This is the companion paper to the "STEEL TIPS" dated January 1987. The purpose is to show the design procedure, the advantages of the method. A number of papers have been written about these differences and the economies of the LRFD method.
This is the companion paper to the "STEEL TIPS" dated January 1987. The purpose is to show the design procedure, the advantages of the method. A number of papers have been written about these differences and the economies of the LRFD method.
This is the companion paper to the "STEEL TIPS" dated January 1987. The purpose is to show the design procedure, the advantages of the method. A number of papers have been written about these differences and the economies of the LRFD method.
March, 1991 LRFD-COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN WITH METAL DECK INTRODUCTION This is the companion paper to the "STEEL TIPS" dated January 1987 entitled "Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck". The original paper used allowable stress design (ASD). This "STEEL TIPS" utilizes the same three original examples but designed by the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Method. The purpose is to show the design procedure, the advantages of the method, and the ease of using the AISC First Edition (LRFD) for design. Three main areas have been revised from the ASD Approach: 1. Determination of effective slab width 2. Shored and unshored construction requirements 3. Lower bound moment of inertia may be utilized. A number of papers have been written about these differences and the economies of the LRFD method. The reader is referred to the list of references included. Table 1 S U M M A R Y OF AISC-LRFD SPECIFICATION SECTIONS I3 & I5 SECTION ITEM SUMMARY I3.1 Effective Width, b = Beam Length/8 (L/8) on each side of beam = Beam Spacing/2 (s/2) (lesser of the 3 values) = Distance to Edge of Slab I3.5a General hr < 3.0 in. (Height of Rib) Wr > 2. 0 in. (Width of Rib) ds < 3/4 in. (Welded Stud Diameter) Hs = hr + 1 1/2 in. (MinimumStud Height) = hr + 3 in. (Maximum Stud Height value for computations) tc > 2.0 in. (Minimum concrete above deck) 15.1 Material Hs > 4ds I5.2 Horizontal = 0.85f'cAc Shear Force = AsFy (lesser of the 3 values) -- Qn I5.3 Strength of Stud Qn = 0.5 Asc (f'c Ec) (but not more than Asc Fu) = 0.5 Asc (f'c wc)3/4 (using E = wcl'5fxc in above formula) I5.6 Shear Connector = 6 ds Longitudinal Placement and Spacing = 4 ds Transverse (See LRFD Manual Fig. C-I5.1, pg. 6-177) AISC-LRFD Table 2 RULES - F O R M E D M E T A L DECK (Sections I3.5b and I3.5c) ITEM RIBS PERPENDICULAR RIBS PARALLEL 1. Concrete Area Below Top of Deck NEGLECT INCLUDE 06wrl, 1} 1.0 2. Stud Reduction Factor (N0'85 [rrjWrl{SrS- 1}-< 1'0 ' [hrrJ [ h r - -< 3. Maximum Stud Spacing 32 in. NOT SPECIFIED 4. Deck Welding 16 in. NOT SPECIFIED 5. Minimum Width of Rib 2 in. NOT SPECIFIED Page 2 Steel Tips March 1991 Typical Design Problems Example 1. Design a composite interior floor beam (without cover plate) for an office building. See Beam A in Figure 1. i1 40' [ - - I . 