CHAPTER 2

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CHAPTER TWO - BTOPAR IHABA
AN OB1ECT LESSON - HAIHRHBH YPOK
In Chapter Two you will learn how to do the following:
1. to identify and locate objects
2. to express possession
3. to state where you live
4. to recognize numbers
You will learn the following points of grammar:
1. the possessive pronouns my`, your`, his`, her`, our`, their`, whose`
2. the verb to live` (an1t)
3. the prepositional case after n and na
4. the numerals 1 to 100
Activity One - Hepnoe sa(anne
Listening/Reading Object identification. Listen to and read the following.
H1o 51o?
5ro caxona. 5ro xa1a Poccnn. 5ro onn y6i. 5ro xa1emxa.
A u1o 51o 1axoe?
5ro xnnia Bonna n xn. 5ro ia:e1a Ceion. 5ro yna Oionex.
caxona samovar (type oI Russian tea urn) ia:e1a newspaper
xa1a Poccnn map oI Russia Ceion Segodnya Today (qualitv
onn one (pronounced +J@O) dailv newspaper)
y6i (m) rouble yna magazine, journal
xa1emxa matrioshka (Russian doll) Oionex Ogonek Small Elame
n1o 51o 1axoe' what (exactly) is this / are these? (popular monthlv current
Bonna n xn War and Peace (epic novel bv Count affairs maga:ine)
Leo Tolstov, written 1863 - 1869)
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Activity Two - B1opoe sa(anne
Reading/Speaking Identify the objects/people illustrated below by matching them
up with the following list of words. (You have already met all twenty words.)
c1yen1, nenoana1ei, enoine, ox, xaanam, 1axnan, no1]ei,
xeon, xo]e, ynxa, mo1ann, 1e1ai, mo1i, cniae1i, xa1emxa, xnnia,
ia:e1a, nncixo, xa1a, yna
Then point to different illustrations and ask your partner xax no-yccxn ...' (how
do vou sav ... in Russian?). He/She will reply 51o no-yccxn ... (in Russian it is ...)
and will thereupon ask you to identify an object/person, and so on.
Einally, shut your books and see how many of the twenty objects/people you can recall
in one minute. This can be played as a game in pairs or groups.
Activity Three - Tpe1te sa(anne
Listening/Reading Identifying animals. Listen to and read the following.
Note: when Russians talk about animals or pets they do not say 'What`s this? but 'Who`s this?
xax no-yccxn ...' how do you say ... in Russian? 51o no-yccxn ... in Russian it is ...
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K1o 51o'
51o co6axa. 51o xomxa. 51o xonx. 51o neenaxa.
51o con. 51o omai. 51o ximi. 51o en.
Whilst Russia`s rural population or peasantry has, oI course, been brought up with Iarm animals, the vast majority
oI town-dwellers live in large blocks oI Ilats and hence have always Iound it diIIicult to keep pets. The ravages oI
the Second World War and the harsh economic realities oI liIe under Communism likewise had a dramatic eIIect on
pet-ownership. However, in recent times an increasing number oI people have begun to keep cats and dogs and
other small domestic animals and there are considerably more stray animals roaming the streets. As a result oI the
increase in organized and petty crime, many more Russians have invested in large dogs, such as Alsatians and
Rottweilers, to protect themselves and their property. Eor some oI Russia`s new elite, stud Iarms with expensively
equipped stables and emaculately groomed horses are now becoming a status symbol to match their latest Mercedes
and BMW cars.
Activity Four - He1np1oe sa(anne
Writing Eill in the grid below with the names of the animals you have met so far.
co6axa dog neenaxa tortoise ximi (I) mouse
xo1/xomxa cat con elephant en lion (also the Russian for
xonx rabbit omai (I) horse Leo, as in Leo Tolstov)
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Activity Five - H1oe :aanne
Reading The Russian for whose` is nen (m), ni (f), nie (n), nin (pl). Look at
the questions on the left and provide an appropriate reply by selecting the correct forms from
the other two columns. Then match up your answer with the most likely speaker of those
illustrated on the right.
QUESTION ANSWER SPEAKER
en 51o xnn' 51o xoe xnn.
i 51o cniaa' 51o xon na1ie.
ie 51o na1ie' 51o xo mo1i.
in 51o mo1i' 51o xon cniaa.
Activity Six - mec1oe sa(anne
Speaking Imagine that you are working in a lost property office (6no naxoox)
and that a number of people are waiting to claim their missing possessions. Ask dif ferent
students in your group (or, if there are only two of you, your partner who will play several
roles) whose the objects are in the first list. The respondents will identify different objects as
their own; (e.g. you ask en 51o yna' and someone replies 51o xon yna.)
