BY-

ASHISH SINHA
B. TECH. 3
rd
YEAR
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ROLL NO.- 0805421013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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"+)*% "o &' %!&i*)r (uid! )*d S!&i*)r I*--+)r(! Mr. Vimal
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,!)%i/l! )*d !)%' "o -)rr' ou" "+! wor i* ) %&oo"+ &)**!r.
I )& .!r' (r)"!,ul "o Prof. Mohd Shilee! Head Of De"ar#me$# Ele%#ri%al
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ASHISH SINHA
B. TECH. 3
rd
YEAR
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ROLL NO.- 0805421013
De"ar#me$# of Ele%#ri%al & Ele%#ro$i%s E$'i$eeri$'
B)/u B)*)r)%i 3)% N)"io*)l I*%"i"u"! O, T!-+*olo(' 1Lu-*ow
CERTIFICATE
T+i% i% "o -!r"i,' "+)" %!&i*)r r!$or" !*"i"l!d (ADC)a$#i %ollisio$
de*i%e+, i% /!i*( %u/&i""!d /' Ashish Si$ha
B. T!-+. 3
rd
Y!)r1 El!-"ri-)l & El!-"ro*i-% E*(i*!!ri*( 1 -a. -a$arasi
Das Na#io$al I$s#i#.#e Of Te%h$olo'/ A$d Ma$a'eme$#!L.%0$ow1 )% )
$)r"i)l ,ul,ill&!*" o, "+! )w)rd o, 3!(. B)-+!lor o, T!-+*olo(' i* El!-"ri-)l
E*(i*!!ri*(.
Mr.Ashish Si$ha +)% %u--!%%,ull' d!li.!r!d "+! %!&i*)r o* "+! "o$i-
ADC) a$#i %ollisio$ de*i%e + u*d!r &' %u$!r.i%io*.
)Mr.Vimal Maheshwari+ ) Prof. Mohd. Shilee+
Seminar in charge Head of department
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS EN44.
CONTENTS
1 Overview
2 Introduction
3 Need of A.C.D.
4 Features of ACD
5 Technology Used
7 Working Method For Anti
Collision Devices
8 Accidents are prevented by
ACD
9 Benefits of the ACD system
10 Maintenance Support System
(MSS)
11 Applications
12 Refrences
Overview
The ACD Network is a Train Collision prevention system patented
by Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (A Public Sector Undertaking
of Ministry of Railways, Government of India). ACDs have knowledge
embedded intelligence. They take inputs from GPS satellite system for
position updates and network among themselves for exchanging
information using their data radio modems to take decisions for timely
auto-application of brakes to prevent dangerous 'collisions', thus
forming a 'Raksha Kavach' (meaning a '(Train) Safety shield').
ACDs fitted (both in Locomotive and Guard's Van of a train) act as a
watchdog in the dark as they constantly remain in lookout for other
train bound ACDs, within the braking distance required for their
relative speeds. They communicate through their radios and identify
each other. If they happen to find themselves on the same track and
coming closer to each other, they automatically restrain and stop each
other, thereby preventing dangerous head-on and rear-end collisions.
Loco ACD of a train also applies brakes to reduce the train speed either
to 15 km/h if on approach it receives a message from other train bound
ACD that has stopped in a block section on adjacent track (and driver of
that train has yet not communicated that things are 'Normal') or to
bring the train to a stop if train bound ACDs of other train are radiating
'train parted' message thereby preventing dangerous side
collision that may occur due to infringement of adjacent track by a
stopped or a 'parted' train, respectively.
ACD trials have recently been concluded successfully in Southern
Railway. Further implementation on Indian Railway is awaited.
Level crossings
Loco ACD on receipt of 'Gate Open' input from Gate ACD (provided at
non-interlocked level crossing), applies brake to regulate its train speed.
Gate ACDs fitted at manned and un-manned level crossings also give
audio-visual 'Train Approach' warning to road users if an ACD fitted
train approaches them.
Also if a Loco ACD receives manual 'SOS' message from other Train
bound ACD or a Station ACD that is within three km of its radial
range; it applies brakes automatically to bring the train to a stop.
The application of this Anti-Collision Device has been refined to not
only prevent 'mid section' collisions but also to preempt their
occurrences in 'station yards'. The newly engineered solution is
integrated with the signalling systems and interlocking to react
appropriately in case collision like conditions are perceived at the time
of reception and dispatch of trains from a station, for e.g. while
approaching a Station, Loco ACD also gives 'Station Approach' alert to
the driver and regulates its train speed when it receives information
from Station ACD to this effect, namely, either main-line is occupied by
a train OR a load stabled on it and not fitted with ACD OR if route for
train reception is not set for main line.
Loco shed ACDs, Track-ID Assigning ACDs and Repeater ACDs further
to strengthen the working of ACD Network.
