Functions

- Relationships where each x-value has only one y value.

e.g. The relation (2, 3) (3, 4) (4, 5) is a unction
The relation (2, 3) (4, 5) (2, !) isn"t
- # graph represents a unction i a vertical line cuts the graph at only
one point.
e.g. $s a unction $s not a unction
%ote& 'o(ain ) set o x-values o a unction
Range ) *et o y-values
f(x ) notation
- +se, to write the or(ula or a unction
e.g.
f(x) ) 3x - 5
f(x) ) 3x - 5 is written in unction notation
+sing f(x) notation
- su.stitute the nu(.er in or x an, calculate the result
e.g.
f(x) ) 2x / 0
f(x) ) 2x / 0
a) 1alculate f(23)
.) *olve the e3uation f(x) ) 45
y
x
y
x
6ra,ient - $ntercept 7etho,
- +se, when the general e3uation is in the or(&

y ) mx / c
y ) mx / c
where ( ) gra,ient (
rise
run

rise
run

) an, c ) y-intercept

%ote& 7a8e sure the e3uation is in the y = mx + c or( irst
e.g. 'raw the ollowing straight lines
a)
y ) 3x - 4
y ) 3x - 4 .)
2x / 3y ) 42
2x / 3y ) 42
Two *pecial 1ases
4. 9ertical line&
- is in the or(
x ) c
x ) c (where c ) x-intercept)
2. :ori;ontal line&
- is in the or(
y ) c
y ) c (where c ) y-intercept)
e.g. 'raw the lines
a)
x ) 3
x ) 3
.)
y ) - 2
y ) - 2
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
$ntercept - $ntercept 7etho,
- +se, when the general e3uation is in the or(&

ax / by / c ) <
ax / by / c ) <
- +se the cover-up rule to in, intercepts
e.g. 'raw the straight line
3x - 4y - 42 ) <
3x - 4y - 42 ) <
x-intercept )
y-intercept )
=riting >3uations
- i,entiy two points an, use the point?point e3uation

y - y
4
x - x
4
)
y
2
- y
4
x
2
- x
4

y - y
4
x - x
4
)
y
2
- y
4
x
2
- x
4


e.g. =rite the e3uation or the ollowing straight line
>3uation )
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
@ara.olas
- graphs o 3ua,ratic unctions
@lotting @oints&
- i unsure o s8etching ro( e3uation, in, an, plot points
e.g. 'raw the para.ola
y ) x
2
- 2x - 3
y ) x
2
- 2x - 3

x y
-2
-4
<
4
2
3
@roperties o @ara.olas
4.
y ) x
2

y ) x
2


- the .asic para.ola
2.
y ) - x
2

y ) - x
2


- a (inus sign in ront inverts the para.ola
3.
y ) ax
2

y ) ax
2


- a nu(.er in ront alters steepness
- i a A 4 graph .eco(es wi,er
- i a B 4 graph .eco(es narrower
e.g.
y ) 3x
2
an, y )
4
4
x
2

y ) 3x
2
an, y )
4
4
x
2

%ote& to ,raw its .est to plot points
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4.
y ) x
2

c (c B <)
y ) x
2

c (c B <)

- a,,ing?su.tracting a nu(.er ro( x
2
(oves .asic para.ola up?,own
e.g. 'raw the ollowing para.olas
a)
y ) x
2
/ 4
y ) x
2
/ 4

.)
y ) x
2
- 2
y ) x
2
- 2

c)
y ) 4 - x
2

y ) 4 - x
2


5.
y ) (x

c)
2
(c B <)
y ) (x

c)
2
(c B <)

- a,,ing?su.tracting a nu(.er in the .rac8ets (oves .asic para.ola
si,eways
- a,,ing (oves para.ola let
- su.tracting (oves para.ola right
e.g. 'raw the ollowing para.olas
a)
y ) (x - 3)
2

y ) (x - 3)
2


.)
y ) x / 4)
2

y ) x / 4)
2


c)
y ) - (x - 2)
2

y ) - (x - 2)
2


!.
y ) (x

c)
2

d
y ) (x

c)
2

d

- a co(.ination o up?,own an, si,eways (ove(ent
e.g. 'raw the ollowing para.olas
a)
y ) (x - 2)
2
- 4
y ) (x - 2)
2
- 4

