ch l khng th cho
mt Rd ni c rng khi mt gi n mang theo nhn L th
nhn L c t bi Ru hay l bi mt LSR no khc. y l
trng hp c th khi m Rd v Ru khng phi l ln cn trc
tip. Trong cc trng hp nh vy Rd cn phi chc chn rng s
rng buc nhn n mt FEC l mt-mt (one-to-one). iu c
ngha l Rd khng phi tha thun vi Rul rng buc L vo
FEC Fl, trong khi li tha thun vi mt LSR Ru2 rng buc L
vi mt FEC F2 khc. Tr khi Rd lun lun c th ni rng, khi n
nhn mt gi vi nhn n l L, L c a vo gi bi Rul hoc
bi Ru2. Trch nhim ca mi LSR l phi m bo c rng n
c th xc nh cc nhn n.
a) Phm vi v tnh duy nht ca nhn
Mt LSR Rd cho trc c th rng buc nhn LI vo FEC F
v phn b s rng buc ny cho ng ng phn b nhn (label
disibution peer) Rul. Rd c th cng s rng buc nhn L2 vi
FEC F v phn b s rng buc ny cho ng ng phn b nhn
Ru2. Vic LI c trng vi L2 kling c xc nh bi cu trc
ny. chi l vn cc b.
Mt LSR Rd cho trc c th rng buc nhn L vi FEC F1
v phn b s rng buc ny cho ng ng phn b nhn Rul. Rd
c th cng rng buc nhn L vi FEC F2 v phn b s rng buc
ny cho ng ng phn b nhn Ru2.
Khi (v ch khi) Rd c th cho bit, khi n nhn mt gi vi
nhn n cng l L, cho d l nhn c t vo bi Rul hay
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________51
Ru2, th cu trc ny cng khng i hi l F1 trng vi F2. Trong
cc trng hp nh vy, chng ta c th ni rng Rd s dng mt
khong nhn (label space) khc cho cc nhn m n phn b cho
Rul so vi khong nhn m n phn b cho Ru2.
Thng thng, Rd ch c th cho bit Rul hay Ru2 t
nhn c th L vo u ca ngn xp nu nh cc iu kin sau y
tha mn:
- Rul v Ru2 ch l cc ng ng phn b nhn m Rd
phn b s rng buc ca nhn L ti
- Rul v Ru2 u trc tip kt ni vi Rd thng qua giao din
im-im (point-to-point)
Nu cc iu kin ny c tha mn, mt LSR c th s
dng cc nhn c phm vi theo giao din, v d ch l giao din duy
nht. Chng ta c th ni rng LSR ang s dng khong rin theo
giao din. Khi cc iu kin khng tha mn, cc nhn cn phi
duy nht i vi LSR gn chng v chng ta c th ni rng
LSR s dng khong nhn theo nn.
Nu mt LSR Rd c th c gn vi mt LSR Ru c ti qua
hai giao din im ti im th Rd c th phn b cho Ru mt rng
buc ca nhn L vi FEC Fl, cng nh l mt rng buc ca nhn
L vi FEC F2, F1 khc F2, khi v ch khi mi rng buc ch c gi
tr ch i vi cc gi m Ru gi cho Rd qua mt giao din c th.
Trong tt c cc trng hp, Rd khng phi phn b cho Ru cc
rng buc c cng mt gi tr nhn vi hai FEC khc nhau.
S cm ny c gi k c l cc rng buc c coi l cc
mc khc nhau ca h thng phn cp (hierarchy). Trong MPLS,
52____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (IMAN-E)
khng c mt khi nim v vic c mt khong nhn khc nhau i
vi cc mc khc nhau trong th bc, khi phn tch mt nhn th
mc ca nhn khng cn thit.
Nh .vy, liu mt LSR c th s dng nhiu khong nhn
theo n'i (per platform label space), hoc c th s dng nhiu
khong nhn theo giao din (per interface label space) cho cng
mt giao din khng. Trong kin trc m t y th iu ny b
cm. Tuy nhin, trong cc trng hp nh vy LSR phi c
phng tin no , khng c c t bi kin trc, xc nh
i vi mi mt nhn n, th nhn thuc v khong nhn no.
V d, trong [3] nu rng mt khong nhn khc c s dng cho
cc gi om hng (unicast) so vi khong nhn c s dng cho
a hng (multicast) v s dng im m (codepoint) ca lp lin
kt d liu phn bit gia hai khong nhn.
b) Mc chuyn tip nhn chng tip theo
Mc chuyn tip nhn chng tip theo (Next Hop Label
Forwarding Entry) c s dng khi chuyn tip mt gi c dn
nhn. N cha cc thng tin sau:
1. Chng tip theo (next hop)
2. Php ton (operation) cn thc hin ti ngn xp nhn, c th
l mt trong cc php ton sau:
Thay th nhn ti nh ca ngn xp nhn vi mt nhn mi,
a) y ngn xp nhn ra (pop),
b) Thay th nhn ti nh ca ngn xp nhn vi mt nhn mi
v sau y mt hoc nhiu nhn mi vo ngn xp nhn.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________5^
N Cth cng cha:
c) ng gi d liu lin kt s dng khi truyn gi,
d) Phng thc m ha ngn xp nhn khi truyn gi,
e) Thng tin cn thit khc c th sp xp gi mt cch
ng n.
Ch :
Ti mt LSR cho trc chng tip ieo (next hop) ca gi c
th l chnh LSR . Trong trng hp ny, LSR cn phi y
nhn trn cng ra v sau chuyn gi thu c n chnh n. C
th n li phi thc hin mt quyt nh chuyn tip khc da vo
kt qu thu c sau khi y ngn xp nhn ra. c th vn
mt gi dn nhn hoc l mt gi iun IP. iu th hin rng
trong mt s trng hp LSR c th cn phi da vo mo u IP
chuyn tip gi.
Nu chng tip theo ca gi li chnh l LSR hin ti th php
ton (operation) cn ic hin chnh l y ngn xp nhn ra.
c) Bn sp nhn n
Bn sp nhn n (ILM - In Label Menu) sp mi nhn n
vo mt tp u vo chuyn tip nhn chng tip theo (NHLFE -
Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry - u vo chuyn tip nhn
chng tip theo). N c s dng khi chuyn tip cc gi c
dn nhn.
Nu ILM sp mt nhn c th vo mt tp cc NHLFE c
cha nhiu horn mt phn t, ng mt phn t ca tp phi c
la chn trc khi gi c chuyn tip. Th tc la chn mt
54___________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc 55
phn t t tp khng c phn tch chi tit trong cun sch ny.
Vic ILM sp mt nhn n mt tp c cha nhiu hcm mt
NHLFE c th s rt hu ch, nu nh n c yu cu phi thc
hin vic cn bng ti gia cc tuyn c chi ph bng nhau.
Hnh 3.2: Mi quan h gia FEC, FTN, LM v NHLFE
d) Bn sp FEC vo NHLFE
Bn sp FEC vo NHLFE (FEC-to-NHLFE Map hay FTN)
sp mi FEC vo mt tp cc NHLFE. N c s dng khi
chuyn tip cc gi khng c dn nhn v cn c dn nhn
trc khi c chuyn tip i.
Nu FTN Sp mt nhn c th vo mt tp ca NHLFE c
cha nhiu hn mt phn t, th ng mt phn t phi c chn
trc khi gi c chuyn tip. Th tc la chn mt phn t t
tp khng c phn tch chi tit trong cun sch ny. Vic FTN
sp mt nhn n mt tp c cha nhiu hn mt NHLFE c th s
rt hu ch, nu nh n c yu cu phi thc hin vic cn bng
ti gia cc tuyn c chi ph bng nhau.
e) Tro nhn
Tro nhn (label swapping) l vic s dng th tc sau y
chuyn tip mt gi.
c th chuyn tip mt gi c dn nhn, mt LSR s
kim tra nhn u ca ngn xp nhn. N s dng ILM xp
nhn ny vo mt NHLFE. S dng thng tin NHLFE, n xc
nh c phi chuyn tip gi i u v thc hin mt php ton
ngn xp nhn ca gi. Sau , n s m ha ngn xp nhn mi
ca gi v chuyn tip kt qu i.
c th chuyn tip mt gi khng dn nhn, mt LSR phn
tch mo u lp mng xc nh FEC ca gi. Sau n s
dng FTN xp FEC vo mt NHLFE. S dng thng tin
NHLFE, n xc nh ni gi c chuyn tip n v thc hin
mt php tnh (operation) ngn xp nhn ca gi. Sau n s
m ha ngn xp mi vo gi v chuyn tip kt qu i.
Cn lu rng, nu tro nhn c s dng, chng tip theo
s lun c ly t u vo chuyn tip nhn chng tip ieo
NHLFE, trong mt s trng hp khc so vi chng tip theo nu
nh MPLS khng c s dng.
3.2.1.2 Gn v phn b nhn
Trong kin trc MPLS, s quyt nh rng buc mt nhn c
th L vo mt FEC c th F c thc hin bi mt LSR v

