CSE114 Intro to Comp Sci & Java

CSE 114, Computer Science 1
Stony Brook University

http://www.cs.stonybrook.edu/~cse114
Introduction to Computers, Programs,
and Java
(c) Pearson Education, Inc. & Paul Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
What do you need to get started?
Blackboard account
http://blackboard.stonybrook.edu
SINC Sites: http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/helpdesk/labs.shtml
Java:
http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp
Eclipse IDE:
http://www.eclipse.org/downloads
Learn to use the debugger
Liangs student Web site:
http://www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/intro9e
2
How does it work?
Java Source Code
you write this
ProgramName.java files
Compiler Program
Build - included in the Eclipse IDE
OR
Command: javac ProgramName.java
results Java Executable Code
ProgramName.class files - not humanly readable
Java Virtual Machine runs Java programs
Run - included in the Eclipse IDE
OR command: java ProgramName
3
What is a Computer?
4
A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk, monitor,
printer, and communication devices.

CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices

Memory
Output
Devices
Bus
CPU
5

CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices

Memory
Output
Devices
Bus
central processing unit (CPU)
retrieves instructions from memory and executes them
the CPU speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)
1 megahertz = 1 million pulses per second
Memory
6

CPU
e.g., Disk, CD,
and Tape
Input
Devices
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer
Communication
Devices
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
Storage
Devices

Memory
Output
Devices
Bus
stores data and program instructions for CPU to execute
ordered sequence of bytes (8 bits binary base unit)
How Data is Stored?
7
Whats binary?
a base-2 number system
What do humans use?
base-10
Why?
Why do computers like binary?
electronics
easier to make hardware that
stores and processes binary
numbers than decimal numbers
more efficient: space & cost

.
.
.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004

.
.
.
01001010
01100001
01110110
01100001
00000011

Memory content
Memory address
Encoding for character J
Encoding for character a
Encoding for character v
Encoding for character a
Encoding for number 3
8
Number Systems
0, 1
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
binary
octal
decimal
hexdecimal
9
Computers use binary numbers internally because storage devices
like memory and disk are made to store 0s and 1s.
A number or a text inside a computer is stored as a sequence of
0s and 1s.
Each 0 and 1 is called a bit (short for binary digit)
Binary numbers are not intuitive, since we use decimal numbers in
our daily life.
When you write a number like 20 in a program, it is assumed to
be a decimal number.
Internally, computer software is used to convert decimal
numbers into binary numbers, and vice versa.
Number Systems
10
The digits in the decimal number system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
A decimal number is represented using a sequence of one or more of
these digits.
The value that each digit in the sequence represents depends on its
position.
A position in a sequence has a value that is an integral power of 10.
e.g., the digits 7, 4, 2, and 3 in decimal number 7423 represent 7000,
400, 20, and 3, respectively:
We say that 10 is the base or radix of the decimal number system.
The base of the binary number system is 2 since the binary number
system has two digits
The base of the hex number system is 16 since the hex number system
has sixteen digits.

10
3
7

4

2

3

10
2
10
1
10
0

0 1 2 3
10 3 10 2 10 4 10 7 + + + =
3 20 400 7000 + + + = 7423 =
Number Systems
11
Binary numbers tend to be very long and cumbersome:
For example: 101010101010
Hexadecimal numbers are often used to abbreviate binary numbers:
For example: AAA
The hexadecimal number system has 16 digits:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
The letters A, B, C, D, E, and F correspond to the decimal
numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15.
Number Systems
12
Binary Numbers => Decimals
Given a binary number
the equivalent decimal value is
10 in binary = 2 in decimal
1010 in binary = 10 in decimal
0 1 2 2 1 ... b b b b b b n n n
0 1 2 2 1
2 2 2 ... 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 1 + + + + + +

b b b b b b
n n n
n n n
0 2 1
1
+
0 2 1 2 0 2 1
2 3
+ + +
10101011
in binary
= 171 in
decimal
1 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 1
2 3 4 5 6 7
+ + + + + + +
13
Decimals => Binary
To convert a decimal number d to a binary number is to find the
binary digits.. such that
These numbers can be found by successively dividing d by 2 until the
quotient is 0. The remainders are
For example, the decimal number 123 is 1111011 in binary. The conversion is
conducted as follows:
0 1 2 2 1 , , ,..., , , b b b b b b n n n
0 1 2 2 1
2 2 2 ... 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 1 + + + + + + =