.)
y ) - (x / 3)
2
/ 2
y ) - (x / 3)
2
/ 2

y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
@ara.olas in Factorise, For(
- in, the intercepts an, vertex co-or,inates then s8etch
e.g. 'raw the ollowing para.olas
a)
y ) (x - 4)(x / 3)
y ) (x - 4)(x / 3) .)
y ) x(3 - x)
y ) x(3 - x)
x-intercepts )
y-intercepts )
vertex& x co-or,inate )

y co-or,inate )
@ara.olas in >xpan,e, For(
- actorise expression irst, then in, intercepts etc an, s8etch
e.g. 'raw the ollowing para.olas
a)
y ) x
2
- 4x / 3
y ) x
2
- 4x / 3
.)
y ) x
2
- 4
y ) x
2
- 4

x-intercepts )
y-intercepts )
vertex& x co-or,inate )

y co-or,inate )
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
1o(pleting the *3uare
- when expression cannot .e actorise,, co(plete the s3uare an,
arrange unction into the or(&

y ) (x

c)
2

d
y ) (x

c)
2

d

e.g. 'raw the graph o
y ) x
2
- Cx / 44
y ) x
2
- Cx / 44

=riting >3uations
- i para.ola intercepts x-axis su.stitute into
y ) (x - a)(x - b)
y ) (x - a)(x - b)
- i not su.stitute vertex co-or,inates into
y ) (x - a)
2
/ b
y ) (x - a)
2
/ b

e.g. =rite e3uations or the ollowing para.olas
a)
.)
c)
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
(a)
(.)
(c)
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
=riting >3uations (har,er)
- when the co-eicient ,oes not e3ual 4
either use the e3uation
y ) k(x - a)(x - b) or y ) k(x / c)
2
/ d
y ) k(x - a)(x - b) or y ) k(x / c)
2
/ d
e.g. =rite the e3uations o the ollowing graphs
a) .)
y
x
2
2
4
4
!
!
C
C
4<
4<
- 2
- 2
- 4
- 4
2
2
4
4
!
!
C
C
4<
4<
42
42
- 2
- 2
- 4
- 4
5 4< 45 2< 25 3< 35 4< 2< 3< 4< 5<
y
x
5
5
4<
4<
45
45
2<
2<
25
25
3<
3<
35
35
4<
4<
2<
2<
3<
3<
4<
4<
5<
5<
1u.ics (@olyno(ials)
- $, when expan,e,, e3uation starts with x
3
the general shape is&
- i it starts with 2x
3
the general shape is&
'rawing 1u.ics
e.g. 'raw the cu.ic
y ) (x / 4)(x - 4)(x - 3)
y ) (x / 4)(x - 4)(x - 3)
x-intercepts )
y-intercept )
a,,itional points )
Two *pecial 1ases
4. $ x is a actor, cu.ic passes through the origin (<, <)
e.g. 'raw the cu.ic
y ) x(x / 2)(2 - x)
y ) x(x / 2)(2 - x)
x-intercepts )
y-intercept )
a,,itional points )
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
2. $ one actor is repeate, graph touches at x-axis
e.g. 'raw the graph
y ) (x - 4)
2
(x / 2)
y ) (x - 4)
2
(x / 2)

x-intercepts )
y-intercept )
a,,itional points )
=riting >3uations
- su.stitute x-axis intercepts into
y ) (x - a)(x - b)(x - c)
y ) (x - a)(x - b)(x - c)
e.g. =rite e3uations or the ollowing graphs
a)
.)
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
(a)
(.)
1ircles
- ,escri.e, .y the relation&
x
2
/ y
2
) r
2

x
2
/ y
2
) r
2


where r is the ra,ius an, its centre is at the origin (<, <)
e.g. 'raw the ollowing circles
a)
x
2
/ y
2
) 5
x
2
/ y
2
) 5

.)
y
2
) 4 - x
2

y
2
) 4 - x
2


Translate, 1ircles
- ,escri.e, .y the relation&

(x - a)
2
/ (y - b)
2
) r
2

(x - a)
2
/ (y - b)
2
) r
2


where r is the ra,ius an, its centre is at the point (a, .)
e.g. 'raw the ollowing circles
a)
(x - 3)
2
/ (y / 2)
2
) 4
(x - 3)
2
/ (y / 2)
2
) 4

