Departament d'Enginyeria Elctrica, Electrnica i Automtica

Escola Politcnica Superior

Universitat de Girona
Home-task 3. Course: Mquines elctriques, 2013-2014.
Contents: Chapter IV, electric transformers.
You are allowed, even encouraged, to work on the take-home task in small groups, but you
must write up your own document to hand in (paper copies are preferred and welcomed).
Exercise A. Explain the main purpose of Electric Transformers. Which is their function? Why are
they relevant for our society?
Exercise B. Describe and compare the notions of ideal and real electric transformers.
Exercise C. Draw the equivalent circuit of a single-phase, real electric transformer. Identify each
element in the scheme and explain what they represent. Mark thereon the main magnitudes (volt-
ages, currents, etc). In addition, identify all the sources of power losses in the machine.
Exercise D. Draw the equivalent circuit of a real transformer. Then simplify it to obtain a equiva-
lent circuit referred to the primary, approximated, and without the ideal transformer. Explain the
underlying assumptions for the simplication.
Exercise E. Describe the main tests that can be performed over an electric transformer to deter-
mine the values of the elements of its equivalent circuit.
Exercise F. Dene the notions of winding turns ratio and voltage transformer relation both in single-phase
and three phase transformers. Explain their relationship and differences.
Exercise G. Explain why it is important the type of connection (star or delta) for the primary and
secondary windings of a three-phase electric transformer. Describe the notion of phase-shift (ndice
de conexin or grupo de conexin).
Exercise 1. Consider a single-phase transformer with 330 kVA, and a voltage-relation 12000/230
V. Several tests have been performed (supplying the high voltage side) to obtain the following values
for the elements of the equivalent circuit (referred to the primary):
From tests Rp = 22.540 ! Xm = 21.92 !
Req1 = 5.23 ! Xeq1 = 20.95 !
The transformer is supplied with 12000 V at the high voltage side (primary), and in the low voltage
side we connect an inductive load with, ZL = 0.081 + 0.122i = 0.146!56.42.
Determine: (a) Current in the primary and the secondary at this conditions. (b) No load current (Ib).
(c) Voltage at the secondary (i.e., voltage at the load ZL). (d) Absolute and relative voltage drop.
Exercise 2. Consider a single-phase transformer with the following characteristics:
Nominal ratings SN = 10 kVA I1N = 1.67 A Voltage relation: 6000 V/220 V
Losses
!cc = Vcc/V1N = 4%
Wcc = 80 W.
(a) Consider now that, with the primary supplied with the nominal voltage, the secondary is acci-
dentally short-cut, and determine (the magnitude of) primary and secondary currents in this
condition (Icc1, Icc2).
(b) Determine Req1 and Xeq1.
Note: the no-load current (ib) can be assumed zero, because Iccs will be signicantly higher.
Exercise 3. Consider a single-phase transformer with the following characteristics:
Table. Transformer. Table. Transformer. Table. Transformer.
Nominal ratings SN = 2 kVA Voltage relation (V1N/V2N): 220 V/100 V
Eq. circuit Xd1 = 0.1 Xd2 = 0.091
R1 = 0.6 R2 = 0.0545
Consider that the primary side is being supplied with the nominal voltage of 220 V, and determine
the (the magnitude of) currents in primary and secondary (Icc1, Icc2) in case of a short-circuit fault
occurring in the secondary side of the transformer.
Note: the no-load current (ib) can be assumed zero, because Iccs will be signicantly higher.
Exercise 4. Consider a single-phase transformer with the following characteristics:
Table 1. Transformer. Table 1. Transformer. Table 1. Transformer.
Nominal ratings SN = 5.5 kVA Voltage relation: 400 V/110 V 50 Hz
Losses VRcc/V1N = 3% VXcc/V1N = 5%
(a) Determine the currents at primary and secondary (I1, I2) if there is a short-circuit fault in the
secondary side, when the primary side is being supplied with a nominal voltage.
(b) Now consider that the primary is supplied with a nominal voltage and there are several loads
connected to the secondary that together behave like one load, ZL = 3.08+2.31i !. In these con-
ditions, determine: currents at primary and secondary (I1, I2) and the voltage at secondary (V2).
(c) Considering the same load connected to the secondary terminals (ZL = 3.08+2.31i !), deter-
mine which voltage must be supplied to the primary terminals in order to obtain at the secon-
dary exactly the nominal voltage of 110 V.
Note: the no-load current (ib) can be assumed zero.
Exercise 5. Consider a three-phase transformer with the following characteristics:
Table 1. Transformer. Table 1. Transformer. Table 1. Transformer.
Nominal ratings SN = 100 kVA Voltage relation: 400 V/6600 V 50 Hz.
Connection Star-delta
The transformer has been tested with the following results:
- No load test (at low voltage side): 400 V, 1250 W.
- Short-circuit test (at high voltage side): Vcc2 = 314 V, 1600 W.
Consider now that the transformer is operating at full load (SN) with a power factor of 0.8 (induc-
tive). Determine the voltage required in the primary (low voltage side) if the voltage at the secon-
dary is kept at 6600 V.
Note: the no-load current (ib) can be assumed zero.
Exercise 6. Consider the three-phase, balanced system in the gure. There is a three-phase trans-
former with the following characteristics:
Table 1. Transformer. Table 1. Transformer. Table 1. Transformer.
Nominal ratings SN = 50 kVA Voltage relation: 15000 V/380 V 50 Hz.
Losses "cc2 = 10% "Xcc2 = 8%
Connection Delta-star (Dy1)
The voltage at the high voltage side is the nominal one, i.e., 15000 V. The transformer supplying a
three-phase, balanced load, connected with a star-conguration, that has an impedance per phase
Zc = 5 !. The line has an impedance ZL = 0.1 + 0.2i !.
Determine the line voltage at the secondary terminals (VT) and the line voltage in the load termi-
nals (Vc).
Note: the no-load current (ib) can be assumed zero.
1 Problemes de transformadors [noms branca srie] 13


SOLUCI:

Com que les tensions V
T
i V
C
estan en la part de baixa (secundari) del transformador, optarem per
treballar amb un esquema equivalent referit al secundari.

Recordem que els valors
cc
, i
Xcc
estan relacionats amb lassaig de curt-circuit que
suposarem sha realitzat en el costat de baixa o sigui en el secundari. Per tant
utilitzarem les expressions de lapartat 4.11.2 dels apunts de teoria del tema 4
(considerant que el transformadfor s trifsics, hem de recalcar que treballem amb un
circuit equivalent per fase i per tant tots els valors sn de fase):



lassaig de curt-circuit suposadament realitzat en el secundari queda reflectit en el
segent esquema equivalent per fase:




Calculem V
cc2_fase
i I
2N_fase
:

I
cc2_]usc
= (
cc
I
2N_]usc
)1uu


I
cc2_]usc
=

cc
380
V3100
=21,9393 V

I
2N_]usc
= I
2N
=
S
N
V3v
2N
=
50000
V3380
= 7S,96714 A