International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(7), pp.

340-351, 2014
Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsrk
ISSN: 2322-4541; 2014 IJSRPUB
http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2014-p0340-0351


340
Full Length Research Paper

Synthesis and Evaluation Catalytic Efficiency of Perovskite-Type Oxide
Nanopowders in Removal of Bromocresol Purple from Aqueous Solution

Haman Tavakkoli*, Arezoo Ghaemi, Mastaneh Mostofizadeh

Department of Chemistry, Khouzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
*Corresponding author: h.tavakkoli@khouzestan.srbiau.ac.ir, htavakkoli59@gmail.com

Received 10 May 2014; Accepted 25 June 2014

Abstract. A
1x
A
x
BO
3
belongs to the perovskite oxides of the ABO
3
structure. In this study, nanoparticles of La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
were fabricated by solgel citrate technique. A series of common analytical techniques were used to characterize the
crystallinity, morphology, specific surface area, and grain size of the nanopowders. These properties were characterised by
means of XRD, SEM, EDX and FTIR. The calculated particles size using the Scherrer's formula was about 20 nm. Moreover,
the family of perovskite-type oxides could be considered as an adsorbent/catalyst material for the removal of dyes. This study
has also investigated the efficiency of La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
, as an adsorbent for removal of dye (Bromocresol Purple (BP)), from an
aqueous solution. The adsorption studies were carried out at different pH values, various adsorbent dosages and contact time in
a batch experiments. The kinetic studies indicate that the removal process obeys the Pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. Also,
the isotherm evaluations reveal that the adsorption of BP by the nanoparticles follows the Langmuir model. In addition, this
nanoparticle with good specific affinity towards dye molecules was a promising adsorbent for dye removal from natural water.

Keywords: Perovskite oxides, Solgel method, Nanopowders, dye removal, bromocresol purple

1. INTRODUCTION

The structure of the LaMO
3
perovskite oxide consists
of MO
6
and LaO
12
. A
1x
A
x
BO
3
belongs to the group
of perovskite oxides of the ABO
3
structure with a
trivalent rare earth in the A position (La) and a
trivalent metal ion in the B position (Co, Fe or Ni).
When La
+3
ions in LaMO
3
are replaced by earth
alkaline ions such as Ca
+2
to form La
1x
Ca
x
(Co, Fe,
Ni)O
3
a positive charge can be generated. Since Fe
+z

