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MARCH 1991

by Ron Vogel, Computers and Structures, Inc.


March, 1991
LRFD-COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN
WITH METAL DECK
INTRODUCTION
This is the companion paper to the "STEEL TIPS" dated January 1987 entitled "Composite
Beam Design with Metal Deck". The original paper used allowable stress design (ASD). This
"STEEL TIPS" utilizes the same three original examples but designed by the Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Method. The purpose is to show the design procedure, the
advantages of the method, and the ease of using the AISC First Edition (LRFD) for design.
Three main areas have been revised from the ASD Approach:
1. Determination of effective slab width
2. Shored and unshored construction requirements
3. Lower bound moment of inertia may be utilized.
A number of papers have been written about these differences and the economies of the LRFD
method. The reader is referred to the list of references included.
Table 1
S U M M A R Y OF AISC-LRFD SPECIFICATION SECTIONS I3 & I5
SECTION ITEM SUMMARY
I3.1 Effective Width, b = Beam Length/8 (L/8)
on each side of beam = Beam Spacing/2 (s/2)
(lesser of the 3 values) = Distance to Edge of Slab
I3.5a General hr < 3.0 in. (Height of Rib)
Wr > 2. 0 in. (Width of Rib)
ds < 3/4 in. (Welded Stud Diameter)
Hs = hr + 1 1/2 in. (MinimumStud Height)
= hr + 3 in. (Maximum Stud Height value for computations)
tc > 2.0 in. (Minimum concrete above deck)
15.1 Material Hs > 4ds
I5.2 Horizontal = 0.85f'cAc
Shear Force = AsFy
(lesser of the 3 values) -- Qn
I5.3 Strength of Stud Qn = 0.5 Asc (f'c Ec) (but not more than Asc Fu)
= 0.5 Asc (f'c wc)3/4 (using E = wcl'5fxc in above formula)
I5.6 Shear Connector = 6 ds Longitudinal
Placement and Spacing = 4 ds Transverse (See LRFD Manual Fig. C-I5.1, pg. 6-177)
AISC-LRFD
Table 2
RULES - F O R M E D M E T A L DECK
(Sections I3.5b and I3.5c)
ITEM RIBS PERPENDICULAR RIBS PARALLEL
1. Concrete Area Below Top of Deck NEGLECT INCLUDE
06wrl, 1} 1.0 2. Stud Reduction Factor (N0'85 [rrjWrl{SrS- 1}-< 1'0 ' [hrrJ [ h r - -<
3. Maximum Stud Spacing 32 in. NOT SPECIFIED
4. Deck Welding 16 in. NOT SPECIFIED
5. Minimum Width of Rib 2 in. NOT SPECIFIED
Page 2 Steel Tips March 1991
Typical Design Problems
Example 1.
Design a composite interior floor beam (without cover plate) for
an office building. See Beam A in Figure 1.
i1
40'
[
- - I .
30' -'
BAt
^
^
B
Given:
Loads:
Figure 1
Span length, L = 30 ft.
Beam spacing, s = 10 ft.
Slab thickness, tc = 2.5 in.
Concrete strength, f'c = 3.0 ksi
Concrete weight, wc = 145 pcf (n = 9)
Steel yield stress, Fy = 36 ksi
3 inch metal deck, ribs perpendicular
to beam (hr = 3 in., wr = 6 in.)
No shoring permitted.
Do not reduce live load.
Concrete slab including reinforcing steel
and metal deck 54
Framing 3
Mechanical 4
Ceiling 6
Partition 20
Total D.L. 87 psf
Live Load 100 psf
Construction Loads, D.L. 57 psf (concrete & framing)
L.L. 20 psf (men & equipment)
For simplicity, the entire 57 psf construction load is
considered as live load during concrete placement.
Solution:
1. Design for construction loads:
a. Strength design
wu= s [1.6 (D.L. + L.L.)]