b b b b b b d
n n n
n n n
0 1 2 2 1 , , ,..., , , b b b b b b n n n

123 2
61
122
1
b
0

61 2
30
60
1
b
1

30 2
15
30
0
b
2

15 2
7
14
1
b
3

Remainder
Quotient
7 2
3
6
1
b
4

3 2
1
2
1
b
5

1 2
0
0
1
b
6

14
Windows Calculator
The Windows Calculator is a useful tool for performing number
conversions. To run it, choose Programs, Accessories, and
Calculator from the Start button.
15
Hexadecimals => Decimals
The hexadecimal number system has sixteen digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
The letters A, B, C, D, E, and F correspond to the decimal
numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15.
Given a hexadecimal number
The equivalent decimal value is
0 1 2 2 1
16 16 16 ... 16 16 16 0 1 2 2 1 + + + + + +

h h h h h h
n n n
n n n
7F in hex
15 16 7
1
+
= 127 in decimal
FFFF in hex = 65535 in decimal 15 16 15 16 15 16 15
2 3
+ + +
0 1 2 2 1 ... h h h h h h n n n
16
To convert a decimal number d to a hexadecimal number is to find
the hexadecimal digits such that
0 1 2 2 1
16 16 16 ... 16 16 16 0 1 2 2 1 + + + + + + =

h h h h h h d
n n n
n n n
These numbers can be found by
successively dividing d by 16 until the
quotient is 0. The remainders are
For example, the decimal number 123 is
7B in hexadecimal. The conversion is
conducted as follows:
0 1 2 2 1 , , ,..., , , h h h h h h n n n
n n n h h h h h h , , ,..., , , 1 2 2 1 0

123 16
7
112
11
h
0
7
16
0
0
7
h
1

Remainder
Quotient
Decimals => Hexadecimals
17
0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 A 10
1011 B 11
1100 C 12
1101 D 13
1110 E 14
1111 F 15
Binary Hex Decimal
To convert a hexadecimal number to a binary
number, simply convert each digit in the
hexadecimal number into a four-digit binary
number.
To convert a binary number to a hexadecimal,
convert every four binary digits from right to left
in the binary number into a hexadecimal number.
For example,

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
D
8 3
Hexadecimals <=> Binary
Memory: What goes in each memory segment?
18
Stack Segment
temporary variables declared inside methods
removed from memory when a method returns
Heap Segment
for dynamic data (whenever you use new)
data for constructed objects
persistent as long as an existing object variable
references this region of memory
Global Segment
data that can be reserved at compile time
global data (like static data)
How objects are stored?
You must understand that in Java, every
object/reference variable stores a
memory address
32 bit numbers (4 bytes)
These addresses point to memory
locations where the objects data is stored
19
So Hardware stores 0s & 1s
20
0101010101010101010101010101
Data is byte addressable
we can access or change any byte (group of 8 bits)
independently as needed
How do we store text?
Numerically (using its code)
Each character is stored in memory as a number
Standard character sets: ASCII & Unicode
ASCII uses 1 byte per character
A is 65
Programming Languages
22
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
A program called assembler is used to convert assembly
language programs into machine code
For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in assembly code like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

Assembly Source File
Assembler

1101101010011010

Machine Code File
Programming Languages
23
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
assembly: Far easier to use than binary
BUT: not very user friendly, very low-level operations,
programming is time consuming
High Level programming Languages (HLL):
more user friendly, easy to use
more flexible
platform independent
Popular High-Level Languages
24
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code)
Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal)
Ada (named for Ada Lovelace)
C (whose developer designed B first)
Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language developed by Microsoft)
Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by Borland)
C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
C# (a Java-like language developed by Microsoft)
Java
Compiling Source Code
25
Whats a compiler?
A software program
Input: High Level Language source code
Output: Assembly Code
It is typically integrated with an assembly
together they can make an executable or binary program

Compiler Source File
Machine-language
File
Linker
Executable File
Library Code
Operating Systems
26
The operating system (OS) is
a program that manages
and controls a computers
activities
Windows XP,
Vista, 7 and 8
Mac OsX
Android
Linux