chnh l ng xung LSR i vi s rng buc ny. ng xung
LSR sau s thng bo cho ng ln LSR v s rng buc ny.
Nh vy nhn c gn ng xung v s rng buc c
phn b theo hng ng xung ti ng ln.
Nu mt LSR c thit k sao cho n ch c th tm kim
c cc nhn m cc nhn nm trong mt khong ch s, lc
n ch n thun cn bo m rng n ch rng buc cc nhn
thuc phm vi .
Mt giao thc phn b nhn (label disibution protocol) l
mt tp cc th tc (procedure) trong mt LSR thng bo cho
cc LSR khc v cc rng buc Iabel/FEC (nhn/lp chuyn tip
tng ng) m n thc hin. Hai LSR s dng giao thc phn
b nhn trao i thng tin v rng buc label/FEC c gi l
ng ng phn b nhn (label distribution peers) i vi cc
thng tin rng buc m chng trao i. Nu hai LSR l ng ng
phn b nhn, ngi ta cn ni l mt s gn k phn b nhn
(label distribution adjacency) gia chng.
Lu : Hai LSR c th l ng ng phn b nhn i vi mt
s tp ca rng buc, nhng li khng l g ca nhau i vi mt s
cc tp khc ca rng buc.
Giao thc phn b nhn cng hm cha bt k cc tha thun
no m trong hai ng ng phn b nhn cn phi dn xp
c th hc c kh nng MPLS ln ca nhau.
Kin trc MPLS m t y khng cho rng ch c mt giao
thc phn b nhn duy nht. Thc t, nhiu cc giao thc phn b
Chng 3. Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________^
nhn khc nhau c chun ha. Cc giao thc ang tn ti
c m rng, cho vic phn b nhn c th c s dng trn
chng. V d BGP - Border Gateway Protocol (c m t trong
[15]X RSVP-TUNNEL (c m t trong [11]). Cc giao thc mi
cng c nh ngha ring cho mc ch phn b nhn nh LDP
(c m t trong [10], CR-LDP (c m t trong [16]).
3.2.1.3 Ngn xp nhn
Chng ta ni v mt gi c dn nhn ch mang mt nhn.
Chng ta thy rng s hu ch hn khi c mt m hnh tng qut
hom trong mt gi c dn nhn mang mt s nhn, c t
chc theo m hnh ngn xp L1F0 (Last In First Out). Chng ta gi
l mt ngn xp nhn.
Data Link Layer MPLS Network Layer
Header Label stack Header
N hn cp m
(nh ngn xp)
N hn cp m-1 N hn cp 2
N hn cp 1
(y ngn xp)
Hnh 3J: Ngn xp nhn c su m cp
Ta c th thy rng MPLS h tr mt h thng phn cp
(hierarchy), vic x l mt gi c dn nhn hon ton khng ph
thuc vo cp ca h thng phn cp. Vic x l lun lun da vo
nhn trn cng (top label) m khng cn quan tm n kh nng c
mt s cc nhn tng trn n trong qu kh, hoc c mt s
cc nhn khc hin ti ang bn di n.
Mt gi khng c dn nhn c th c xem nh l mt gi
c ngn xp nhn rng, coi nh l ngn xp nhn c su 0.
Nu mt gi vi ngn xp nhn c su m, chng ta gi
nhn di cng ca ngn l nhn mc 1, i vi nhn xp trn
nhn (nu nh tn ti) s c gi l nhn mc 2 v nhn trn
cng ca ngn xp s l nhn cp m.
Tnh hu dng ca ngn xp nhn s r rng hn khi chng ta
ni v khi nim ca mg hm LSP v h thng phn cp MPLS.
3.2.L4 B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn l mt nt MPLS c kh
nng chuyn tip cc gi IP gc. Ngi ta phn bit hai loi LSR
l LSR dng ln (upstream LSR) v LSR lung xung
(downstream LSR).
Gi s, hai LSR Ru v Rd thng nht rng buc nhn L
vo FEC F i vi cc gi c gi t Ru ti Rd. Nh vy i vi
rng buc ny, Ru l upstream LSR v Rd l downstream LSR.
ni mt nt l lung ln v nt kia l lung xung i vi
mt rng buc cho trc ch c ngha l mt nhn c th biu din
mt FEC c th trong cc gi di chuyn t nt lung in ti nt
ung xung. iu khng m ch rng cc gi thuc FEC ny
c nh tuyn t nt lung ln ti nt lung xung.
3.2.1.5. ng chuyn mch nhn
ng chuyn mch nhn l mt ng qua mt hoc nhiu
LSR ti mt mc ca h thng cp bc m cc gi ca mt FEC c
th i qua.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________^
Mt cmg chuyn nhn (LSP) cp m (level m) i vi gi c i
p chnh l chui cc router, <R1, R2,..., Rn>, vi cc c im sau:
1. Rl, u vo ca LSP (LSP ingress), l mt LSR m y mt
nhn vo ngn xp nhn ca p, kt qu l ngn xp nhn c
su m;
2. i vi mi i, l<i<n, p c ngn xp nhn vi su m khi n
c nhn bi LSR Ri;
3. Khng c thi im no trong qu trnh di chuyn t RI ti
R[n-l]P c ngn xp c su nh hn m;
4. i vi mi i, Ki<n: Ri truyn p ti R[i+1] bng phng tin
MPLS, ngha l, bng cch s dng nhn trn cng ca ngn
xp nhn (nhn cp m) lm ch s cho mt ILM;
5. i vi mi i, l<i<n: nu mt h ing s nhn v chuyn tip
p sau khi p c truyn t Ri nhng trc khi p c nhn bi
R[i+1] (v d, Ri v R[i+1] c th c kt ni thng qua mt
mng con lp lin kt d liu v s c th l mt trong cc
chuyn mch lp lin kt d liu), nh vy quyt nh chuyn
tip ca chuyn mch s khng da trn nhn cp m hay mo
u lp mng. iu ny c th nh vy do:
S quyt nh khng da trn ngn xp nhn cng nh mo u
lp mng;
S quyt nh da trn ngn xp nhn m c nhiu nhn b
sung c y vo (c ngha i, da trn nhn cp m+k,
trong k > 0).
Bng cch khc, chng ta c th ni LSP cp m i vi gi p l
chui ca cc b nh tuyn;
1. Bt u vi mt LSR u vo (LSP ingress) y nhn cp m
vo;
2. Tt c cc LSR trung gian thc hin quyt nh chuyn tip
bng chuyn mch nhn nhn cp m;
3. Kt thc ti mt LSR u ra (LSP egress) khi mt quyt nh
chuyn tip c thc hin bng chuyn mch nhn nhn cp
m-k, trong k>0, hoc l quyt nh chuyn tip c thc hin
thng thng, khng theo th tc chuyn tip ca MPLS.
H qu ca iu ny l, mi khi mt LSR y mt nhn vo
mt gi c dn nhn, n cn phi m bo rng nhn mi ph
hp vi mt FEC m LSP u ra ca n l LSR gn nhn m
by gi l nhn th hai trong ngn xp.
Gi mt chui cc LSR l LSP cho mt FEC F c th nu n
#
l mt LSP cp m cho mt gi p c th khi nhn cp m ca p l
mt nhn tng ng vi FEC F.
Quan st tp cc nt m c th l cc nt LSP u vo cho
FEC F. S c mt LSP cho FEC F m bt u vi mt nt trong
tp. Nu mt s thuc cc LSP c cng mt LSP u ra, th mi
LSP c th xem tp ca cc LSP nh vy l mt cy, r ca cy l
LSP u ra (bi v d liu di chuyn dc theo cy ti r, cy c
th c gi l cy a im-im (multipoint-to-point tree). Bi
vy chng ta c th ni v cy LSP cho mt FEC F c th.
3.2.1.6 Lp chuyn tip tng ng
Lp chuyn tip tng ng l mt nhm cc gi IP c
chuyn tip theo mt phng thc ging nhau, v d chuyn trn
cng mt mg i v cch x l khi chuyn tip.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc___________________________ ^
3.2.1.7 ng hm v h thng phn cp
i khi mt b nh tuyn ng ln (router Ru) thc hin
mt hnh ng lm cho mt gi c th c chuyn n mt b
nh tuyn ng xung (router Rd) khc, mc d Ru v Rd khng
phi l cc b nh tuyn lin k nhau (consecutive) n mt
ng theo tng chng (hop-by-hop) i vi gi v Rd khng
phi l ch n cui cng ca gi. V d, iu ny c th thc hin
c bng cch ng gi mt gi vo trong mt gi lp mng m
a ch mng li chnh l a ch ca Rd. iu s to ra mt
ng hm (tunnel) t Ru n Rd. Gi c x l nh vy c
gi l gi xuyn hm (tunneled packet).
a) Hm nh tuyn tng chng
Nu mt gi xuyn hm i theo mt ng ieo tmg chng t
Ru n Rd, chng ta ni rng l mt hm nh tuyn tng chng
(hop-by-hop routed tunnel) ong u pht l Ru v u thu l Rd.
b) Hm nh tuyn hin
Nu mt gi xuyn hm di chuyn t Ru n Rd qua mt
ng khc vi ng theo tng chng, ngi ta ni n trong
mt ng hm nh tuyn c hin (Explicitly Routed Tunnel)
vi im pht l Ru v im thu l Rd. V d, ngi ta c ti gi
mt gi qua hm nh tuyn trc hin bng cch ng gi n vo
mt gi c ngun c nh tuyn (source routed).
c) ng hm LSP
C th ic hin mt ng hm (tunnel) nh l mt LSP v
s dng chuyn mch nhn thay v ng gi lp mng khin gi
phi di chuyn qua ng hm. ng hm co th l mt LSP
(Rl,..., Rn), trong RI l im pht ca ng hm v Rn l
im thu ca ng hm.
Mt tp cc gi cn c chuyn qua mt ng hm LSP to
thnh mt FEC v mi LSR trong Tig hm phi gn mt nhn
cho FEC , ngha l phi gn mt nhn cho ng hm. Tiu ch
gn mt gi c th cho mt ng hm LSP l vn cc b ti
im pht ca ng hm. y mt gi vo ng hm LSP,
im pht y mt nhn cho fng hm vo ngn xp nhn v gi
gi c dn nhn ti chng tip theo trong ng hm.
u thu ca ng hm khng cn thit phi c kh nng xc
nh l gi no c nhn qua ng hm, ngn xp nhn c i
c y ra ti LSR p cht trong ng hm.
Mt ng hm LSP nh tuyn theo chng (hop-by-hop
routed LSP tunnel) l mt hm c thc thi nh l mt hm LSP
nh tuyn theo chng gia im pht v im thu.
Mt ng hm LSP nh tuyn trc hin l mt LSP tunnel
m cng ng thi l mt LSP nh tuyn trc hin.
d) H thng cp bc
Xem xt mt LSP (Rl, R2, R3, R4). Gi s rng RI nhn mt
gi khng dn nhn p v y mt nhn vo ngn xp nhn ca n
khin n i theo ng ny v thc t l mt ng theo
tng chng. Tuy nhin, gi s tip l R2 v R3 khng kt ni trc
tip vi nhau, nhng l hng xm bi chng l cc im cui ca
mt ng hm LSP. Nh vy chui thc t ca cc LSR m p
i qua l (R1, R2, R21, R22, R23, R3, R4).
Khi p di chuyn t RI n R2, n s c su cia ngn xp l 1.
R2 xc nh l p phi i vo ng hm. R2 trc ht thay th
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________ 6 ^
theo ng i trn mng, mi LSR khi nhn c mt gi uc
dn nhn s g b nhn n v gn nhn i tng ng vo gi (tro
nhn) v chuyn tip gi ti LSR tip theo trong mng.
Tuyn ng m d liu i qua trong mng c nh ngha
bng vic truyn cc gi tr nhn, nh l cc nhn c hon
chuyn ti mi b nh tuyn LSR. Vic nh x gia cc nhn l
khng i ti mi LSR, cho nn ng i c xc nh bi gi
tr nhn ban u. ng i nh vy gi l mt ng chuyn
mch nhn.
MPLS cng c p dng cho cc cng ngh chuyn mch d
liu khng phi l gi. ng i d liu vn c nh ngha bi
vic truyn cc nhn chuyn mch v do vn gi l LSP, tuy
nhin, cc nhn khng dng gi (v d nhn din bc sng hay
khe thi gian trong mng quang) chi c s dng thit lp cc
kt ni cho (crossconnect) ti cc LSR. Mi khi kt ni cho c
thit lp, d liu c i c nh tuyn m khng cn phi xem
xt n, do khng cn phi t gi tr nhn vo mi gi. Ni cch
khc, bc sng hay khe thi gian cng chnh l nhn. Ti u vo
ca mng MPLS, mi gi c xem xt xc nh LSP no c
dng v nhn no c gn cho n. Vic quyt nh ny l vn
cc b, nhng cng ging nh vic da vo cc yu t nh a ch
ch, cc yu cu v cht lng dch v v trng thi hin ti ca
mng. im linh hot ny l mt yu t c bn lm MPLS tr nn
hu ch.
#
S khc nhau chnh gia mng MPLS v mng P truyn
thng l cc LSR c s dng trong min MPLS. Cc giao thc
MPLS c s dng lin lc gia cc LSR. Cc b nh tuyn
bin MPLS c thit k thch ng vi cng ngh IP uyn thng
ti bin ca vng MPLS.
66____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p ng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
Do MPLS s dng nhn quyt nh chng k tip, nn b
nh tuyn lm vic t hn v hot ng gn ging nh b chuyn
mch. V cc nhn th hin cc tuyn ng trong mng nn ta c
th iu khin chnh xc qu trnh x l lu lng bng cch dng
cc chnh sch gn nhn.
LER: Label Edge Router or Edge LSR; B nh tuyn nhn bin hay LSR bin
LSR: Label Switch Router: B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
LDP: Label Distribution Protocol: Giao thc phn phi nhn
Hnh 3.5: Nguyn tc hot ng ca MPLS
Nguyn tc hot ng ca MPLS c th c m t ngn gn
thng qua mt s cc bc sau:
1. Cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng OSPF (Open Shorstest
Path First: u tin ng ngn nht m), IS-IS (Intermedia
System: H thng trung gian - h thng trung gian), v.v... thit
lp kh nng kt ni n mng ch
2. Giao thc phn b nhn LDP thit lp bn sp nhn vo
mng ch.
3. B nh tuyn bin u vo (Ingress LER) xc nh nhn, t
xc nh LSP, gn nhn cho gi v chuyn gi i tip ti giao
theo ng i trn mng, mi LSR khi nhn c mt gi c
dn nhn s g b nhn n v gn nhn i tng ng vo gi (tro
nhn) v chuyn tip gi ti LSR tip theo trong mng.
Tuyn ng m d liu i qua trong mng c nh ngha
bng vic truyn cc gi tr nhn, nh l cc nhn c hon
chuyn ti mi b nh tuyn LSR. Vic nh x gia cc nhn l
khng i ti mi LSR, cho nn ng i c xc nh bi gi
tr nhn ban u. ng i nh vy gi l mt fng chuyn
mach nhn.
MPLS cng c p dng cho cc cng ngh chuyn mch d
liu khng phi l gi. ng i d liu vn c nh ngha bi
vic truyn cc nhn chuyn mch v do vn gi l LSP, tuy
nhin, cc nhn khng dng gi (v d nhn din bc sng hay
khe thi gian trong mng quang) ch c s dng thit lp cc
kt ni cho (crossconnect) ti cc LSR. Mi khi kt ni cho c
thit lp, d liu c th c nh tuyn m khng cn phi xem
xt n, do khng cn phi t gi tr nhn vo mi gi. Ni cch
khc, bc sng hay khe thi gian cng chnh l nhn. Ti u vo
ca mng MPLS, mi gi c xem xt xc nh LSP no c
dng v nhn no c gn cho n. Vic quyt nh ny l vn
cc b, nhng cng ging nh vic da vo cc yu t nh a ch
ch, cc yu cu v cht lng dch v v trng thi hin ti ca
mng. im linh hot ny l mt yu t c bn lm MPLS tr nn
hu ch.
#
S khc nhau chnh gia mng MPLS v mng IP uyn
thng l cc LSR c s dng trong min MPLS. Cc giao thc
MPLS c s dng lin lc gia cc LSR. Cc b nh tuyn
bin MPLS c thit k thch ng vi cng ngh IP truyn ting
ti bin ca vng MPLS.
66____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng tmng mng MEN (MAN-E)
Do MPLS s dng nhn quyt nh chng k tip, nn b
nh tuyn lm vic t hn v hot ng gn ging nh b chuyn
mch. V cc nhn th hin cc tuyn ng trong mng nn ta c
th iu khin chnh xc qu trnh x l lu lng bng cch dng
cc chnh sch gn nhn.
LER: Label Edge Router or Edge LSR: B nh tuyn nhn bin hay LSR bin
LSR: Label Switch Router: B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
LDP: Label Distribution Protoc!: Giao thc phn phi nhn
Hnh 3.5: Nguyn tc hot ng ca MPLS
Nguyn tc hot ng ca MPLS c th c m t ngn gn
thng qua mt s cc bc sau:
1. Cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng OSPF (Open Shorstest
Path First: u tin ng ngn nht m), S-IS (Intermedia
System: H thng trung gian - h thng trung gian), v.v... thit
lp kh nng kt ni n mng ch
2. Giao thc phn b nhn LDP thit lp bn sp nhn vo
mng ch.
3. B nh tuyn bin u vo (Ingress LER) xc nh nhn, t
xc nh LSP, gn nhn cho gi v chuyn gi i tip ti giao
68 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEM (MAN-E)
din ph hp. Vic xc nh nhn da vo nhiu i lng
iu khin u tin ca lu lng, v d a ch ch, lp dch
v (CoS: Class of Service).
4. Ti cc nt MPLS k tip, cc LSR bn trong mng l cc LSR
trung gian, chng khng thc hin cc th tc lp 3 m ch
dng gi tr nhn ca mi gi xc nh nt tip theo cn
chuyn gi, gn nhn mi ri chuyn gi i tip ti nt tcmg
ng. Th tc ny thng c thc hin phn cng, ng thi
hon i nhn v chuyn tip gi, do cho php cc mng
MPLS c xy dng trn cc phn cng chuyn mch nhn c
sn nh ATM v Frame Relay; cch chuyn tip gi mc ny
ing nhanh hom nhiu so vi vic phi tm kim ton b mo
u ca gi quyt nh nt tip theo.
5. B nh tuyn bin u ra (Egress LER) s g b nhn v
chuyn gi n ch cui cng. Vic chuyn tip ny s dng
nh tuyn lp 3.
LSP
IP#1 |Ej f>#1 L-5 E |p#1 L-9 E
LER
IP#1 L-2
LSR LSR
LER
IPAddr Nhn i Nhn n Nhn i IPAr
Nhn i
Nhn n
Chng
tio theo
192.1/16 5 5 9 9 2 2 192.1/16
Lp 2
Giao vn
Dn
nhn
Tro nhn
Tro nhn
B
nhn
Lp 2
Giao vn
Hnh 3.6: V d v hot ng ca MPLS
Vi MPLS, vic gn gi lin quan ti mt FEC c thc hin
ch mt ln ti LER u vo, l b nh tuyn u tin x l gi bt
u vo mng. FEC c gn cho mi gi c m ha thnh mt
nhn. Khi mt gi c chuyn tip ti chng tip theo ca n,
nhn cng c gi km theo, do vy thit b tip theo trn tuyn
ng i ca gi c th chuyn tip n da trn nhn mang theo
thay v phi phn tch cc thng tin trong mo u lp 3.
V gi c gn vo mt FEC ngay khi n vo min MPLS,
nn LER dng thc vic gn nhn ny c th dng bt k thng
tin no c lin quan ti gi, v d nh bit th t ca IP, ngun/ch
hoc loi ng dng, v.v..., ngay c nhng thng tin khng lin quan
g ti mo u. V d, cc gi n tr cc cng khc nhau c th
c gn vo cc FEC khc nhau. Trong khi kiu chuyn tip
truyn thng ch quan tm n nhng thng tin no c ong mo
u ca gi. iu ny mang li kh nng phn loi dch v, vi
cng mt nhn khng ch nh ngha ch n ca gi m cn nh
ngha u tin chuyn tip ca gi .
Ti tt c cc nt MPLS tip theo, nhn MPLS (MPLS label)
ch khng phi mo u IP c s dng quyt nh chuyn
tip ti nt tip theo. Ti im cui ca min MPLS, LER u ra s
g b nhn v chuyn gi IP gc n thit b ca khch hng. T
pha ngi dng, vic gn v g b nhn hon ton trong sut v
khng cn phi thay i bt k cu hnh no trn cc b nh tuyn
ca khch hng.
3.3 NH GI
Trong mt mng phi kt ni, khi mt gi (packet) ca giao
thc lp mng di chuyn t mt b nh tuyn ny n mt b nh
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________^
tuyn khc, mi mt b nh tuyn thc hin mt quyt (nh c
ip chuyn tip gi. iu c ngha l mi b nh tuyn phn
tch mo u ca gi v thc hin mt thut ton nh tiuyn lp
mng. Mi mt b nh tuyn la chn chng tip theo (niext hop)
cho gi mt cch c lp da vo s phn tch mo u ca gi v
kt qu ca vic thc hin thut ton nh tuyn. Mo u cha
nhiu ng tin hn l thng tin cn thit la chn chng tip
theo. La chn chng tip theo c th c xem nh mt s tng
hp ca hai chc nng. Chc nng u tin l phn chia tp hp
ton b cc gi thnh cc tp hp cc FEC. Chc nng th hai l
gn tng FEC cho mt chng tip theo. Nh vy, nu xt tieo
phng din ca vic quyt nh chuyn tip th cc gi khc nhau
khi c gn cho cng mt FEC s khng th phn bit c. Tt
c cc gi thuc v mt FEC c th v di chuyn t mt nt c th
s i theo cng mt tuyn, hoc nu nh s dng mt s phng
thc nh tuyn a tuyn, th cc gi s i theo mt tp cc tuyn
gn kt vi FEC ny.
Trong chuyn tip IP thng thng, mt b nh tuyn c th
s thng xem hai gi cng mt FEC nu nh trong bng nh
tuyn (routing table) ca b nh tuyn c mt tin t a ch
(address prefix) X, m X ph hp nht (longest match) i vi a
ch ch ca mi gi. Khi gi i qua mng, mi im ln lt kim
tra li gi v gn n cho mt FEC.
Trong MPLS, vic gn mt gi c th cho mt FEC c th ch
c thc hin mt ln khi gi i vo mng. Sau khi cc gi
c gn, FEC c m bng mt nhn. Khi gi c chuyn tip
n im tip theo, nhn c gi cng vd n, c ngha l cc gi
c dn nhn trc khi c chuyn tip i. Ti cc im
sau , s khng c vic phn tch mo u lp mng ca gi na.
Nhn c s dng l mt ch s (index) trong mt bng, bng
nh r chng tip theo v mt nhn mi. Nhn c c thay th
bng nhn mi v gi c chuyn tip n im tip theo.
Trong m hnh chuyn tip MPLS, khi mt gi c gn cho
mt FEC, vic phn tch mo u cc b nh tuyn tip theo
khng cn phi thc hin na, tt c vic chuyn tip c iu
khin bi cc nhn. iu mang li rt nhiu li th so vi
chuyn tip lp mng thng thng.
- Chuyn tip MPLS c th c thc hin thng qua cc b
chuyn mch m c kh nng thc hin vic tra cu v thay th
nhn, tuy nhin chng khng c kh nng phn tch mo u
ca lp mng hoc khng c kh nng phn tch mo u lp
mng vi tc thch hp.
- Bi v mt gi c gn cho mt FEC khi n i vo mng, b
nh tuyn u vo c th s dng bt k thng tin no v gi
, cho d l nu thng tin ny khng th thu lm c t
mo u lp mng. V d, cc gi n cc cng khc nhau c
th c gn cho cc FEC khc nhau. Ngc li, chuyn tip
thng thng ch c th xem xt thng tin i cng vi gi ong
mo u ca gi.
- Mt gi i vo mng mt b nh tuyn c th c th c
dn nhn khc so vi gi nu nh i vo mng mt b
nh tuyn khc. Kt qu l, quyt nh chuyn tip m ph
thuc vo b nh tuyn u vo c th d dng thc hin. iu
ny khng th lm c i vi chuyn tip thng thng bi
v nh danh ca b nh tuyn u vo ni gi i vo khng i
cng vi gi.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc___________________________ ^
- S xem xt xc nh mt gi c gn chocnt FEC nh th
no c th tr nn rt phc tp, nu nh khg c bt k nh
hng no n cc b nh tuyn m chi oti hun chuyn tip
cc gi dn nhn.
- i khi l cn thit buc mt gi phi tto mt tuyn c
bit c chn ring ti hoc trc thi im gi i vo
mng thay cho vic la chn thng qua thu ton nh tuyn
ng thng thng khi gi di chuyn qua mi|. iu c th
thc hin nh l mt ni dung ca chnh schioc l h
k thut liru lng. Trong chuyn tip thngthng, iu
i hi gi phi mang theo cng n m ca tyn ng (nh
tuyn ngun). Trong MPLS, mt nhn c th lc s dng
biu din tuyn ng, nh vy nh danh cuyn khng cn
phi c mang theo cng vi gi.
Mt s b nh tuyn phn tch mo u lpnng khng ch
la chn chng tip theo, m cn xc nh uyn u tin hay
lp dch v. Chng c i c p t cc ngfn|loi b hoc cc
quy tc thd gian khc nhau cho cc gi khc hau. MPLS cho
php (nhng khng yu cu) quyn u tin hay lp dch v c
th suy ra t nhn. Trong trng hp ny, ngd I c th ni rng
nhn th hin mt s kt hp ca mt FEC v )t quyn u tin
hay lp dch v.
Trn thc t, ngi ta khng so snh MPLS i IP nh l cc
thc ti ring bit bi v MPLS hot ng kt hrp vi IP v cc
giao thc nh tuyn ni vng khc. MPLS mangi cho cc mng
IP k tKut lu lng (TE), kh nng chuyn tilP VPN vi cc
khong a chi xp chng (overlay) v h tr taly dn (pseudo
wire) lp 2.
72____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong nng MEN (MAN-E)
Trong khi cc giao thc v cng ngh lp di l khc nhau,
c MPLS v ATM u cung cp cc dch v hng kt ni
chuyn ti d liu q ua mt mng. Cc kt ni ca c hai loi cng
ngh u c bo hiu t cc im cui, trng thi kt ni c
duy tr ti mi nt tirn ton tuyn fng v cc k thut ng gi
c s dng mang d liu i dc theo kt ni. Ngoi nhng
khc bit v cc giao thc bo hiu (RSVP/LDP cho MPLS v
PNNI cho ATM) cn c nhng khc bit c bn khc trong hot
ng ca hai cng ngh.
Khc bit quan trng nht l cc phng thc vn chuyn v
ng gi. MPLS c kh nng lm vic vi cc gi c di khc
nhau trong khi ATM ch c kh nng vn chuyn cc t bo c
di c nh l 53 byte. Cc gi phi c chia nh, vn chuyn v
ghp ni li khi truyn qua mng ATM s dng lp ich ng
(adaption layer), ci m s to nn s phc tp v ph ti
(overhead) cho dng d liu. Trong khi MPLS ch n thun
thm mt nhn vo mo u ca mi gi v truyn n qua mng.
Mt kt ni MPLS l n hng v cho php d liu ch i
theo mt hng gia hai im cui. Khi to mt kt ni hai chiu
gia hai im cui cn phi thit lp mt cp LSP. Bi v hai LSP
c i hi cho kt ni do vy d liu truyn theo chiu xui s
s dng mt ng khc vi d liu truyn theo chiu ngc li.
Trong khi, cc kt ni im - im ca ATM (VC), l song hTig
v cho php d liu truyn theo c hai hng trn cng mt ng.
Lu l cc kt ni ATM svc l song hng cn cc kt ni
ATM PVC l n hng.
C ATM v MPLS u h tr cc kt ni xuyn hm ni trong
kt ni. MPLS s dng chng nhn thc hin iu trong khi
Chng 3: Chuyn mah nhn a giao thc____________________________ 7 ^
ATM li s dng cc ng o (Virtual Path). MPLS c th xp
chng nhiu nhn to ra cc ng hm trong ng hm. C
ATM VPI v VCI c mang cng nhau trong mo u ca t
bo v do vy hn ch ch mt cp cmg hm.
Li th ln nht ca MPLS so vi ATM l n c tiit k
ngay t u b tr cho IP. Cc b nh tuyn hin i u h tr
c MPLS v IP trn cng mt giao din v nh vy cho php cc
nh khai thc mt s mm do trong thit k v vn hnh mng. Do
ATM khng hon ton tomg thch vi IP do i hi phi c s
thch ng phc tp v lm cho ATM khng thc s thch hp vri
cc mng IP ang c u th hn.
3.4 M HNH KT NI VT L MPLS TRN NN METRO
ETHERNET
3.4. S tng qut
Hnh 3.7; M hnh vt l mng MEN
Hnh 3.7 m t mt m hnh vt l tiu biu ca mng MEN
(Metropolitan Ethernet Network). Cc b nh tuyn nm li ca
MEN c gi l cc b nh tuyn p kt ni vi nhau ng vai
mng li. Cc b nh tuyn pha ngoi ca mng gi l cc b
nh tuyn bin NPE (Network Provide Edge: Bin mng cung cp)
l cc thit b trung gian kt ni cc v tr ca khch hng vi mng
li. Cc NPE ny kt ni ti cc CE ca khch hng thng qua cc
b nh tuyn UPE (User Provider Edge: Bin nh cung cp ngi
s dng). Thng thng, cc b nh tuyn p c kt ni vi nhau
qua cc ng vt l c tc cao nht, thng l Gigabit Ethernet
hoc 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Cc b nh tuyn p ny cng c kt
ni vi nhau thnh mch vng, c th l vng Ethernet hoc vng
RPR ty theo yu cu thc t v cu hnh c la chn. Cc b
nh tuyn p ny cng chy chung cc giao thc nh tuyn do nh
cung cp quy nh v chy MPLS trn cc giao din kt ni trc
tip nu chng ng thi l cc thit b li MPLS. Giao din kt ni
t b nh tuyn p ti cc NPE cng thng l cc ng Gigabit
Ethernet. Cc NPE cng s dng cc ng Gigabit Ethernet kt
ni ti PE. Cc UPE th dng Gigabit Ethernet v Fast Ethernet
kt ni xung cc CE ti cc v tr ca khch hng.
3.4.2 Cc thnh phn c bn v chc nng
3.4.2.1 p Router (Provider Router)
p Router (a nh tuyn nh cung cp) l thit b trong mng
li ca nh cutg cp dch v (ISP - Internet Service Provider)
thc hin chuyn mch nhn MPLS. Mng i ca nh cung cp
dch v bao gEi nhiu b nh tuyn p v NPE kt ni cung cp
kt ni MPLS >uyn sut. Chc nng chnh ca b nh tuyn P;
- Cung c cc kt ni xng sng tin cy kt ni cc NPE.
- Cung c) khng gian iu khin c kh nng m rng cho cc
dch v mng ring o lp 2 (L2 VPN) v mng ring o chuyn mch
nhn <fa giao thc vIPLS VPN).
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________ 75
- Cho php qun l lu lng.
Cn bng ti qua nhiu ng MPLS.
3.4.2.2. NPE Router
NPE (Network Provider Edge - mng cung cp bin) l thit b
nm gia h thng lp 3 trong li v h thng truy xut lp 2. B
nh tuyn NPE thc hin cc nhim v sau:
Cng cung cp cc dch v MPLS v IP
nh ngha cc dch v EoMPLS (Eiemet of MPLS).
Lp cung cp dch v VPN lp 3.
Chuyn mch ni b cho cc dch v Eiemet.
Qun l nghn v lu lng.
s.4.2.3. UPE
UPE (User Provider Edge - Bin nh cung cp ngi s dng)
l thit b nm gia h ing mng ca nh cung cp dch v v
khch hng. UPE thng thcmg l mt iit b lp 2 t khch
hng nhng thuc quyn s hu v qun l ca nh cung cp dch
v. Chc nng chnh ca UPE l:
Cung cp nhiu UNI (User to Network Interface - s dng giao
din mng) kt ni n cc CE (Customer Equipment - thit b
khch hng) khch hng.
Xc nh cc dch v Eiemet bng cch s dimg 802. Iq
tunneling hay 802. Iq tagging.
iu khin cc chnh sch qun l dch v.
Cho php iu Idiin lu lng v nghn.
76_____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
3.4.3 EoMPLS
3.4.3.1 To ng hm lp 2
To ng hm lp 2 (L2 Tunneling) cho php nh x cc
VLAN n mt ng hm (tunnel) trong min MPLS. Mt dch
v L2 khng yu cu khch hng s dng IP, thay vo lu
lng khch hng c nh x n 1 v c da trn 802.Iq VLAN.
Nh vy khi qua mng li MPLS, lu lng khch hng c ng
gi v vn chuyn da trn k thut to ng hm lp 2.
3.4.5.2 ng gi EoMPLS
Vic ng gi EoMPLS c da trn Martini hoc
Vkompella IETF EoMPLS draft, thc hin kt ni P2P, PE ng
gi VLAN v nh tuyn n qua mng li MPLS.
Ngn xp nhn 2 mc (8 bytes) cho mi L2 Frame c mang
qua mng MPLS
Nhn Tunnel, outer label, chuyn tip gi tin qua mng
Nhn vc, inner label, kt ni giao din L2 ti gi tin
c chuyn tip vc, b nhn dng 32 bit ch lin quan n nhn
dng v c cho tng timel, cn gi l LSP tunnel. C 2 loi VC:
v c type 5 dng vi EoMPLS chuyn tip lu lng da n
port (ong sut)
v c type 4 dng vi EoMPLS chuyn tip lu lng da frn
VLAN (Trong sut VLAN)
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________ 77^
12 Header Tunnel Label VC Label Orignal Eth
Frame
Hnh 3.8: ng gi EoMPLS
3.4.S.3 c im
c im chc nng: Khng tm kim a ch MAC ch lp
2, khng hc a ch lp 2 m cc VLAN ring bit hoc gi tin
Ethernet c nh x n cc EoMPLS v c v nh ng hm qua
mng MPLS.
c im dch v: Cc port vt l chuyn dng cho mi khch
hang, c th cu hri nhiu EoMPLS VCs ttn mt port vt l
- Da trn draft Martini, EoMPLS l kt ni P2P
- Da n draft Vkompella, EoMPLS l kt ni P2MP
Mi EoMPLS v c i qua cng LSP. Ti u vo LER xc nh
FEC v vy cc router khc khc khng cn bit v cc v c vn
chuyn lp 2. i vi cc router ong mng li thi 12 VPN l
hon ton ong sut.
EoMPLS m rng tng cho kt ni L2 dng Ethernet tc
ng ti khch hng v nh cung cp dch v. EoMPLS tc ng
mnh n mng ng trc trin khai MPLS cung cp nhiu
dch v vn chuyn qua MPLS core, ch yi l cc yu cu cho
mng Metro nh:
Cc dch v LAN ong sut (Transpareit LAN Service -TLS)
hoc cu ni gia cc v tr ca mt doanh nghip
Cc dch v IP cho truy nhp Internet tc cao hoc n cc
v t ca doanh nghip dira trn Meo
Vi MPLS, cc nh cung cp dch v CCi eimg ep MPLS
L2 VPN cho khch hng. Cc VPN ny c th h cc giao tic
ng hm L2 Tunnel bao gm: FR, ATM, HDLC, ppp, Ethernet
v 802. Iq VLAN nhng vi Metro y ch tp ung vo 2 giao
thc cui.
Cung cp dch v Ethernet n gin vi chi ph hiu qu. Vi
EoMPLS, nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp kt ni n khch
hng iin kt cc v tr khc nhau lp 2 v khng yu cu nh
tuyn IP gia CE v PE. Nh cung cp dch v chu trch nhim v
nh tuyn v bit cc thng tin lp 3 ca khch hng. Thng tin
nh tuyn lfp 3 ny khng chia s gia nh cung cp dch v v
khch hng.
S kt hp Ethernet v MPLS cho php ri cung cp dch v
cung cp bng thng v kh nng m rng cho mng Metro
Ethernet om gin nh kt ni Metro ni b v ghp dch v trn
cng 1 c s h tng n.
Kh nng QoS trong MPLS bng cch nh x 802. Iq n bit
EXP ca nhn MPLS. QoS da trn trng 3bit EXP, cc bit EXP
ny c t trong c Tunnel vc v Tunnel Labels. Vic nh x
cho php m bo mc dch v v m bo sn sng cho vic
chuyn pht vi cc cng ngh WAN khc nhau.
3.4.S.4 C ch hot ng
EoMPLS dng phin LDP Targeted gia cc Router PE: to ra
cc EoMPLS VCs.
[
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc____________________________ ^
Comp any X
Comp any X
Hnh 3.9: Phin Targetted LDP
PEl bt u phin LDP trc tip remote vi PE2
PEl t gi tr nhin vc cc b v kt ni n vi vc ID c
cu hnh t; giao din li vo
80 Cng ngh MPLS p dng tror mng MEN (MAN-E)
LDP hoc TDP cn cu hnh gia PE v P. a ch Loopback
cn dng cho LDP Router-id
Hot ng hon i nh x nhn:
t
vc Label M ap p i ng
VT be kap p tng
Company X
Hnh 3.10: Hot ng hon i nin
PEl gi n PE2 bn tin nh x nhn vc
PE2 tr li vi bn tin nh x nhn cha gi r nhn vc
Qu trnh l n hng
* Minh hoa cu th vic hon i nhn