cations have different oxidation states, the charge
neutrality can be maintained by the formation of
oxygen vacancies and a change in the valence state of
the cations. Therefore, these structures have an
oxygen deficiency, , due to the high oxygen vacancy
concentration and can show the fine electric
conductivity, catalytic, mechanical, and colossal
magnetoresistance (CMR) properties which have
attracted a lot of attention (Gao and Wang, 2010; Gao
et al., 2006; Chi et al., 2010). Furthermore, perovskite
oxide, La
1x
Ca
x
FeO
3
could be a mixed ionic and
electronic conductor. It has been widely investigated
for use in various high-temperature electrochemical
devices such as solid oxide fuel cells (Zhen et al.,
2006; Jiang, 2008) or oxygen permeation membranes
(Van Hassel et al., 1993). Moreover, they have been
proposed as alternative catalysts for oxidation of
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons (Hu, 2005;
Hirano et al., 2007) and promising catalyst for multi
component reactions (Sanaeishoar et al., 2014).
A number of approaches such as solid-state
reactions (Zhou et al., 2006), mechanical-synthesis
(Szabo et al., 2002), coprecipitation (Nakayama et al.,
2003; Srdic et al., 2005), solution combustion or
thermal decomposition (Bansal and Zhong, 2006;
Berger et al., 2004; Berger et al., 2007) hydro-
thermal, and sol-gel technique (Pechini, 1967;
Cizauskaite and Kareiva, 2008) have been used to
synthesize LaMO
3
-based perovskite powders. The sol-
gel method is highly attractive because various metal
ions are chelated to form metal complexes in solution
and are uniformly distributed at the molecular level.
In this method, citric, oxalic and fatty acids and
EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid) have been
utilized as complexing agents, among which, citric
acid is a good chelating agent for transition metal
cations for synthesizing ultra-fine powders of complex
oxide compositions (Raileanu et al., 2013).
Growing concern for public health and
environmental quality has prompted a wide interest in
developing and implementing various materials and
methods for removing the toxic organic and inorganic
Tavakkoli et al.
Synthesis and Evaluation Catalytic Efficiency of Perovskite-Type Oxide Nanopowders in Removal of Bromocresol
Purple from Aqueous Solution
341
pollutants from water (Senthilnathan and Philip,
2010). Dyes from the effluent of textile, paper,
printing, and leather industries are the major sources
of water contamination. There are more than ten
thousand types of commercially available dyes with
over seven hundred tons of dyestuff produced
annually worldwide and used extensively in industries
(Banat et al., 1996; Spadaro et al., 1994; Robinson et
al., 2001). It is estimated that about 1015% of the
dyes were lost in industrial effluents (Forgacs et al.,
2004).
The traditional physical, chemical and biologic
means of wastewater treatment often have little
degradation effect on this kind of pollutants. On the
contrary, the technology of nanoparticulate
photodegradation has been proved to be effective to
them. Compared with the other conventional
wastewater treatment means, this technology has such
advantages as: 1) wide application, especially to the
molecule-structure complexed contaminants which
cannot be easily degraded by the traditional methods;
2) the nanoparticles itself has no toxicity to the health
of our human livings and 3) it demonstrates a strong
destructive power to the pollutants and can mineralize
the pollutants into CO2 and H2O. Due to the excellent
features of this technology, it appears promising and
has drawn the attention of researchers of at home and
abroad (Tavakkoli et al., 2013; Yazdanbakhsh et al.,
2011; Carbajo et al., 2006).
In the present study, La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
(LCFO)
component with perovskite structure was prepared via
the sol-gel method and characterized by different
techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDX.
Moreover, its efficiency as an adsorbent for removal
of dye, bromocresol purple (BP), from an aqueous
solution was evaluated. The effect of different
variables including concentration of dye, different pH
values, adsorbent doses and reaction time, for removal
of BP on LCFO nanopowders has been investigated
and two kinetic models have also been analyzed.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Reagents

La(NO
3
)
3
.9H
2
O (99.99% purity), Ca(NO
3
)
2
.4H
2
O
(99.99% purity), Fe(NO
3
)
3
.9H
2
O (99.99% purity)
were all obtained from Merck, Germany; citric acid
(CA) (99.5% purity), was purchased from Aldrich,
USA. The commercial color index (CI) dye (BP,
molecular weight = 540.22 g/mol) was generously
provided by Sigma company, T8154-20ml USA
which was used without further purification (Fig. 1).
All the reagents were of analytical grade and thus
used as received. Deionized water was used
throughout the experiments.
2.2. Preparation and characterization of
La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3

For the preparation of the nanoperovskite in this work,
Proportional amounts of, La(NO
3
)
3
.9H
2
O,
Ca(NO
3
)
2
.4H
2
O and Fe(NO
3
)
3
.9H
2
O , were dissolved
in 20 ml of deionized water, Citric acid (CA) was
proportionally added to the metal solution by stirring
at room temperature. The solution was concentrated
by evaporation at approximately 75

C to remove
excess water. Then, the dry gel was obtained by
letting the sol into an oven and heated slowly up to
110

C and kept for 10 h in baking oven.Then, it was

ground in agate mortar and turned into powder and
calcinated at 750

C in air for 9 h. The annealing of the

amorphous precursor allows removing most of the
residual carbon and the orthorhombic perovskite
phase was obtained.
The complex polymeric gel and derived powders
have been analyzed by Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) spectroscopy on Perkin Elmer BX II FTIR
spectrometer. The crystallization and microstructure
of the oxide powders have been characterized with an
X-ray diffractometer employing a scanning rate of
0.02 S
-1
in a 2 range from 20 to 70

, uing a pert,
200, Equinox 3000, France, equipped with CuK

radiation. The data have been analyzed using JCPDS
standards. The microstructure and elemental
distribution on the surface were investigated using
KYKY EM3200 (V=30kV) scanning electron
microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDX, Inca 400, Oxford Instruments). A UVVis
spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer lambda 35) was
employed to monitor adsorption of dyes.