30' -' BAt ^ ^ B Given: Loads: Figure 1 Span length, L = 30 ft. Beam spacing, s = 10 ft. Slab thickness, tc = 2.5 in. Concrete strength, f'c = 3.0 ksi Concrete weight, wc = 145 pcf (n = 9) Steel yield stress, Fy = 36 ksi 3 inch metal deck, ribs perpendicular to beam (hr = 3 in., wr = 6 in.) No shoring permitted. Do not reduce live load. Concrete slab including reinforcing steel and metal deck 54 Framing 3 Mechanical 4 Ceiling 6 Partition 20 Total D.L. 87 psf Live Load 100 psf Construction Loads, D.L. 57 psf (concrete & framing) L.L. 20 psf (men & equipment) For simplicity, the entire 57 psf construction load is considered as live load during concrete placement. Solution: 1. Design for construction loads: a. Strength design wu= s [1.6 (D.L. + L.L.)] = 10 [1.6 ( 57 + 20 )] / 1000 = 1.23 kip/ft (Load factor for D.L. assumed same as for L.L. during placement of concrete.) Mu - wuL2 - (1'23)(30)2 - 139 kip-ft 8 8 Mu (12)(139) _ 51 in.3 (Minimum) Zreq- qFy- (0.9)(36) b. Servicibility design Limit construction deflection to 1 in. (without construction L.L.) 5wL4 (5)[(10)(57)](30)4(1728) Ireq= 384EA- (384)(29,000,000)(1.0) - 358 in.4 (Minimum) 2. Composite Beam Design: a. Trial design for required flexural strength wu = 10 [1.2(87)+1.6(100)]/1000 = 2.64 kip/ft wuL2 (2.64)(30)2 Mu = T = 8 = 297 kip-ft For a trial size use formula in LRFD Manual pg. 4-9. 12Mu (3.4) Beam Weight = {d 2} +Yc - ) Fy where q = 0.85 and assume a = 1 in. d 12Mu(3.4) d a WT Size Z I +Yc - Fy (in.) (in.) (#/ft) (in.3) (in.4) 14 396 12.0 33 W14X34 54.6 340 16 396 13.0 31 W16X31 54.0 375 18 396 14.0 28 W18X35 66.5 510 21 396 15.5 26 W21X44 95.4 843 Select W18X35. NOTE: The original Steel Tips design, based upon ASD, used Grade 50 steel. Steel Tips March 1991 Page 3 ' b I o. o o. %..;;', . . . . . .o o ' v * . ' , ) ? o . : . o n i i d/2 / ! i 1 Figure 2 H .,. . . . . . . o ' . . . . .' _ i _ t Figure 3 tie Yc T Y2 d/2 d/2 + Yc ' a/2 1 Figure 4 b. Verify flexural strength Effective concrete width (AISC I3.1) lesser of, b = (2)(30)(12) _ 90 in. and 8 b = (2)(10)(12) _ 120 in. 2 Use 90 in. Design for full composite action Tmax= AsFy= (10.3)(36)= 371 k i p s (Governs) Cmax = q f'c b tc = (0.85)(3.0)(90)(2.5) = 574 kips Tmax 371 a - { f'c b (0.85)(3.0)(90) 1.62in. a/2 = 0.81 in. (larger than 0.5 in. assumed) a Y2 = Yc - = 5.5 - 0.81 = 4.69 in. qMn= qAsFy/d + Y21= (0.85)(371)I1--- +4.693 = 4270 kil2n. = 356 kip-ft or from Table on LRFD Manual pg. 4-23 with Y2 = 4.69 in. PNA = TFL (Top flange location) Y1 =0in. = 371 kips (AsFy) By 14.69 - 4.501 *mn= [".-.-.0-.5-J (364- 351)+ 351 = 356 kip-ft > 297 kip-ft O.K. kip-ft. c. Calculate shear studs For full composite action Qn = AsFy= 371 kips Assume 3/4 inch diameter by 5 inch long studs. Qn = 0.5Asc(f'c wc)3/4= (0.5)(0.442) [(3)(145)]3/4 = 21.1 kips (<AscFu= 0.442(60)= 26.5 kips) Check flange thickness tf= 0.425 > ds/2.5 = 0.3 in. O.K. Page 4 Steel Tips March 1991 Stud Reduction Factor (S.R.F.) 0.85 Jwr Hs / 2 lJ lTrr - 1} < 1.0 (Nr) 085 6 I5,0_ (mr) 13.0 - Nr S.R.F. Use 1 1.13 <1.0 1.0 2 0.80 0.80 3 0.65 0.65 Assume 14 stud locations possible per 1/2 beam 14 (21.1) = 295 kips Remaining stud force = 371 - 295 = 76 kips Use twice reduction for doubled stud locations [ (2) (0.8) - 1] 