Customer A
TnittodLO{
UMi Exehang or VC1 - LaiMl 10
UM Exchangt for VCf >UM 21
Customer A
Customer 8 CuttoriMM' B
MPLS LDP
CoMPLS LDP
Hnh 3.11: Minh ha hot ng nh Xi nhn
Mng trc MPLS dng nhn IGP (tunnel label) vn chuyn
gi tin VLAN t ILER li vo n LER li ra. LSR li ra^ng nhn
vc la chn giiao din li ra cho gi tin VLAN
Cus A ^ gm VLAN 3 -> VCl label (VC ID=10) gn ti PE
CusB -> gnVLAN2 -> VC2 label (VC ID=21) gn ti PE
Nhn IGP ouiter (50, 90) c gn cho vic nh tuyn trong
mng trc MPLS
Hot ng ca mt phng iu khin: Thit lp vc, trao i
nhn
C^fatof configures tumnel vc
xcorrect PE2 VCIO
pe2ashow mplt fowardtng<ta>i
X Untg9d 12ckt(l)
32 20 P2
LOP Update CacfOM prftHtsUibllifthdd targeted LOP aesalcn):
AToM MOP (PE2]: Sending label mapping meg
VCtype 5, ebK 1, yc kijt^ group kt i , VC iat>et 2^, ttatu 0, mtu ISOO
UDP Update: 1 LDP Update: 1
Prati re i 1 Prefix PI 1
Label (Imp-null) 1 Ubei(41) 1
M t p hng M PLS LSP
VLM ti o I
Hnh 3.12: Hot ng ca mt phng iu khin
Hot ng ca mt phng chuyn tip: nh x gi tr vc
Label, hon i gi tr LSP Label -> Thc hin chuyn tip gi tin
da trn ngn xp nhn
Chuyn ti p gi da trn
ngn xp nhn
\_VLAN10 / \ VLAN10 )
Hnh 3.13: Hot ng ca mt phng chuyn tip
CC DCH V TIM NNG TRN NN
METRO ETHERNET NETWORK
Chng 4
4.1 GII THIU CHUNG
Hin nay, mng Metro Ethernet xy dng trn cc thit b
Metro Ethernet switch hiD 56xx ca Siemens c a vo hoat
ng ti mt s vin thng tnh, thnh ph. Tuy nhin, chc nng
chnh ca mng ny ch l gom cc lung d liu uplink t cc
IP DSLAM trong mng xDSL v kt ni ti cc thit b BRAS
ERX 1400 ca Juniper.
Bng 4.1: Cc dch v trn nn mng Metro Ethernet (MEF)
IETF
Metro Ethernet Forum
(MEF)
Cisco Service Name
Virtual Private Wire
Service (Dch v hu
tuyn ring o)
E-Line Service
Ethernet Line Service
Ethernet Relay Service
Ethernet Wire Service
Virtual Private LAN
Service (Dch v ^N
ring o)
E-^N Service
Ethernet Multipoint
Service
Ethernet Relay Multipoint
Service
Cc dch v c th trin khai trong mng Meo Eiemet cha
c cung cp ti khch hng vi h tng mng ny. Song song ,
chng fa ang trin khai mng Metro Ethernet theo gii php ca
.Cisco vi cc thit b Metro Ethernet switch ca Cisco. Vic trin
khai ny ang trong qu trnh ci t, th nghim nn cng cha
th a vo cung cp dch v. Do vy, tt c cc dch v m mng
Metro Ethernet c th cung cp c vi mt s vin thng tnh,
thnh ph vn ang l cc ch v tim nng c th cung cp trong
tng lai.
Sau y chng ta s xem xt mt cch tng quan cc dch v
v phn loi chng theo kh nng trin khai trn nn MEN. Cc
dch v MEN c bn cht ging nhau nhng tn gi theo cc hng
v cc t chc chc nhau li khc nhau. Sau y chng ta xem xt
tiu chun v tn gi ca cc dch v MEN theo hai t chc quc t
l IETF, Metro Ethernet Forum v mt doanh nghip i u trong
lnh vc cng ngh m chng ta la chn gii php xy dng h
tng mng l Cisco Systems.
Bng 4.1 so snh tn gi cc dch v ca IETF, MEF (Metro
Ethernet Forum) v Cisco. T bng 4.1 ta thy c 2 loi dch v
trn nn Ethernet l im - im hay l E-Line vi cc dch v
nh l Ethernet Private Line, Ethernet Relay Service, hay Ethernet
Line Service v dch v a im - a im hay l E-LAN vi cc
dch v nh Ethernet Multipoint Service v Ethernet Relay
Multipoint Service.
Ta s xt mt s m hnh dch v c th nh sau:

- Kt ni Internet.
- Dch v LAN trong sut (LAN to LAN).
- L2VPN.
- L3VPN.
Chng 4: Cc dch v tim nng trn nn Metro Ethernet Network 85
4.2 CC DCH V IM - IM
Cc dch v im - im c IETF gi chung l dch v hu
tuyn o cn MEF gi l E-Line. Tuy nhin, tham chiu theo quan
im ca Cisco th doanh nghip ny chia cc dch v im ti
im ra lm ba loi ln lt c tn gi l Ethernet Private Line,
Ethernet Relay Service v Ethernet Line Service
Sau y ta nghin cu chung m hnh ca dch v E-Line
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IPP8X
V
Hnh 4.1: M hnh cung cp dch v E-Line
C th thy, ging nh tn gi ca n, dch v E-Line nhm
ni hai im thng qua mng Metro Ethernet, trong :
- Thit b pha khch hng (CE) c th l Router (b nh
tun) hay Switch (b chuyn mch).
- G;ao din mng ca ngi dng UNI (User Network
Inerface)
+ :hun IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PHY v MAC.
86 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mg MEN (MAN-E)
+ lOMbis, lOOMbis, IGbis hay lOGbiU.
+ Lp dch v (CoS: Class of Service).
- EVC (Ethernet Virtual Circuit - Knh o Etemet).
+ Mt EVC l mt kt ni gia 2 hay nhiuNI.
+ EVC gi lp kt ni Ethernet (ging nh 'rame Relay
v ATM PVC).
+ i vi E-Line th EVC l im - im.
Sau y, ta i vo chi tit tng dch v trong badch v imi -
im ieo cch phn loi ca Cisco.
4.2.1 Ethernet Private Line
MON-Senin
Mii^kssd
CPE \ UM
/ pT \
M l2.tTwt4ngAU.
IBOm Bundling
V c
xWOWWMiHti
Hnh 4.2: Dch v Ethernet Private Lr-
Cc c im chnh
- L dch v im - im.
Khng ghp knh dch v.
- Trong sut vd khch hng.
- CPE c th dng l b nh tuyn hoc b chuyn mch.
Kiu dch v ny c th c trin khai khi khch hng c yu
cu dung lng c mg dy ca giao din Ethernet. Dch v ny
c nh ngha rng CE kt ni trc tip ti mt trong nhiu thit
b v EVC c th l mt mch SONET hoc mt bc sng. EPL
(Ethernet Private Line - Tig Ethernet ring) c th dng thay
cho cc dch v WAN (Wide Area Network - Mng din rng)
truyn thng nh BRI/PRI, Tl, T3, V.V.... Nh cung cp c th
cung cp dch v cho khch hng theo nhu cu, c i ln n
IGbis hay thm ch ln n lOGbis. Thit b u cui ca khch
hng c th l b nh tuyn, b chuyn mch hay thm ch l my
tnh c nhn (PC). Nh cung cp c th la chn trin khai EPL
qua SONET/SDH, CDWM hay DWDM. Vic ny trong sut vi
ngi dng cui. EPL rt hu dng cho nhng ng dng quan
trng nh iu tr d phng ti mt v tr khc khi phc nu c
thm ha, V.V..
4.2.2. Ethernet Wire Service
y l dch v cung cp cc kt ni im ni im gia 2 v tr
ca khch hng cho c d liu v thng tin iu khin lp 2. Cc
v tr ca khch hng xem nh trn cng mt mng LAN. EWS l
mt tp con c nh ngha bi IETF VPWS (Internet
Engineering Task Force - Virtual Private Wire Service). Tt c
khung d liu c ng gi vo nhn 802. Iq truyn ong sut
qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v. dch v ny khng c s
ghp knh giao tip NI, do s cung cp EVC (Ethernet
Virtual Connection - Kt ni Ethernet o) cho mi NI.
Chong 4: Cc dch v tim nng trn nn Metro Ethernet Network_________ 67_
88 Cng ngh MPLS p ng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
Vi dch v ny, nh cung cp dch v s cp cho khch hng
mt VLAN-D duy nht. VLAN-ID ny c th khc nhau trn 2
pha ca mng li, d liu ca khch hng s c chuyn tip
(relay) thng qua h thng MPLS bng k thut EoMPLS (Ethernet
over MPLS).
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Hnh 4.3: Dch v Ethernet Wire Service.
4.2.3. Ethernet Relay Service
ERS (Ethernet Relay Service - Dch v Ethernet chuyn tip)
l dch v cung cp cho khch hng cc kt ni im ni im gia
2 v tr ca khch hng. Nhng y khc vi dch v EWS l ch
chuyn d liu, khng chuyn cc khung PDU iu khin ca CE
(Customer Equipment - Thit b pha khch hng). ERS cng l
mt tp con c nh ngha bi IETF VPLS. Dch v ny tomg t
nh dch v Frame Relay, trong ERS dng cc VLAN-ID c
dng xc nh cc mch o. Mi mch o c th kt tic mt
im u xa khc. Nhiu mch o c th to n xng mt cng
vt l (UNI). Tuy VLAN-ID c dng xc nh mch o,
nhng n ch c gi tr ni b, khng yu cu phi ging VLAN-ID
pha xa.
Chng 4: Cc dch v tim nng trn nn Metro Ethernet Network 89
ServK*
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Hnh 4.4: Dch v Ethernet Relay Service
4.3. CC DCH V A IM - A IM
rvok
Dita
Muitipoint4o-Muffipoiit
Ethernet Virtual Circuit
(EVC)
UNI
srvri
iPPX
Volc
Hnh 4.5: M hnh dch v E-LAN
L m hnh kt ni a im - a im hay cc LAN-to-LAN.
Cisco chia ra lm hai dch v c bn l EMS v ERMS.
4.3.1. Dch v EMS
Dch v EMS (Ethernet Multipoint Service - Dch v Ethernet
a im) cung cp dch v VPN lp 2, trong bao gm nhiu v
tr kt ni vi nhau. Cc v tr cc a im vt l khc nhau tham
gia vo cng mt mng LAN. y l dch v bng thng cao tng
thch vi cc ng dng yu cu bng thng t trung bnh n cao.
Cisco cung cp EMS thng qua li 802. Iq (switched LAN) hoc
IP/MPLS.
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Hnh 4.6: Dch v EMS
4.3.2. Dch v ERMS
Dch v ERMS (Ethernet Relay Multipoint Service - Dch v
Ethernet chuyn tip a im) ny c cc c tnh tng t nh
ERS. Dch v ERMS bao gom 2 loi dch v P2MP anoint to
Multipoint: im - a im) v MP2MP (Multipoint to Multipoint:
a im - a im) s dng cu trc VPLS. Cc PDU iu khin
ca CE khng c chuyn tip qua mng ca nh cung cp dch
v. Nhiu CE-VLAN c th dng nh x ti mt NI. Tuy nhin,
cc CE-VLAN khng trong sut m n c nh ngha bi nh
cung cp dch v.
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Hnh 4.7: Dch vu ERMS
NG DNG CA MPLS
TRIN KHAI MPLSBGPVPN
Chng 5
5.1 GII THIU
Cun sch ny m t phng php m nh cung cp dch v
c th s dng mng li IP ca minh cung cp dch v IP VPN
cho khch hng ca mnh. Phng php ny s dng m hnh
ngang hng (peer-to-peer) trong cc b nh tuyn bin khch
hng (CE router) s gi cc tuyn ti b nh tuyn bin nh cung
cp (PE router). BGP (Border Gateway Protocol: Giao thc cng
bin) c s dng trao i cc tuyn ca mt VPN c tii gia
cc PE router, l cc b nh tuyn c gn vi VPN ny. iu
c thc hin theo cch m cc tuyn ca cc VPN khc nhau vn
ring r v tch bit nhau cho d l hai VPN c mt khong a ch
trng nhau. Cc PE router phn b cho cc CE router cc tuyn t
cc CE router khc cng thuc VPN. Cc CE router kt ni ngang
hng vi cc CE router khc bi v khng c mt s xp chng no
hin din i vi thut ton nh tuyn. T IP trong IP VPN c
s dng cho bit cc PE router nhn cc gi IP t CE router,
kim tra mo u IP v sau th nh tuyn chng tng ng.
Mi tuyn trong mt VPN c gn cho mt nhn MPLS, khi
BGP phn b mt tuyn VPN, n cng phn b lun nhn MPLS
cho tuyn . Trc khi mt gi d liu t khch hng di chuyn
qua mng ng trc ca nh cung cp trong mtmng VPN, n
c ng gi vi nhn MPLS ng vi tuyn ph irp nht vi a
ch ch ca gi. Gi MPLS ny li tip tc c lng gi, v d
vi mt nhn MPLS khc hoc l vi mt mo t ng hm IP
hay GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation), n ccti xuyn hm
qua mng ng trc ti mt PE router thch h<p. Do vy cc
p router ca mng ng trc khng cn phi bit ccaiyn ca VPN.
Mc ch chnh ca phng php ny l hctr trng hp
m trong mt khch hng nhn c cc dch VIP ng trc
t mt hoc cc nh cung cp dch v. Khch hag duy tr mi
quan h vi nh cung cp thng qua hp ng. Mkhch hng c
th l mt doanh nghip (enterprise), mt nhm c doanh nghip
c nhu cu v mt mng ngoi (extranet), mt nh cung cp dch
v Internet (ISP), mt nh cung cp dch v ng dng (ASP), mt
nh cung cp dch v VPN khc m s dng phag php ny
gii tiiu dch v VPN cho khch hng ca mnh v.v.... Phng
php ny gip cho khch hng s dng cc dcl v ng trc
mt cch om gin. Ngoi ra n cng rt d m rg v mm do
i vi nh cung cp v cho php nh cung cp gia ng gi tr.
5.2 KIN TRC V NGUYN TC HOT NG
5.2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng
Xem xt mt tp cc v tr c kt ni vi n)t mng ng
trc. By gi chng ta p dng mt s cc chnh sii to ra mt
s cc tp con ca tp ny v p t quy tc sau y: hai v tr c
th c lin kt IP qua mng ng trc ch nu nh c t nht mt
ong s cc tp con cha c hai v . Cc tp con nchnh l VPN.
Chng 5: ng dtng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS BGP VPN 93
Hnh 5. : Cc thnh phn ca mt mng ring o MPLS
5.2.1.1 Thit b bin khch hng
Thit b Ixn khch hng (CE device) cho php khch hng
truy cp vo mng ca nh cung cp trn mt cmg kt ni d liu
ti mt hoc nhiu PE router (B nh tuyn bin nh cung cp).
Cc CE device c th l mt host hoc switch lp 2, nhng thng
thng CE device (thit b bin khch hng) i mt IP router thit
lp lin kt vi PE router. Sau khi thit lp c thc hin, CE
router (b nh tuyn bin khch hng) pht tn tuyn VPN cc b
ca v tx ti PE router v ngc li n hot ng ging nhng
tuyn n cc \ tr khc t PE router.
Mi mt VPM v tr c th c mt hoc nhiu CE device. Mi
CE device c th c ni vi mt hoc nhiu PE router thng qua
mch g. Cc CE device c th l my ch hoc l b nh tuyn.
Trong trng hf tiu biu, mt v tr c th c mt hoc nhiu b
nh tuyn, mt trong c ni vi PE router. Cc b nh
tuyn ca v tr n c ni vi PE router s l cc CE device hoc
l CE router.
i khi, ii b c kt ni vt l vi PE router li l mt b
chuyn mch lp 2, trong trng hp ny, ngi ta khng gi b
chuyn mch lp 2 l CE device. Cc CE deice l my ch
hoc b nh tuyn lin lc vi PE router thng qua b chuyn
mch lp 2, h tng lp 2 l trong sut. Nu thit b lp 2 cung cp
dch v a im th s c nhiu CE device c th orc ni vi PE
router qua cng mt mch g.
Tuy nhin, ch nhng PE router mi c kh? nim v VPN,
cn cc CE router th khng nhn thy nhng g tang din ra bn
trong mng ca nh cung cp v s coi nh chnj c kt
ni vi nhau thng qua mt mng ring.
Cc CE device l phn logic ca VPN khch lng. PE router
v p router l phn logic ca mng nh cung cp dh v.
C th ni rng mt PE router c ni vd lt VPN c th
nu nh n c ni vi mt CE device m CE ievice ny nm
trong v tr ca VPN. Tng t, ngi ta cng c l ni rng mt
PE router c ni vi mt vi tr nu nh n cii vi mt CE
#
device trong v tr ny.
Khi mt CE device l mt b nh tuyn, r> l nh tuyn
ngang hng ca PE c ni vi n nhng n khig phi l nh
tuyn (routing peer) ca cc CE router ca cc v l khc. B nh
tuyn cc v tr khc s khng ao i thng tininh tuyn trc
tip vi nhau. Trn thc t, chng khng cn phi bit nhau. H
qu l, khch hng s khng c mng ng trc hy mng fng
trc o qun l v phi x l cc vn v nltuyl gia cc
v tr. Ni mt cch khc, VPN khng phi l m mng bao ph
(overlay) pha trn ca mng nh cung cp dch VX1.
Xt t kha cnh qun l ca cc thit b bi, cc bin gii
qun l r rng c duy tr gia nh cung cp dh v v khch
hng. Khch hng khng cn phi truy cp vo PE router hay p
router cho cc mc ch qun l v nh cung cp cng khng cn
phi truy cp vo CE device cho cc mc ch qun l.
5.2.1.2 B nh tuyn bin ca nh cung cp
Tt c cc chc nng lin quan n vic thit lp, duy tr v
hot ng ca BGP/MPLS VPN (hay gi ngn l MPLS VPN) u
c t cc PE router. Cc PE router s dng cc giao thc nh
tuyn nh nh tuyn tnh, RIPv2, OSPF (u tin ng m ngn
nht), hay EBGP (External BGP - Giao thc cng bin ngoi)
trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc CE router. Trong khi mt PE
router duy tr thng tin nh tuyn VPN, n ch yu cu cn duy tr
cc ng i VPN cho nhng VPN kt ni trc tip vi n.
Mi PE router c mt VRF (VPN routing and forwarding
tablet: Bng nh tuyn v chuyn tip VPN) cho mi v tr kt ni
trc tip vi n. Mi kt ni ca khch hng (nh Frame Relay
PVC, ATM PVC v VLAN) c nh x vo mt VRF c th. Ch
: nhiu cng ca PE router c th thuc cng mt VRF. y l
kh nng ca cc PE router trong vic duy tr nhiu bng chuyn
tip h tr vic chia tch thng tin nh tuyn theo VPN.
Sau khi hc c ng i VPN cc b t cc CE router, PE
router s dng giao thc IBGP (Internal BGP: Giao thc cng bin
trong) trao i cc thng tin nh tuyn VPN vi cc PE router
khc.
Cc PE router c th m cc phin IBGP ti cc b phn x
tuyn (route reflector) mt khi nim trong BGP Routing, c
c mng lin kt y cc phin IBGP. Vic c nhiu b phn
x tuyn m rng tnh kh m ca m hnh MPLS VPN do cc
Chng 5: ng dng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS BGP VPN___________ 95
thnh phn mng khng cn phi duy tr tt c c< ng i VPN
trong mng.
Cui cng, khi s dng MPLS chuyn di liu VPN trn
mng trc, cc PE router li vo c chc nng gicig nh LSR li
vo v PE router li ra ging nh LSR li ra trong nng MPLS.
5,2.1.3 B nh tuyn i ca nh cung cp
Mng cmg trc ca nh cung cp bao gm c PE router v
cc b nh tuyn khc (gi l p router) l cc b nh tuyn khng
gn vi cc CE device.
Nu mi mt b nh tuyn trong mng g trc nh cung
cp dch v duy tr thng tin nh tuyn cho tt C cc VPN c
h tr bi nh cung cp, th r rng y l mt vn t nghim trng
v tnh kh m, s lng cc v tr c th c h r s b hn ch
do khi lng thng tin nh tuyn m mt b h tuyn c th
lu gi. Do vy cc thng tin nh tuyn v mt /PN c i ch
cn c a cho cc PE router m c gn v VPN . Bn
cht cc p router l cc LSR trong m hnh mig MPLS, chc
nng ca chng l chuyn mch cc gi MPLS rKc ng hm
LSP c thit lp. Do thng tin c chuyn trn mng trc
MPLS s dng chng nhn 2 lp, nn p router ch cn duy tr
cc ng i ti cc PE router, chng khng cn hi duy tr cc
thng tin nh tuyn cho tng VPN c th.
V cc ch s hu ca VPN khng phi qunl mng ng
trc hoc ng trc o, bn thn cc nh cung cp dch v cng
khng phi qun l cc mng ng trc hoc umg tic o cho
tng VPN. nh tuyn v t - v tr trong mng ig trc l ti u
(trong hn ch ca cc chnh sch s dng hn thnh nn cc
VPN ny) v khng b gii hn bng cc kin trc o nhn to ca
cc mg hm no.
5.2..4 VRF
Nh trnh by trn, cc PE router ch quan tm n cc
nh tuyn v k hoch nh s IP ca cc mng khch hng kt
ni trc tip vi n. Rt nhiu k hoch nh s IP b xp chng
ln nhau (v d cc vng a chi dri ring lO.x.y.x). Cc PE
router phi m bo giao thng ca mng A (a ch lO.x.y.z)
khng c chuyn sang mng B (cng c a ch lO.x.y.z). Mi
mt PE router u duy tr mt s cc bng chuyn tip ring bit.
Mt ttong cc bng chuyn tip chnh l bng chuyn tip mc
nh (default forwarding table). Cc bng cn li l cc VRF ( VRP
(VPN: Routing and Forwarding table - Bng chuyn tip v nh
tuyn VPN).
VRF l thnh phn c bit quan trng ca m hnh MPLS
VPN, n cho php cc quyt nh chuyn tip VPN ca cc VPN
khc nhau cng tn ti trn mt b nh tuyn. VRF c to ra
da trn mi VPN bn trong mi PE router v c th h tr nhiu
v tr. Ch c 1 VRF trn mi giao din, nhng c th c nhiu giao
din vi cng VRF ( chnh l trng hp cng khch hng kt
ni t cc v tr khc nhau).
5.2.L5 Mch g
Mi mt Bich g (attachment circuit) PE/CE u c lin
kt vi mt hoc nhiu VRP. Mt mch g lin kt vi mt VRF
c gi l mch g VRF.
Trong ttirng hp ofn gin nht v l trrng hp c trng
nht, mt mch g PE/CE c lin kt vi ng mt VRF. Khi
Chng 5: ng dng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS BGP VPN___________97
mt gi IP c nhn t mt mch g c th, a ch IP ch ca n
s c tm kim trong VRP lin kt. Kt qu c; vic tm kim
xc nh s nh tuyn gi nh th no. VRP ic s dng bi
ingress PE ca gi cho vic nh tuyn mt gi c h c gi l
ingress VRP ca gi. S cng c khi nim egres VRF ca gi,
nm egress PE ca gi.
Nu mt gi IP t mt mch g m khng ln kt vi mt
VRF no, a ch ch ca gi c tm kim troig bng chuyn
tip mc nh v gi s c nh tuyn tong n;. Cc gi c
chuyn tip tng ng vi bng chuyn tip mc h bao gm cc
gi t cc p hoc PE router ln cn, cng nh cc ,i t cc mch
g i din vi khch hng m khng c lin ktî VRF.
Qua trc gic ngi ta c th suy lun rng bng chuyn tip
mc nh cha cc tuyn chung (public route) c VRF th cha
cc tuyn ring (private route). Tng t, ngi ta:ng c th suy
lun rng cc mch g VRF l ring cn cc mc} g phi VRF l
chung.
Nu mt mch g VRF c th ni v tr s vmt PE router,
s kt ni t s (qua mch g ny) c th c hi ch bng cch
kim sot tp cc tuyn i vo VRP tng ng. Tpcc tuyn trong
VRF phi c gii hn bng tp cc tuyn dn n cc v tr m
c t nht mt VPN chung vi s. Lc mt gi c gi t s qua
mt mch g VRP ch c th c nh tuyn bi n mt v tr
S nu nh S cng l trong VPN cng vi s. h vy, lin lc
(qua cc PE router) c ngn cn gia cc cpv tr VPN m
khng c chung VPN. Lin lc gia cc v tr VPhv khng cng
v tr VPN c ngn cn bng cch gi cho cc uyn n v tr
VPN nm ngoi bng chuyn tip mc nh.
98____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mrtg MEN (MAN-E)
Nu c nhiu mch g dn t s n mt hoc nhiu PE ruter
th c th s c nhiu VRF c th c s dng nh tuyn lu
lng t s. hn ch kt ni ca s mt cch thch hp, cng tp
cc tuyn phi tn ti tt c cc VRF.
Bng cch khc ngi ta cng c th p t cc hii ch kt
ni khc qua mch g khc t s. Trong tnrofng hp ny, mt s cc
VRF lin kt vi cc mch g t s c th s cha cc tp tuyn
khc so vi cc VRF khc.
Trng hp mt mch g c lin kt vi mt tp cc VRF
thay v ch mt VRF y l c php. iu ny c th s hu
dng nu nh c yu cu phi chia mt VPN thnh nhiu cc VPN
con (sub-VPN), mi VPN con li c cc hn ch kt ni khc nhau,
trong mt s cc c im ca cc gi ca khch hng c s
dng la chn gia cc VPN con. Tuy nhin omi gin, ngi
ta thng ch ni n mch g c lin kt vi ch mt VRF.
Mt mch g m qua mt gi di chuyn t CE ti PE c
gi l mch g u vo (ingress attachment circuit) ca gi v
PE c gi l ingress PE (PE u vo). Mt mch g m qua
mt gi di chuyn t PE ti CE c gi l mch g u ra (egress
attachment circuit) ca gi v PE c gi l egress PE.
5.2.2. Nguyn tc hot ng
Trong mt mng MPLS VPN tn ti hai ung lu lng.
- Lung iu khin c s dng cho vic phn b cc tuyn
VPN v cho cng chuyn mch nhn (LSP: Label Switched Pati)
- Lung d liu c s dng chuyn tip d liu ca
khch hng
100 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN {(MAN-E)
S.2.2. Lun Mu khin
Trng mt mng MPLS VPN, lung iu khin c cu
thnh t hai lung con.
- Lung th nht chu trch nhim cho vic trao i cc thng
tin nh tuyn gia cc CE router v cc PE router ti vng bin v
gi cc PE router ttong mng ng trc ca nh cung cp
- Lung th hai chu trch nhim thit lp cc LSP gia cc
PE router xuyn qua mng cmg trc ca nh cung cp
a) Trao i thng tin nh tuyn
Cc VRP phi c phn b vi cc thng tin nh tuyn
chnh xc cho cc VPN tng ng. D liu ny phi c cch ly
cho mi VRF v khng th b nh hng sang VRP khc. MPLS
VPN (c m t trong [2]) h tr vic xp chng cc khong a
ch (cc khong a ch ring c nh ngha trong RFC 1918),
cho php nh ngha cc tuyn VPN duy nht trong mng li nhng
vic s dng cc a ch IP ring khng b hn ch pha khch
hng. Tt c cc c im ny c thc hin bng cch s dng
cc a ch VPN-IPv4. cu trc ca a ch ny c biu din
trong hnh 5.2.
Type Field
Administrator
Subfield
Assigned Number
Subfieid
IPv4 Address
Prefix
1 . . . . _
Trng Type
(2 byte)
Trng Value
(6 byte)
Route Distingusher (8 byte) ' Ipv4 Address (4 bytfe)
Hnh 5.2: cu trc a ch VPN-IPv4
Mt a ch VNP-IPv4 c di 12 byte, bt u vi mt b
phn bit tuyn (Route Distinguisher: RD) di 8 byte v kt thc
vi a ch IPv4 di 4 byte. Nu nhiu VPN s dng cng mt tin
t a ch IP, cc PE s dch cc tin t ny thnh cc tin t a ch
VPN-IPv4 duy nht. bo m l nu nh cng a ch c s
dng trong cc VPN khc nhau, th BGP phi c kh nng mang
cc tuyn hon ton khc nhau i vi a ch , mi tuyn cho
mt VPN.
Mt RD ch cm thun l mt s v n khng cha bt k mt