2.3. Dye removal experiments

A prepared solution of BP was distributed into
different flasks (1 L capacity) and pH was adjusted
with the help of the pH meter (HORIBA F 11 E, Japan
made). The initial pH value of the dye solution was
adjusted to the desired levels, using either HCl (0.5
M) or NaOH (0.5 M). A known mass of nano-LCFO
powder (catalyst dosage) was then added to 10 mL of
the BP aqueous solution, and the obtained suspension
was immediately stirred for a predefined time. All
experiments were done at the room temperature. The
investigated ranges of the experimental variables were
as follows: dye concentration (50-250 mg/L), pH of
solution (1-13), catalyst dosage (0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and
0.03 g) and mixing time (1- 40 min). After a
preselected time of decolorization, samples were
collected and absorbance of the olution at a
max
=
450 nm for pH = 1 to 5 and
max
= 530 nm for pH = 6
to 13 was measured to monitor the residual BP
concentration.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(7), pp. 340-351, 2014
342


Fig. 1: Chemical structure of Bromocresol Purple

3. RESULTS AND DESCUSIONS

3.1. X-ray Diffraction

XRD patterns of the synthesized nanopowder which
calcined at 700

C for 9 h (heating rate: 3

C/min) is
shown in Fig. 2. XRD results reveal the existence of a
perovskite-type phase for sol-gel method at this
temperature. When the precursor was calcined at
700

C for 9 hours, several sharp peaks were observed

attributed to the perovskite La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
by
comparison with standard XRD spectra. The
diffraction peak at 2 angel appeared in the order of
22.65

, 32.30

, 39.85

46.36

, 57.65

, and 67.66

can be
assigned to scattering from the (0 2 0), (2 0 0), (2 2
0), (2 0 2), (3 2 1), and (4 0 0) planes of the
La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
perovskite type crystal lattice,
respectively. XRD data also shows La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
crystallizes in an orthorhombic phase with a = 5.5408,
b = 7.843, c = 5.544 . The crystallite sizes were
calculated using XRD peak broadening of the (2 0 0)
peak uing the Scherer formula (1):

hkl hkl
hkl
D


cos
9 . 0
(1)
where D
hkl
is the particle size perpendicular to the
normal line of (hkl) plane,
hkl
is the full width at half
maximum,
hkl
i the Bragg angle of (hkl) peak, and
is the wavelength of X-ray. The particle sizes of
LCFO nanoparticles calcinated at 700

C is about 20
nm.
3.2. SEM and EDX Analysis

The surface and textural morphology of LCFO
nanopowder by SEM image is illustrated in Fig. 3.
According to the SEM image, the size of LCFO
particles was found to range between 20 to 50 nm.
The surface looks scaly and nearly fully covered with
the particles that have grown on it. Moreover, the
porosity of the surface is evident and it seems that the
particles have grown with uniform size. The pores
size varied from 0.1 to 0.3 m. It mut be mentioned
that pores with large geometric dimensions are more
suitable for water treatment. Also, the existence of
these meso-pores facilitates the sorption of hazardous
chemicals to the surface. This phenomenon improved
the efficiency and workability of LCFO as a
promising adsorbent.
The surface looks scaly and nearly fully covered
with the particles grown on it. Further, it can also be
seen from the SEM image that in addition to the larger
particles, the surface contains also rather smaller
particles. Nonetheless, the dominant particles on the
surface were the larger ones. When smaller particles
(in the nm range) aggregate, this may lead to the
formation of bigger LPMO NPs on the surface.
The EDX analysis was performed to further
confirmation of the obtained product composition.
Fig. 4 shows EDX spectrum which indicates the
existence of La, Ca, Fe and O elements in this
nanoparticle.



Tavakkoli et al.
Synthesis and Evaluation Catalytic Efficiency of Perovskite-Type Oxide Nanopowders in Removal of Bromocresol
Purple from Aqueous Solution
343

Fig. 2: XRD pattern of La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
nanopowder


Fig. 3: SEM images of LCFO nanopowders.


Fig. 4: Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of the LCNO nanoparticles.


