Resonant detector for

multiple-qp Hall
spectroscopy
Alessandro Braggio CNR-SPIN, Genoa
M. Sassetti
Genoa
M.Carrega
Pisa-Genoa
D.Ferraro
Marseille
New. J. Phys. 16 043018 (2014)
https://sites.google.com/site/alessandrobraggio/
N. Magnoli Genoa

Topological protected edge states

Fractional statistics & charges

Laughlin PRL83

Chiral edge states with gapless modes

Wen PRB90,Halperin PRB 82, Buttiker PRB 88, Beenakker PRL 90

Laughlin sequence

Jain sequence
Jain, PRL89Jain, PRL89

FQHE: edge states & qps

xy
=
e
2
h

xx
= 0
=
1
2np + 1
= 1,
1
3
,
1
5
, ...
=
p
2np + 1
=
2
5
,
2
3
, ...
Jain PRL89, Wen & Zee PRB92, Kane & Fisher PRB95
Kane & Fisher PRB95
Hierarchical models
Edge states & Multiple-qp

Chiral Luttinger liquids

Multiple-qps excitations

Filling factor

Fractional charges

Fractional statistics

Monodromy: qp aquires phase in a loop

around
L =
1
4
(K
ij

j
+V
ij

j
+ 2

t
j

j
A

l
(x) e
l
T
K
= t
T
K
1
t
q
l
=
1
2
l
T
K
1
t = me

l
= 2 l
T
K
1
l
qp
2-qps
3-qps
2
e

Wen & Zee PRB 92, J. Frhlich et al JSTAT 97

Wen, Kane & Fisher ,.
Multiple qp excitations

Hierarchical theories

Fractional statistics

(m)
(x)
m = 1 m > 1
Single-qp m-agglomerate
e

=
1
2np + 1
me

Laughlin PRL 83, Arovas, Schrieffer & Wilczek PRL 84

(m)
(x)
(m)
(y) =
(m)
(y)
(m)
(x)e
i
m
sgn(xy)
G
(m)
() = h
(m)
()
(m)
(0)i
G
(m)
() ||

m
Abelian
+ =

m
Scaling dimension
QPC:Current & Noise

Weak backscattering current

Power-law signatures in the

scaling dimension
I =
e
2
h
V I
B
I
B
I

Current noise signatures: charge measurement

S( = 0) =
Z
+

h{I
B
(t), I
B
(0)}
+
i I
B
= I
B
hI
B
i
m-qps
G
(m)
B
T
2
m
2
I
(m)
B
V
2
m
1

m
S
(m)
= I
(m)
B
coth

me

V
2k
B
T

S
(m)
me

I
(m)
B
S
(m)
2k
B
TG
B
kB
T

m
e

V
k
B
T

m
e

V
Multiple-qp evidences

Fractional charges: single-qps evidences

Theory:Kane & Fisher PRL 94, Fendley, Ludwig & Saleur PRL 95
Exp:De-Picciotto Nature 97,Saminadayar. PRL97,Reznikov Nature99

Multiple-qp. evidences
Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Strmer and Daniel C. Tsui
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum uid with fractionally charged excitations"
B
u
n
c
h
i
n
g

B
u
n
c
h
i
n
g

S
i
n
g
l
e

q
p

S
i
n
g
l
e

q
p

e
e
/e
T(mK)
M. Heiblum (2/5,3/7,2/3,5/2,..),Willet(5/2),Yacoby (2/3),
ChungPRL03, Bid PRL03,Dolev.
= 5/2