21.1 = 12.7 kips Total per 1/2 beam = 14 + 76/12.7 = 14+6=20 (distributed as shown in Figure 5) Total = 40 Studs. II II II II II I l l I I I I I I I BM Span Figure 5 d. Design for deflection Deflection after initial construction deflection 5wL4- (5)(10) [(87 - 57 + 100) ] (30)4 1728 A=- - 384E Itr - (384)(29,000,000)Itr 817. -- m. Itr See Table 3 for Moment of Inertia, Itr computations. with Itr for gross area, A = 0.46 in. or L/783 with lower bound Itr, A = 0.56 in. or L/643 A DL = 0.13 in. ALL = 0.43 in. or L/837 O.K, (with lower bound Itr = Ilb) The beam may be cambered for the initial construction deflection ( Ireq /Assumeddefiection. A= Iprovided 358 A = /5--i-) 1.0 = 0.70 in. Camber 3/4 in, e. Check for shear strength Vu = [1.2(10)(87) + 1.6(10)(100)]15 / 1000 = 39.7 kips qbVn= 0.6)Fydtw = (0.90)(0.6)(36)(17.7)(0.3) = 103 kips or from Table on page 3-31 of the LRFD Manual qbVn = 103 kips > 39.7 kips O.K. Steel Tips March 1991 Page5 Table 3 Moment of Inertia Calculation Type n Y in?AY) y Io Ad2 Itt (in.2) (in.) ( (in.) (in.4) (in.4) (in.4) 1. Gross section 10.3 8.85 91 510 887 25.0 21.95 549 365 35.3 640 18.13 523 1252 1775 2. Neglecting No tensile concrete for this example. Therefore, Itr is same as for gross section. tensile concrete 1775 3. Reduced concrete area, 10.3 8.85 91 510 473 XJ'On/F,, 10.3 17.7 + 4.69 231 _3_1 473 equal to 20.6 322 15.60 511 946 1457 NOTES: 1. Itr = 1457 in.4 is considered the "Lower Bound" moment of inertia, Iib and may be found directly from Table on Page 4-49 of the LRFD Manual. For Y2 = 4.69 in. W18x35 and Y1 = [4.69-4.501 Itr = 1430 + l' --Y--4-' 'J (1500-1430) = 1457 in.4 Itr = lib 2. Modular ratio, n = 9 3. Effective concrete width, b = 90 in. 4. Slab thickness, tc = 2.5 in. 5. Ac = 90 (2.5) = 225 in.2 6. Transformed concrete area, A'c = Ac/n = 25.0 in.2 _.,Ay 7. y = - - _.,n 8. d=y-y 9. Itr = _fio + A d 2 L Figure 6 NOTE: The purpose and advantage of using the lower bound Itr value found in the LRFD Manual tables is to avoid the above computations. If the deflections using the lower bound Itr are acceptable, the actual deflections will be conservatively less. Lower bound Itr is based upon the area of the beam and an equivalent concrete area of and is applicable for full as well as partial composite action. Page 6 Steel Tips March 1991 Example 2. Design a composite interior girder (without cover plate) for an office building. See Girder B in Figure 1. The 3-inch deck ribs are oriented paralled to the girder. Girder is assumed loaded as shown in Figure 7. P P P I I L 4olo Figure 7 Given: Loads: Span length, L = 40 ft. Beam spacing, s = 30 ft. Slab thickness, tc = 2.5 in. Concrete Strength, f'c = 3.0 ksi Concrete weight, wc = 145 pcf (n = 9) Steel Yield Stress, Fy = 50 ksi 3 inch metal deck, ribs are parallel to girder. No shoring permitted. Concrete slab including reinforcing steel and metal deck 54 Framing 6 Mechanical 4 Ceiling 6 Partition 20 Total D.L. 90 psf Live 100 psf Live Load Reduction = 23.1 (1+ D/L) = 23.1 (1+ 90/100) = 43.9 % or = 0.08 (A - 150) = 0.08 (1200-150) =84% or = 40 % maximum Use 60 psf L.L. Solution: 1. Design for construction loads: Assume Framing D.L. = 10 psf Concrete Weight = 50 psf as L.L. Construction L.L. = 20 psf Pu = (10)(30)[1.2(10) + 1.6(50 + 20)] / 1000 = 37.2 kips PL_ (37.2)(40)_ 744 kip-ft Mu- 2 2 12Mu_ (12)(744)_ 198 in.3 (Minimum) Zreq- bFy (0.9)(50) 2. Composite Girder Design a. Trial design for required flexural strength Pu = (10)(30)[1.2(90) + 1.6(60)]/1000 = 61.2 kips Mu- PL2_ (61.2)(40)2 - 1224 kip-ft For a trial size use formula in LRFD Manual pg. 4-9. 