= 10 [1.6 ( 57 + 20 )] / 1000 = 1.23 kip/ft
(Load factor for D.L. assumed same as for L.L. during
placement of concrete.)
Mu - wuL2 - (1'23)(30)2 - 139 kip-ft
8 8
Mu (12)(139) _ 51 in.3 (Minimum)
Zreq- qFy- (0.9)(36)
b. Servicibility design
Limit construction deflection to 1 in.
(without construction L.L.)
5wL4 (5)[(10)(57)](30)4(1728)
Ireq= 384EA- (384)(29,000,000)(1.0)
- 358 in.4 (Minimum)
2. Composite Beam Design:
a. Trial design for required flexural strength
wu = 10 [1.2(87)+1.6(100)]/1000 = 2.64 kip/ft
wuL2 (2.64)(30)2
Mu = T = 8 = 297 kip-ft
For a trial size use formula in LRFD Manual pg. 4-9.
12Mu (3.4)
Beam Weight = {d 2}
+Yc - ) Fy
where q = 0.85 and assume a = 1 in.
d 12Mu(3.4) d a WT Size Z I
+Yc -
Fy
(in.) (in.) (#/ft) (in.3) (in.4)
14 396 12.0 33 W14X34 54.6 340
16 396 13.0 31 W16X31 54.0 375
18 396 14.0 28 W18X35 66.5 510
21 396 15.5 26 W21X44 95.4 843
Select W18X35.
NOTE: The original Steel Tips design, based upon ASD,
used Grade 50 steel.
Steel Tips March 1991 Page 3
' b
I o. o o. %..;;', . . . . . .o o
' v * . ' , ) ? o . : . o n
i i
d/2 /
! i
1
Figure 2
H .,. . . . . . . o ' . . . . .' _ i _ t
Figure 3
tie
Yc
T
Y2
d/2
d/2 + Yc ' a/2
1
Figure 4
b. Verify flexural strength
Effective concrete width (AISC I3.1)
lesser of,
b = (2)(30)(12) _ 90 in. and
8
b = (2)(10)(12) _ 120 in.
2
Use 90 in.
Design for full composite action
Tmax= AsFy= (10.3)(36)= 371 k i p s (Governs)
Cmax = q f'c b tc = (0.85)(3.0)(90)(2.5) = 574 kips
Tmax 371
a - { f'c b (0.85)(3.0)(90) 1.62in.
a/2 = 0.81 in. (larger than 0.5 in. assumed)
a
Y2 = Yc - = 5.5 - 0.81 = 4.69 in.
qMn= qAsFy/d + Y21= (0.85)(371)I1--- +4.693
= 4270 kil2n.
= 356 kip-ft
or from Table on LRFD Manual pg. 4-23
with Y2 = 4.69 in.
PNA = TFL (Top flange location)
Y1 =0in.
= 371 kips (AsFy)
By
14.69 - 4.501
*mn= [".-.-.0-.5-J (364- 351)+ 351
= 356 kip-ft > 297 kip-ft O.K.
kip-ft.
c. Calculate shear studs
For full composite action
Qn = AsFy= 371 kips
Assume 3/4 inch diameter by 5 inch long studs.
Qn = 0.5Asc(f'c wc)3/4= (0.5)(0.442) [(3)(145)]3/4
= 21.1 kips (<AscFu= 0.442(60)= 26.5 kips)
Check flange thickness
tf= 0.425 > ds/2.5 = 0.3 in. O.K.
Page 4 Steel Tips March 1991
Stud Reduction Factor (S.R.F.)
0.85 Jwr Hs
/ 2 lJ lTrr - 1} < 1.0
(Nr)
085 6 I5,0_
(mr) 13.0 -
Nr S.R.F. Use
1 1.13 <1.0 1.0
2 0.80 0.80
3 0.65 0.65
Assume 14 stud locations possible per 1/2 beam
14 (21.1) = 295 kips
Remaining stud force = 371 - 295
= 76 kips
Use twice reduction for doubled stud locations
[ (2) (0.8) - 1] 21.1 = 12.7 kips
Total per 1/2 beam = 14 + 76/12.7
= 14+6=20
(distributed as shown in Figure 5)
Total = 40 Studs.
