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Airplane Build Project

Gliding Flight
Payload Electronics
KF Airfoil
Example Analysis
Flight Testing
MAE 2
2
MAE 2
Airplane Project
Three-person teams will design, !ild, and fly a self-steering glider"
The design o#ecti$e is to maximi%e flight end!rance while t!rning"
Pro#ect &esign 'eport
()* of final co!rse grade
&!e +E& ), &E-
.-page maxim!m length
-ontent/
-onfig!ration 01etches
&esign -alc!lations
&oc!mented Flight Performance
http/22www"gi%mag"com2disposale-!a$-paper-plane-maple-seed2234242
4
MAE 2
Payload Electronics
potentiometer
reset
switch
r!dder
ser$o
!ltra
capacitor
micro
controller
567
5-7
red
yellow
rown
payload mass 8 24 g
,
MAE 2
KF Airfoil
The Kline-Fogleman airfoil 5KF airfoil7 !ses single or m!ltiple steps to approximate a
smooth airfoil shape"
The KF airfoil has ecome pop!lar with '- airplane modelers eca!se it is easily
reprod!ced !sing a !ild-!p of foam sheets"
5images y &" Kline7
.
MAE 2
Modeling the KF Airfoil
Approximate the eha$ior of the KFm-2 airfoil !sing a 9A-A airfoil with the same
thic1ness ratio"
A

o
t
t
,

:
"
;
"

a
n
d

$
o
n

&
o
e
n
h
o
f
f
,

A
"
E
"
,

T
h
e
o
r
y

o
f

+
i
n
g

0
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
,

&
o
$
e
r
,

(
<
.
<
"
o
0
=4deg
=
MAE 2
Lift Coefficients
&efine aerodynamic models for wing and hori%ontal tail lift coefficients"
C
Lw
C
Low
(oo
0
+t
w
)
C
Lh
C
Loh
(o+t
h
)
wing lift coefficient/
hor%" tail lift coefficient/
o=angle-of-attack
o
0
=zero-lift angle-of-attack
t
w
=wing inclination
t
h
=horz. tail inclination
o
C
Lw
o
V
C
Lw
o
=C
Lo w
o
0
=zero-lift angle-of-attack
>
MAE 2
Trim Angle-of-Attac
Ass!ming the hori%ontal tail has fixed incidence angle, find the angle-of-attac1 that
will alance the airplane"

M
cg
=0=L
w
( x
cg
x
acw
)L
h
( x
ach
x
cg
)
0=
1
2
jV
2
S C
Lw
( x
cg
x
acw
)
1
2
jV
2
S
h
C
Lh
( x
ach
x
cg
)
( x
ach
x
cg
) S
h
C
Lo h
t
h
( x
cg
x
acw
) S C
L ow
(t
w
o
0
)=
|
S C
Lo w
( x
cg
x
acw
)S
h
C
Loh
( x
ach
x
cg
)

o
o=
( x
ach
x
cg
) S
h
C
Loh
t
h
( x
cg
x
acw
)S C
Low
(t
w
o
0
)
|
S C
Low
( x
cg
x
acw
)S
h
C
Loh
( x
ach
x
cg
)

0=
1
2
jV
2
|
S C
Low
(oo
0
+t
w
)( x
cg
x
acw
)S
h
C
Loh
(o+t
h
)( x
ach
x
cg
)