thng tin vn c no, n khng nh danh gc ca tuyn hoc tp
cc VPN m tuyn c phn phi ti .
Cc RD c cu trc sao cho mi mt nh cung cp dch v
c th qun tr khng gian s ca ring mnh, c ngha l c th t
thc hin vic gn RD, m khng s xung t vi vic gn RD
c thc hin bi cc nh cung cp khc. Mt RD gm c 2
trng: trng Type di 2 byte v trng Value di 6 byte. Trong
trng Value li c chia thnh hai trng con l trng
Administrator (qun l) v trcmg Assigned Number (gn s).
Vic nh s h thng m bo tt c cc VRF u c mt
nh danh duy nht trn ton mng, do mt VPN c th tri trn
nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau, vy nn trng Administrator
thng cha mt s h thng t tr (ASN: Autonomous System
Number) v s ny c cp t khong ADN cng cng.
RD c cu hnh trn mi b nh tuyn ca nh cung cp
dch v cho mi VRJF v c th c hoc khng lin quan n mt v
tr hoc VPN. Tuy nhin, chi trn mi VPN dng cng RD s gim
c phc tp ca cu hnh.
Chng 5: ng dng ca MPLS trn khai MPLS BGP VPN___________
She 1 ,
10.1/16
'CE3
Hnh 5.3: Lung iu khin trong mt MPLS VPN
Vic cp nht thng tin nh tuyn c thc hin ing qua
giao thc cng bin (BGP: Border Gateway Protocol). Cc PE
router lin lc vi nhau thng qua internal BGP (iBPG) vi phn
m rng a giao thc ca BGP. RD tr thnh 1 hn ca tarng
thng tin lp mng c th t c (NLRI: Network Layer
Reachability Information) trong vic cp nht thrg tin nh tuyn
ca MP BGP.
Vic cp nht nh tuyn ca BGP lun da vo vic nhp/kt
xut cc chnh sch nh tuyn ca mi b nh tu/n c i. Vic
s dng giao thc ny cng lm cho cc tuyn khcng phi IPv4 c
th qung b c thng qua BGP. Chi tit v vn phn phi
thng tin nh tuyn gia cc PE router c l t trong phn
4.3.2 ca [2].
Trong hnh 5.3 trn PEl c cu hnh linkt vi VRF
bng mt giao din m thng qua n hot ig cc tuyn t
CEl. Khi CEl qung co tuyn cho tin t 10.1/16ti PEl, PEl s
t mt tuyn cc b ti 10.1/16 ong VRF .
PEl qung co tuyn cho 10.1/16 n PE2 s dmg iBGP. Trc
khi qung co tuyn ny, PEl chn mt nhn MPIS, v d 222,
qung co cng vi tuyn v gn a ch tr (dng) li ca n l
a ch chng tip theo BGP cho tuyn ny.
Khi PE2 nhn qung co tuyn t PEl, n s xc nh xem c
phi t mt tuyn n tin t 10.1/16 trong VRF khng bng
cch thc hin thao tc lc tuyn (route filtering) da vo thuc
tnh cng ng m rng BGP (BGP extended community attribute)
c mang theo cng vi tuyn. Theo [2], vic hn ch phn b
thng tin nh tuyn gia cc PE router c thc hin nh vo s
dng thuc tnh cng ng m rng BGP (Route Target). Nu PE2
quyt nh t tuyn n tin t 10.1/16, n s qung co tuyn ny
n CE2.
b) Thit lp cc LSP
s dng MPLS chuyn tip cc d liu VPN trn mng
li, cc LSP phi c thit lp gia cc PE router hot ng cng
tuyn v cc PE router pht ra tuyn . Cc LSP c th c thit
lp v duy tr dc theo mng ca nh cung cp bng cch s dng
giao thc LDP hoc RSVP.
Nh cung cp s s dng LDP nu h mun thit lp mt LSP
ti UXI nht gia cc PE router. Trong trng hp ny LSP s i
cng theo tuyn inh l lu lng ti u nht.
Nh cung cp s s dng RSVP nu h mun hoc l gn bng
thng cho LSP boc l s dng TE (k thut lu lng) chn l
mt tuyn ring cho LSP. Cc LSP da trn RSVP h tr m bo
cht lng dch v QoS v cc vn v TE.
m bo kh nng tng tc gia cc nh sn xut khc
nhau, tt c cc PE v p router yu cu ti iiu phi h tr LDP.
Chng 5: ng dng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS BGP VPN____________ 103
Nu s dng LDP (giao thc phn phi nhn), mt mng lin
kt y ca cc LSP ti u nht c thit lp trong mng trc
h tr kt ni PE n PE. Cc LSP da trn RSVP (giao thc
dnh trc ti nguyn) c u tin cao hn cc LSP da trn
LDP. Nu tn ti c hai loi LSP trn mt cp lin kt PE router,
cc LSR li vo s chn LSP da trn RSVP thay v chn LSP da
trn LDP. M hnh ny h tr cu hnh tng dn ca LSP da trn
RSVP trong mng trc.
s.2.2.2 Lung d liu
Trong mt mng MPLS VPN vic truyn d liu gia cc
im cui ca VPN qua MPLS. Cc gi IP c gn nhn ti PE
router li vo (ph thuc vo FEC tng ng) v chuyn i theo
LSP.
Mng 7 '^
-------- V nh cung cp ---------
Hnh 5.4: Lung d liu trong MPLS VPN
S khc nhau duy nht gia mt gi MPLS VPN v mt gi
MPLS bt k l gi VPN s mang 2 nhn.
Trong phn trc chng ta trnh by chi tit v ngn xp
nhn, h thng phn cp v hot ng tro nhn MPLS. C ch
hot ng ca mt MPLS VPN tun theo nguyn tc chmg ,
nhn trn cng c s dng chuyn gi tin ti PE route! l ra,
nhn c g b ti v c chuyn tip ti ch cui cng da
theo a ch IP ch. Tuy nhin, trong MPLS VPN, a ch P ca
khch hng c th v thng b xp chng ln, do , PE router phi
cn thm cc thng tin khc nhn bit v chuyn gi tin ti khch
hng thch hp; khi , nhn bn trong (nhn y) s cung cp
thng tin ny. Mt cch ngn gn, nhn bn ngoi c dng
nh tuyn gi tin ong min MPLS ti b nh tuyn u ra, nhn
bn trong c dng chuyn gi tin ti khch hng tng ng.
Trong hnh 5.4, gi s my c a ch 10.2.3.4 ( v tr 2)
mun lin lc vi my c a chi 10.1.3.8 ( v t* 1) n s chuyn
tip tt c cc gi n a ch cng ngm nh (a ch ca CE2).
Khi cc gi i n CE2, CE2 s thc hin mt tra cu tuyn trong
bng nh tuyn ca mnh v s chuyn cc gi IPv4 n PE2. Khi
PE2 nhn c cc gi n s tra cu trong bng VRF v thu
c cc thng tin sau:
- Nhn MPLS (c qung co cng vi tuyn), v d trn
l 222
- Giao thc cng bin chng tip theo cho tuyn (l a ch
loopback ca PEl)
- Giao din i ca LSP t PE2 n PEl
*
- Nhn MPLS ban u cho LSP t PE2 n PEl
Lu lng khch hng c chuyn tip t PE2 n PEl bng
MPLS vi mt ngn xp nhn gm 2 nhn. i vi dng d liu
ny th PE2 l LSR u vo v PEl l LSR u ra ca LSP. Trc
khi truyn mt gi, PE2 s y nhn 222 vo ngn xp nhn ca
gi, nhn ny nm y ngn xp nhn. Nhn ny c t trong
VRF khi PE2 nhn c qung co iBGP cho tuyn 10.1/16.
Chng S: ng dng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS 8GP VPN____________105
Tip theo, PE2 y thm mt nhn lin quan n LSP da trn
LDP hay RSVP (l giao thc cng bin chng tip theo ca tuyn
) vo ngn xp, nhn ny nm trn cng ca ngn xp nhn.
Sau khi to ra ngn xp nhn gm 2 nhn, PE2 chuyn tip gi
MPLS n giao din i ti p router u tin trong LSP t PE2 n
PEl. Cc p router trn mng li chuyn tip gi MPLS xuyn qua
mng li ch da vo nhn trn cng (thc hin vic tro nhn nh
m t). Router p cht ca PEl s y nhn trn cng ra (lc
ny trong ngn xp ch cn nhn 222) v chuyn gi n PEL
Khi PEl nhn c gi n s y nt nhn cui cng trong
ngn xp ra chuyn gi MPLS lc li tr thnh gi IPv4 gc
v s dng nhn 222 nh danh thit b CE ong mch g,
chnh l chng tip theo ca 10.1/16. Cui cng, PEl s chuyn
tip gi IPv4 n CEl, CE 1 s chuyn tip gi n my 10.1.3.8.
s.2.2.3 Xy dng cc VPNs dng Route Target
S phn b cc thng tin nh tuyn c ch ng thng qua
vic s dng cc thuc tnh BGP m rng (BGP extended
attribute). Cc thuc tnh ny c mang theo cng vi thng ip
BGP nh l cc thuc tnh ca tuyn. Chng nh danh tuyn nh
l iuc v mt tp cc tuyn ring bit, tt c chng c x l
nh nhau i vi chnh sch nh tuyn. Mi mt cng ng BGP
m rng phi l duy nht (hm cha mt a ch IP hoc mt ASN)
v c ti c s dng bi mt VPN. Tuy nhin mt VPN cho
trc c th s dng nhiu cc cng ng BGP m rng kim
sot vic phn b thng tin nh tuyn. MPLS VPN s dng cc
thuc tnh BGP m rng di 32 bit tng kh m bi nh vy
mt nh cung cp c th c ti 2^^ cng ng thay v 2^ nh trong
106___________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
BGP-4. Bi VI mi mt thuc tnh cng ng (community attribute)
c cha mt ASN duy nht ton cc, do nh cung cp c th
kim sot vic phn b cc b trong khi vn duy tr c s duy
nht ton cc.
Cc VPN hot ng theo m hnh c m t trong [2] c th
s dng ti ba loi khc nhau ca thuc tnh cng ng m rng
BGP (BGP extended community attribute)
- Thuc tnh Route Target nh danh mt tp hp cc v trs
(VRF) m mt PE router s phn b tuyn ti. Mt PE router s
dng thuc tnh ny ch ng vic nhp khu (import) cc tuyn
vo cc VRF ca n.
- Thuc tnh VPN-of-origin nh danh mt tp hp cc v
v thit lp tuyn tng ng xut pht t mt trong cc v tr tiuc
tp hp.
- Thuc tnh v tr ca ngun nh danh mt v tr c bit m
t mt PE router s hc mt tuyn. N c m ha l mt
thuc tnh cng ng m rng s dng cho vic chng vng lp
trong nh tuyn.
Bng cch t cc Import Target v Export Target mt cch
chnh xc, ngi ta c th xy dng nn cc loi mng VPN
khc nhau.
Gi s, yu cu phi to ra mt nhm ngi s dng ng
c mc ni y (full mesh) vi nhau, ngha l mt tp cc v
tr m mi v tr c th gi lu lng n trc tip v tr kia, nhng
lu lng li khng th c gi hoc nhn t cc v tr khc. Mi
mt v tr c lin kt vi mt VRF, ch mt Route Target c
la chn, Route Target ny c gn cho tng VRF va l Import
Chng 5: ng dng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS BGP VPN___________
Target va l Export Target v RT ny khng c gm (ho bt k
mt VRF no khc d l Import Target hay Export Target
Cng nh vy, gi s ngi ta yu cu to ra im: hub and
spoke VPN. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch sdng hai
Route Target, mt l hub v mt cho spoke. Ti cc V c g
vi cc hub v tr th hub l Export Target v spokie l Import
Target. Ti cc VRF c g vi cc spoke v tr th hub l Import
Target v spoke l Export Target.
Cc phomg php kim sot vic phn b thmg tin nh
tuyn gia cc tp khc nhau ca cc v tr l rt mm do, ci
mang li s linh hot khi xy dng cc VPN.
5.3 NH GI
MPLS VPN l cng ngh da trn chun mi nht h tr
trin khai cc mng ring trn h tng MPLS. N kt hp c
cc li th ca cc loi IP VPN khc. Ngoi ra, mng MPLS hin
nay thng c vn hnh ch bi mt nh cung cp, hiu nng
im n im c m bo. Di y l mt s cc li i ca
mng ring o MPLS.
5.3.1 Tnh ring t
M hnh VPN c trnh by trong cun ny, cho d l khng
s dng cc bin php mt m bo mt, cng cung cp mt mc an
ninh nht nh tng tng vi mc m ngi ta c th t c
khi s dng mng ng trc lp 2. MPLS gn mt nhn duy nht
vo tng gi IP ca khch hng v mng MPLS s chuyn cc gi
n ch tun theo nhn c gn m khng phi theo a ch
IP. Vic gn nhn c thc hin cng vo (cng vt l) do vy
lu lng ca mt khch hng khng bao gi b ln sang lu lng
108____________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng IMEN (MAN-E)
ca mt khch hng khc v thm ch l khng th b ng chm
bi cc cng dic ca cng mt khch hng, truy cp tri php
c bo v ti mng li ca nh cung cp. C ngha l, nu khng
c vic cu hnh sai hoc c kt ni gia cc VPN khc nhu, th
mt h thng trong mt VPN khng th c c quyn truy nhp
vo mt h thng trong mt VPN khc. Tt nhin l cc phng
php m t y khng t m ha d liu m bo tnh ring
t, m cng khng cung cp mt phng thc xc nh xem d
liu c b ph hy trn ng i. Nu vn c t ra, cc
bin php mt m c th c p dng b sung.
Nh vy, tnh ring t trong mt MPLS VPN l ngang bng
vi cc ATM/FR VPN ni m PVC/DLCI (Data Link Connection
Identifier; B nhn dng kt ni lin kt d liu) c s dng
phn tch lu lng (hnh 5.5).
Ngc li, cc mng IP VPN qua mng Internet d b tn cng
v xm nhp, lu lng IP t nhng k xm nhp tri php c th
t n c thit b u cui ca khch hng, chnh l ro cn
xm nhp cui cng v phi c lp k hoch v qun l thng
qua cc chuyn gia an ninh.
Hnh 5.5: Phn tch lini lng trong ATM/FR VPN v MPLS VPN
110 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trng mng MEN (MAN-E)
5.3.2 Tnh n gin
Trong mt MPLS VPN c trng, kt ni gia CE router v
PE router l mt lin kt vt l n. Ton b lu lng vo v ra
cc v tr u qua lin kt ny, MPLS s m nhim vic nh tuyn
v chuyn tip. N khng i hi phi c nhiu cng kt ni WAN
trn router nh m hnh IPLC VPN (International Private Leased
Circuit; Thu knh o quc t) (th h u tin ca VPN), cng
khng cn c nhiu knh o (VC) nh trong m hnh ATM/FR
VPN. Do s lng cng WAN trn b nh tuyn gim, vy gi
thnh ca cc thit b b nh tuyn gim ng k.
Ngoi ra, bng thng ca mt lin kt c th chia s cho cc
lu lng i vi tt c cc v tr khc trong khi cc vc ca IPLC
hoc ATM/FR l ginh ring cho tng cp im (hnh 5.6).
Kt ni vt
I i r r i T l i r wng chuyn mch nhn (LSP)
Hnh 5.6: Knh vt l v cc ng chuyn mch nhn
5.3.3 Ci thin hiu nng
MPLS VPN s dng cc nhn chuyn mch cc gi thay v
kim tra tng a ch IP nh tuyn cc gi n ch. Do vy
MPLS c c hiu nng toTig ng vi mng ATM v tt nhin
l vt xa so \'i cc mng nh tuyn IP v mng FR cc kha
cnh v tr im cui-n-im cui v nng lc x l lu
lufng. Ngoi ra cc nh cung cp c th thu c mt t l gi
thnh/hiu nng khi trin khai cc thit b MPLS, ng ngha vd
vic gim cc chi ph u t, vn hnh, khai thc v gin tip c th
gim gi dch v cho khch hng.
5.3.4 Tng cng tnh sn sng
Hin ti cc mng MPLS VPN thTig c vn hnh ch bi
mt nh cung cp. iu ny l do s lin kit gia cc mng MPLS
trc tip ti lp MPLS vn cn cc vn v tng thch v
qun l. Cc nh cung cp ton cu s thit lp cc im truy cp
(PoP) ca ring mnh ti cc quc gia hay vng lnh th khc nhau
v gii thiu khch hng dch v im cui-n-im cui. Do vy
ton b cc phn mng s c coi nh l mt mng duy nht v
do vy hiu nng im cui-n-im cui c th c gim st,
cc li c th d dng c gim st v khc phc. Thi gian
ngng dch v c th gim ng k.
5.3.5 Cht lng dch v
Trong mt mng MPLS VPN, lun lng khch hng c
nh danh bng cc nhn MPLS. Nhn MPLS mang theo cc thng
tin quan trng khc cho bit lp ca lu lng, v d lp m
thanh/hnh nh hay lp d liu. Thit b MPLS cng vi cc thnh
phn khc trong mng s c cu hnh gn cho cc lp lu
lng quan trng cc mc u tin cao hn, v d nh cc ng
dng v m thanh/hnh nh v do duy tr c tr cng nh
t l mt gi mc thp cho cc ng dng nh vy. Hnh 5.7 m t
s phn lp dch v trn c s im cui-n-im cui.
Chng 5: ng ng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS BGP VPN________ 111
CE
112 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (yiAN-E)
IP IP IP IP
(p
IP
Lii>u ki^ng Ifu tin (m thanh/hnh nh)
Lu<u kivng d iiu
Lti*u tvng idic
Hnh 5.7; Phn lp dch v trong MPLS VPN
5.4 M BO CHT LNG DCH v
5.4.1 Yu cu
Trong mi trng cnh tranh ngy nay, cc nh cung cp dch
v lun tm cch tng doanh thu v cng lc gim vn u t v
chi ph vn hnh. T gc thc t, iu c ngha l:
- Cung cp cc dnh v sinh li mi nh thoi v m bo
bng thng cho ng dng quan trng ca chch hng (business-
critical application).
- Di tr (migrating) cc dch v lp 2 n cc mng k ia nh
ATM v FR sang h tng mng IP, iu s lm gim s cn thit
phi duy tr cng mt lc nhiu loi mng khc nhau. S thch thc
ny nm ch c dch v mi v dch v k tha u i hi cc
tha thun mc dch v (SLA: Service Level Aggrement) cht ch.
Cc tho thun mc dch v nh ngha cht lng dch v v
lu lng di chuyn trn mng cn phi c v c th hin qua
cc thng s nh tr, rung pha, m bo bng thng, n hi
sau khi mc li v thi gian ngng dch v.
Nh chng ta xem xt cc phn trc, dch v mng ring
o l mt dch v y ha hn cho cc nh cung cp dch v v
vic m bo cht lng dch v cho mng ring o l vn c
cc nh cng ngh rt quan tm.
5.4.2 Gii php k thut
Khi mng ATM c s dng l mng ng trc ngi ta c
th s dng cc tnh nng QoS ca ATM p dng cho cc MPLS
VPN c trin khai trn . Tuy nhin trong cun sch ny chng
ta ni n hai cch tip cn khc c lin quan trc tip v cng l
cch tip cn tng qut mang tnh chun c th m bo cht
lng dch v cho mt MPLS VPN. Cch tip cn th nht l
DiffServ (cc dch v c phn ioi) v cch tip cn th hai l
Traffic Engineering (k thut lu lng).
5.4.2.I DiffServ
Nhng n lc u tin nhm mang li cht lng dch v
(QoS) trong cc mng IP da trn m hnh lu lng theo ng
dng (IntServ), trong cc ng dng ring r yu cu m bo
cht lng dch v trc tip t mng. Giao thc bo hiu RSVP
(Resource Reservation Protocol: giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn)
c s dng phn b cc yu cu ti cc nt trn mng v
trng thi cn phi c duy tr cho mi chng dc theo tuyn
mg. Vi hng triu cc lung giao thng trn mng, cch tip
cn ny chng t l khng c tnh kh m v phc tp. Mt m
hnh DiffServ c ra i sau .
DiffServ tip cn vn v QoS bng cch chia lu lng
thnh mt s lng nh cc lp v chim dng ti nguyn mng
trn c s ca tng lp. c th trnh c giao thc bo hiu,
lp ny c nh du trc tip gi, trong trng DiffServ
Chng 5: ng dng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS BGP VPN___________
114 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong nung MEN (MAN-E)
Point Code (DSPC) di 6 bit. Trng DSPC l plin ca trng
dch v (Type of Service) trong mo u IP. IETF c nh ngha li
trng rt t c s dng ny thnh hai trmg con l ng
DSPC (6 bit) v trng ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification:
hin thng bo tc nghn) (hnh 5.8).
MBZ:
TOS: Loi ddi v
DSCP: M im cht lng dch v c phn loi
ECN: Hin thng bo tc nghn
mnh 5.8: TOS, DSCP v ECN
DSPC xc nh ng thi QoS ca gi ti m nt c th trn
mng. Ci ny c gi l ng thi theo chng (PIB) v c th
hin thng qua vic nh thi (scheduling) v lo3 mc u tin
(drop precedence) ca gi. T gc trin khai, PB c chuyn
thnh hng i (queue) c s dng chuyn t>, xc sut loi
b trong trcmg hp hng i khng vt ngng, cc ti nguyn
c chim gi cho tng hng i v tn sut m hng i c
phc v. IETF nh ngha 14 PHB chun.
Tm li, DiffServ mang li mt cch x l clun tip phn
bit cho lu lng, do p t QoS cho cc lunglu lng khc
nhau. y l gii php kh m, khng yu cu fi c bo hiu
theo lung v duy tr ng thi mng li. Tuy nhn n li khng
th c m bo nu nh tuyn ng khng c ti nguyn
p ng cc yu cu v QoS.
s.4.2.2 MPLS DiffServ
Trong RFC 3270 c m t cc c ch h m MPLS h tr
DiServ. Thch thc th nht i vi vic h tr DiffServ trong
mt mng MPLS l vic cc LSR thc hin cc quyt nh
chuyn tip ch da trn phn mo u MPLS, nh vy PHB cn
phi c lun ra t . IETF gii quyt vn ny bng cch
s dng trng EXP di 3 bit trong nhn MPLS mang thng tin
DiServ trong MPLS.
s.4.2.3 iu khin lu lng MPLS (MPLS Traffic Engineering)
iu khin lu lng (TE: Traffic Engineering) c s dng
t c cc mc tiu v hiu nng nh l ti u ha ti nguyn
mng v sp t lu lng i theo cc lin kt c th. T gc
thc t, iu c ngha vic tnh ton tuyn ng t ngun n
ch l thuc vo tp cc rng buc v vic chuyn tip lu lng
dc theo tuyn ng . Chuyn tip lu lng theo mt tuyn
c nh vy khng thc hin c i vi IP v quyt nh
chuyn tip trong mng IP c thc hin c lp ti mi chng v
ch da vo a ch IP ch.
MPLS c th d dng lm c vic chuyn tip Imi lng
theo mt tuyn ty . Cc tnh nng nh tuyn hin (explicit
routing) cho php im xut pht ca LSP tnh ton tuyn ng,
thit lp frng thi chuyn tip dc tuyn ng v sp cc gi vo
LSP ny. Mt khi gi c sp vo LSP, vic chuyn tip c
thc hin nh vo nhn v khng c mt chng trung gian no thc
hin cc quyt nh chuyn tip c lp da trn a ch IP ch.
MPLS-TE c a ra u th (priority) LSP. Mc ch ca u
th l nh du mt s cc LSP l quan trng hom cc LSP
khc v cho php chng s dng ti nguyn ca cc LSP km quan
ng hn.
Chng 5: ng dng ca MPLS trin khai MPLS BGP VPN___________ 11^
Trong Chng 2 chng ta c ni v ng hm nh tuyn
theo tng chng v ng hm nh tuyn hin. y l hai k thut
nh tuyn c bn trong mng MPLS. c th h TE trn
mng MPLS cc LSR cn phi h tr cc giao thc c h tr TE
nh l CR-LDP hoc RSVP-TE.
5.4.3 nh gi
Khi cc nh cung cp dch v trin khai cc dch v sinh li
mi n mng ca h m ch s dng DiffServ, bng cch gn cc
ng dng cho cc lp khc nhau v nh du lu lng tng ng
th s bo m c cht lng dch v mt mc no . Tuy
nhin m bo vic nh thi nghim ngt, thi vic nh du lu
lng l khng . Nu lu lng i theo mt tuyn ng vi cc
ti nguyn thiu ht c th tha mn cc yu cu v hiu nng
nh t hay tr tim tng, th cc tho thun mc dch v
(SLA) khng th c tha mn. v mt nguyn tc, nh cung cp
dch v c th gii quyt vn ny bng cch s dng d liu
tha (overprovisioning) trnh c nghn. Ngoi vic lng ph
t gc tn dng ti nguyn th cch tip cn dng bng thng
gii quyt vn khng th mang li s m bo nu nh vic
nghn khng phi l do thiu bng thng m l do s c ca cc
lin kt hay cc nt mng.
iu khin lu lng MPLS (MPLS-TE) thit lp cc cmg
chuyn mch nhn dc theo cc lin kt vi cc ti nguyi ang
sn sng, iu m bo l bng thng lun lun sn sng cho
mt dng lu lng c th v cng c th trnh c nghn trong
c hai trng thi bnh thng cng nh c s c.
116___________________ Cng ngh MPLS p ng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
THC T TRIN KHAI TI VIT NAM