Future
Pilot project of "Provision of ACD Network" has been successfully
commissioned recently on the Northeast Frontier Railway (of Indian
Railways), covering 1736 Route km (of its Broad Gauge route). Final
commissioning trials of ACD network installed on 760 km of Konkan
Railway route is presently underway.
Anti Collision Device (ACD), which is an on-board train protection
device and also the first ever device in the world indigenously developed
by Konkan Railway with their Technical Partner Kernex Microsystems
(I) Ltd, will be in place by 2013 on the entire Indian Railway network so
as to reduce chances of Train collisions.
The ACD Network is a Train Collision prevention system patented by
Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (A Public Sector Undertaking of
Ministry of Railways, Government of India). ACDs have knowledge
embedded intelligence. They take inputs from GPS satellite system for
position updates and network among themselves for exchanging
information using their data radio modems to take decisions for timely
auto-application of brakes to prevent dangerous 'collisions', thus
forming a 'Raksha Kavach' (meaning a '(Train) Safety shield').
ACDs fitted (both in Locomotive and Guard's Van of a train) act as a
watchdog in the dark as they constantly remain in lookout for other
train bound ACDs, within the braking distance required for
their relative speeds. They communicate through their radios and
identify each other. If they happen to find themselves on the same track
and coming closer to each other, they automatically restrain and stop
each other, thereby preventing dangerous head-on and rear-end
collisions.
Loco ACD of a train also applies brakes to reduce the train speed either
to 15 km/h if on approach it receives a message from other train bound
ACD that has stopped in a block section on adjacent track (and driver of
that train has yet not communicated that things are 'Normal') or to
bring the train to a stop if train bound ACDs of other train are radiating
'train parted' message thereby preventing dangerous side collision that
may occur due to infringement of adjacent track by a stopped or a
'parted' train, respectively.
ANTI COLLISION DEVICES (ACDs)
Introduction:
Anti-Collision Device (ACD) is a self-acting microprocessor-based data
communication device designed and developed by Kankan Railway.
When installed on locomotives (along with an auto-braking unit - ABU),
guard vans, stations and level-crossing gates (both manned and
unmanned), the network of ACD systems prevents high-speed collisions
in mid-sections, station areas and at level-crossing gates.
The ACD uses both radio frequency and Global Positioning System
(GPS) through satellites, whereby a train is automatically brought to a
halt if the track ahead is not clear. The train starts braking 3 kms
ahead of a blockade.
The Anti-Collision Device (ACD), also called `Raksha Kavach,'
envisages setting up a network of "self-acting" micro-processor based
communication devices which automatically apply brakes on trains that
are unknowingly getting into a "collision-like situation," including
before stations and at mid-sections. "At the mid-sections, where neither
the protection of signals nor guidance is available to the driver, the
ACD makes the loco intelligent and extends its capability to detect any
collision-like situations in a range of 3 km, which the driver cannot
detect on his own. Situations like collision between two approaching
trains or between a derailed train on one track and an approaching
train on the adjacent tract can thus be prevented," according to the
KRCL official.
The "silent" network of ACD systems can be installed on the
locomotives, guard vans and at stations, which could ensure that trains
do not collide at while travelling at high speeds. Further, if the ACD
systems are provided at the level crossing gates (both manned as well
as un-manned), the project could provide protection to the lives of road
users also. "We have tested the commercial prototypes of ACD system,
which has been developed indigenously for the first time in the world. It
has been technically proven during joint field trials with Research
Design and Standards Organization, nominated by the Railways," the
official said.
The ACDs are capable of multi functions. For example, while
approaching a station, the Loco ACD gives the "station approach"
warning to the driver about 2 km in rear of the first STOP signal of
the station and in case the driver ignores the warning it will
automatically regulate the train speed.
The pilot project implementation of ACD was successfully commissioned
on the North-East Frontier Railway this year. Survey for expanding the
system to another 10,000 km falling on the critical and busy sections of
the network is almost complete.
The installation of this device will go a long way in preventing collision
accidents. The application of this device has been refined to not only
prevent mid-section collisions but also to pre-empt their occurrence
in station yards.
The newly engineered solution is integrated with the signaling systems
and interlocking to react appropriately in case collision-like conditions
are perceived at the time of reception and dispatch of trains from
a station. The design of crash-worthy coaches and tight lock couplers
with anti-climbing features has been finalized and all future coaches
are being made as per the new design. Despite the phenomenal increase
in traffic, the number of consequential train accidents has come down
from 464 in 2000-01 to 234 in 2005-06, a reduction of almost 50 per
cent.
In 2006-07, the number of accidents came down to 195, the lowest-ever
since the 1960s. Safety is the prime concern and all possible measures
are being taken to ensure the safety of passengers.
NEED OF A.C.D.