3
MAE 2
E!ample "lider Analysis
4) cm
. cm
, cm
("4 cm
(2 cm
x
?
a
c
h

8

(
<

c
m
x
?
c
g

8

3
"
3

c
m
x
?
a
c
w

8

<
"
3

c
m
2) deg
<
MAE 2
#ing and $ori%ontal Tail
Total airplane mass 8 3 g
&istance from nose to c"g" 8 3"3 cm
+ing/
'oot chord 8 . cm
Tip chord 8 . cm
0pan 8 4) cm
Area 8 (.) cm
2
Aspect 'atio 8 =")
&istance from nose to a"c" 8 <"3 cm
:nclination angle 8 64 deg
;ori%ontal Tail/
'oot chord 8 , cm
Tip chord 8 ("4 cm
0pan 8 (2 cm
Area 8 4) cm
2
Aspect 'atio 8 ,"3
&istance from nose to a"c" 8 (< cm
:nclination angle 8 -4 deg
()
MAE 2
Fuselage and &ertical Tail
,". cm
("2 cm
4". cm
i?h 8 -4 deg
i?w 8 64 deg
@ertical Tail/
'oot chord 8 4". cm
Tip chord 8 ("2 cm
0pan 8 ,". cm
Area 8 (( cm
2
F!selage/
Aength 8 2(". cm
+idth 8 2". cm
Area 8 ., cm
2
2(". cm
2". cm
((
MAE 2
'ero-Lift (rag Coefficient
F!selage/
D
fus
q
=1.1cm
2
D
wing
q
=3.0cm
2
+ing/
; Tail/
D
ht
q
=0.6cm
2
D
vt
q
=0.2cm
2
@ Tail/
S C
D0
=
D
fus
q
+

all fins
D
fin
q
=
D
fus
q
+
D
wing
q
+
D
ht
q
+
D
vt
q
=4.9cm
2
C
D0
=
1
S
(S C
D0
)=
4.9cm
2
150cm
2
=0.03
C
D0
=0.03
D
fin
q
0.02S
fin
(2
MAE 2
)s*ald Efficiency Factor
Estimate Bswald efficiency factor 5e7 !sing the following expressions"
e=1.8(10.05( AR)
0.7
)0.6
e=4.6(10.05( AR)
0.7
)(cos A)
0.2
3.1
For example airplane/
e
w
=0.88
straight wings/
swept wings/
A=wing sweep angle
e
h
=0.76
wing
hori%ontal tail
:nd!ced drag factor/
K=
1
ne
w
AR
w
=0.06
For example airplane/
(4
MAE 2
Angle-of-Attac
Aift -!r$e 0lope/
C
L o
=
2n
1+
2
e AR
C
L oh
=4.1(1ra!"
C
L ow
=4.6(1ra!"
wing
hori%ontal tail
Angle-of-Attac1/
wing
o=
( x
ach
x
cg
) S
h
C
Loh
t
h
( x
cg
x
acw
)S C
Low
t
w
|
S C
L ow
( x
cg
x
acw
)S
h
C
L oh
( x
ach
x
cg
)

t
h
=3!eg=0.05ra!
t
w
=+3!eg=+0.05ra!
o=0.015ra!=0.8!eg
(,
MAE 2
Lift Coefficients
Aift -oefficient for the +ing and Tail/
C
L h
=0.14
C
L w
=0.30 wing
hori%ontal tail
Aift and &rag -oefficients for the Airplane/
wing
C
L
=0.27
C
Lw
=C
Low
(o+t
w
)
C
Lh
=C
Loh
(o+t
h
)
C
D
=0.034
C
L
=C
Lw
+
S
h
S
C
Lh
C
D
=C
D0
+
C
L
2
ne AR
(.
MAE 2
Flight Path Angle and Airspeed
Flight Path Angle/
=tan
1
(
1
C
L
/ C
D
)
V =
.
2W cos
jS C
L
Airspeed/
=7!eg
V =5.6#s
Aift -oefficient Flight Path Angle Airspeed
Predicted )"2> -> deg ."= m2s
Flight Test )",( -() deg ,". m2s
(=
MAE 2
Flight Testing
Cse altit!de and range meas!rements to estimate flight path angle"
tan =
h
R
h=altit$!e
R=range
=flight path angle

Cse a stop watch to estimate airspeed"


V =
.h
2
+R
2
t
t =ti#e of flight
Cse flight path angle and airspeed to
estimate lift coefficient"
C
L
=
2W cos
jS V
2
W=weight
j=!ensit%
S=ref. area

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