6.1 NGUYN TC THIT K, THC HIN
Mng th h tip theo (NGN) ca VNPT c trin khai
theo kin trc phn cp bao gm 3 lp chnh, bao gm lp i
(core layer), lp tp hp (aggregation layer) v lp truy nhp
(access layer). Kin trc phn cp ny m bo tnh n gin v
kh nng m rng ca mng trong tng lai. Mng li c chc
nng gi cc gi t giao din vo n giao din ra ca mng mt
cch nhanh nht c th. Mc li nn c thit k cng n gin
cng tt. Chc nng ca lp tp hp ging nh chnh ci tn ca
n c dng tp hp cc nt truy nhp khc nhau ca mng.
Mi tnh trong quc gia c ni vi mng li bng t nht
mt b nh tuyn m c ni mch vi mt mt li ca
mng li. Trong tng lai c th c cc b nh tuyn v cc
ng kt ni c ci t thm nhng im dch v cc
tnh phc v cho mc ch d phng. Tuy nhin c th cc im
dch v ti cc tnh ny chnh l cc im tp hp ca tt c cc
lu lng vo/ra ca mt tnh. Khng c bt c mt tnh no
c ni trc tip vi nhau. Tt c cc lu lng vo/ra ca mt
tnh s c tiiyn thng qua mng li. Mng li l im tp hp
ca tt c cc lu lng mng t mt tnh ny n mt tnh khc.
Chng 6
118 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng (MAN-E)
6.2 KIN TRC H THNG
6.2.1 Mng li
Cu trc vt l ca mng xng sng c thit c cung
cp mt mng ph rng khp Vit Nam. cu trc mg li gm
3 a im chnh c ni vi nhau thnh hnh tam ic. Trong
qu trnh trin khai ban u, cc ng lin kt cc Mti v tr
kt ni l cc mch 0C-3/STM-1 ong s mr^ mt li
tng phn, kt ni 3 p router vi nhau. m bo \i nng cao
tin cy ca mng trong tng lai nn cn tiit i t cc
p router d phng cho mi a im chnh ca mng M.
Mnfl
truy nhp
/
/
/
/ Bms
Mng
tp hp
BRA?
BRAS: Broadband Remote Access Server -
my ch truy cp t xa bng rng
Hnh 6. : M hnh thit k mng
Chng 6: Thc th trin khai ti Vit Nam 119
Cc v tr chnh ca mng c t ti cc thnh ph ln
ca Vit Nam, l H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng. Ban u cc
thit b trong mng li ch c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc
ng STM-1. Hin nay cc kt ni c nng cp thnh cc
lung STM-16.
Ba a im ny s ch kt ni ngoi vi cc nh cung cp
dch v khc. Ban u cc ng truy nhp ti Internet ngoi
c cung cp thng qua Gateway Internet ca VDC. Do tt
c cc lu lng Internet phi c hot ng cha trong tng
la, tmg la s c cung cp thng qua mng lAP.
6.2.2 Mng tp hp
Ta xt s mng sau:
hai PhAns
Qung NktH
r*-
L*m ng
1^1 1^1 l ^
Mu Khnh HAb 04 Nng
Hnh 6 2: M hnh mng NGN ca VNPT trn thc t
Theo tait k ban u, mng NGN (Next Generation
Network) Cia Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam
(VNPT), c thm mt lp mng na gi l mng tp hp (nu
nhn t pha khch hng vo mng li), hay l mng phn phi
(distribution network). Chc nng ca lp mng ny l im cho
mng li c thc s n gin v tng sn sng ca mng
khi c s c. Cc thit b mng tp hp s c kt ni vi
cc BRAS (Broadband Remote Access Server: my ch truy cp
t xa) t ti cc tnh thnh.
6.2.3 Mng truy nhp
Theo thit k ban u th mng truy nhp (access network)
s bao gm cc nt BRAS t ti cc tnh thnh ph. ng ln
ca cc BRAS c kt ni vi cc thit b t ti mng tp hp
v cmg xung c ni vi cc DSLAM cung cp dch v
ti khch hng. Ti cc tnh, thnh ph nh s khng c cc
thit b BRAS, m cc thit b mng tp hp s ng vai tr
cc BRAS. thi im ban u hu ht cc kt ni ch dng
mc STM-1 hoc nxSTM-1, nhng hin nay dung lng mg
truyn tng ln ng k. Ti cc tnh, thnh ph ln nh H
Ni hay TP. H Ch Minh ng truyn c nng cp ln
GE (Giga Ethernet) hoc lOGE.
120 _______________Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
6.2.4 Mng thc t
gim chi ph khi trin khai pha u tin ca mni NGN,
ngi ta khng thc hin nh thit k ban u. Cc thit b
BRAS c ni thng n cc thit b trong mng li. Nh
m t mc 4.2.3, ti cc tnh, thnh ph nh s khtg c
u t BRAS m s dng lun cc thit b mng tp lp lm
thit b cho mng truy cp. M hnh trin khai thc t drc th
hin trong hnh 6.2.
Chng 6: Thc th trn khai t Vit Nam 121
6.2.5. Tch hp vi mng VNN ti cc tnh, thnh ph
cung cp a dch v v a truy nhp trn c s h tng
mng NGN bn vng duy nht, s mng sau y c xy
dng mi tinh ni mng ca VNPT c th tch hp mng truy
nhp quay s VNN vo trong mng BRAS truy nhp ng thu
bao s ng thu bao s hin ti v kt ni vi mng NGN.
M hnh ny s to nn cc PoP phn tn ti mi tnh
cung cp cc ng truy nhp m-em cp, ng dy thu
ring, DSL v quay s (dial-up) ti ngi dng u cui. Trung
tm d iiu ti mi tnh cng s c phn tn ti nhiu nc m
c th cung cp cc ng dng Internet v a phng tin ti
khch hng a phng. iu s lm gim i mt s lng
ln cc lu lng lun chuyn trn mng li.
RAS
Khch
hng Dial-up
Internet
Hng iu*u VPN
Hnh 6.3: Hng lu lng trong mng VNN
thi im ban u ton b lu lng t khch hng u
c chuyn ti qua mng li. Khi s lng ngi s dng dch
v Internet tc cao (HSI: High Speed Internet) ln qu cao,
vic tc nghn lu lng thng xuyn xy ra trn mng.
gii quyt vn , hng lu lng c chuyn i. C
th, hng lu lng Internet tc cao HSI c nh tuyn
thng n VDC sau c nh tuyn ra Internet. Lu lng
qua mng li ch cn l cc lu lng cn c h tr cht
lng dch v (QoS) nh u lng ca cc mng ring o.
6.2.6 Kt ni vi MEN ca 63 tnh thnh v VTN NGN li
Sp ti, mng Metro Ethernet ca trung tm vin thng
tnh, thnh ph s kt ni mng IP/MPLS aggregation vi li
NGN ca VNPT ichai thc trit cc dch v c sn, cng
nh a thm nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng khc. Gii php
Carrier Ethernet ca Cisco l mt la chn ng n cho cc
yu cu k thut phc tp, cc yu cu tonig thch a dng v
kh nng m rng ca h thng mng.
v c bn, h tng mng Caier Ethernet bao gm 5
phn lp:
- Lp mng trc (IP/MPLS core): hnh thnh mt li
chuyn mch gi chung da trn cng ngh MPLS, kt ni tt
c cc tnh thnh trong c nc.
- Lp mng bin (IP/MPLS Edge): x l thng tin trc khi
vo core MPLS. Bc tch nhn, gn nhn, thc hin cung cp
dch v, thit lp QoS MPLS, k thut lu lng, v.v...
- Lp mng tp trung lu lng (IP/MPLS Aggregation
over Ethernet): m bo tp trung lu lng t cc mng truy
cp (IP DSLAM, ETTx, UMTS, vTv...) ti mng trc (BRAS)
^ Lp mng truy cp (Access): cung cp kt ni dch v ti
khch hng (cc dch v Cable, xDSL, PON hay ETTx, v.v...)
thng qua cc thit b truy cp nh IP DSLAM, ETTx, UMTS
hay chuyn mch Ethernet).
122_________________Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
Chng 6; Thc th trin khai ti Vit Nam 123
I
i
s;
'O
'
I
124 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng M&4 (MAN-E)
- Lp mng bin khch hng (Subscriber Edge): ng vai
tr bin mng pha khch hng, cung cp kt ni ti lp truy cp
ca nh cung cp dch v v cung cp dch v cho nhng ngi
s dng bn trong mng.
Phng n ny s trang b cho vin thng tnh/thnh ph c
s h tng cn thit hon thin phn lp tp trung lu lng
(IP/MPLS aggregation) trong kin trc mng Carrier Eiemet
tng th, kt ni ln BRAS v tch hp vo mng core IP/MPLS
ca VNPT, cng nh kt ni td cc IP DSLAM, UMTS, v.v...,
ang s dng cung cp dch v xung khch hng.
6.2.7 e xut mt s vn k thut
6.2.7.1 Thit b phn cng
Ta c th xem xt nghin cu i vi Vin thng H Ni.
Mt s thit b n mng MEN ca Vin thng H Ni c
cho bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1: Cc thit b trn mng MEN ca Vin thng H Ni
Chc
nng
Thit b a im lp t
Core
switch
Cisco 7609
02x SUP 720 3BXL
02x PS 2500 w (DC)
SIP 600 +2x1 OGE
SIP600 + 10XGE
ws 6724 SFP
4 thit b c lp t t cu Giy,
inh Tin Hong, c Giang v
Thng nh
Access
switch
Cisco 7609
02x SUP 720 3B
iJ2xPS 2500 w (DC)
SIP 400 +2x1 GE
ws 6724 SFP
ws 6748 GE-TX
16 thit b c lp t ti cu Giy,
inh Tin Hong, c Giang,
Thng inh, Gip Bt, Trn Kht
Chn, Nguyn Du, Tru Qui, Ph L,
ng Anh, Ch Da, Hng
Vng, Kim Lin, Lng Trung, Nam
Thng Long, Thanh Tr.
6.2.7.2 Giao thc nh tuyn
Cc giao thc nh tuyn c s dng trn mng bao gm
IGP: dng giao thc OSPF (mang cc thng tin v cc
tuyn mg ni b v cc a ch loopback ca mng).
EGP: S dng giao thc BGPv4.
VPN: S dng giao thc MP - BGP.
6.2.7 Mt phng a ch
Hin ti Vin thng H Ni ang s dvmg di a ch IP
ring 172.16.0.0/12, ch dnh cho mc ch qun l thit b
trong mng (qua giao thc SNMP hoc Telnet).
V d: C th phn b nh sau:
Cc di a ch qun l IP DSLAM
- Vng TDH
- Vng DGG
- Vng CGY
- Vng DTH
172.24.0.0/12
172.23.0.0/12
172.22.0.0/12
172.21.0.0/12
Di a ch qun l li v truy nhp chuyn mch (Siemens)
v BRAS;
- 172.20.0.0/12
Khi thc hin mng MEN mi, cc thit b chy trn L3
P, v vy cn quy hoch cc di a ch b sung (high level)
nh sau:
- a ch s dng li cho cc thit b chuyn mch MEN
- a chi cho cc kt ni lin kt im - im WAN gia
cc chuyn mch MEN
- a chi qun l cho cc IP DSLAM v BRAS
- a ch cp pht cho khch hng (dch v E-Line v
E-LAN).
- a ch cp pht cho khch hng dng dch v L3 VPN.
C th:
- Gi nguyn a ch qun l ca cc IP DSLAM ti cc vng
- a ch qun l BRAS: 172.20.0.0/12
- a ch loopback cho cc chuyn mch MEN: 172.31.0.0/12
- a ch cho cc kt ni ng WAN: 192.168.0.0/24
6.3. CUNG CP DCH v MNG RING o TI VIN
THNG TNH, THNH PH
6.3.1 Cu hnh mt VPN cho khch hng
6.3.1.1 T khch hng n PE
Nh m t phn trn, cc thit b BRAS t ti Vin
thng cc tnh s ng vai tr cc PE trn mng. Hin ti, n
mng c 04 BRAS s dng sn phm ERX 1410 ca hng
Juniper.
Trn thit b BRAS, chng ta to ra mt nh tuyn v
chuyn tip VRF cho mt bng VPN no . Cc VRP ny ng
vai tr nh cc router o kt ni cc v tr VPN lin kt trc
tip n n. Cc v tr VPN c kt ni n VRF ny thng
qua cc ng xDSL (ADSL hoc SHDSL). Pha khch hng,
MODEM xDSL kt ni n mng ni b ca khch hng ti v
tr VPN thng qua giao din EthemePast Ethernet (cn c
gi l giao din LAN trn m-em), giao din xDSL (thng c
gi l giao din WAN) c kt ni n PE ca nh cung cp.
VNP Site 1
DSLAM
V Tinh
DSLAM
HUB
Hnh 6.5: M hnh kt ni t v tri n PE
Cc thit b ghp knh truy nhp (DSLAM) c chc nng
to mt knh ATM ing sut kt ni t PE n CE. Knh
ATM ny hot ng nh mt lin kt mng din rng WAN.
Lin kt ATM ny c to ra chy trn cc lp vt l khc
nhau t CE n PE thng qua cc DSLAM. Do khng phi bt
k mt DSLAM no cng c kt ni trc tip vo PE nn
tuyn ng t CE n PE c th phi i qua nhiu DSLAM
khc nhau, cc DSLAM ny c u ni theo m hnh thc
nc (hnh 6.5).
128_________________Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mg MEN (MAN-E)
Site 1
Ch 1483
Routed IP
l A N IP
10.10.1 1/24
WAN
Interface
Y R F
Site 2
Ch 1483
Routed IP
LAN IP
10.10.2 1/24
WAN
interface
Hnh 6.6: M-em hot ng ch b h tuyn
Thit b u cui khch hng c th hot ng ch
nh tuyn hoc cu ni, nh tuyn trung gian l nt VRF nm
trn BRAS, cc kt ni WAN l cc kt ni ATvl t CE n
BRAS thng qua cc DSLAM. Trn hnh 6.6 lm hnh kt
ni khi cc thit b u cui khch hng hot ng ch
nh tuyn.
Cu hnh trn thit b BRAS
1. To mt ip vrf, v d l myvpn
BRAS#confg t
BRAS(config)#ip vrf myvpn
2. Trong VRF myvpn to mt loopback interface
BRAS(config)#virtual-router :myvpn
BRAS:myvpn(config)#interface loopback 0
BRAS :myvpn(config-if)#ip
address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.255
3. Cu hnh mt subinterface ATM ti khch hng;
BRAS(config)#interface atm 10/1.1101110999 point-to-
point
BRAS:myvpn(config-if)#atm pvc 1101110999 11 999
aalSsnap 0 0 0
4. Nu cu hnh ch bridge, cn cu hnh cho giao din:
BRAS:myvpn(confg-if)#encapsulation bridge 1483
5. t a ch IP cho giao din ATM ny:
BRAS:myvpn(config-if)#ip
address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.252
Hoc gn a ch IP ca giao din loopback cho giao din
ATM ny:
BRAS;)#ip route 10.10.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.
myvpn(config-if)iîp unnumbered loopback 0
6. nh tuyn tnh t BRAS td cc lp mng pha khch hng
(LAN v WAN):
BRAS:myvpn(config)#ip route 172.16.1. 255.255.255.255
192.168.1.2 atm 10/U101110999
BRAS:myvpn(config2 atm 10/1.1101110999
Cu hnh knh ATM thng sut n khch hng trn
cc thit b DSLAM
Cc thng s lu lng phi thng nht trn ton tuyn.
Cc thng s VPI, VCI u khch hng phi trng khp vi
tham s cu hnh trn MODEM, cc thng s ny ti giao din
Chng 6: Thc th trin khai ti Vit Nam_________________________129
cui cng (trong chui cc DSLAM) ng ln phi trng
khp vi cc thng s c cu hnh cho giao din ATM trn
thit b PE.
Cu hnh tai u cui
Cu hnh MODEM vi cc thng s VPI, VCI, a chi
WAN IP, Gateway t nh cung cp, chn Encapsulation l 1483
IP c nh tuyn (hnh 6.7).
WAN- WANSetup - ProHie 2
Name myvpn
130________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng NEN (MAN-E)
Aciiy ( Yes *!
Mod* [ Routing 3
Em:p#uIIoo f 1483 Rout ed IP
MoHipl** tTc~3
Virtual CifctMt lO
VPI f
vct p6
ATM OoS Typ (uBR
c* Rt
Peak Can Rt p ci)/tac
Sustain Cfl Rat |o ceil/sac
MaximumBurst Siza |o
IP Adrfni
P Addmas {mltoTz
Subnat Mask |256 255 255 252
Galaway |192 168 1t
Back I Appiy I D>ata I Raaat I
Hnh 6.7: cu hnh ti u cui khch hang
6.3.1.2 Lin kt gia cc VRF trn cc thit b PE
Do cc thit b BRAS c cu hnh h tr MPLS v
kt ni vi mng MPLS ca VNPT nn cc ng hm MPLS
c to ra kt ni cc thit b BRAS vi ihau. cc
VRP c phn b c bng nh tuyn ta cn cu hinh cc thng
s RD v RT cho chng. Tham s RD l tham s phn bit
cc VRP trn cng mt iit b PE. Da vo than s ny, cc
VPN khc nhau s dng cc VRF khc nhau c th s dng
cng mt lp a ch m khng b s xung t. Tham s ny
thng c cu thnh t mt ASN (c qun l bi lANA)
v mt s (c qun l bi nh cung cp). Trong v d trn
65400 l ASN ca VPNT v 1000 l mt s c gn bi nh
cung cp (Vin thng H Ni).
BRAS(config)#ip vrf myvpn
BRAS(config)#rd 65400:1000
Tham s RT cng c nh dng ging nh tham s RD,
di dng ASN: number hoc di dng IP address; number.
Tham s RT export l tham s c gn vo ong bn tin qung
co cc lp mng c gi i qua BGP. Tham s RT import
c VRF dng cp nht vo bng nh tuyn ca mnh cc
b nh tuyn trm cc bn tin qung co c RT export trng
vi RT import ca n.
BRAS:myvpn(config)#route-target export 65400:10000
BRAS:myvpn(cong)#route-target import 65400:10000
Trong ng hp cu hnh theo m hnh full-mesh (hn
hp), hai tham s RT ny ging nhau nn ta c th thay hai
dng lnh trn bng lnh:
BRAS:myvpn(config)#route-target both 65400:10000
Trong trng hp cu hnh theo m hnh hnh cy (hub-
and-spoke), hai tham s ny khc nhau, do cn cu hnh y
nh trn.
VRF c th qung co cc lp mng ca minh thng
qua BGP, ng thi vi vic cu hnh cc tham s RD v RT,
cn cu hnh BGP VPN c th qung co cc lp mng ca
mnh thng qua BGP.
Chng 6: Thc th trin khai ti Vit Nam________________________ 131
BRAS(config)#router bgp 65400
BRAS(config)#address-family ipv4 vrf myvpn
BRAS :myvpn(config)#redistribute static
BRAS :my vpn(confg)#redistribute connected
Cc bc cu hnh va c m t trn phi c ic hin
ti tt c cc BRAS c kt ni vi bt k mt v tr no ca VPN.
6.3.2 Mt s m hnh cung cp dch v ti Vin thng tnh,
thnh ph
6.3.2.1 Mng ring o v truy nhp Internet trn cng mt
ng xDSL
Kt hp cung cp hai dch v, mng ring o v truy nhp
Internet trn cng mt i cp ng. Vic ny s tit kim cho
khch hng khi ch cn s dng mt thit b MODEM u cui.
Vic cu hnh cho cc my tnh cng d dng hcm do ch c mt
cng ngm nh (default gateway). Tuy nhin vic cu hnh thit
b MODEM v cc thit b pha nh cung cp dch v c phc
tp hn.
To hai knh ATM t thit b BRAS n khch hng, ng
vai tr nh hai kt ni WAN n b nh tuyn u cui. Hai
lin kt logic ny cng chy trn lin kt vt l xDSL t u
cui khch hng n b ghp knh DSLAM, ti y, chng
c to kt ni cho vo hai lin kt ATM t DSLAM ln thit
b BRAS. Hai knh ATM ny cng vi cc knh ATM khc
cng t DSLAM ln thit b BRAS c ghp chung vo v
chy trn lin kt vt l t DSLAM n BRAS. Ti thit b
BRAS, c hai giao din con ATM c to ra kt cui hai
132________________Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)
knh ATM ny. Knh ATM c dng cho dch v mng
ring o s c kt cui ti giao din con ATM trong VRF
tng ng vi mng ring o . Knh ATM dng cung
cp dch v Internet s c kt cui ti router o dng cho
truy cp Internet.
Mng LAN
Khch hng
WAN 1
PPPoE/
PPPoA
WAN 2
Routed
1483 IP
Hnh 6.8: Hai kt ni ng thi t mt thit b u cui
Hnh 6.8 m t r hn vic kt hp ny. v vt l, hai kt
ni WAN 1 v WAN 2 bt u v kt thc trn cng giao din
vt l v chng cng c ghp chung cng chy trn mt
rng vt l t MODEM khch hng n thit b BRAS. Tuy
nhin, v logic, l lp 3, y l hai lin kt c lp bt u hai
giao din ATM khc nhau trn MODEM v kt cui trn hai
router khc .nhau pha nh cung cp dch v.
6.3.3.2 M hnh ful-mesh
Trng hp thng thng v ph bin nht, chng ta mun
t bt c mt v tr no trong VPN no cng c th kt ni n
trc tip n tt c cc v tr cn li. M hnh ny chnh l m
hnh fiill-mesh (hnh 6 9). Tt c cc VRF thuc VPN u c
b tham s RT nh nhau vi hai tham s RT export v RT
import l trng nhau. Do hai tiam s ny ng nhau v ging
nhau tt c cc VRF nn VRP no cng cp nht cc route ca
tt c cc VRF cn li vo bng nh tuyn ca mnh. Do ta
c th kt ni t mt v tr VPN bt k n cc tt c cc v tr
VPN cn li.
134_________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)