12Mu (3.4) Beam Weight = {-Yc } d - 2 qFy where q)= 0.85 and assume a/2 = 2 in. d 12Mu(3.4) d WT Size Z I q-Yc- a Fy (in.) (in.) (#fit) (in.3) (in.4) 21 1175 14 84 W21X83 196 1830 24 1175 15.5 76 W24X76 200 2100 27 1175 17.0 69 W27X84 244 2850 Select W24x76. or enter Table on page 4-33 of the LRFD Manual with Y2 = 3.5 in. (Yc - a/2) PNA = TFL (Full Composite Action) 4)Mn = 1230 kip-ft > 1224 kip-ft Steel Tips March 1991 Page 7 I' b/n '--'1 C g , " /. :o=:..; x,.-'Xx,.\.: , ': .. ' , . . . . . . d/2 d l 2 + Y o - a / 2 I ' - - " - - : I 2.5b 3. Ob 4. Ob /c = + = 2 Figure 8 4.82" = I ct w ' k ,"1 ' t , , ' 1 a s s u m e - ! - 6 " _1_ 8" _1_ 8" .!_ Tmax= Cabove + Cbelow Cabove= (0.85)(3.0)(120)(2.5)= 765 kips Cbelow = 1120 - 765 = 355 kips 355 depth = [(1/2)(120)] (0.85)(3.0) - 2.32 in. Centroid from top = a/2 a_ (765)(1.25)+355(2.5+2.32/2) 2 1120 = 2.01 in. Assumption of a/2 = 2 in. O.K. Figure 9 b. Verify flexural strength Effective concrete width lesser of, b = (2)(40)(12)/8 = 120 in. and b= (2)(30)(12)/2-= 360in. Use 120 in. Design for full composite action Tmax = AsFy= (22.4)(50) = 1120kips (Governs) f' = Cmax = 0.85 cAc (0.85)(3.0)[(4.0)(120)]= 1224kips For Ac see Figure 8. a Y2 = Yc - = 5.5 - 2.01 = 3.49 in. qbMn= qbAsFyld+ Y2)= (0.85)(1120)I2-+ 3.49/12 = 1225 kip-ft > 1224 kip--ft O.K or from Table page 4-33 for Y2 = 3.5 and TFL OMn = 1230 kip-ft c. Design for deflection Initial deflection during construction 19PL3 (19)[(10)(30)(54+ 6)](480)3 A= 384Eis (384)(29,000,000)(2100) = 1.62 in. Camber 1 1/2 inches. Composite deflection using LowerBound Itr (Ilb). From Table on page 4-46 of LRFD Manual, with Y2 = 3.5 D.L. = 90 psf PNA = TFL . ConstructionD.L. = 60 psf Ilb = 4780 in4 L.L. = 60 psf 19PL3 (19)[(10)(30)(90 - 60 + 60)1(480)3 ATL- 384EI- (384)(29,000,000)(4780) = 1.07 inches or L/450 ALL= (60/90)(1.07)= 0.71 in. or L/673 O.K. NOTE: The mooment of inertia using the gross area equals 5510 in. Page 8 Steel Tips March 1991 d. Shear Connectors = AsFy For full composite action = 1120 kips ( ' " ' 1 [ ] Reduction Factor = 0.6 [hr J[ 1 _< 1.0 % / = 0.6 -1 = 0.8 Use 0.8 for stud reduction factor. Qn = (0.8)(21.1) = 16.9 kips (See Example 1) 1120 No.- - - - - -- 67 Studs Qn 16.9 67 Studs are required from Zero to Maximum Moment. Total = 134 $uds, Use equal spacing for full length. e. Check Shear Vu --- 1.5 (Pu) = 1.5 (61.2) = 92 kips Vn = (0.6 Fy) d tw = (0.9) (0.6) (50) (23.92) (.44) = 284 kips > 92 kips Q.K. NOTE: The original Steel Tips design, based upon ASD, used a W27X94 with 92 studs. Partial Composite Action Example 3 Design Beam in Example 1 for pfial composite action. SOLUTION: a. Determine required shear studs Estimate number of shear studs