The main modules of the ACD includes a GPS (Global Positioning
System), which picks up signals from the constellation of GPS
satellites that are being exclusively used for this purpose. The GPS
submits the data to the Command and Control Unit (CCU) to extract
the parameters related to the movement of locomotive like latitude,
longitude, speed, angle, date and time. The antenna of the GPS receiver
is fitted outside on the roof of the locomotive.
The user-friendly device helps the driver to know the various positions
in the form of audio-visual indications, like Station Approach, SOS (for
head-on, rear-end and side collision situations) and Gate Open. Another
module is the radio trans-receiver, which transmits the information and
commands generated by the CCU and receives the information being
sent by other ACDs when the two systems are within the radio-range of
3 km.
The final module in the system is the braking mechanism, which
envisages the CCU to take a decision for applying either the normal
brake or the emergency brake on the locomotive as the situation
required. "The electro-pneumatic braking is then applied through
suitable solenoid interface installed for this purpose in the cab of the
locomotive," the official explained.
ACD is an intelligent friend to the engine driver, which can act on its
own without any human intervention. It comprises a Command and
Control Unit (CCU), a GPS Receiver, Radio Transmitter and Crew
Interface. The CCU, which is the heart of the ACD, is a microprocessor-
based module which processes the data and generates commands. The
GPS Receiver picks up signals from GPS satellites and submits the
same to the CCU to extract parameters related to the movement of the
locomotive such as latitude, longitude, speed, angle, date and time.
ACD prevents the head-on collision of two speeding trains, which
accidentally happen to be on the same track. An ACD mounted on a
train constantly looks out for signals from another ACD in a 3-km
range. The moment both the trains are within the required breaking
distance, the ACDs, after analysing the data from the GPS, deduce that
they are on the same track and are heading for a collision. Then the
ACDs automatically apply the brakes, bringing both the trains to a halt
without the intervention of the driver.
The ACD can be used not only for avoiding head-on collisions but also to
detect if a train has accidentally stopped on the same track as another,
preventing a following train telescoping into its rear. Also, if two trains
are moving on the same track but the separation distance is less than 2
km, the ACD will automatically regulate the following train's speed. It
can also detect when the bogies of a train from an adjacent track derail
on to a train's path. Konkan Railways has tested out 11 accident
scenarios with the ACD.
The ACD can be mounted not only on trains but also be installed at
railway stations, level crossing gates (both manned and unmanned),
and on guard vans. If a station is equipped with an ACD, the driver will
receive the ``station approach'' warning as the train approaches the
station. Also, the ACD can sense whether a level crossing gate is open
or damaged and warn the driver, besides regulating the train's speed.
Features of ACD
The principal object of the present invention is to overcome these
disadvantages and provide an anti-collision safety device for vehicles
travelling on tracks, without any driving personnel, that is to say, a
device which itself can estimate risks and react in consequence.
More generally, the invention is intended to provide a device comprising
means of observation and making decisions for safe operation, using in
particular the principle of deformable movable blocks.
To this end, the present invention relates to an anti-collision safety
device of the type indicated above, characterized in that it comprises
means for detecting and counting reference points provided along the
track, means for calculating the distance of a vehicle from a given zero
point, and means for converting this distance into a time with a time
reference constituted by a synchronization pulse received by all the
vehicles. The device further comprises means for generating a series of
position pulses, emitted by all the vehicles and received by all the
vehicles, the distance between a vehicle and the vehicle immediately
preceding it being determined by comparing the position pulses;
further, the safety device of each vehicle compares this relative distance
with its stopping distance and causes the vehicle to stop when the
relative distance is smaller than the stopping distance.
According to another characteristic feature of the invention, the
stopping distance is determined from the actual speed of the vehicle,
which may be obtained by a tachometer (e.g., a phonic wheel) supplying
speed signals to a function generator which is initialized by the position
pulse and which furnishes an output signal as soon as the function
generator has reached the actual vehicle speed, the vehicle being caused
to stop if the signal from the function generator does not lie within the
distance between the vehicle and the vehicle immediately preceding it
(relative distance window).
According to another characteristic feature of the invention, an alarm is
given by a position alarm device set off separately or in combination by
a breakdown of the reference point detector, a breakdown of the
reference point counter, or a transmission breakdown. This alarm is
transmitted to the central control station (PCC) by the emission of a
pulse characteristic of a vehicle, and the central station PCC then
distributes a general brake or line emergency stop signal that stops all
vehicles on the line.
According to another characteristic feature of the invention, the safe
operation of the loop functions (calculation of position, calculation of
stopping distance) is controlled by the signals supplied by duplicate
breakdown detecting circuits, the output signals from the means
checking for intrinsic safety the coincidence of the output signals of the
duplicate circuits, the absence of coincidence characterizing a
breakdown or a risk of collision and causing stopping
Technology used in ACDs:-
The heart of the ACD is an Intel 80386 processor that uses the DM&P
M617 Intel chipset. It [ACD] has an integrated digital radio modem and
works on the VxWorks Real Time Operating System (RTOS). Raja ram
adds, VxWorks, as a platform, is most suitable for real-time
applications.