Hnh 6.9: M hnh /u-mesh
63.23 M hnh hub-and-spoke
Xut pht tr m hnh ic t ca cc cng ty c tr s
chnh v cc chi nhnh. Khi ngi qun mun t tr s chnh
c th kt ni n tt c cc chi nhnh nhng cc chi nhnh
khng i kt ni trc tip vi nhau. M hnh ny l m hnh
hub-and-spoke. thc hin c iu ta dng mt b tham
s RT export khc vi RT import, tng ng vi cc gi
Hub v Spoke trong hnh 6.10.
Ti cc chi nhnh (v tr 1 v v tr 2), ta cu hnh chung
mt b tham s RT vi RT export trng vi RT import ca tr
s chnh (v tr 3), ng thi tham s RT import ca cc chi
nhnh (v 1 v v 2) trng vi RT export ca tti s chnh
(v tr 3). Khi , tham s RT import ca tr s chnh v tham s
RT export ca cc chi nhnh ging nhau v u l Spoke nn
tr s chnh c cp nht bng nh tuyn gi t cc chi nhnh.
Cn tham s RT import ca tt c cc chi nhnh v tham s RT
export ca tr s chnh ging nhau v u l Hub nn tt c
cc chi nhnh u cp nht bng nh tuyn gi t tr s chnh i.
Spoke Spoke
Hnh 6. JO: M hnh hub-and-spoke
Tuy nhin, do tham s RT import (Hub) ca v tr 1 l
khc tham s RT export (Spoke ca v tr 2 nn v tr 1 khng
cp nht bng nh tuyn vi cc thng tin nh tuyn c gi
i t v tr 2. Tcmg t nh vy nn v tr 2 cng khng cp nht
bng nh tuyn ca mnh vi cc thng tin nh tuyn c gi
i t v tr 1.
6.3.3 Cc vn thc t v hng gii quyt
Vn ln nht lun t ra vi cc nh cung cp dch v
vin ing ti Vit Nam l m bo cht lng dch v. Khc
vi cc dch v cung cp Internet thng thng, dch v
MegaWAN l dch v c cam kt tc vi khch hng. c
th thc hin c iu ny, cn phi m bo tc ng nh
cam kt hai on. l tc d liu t chch hng ln ti
thit b BRAS (PE router), v tc truyn d liu khch hng
gia cc PE router trong mng li ca VNPT. Trn thc t, do
h tng mng li ca VNPT rt tt nn ti cha t ra vn
phi qun l bng thng trong mng li. Trong tcmg lai, dii
lu lng kt ni tng cao, chc chn cc kt ni trong mng li
cng c m rng. Hom na, trong mng li, hon ton c th
s dng cc k thut iu khin lu lng m MPLS h tr
c th m bo bng thng cho cc khch hng s dng dch v
mng ring o.
Vn thc t cn gii quyt khi m bo tc cam kt
vi khch hng s dng mng ring o ca Vin thng H Ni
l cn m bo bng thng cho khch hng t CE n PE. Hin
ti, do tt c cc thit b ghp knh c s dng cung cp
dch v MPLS VPN cho ach hng eu l ATM DSLAM do
kt ni lp 2 t PE n khch hng l kt ni ATM. m
bo bng thng cam kt, cn s dng lp dch v c tc c
nh (CBR: Constant Bit Rate) ca cng ngh ATM.
Do mt t bo ATM c 53 byte ong vi 5 byte cho mo
u v 48 byte dnh cho ti, nn c th m bo c tc
lung d liu trn nn IP l Xth cn cu hnh lung dO liu
ATM c tc phi ln hn hoc bng y, vi y = X*53/48.
Mt vn na c lin quan n cht lng dch v l cht
lng cmg truyn xDSL t nh cung cp n khch hng, c
th l t cc thit b DSLAM n m-em u cui ca khch
hng. Do s dng cc cng ngh xDSL truyn trn i cp ng
136_________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MA-E)
nn cht lng ng truyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng
cp. Bi v lp lin kt d liu c s dng t PE n khch
hng l ATM vi lp dch v CBR nn khng xy ra trng hp
nu cht lng cp xu th ng truyn khng t c tc
cam kt. Thay vo , nu cht lng cp xu ti mc khng
m bo c tc , xDSL MODEM khng th bt tay vi
DSLAM. Hn th na, do cng ngh xDSL da trn cc i cp
ng vi cc thit b tt c cc thit b pha nh cung cp v pha
khch hng u l cc thit b thc t (khng l tng). Do
c xy ra trng hp mt ng b, hay kh bt tay gia xDSL
MODEM v DSLAM lm cho kt ni b gin on t ngt.
khc phc, cn t cc thit b thc hin cc chong trnh theo
di kt ni c th kp thi pht hin trng hp mt ng b
v tin hnh khi ng li cc cng thit b DSLAM hoc cu
hnh li m-em u cui.
Thc t cng cho thy, cht lng thit b MODEM u
cui nh hng nhiu n cht lng dch v. Nhng y l
thit b do khch hng t trang b, nm ngoi tm kim sot ca
nh cung cp. Trong nhiu trmg hp tc khng c m
bo nh cam kt, xc nh c nguyn nhn l do cht
lng thit b u cui (v d thit b u cui khng h tr
CBR). khc phc vn ny, Vin ing tnh, thnh ph cn
c nhng bi kim tra v tnh tong thch ca cc thit b u
cui vi cc thit b trn mng v c nhng khuyn co tng
ng cho khch hng.
Chng 6: Thc th trin khai ti Vit Nam_________________________ 137
BRAS
HSI subnet
DHCP fetay/PPPoE serve
Double tag termindtion
Default gateway
1
Hinh 6.11: So dS dich vu HSI
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Dch v HSI cung cp kh nng truy cp Internet gin tip
cho khch hng thng qua mng Metro Ethernet. Mt mg
hm s dng giao thc Ethernet qua MPLS c to ra qua
mng MEN kt ni thit b ca khch hng ti BRAS. Khch
hng s quay s s dng Internet thng qua giao thc PPPoE.
6.4.2 Dch v knh thu ring Ethernet
Sr
Hnh 6.12: S dch v knh thu ring Ethernet

Dch v thu knh ring (Leased Line) l mt trong nhng
dch v cao cp c cung cp thng qua vic thit lp 01
ng truyn cho cc cng ty hay vn phng c nhu cu tc
cao mt cch thng xuyn.
im mnh ca dch v ny chnh l tnh linh hot, s n
nh, kt ni ti mi a im m khch hng yu cu.
i tng s dng dch v ny l cc doanh nghip, t
chc ln cn mt fng truyn ring, tc cao, n nh vi a
dch v.
140__________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MN-E)
6.4.3 Dch v kt ni Internet trc tip tc cao
Hnh 6.13: S dch v kt ni Internet trc tip tc cao
Dch v Internet trc tip tc cao cung cp cc k ni
Internet trc tip cho khch hng. Khch hng s c kt ni
vo mng Internet thng qua cc EVC kt ni ti thit b ca
VDC. Mng MEN ca Vin thng tnh, thnh ph ch ng vai
tr to mt kt ni Ethernet o tc cao theo yu cu. Dch v
ny s dn thay th dch v Internet trc tip s dng ng dy
thu ring do u th ca cng ngh Ethernet so vi cc cng
ngh ATM v TDM trong kt ni Internet.
6.4.4 Dch v kt ni VPNA^'NN tc cao

Hnh 6.14: S dch v kt ni VPN/VNN tc cao
VPN/MPLS cho php chuyn ti d liu ln ti tc Gb/s
qua h thng truyn dn cp quang. Khng ch d liu,
VPNA^TsN cn c th trin ichai y cc ng ng dng v
thi gian thc nh VoIP, Vi deo Conferencing vi tr
thp nht.
6.4.5 Dch v kt ni MegaWAN tc cao
NxGE
Hnh 6.16: S dch v kt ni Mega WAN tc cao
y l vic m rng dch v MegaWAN hin c vi cc
kt ni s dng cng ngh xDSL. Cc kt ni ca MegaWAN
tc cao s s dng cc kt ni Ethernet o EVC c tc
cao, c ln ln ti 1OGigabit thay cho cc kt ni tc ti a
2Mbis ca SHDSL.
6.4.6 Dch v mng ring o ni ht
lori
m IT
n L
y
L3PE
L3VPN
DoubetaQ
QinQ&EoM PlS
Hnh 6.16: S dch v mng ring o - Lp truy nhp
Dch v mng ring o ni ht cng s dng cng ngh
MPLS VPN lp 3 ging nh MegaWAR Tuy nhien, khc V(M
MegaWAN ni tnh l dch v ca VNPT cung cp ti vin
thng tnh, thnh ph, cc thit b lp 3 l cc BRAS kt ni vo
mng li MPLS ca VNPT, do c s dng v chia s cc
ng truyn trn mng li MPLS, dch v ing ring o ni
ht s dng cc thit b lp 3 l cc thit b li ca chnh mng
MEN ca Vin thng H Ni. Vic chia s bng thng cc
ng truyn trn mng li MPLS ca VNPT s khng cn
thit. Vin thng H Ni s ch ng hn trong vic cu hnh,
qun l dch v.
NxGEV
Hnh 6.17; S dch v mng ring o - Lp aggregation
6.4.7. Dch v video theo nhu cu
Khch hng c th la chn dch v MPLS-L3 VPN v
chuyn giao dch v VPN cho cc khch hng cui v y l c
s cung cp dch v VoD v IPTV trn nn cng ngh
multicast (a hng).
IP multicast cung cp cng ngh truyn ti d liu t mt
ngun (source ) n nhiu ngi nhn (receivers). N hon ton
khc bit so vd IP unicast (IP om hng) trong gi c gi
Chang 6: Thc th trin khai ti Vit Nam 143
t 1 source n 1 receive. a ch ch ca gi tin multicast tun
theo chun IANA:224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255.
Khi xy dng thit k LLD cho multicast c 2 loi cy c
th dng chuyn giao dch v l cy ngun (source Tree) v
cy chia s (shared Tree).
Cy ngun (source Tree) cho php cho php my ch a
hng (multicast server) l gc ca cy v my trm a hng
(multicast client) l cc nhnh, l ca cy. Gi a hng
(Multicast packet) s chuyn giao t gc n cc nhnh, l v
trng thi multicast cho Source Tree dng (S,G) (S; Source, G:
Group). Di y l minh ha chuyn giao dch v multicast
dng Source Tree: My ch 172.27.69.52 gi multicast t gc
n t 239.192.0.7 v lung a hng (multicast seam) l
(172 27.69.52, 239.192.0.7). Source Tree cn gi l SPT bcri v
con ng chuyn giao multicast ti u gia Source v Receive.
I P M ulti cast Source T ree
Receiver for
239.192.0.7
Source 172.27.69.52
Transmiling for Group
239.192.0.7
Hnh 6.18: IP Multicast source tree
Shared Tree c gc ti 1 im chung trong mng gi l RP
(Redenzvous Point), l nod m multicast client phi ra nhp khi
mun nhn multicast stream (VoD, IPTV) Multicast server s
chuyn giao multicast stream n RP thng qua Source Tree v
RP chuyn giao multicast stream n multicast client thng qua
Shared Tree. Di y l minh ha chuyn giao dch v
multicast dng Shared Tree
Receiver or
239 192.0 7
Source 172 27.69 52
Transmitting for Group
239.192 0.7
//inh 6.19: IP Multicast Share Tree
Share tree khng ti u nh l source tree bi chuyn giao
multicast khng ieo con mg ngn nht, tt c lu lng s
qua RP trc khi t n multicast client. Tuy nhin, tng s
trng thi multicast nh hn bi v thit b ch cn (*,G) thay v
(S,G), khng ph thuc s lng multicast server.
Cc giao thc c dng chuyn giao dch v: MSDP,
PIM-DM, PIM-SM, PIM-SSM.
Cng ngh multicast ca hng Cisco da vo giao thc
chnh chuyn giao dch v IPTV, VoD l PIM. PIM l giao
thc dng ph bin nht hin ti khi in khai cc dch v
multicast.
Ch dy c PIM-DM c chn vi mng multicast
nh v s lng multicast client l nhiu tri khp mng cho
nhm (S,G). PIM-DM flood multicast seam n mi on
mng dn n chuyn giao d tha khng cn thit.
PIM-SM hiu qu hn PIM-DM bi n khng flood cc gi
multicast v dng m hnh Shared Tree khi chuyn giao dch v.
PIM-SSM l thc ii multicast cho h thng c i m
rng, ph hp vi chuyn giao multicast any-to-any. Khi la
chn PIM-SSM i hi multicast client phi h IGMPv3.
Multicast h t dch v MPLS L3-VPN gi l mVPN: SP
xng sng c th phn phi gi multicast cho cc khch hng.
cmg hm IP l 1 trong nhng thit k loi tr c ng
thi multicast trn p, cho php chuyn giao dch v multicast
cho cc CE thng qua min MPLS. Nhc im l s lng
khch hng ln, ng hm nhiu v kh khn trong vic
qun tr.
M hnh chuyn giao multicast c chn gip khch hng
c th c c s m rng, pht trin tt nht l mVPN ong
CE router duy t PM Adj vi local PE (PE ni b) thay v vi
tt c remote CE (CE t xa). Trong phm vi min multicast
khch hng u cui c th lm ch kin trc multicast ca h
v chuyn tip dch v multicast ca ISP thng qua x l MPLS
L3-VPN. P router khng gi bt c cy multicast ca khch
Chcmg 6; Thc th trin khai ti Vit Nam________________________ 145
hng v ch gi 1 nhm n cho VPN , khng cn quan tm
n s lng nhm multicast thc thi bi khch hng.
Min Multicast: 1 nhm VRF enable-multicast (c th a
hng) v c th chuyn giao lu lng multicast gia chng.
CE router gi IP multicast n b nh tuyn PE cc b, PE
router s chuyn giao lung multicast n cc b nh tuyn t
xa. Min Multicast s nhm tt c nhm multicast ca khch
hng vo 1 nhm multicast global duy nht ong li MPLS.
Vin thng tnh, thnh ph s qun l nhm muticasl glocal ny.
Nhm multicast bng cch ng gi n trong nh dng GRE
vi a ch ch l multicast global, a ch ngun l ingress PE
router. V th, multicast group ca khch hng VPN s c
nhm li thnh (S;G) hoc (,0) trong mng ca Vin thng
tnh, thnh ph.
Hnh 6.20: Kt ni cc VPN
Cc b nh tuyn p chu trch nhim xy dng cy phn
phi multicast mc nh (default multicast distribution ee)
(default MDT) gia cc b nh tuyn PE cho mi nhm
multicast n h . a chi nhm multicast duy nht trong
mng li ca vin thng tnh, inh ph gi l nhm MDT.
Di y mng vin thng tnh, thnh ph cung cp 2 VPN cho
khch hng v chuyn giao muticast seam:
mVPN PIM Adj: nhiu PM Adj cn duy tr v cu hnh
trong tiit k mVPN. Adj trc tin l trong mi VRF m
multicast c kch hot. Adj ny l gia P v b nh tuyn
CE. Adj th hai l cc b nh tuyn PE hnh tinh Adj vi PE
t xa ang nm gi mVRF thuc cng min multicast. Adj ny
c truy cp ting qua Multicast Tunnel Interface (MTI; giao
in ng hm a hng) dng GRE. Adj i 3 c to ra
trong global PIM, cc b nh tuyn p v PE trong mng ca
vin thng tnh, inh ph s chy global PIM to ra MDT
kt ni cc mVRF. Di y l minh ha 3 loi Adj cn duy tr
cho chuyn giao dch v multicast IPTV, VoD:
PE-CEPIMA(jacer] ; PE-CE PIM Ataoi^
Hnh 6.21: PIM
Multicast Forwarding vi mVPN: sau khi tic tii 3 PIM
Adj, multicast c th chuyn giao qua mng MPLS ca vin
thng tnh, thnh ph, chuyn giao multicast chia lm 2 phn
(gi t mng c nhn bi giao din PE kt hp vo mVRF tcmg
ng, gi t mng p c nhn t cc PE khc thng qua giao
din global muticast).
- Khi gi C nhn ti b nh tuyn PE
- Gi C n trn giao din VRF, kt hp vi mVRF
tng ng.
- Gi C c ti to trn c s ni dung ca danh sch giao
din u ra (olist) ca (S ,G) hoc (*,G) trong mVRP. Olist cng
cha giao din tunnel MTI gip kt ni n min multicast cho
khch hng.
- Nu olist cha ng tunnel interface, gi multicast c
ng gi dng GRE, a ch ngun l BGP ngang hng ca b
nh tuyn PE, a ch ch la nhm MDT kt hp vi VPN
khch hng .
- IP pre ca gi c c sao chp vo gi p
- Gi C gi y coi nh l gi p ong nh tuyn muticast
ton cu ca vin ting tnh, inh ph
- Gi p c chuyn tip qua mng MPLS ca vin thng
tnh, inh ph dng b nh tuyn muticast ton cu.
- Sau khi gi p c gi qua mng p n PE u ra.
- Gi p n ti giao din ton cu trn PE u vo.
- Nu (S,G) hoc (*,G) trong bng multicast ton cu c
trng c z (ch ra rng gi multicast ang truyn hoc nhn
n MTI) v PE bit l gi MDT v s gii gi, thu c
gi C.
- ch mVRF ca gi c c xc nh t a ch nhm
MDT trong gi p.
- Gi C c ti to v chuyn giao ra tt c giao din
enable multicast ong mVRP m xut hin ti olist ca (S,G)
hoc (*,G).
Chong 6: Thc th trin khai ti Vit Nam 149
Di y l minh ha mVPN multicast:
C-Padcei P*Pai C-Patc
Sc - Id4.27.e2.1 S r c - 10.1.1.11 Src 1&4.27.62.1
0 mi4.0.i 1 Dst 239.19.I0.1 Ost 239.194 0.1
........ ....................