International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(7), pp. 340-351, 2014
344
3.3. FT-IR Spectroscopy

The FT-IR spectra of the LCFO fresh xerogel and
calcinated xerogel in the range of 500-4000 cm
-1
were
shown in Fig. 5 (a,b). The dried gel of the sample
shows the characteristic bands at about 1725, 1617
and 1385 cm
-1
corresponds to the symmetric and anti-
symmetric stretching mode of carboxylate group
(Kuznetsov et al., 2002; Kim and Honma, 2004). The
band at about 1230 cm
-1
assigned to the NO
3

stretching vibration (Lui et al., 2007). The absorption
band around 1080 cm
-1
is attributed to CO bond
(Nakamoto, 1978). As can be seen in Fig.5 b, the
bands correspond to OH group, NO
3
, and
carboxylate ligand disappear as the gel was calcinated
at 700

C.
The FTIR spectra of calcined sample shows the
vanishing of bands related to organic and hydroxyl
groups. Two bands are observed at 400-650 cm1 in
the FTIR spectrum of sample, one of them is strong at
~ 617 cm1 and other weak peak at 431 cm1. Thee
peaks are characteristics of perovskite oxides and can
be attributed to MO tretching and OMO
bending mode of vibrations, respectively.


(a)

(b)
Fig. 5: FT-IR spectra of LCFO precursor (a), and the calcinated powders at 700

C (b).

3.4. Adsorption experiment

The efficiency of the prepared and characterized
LCFO nanoparticle as an adsorbent for removal of BP
from liquid solutions was investigated using a batch
equilibrium technique placing different amount of
adsorbent in a glass bottle containing 10 ml of a dye
solution at 50 mg/L concentrations. The adsorption
studies were carried out for different pH values,
contact time, catalyst dosage and dye solution
concentrations and results are presented in the
following sections.
Tavakkoli et al.
Synthesis and Evaluation Catalytic Efficiency of Perovskite-Type Oxide Nanopowders in Removal of Bromocresol
Purple from Aqueous Solution
345

3.4.1. Effect of pH

Solution pH is an important parameter that affects
adsorption of dye molecules. The effect of the initial
solution pH on the dye removal efficiency of BP by
LCFO nanoparticles was evaluated at different pH
values, ranging from 0.5 to 13, with a stirring time of
30 min. The initial concentrations of dye and
adsorbent dosage were set at 50 mg/L and 0.01 g,
respectively. The percentage of dye removal is
defined as (2):
100
) (
% rate Removal

o
o
C
t C C
(2)
where C
0
and C(
t
) are the initial concentration and
concentration of BP at time t, respectively.
As shown in Fig. 6, the dye removal was much higher
in acidic pH and decreased when the pH was
increased from 3 to 13. Since the removal of BP
increased to its maximum value at pH 1 (the removal
of BP above 97% was achieved) the electrostatic
attraction between the dye molecules (negatively
charged) and LCFO surface (positively charged)
might be the predominant adsorption mechanism [Al-
Degs et al., 2008]. Therefore, to have the optimized
condition to remove BP, acidic pH should be applied
and pH 1 seems to lead to the best result; so this pH
was selected to run further experiments.


Fig. 6: Effect of initial pH of dye solution on removal of BP (LCFO dosage = 0.01 g, initial dye concentration = 50 mg/L,
stirring time = 30 min).

3.4.2. Effect of contact time and adsorbent dosage

To further assessing of dye removal, the effects of
mixing time and adsorbent concentration on the
removal of BP by LCFO nanoparticles were
examined. Initial dye concentrations and pH of the
solutions were fixed at 50 mg/L and 1, respectively,
for all the batch experiments.
Results are shown in Fig. 7. As indicated,
increasing of mixing time in different dosages of
adsorbent led to decrease in the concentration of BP.
This behavior was also observed when catalyst dosage
increased from 0.005 to 0.03 g. This decreasing in the
concentration is due to the adsorption of BP on LCFO
nanoparticles and the greater number of adsorption
sites for dye molecules made available at greater
LCFO dosages (Erdem et al., 2005; Wang et al.,
2008). The removal efficiency of BP at the initial
dosage of 0.01 g, increased from 77% at the second
minute of contact to 95% at time equals to 30 min by
keeping constant stirring, however, with rising LCFO
dosage to 0.03 g the percentage of removal obtained
in the second minute of stirring was 88%, and the
most percent of removal (98%) was attained when the
stirring was continued till time equals to 15 min. The
adsorbent dosage obtained in this study for complete
removal of BP on to LCFO nanopowder is less than
most of the reported values in the literatures for dye
adsorption using other adsorbents (Moussavi and
Mahmoudi, 2009; Song et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009;
Zhang et al., 2006).