User
Application Programs
Operating System
Hardware
Why Java?
27
Java is somewhat different
Java has a principle, write once, run anywhere
What does that mean?
Platform independence for compiled Java code
How?
The Java Virtual Machine
Java programs are compiled into Java bytecode
bytecode is executed by the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Java, JVM, Web, and Beyond
28
Java Virtual Machine
A program that runs Java programs and manages
memory for Java programs.
Why?
Each platform is different (Mac/PC/Linux/etc.)
Java can be used to develop Web applications.
Java Applets
Java Web Applications
Java can also be used to develop applications for hand-
held devices such as Palm and cell phones
JDK Versions
29
JDK 1.02 (1995)
JDK 1.1 (1996)
JDK 1.2 (1998)
JDK 1.3 (2000)
JDK 1.4 (2002)
JDK 1.5 (2004) a. k. a. JDK 5 or Java 5
JDK Editions
30
Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such as
Java servlets and Java ServerPages.
Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile devices
such as cell phones.
Our textbook uses J2SE to introduce Java
programming.
A Simple Java Program
31
//This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
Creating, Compiling, and Running
Programs
32

Source Code
Create/Modify Source Code
Compile Source Code
i.e., javac Welcome.java
Bytecode
Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome
Result
If compilation errors
If runtime errors or incorrect result
}
}