The working of Anti Collision Devices (ACDs) in Indian
Railways
The working of Anti Collision Devices (ACDs) in Indian
Railways is described as:-
The loco a.c.d is the heart of a.c.d network. In the a.c.d the radio single
from the consolation of Global Positioning System (G.P.S) satellite or
received by GPS receiver through by antenna. This signal is sent to the
command and control unit that is C.C.U. of the ACD the C.C.U is micro
processor based module. And as like a brain of the acd system.
The GPS submits the data to the Command and Control Unit (CCU) to
extract the parameters related to the movement of locomotive like
Latitude.
Longitude.
Speed.
Angle.
Date and time.
It processes the data and generate the command from the acd. A part
from the GPS receiver there is a radio Trans receiver inside the acd. A
transmits information such as:
Identification no.
Speed
Location in terms of Latitude, Longitude, and status of it working with
the help of sprats radio antenna.
It also received the information being send by other acd range within
range 3 Km. this information also send to the C.C.U. for processing all
receiving the information from the other acd and the data from the GPS
receiver. The C.C.U unit take a design for apply either a normal &
emergency break or the locomotive break as the case may be.
This is active with the help of the auto breaking unit of the loco on
board mobile loco ACD and guard room acd have both a GPS receiver
and radio trans receiver. The GPS receiver received the data from the
satellite and radio trans receiver communicate with the other GPS.
Within range of 3.Km. the tracks side and sates nary module. Such as :-
station ACD, level crossing ACD, and loco side ACD.
Both mobile and stationary ACD exchange information and take
decision base on trans working rule. And embedded soft ware to a apply
breaks automatic with art any input users. All the ACD work on the
principle of distributed control system. It is a very simply but it two
ACD on locomotive within pre define distance and proceed and risks on
collision system. Automatically active the breaking to the train and
prevent collision relay in accident.
.
.

GPS Satellites
UHF Data
Radio Modem
GPS Receiver
Working of on-board System
Receive inputs from satellites, communicate with Gate Unit
using radio modems & use intelligence to act
!o prevent "dangerous# $ollisions
%nter&'$D Radio $ommunication
Loco
(ocation
Speed
$ourse of !ravel
!ime
4)"! 5NIT
The Following Accidents are
prevented by ACD:-
Detection and Prevention of Head-on, Rear-end and Side Collisions:
Only system in the world to provide these UNIQUE features even when
a train is not protected by a signal, as in a block section.
Detection of fouling and prevention of collision due to fouling:- Except
when a Train on main line overshoots the Fouling Mark
Detection & generation of Train parting / Jumbling: - Consequently
bringing any approaching train on the adjoining line to a dead stop.
Station Approach Warning to Drivers: - Can result in saving of
Manpower for deployment of detonators during foggy weather, Provided
100% coverage of ACD fitted trains is available on the
Concerned ACD route.
Speed limit imposition:- Based on preset conditions in FRS of ACD
Train approach Warning for road users at Level Crossings both manned
and unmanned :- In addition, at manned non-interlocked level
crossings, reducing the train speed to 30 Kmph in case the gate is
detected in open condition through Gate ACD.
Manual SOS functionality available for Drivers, Guards and Station
Masters: - To bring all trains to a halt within a radial distance of 3
Kms, in emergencies
Benefits of the ACD system
Very economical and cost effective.
Easily adaptable and expandable.
Does not degrade the existing safety level.
Employs state-of-art hardware and software technology.
No way had side equipment required, hence no requirement of Power.
No cabling on the track required (which is more expensive and
cumbersome).
Less susceptible to Vandalism.
It does not require any inputs to be fed by the crew at the start of
journey, thus human error is eliminated.
Maintenance Support System (MSS)
Daily Reports of incidences of Warning to the Driver due to Gate OPEN
or Obstruction.
Date wise Report of incidences of Warning to the Driver due to Gate
OPEN or Obstruction.
Daily Maintenance Report of Failure of Loco Unit and Gate Unit.
Date wise Maintenance Report of Failure of Loco Unit and Gate Unit.
Applications: -
1. ACDs can be implemented in railways to prevent collisions and to
decrease the timing between two consecutive trains running one after
another.
2. It can be used in heavy vehicles like cranes, earthmovers etc to
prevent accidents and for their safe working in public places.
3. ACDs can be used as a tracking device.
References:-
1. http://www.google.com
2. http://www.konkanrailways.gov.in
3. http://www.rediff.com/anti_collision_devices.html
4. http://www.ask.com
5. http://www.hindustantimes.com/acd.html
6. http://www.wikipedia.org