Then change the roles with respect to the second list. Remember to pay attention to the
correct forms of the words in each case.
1. xnn, cniaa, nnenxa, xa1a, enoine, nncixo, 1e1ai, xa1emxa, mo1i,
xaanam, connnenne, nonyian
2. xnnia, ]o1oxonn, oxyxen1, cniae1i, ynxa, yna, noxa, nai1o, na1ie,
no1]ei, nan, xa1i
6no (indeclinable) naxoox lost property oIIice ]o1oxonn photocopy
nen (m), ni (I), nie (n), nin (pl) whose nai1o (indeclinable) coat
nen (etc.) 51o ...' whose is this ...? na1ie dress
xnn key nan tea
cniaa cigar connnenne essay
nonyian parrot
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Activity Seven - Ce(tuoe sa(anne
Listening/Reading/Speaking Eirst, listen to the following dialogue which involves
an argument between young people and their teacher, Anna Pavlovna, about cigarettes. Then
read it aloud or act it out in groups.
Vnn1einnna - in 51o cniae1i' 51o 1non cniae1i, Ionc'
Ionc - He1, ne xon, Anna Hanonna. 51o 1non cniae1i,
Ha1ama'
Ha1ama - He1, 51o ne xon cniae1i. 51o ee cniae1i. (Pointing at
Marina)
Manna - 51o nenana. 51o ne xon cniae1i. 51o, xoe1 6i1i,
eio cniae1i. (Pointing at Igor)
Hioi - He1, ne xon. ne xyn. 51o nx cniae1i!
(Pointing at the twins, Sasha and Masha)
Cama n Mama - 51o ne namn cniae1i.
Hioi - Cama n Mama, 51o namn cniae1i.
Cama n Mama - He1, 51o ne namn cniae1i. Mi ne :naex, nin 51o
cniae1i.
Ionc - Pa:ne 51o ne namn cniae1i, Anna Hanonna'
Vnn1einnna - Mon'
Ionc - ,a, namn.
Vnn1einnna - On, noc1n1e. ,a, 51o xon cniae1i.
(Evervone laughs)
Activity Eight - Boctuoe sa(anne
Listening/Speaking Listen again to how the native speakers pronounce the follow-
ing phrases and repeat them in the gaps provided on the tape.
1. in 51o cniae1i'
2. Mi ne :naex, nin 51o cniae1i.
3. 51o 1non cniae1i, Ionc'
4. He1, ne xon.
5. He1, 51o ne xon cniae1i.
6. 51o, xoe1 6i1i, eio cniae1i.
7. 51o nx cniae1i!
8. 51o nenana.
9. 51o ne namn cniae1i.
10. Pa:ne 51o ne namn cniae1i, Anna Hanonna'
11. Mon'
12. ,a, 51o xon cniae1i.
1non (m), 1no (I), 1noe (n), 1non (pl) your ne not
(informal) nana truth
eio (m, I, n & pl) (pronounced J@) his 51o nenana that`s not true
ee (m, I, n & pl) her xoe1 6i1i perhaps, maybe
nam (m), nama (I), name (n), namn (pl) our ne xyn I don`t smoke
nam (m), nama (I), name (n), namn (pl) your xi ne :naex we don`t know
(formal) a:ne in Iact, really
nx (m, I, n & pl) their noc1n1e Iorgive (me)
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Activity Nine - enn1oe sa(anne
Listening/Reading/Writing Look at the map of Russia and listen to where the
interviewees say they live. Then match up each person (from the following list) with the
appropriate town.
Hnna eon1ienna, Hane, Lxa1enna Mnxanonna doxnna, 3o,
,xn1nn, Poc1ncan C1enanonnn, Haea Iienna, deo Konc1an1nnonnn
Iac1en, Kcenn, Ln:ane1a Aexceenna, Ana1onn Kacnaon, Cne1ana
You will need to know the Russian Ior where do you live?` - ie 1i nnemi' (informal and used
with children) or ie ni nne1e' (formal/plural) and also the reply I live in ...` - nn n ... .
Note: the Iorm oI the word changes slightly aIter the preposition n.
II the town is masculine the letter -e is added; e.g. Poc1on (Rostov) changes to n Poc1onJ.
II the town is Ieminine the Iinal -a (or -n) is removed and the letter -e is added; e.g. Mocxna (Moscow)
changes to n Mocxne.