.)
(x / 4)
2
/ y
2
) 4!
(x / 4)
2
/ y
2
) 4!

y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
=riting >3uations
- i centre is at origin su.stitute ra,ius into x
2
/ y
2
) r
2
- i not at origin su.stitute centre an, ra,ius into (x - a)
2
/ (y - .)
2
) r
2
e.g. =rite e3uations or the ollowing
a)
.)
:yper.olas
- >3uations are expresse, as&

xy ) c or y )
c
x

xy ) c or y )
c
x


@roperties&
- graph has two ,istinct .ranches
- graph has two asy(ptotes (where .ranches approach a line .ut
never actually touch it)
'rawing :yper.olas
- plot so(e points an, Doin with a s(ooth curve
e.g. 'raw the ollowing hyper.olas
a)
xy ) - 4
xy ) - 4
.)
y )
!
x

y )
!
x


y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
(a)
(.)
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
Translations o the :yper.ola
4. 9ertical Translation
- when a nu(.er is a,,e,?su.tracte, graph (oves up?,own
e.g. 'raw the ollowing hyper.olas
a)
y )
4
x
/ 2
y )
4
x
/ 2

.)
x(y / 4) ) - !
x(y / 4) ) - !
2. :ori;ontal Translation
- when a nu(.er is a,,e,?su.tracte, in the ,eno(inator, the graph
(oves let or right.
e.g. 'raw the ollowing hyper.olas
a)
y )
4
x / 4

y )
4
x / 4


.)
y(x - 3) ) !
y(x - 3) ) !
3. 1o(.ine, Translation
e.g. 'raw the ollowing hyper.olas
a)
y )
4
x / 3
- 4
y )
4
x / 3
- 4

.)
(x - 2)(y / 3) ) !
(x - 2)(y / 3) ) !
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
:yper.olas as Rational Functions
- *teps involve, in graphing the unction
y )
ax / b
cx / d

y )
ax / b
cx / d


4. To in, the y-intercept&
y )
b
d

y )
b
d


2. To in, the x-intercept&
x )
- b
a

x )
- b
a


3. To in, the vertical asy(ptote&
x )
- d
c

x )
- d
c


4. To in, the hori;ontal asy(ptote&
y )
a
c

y )
a
c


e.g. 'raw the hyper.ola
y )
x - !
x / 3

y )
x - !
x / 3


=riting >3uations
- i,entiy 8ey points an, su.stitute into the e3uation
xy ) c or y )
c
x

xy ) c or y )
c
x

e.g. =rite e3uations or the ollowing
a)
.)
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
(a)
(.)
>xponential 1urves
- #ny unction o the or(

y ) a
x

y ) a
x


@roperties&
- #lways passes through the point (<, 4)
- x-axis is an asy(ptote
%ote& to ,raw plot points using x
y
Two 1ases&
4. $ a B 4 we have a growth curve
e.g. 'raw the curve
y ) 4
x

y ) 4
x


x y
-2
-4
<
4
2
'o(ain ) Range )
2. $ a A 4 we have a ,ecay curve
e.g. 'raw the curve
y )

4
4

x

y )

4
4

x


x y
-2
-4
<
4
2
'o(ain ) Range )
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
=riting >3uations
- i,entiy 8ey points an, su.stitute into the e3uation

y ) a
x

y ) a
x


e.g. =rite an e3uation or the ollowing
a)
.)
Eogarith(ic 6raphs
- the inverse o the exponential curve (relecte, in the line y ) x)
- a unction o the or(

y ) log
a
(x)
y ) log
a
(x)
@roperties
- always passes through the point (4, <)
- y-axis is an asy(ptote
%ote& to ,raw change e3uation into exponential or( an, in, points
e.g. 'raw the graph
y ) log
3
(x)
y ) log
3
(x)
+se&
x ) 3
y
y
-2
-4
<
4
2
'o(ain ) Range )
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
(a) (.)
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
=riting >3uations
- i,entiy a 8ey point an, su.stitute into x ) a
y
to in, a which can .e
place, into the e3uation

y ) log
a
(x)
y ) log
a
(x)
e.g. =rite an e3uation or the ollowing
>3uation )
*3uare Root 6raph
- .est to ,raw .y plotting points
e.g. 'raw the graph
y ) x / 4
y ) x / 4