H I OPBdkti B 3 ESI C^^rncim
\
Hnh 6.22: m VPN
Multicast cho li vin thng tnh, thnh ph: vin thng
tnh, thnh ph s cung cp dch v mVPN (VoD, IPTV,...)
theo m hnh di y.
Muicasl
sender
"'%
Locai rrujlticast
recipient
II
mgSBsf\
Ml
Customen PEI
^ PIM (SM/ bidir/SSM)
in Core
Hnh 6.23: Multicast cho mt mng MAN tnh, thnh ph
Giao thc Multicast cho Data-MDT l PIM-SSM (khng
yu cu RP trong thit k ny)
Giao tic Multicast cho Default-MDT l PIM-SM (yu cu
RP trong iit k ny)
RP s t ti 04-P router v dng nhm mt li MSDP
Anycast cho d phng v b nh tuyn ti u.
Default-MDT s dng di nhm 239.192.4.0 n
239.192.5.255
Data-MDT s dng di rim 239.232.0.0 n
239.232.127.255
KT LUN
Ha nhp vi xu th pht trin chung ca th gii, hin nay
nc ta nhu cu s dng mng my tnh cho cc hot ng
ca cc t chc, doanh nghip ngy cng ln. Cng vi nhu cu
, nhu cu v an ton thng tin, an ninh mng cng c ch
trng hoTi bao gi ht. Cc l do ic y s pht trin ca
mng ring o.
Nh c m t chi tit trong cun sch, mng ring o
trn nn cng ngh MPLS c mt s cc im th vt tri so vi
cc cng ngh khc.
- Tnh ring t: Tnh ring t trong mt MPLS VPN c th
c nh gi ngang bng vi tnh ring t c th t c
trong mt ATM/FR VPN.
- Tnh kh m: Kin trc MPLS VPN c m t c th
cho php trin khai vi s lng ln: hng trm ngn v tr cng
nh hng trm ngn VPN.
- Tnh n gin: i vi nh cung cp, MPLS VPN c th
cung cp di dng dch v c qun l (managed service);
i vi ngi s dng, MPLS VPN cho php h ofi gin ha
cc vn v nh tuyn.
- Tng cng hiu qu: Hiu nng chuyn mch/nh tuyn
c tng cmg; gim c ch ph thit lp mng.
- Kh nng m bo cht lng dch v: MPLS VPN h tt
cc tnh nng v m bo cht lng dch v.
Nh cc u th vt tri m MPLS VPN khng nh
c v tt cng ngh ca mnh. Tuy nhin hin nay MPLS VPN
cha c tiu chun chung trin khai lin nh cung cp, do
ch in khai mng trong quy m mng ca mt nh cung cp,
hoc l in khai mng trong quy m ca nhiu nh cung cp
nhng khng bo m v cht lng dch v. Thm vo , hin
nay cc nh cung cp ang c xu hng chuyn i h tng
mng t ATM (c cc tnh nng QoS) sang Etiemet (khng c
cc tnh nng QoS).
CAC Ttr VIET TAT
ASN
ASP
ATM
BGP
BRAS
CE
CoS
CPE
CRC
CSR
DiffServ
DLCI
DS^M
DSPC
ECN
EMS
EPL
ERMS
Autonomous System Number
Application Service Provider
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Border Gateway Protocol
Broadband Remote Access Server
Customer Edge
Class of Service
Customer Premises Equipment
Cyclic Redundancy Code
Cell Switch Router
Data Link Connection Identifier
Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer
DiffServ Point Code
Explicit Congestion Notification
Ethemet Multi-point Service
Ethernet Private Line
Ethernet Relay Multipoint Service
So, m h thng t trj
Nh cung cp dch v ng
dng
Ch truyn d b
Giao thc cng bin
My ch truy cp t xa bng
rng
Bin khch hng
Lp dch v
Thit b thc ca khch hng
M d vng
nh tuyn chuyn mch t
bo
Cc dch v c phn loi
Kt ni nhn dng kt ni
lin kt d lu
B ghp knh truy nhp
ng dy thu bao s
im m cc dch v c
phn loi
Hin thng bo tc nghn
Dch v a im Ethernet
ng Ethernet thu ring
Dch v Ethernet chuyn tip
a im
ERS
Ethernet Relay Service Dch v Ethernet chuyn tip
EVC
Ethernet Virtual Circuit Knh o Ethernet
EWS Ethernet Wire Service Dch v ng dy Ethernet
FCS Frame Check Sequence Chui kim tra khung
FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class Lp chuyn tip tng
ng
F1B Forwarding Information Base Chuyn tip thng tin gc
FTAM File Transfer Access And Qun v truy cp truyn
Management ti tp tin
GRE Generic Rontry Encapsulation ng gi ^nh tuyn chung
HDLC High Level Data Link Control iu khim lin kt d liu
mc cao
HSI
Might Speed Intemet Intemet tc cao
lANA Intemet Assigned Numbers Authority C quan cp pht a ch s
ETF Internet Engineering Task Force Nhm c trch Internet
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol Giao thc cng ni b
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc mng
IP Sec IP Security Giao thc mng an ton
IPLC International Private Leased Circuit Knh thu ring quc t
IPLS
IP only LAN - like Service Dch v IP-LAN tng thch
ISP
Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v
Internet
L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Giao thc ng hm lp 2
lAH Local Area Network Mng cc b
LDP
Label Distribution Protocol Giao thc phn phi nhn
Cc t vit tt 155
LE Large Enterprice
LER Label Edge Router or Edge LSR
LFIB Label Forwarding Information Base
LIB Label Information Base
LIFO Last In First Out
LSP Label Switched Path
LSR Label Switch Router
MAC Media Access Control Sublayer
MEN Metro Ethemet Network
MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switch internet
Protocol
NAT Networi< Address Translation
NGN Next Generation Network
NHLFE Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry
NLRI Network Layer Reachability
Information
NPE Network Provider Edge
OS! Open System Interconnection
OSPF Open Shortest Part First
PCI Protocol Control Information
Thit b m rng
B nh tuyn nhn bin hay
LSR bin
Nhn chuyn tip thng tin
c s
Nhn thng tin c s
Vo sau ra trc
Tuyn chuyn mch nhn
B nh tuyn chuyn mch
nhn
Phn lp û khin a truy
nhp
Mng Ethernet th
Chuyn mch nhn a giao
thc
Djch na ch mng
Mng th h sau
Nhn chuyn tip ti chng
k tip
Thng tin lp mng t
c
Cung cp mng bin
Lin kt cc h thng m
u tin ng ngn nht
m
Giao thc iu khin thng
tin
PDU Protocol Data Unit n vj giao thc d liu
156 Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAh-E)
PE Provider Edge Nh cung cp bin
PNNI Private Network - Network Interface Giao din mng mng
ring
PPTP Poi to Poi Runneling Protocol Giao thc ng hm im
im
PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit Mch o c nh
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RD
Route Distinguisher Phn bit nh tuyn
RIB Routing Information Base C s thng tin \nh tuy
RSVP
Resource Reservation Protocol Giao thc dnh trc ti
nguyn
RSVP-TE RSVP Traffic Engineering iu khin lung RSVP
RT Route Target B nh tuyn ch
SABM Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Thit lp ch d b cr
bng
SAO Single Association Object Thc th lin kt n
SAP Service Access Point im truy nhp dch v
SARM Set Asynchronous Response Mode Thit lp ch d b phi
hi
SDH Synchorouus Digital Hierachy Phn cp k thut s ng
b
SDU Service Data Unit Khi dch v d liu
S U
Service Level Aggrement Tha thun mc dch v
SNRM Set Normal Response Mode t ch tr li thng
thng
SOHO Small Office Home Office Vn phng nh
Cc t vit tt 157
SONET Synchronous Optical Network
SVC Switched Virtual Circuit
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TE Terminal Equipment
UNI User to Network Interface
UPE User Provider Edge
VCI Virtual Circuit Identifier
VLL Virtual Leasline Line
VoIP Voice over IP
VPI Virtual Path Identifier
VPLS Vttual Private LAN Service
VPN Virtual Private Network
VPWS Vitual Private \Afire Service
VR Virtual Router
VRF VPN Routing and Forwarding table
VSI Virtual Switch Interface
WAN Wide Area Netwoii
Mng quang ng b
Chuyn mch knh o
a truy nhp phn chia theo
thi gian
Thit b u cui
Giao din mng-NSD
S dng bin cung cp
Nhn dng mch o
ng o thu ring
Thoi qua IP
Nhn dng tuyn o
Dch v LAN ring o
Mng ring o
Dch v hu tuyn ring o
Hng o, tuyn o
Bng <^nh tuyn v chuyn
tip mng ring o
Giao din chuyn mch o
Mng din rng
THUT NG
Mt S cc iut ng ting Anh khi dch ra ting Vit c ti s
qu di, tuy nhin li khng th din t ng v y ngha ca
thut ng, do vy s c gi nguyn ting Anh trong lun vn.
THUT NG G1I THCH
Attachement Circuit Mdi g
BGP next hop Chng tip theo BGP
CE device Thit b bin khch hng, c th l router
hoc l mt thit bj mng khc
CE router Router bin khch hng
Data Link Lp lin kt d liu, lp th 2 tinh t di
ln trong m hnh O S I7 lp
Egress Attachment Circuit Mch g u ra
Egress PE Thit bj bin nh cung cp u ra
IGP neighbor Hng xm IGP
Ingress Attachment Circuit Mch g u vo
Ingress PE Thit bj bin nh cung cp u vo
LSP ingress u vo LSP
LSP egress u ra LSP
LSR Rd Router chuyn mch nhn chiu xung
LSR Ru Router chuyn mch nhn chiu ln
159
MPLS label Nhn MPLS
Network Layer Lp mng, cng nh Lp 3
p Router Router li nh cung cp
PE router Router bin nh cung cp
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan, R. Calln, Multiprotocol Label
Switching Architecture, RFC 3031, January 2001
[2] E. Rosen, Y. Rekhter, BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks
(VPNs), RFC 4364, February 2006
[3] E. Rosen, D. Tappan, G. Fedorkow, Y. Rekhter, D. Farinacci,
T. Li, A. Conta, MPLS Label Stack Encoding, RFC 3032,
January 2001
[4] L. Andersson, T. Madsen, Provider Provisioned Virtual Private
Network (VPN) Terminology, RFC 4026, March 2005
[5] R. Gallon, M. Suzuki, A Framework for Layer 3 Provider-
Provisioned Virtual Private Networks (PPVPN), RFC 4110,
July 2005
[6] B. Gleeson, A. Lin, J. Heinanen, G. Armitage, A. Malis, A
Framework for IP Based Virtual Private Networks, RFC 2764,
Febraary 2000
[7] M. Carugi, Ed., D. McDysan, Ed., Service Requirements for
Layer 3 Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Networks
(PPVPN), RFC 4031, April 2005
[8] Y. El Mghazli, Ed., T. Nadeau, M. Beucadair, K. Chan, A.
Gonguet, Framework for Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks
(L3VPN) Operations and Management, RPC 4176, October
2005
[9] A. Nagarajan, Ed., Generic Requirements for Provider
Provisioned Virtual Private Networks (PPVPN), RFC 3809,
June 2004
[10] L. Andersson, P. Doolan, N. Feldman, a. Fredette, B.
Thomas, LDP Specification, RFC 3036, January 2001
[11] D. Awduche, L. Berger, D. Gan, T. Li, V. Srinivasan, G.
Swallow, RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels,
RFC 3209, December 2001
12] T. Li, Y. Rekhter, A Provider Architecture for Differentiated
Services and Traffic Engineering (PASTE), RFC 2430,
October 1998
[13] C. Semeria, RFC 2547bis: BGP MPLS VPN Fundametals,
White Paper, Juniper Networks
http://www.juniper.net/solutions/literature/white__papers/2000
12.pdf
[14] C. Semeria, RFC 2547bis: BGP/MPLS VPN Hierarchical and
Recursive Applications, White Paper, Juniper Networks
http://www.juniper.net/solutions/literature/white__papers/2000
14.pdf
[15] T. Bates, Y. Rekhter, R. Chandra, D. Katz, Multiprotocol
Extensions for BGP-4, RFC 2858, June 2000
16] B. Jamoussi, L. Andersson, R. Calln, R. Dantu, L. Wu, P.
Doolan, N. Feldman, A. Fredette, M. Girish, E. Gray, J.
Heinanen, T. Kilty, A. Malis, Constraint-Based LSP Setup
using LDP, RFC 3212, January 2002
MC LC
Li ni u.....................................................................................3
Chng 1. KHI NIM MNG INTERNET
V M HNH THAM CHIU OSI............................. 5
.I Ngun gc v qu trnh pht trin ca Internet..................... 5
1.2 M hnh kin trc a tng.......................................................6
1.2.1 Cc quy tc phn tng....................................................7
1.2.2 Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc a tng...............9
1.2.3 Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng.............................11
1.2.4 Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau
v dch v.....................................................................12
1.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI................................... 15
1.3.1 Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m............. 15
1.3.2 Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI................................16
1.3.3 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI...............................17
1.3.4 Cc tham s' dch v v tng tc gia cc tng......... 18
1.3.5 Trng ii hot ng cc hm dch v
ong m hnh OSI....................................................... 19
1.4 Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng................................ 20
1.4.1 Tng ng dng.............................................. .............. 20
1.4.2 Tng trnh din.... ...................................................... 20
1.4.3 Tng phin...................................................................21
1.4.4 Tng giao vn............................................................. 22
1.4.5 Tng mng.................................................................. 24
1.4.6 Tng lin kt d liu................................................... 26
1.4.7 Tng vt l...................................................................31
1.4.8 Tm tt chc nng cc tng........................................ 32
1.4.9 Mt s nhn xt v kin trc m hnh OSI.................33

Chng 2. MNG RING o ................................................... 34
2.1 Gii thiu chung................................................................... 34
2.1.1 Khi nim................................................................... 34
2.1.2 Phn loi..................................................................... 36
2.2 Nguyn tc hot ng.......................................................... 39
2.3 So snh mt s m hnh MPLS............................................ 41
2.3.1 So snh mng ring v mng ring o........................41
2.3.2 So snh mt s m hnh MPLS..................................43
2.3.3 So snh CE-based v PE-based VPN.........................45
Chng 3. CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC..........47
3. S hnh thnh v pht trin cng ngh................................47
3.2 Nguyn tc hot ng...........................................................48
3.2.1 Mt s khi nim........................................................ 48
3.2.2 Nguyn tc hot ng................................................. 65
3.3 nh gi................................................................................. 69
3.4 M hnh kt ni vt l MPLS trn nn Metro Ethernet...... 74
3.4.1 S tng qut.............................................................74
3.4.2 Cc thnh phn c bn v chc nng........................... 75
3.4.3 EoMPLS........................................................................ 77
Chng 4. CC DCH v TlM NNG
TRN NN METRO ETHERNET NETWORK .83
4.1 Gii thiu chung..................................................................... 83
4.2 Cc dch v im ti im...................................................... 85
4.2.1 Ethernet Private Line....................................................86
4.2.2 Ethernet Private Service................................................87
4.2.3 Ethernet Relay Service................................ ................. 88
4.3 Cc dch v a im - a im...............................................89
4.3.1 DchvEMS................................................................. 89

4.3.2 Dch v ERMS.............................................................. 90
Chng 5. NG DNG CA MPLS
TRIN KHAI MPLS BGP VPN.......................... 91
5. Gii thiu................................................................................. 91
5.2 Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng........................................ 92
5.2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng........................... 92
5.2.2 Nguyn tc hot ng................................................... 99
5.3 nh gi............................................................................... 108
5.3.1 Tnh ring t................................................................108
5.3.2 Tnh n gin............................................................. 110
5.3.3 Ci thin hiu nng..................................................... 110
5.3.4 Tng cng tnh sn sng........................................... 111
5.3.5 Cht lng dch v..................................................... 111
5.4 m bo cht lng dch v................................................ 112
5.4.1 Yu cu....................................................................... 112
5.4.2 Gii php k thut...................................................... 113
5.4.3 nh gi...................................................................... 116
Chng 6. THC T TRIN KHAI TI VIT NAM.......... 117
6.1 Nguyn tc thit k, thc hin........................................... 117
6.2 Kin trc h thng.................................................................118
6.2.1 Mng li...................................................................... 118
6.2.2 Mng tp hp...............................................................119
6.2.3 Mng truy nhp.......................................................... 120
6.2.4 Mng thc t................................................................120
6.2.5 Tch hp vi mng VNN ti cc tnh, thnh ph.... 121
6.2.6 Kt ni vi MEN ca 63 tnh thnh
v VTN NGN li........................................................ 122
6.2.7 xut mt s vn k thut................................. 124
6.3 Cung cp dch v mng ring o ti
Vin thng tnh, thnh ph................................................ 126
6.3.1 Cu hnh mt VPN cho khch hng......... .............. 126
6.3.2 Mt s m hnh cung cp dch v
ti Vin thng tnh, thnh ph..................................132
6.3.3 Cc vn thc t v hng gii quyt................... 135
6.4 Cc dch v cung cp trong tng l a i ............................... 138
6.4.1 Dch v truy nhp Internet tc cao (HSI)............138
6.4.2 Dch v knh thu ring Ethernet............................ 139
6.4.3 Dch v kt ni Internet trc tip tc cao.......... 140
6.4.4 Dch v kt ni VPNA^NN tc cao..................... 140
6.4.5 Dch v k ni Mega WAN tc cao................... 141
6.4.6 Dch v mng ring o ni ht..................................141
6.4.7 Dch v Video theo nhu cu.....................................142
Kt lun......................................................................................151
Cc ch vit t t ......................................................................... 153
Ti liu tham kho..................................................................... 160

Công Nghệ MPLS Áp Dụng Trong Mạng Men (MAN-E)

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Công Nghệ MPLS Áp Dụng Trong Mạng Men (MAN-E)

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NGUYN PHM CNG

C1!(6 SGH NPLS

2.3.1 So snh mng ring v mng ring o

2.3.3 So snh CE-based VPN v PE-based VPN

Mt RD ch cm thun l mt s v n khng cha bt k mt

134_________________ Cng ngh MPLS p dng trong mng MEN (MAN-E)

Hnh 6.12: S dch v knh thu ring Ethernet

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