KAPTA POCCHH
Activity Ten - ecn1oe sa(anne
Speaking Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner plays B, then reverse
the roles.
A B
1. Say hello. (formal) Give an appropriate reply.
Ask your partner his/her name. State your name.
Ask him/her how he/she Ieels. Describe how you Ieel.
Ask him/her where he/she lives. Say where you live.
Say goodbye. Respond appropriately.
2. Say hi. (informal, of course) Reply and ask your partner his/her name.
Give your name. Introduce a Iriend.
Express pleasure at meeting the Iriend. Ask your partner where he/she lives.
State where you live. Say: 'see you tomorrow.
Respond appropriately.
ie 1i nnemi' (informal) where do you live? nny I live in
ie ni nne1e' (formal) where do you live? n ( prepositional)
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Activity Eleven - O(nnna(na1oe sa(anne
Reading/Speaking Look at the list of names in the left-hand column and state where
you think he or she is most likely to live. All the possibilities are provided, in jumbled-up
form, in the right-hand column.
You will need to know the Russian Ior where does he/she live?` - ie on/ona nne1' and the reply
he/she lives in ...` - on/ona nne1 n ... .
Note: iI a country ends in -nn the Iinal -n is removed and the letter -n is added; e.g. Anin (England)
changes to n Aninn. In Erance` is n dannnn, Ior ease oI pronunciation.
K1o 51o' Ie on/ona nne1'
1. 5ro Kayn ]on Kay:e Hcnann
2. 5ro Man-Hie ,nnon mo1ann
3. 5ro H5n O`Pann Hnn
4. 5ro Xyan Kaoc Ieinei dannn
5. 5ro Anna Ban ,enx Iexann
6. 5ro Taeym Toxamencxnn H1an
7. 5ro dannecxo Ion511n nonn
8. 5ro Pann Ha15 Ienn
9. 5ro Aneac Hananey Hann
10. 5ro Hioi Lnieniennn Ia6anon Hoima
11. 5ro Xnoxo Kyacana Ioann
12. 5ro ,ox MaxMnan Poccn
Activity Twelve - nena(na1oe sa(anne
Writing Read the biographies below and write down similar details about where
you live. Include the following information: type of accommodation, name of city/town/
village, country.
Men :ony1 Hnxoan. Men :ony1 Hnxoac. Men :ony1 Hnxoi.
nny n xna1ne n nny n oxe n nny n oxe n
iooe Boone, n eenne Ha11nniex, iooe Han1, no
Poccnn. n Aninn. dannnn.
on nne1 he lives Hnn India Hoima Poland
ona nne1 she lives Iexann Germany Ioann Holland
Anin England H1an Italy Poccn Russia
dannn Erance nonn Japan ioo town
Hcnann Spain Ienn Greece eenn village, countryside
mo1ann Scotland Hann Ireland n eenne in a/the village, in the country
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Activity Thirteen - Tpnna(na1oe sa(anne
Writing Without looking back at the previous pages, sort out the correct forms for
the verb to live` by drawing arrows linking the appropriate parts. In order to help you, one
of the two forms which you have not yet met has been done for you. (You can check your
solution by referring to the Grammar section.)
nnemi we live
1 i nne1 he lives
on nn1 they live
ona nne1e you live (informal)
(we) xi nn you live (formal/plural)
n i nne1 I live
(thev) onn nnex she lives
Activity Fourteen - He1mpna(na1oe sa(anne
Reading Where do the people pictured below live?
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Activity Fifteen - Hn1na(na1oe sa(anne
Reading/Writing State in which towns the following famous European football clubs
play. The towns are given below. You will use the same construction each time.
e.g. Acena niae1 n onone - Arsenal play in London
1. Ac1on Bna 3. Xn6ennon 5. To11enx+x Xo1cny
2. Inen1yc 4. Cna1ax 6. Axc
Mocxna, 3nn6i, Axc1eax, Tynn, Inxnniex, onon
Activity Sixteen - mec1na(na1oe sa(anne
Speaking As in English, nouns can be replaced by pronouns (it `/he`/she`, they`).
In Russian masculine nouns are replaced by on, feminine nouns by ona, neuter nouns by
ono and plural nouns by onn. State whether the following electrical items are working or
not, using the appropriate pronouns.
You will either use one of the constructons a, on/ona/ono a6o1ae1 (yes, it`s
working) or a, onn a6o1an1 (yes, they are working) or you will use a negative ne1,
on/ona/ono ne a6o1ae1 (no, it is not working) or ne1, onn ne a6o1an1 (no,
they are not working).