II II II II II I l l I I I I I I I
BM Span
Figure 5
d. Design for deflection
Deflection after initial construction deflection
5wL4- (5)(10) [(87 - 57 + 100) ] (30)4 1728
A=- -
384E Itr - (384)(29,000,000)Itr
817.
-- m.
Itr
See Table 3 for Moment of Inertia, Itr computations.
with Itr for gross area, A = 0.46 in. or L/783
with lower bound Itr, A = 0.56 in. or L/643
A DL = 0.13 in.
ALL = 0.43 in. or L/837 O.K, (with lower bound Itr = Ilb)
The beam may be cambered for the initial
construction deflection
( Ireq /Assumeddefiection.
A= Iprovided
358
A = /5--i-) 1.0 = 0.70 in.
Camber 3/4 in,
e. Check for shear strength
Vu = [1.2(10)(87) + 1.6(10)(100)]15 / 1000
= 39.7 kips
qbVn= 0.6)Fydtw
= (0.90)(0.6)(36)(17.7)(0.3)
= 103 kips
or from Table on page 3-31 of the LRFD Manual
qbVn = 103 kips
> 39.7 kips O.K.
Steel Tips March 1991 Page5
Table 3
Moment of Inertia Calculation
Type n Y in?AY) y Io Ad2 Itt
(in.2) (in.) ( (in.) (in.4) (in.4) (in.4)
1. Gross section 10.3 8.85 91 510 887
25.0 21.95 549 365
35.3 640 18.13 523 1252 1775
2. Neglecting No tensile concrete for this example. Therefore, Itr is same as for gross section.
tensile concrete 1775
3. Reduced concrete area, 10.3 8.85 91 510 473
XJ'On/F,, 10.3 17.7 + 4.69 231 _3_1 473
equal to
20.6 322 15.60 511 946 1457
NOTES:
1. Itr = 1457 in.4 is considered the "Lower Bound"
moment of inertia, Iib and may be found directly from
Table on Page 4-49 of the LRFD Manual.
For Y2 = 4.69 in.
W18x35 and
Y1 =
[4.69-4.501
Itr = 1430 + l' --Y--4-' 'J (1500-1430) = 1457 in.4
Itr = lib
2. Modular ratio, n = 9
3. Effective concrete width, b = 90 in.
4. Slab thickness, tc = 2.5 in.
5. Ac = 90 (2.5) = 225 in.2
6. Transformed concrete area, A'c = Ac/n = 25.0 in.2
_.,Ay
7. y = - -
_.,n
8. d=y-y
9. Itr = _fio + A d 2
L
Figure 6
NOTE: The purpose and advantage of using the lower bound Itr value found in the LRFD Manual tables is to avoid
the above computations. If the deflections using the lower bound Itr are acceptable, the actual deflections
will be conservatively less. Lower bound Itr is based upon the area of the beam and an equivalent concrete
area of and is applicable for full as well as partial composite action.
Page 6 Steel Tips March 1991
Example 2.
Design a composite interior girder (without cover plate) for an
office building. See Girder B in Figure 1. The 3-inch deck ribs
are oriented paralled to the girder. Girder is assumed loaded as
shown in Figure 7.
P P P
I I
L 4olo
Figure 7
Given:
Loads:
Span length, L = 40 ft.
Beam spacing, s = 30 ft.
Slab thickness, tc = 2.5 in.
Concrete Strength, f'c = 3.0 ksi
Concrete weight, wc = 145 pcf (n = 9)
Steel Yield Stress, Fy = 50 ksi
3 inch metal deck, ribs are parallel to girder.