for partial composite action using the following approximate equation Mu- Mp ' ,Qn No. [Mn - *Mp ) Qn Where Mu = Moment demand Mp = Steel Beam Capacity with ) = 0.85 Mn = Full Composite Beam Capacity Mu = 297 kip-ft {Mp = Fy Z = (0.85) (36) (66.5)/12 = 170 kip-ft {Mn = 356 kip-ft = AsFy = 371 kips Qn = 21.1 kips = [356-170) ,21.1) 0.47 (17.6)= 8.2 Try 9 studs on each 1/2 beam. Total = 18 studs. b. Check flexural strength Qn = (9)(21.1) = 190 kips From Eq. C-I3-4 in commentary of LRFD Manual 190 a = 0.85f'cb- (.85)(3.0)(90)- 0.83 in. Y2= Yc-a/2= 5.5-0.41 = 5.09 From Table on page 4-23 of the LRFD Manual for W18X35 Y2 = 5.0 - 5.09 in. Qn = 187 - 190 kips ( PNA = BFL approx.) ) Mn = 296 kip-ft (approx. equal 297 kip-ft required) O.K. Therefore, partial composite action with 18 total studs is adequate for the required moment. Steel Tips March1991 Page9 c. Check deflection For deflectioncomputation use the lowerbound valuegiven in the Table on page 4-49 of the LRFD Manual. For W18x35 PNA = BFL + Y2 = 5.0 +_ 4 Ilb = 1170 in. A TOTAL = (1775/1170) 0.46 = 0.70 in. ADL= 0.16 in. ALL = 0.54 in. or L/667 O.K. Obviously any number of studs from 9 (47%) to that for full composite action may be used (per 1/2 Beam Span) with the associated increase in moment capacity and decrease in de- flection. Location of . a/2 . effec'ive concrete b Y2{ m. t 1) . . - ' - ' T I ' - - : t (pt s) ...[.. ( Y1 (varies - Sgure below) I I Y1 = Distance from top of steel flange to any of the seven tabulated PNA locations. qn (@ point 5) + qn (@ point 7) qn (@ point 6) = 2 qn (@ point 7) = .25AsFy Bo$/l{ Top Flange 4equ spaces I 1 ,, BFL PNA Fl ange Locations Figure 10 DISCUSSION With the use of the First Edition AISC-LRFD manual, composite beam design can be simplified, particulary with partial composite action. As in the past, AISC has tried to incorporate enough tables and charts to make repetitive design computations easier. Deter- mining preliminary beam sizes, number of welded studs and composite beam deflections is now very straight forward. With a minimum of assumptions (i.e. location to the compressive force, Y2) preliminary comparative designs can be done in minutes with the use of the tables. The reader is encouraged to read the LRFD Manual PART 4 (Composite Design), PART 6 (Specifications and Commentary), especially Section I on Composite Members, and the other references listed. The number of articles dealing with LRFD composite members design is growing as designers are becoming more familiar with the method and the AISC-LRFD manual. Page 10 Steel Tips March 1991 NOMENCLATURE Ac A'c As Asc BFL C D.L. E Ec Fy Fu Hs IIb Io Itr L L.L. Mn Mp Mu Nr P PNA Q. Area of concrete (in.2) Area of concrete modified by modular ratio (in.2) Area of steel (in. 2) Area of welded stud (in.2) Bottom of flange location Compressive force (kips) Dead load (psf) Modulus of elasticity of steel (29,000,00 psi) Modulus of elasticity of concrete (ksi) Minimum yield strength of steel (ksi) Minimum tensile strength of steel (ksi) Welded stud height (in.) Lower bound moment of inertia (in.4) Moment of inertia (in. Transformed moment of inertia (in.4) Span length (ft) Live load (psf) Nominal flexural strength 0dp-ft) Plastic bending moment (kip-fO Factored Moment (Required flexural strength) (kip-ft) Number of stud connectors in one rib at a beam intersection Factored point load (kips) Plastic neutral axis Welded stud shear capacity (kips) S.R.F. T TFL Va Vu Y1 Y2 Yc Z a b d ds f'c hr n tc tf tw Wc Wr wu A Stud reduction factor Tensile force (kips) Top of flange location Shear capacity (kips) Shear demand (kips) Distance from top of beam flange (in.) Distance from top of beam to concrete flange force (in.) Total thickness of concrete fill and metal deck (in.) Plastic section modulus (in.3) Effective concrete flange thickness (in.) Effective concrete flange width (in.) Depth of steel beam (in.) Welded stud diameter (in.) Concrete compressive strength at 28 days. (ksi) Nominal rib height of metal deck (in.) Modular ratio (E/Ec) Thickness of concrete above metal deck (in.) Steel beam flange thickness (in.) Steel beam web thickness (in.) Unit weight of concrete (lbs./cu. ft) Average metal deck rib width (in.) Factored uniform load (kip/fO Deflection (in.) Resistance factor , 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. REFERENCES "Manual of Steel Construction, "First Edition, AISC, Chicago, 1986. STEEL TIPS, "Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck," Steel Committee of California, January 1987. STEEL TIPS, "The Economies of LRFD in Composite Floor Beams," Steel Committee of California, May 1989. Smith, J.C., "Structural Steel Design - LRFD Approach," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., 1991. Salmon, C. and Johnson, J., "Steel Structures," Third Edition, Harper & Row, N.Y., 1990. McCormac, J., "Structural Steel Design - LRFD Method," Harper & Row, N.Y.,1989. Vinnakota, S., et al., "Design of Partially or Fully Composite Beams, with Ribbed Metal Deck, Using LRFD Specifications," AISC Engineering Journal, 2nd Quarter, 1988. Steel Tips March 1991 Page 11 THE STEEL COMMITTEE OF CALIFORNIA Northern California 43 Quail Court, No. 206 Walnut Creek, CA 94596 (415) 932-0909 SPONSORS Southern California 9420 Telstar Ave., No. 207 El Monte, CA 91731 (818) 444-4519 Adams & Smith Allied Steel Co., Inc. Artimex Iron Co., Inc. Bannister Steel, Inc. Bethlehem Steel Corporation C. A. Buchen Corporation Butler Manufacturing Co. Cochran-Izant & Co., Inc. Geneva Steel The Herrick Corporation Hoertig Iron Works Hogan Mfg., Inc. Junior Steel Co. Lee & Daniel McLean Steel, Inc. Martin Iron Works, Inc. Nelson Stud Welding Co. Oregon Steel Mills Palm Iron & Bridge Works PDM Strocal, Inc. Reno Iron Works Riverside Steel Construction H. H. Robertson Co. Schrader Iron Works, Inc. Stockton Steel Stott Erection, Inc. U.S. Steel Corporation Verco Manufacturing, Inc. The local structural steel industry (above sponsors) stands ready to assist you in determining the most economical solution for your products. Our assistance can range from budget prices and estimated tonnage to cost comparisons, fabrication details and delivery schedules. Funding for this publication provided by the California Field Iron Workers Administrative Trust.