Single-qp and multiple-qp crossover

Renormalization of scaling exponent

Theoretical explanations 1
=
2
5
2e

Charge and neutral modes

g
i
() =
1
1 +
i
||
G
(m)
() g
c
()

c
m
g
n
()

n
m

m
=g
c

c
m
+g
n

n
m

Mode velocity
v
n
v
c
D. Ferraro, A. B, M. Merlo, N. Magnoli, M. Sassetti PRL 08
Coupling other degrees: Rosenow & Halperin PRL 02, Papa & MacDonald PRL 05
1/f noise + dissipation: A. B., D. Ferraro, M. Carrega, N. Magnoli, M. Sassetti NJP12
Fermi
Theoretical explanations 2
Q
e
e
=
2
5
M. Heiblum data from Chung et al PRL 03
D. Ferraro, A. B., N. Magnoli, M. Sassetti, PRB10
D. Ferraro, A. B., N. Magnoli, M. Sassetti, NJP10
We turn now to shot noise measurements. At zero
magnetic eld and at high integer lling factors the noise
was found to be Poissionian with charge e. However, the
low temperature quantum shot noise of partitioned
quasiparticles in the CLL regime was predicted [6,7]
and later found [8,9] to be highly nonclassical (non-
Poissonian). This is expected since backscattering of
quasiparticles is correlated and energy dependent. On
the other hand, when backscattering events are very rare
and the temperature is nite, it is expected that scattering
events are stochastic with a resultant classical-like shot
noise [10]. Indeed, the measured spectral density of the
shot noise, S, shown in the inset of Fig. 1(d), is classical-
like. The solid line is the expected shot noise due to
stochastic scattering of independent particles at T
9 mK and charge q e=3 [11]. It depends on V, q, t,
and T via S 4k
B
Tg +2qI
B
t(T; V), with (T; V)
cothjqV=(2k
B
T)| 2k
B
T=(qV), I
B
Vg
Q
(1 t), and
g
Q
e
2
=h. Here, for qV >k
B
T, (T; V) 1 and the
dependence of S on I
B
is linear, and for qV <k
B
T the
Johnson-Nyquist thermal noise dominates. Note that at
T 0 and t ! 1, as in our case, S 2qI
B
. The excellent
agreement between experiment and prediction proves that
scattering events of e=3 quasiparticles are independent
a
b
10
0.01
0.1
1
0 20 40 60
0
1
2
3
4
0 40 80
0.0
0.5
1.0
=2/5

B
a
c
k

S
c
a
t
t
e
r
e
d

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

I
B

(
p
A
)
Electron Temperature, T (mK)
=2/5
82mK
q=e/5
9mK
q=2e/5
S
h
o
t

N
o
i
s
e
,

S

(
1
0
-
3
0
A
2
/
H
z
)
Back Scattered Current, I
B
(pA)


t
e
f
f
Voltage (V)
0 20 40 60 80
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

Q
u
a
s
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

C
h
a
r
g
e

(
1
/
5
e
)
Electron Temperature (mK)
c
FIG. 2. (a) Backscattered current as a function of the electron
temperature at a lling factor 2=5. Two distinct slopes are
observed with a transition temperature of about 45 mK. Inset:
The effective transmission as a function of bias voltage show-
ing enhancement rather than suppression of conductance at
zero bias. (b) Shot noise at two different temperatures. The
backscattered quasiparticle charge is 2e=5 at 9 mK and e=5 at
82 mK. The QPC was set to reect some 2% of the impinging
current at the two temperatures. (c) The temperature depen-
dence of the scattered charge when QPC was set to reect some
2% of the impinging current. The measurements are done on
two samples and the data points are presented as squares
and hollow triangles for each sample. The lowest electron
temperature was hovering around 813 mK depending on
cooldown.
FIG. 1. (a) Quantum Hall conductance as a function of mag-
netic eld. Filling factors were established by the pointed out
magnetic elds. Similar results were obtained at different
magnetic elds around the middle of the conductance plateau.
(b) The measurement setup of shot noise and differential
conductance. The noise generated by the QPC passed through
a resonant circuit tuned to 1.4 HMz and amplied by a
cryogenic amplier. This small capacitance at A allowed only
the high frequency component through. The multiple-terminal
geometry kept the conductance seen from S and A constant.
(c) Typical dependence of the transmission coefcient on bias
voltage for different QPC gate voltage, at 1=3. When the
QPC is very weakly pinched off (V
g
0:03 V), the trans-
mission has a very weak negative dependence on the applied
bias, opposite of a CLL. (d) The backscattered current as a
function of electron temperature with ac 10 V rms is applied.
The curve can be tted with a single slope. Inset: The shot
noise generated by a very weakly pinched off QPC (t 0:97) at
a lling factor 1=3 and electron temperature of 9 mK.
Noise is classical and quasiparticle charge is e=3.
P H YS I CA L R E VI E W L E T T E RS
week ending
21 NOVEMBER 2003 VOLUME 91, NUMBER 21
216804-2 216804-2
Q
e
(T) =
"
3T
G
(tot)
B