1eenn:o ano nene xoxnin1ei
xacce1nnx axna 1oc1e nnn1e
nneoxaxea ]o1oannaa1i noex1o noniina1ei
on (m) it/he 1eenn:o television nnn1e printer
ona (I) it/she ano radio nneoxaxea camcorder
ono (n) it nene walkman ]o1oannaa1 camera
onn (pl) they xoxnin1e computer noex1o projector
(on/ona/ono) niae1 (he/she/it) plays xacce1nnx cassette player noniina1ei (m) record-
(on/ona/ono) a6o1ae1 (he/she/it) works axna lamp player
(onn) a6o1an1 (they) work 1oc1e toaster
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Cardinal numbers (1 - 100)
1. onn 11. onnnana1i 21. nana1i onn
2. na 12. nenana1i 22. nana1i na
3. 1n 13. 1nnana1i 30. 1nna1i
4. ne1ie 14. ne1inana1i 40. coox
5. n1i 15. n1nana1i 50. n1iec1
6. mec1i 16. mec1nana1i 60. mec1iec1
7. cexi 17. cexnana1i 70. cexiec1
8. nocexi 18. nocexnana1i 80. nocexiec1
9. en1i 19. en1nana1i 90. ennoc1o
10. ec1i 20. nana1i 100. c 1o
Numbers do not normally pose great problems in Russian. It might help to consider the Iollowing:
i) na has the same derivation as the English word two;
ii) 1n is, oI course, the same as the English three;
iii) ec1i has the same root as decimal, decibel, decade etc. (i.e. Latin: decimus - tenth);
iv) the numbers Irom eleven to nineteen are basically 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9 10,
e.g. onnnana1i onn (one) OB () na1i |shortened Iorm oI ec1i| (ten);
v) twenty and thirty are two ten(s) nana1i and three ten(s) 1nna1i |shortened
Iorms|;
vi) fifty, sixty, seventy and eighty are basically five/six/seven/eight ten(s) |ordinary Iorms|;
e.g. n1iec1 = n1i ec1(i);
vii) forty (coox), ninety (ennoc1o) and a hundred (c1o) must be learnt separately;
viii) to Iorm larger numbers, simply add new elements as in English; e.g. 135 c1o 1nna1i
n1i.
Do not try to memorize all the numbers at once! Deal with them in smaller groups.
Activity Seventeen - Ceuna(na1oe sa(anne
Listening You will hear three different activities recorded on the tape.
1. Bingo (o1o). Eill in the boxes below with numbers between 1 and 20 oI your own
choice. The native speaker will then read out a series oI numbers twice each and you should
cross out your numbers as soon as they are called. The winner is the Iirst to cross out all his/
her numbers.
I. II. III. IV.
2. The native speaker will test your arithmetic by reading out a number oI simple subtraction
and addition sums. (Listen Ior the words nnc and xnnyc.)
3. The native speaker will count in Iour recognizable patterns. Jot down the particular
pattern in each case.
I. ............................................................ III. ............................................................
II. ............................................................ IV. ............................................................
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Activity Eighteen - Boceuna(na1oe sa(anne
Speaking You and your partner should jot down ten different expressions of quan-
tity in English (e.g. pints in a gallon`) and then ask each other to provide relevant responses
in Russian; e.g. your partner says players in a rugby league team` and you reply
1nnana1i.
Activity Nineteen - enn1na(na1oe sa(anne
Listening You will hear ten numbers recorded on the tape, each of which relates to a
different place or building below. Write alongside each picture the number which relates to it.
Choose Irom the Iollowing: 1ea1, ynnnecn1e1, mxoa, o6men1ne, xnno,
nox:a, nax, co6o, c1anon, nax1nnx
Activity Twenty - na(na1oe sa(anne
Listening You will hear six Russians saying where they live. You should fill in the
following information: i) the number of their block of flats ( ox), ii) the number of their flat
(xna1na) and iii) their telephone number (1ee]on), which will consist of six digits
divided into three blocks of two.
1 2 3
Men :ony1 Hnan Men :ony1 Hnna Men :ony1 Hane
He1onnn Coonien. Hnanonna Monceena. Ionconnn 3aconon.
nny n Myxancxe. nny n Poc1one. nny n Boonee.
Mon aec: Mon aec: Mon aec:
Ioimon nocnex1, ynna Tya, Mocxoncxnn nocnex1,
(ou _____, xn. _____, (ou _____, xn. _____, (ou _____, xn. _____,
1eu. . 1eu. . 1eu.