Method Welcome()
0 aload_0

Method void main(java.lang.String[])
0 getstatic #2
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
5 invokevirtual #4
8 return
Saved on the disk
stored on the disk
Source code (developed by the programmer)
Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM
to read and interpret, not for you to understand)
33
pfodor@sparky ~$ pico Welcome.java
}
}
pfodor@sparky ~$ javac Welcome.java
pfodor@sparky ~$ java Welcome
Welcome to Java!
Running Programs from command line
Compiling and Running Java from
the Command Window
34
Set path to JDK bin directory
set path=c:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0\bin
check Java path
Set classpath to include the current directory
set classpath=.
Compile
javacWelcome.java
Run
java Welcome
35
Running
Programs in
Eclipse
Supplements on the
Companion Website
36
See Supplement I.B for installing and configuring
JDK
See Supplement I.C for compiling and running
Java from the command window for details
See Supplement II.D for installing and using
Eclipse IDE
http://www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/intro10e
Trace a Program Execution
37
}
}
Enter main method
38
}
}
Execute statement
39
}
}
print a message to the
console
Anatomy of a Java Program
40
Comments
Reserved words
Modifiers
Statements
Blocks
Classes
Methods
The main method
Comments
41
Line comment: A line comment is preceded by two slashes (//) in
a line.
Paragraph comment: A paragraph comment is enclosed between
/* and */ in one or multiple lines.
javadoc comment: javadoc comments begin with /** and end
with */. They are used for documenting classes, data, and
methods. They can be extracted into an HTML file using
JDK's javadoc command.
Three types of comments in Java.
Reserved Words
42
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a specific
meaning to the compiler
Cannot be used for other purposes in the program
Example: class
the word after class is the name for the class
Java Vocabulary Words (Keywords)
abstract,assert,boolean,break,byte,
case,catch,char,class,const,continue
,default,do,double,else,enum,extends
,false,final,finally,float,for,goto,
if,implements,import,instanceof,int,
interface,long,native,new,null,
package,private,protected,public,
return,short,static,strictfp,super,
switch,synchronized,this,throw,
throws,transient,true,try,void,
volatile,while
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial
/java/nutsandbolts/_keywords.html
43
Modifiers
44
Java uses certain reserved words called modifiers that specify
the properties of the data, methods, and classes and how
they can be used
Examples: public, static, private,
final, abstract, protected
A public datum, method, or class can be accessed by
other programs
A private datum or method cannot be accessed by other
programs
Statements
45
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions
is a statement to display the greeting "Welcome to Java!"
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;)
46
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.
public class Test {
}
}
Class block
Method block
Blocks
Variable, class, and method names
Whats an API?
Application Programming Interface
a library of code to use
Names (variables, classes, and methods)
From 2 sources:
your own classes, variables, and methods
the Oracle/Sun (or someone elses) API
Your Identifiers (Names) Why name them?
they are your data and commands
youll need to reference them elsewhere in your program
int myVariable = 5; // Declaration
... // Using the variable
myVariable = myVariable + 1;
47
Rules for Identifiers
Should contain only letters, numbers, & _
Cannot begin with a digit
Uppercase and lowercase letters are considered to be
different characters
$ is allowed, but only for special use.
Examples:
Legal: myVariable, my_class, my4Var
Illegal: 4myVariable, my class, my!Var,
@#$myClass
48
Common Java Naming Conventions
Variables & Methods start with lower case letters: x,
toString
Classes start with upper case letters: Person
Variables and Class identifiers should generally be nouns
Method identifiers should be verbs
Use Camel notation: myVariable, MyClass
Although it is legal, do not begin with _ (underscore).
Use descriptive names: LinkedList,
compareTo
area = PI * radius * radius;
49
Variables
In a program, they store data
Primitives store single pieces of data (ex: char)
char letter = 'A';
Objects store multiple pieces of data (ex: String)
String text = "ABCDEFG";
All Java variables must have a declared type
A variables type determines:
what kind of value the variable can hold
how much memory to reserve for that variable
50
Javas Primitive Types
Integers (whole numbers)
byte1 byte (-128 to 127)
short 2 bytes (-32768 to 32767)
int4 bytes (-2147483648 to 2147483647)
long8 bytes (-9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807)
Real Numbers
float4 bytes
double8 bytes
char2 bytes
stores a single character (Unicode 2)
booleanstores true or false (uses 1-bit or byte)
51
Variables
Must be declared before being assigned values
public void methodWithGoodDeclaration(){
double salary;
salary = 20000.0;
System.out.println("Salary is " + salary);
}
public void methodWithBadDeclaration(){
salary = 20000.0;
double salary;
}
52
Variables
Must be initialized before being referenced
public void methodWithGoodReference(){
double salary;
salary = 20000.0;
double raise = salary * 0.05; // 5% raise
System.out.println("Raise is " + raise);
}
public void methodWithBadReference(){
double salary; // Salary has no value.
double raise = salary * 0.05;
System.out.println("Raise is " + raise);
}
53
Variables
A variable gets a value in an assignment statement (discussed
later).
Variable = some_value or
an expression
Undefined Variables
Compiler error
If a variable does not occur on the left in an assignment
statement before its use in an expression, then it is probably
undefined
54
Variables
Should only be declared once
public void methodWithGoodDeclaration(){
double salary = 20000.0;
salary = 60000.0;
}
public void methodWithBadDeclaration(){
double salary = 50000.0;
double salary = 60000.0; // Second declaration
}
55
Variables
Variables can be declared and initialized at once
char yesChar = 'y';
String word = "Hello!";
double avg = 0.0, stdDev = 0.0;
char initial3 = 'T';
boolean completed = false;
56
Variables
Variables can only be used inside the block { } or
scope that they themselves are declared
public void methodWithGoodScope(){
double x = 5.0;
if (x > 0.0)
System.out.println("x is " + x);
} // x is in scope here.
public void methodWithBadScope(){
double y = 100.0;
if (y > 0.0) {
double x = 5.0;
}
System.out.println("x " + x); // x is not in scope
}
57
Variables
The Assignment Statement
variable = expression;
What does it do?
Solves/evaluates expression first
Assigns resulting value to the variable
Exercise: Whats the output?
int x = 5;
x = x + x + x + 10;
System.out.print(x); ?
58
Variables
The Assignment Statement
variable = expression;
What does it do?
Solves/evaluates expression first
Assigns resulting value to the variable
Exercise: Whats the output?
int x = 5;
x = x + x + x + 10;
System.out.print(x); 25
59
Variables
Assignment Compatibility:
The variable and expression should be the same type
if not, you may get a compiler error.
Examples:
int sumGrades, gradeX, gradeY;
gradeX = 1;
sumGrades = 1473;
sumGrades = 1472 + 1;
sumGrades = 1472 + gradeX;
sumGrades = true; // ILLEGAL
60
Variables
What about mixing numeric types?
Are these assignment statements ok?
int x = 5;
long y = x;
double z = y;
What about these?
double a = 6.5;
long b = a;
int c = b;
byte <short <int <long <float <double
No assigning big types to little types OR real
types to integer types
61
Variables
Type Casting as a type override
temporarily change a data type to another type
(type_name), example: (int)
no type casting to/from boolean
Examples:
double myReal = 10.0;
int badInt = myReal;
int goodInt = (int)myReal;
62
Arithmetic Operators
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulo/Remainder (integer operands only)
int x = 5;
int y = 10;
int z = 2;
int num1 = (x + y) * z;
System.out.println(num1); ?
63
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulo/Remainder (integer operands only)
int x = 5;
int y = 10;
int z = 2;
int num1 = (x + y) * z;
System.out.println(num1); 30
64
Multiplication (*) has higher precedence over addition (+).
int x = 5;
int y = 10;
int z = 2;
int num1 = x + y * z;
System.out.println(num1); ?
Whenever in doubt, go with explicit use of parentheses.
My Advice: avoid rules of precedence
int r2d2c3po = 3 * 4 + 5 / 6; // ?
int r2d2c3po2 = (3 * (4 + 5))/ 6; // ?
65
Multiplication (*) has higher precedence over addition (+).
int x = 5;
int y = 10;
int z = 2;
int num1 = x + y * z;
System.out.println(num1); 25
Whenever in doubt, go with explicit use of parentheses.
My Advice: avoid rules of precedence
int r2d2c3po = 3 * 4 + 5 / 6; //12
int r2d2c3po2 = (3 * (4 + 5))/ 6; //4
66
Division
Integer division:
8/3 = 2
Double division:
8.0/3.0 = 2.666666666666667
8.0/3 = 2.666666666666667
8/3.0 = 2.666666666666667
67
Division Operator - evaluate full expression first
double average = 100.0/8.0; //12.5
average = 100.0/8; //12.5
average = 100/8; //12.0
int sumGrades = 100/8; //12
sumGrades = 100.0/8.0; //ERROR
sumGrades = (int)100.0/8.0; //ERROR
sumGrades = (int)(100.0/8.0); //12
int fifty_percent = 50/100; //0
double fiftyPercent = 50/100; //0.0
fiftyPercent = 50.0/100.0; //0.5
68
The modulo/remainder % operator
Produces division remainders
int remainder = 100 % 8;
System.out.println(remainder); ?
69
The modulo/remainder % operator
Produces division remainders
int remainder = 100 % 8;
System.out.println(remainder); 4
70
++ Increment by one
-- Decrement by one
+= Increment by specified amount
-= Decrement by specified amount
*= Multiply by specified amount
/= Divide by specified amount
int x = 5, y = 15, z = 25;
x = x + 1;
y++;
z += 1;
System.out.println(x); ?
System.out.println(y); ?
System.out.println(z); ?
71
++ Increment by one
-- Decrement by one
int x = 5, y = 15, z = 25;
x = x + 1;
y++;
z += 1;
System.out.println(x); 6
System.out.println(y); ?
72
++ Increment by one
-- Decrement by one
int x = 5, y = 15, z = 25;
x = x + 1;
y++;
z += 1;
System.out.println(y); 16
73
++ Increment by one
-- Decrement by one
int x = 5, y = 15, z = 25;
x = x + 1;
y++;
z += 1;
System.out.println(y); 16
System.out.println(z); 26
74
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
75

