1.

(a) Briefly describe the ultrstucture of the mitochondrion and its basic
functions with the help of a line diagram.

(b) A molecule of Acetyl co-enzyme A entered, into the mitochondrion is

oxidized under aerobic conditions into CO2 through a cyclic pathway.
Briefly explain this cyclic pathway indicating how reduced coenzymes
(NADH2 and FADH2) are formed in that.

(c) Briefly explain how and where these reduced coenzymes generated in
the above pathway are utilized by eukaryotic organisms under aerobic
conditions to generate biologically utilizable energy.

2.

(a) Describe the basis of the modern

classification systems.

(b) Compare and contrast the basic characteristics of three domains of the
Carl Woese modern classification system giving two examples for
oraganisms/group of oganisms belonged to each domain.

(c) Explain why kingdom Protista in the Carl Woese classification system is
considered as an artificial taxonomic group.

3.

(a) Describe the different circulatory systems found in Arthropods and

Vertebrates.

(b)

4.

Briefly describe the human cardiac cycle in a sequence, starting

from the contraction of the atrium.

(a) Describe the basic structure of a vertebrate motor neuron.

(b) When nerve impulses pass from a neuron to another excitable cell
generally they pass through a special junction. Name and describe the
structure of this junction. Explain how nerve impulses pass through this
junction.

5.

(a) Describe basic structure and function of the human sperm cell with
a help of a suitable diagram.

(b) Describe the hormonal regulation of the process of human

spermatogenesis.

6.

Write short notes on followings

(a) Changes of the zygote from the point of fertilization and implantation
(b) Complexity stages of the structural organization of proteins.
(c) Symbiosis

Structured Essay Type Questions

1.

(A) (i) What is meant by the term a respiratory surface of an animal?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
..........................................
(ii) Mention three of properties that are found in an efficient respiratory

surface of animals.
a)

..

b)

.
c) .

..

..

(iii) Mention an animal or a group of animals that bear each of following

respiratory structures.
Respiratory Structures

Animal/Group of Animal

a. Body surface

..
b.

External gills

c. Internal gills

..

d.

Trachea

..

e.

Book
lungs
..

f. Lungs

..
(B) (i)

A
B
C
D
E

F
G

Name the structures labeled as A, B, C, D, E, F and G of the above

figure of the human respiratory system.

(ii) Give the functions of the structures labeled as A, B and C

Structure

Function/s

A
C
D

(C) (i) Following list indicates the components through which O2 in the lungs
passes when it transfers from lungs external surface to blood
hemoglobin. Arrange them according to the correct order.
Endothelium of the capillaries, Hemoglobin, Blood plasma, Mucus,
Epithelium of alveoli

..

(ii) Name two types of cells that line the wall of the respiratory passage.

(iii) What is meant by the term tidal volume?

..
(D) (i) What is the respiration regulation center of the human brain?

.
(ii) Give three major courses of human respiratory disorders.
a)

..
b)

c)

.
02. (A) (i) Why, all organisms need nutrients?

..
(ii) What is autotrophic nutrition?

.
(iii) What is heterotrophic nutrition?

(B) (i) Why some of inorganic nutrients plants need are considered as
essential elements.

(ii) Why some of plant nutrients are considered as macronutrients while

some others are being considered micronutrients?

................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................

(iii) The following list shows four of macronutrients and four of micronutrients
of plants. List them in the correct columns of the following table.
The list of nutrients Ca, Zn, Fe, P, K, Na, S, B
No

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

.
1
2
3
4

(C) (i) Mention in which part/parts of the human digestive system, both the
mechanical and chemical digestion of foods begin.

.
(ii) Mention two major components of the gastric juice and their function/s.
Component

Function/s

a)
.

.
b)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(iii) The following figure shows the arrangement of the major tissue layers of the
human-gut wall. Name layers labeled as A, B, C, D and E.

(D) (i) What hormone stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the
human digestive system?

.
(ii) What hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete sodium bicarbonate?


.
(iii) What hormone stimulates gallbladder to secrete bile?

.
(iv) What hormones inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach?

.
03. (A) (i) What is excretion and how it differs from defecation?

(ii) What are the excretory products generated in the metabolism of

following compounds through the given metabolic processes?
Compound

Metabolic Process

Carbohydrates

Aerobic respiration

Carbohydrates

Anaerobic respiration

Proteins

Onithine cycle

Excretory Product/s

(iii) What are the different excretory products generated by animals in the
metabolism of nitrogenous compounds?

.
(B) (i) Arrange following excretory products of the metabolism of nitrogenous
compounds according to the order of increasing toxicity.
Uric acid, Ammonia, Urea

.
(ii) Give an animal or group of animals that produce each of following
excretory product.
Excretory Product
Ammonia
Urea
Uric Acid

Animal or Group of Animals

(iii) Following graph shows carbon loss of three of excretory products of the
metabolism of nitrogenous compounds. Considering the carbon loss,
Identify excretory compounds ammonia, urea and uric acid labeled as A,
B and C in the graph.
Label

Nitrogenous Compound

A
B
C

(C) (i) Write excretory structures of following animals or groups of animals?

Animal/Group of Animals

Excretory Structure

Amoeba

Earth Worms

Insects

Platyhelmenthes
..
Prawns
..
(ii)

What is the position of the human kidneys?

..

(D) (i) What are the two types nephrones found in the human kidneys?
a)

..
b)

..
(ii) Give the positions of above two types of nephrones mentioned
in (i) in the kidneys.

. .

..

..

(iii) What are the three major processes that take place in kidneys in
urine formation?

..

..
04. (A)

(i)

What are the three different types of skeletons found in the

Kingdom Animalia?
a)

..
b)

.
c)

(ii)

Name animal or a group of animals that bear each type of

above skeleton a), b) and c).

Animal/A Group of Animals

a)
..
b)
..
c)
..
(iii)

What are the functions of the human skeletal system?

.
(B)

(i)

What are the major parts of the human axial skeleton?


..

(ii) What are the major parts of the human appendicular

skeleton?

(iii) How many bones are found in the human skull?

.
(C)

(i)

Which vertebra of the human skeleton act combining with the skull
in nodding the head?
..


.
(ii) Write names of the bones of the skull in which sinuses are found?

...
.

...........................
.

...........................
(iii) What are the functions of the sinuses?
.

...........................
.

...........................
.

...........................

(D)

(i) What are the functions of the vertebral column?

..

..

..

..

..
(ii) Give two functions of the ribs and sternum?


.
(iii) What is osteoporosis?

(iv) What is osteoarthritis?