d
2
S
exc
dV
2

2
3
T
d
3
I
B
dV
3

#
1
2
V 0

hI
B
i
3
(e
2
I
B
)

1
2
V 0
Chung et al PRL 03
S
exc
= Q
e
(T) coth

Q
e
(T)V
2T

I
B
(V, T) 2TG
B
(T)
Theoretical explanations 3
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
5
10
15
20
-100 -50 0 50 100
G
B
(10
6
S)
S
exc
(10
30
A
2
/Hz)
V (V)
e
e
/e
T(mK)
= 5/2
M. Carrega, D. Ferraro, A. B., N. Magnoli,
M. Sassetti, PRL 107, 146404 (2011)
Non-Abelian theory
+ 6=
Data from M. Dolev and M.Heiblum
Valid also for
Abelian
Non-Abelian

(2)
I

(1)

(1)

Why not at nite frequency ?

Josephson resonances
Blanter&Buettiker Phys.Rep.00, Rogovin&Scalapino Ann. Phys 74

Rich theoretical tools & interesting non-equilibrium phys.

Chamon..PRB95; Chamon..PRB96; Dolcini..PRB05; Bena..PRB06; Bena..PRB07; Sukhorukov..PRB01;
Sukhorukov..EPL10; Schoelkopf03; DeblockScience 03; Engel04;Hekking.06;

Interesting questions: how to measure it?

Lesovik..JETP97;Gavish U..PRB00;Gavish U.. arXiv:0211646; Bednorz.. PRL13; Aguado..PRL00;

Symmetrized noise (Landau docet)

Non-symmetrized (Emission/absorption from QPC)

Aguado PRL00

m
= me

V/~
[I(t), I(t
0
)] 6= 0
Symmetrized or non-symmetrized ?
S
(m)
+/
() =
Z
+

e
it
hI
(m)
B
(t)I
(m)
B
(0)i
S
(m)
() =
Z
+

e
it
h{I
B
(t), I
B
(0)}
+
i =
X
i=
S
(m)
i
()

Finite frequency detection

Impedance matched resonant detection scheme

Altimiras1404.1792

Output power proportional to variation of LC energy

=
p
1/LC
T
T
c
Cold detector
Hot detector
Resonant
T
c
T
T
c
T
S
(m)
meas
() = K
n
S
(m)
+
() +n
B
()
h
S
(m)
+
() S
(m)

()
io
hx
2
i
K =

2L

2
1
2
1
S
(m)

()
S
(m)
+
()
Emission
Absorption
Lesovik G B and Loosen R JETP 65 295 (1997); Gavish U,.arXiv:0211646

n
B
() =
1
e
/T
C
1
<e
h
G
(m)
ac
()
i
25k
50
5GHz T 15mK
Noise properties in QPC-LC

Detector quantum limit (Cold detector)

Absorbitive QPC limit (Hot detector)

Is it measurable?

Lowest order in the tunnelling (purely additive)

Keldysh formalism blow up in Fermis rule: rate

k
B
T
c

S
(m)
meas
() KS
(m)
+
() +O(e
~/k
B
T
c
)
S
(m)
meas
() K
n
S
(m)
+
() k
B
T
c
<e
h
G
(m)
ac
()
io
k
B
T
c

0
= e

V/~
|t
m
|
2
S
sym
() =
X
m
S
(m)
sym
() S
meas
() =
X
m
S
(m)
meas
()