int i = 10;
int newNum = 10 * i++;
int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;
Same effect as

int i = 10;
int newNum = 10 * (++i);
i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;
Same effect as
Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in scientific
notation:
E (or e) represents an exponent and it can be either in
lowercase or uppercase
Examples
1.23456e+2 = 1.23456e2 = 123.456
1.23456e-2 = 0.0123456
76
Classes
77
A class is a template or blueprint for objects
A program is defined by using one or more classes
public class ClassName {
// ClassName PROGRAMS POINT OF ENTRY
// THIS PROGRAMS INSTRUCTIONS
// START HERE
}
}
Methods
78
A method is a collection of statements that performs a sequence
of operations
It is used by invoking a statement with arguments
main Method
79
The main method provides the control of program flow.
ClassName is executable because it has a main method
we can compile and then run it
Not all classes require main methods
only those classes that initiate program execution require a main method
public class ClassName {
...
}
}
Our first program: HelloWorldApp.java
/**
* HelloWorldApp is a Java application
* that simply displays "Hello World! in the
* Java console.
*/
public class HelloWorldApp {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
// Statement above displays "Hello World!"
}
}
80
Homework 1
Homework 1 won't be not graded
Learn submission of homework
through Blackboard as an
assignment
81
> notepad Welcome.java
}
}
> javac Welcome.java
> java Welcome
Welcome to Java!
Homework:
Implement&Test
Welcome.java
82
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ChangeMaker {
int change, rem, qs, ds, ns, ps;
System.out.print("Input change amount (1-99): ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
change = input.nextInt();
qs = change / 25;
rem = change % 25;
ds = rem / 10;
rem = rem % 10;
ns = rem / 5;
rem = rem % 5;
ps = rem;
System.out.print(qs + " quarters," + ds + " dimes,");
System.out.println(ns + " nickels and" + ps + " pennies");
}
}
Homework:
Implement
ChangeMaker
Eclipse
83

CSE114 Intro to Comp Sci & Java

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CSE114 Intro to Comp Sci & Java

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CSE 114, Computer Science 1

Stony Brook University

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