x y
<
3
C
45
'o(ain ) Range )
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
2 4 ! C 4< 42 44 4! 4 2 3 4 5
y
x
2
2
4
4
!
!
C
C
4<
4<
42
42
44
44
4!
4!
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
#.solute 9alue 6raph
- #.solute value is the ,istance ro( ;ero (the result insi,e .rac8ets
is (a,e positive i negative)
e.g. >valuate the ollowing
a) | 2 5 | ) .) | 44 | )
c) | 42 - 23 | )
e.g. 'raw the ollowing graphs
a) y ) | x |
.) y ) | x - 2 |
'o(ain (a) ) Range (a) )
(.) ) (.) )
Transor(ations o 6raphs
4. Translations
a)
y ) f(x)

a
y ) f(x)

a
- graph (oves up or ,own
e.g. The graphs o
y ) x
3

y ) x
3

an,
y ) x
3
- 2
y ) x
3
- 2

y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
.)
y ) f(x

a)
y ) f(x

a)
- graph (oves let or right
e.g. The graphs o
y ) 2
x

y ) 2
x

an,
y ) 2
x / 4

y ) 2
x / 4


c)
y ) f(x

a)

b
y ) f(x

a)

b
- co(.ination o .oth
e.g. The graphs o
y ) x
3

y ) x
3

an,
y ) (x / 2)
3
- 3
y ) (x / 2)
3
- 3

2. 1hanges o *cale
a)
f(ax)
f(ax)
- alters the hori;ontal scale (,istance ro( y-axis is re,uce, .y a)
e.g. The graphs o
y ) log
2
(x)
y ) log
2
(x) an,
y ) log
2
(2x)
y ) log
2
(2x)
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
.)
a . f(x)
a . f(x)
- alters the vertical scale (all heights a.ove the x-axis are (ultiplie,
.y a)
e.g. The graphs o
y ) x
2

y ) x
2

an,
y )
4
2
x
2

y )
4
2
x
2

3. Relections
a)
y ) - f(x)
y ) - f(x)
- relects the graph o y ) (x) in the x-axis
e.g. The graphs o
y ) log
2
(x)
y ) log
2
(x) an,

y ) - log
2
(x)
y ) - log
2
(x)
.)
y ) f( - x)
y ) f( - x)
- relects the graph o y ) (x) in the y-axis
e.g. The graphs o
y ) 3
x

y ) 3
x

an,

y ) 3
- x

y ) 3
- x


y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
1onversion o 'egrees?Ra,ians
i) To convert ,egrees to ra,ians
- (ultiply .y

4C<

4C<

(.est to leave answer in ter(s o

)
e.g. 1onvert into ra,ians
a) 5< ) .) 4C< ) c) 20< ) ,) 3!< )
ii) To convert ra,ians to ,egrees
- (ultiply .y
4C<

4C<

e.g. 1onvert into ,egrees
a)
2

) .)
3

2

3

2

) c)

) ,)

2

)
*ine?1osine?Tangent 6raphs
@erio,& :ow oten graph repeats
#(plitu,e& :al the ,ierence .etween the largest an, s(allest
y-value (if x-axis goes through the middle the amplitude is height
above the x-axis)
4.
y ) sinx
y ) sinx
@erio, )
#(plitu,e )
'o(ain )
Range )
2.
y ) cosx
y ) cosx
@erio, )
#(plitu,e )
'o(ain )
Range )
3.
y ) tanx
y ) tanx
@erio, )
#(plitu,e )
'o(ain )
Range )
y
x
3<
3<
!<
!<
5<
5<
42<
42<
45<
45<
4C<
4C<
24<
24<
24<
24<
20<
20<
3<<
3<<
33<
33<
3!<
3!<
35<
35<
- 3<
- 3<
<.5
<.5
4
4
- <.5
- <.5
- 4
- 4
y
x
3<
3<
!<
!<
5<
5<
42<
42<
45<
45<
4C<
4C<
24<
24<
24<
24<
20<
20<
3<<
3<<
33<
33<
3!<
3!<
35<
35<
- 3<
- 3<
<.5
<.5
4
4
- <.5
- <.5
- 4
- 4
y
x
3<
3<
!<
!<
5<
5<
42<
42<
45<
45<
4C<
4C<
24<
24<
24<
24<
20<
20<
3<<
3<<
33<
33<
3!<
3!<
35<
35<
- 3<
- 3<
2
2
4
4
!
!
C
C
4<
4<
- 2
- 2
- 4
- 4
- !
- !
- C
- C
- 4<
- 4<
'rawing Trigono(etric Functions
1onsi,er the e3uation&

y ) A sin?cos (Bx / C)
y ) A sin?cos (Bx / C)
where& # ) the a(plitu,e o the unction