No shoring permitted.
Concrete slab including reinforcing steel
and metal deck 54
Framing 6
Mechanical 4
Ceiling 6
Partition 20
Total D.L. 90 psf
Live 100 psf
Live Load Reduction = 23.1 (1+ D/L)
= 23.1 (1+ 90/100)
= 43.9 %
or = 0.08 (A - 150)
= 0.08 (1200-150)
=84%
or = 40 % maximum
Use 60 psf L.L.
Solution:
1. Design for construction loads:
Assume Framing D.L. = 10 psf
Concrete Weight = 50 psf as L.L.
Construction L.L. = 20 psf
Pu = (10)(30)[1.2(10) + 1.6(50 + 20)] / 1000 = 37.2 kips
PL_ (37.2)(40)_ 744 kip-ft
Mu- 2 2
12Mu_ (12)(744)_ 198 in.3 (Minimum)
Zreq- bFy (0.9)(50)
2. Composite Girder Design
a. Trial design for required flexural strength
Pu = (10)(30)[1.2(90) + 1.6(60)]/1000 = 61.2 kips
Mu- PL2_ (61.2)(40)2 - 1224 kip-ft
For a trial size use formula in LRFD Manual pg. 4-9.
12Mu (3.4)
Beam Weight = {-Yc }
d - 2 qFy
where q)= 0.85 and assume a/2 = 2 in.
d 12Mu(3.4) d WT Size Z I
q-Yc- a
Fy
(in.) (in.) (#fit) (in.3) (in.4)
21 1175 14 84 W21X83 196 1830
24 1175 15.5 76 W24X76 200 2100
27 1175 17.0 69 W27X84 244 2850
Select W24x76.
or enter Table on page 4-33 of the LRFD Manual
with Y2 = 3.5 in. (Yc - a/2)
PNA = TFL (Full Composite Action)
4)Mn = 1230 kip-ft > 1224 kip-ft
Steel Tips March 1991 Page 7
I' b/n '--'1
C g , " /. :o=:..; x,.-'Xx,.\.: , ': .. ' , . . . . . .
d/2 d l 2 + Y o - a / 2 I ' - - " - - : I
2.5b 3. Ob 4. Ob
/c = + =
2
Figure 8
4.82" =
I ct w
' k ,"1 ' t , , ' 1
a s s u m e - ! - 6 " _1_ 8" _1_ 8" .!_
Tmax= Cabove + Cbelow
Cabove= (0.85)(3.0)(120)(2.5)= 765 kips
Cbelow = 1120 - 765 = 355 kips
355
depth = [(1/2)(120)] (0.85)(3.0) - 2.32 in.
Centroid from top = a/2
a_ (765)(1.25)+355(2.5+2.32/2)
2 1120
= 2.01 in.
Assumption of a/2 = 2 in. O.K.
Figure 9
b. Verify flexural strength
Effective concrete width
lesser of,
b = (2)(40)(12)/8 = 120 in. and
b= (2)(30)(12)/2-= 360in.
Use 120 in.
Design for full composite action
Tmax = AsFy= (22.4)(50) = 1120kips (Governs)
f' = Cmax = 0.85 cAc (0.85)(3.0)[(4.0)(120)]= 1224kips
For Ac see Figure 8.
a
Y2 = Yc - = 5.5 - 2.01 = 3.49 in.
qbMn= qbAsFyld+ Y2)= (0.85)(1120)I2-+ 3.49/12
= 1225 kip-ft > 1224 kip--ft O.K
or from Table page 4-33 for Y2 = 3.5 and TFL
OMn = 1230 kip-ft
c. Design for deflection
Initial deflection during construction
19PL3 (19)[(10)(30)(54+ 6)](480)3
A=
384Eis (384)(29,000,000)(2100)
= 1.62 in.
Camber 1 1/2 inches.
Composite deflection using LowerBound Itr (Ilb).
