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x x y y z z
x y k y z z y
x y z
z x x z x y y x
A B A B A B A B A B
A B AB
i j k
A B A A A A B A B i
B B B
A B A B j A B A B k
= = + +
=
= =
+ +
ELECTROSTATICS
19 31
1.60 10 ; 9.1110
e
e C m kg
= =
1 2
2
9 2 2
0
12 2 2
0
1
9 10 /
4
8.85 10 /
QQ
F k
r
k N m C
C N m
=
= =
=
1 2
1 2
; ...
...
net
net
F qE F F F
E E E
= = + +
= + +
0
cos
4
E E
E encl encl
d E dA EdA
d kQ Q
= = =
= =
Point charge:
2
0
4
Q
E
r
=
Long cylinder:
0
;
2
Q
E
r L
= =
Two parallel planes:
0
; E Q A = =
Infinite sheet:
0
2 ; E Q A = =
( )
3
0
Dipole: / 2 E p y =
b a ba
b a
U U W
V V V
Q Q
= = =
||
cos V Ed Ed = =
x y z
dV Edl E dx E dy E dz
V V V
E i j k
x y z
V gradV
= = + +
| |
= + +
|
\ .
Point charge:
Q
V V k
r
=
2
cos
Dipole: ;
p
V k p qd
r
= =
Q
C
V
= Plane capacitor:
0
A
C
d
=
Dielectrics:
0 0
; C KC K =
Spherical capacitor:
0
4
a b
b a
r r
C
r r
| |
=
|
\ .
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
1
2
U QV CV Q C
u E
= = =
=
Capacitors in parallel:
1 2
1 2
1 2
...
...
...
eq
C C C
V V V
Q Q Q
= + +
= = =
+ + =
Capacitors in series:
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
...
...
eq
C C C
V V V
Q Q Q
= + +
+ + =
= = =
ELECTRIC CURRENT
dQ
I
dt
= ;
cos
dI
J
dA
= ; dI J dA =
/ R V I =
1 A
R
L
= ; E J =
; J E =
;
| |
0 0
1 ( )
T
T T = +
2 2
P IV I R V R = = =
Resistors in series:
1 2
1 2
1 2
...
...
...
eq
R R R
V V V
I I I
= + +
= + +
= = =
Resistors in parallel:
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
...
...
eq
R R R
V V V
I I I
= + +
= = =
= + +
ab
V Ir = ; I
R r
=
+
in out
I I =
;
n m
m
I R =
_______________________________
;
d
J nqv =
;
d
I neAv =
2
e n
J E
m
=
Charging capacitor:
( )
/
0
1
t RC
Q Q e
= ;
0
Q C =
( )
/
0
1
t RC
C
V V e
= ;
0
V =
/
0
t RC
I I e
= ;
0
/ I R = ; RC
Discharging capacitor:
/
0
t RC
Q Q e
=
/
0
t RC
C
V V e
= ;
0
0
Q
V
C
=
/
0
t RC
I I e
= ;
0 0
0
Q V
I
RC R
= =
________________________
MAGNETISM
B
F qv B =
2
q B
v
q vB m
R m
= =
F Il B =
dF Idl B =
B
U B
=
=
NIA =
x y z
nq J B E =
cos
0
B B
E
d B dA BdA
d
= = =
=
0 encl
Bdl I =
7
0
4 10 / Tm A
=
0
2
I
B
r
= (Cylinderr R )
0
2
2
I
B r
R
= (Cylinderr R )
0 0
/ B NI l nI = = (Solenoid)
0
/ 2 B NI r = (Toroid)
0 1 2
2
I I l
F
r
4
qv r
B
r
( )
2
0
3/2
2 2
2
Ia
B
x a
=
+
(Current loop)
( )
0 0
1
m M V
B H M H
M H
=
= + =
=
=
B
d
N
dt
= ;
max
2
2
cos
sin
B
f
T
BA t
BA t
BA
= =
=
=
=
Blv =
0 E encl
EdA Q = =
0
B
BdA = =
0 0 0
0 0 0
C
E
C
B
d
Bdl i EdA
dt
d
i
dt
d d
Edl BdA
dt dt
= + =
= +
= =
( ) 1
1 1 2
N Mi = =
2
1
di
M
dt
=
( ) 1
N Li = =
di
L
dt
=
Infinite solenoid or toroid:
2 2 2
0 0 0
/ L n Al n V N A l = = =
;
p
s s s s
p p p p s
N
V N I
V N I N
= = =
( )
/
/
0
1 ; /
t
t
i e L R
R
i I e
=
=
2
1
2
U LI =
2 2
2
0
0 0
1
;
2 2 2
B
B
U B U B
u u E
V V
= = = = +
0 0
1
2 f
LC
= =
( )
2 2
0
cos '
' ;
2
t
q Ae t
R
L
= +
= =
( )
( )
0
0
sin
sin
v t V t
i t I t
=
=
2
2 rms
rms rms rms
V
P I V I R
R
= = =
2
0 0
2
0 0
2 0.71
2 0.71
rms
rms
V V V V
I I I I
= =
= =
V IZ =
2
L
X L fL = = ;
1 1
2
C
X
C fC
= =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
L C
Z R X X R L C + = +
1
tan ; cos
L C
X X L C
Z R
R R
= = =
1
2
cos cos
rms rms
P IV I V = =
0 0
0
1
L C
X X L L
Q
R C R R R
= = = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
, ,
1
, ,
1
y y
z z
E x t E x t
x c t
B x t B x t
x c t
=
=
8
0 0
1
3 10 / c m s
=
c
f
=
m
c v n KK K = =
2
2
0
0
/
U B
B E c u E
V
= = = =
dU
S
Adt
;
0
S E B =
2 2
0 0 0
S cu c E cB EB = = = =
I S ;
2 2
0 0 rms rms
I cu c E cB = = =
P SdA =
; cos P I dA =
;
2
4 P I R =
0
1 dp S EB
A dt c c
= =
1
2 2
rad
S I
F dp
c c
A A dt
S I
c c
= =
( )
( )
max
max
, sin sin
, cos cos
y
z
E x t E kx t
B x t B kx t
2
;
2
n n
n
L c nc
f
n L
= = =
OPTICS
1 2
= reflection
1 1 2 2
sin sin n n = refraction
2 1
sin
C
n n =
0
1 1 1
i
d d f
+ =
i i
o o
h d
m
h d
=
Mirror: 2 f R =
( )
1 2
1 1 1
Lenses: 1 n
f R R
| |
=
|
\ .
Lens power : 1 P f
Camera: f number f D =