3!<
B

3!<
B

) the perio, o the graph in ,egrees (or
2

B

2

B

in ra,ians)

C
B

C
B

) F axis shit to the right (or translation o curve to the let)
e.g. 'raw the ollowing graphs
a)
y ) 3cos2x , (<

x

3!<

)
y ) 3cos2x , (<

x

3!<

)
.)
y ) 2sin(x / !<

) , (<

x

3!<

)
y ) 2sin(x / !<

) , (<

x

3!<

)

c)
y ) - cos3x , (<

x

2

)
y ) - cos3x , (<

x

2

)

y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
=riting >3uations
- i,entiy 8ey characteristics o the graph an, su.stitute into&

y ) A sin?cos (Bx / C)
y ) A sin?cos (Bx / C)
where # ) a(plitu,e, G ) perio,, 1 ) translation
e.g. =rite e3uations or the ollowing graphs
a)
>3uation )
.)
>3uation )
y
x
3<
3<
!<
!<
5<
5<
42<
42<
45<
45<
4C<
4C<
24<
24<
24<
24<
20<
20<
3<<
3<<
33<
33<
3!<
3!<
35<
35<
- 3<
- 3<
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
2

2

3
2

Features o 6raphs
4. 7axi(a an, 7ini(a points
- two types o turning points where a unction changes ro( a positive
gra,ient to a negative gra,ient (or vice versa)
2. $ncreasing an, 'ecreasing
- a unction is increasing when it has a positive gra,ient?slope
- a unction is decreasing when it has a negative gra,ient?slop
3. @oints o $nlection
- a point where the graph changes ro( .eing concave to convex
e.g.
7axi(u( )
7inu(u( )
$ncreasing )
'ecreasing )
@oint o $nlection )
4. #sy(ptotes
- lines which the graph gets closer to .ut never actually touches
e.g.
:ori;ontal #sy(ptote )
9ertical #sy(ptote )
y
x
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
5. 1ontinuity
- a unction is continuous i its graph can .e ,rawn without raising the
pen
Types o 'iscontinuity
a) :ole ,iscontinuity .) Hu(p ,iscontinuity c) Fun,a(ental
,iscontinuity
!. *y((etry
- so(e o the graphs ,rawn have an axis o sy((etry
e.g.
#xis o sy((etry or the graph

y ) x
2
- 2x - 3
y ) x
2
- 2x - 3
)
0. Gehaviour or large values o x an, y
either - chec8 what value graph approaches
or - su.stitute a large (or s(all) nu(.er in or x or y to i,entiy
value unction is approaching
e.g. For the unction
f(x) )
!x / 4
3x / 4

f(x) )
!x / 4
3x / 4

as x
y
x
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
C. @erio,ic Gehaviour
- a unction is perio,ic i it repeats at regular intervals
- perio, is the a(ount o hori;ontal (ove(ent re3uire, to translate
the igure onto itsel
e.g.
The perio, o the unction )
I+>*T$J%*
i) $,entiy&
a) the (ini(u( point
.) the (axi(u( point
c) when the unction is increasing
,) when the unction is ,ecreasing
e) the point o inlection
) whether its continuous or not
ii) $,entiy
a) the asy(ptotes
.) when its ,iscontinuous an, why
c) the .ehaviour o f(x) when x
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
@iecewise Functions
- unctions ,eine, .y a ,ierent rule over ,ierent su.sets o the
,o(ain
- i the graph contains line seg(ents etc, (ust .e careul to in,icate
whether en, points are inclu,e, (a soli, circle) or not inclu,e, (an
open circle)
e.g. *8etch the ollowing piecewise unction

2 K - 2

x A - 4 f(x) ) x / 4K - 4

x A 4
x
2
- 4K x

4
2 K - 2

x A - 4
f(x) ) x / 4K - 4

x A 4
x
2
- 4K x

4

6ive an e3uation or the ollowing
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
y
x
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
- 4
- 4
- 2
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5