From Table on page 4-46 of LRFD Manual,
with Y2 = 3.5 D.L. = 90 psf
PNA = TFL . ConstructionD.L. = 60 psf
Ilb = 4780 in4 L.L. = 60 psf
19PL3 (19)[(10)(30)(90 - 60 + 60)1(480)3
ATL- 384EI- (384)(29,000,000)(4780)
= 1.07 inches or L/450
ALL= (60/90)(1.07)= 0.71 in. or L/673 O.K.
NOTE: The mooment of inertia using the gross area
equals 5510 in.
Page 8 Steel Tips March 1991
d. Shear Connectors
= AsFy For full composite action
= 1120 kips
( ' " ' 1 [ ]
Reduction Factor = 0.6 [hr J[ 1 _< 1.0
% /
= 0.6 -1 = 0.8
Use 0.8 for stud reduction factor.
Qn = (0.8)(21.1) = 16.9 kips (See Example 1)
1120
No.- - - - - -- 67 Studs
Qn 16.9
67 Studs are required from Zero to Maximum Moment.
Total = 134 $uds,
Use equal spacing for full length.
e. Check Shear
Vu --- 1.5 (Pu) = 1.5 (61.2) = 92 kips
Vn = (0.6 Fy) d tw = (0.9) (0.6) (50) (23.92) (.44)
= 284 kips > 92 kips Q.K.
NOTE: The original Steel Tips design, based upon ASD,
used a W27X94 with 92 studs.
Partial Composite Action
Example 3
Design Beam in Example 1 for pfial composite action.
SOLUTION:
a. Determine required shear studs
Estimate number of shear studs for partial composite action
using the following approximate equation
Mu- Mp ' ,Qn
No. [Mn - *Mp ) Qn
Where Mu = Moment demand
Mp = Steel Beam Capacity with ) = 0.85
Mn = Full Composite Beam Capacity
Mu = 297 kip-ft
{Mp = Fy Z = (0.85) (36) (66.5)/12 = 170 kip-ft
{Mn = 356 kip-ft
= AsFy = 371 kips
Qn = 21.1 kips
=
[356-170) ,21.1) 0.47 (17.6)= 8.2
Try 9 studs on each 1/2 beam.
Total = 18 studs.
b. Check flexural strength
Qn = (9)(21.1) = 190 kips
From Eq. C-I3-4 in commentary of LRFD Manual
190
a = 0.85f'cb- (.85)(3.0)(90)- 0.83 in.
Y2= Yc-a/2= 5.5-0.41 = 5.09
From Table on page 4-23 of the LRFD Manual
for W18X35
Y2 = 5.0 - 5.09 in.
Qn = 187 - 190 kips ( PNA = BFL approx.)
) Mn = 296 kip-ft (approx. equal 297 kip-ft required) O.K.
Therefore, partial composite action with 18 total studs is
adequate for the required moment.
Steel Tips March1991 Page9
c. Check deflection
For deflectioncomputation use the lowerbound valuegiven
in the Table on page 4-49 of the LRFD Manual.
For W18x35
PNA = BFL +
Y2 = 5.0 +_
4
Ilb = 1170 in.
A TOTAL = (1775/1170) 0.46 = 0.70 in.
ADL= 0.16 in.
ALL = 0.54 in. or L/667 O.K.
Obviously any number of studs from 9 (47%) to that for full
composite action may be used (per 1/2 Beam Span) with the
associated increase in moment capacity and decrease in de-
flection.