(m)
(E)
S
meas
S
ex
T = T
c

Non-interacting result
S
sym
(,
0
)
a) b)
c) d)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K
S
sym
(,
0
)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K
S
sym
(,
0
)
a) b)
c) d)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K
S
sym
(,
0
)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K
Electron
S
meas
(,
0
) KS
+
(,
0
) =
K
2

S
sym
(,
0
) 2

S
0

k
B
T
c

S
sym
(,
0
) = 2

S
0

c
[(
0
)
0
+(
0
)]

S
0
=
e
2
2
|t
1
|
2
2
2
1

c
T
c
= 15mK
= 7.9GHz(60mK)

c
= 660GHz(5K)
T = 0.1, 5, 15, 30[mK]

(1)
(E) (E)E
Lesovik G B and Loosen R JETP 65 295 (1997)
= 1
V V
Interacting case: Laughlin
S
sym
(,
0
)
a) b)
c) d)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K
S
sym
(,
0
)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K
S
sym
(,
0
)
a) b)
c) d)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K
S
sym
(,
0
)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K
Single-qp
T
c
= 15mK
= 7.9GHz(60mK)

c
= 660GHz(5K)
T = 0.1, 5, 15, 30[mK]
S
sym
(,
0
) |
0
|
4
(1)
1/3
1
Chamon, Freed & Wen PRB95,PRB96

Detector quatum limit

QPC Shot noise

k
B
T
c

k
B
T
0
= 1/3
e

=
e
3
S
(m)
meas
(,
0
) S
(m)
+
() K
(me

)
2
2

(m)
( +m
0
)
0
returns directly the rates.
S
(m)
meas
(,
0
)

m = 1
Rate detection
a) b)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K S
ex
(,
0
)/K
a) b)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K S
ex
(,
0
)/K
= 1/3, 1/5, 1/7
T
c
= T
T = 10mK
T
c
= 10, 30, 60, 90 mK
Dashed lines
theoretical
rates
It is possible to extract the scaling dimensions
without requiring an extended window in frequency
and bias simplifying the experimental requirements

(1)

=

2
Note that
S
meas
S
ex
T = T
c
Hotter is better?
a) b)
d) c)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K S
meas
(,
0
)/K
S
meas
(,
0
)
K
0
S
meas
(,
0
)
K
0
a) b)
d) c)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K S
meas
(,
0
)/K
S
meas
(,
0
)
K
0
S
meas
(,
0
)
K
0
= 1/3
T
c
= 5, 15, 30, 60 mK
The QPC cannot excite detector modes only absorptive
The QPC excites detector
The combined effect is an enhancement of jump/peak
T
c
= 15mK
= 7.9GHz(60mK)

c
= 660GHz(5K)

Resolving m-qp scalings?
S
sym
(,
0
) S
sym
(,
0
)
a) b)
c) d)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K S
meas
(,
0
)/K
=
2
5
=
2
3
S
sym
S
(m)
sym
(,
0
) |
0
|
4
(m)

1
Chamon, Freed & Wen PRB95,PRB96

Josephson resonances

Peaks ( ) or dips ( )

Thermal effect spoil the signatures

m
0

(m)

> 1/4
(m)

< 1/4
T = 0.1, 5, 15, 30[mK]
e

=
e
5
e

=
e
3
Multiple-qp spectroscopy:
S
meas
S
sym
(,
0
) S
sym
(,
0
)
a) b)
c) d)
S
meas
(,
0
)/K S
meas
(,
0
)/K
=
2
5
=
2
3
T = 0.1, 5, 15, 30[mK]
Note that
S
meas
S
ex
T = T
c
S
meas
(,
0
)
1

(1)
(
0
) +
2

(2)
(2
0
)

Rates are directly tted: scaling dimensions at nite T

Multiple-qps are observed in different window

e

=
e
5
e

=
e
3
Conclusion

QPC+LC resonator is a powerful tool

f.f. noise resolve the presence of multiple qps

Multiple-qp spectroscopy can be done at realistic T

Information on qps by analysing bias behaviour

Changing detector temperature increases the

sensibility

Validate composite edge model theories

This techniques can be used in other systems

New. J. Phys. 16 043018 (2014)