FORMULAE

Contents
Shear Failure Mechanism ................................................................................................................................... 1
Two-Way Shear with Negligible Moment Transfer ......................................................................................... 1
Critical perimeter ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Tributary Area (for V
u
calculations) ............................................................................................................ 2
Slab Shear Reinforcement................................................................................................................................ 2
Footings .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
0 - Size of Footing ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1 - Design of one-way shear ............................................................................................................................. 4
2- Design of two-way shear ............................................................................................................................. 4
3- Determination of reinforcement: Flexural Strength and Footing reinforcement ....................................... 5
4 - Development length of the Reinforcing Bars (compression bars) ............................................................. 5
Bearing Capacity of Column at Base ................................................................................................................ 6
Dowels in Footings ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Differential Settlement .................................................................................................................................... 6
General Requirements for Footing Design ...................................................................................................... 7
REINFORCEMENT- Minimum extensions for reinforcement ............................................................................. 7

Shear Failure Mechanism
Two types of shear failure mechanism in 2-way slabs
(A) One-way shear

(B) Two-way shear (Punching shear).


Two-Way Shear with Negligible Moment Transfer
Vu Vn , ACI Eqn. 11-1
where
= 0.85 ;
Vu = factored shear force (tributary area bounded by lines of zero shear) ;
Vn = nominal shear resistance of slab
Vc = shear resistance of concrete
Vs = Shear resistance of steel (Vs = 0) . Therefore Vu Vc
s c n
V V V + =

Critical perimeter
Critical perimeter is located d / 2 from column face, where d = effective depth of slab


Slabs with Drop Panels

ln = distance from footing to footing

Tributary Area (for Vu calculations)


Slab Shear Reinforcement
If Vc Vu , V
n
can be increased by : (Vn = Vc + Vs; Vu Vn )
1. Increase slab thickness
2. Use drop panel
3. Increase b
0
by increasing column size or adding a fillet or capital
4. Add shear reinforcement

Q=q(1-059q)

Footings
satisfying code limitations.
o The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity
o Two-way shear or punching shear.
o One-way bearing
o Bending moment and steel reinforcement required
o Bearing capacity of columns at their base
o Dowel requirements
o Development length of bars
o Differential settlement
0 - Size of Footing
We start assuming:
- h (depth or overall thickness)
- clear cover to the rebar (4 in e.g)
- assumed rebar diam = (1 inch e.g.)
- effective diam, d = 31.5 in
TLU (total load including self weight) unfactored.
pressure soil allowable
TLU
footing of Area =

Allowable soil pressure = Permissible soil pressure fill (surcharge)
Pu = factored load trength design requirements .
q
u
to proportion the footing for strength: depth and area of steel reinforcement.
footing of area
u
u
P
q =

Calculate Vc (seen before)
1 - Design of one-way shear
For footings with bending action in one direction the critical section is
located a distance d from face of column
d b f V
0 c c
2| | =
CONDITION: If Vc > Vu then OK

ultimate shearing force at section m-m can be calculated

|
.
|

\
|
= d
c L
b q V
2 2
u u

Tributary area:

|
.
|

\
|
d
c L
b
2 2

If no shear reinforcement is to be used, then CHECK d , assuming V
u
= V
c
b f
V
d
2
c
u
|
=

2- Design of two-way shear
Assume d.

Determine b
0
:
b
0
= 2(c
1
+d) +2(c
2
+d) for rectangular columns of sides c
1

and c
2
.

shear force V
u
acts at a section that has a length b
0
and
a depth d; the section is subjected to
- vertical downward load P
u
and
- vertical upward pressure q
u
.

( )( ) columns r rectangula for
2 1 u u u
d c d c q P V + + =
Tributary area: Af (c1+d)(c2+d)
Allowable : Vc min (i, ii, iii)
d b f V
0 c c
4| | =
Let V
u
=V
c
, = 0.85

0 c
u
4 b f
V
d
|
= (check with d)
If d is not close to the assumed d, revise your assumptions


For two-way shear in slabs (&
footings), with Negligible Moment
Transfer , Vc is smallest of: i, ii , iii.
Where:
b
0
: length of critical perimeter
around the column .
When
c
>2 the allowable V
c
is
reduced.

d b f V
0 c
c
c

4
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|

ACI 11-35
c: long side/short
side of column
concentrated load or
reaction area


d b f
b
d
V
0 c
0
s
c
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o

ACI 11-36
s = 40 for interior
columns
= 30 for edge
columns
= 20 for corner
columns

d b f V
0 c c
4 =


ACI 11-37


3- Determination of reinforcement: Flexural Strength and Footing reinforcement
The bending moment in each direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate reinforcement must be provided.