Location of
. a/2 . effec'ive concrete
b
Y2{ m. t 1)
. . - ' - ' T I ' - - : t (pt s)
...[.. ( Y1
(varies - Sgure below)
I I
Y1 = Distance from top of steel flange to any of the seven
tabulated PNA locations.
qn (@ point 5) + qn (@ point 7)
qn (@ point 6) =
2
qn (@ point 7) = .25AsFy
Bo$/l{
Top Flange
4equ spaces
I 1 ,,
BFL
PNA Fl ange Locations
Figure 10
DISCUSSION
With the use of the First Edition AISC-LRFD manual,
composite beam design can be simplified, particulary
with partial composite action. As in the past, AISC
has tried to incorporate enough tables and charts to
make repetitive design computations easier. Deter-
mining preliminary beam sizes, number of welded
studs and composite beam deflections is now very
straight forward. With a minimum of assumptions (i.e.
location to the compressive force, Y2) preliminary
comparative designs can be done in minutes with the
use of the tables.
The reader is encouraged to read the LRFD Manual
PART 4 (Composite Design), PART 6 (Specifications
and Commentary), especially Section I on Composite
Members, and the other references listed. The number
of articles dealing with LRFD composite members
design is growing as designers are becoming more
familiar with the method and the AISC-LRFD manual.
Page 10 Steel Tips March 1991
NOMENCLATURE
Ac
A'c
As
Asc
BFL
C
D.L.
E
Ec
Fy
Fu
Hs
IIb
Io
Itr
L
L.L.
Mn
Mp
Mu
Nr
P
PNA
Q.
Area of concrete (in.2)
Area of concrete modified by modular ratio (in.2)
Area of steel (in. 2)
Area of welded stud (in.2)
Bottom of flange location
Compressive force (kips)
Dead load (psf)
Modulus of elasticity of steel (29,000,00 psi)
Modulus of elasticity of concrete (ksi)
Minimum yield strength of steel (ksi)
Minimum tensile strength of steel (ksi)
Welded stud height (in.)
Lower bound moment of inertia (in.4)
Moment of inertia (in.
Transformed moment of inertia (in.4)
Span length (ft)
Live load (psf)
Nominal flexural strength 0dp-ft)
Plastic bending moment (kip-fO
Factored Moment (Required flexural strength) (kip-ft)
Number of stud connectors in one rib at a beam
intersection
Factored point load (kips)
Plastic neutral axis
Welded stud shear capacity (kips)
S.R.F.
T
TFL
Va
Vu
Y1
Y2
Yc
Z
a
b
d
ds
f'c
hr
n
tc
tf
tw
Wc
Wr
wu
A
Stud reduction factor
Tensile force (kips)
Top of flange location
Shear capacity (kips)
Shear demand (kips)
Distance from top of beam flange (in.)
Distance from top of beam to concrete flange force (in.)
Total thickness of concrete fill and metal deck (in.)
Plastic section modulus (in.3)
Effective concrete flange thickness (in.)
Effective concrete flange width (in.)
Depth of steel beam (in.)
Welded stud diameter (in.)
Concrete compressive strength at 28 days. (ksi)
Nominal rib height of metal deck (in.)
Modular ratio (E/Ec)
Thickness of concrete above metal deck (in.)
Steel beam flange thickness (in.)
Steel beam web thickness (in.)
Unit weight of concrete (lbs./cu. ft)
Average metal deck rib width (in.)
Factored uniform load (kip/fO
Deflection (in.)
Resistance factor
,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
REFERENCES
"Manual of Steel Construction, "First Edition, AISC, Chicago, 1986.
STEEL TIPS, "Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck," Steel Committee of California, January 1987.
STEEL TIPS, "The Economies of LRFD in Composite Floor Beams," Steel Committee of California, May 1989.
Smith, J.C., "Structural Steel Design - LRFD Approach," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., 1991.
Salmon, C. and Johnson, J., "Steel Structures," Third Edition, Harper & Row, N.Y., 1990.
McCormac, J., "Structural Steel Design - LRFD Method," Harper & Row, N.Y.,1989.
Vinnakota, S., et al., "Design of Partially or Fully Composite Beams, with Ribbed Metal Deck, Using LRFD
Specifications," AISC Engineering Journal, 2nd Quarter, 1988.
Steel Tips March 1991 Page 11
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