83.21
97.94
72.57
59.63
59.48 59.41 59.33 59.11 58.6
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
R
e
m
o
v
a
l
(
%
)

pH
International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(7), pp. 340-351, 2014
346

Fig. 7: Effect of stirring time on removal of BP in different doses of LCFO (initial dye concentration = 50 mg/L, initial pH 1).

3.4.3. Effect of dye concentration

The initial dye concentration is another important
variable that can affect the adsorption process. The
effect of initial BP concentration on dye removal
efficiency by LCFO particles was studied by varying
the initial dye concentration from 50 to 300 mg/L at
pH 1, a catalyst dosage of 0.01g and contact time of
30 min, as shown in Fig. 8. Results show that removal
of textile dye BP decreases with increasing initial
concentration. As it is obvious, the percentage
removal of BP decreased from around 95% at a
concentration of 50 mg/L to 50% when the
concentration was increased to 300 mg/L. This
behavior reveals the dependency of adsorption to
initial concentration of BP.


Fig. 8: Effect of initial dye concentration on removal of BP (LCFO dosage = 0.01 g, initial pH 1, stirring time = 30 min).

3.5. Adsorption kinetic studies

To find the suitable chemical removal model for
describing the experimental kinetic data, the obtained
data were evaluated using pseudo-first and pseudo-
second-order reaction rate models (Santos et al., 2008;
Ho and McKay, 1999).
For the first and second order kinetic model, the
experimental data have been fitted with the following
equations:

first-order equation:
t k C t C
o 1
ln ) ( ln
(3)
second-order equation:
o
C
t k
t C
1
) (
1
2

(4)
where k
1
and k
2
are the first-order and second-order
rate constant, respectively; C
0
stands for the initial BP
concentration and C(t) is the concentration of BP at
time t. Higher value of R
2
were obtained for first-
order (0.98) than for second-order (0.92) adsorption
rate models, indicating that the adsorption rates of BP
on to the LCFO nanoparticles can be more
appropriately described using the first-order rate
rather than second-order rate. The values of the rate
constant, k
1
and k
2
are 0.055 and 0.014 (M
1
min
1
),
respectively.

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
D
y
e

r
e
m
o
v
a
l
e

(
%
)


Initial concentration (mg/L)
Tavakkoli et al.
Synthesis and Evaluation Catalytic Efficiency of Perovskite-Type Oxide Nanopowders in Removal of Bromocresol
Purple from Aqueous Solution
347
3.6. Adsorption isotherms studies

The equilibrium isotherm of a specific adsorbent
represents its adsorptive characteristics and analysis of
isotherm data is so important to predict the adsorption
capacity of the adsorbent, which is one of the main
parameters required for designing the adsorption
processes (Afkhami and Moosavi, 2010).
The amount of dye adsorbed onto LCFO nanoparticles
has been calculated based on the following mass
balance equation:
m
C C V
q
e
e
) (
0

(5)
where q
e
is equilibrium dye concentration on
adsorbent (mg/g), V is the volume of the dye solution
(L), C
0
and C
e
(mg/L) are the initial and equilibrium
dye concentrations, respectively, and m (g) is the mass
of LCFO nanoparticles.
Various isotherm models, such as Langmuir,
Freundlich, and Temkin were applied to describe the
nonlinear equilibrium relationship between the solute
adsorbed onto the adsorbent and that left in the
solution. An adsorption isotherm is characterized by
certain constants which values express the surface
properties and affinity of the adsorbent.
The Langmuir model equation, assuming monolayer
adsorption on a homogeneous adsorbent surface, can
be presented as follows (Langmuir, 1918):

max max
1
q
C
q K q
C
e
L e
e
(6)
where the qmax (mg/g) is the surface concentration at
monolayer coverage which illustrates the maximum
value of qe and it can be attained as Ce is increased.
The values of qmax and K
L
can be determined from
the linear regression plot of (C
e
/q
e
) versus C
e
.
The linearized form of the Freundlich isotherm is
expressed as follows [Freundlich, 1906]:

e F e
C
n
K q log
1
log log (7)
where K
F
and n are constants of the Freundlich
equation. The constant K
F
represents the capacity of
the adsorbent for the adsorbate and n is related to the
adsorption distribution. A linear regression plot of log
q
e
versus log C
e
gives the K
F
and n values.
The derivation of the Temkin isotherm assumes that
the fall in the heat of adsorption is linear rather than
logarithmic, as implied in the Freundlich equation.
The Temkin isotherm is as following
e e
C B A q ln (8)

where A and B are isotherm constants (Fu et al.,
1994).


Table 1: Isotherm constants for BP adsorption on LCFO nanoparticles

Temkin
model

Freundlich
model

Langmuir
model

Adsorben
t

R
2
BT
(j/mol)

AT (L/g) R
2
n


Kf (mg
1-1/n
L
1/n
g
-1
) R
2



b (L mg
-1
) qmax (mg g
-1
) La0.5Ca0.5
FeO3

0.951 64.536 1.351 0.975 2.583 35.974 0.991 0.074 250



The experimental results of this study were fitted
to the aforementioned models. The calculated
adsorption parameters and correlation coefficient (R
2
)
for the three isotherm models by linear regression are
listed in Table 1. The value of correlation coefficient
(R
2
) for Langmuir isotherm is greater than that of the
Freundlich and Temkin isotherm for the adsorption of
investigated dye. This indicates that the adsorption of
BP on LCFO nanoparticles is better described by the
Langmuir model than the others and generally it has
been found better suited for characterizing monolayer
adsorption process onto the homogeneous adsorbent
surface. The linearized form plot of the Langmuir
isotherm is shown in Fig. 9

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(7), pp. 340-351, 2014
348

Fig. 9: Langmuir isotherm plot of BP adsorption onto LCFO nanoparticles: LCFO dosage=0.01 g, initial pH 1, stirring
time=30 min, initial dye concentration=50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/L.

4. CONCLUSION

In present study, a nanoparticle La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
powder
was produced and tested as a novel adsorbent for the
removal of dye. A systematic study on the structural,
morphological and adsorption properties of
La
0.5
Ca
0.5
FeO
3
samples has been carried out by means
of various analytical techniques. The effects of LCFO
dosage, initial pH, contact time and initial dye
concentration on the removal of BP was investigated
through batch experiments. Results indicated that the
synthesized powder could effectively remove high
concentrations of dye in a short contact time. The
optimum dosage, pH and contact time were obtained
to be 0.01 g, pH 1 and 30 min, respectively. Isotherm
modeling revealed that the Langmuir equation could
better describe the adsorption of BP dye onto the
LCFO as compared to other models.

Acknowledgements

This research project was supported and funded by
Khouzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

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Tavakkoli et al.
Synthesis and Evaluation Catalytic Efficiency of Perovskite-Type Oxide Nanopowders in Removal of Bromocresol
Purple from Aqueous Solution
351






Dr. Haman Tavakkoli is an assistant professor in inorganic chemistry in Islamic Azad University,
Khouzestan Science and Research Branch, Iran. He received his M.Sc and Ph.D degree in inorganic
chemistry from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2007 and 2012, respectively. He has published
17 refereed articles in valid ISI journals and 20 scientific articles in conference proceedings. Dr.
Tavakkoli field of expertie are in coordination chemitry, nanomaterial chemitry and phyic and
environmental chemistry.









Dr. Arezoo Ghaemi obtained her Bachelor degree from the Ferdowi Univerity of Mahhad, Iran in
chemitry in 2004. She later bagged her Mater and Doctorate degree in Analytical chemitry from
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2006 and 2012, respectively. She has graduated with first grade
in Ph.D degree. At present, Dr. Ghaemi is an assistant professor in analytical chemistry in Islamic Azad
University, Khuzestan Science and Research Branch, Iran. She has published numerous articles in ISI
journals and conference proceedings.










Mastaneh Mostofizadeh has MSc degree in Inorganic Chemistry from Khouzestan Science and Research
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.