a) Critical section for moment is at the face of the column
2
2
1 2
1 u
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
C
C L
L q M
s
b= L1 (if squared)
Af = L1 x L2

2
y
u
s
|
.
|

\
|

=
a
d f
M
A
|
Mu=q
s
b = qb x x/2

b) Compare the required area of reinforcement As
Another approach is to calculate
R
u
= M
u
/ bd
2
;

where =0.9 , fc = 3 ksi

Q = q(1-059q) CHECK THIS FORMULA ;

'
y
s
f
c f d b q
A

=
Check for delopment of reinforcement: critical sections is the same as
for the moment at the end of the column

and determine the steel percentage required .

Determine A
s
then check if assumed a is close to calculate a
b f
A f
a
85 . 0
c
s y
=
The minimum steel percentage required in flexural members is
min
=
200/f
y
with minimum area and maximum spacing of steel bars in the
direction of bending shall be as required for shrinkage temperature
reinforcement.



c) Check for development of reinforcement:> the critical section for development of reinforcement
is the same as for the moment (at the same face of the column). However, the reinforcing bar should
resist the moment at a foot distance from the edge of the footing.
Hence good practice is to have rebars bent up at the end so that it provides a mechanical means of
locking the bar in place.
1
2
direction short in ent reinforcem Total
width band in ent Reinforcem
+
=
|


Where,
footing of side short
footing of side long
= |
4 - Development length of the Reinforcing Bars (compression bars)
development length for compression bars
c b y d
/ 02 . 0 f d f l =
-> Another book
c b d
' / 04 . 0 f f A l
y
=
Minimum l
d
=> in. 8 003 . 0
b y
> d f

Clear spacing of bars( L1- xxxx db ) / (c1-1) > 3 Db ; db = bar diameter
If cover is not less than 2.5 Db -> redactor factor : 0.8 used
So ld=0.8 ld
In any case, ld should not be used to be less than 75% of the basic development length -> increase slightly
In reality the bar as a hook in the end . Hence see it as satisfactory.

Dowel bars must be checked for proper development length.

5 Temperature reinforcement
Good practice is to provide a top layer of temperatyure reinforcement to avoid cracking tdue to any srise in
temperature caused by heat of hydratation of cement or premature shrinkage of concrete.
It is advised to provide at least the minimum area of steel required in both directions.
As min = 0.11 * Ag/(2 * fy)
Area of n#
Divide L/n inch = x1
Provide # x at x1 distance in both directions


Bearing Capacity of Column at Base
The loads from the column act on the footing at the base of the
column, on an area equal to area of the column cross-section.
- Compressive forces are transferred to the footing
directly by bearing on the concrete.
- Tensile forces must be resisted by reinforcement,
neglecting any contribution by concrete.

bearing strength of the concrete :
( )
1 c 1
85 . 0 A f N | =
= 0.7 ; A
1
=bearing area of column

Force acting on the concrete at the base of the column must not
exceed the bearing strength of the concrete

NOTE: value of the bearing strength may be multiplied by a
factor 0 . 2 /
1 2
s A A for bearing on footing when the
supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded area.
( )
( )
1 c 2
1 2 1 c 2
85 . 0 2
/ 85 . 0
A f N
A A A f N
|
|
s
s



Dowels in Footings
A minimum steel ratio A minimum steel ratio min= 0.005 of the column section
(as compared to = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for the column itself).

Number of dowel bars needed is four these may be placed at the four corners of the column. The dowel
bars are usually extended into the footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing reinforcement.
The dowel diameter shall not =exceed the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by more than
0.15 in.
Differential Settlement
Footing usually supports loads:
o Dead loads from the substructure and superstructure
o Live load resulting from material or occupancy
o Weight of material used in backfilling
o Wind loads
General Requirements for Footing Design
1. A site investigation is required to determine the chemical and physical properties of the soil.
2. Determine the magnitude and distribution of loads form the superstructure.
3. Establish the criteria and the tolerance for the total and differential settlements of the structure
4. Determine the most suitable and economic type of foundation.
5. Determine the depth of the footings below the ground level and the method of excavation.
6. Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be used in design.
7. Determine the pressure distribution beneath the footing based on its width
8. Perform a settlement analysis.
REINFORCEMENT-

Minimum extensions for reinforcement



STRIPWALL