4 5 6
Men :ony1 Ha1ai Men :ony1 Hen Men :ony1 Aexcen
Mnxanonna Ka1xona. Banxonna deoona. Bn1aiennn Pax:nn.
nny n Tax6one. nny n Honiooe. nny n Toxcxe.
Mon aec: Mon aec: Mon aec:
nomai Iaianna, Tnecxa ynna, nocnex1 Ho6ei,
(ou _____, xn. _____, (ou _____, xn. _____, (ou _____, xn. _____,
1eu. . 1eu. . 1eu. .
1ea1 theatre co6o cathedral nocnex1 avenue
mxoa school c1anon stadium ynna street
o6men1ne student hostel nax1nnx monument ynna Tya Labour Street
xnno (indeclinable) cinema 1ee]on telephone xocxoncxnn (adfective) Moscow
nox:a station aec address nomai (I) square
nax park 6oimon big nocnex1 Ho6ei Victory Avenue
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Days of the week ,nn neen
noneeinnx` Monday
n1onnx Tuesday
cea Wednesday
ne1nei Thursday
n1nnna Friday
cy66o1a Saturday
nocxecenie Sunday
` Days of the week do not begin with a capital letter unless they are the first word in a sentence.
Three oI the days are connected with numbers, i.e. n1onnx = n1oon (eni) : second (day);
ne1nei = ne1ne1in (eni) : Iourth day; n1nnna = n1in (eni) : IiIth day.
Two days have religious connections: cy66o1a the sabbath; nocxecenie is cognate with
nocxecenne (resurrection).
The word cea means milieu` or medium`. It is the day which is in the middle oI the week.
The word noneeinnx suggests the day aIter Sunday`. (Its origin can be traced back to Old
Church Slavonic.)
Activity Twenty-One - na(na1t nepnoe sa(anne
Writing Using the grid below, fill in the days of the week. (Only one order is
possible.)
Activity Twenty-Two - na(na1t n1opoe sa(anne
Writing Using the grid on the next page, check that you got the days of the week
right in the previous exercise. Then complete the missing squares by filling in the appropriate
Russian names from the list provided below. The names are given in random order.
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Pccxne nxena Russian names
HO IOPH3OHTAH(ACROSS) HO BLPTHKAH (DOWN)
Hioi Pnxxa Aexcana Poxa
Iea 3o Hnxn1a O
Axann C1ena Ha Tan
Con Ma Pn1a Man
O Aexcen Knn Pa
An Hnna Ha1ama Mnxan
Hnna A
Maianna Kaa
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GRAMMAR
HOW TO SAY YOUR`, HIS`, HER`, OUR`, THEIR`, WHOSE`
The attributive possessive pronouns can be summarized as Iollows:
MY YOUR HIS HER OUR YOUR THEIR WHOSE
Masc. xon 1non e i o e e na m n a m nx n e n
Eem. xo 1no e i o e e nama n a ma nx n i
Neut. xoe 1noe e i o e e name name nx n i e
Plur. xon 1non e i o e e namn namn nx n i n
Note: The above Iorms also express the predicative possessive pronouns: mine`, yours`, his`, hers`, ours`,
theirs`.
Activity Twenty-Three - na(na1t 1pe1te sa(anne
Reading/Writing Express the following phrases in Russian. To assist you, a list of
all the required forms and nouns is provided below, although not in the right order.
1. my cigarettes 9. my mum
2. my house 10. your exercise book (informal)
3. their school 11. your exercise (formal)
4. our university 12. our letters
5. your radio (formal) 13. my dress
6. your shorts (informal) 14. your pen (formal)
7. our library 15. her key
8. his sister 16. your lecturers (informal)
xo nenoana1en e e cec1a
1non mxoa name nxa
nam xaxa nx 6n6no1exa
nama mo1i 1no ynanenne
1noe xnn e i o ynnnecn1e1
namn na1ie xon nncixa
nama cniae 1non 1e1ai
xon ox xoe ano
Activity Twenty-Four - na(na1t ue1np1oe sa(anne
Speaking/Writing Now write up another sixteen phrases and their English
equivalents beginning with the following forms. You can then test your partner on them by
asking either Kax no-yccxn ...' ('What is the Russian for ...?) or Kax no-
aninncxn ...' ('What is the English for ...?).
1. xon 5. 1non 9. xo 13. 1non
2. nama 6. nam 10. name 14. namn
3. nama 7. xoe 11. namn 15. nam
4. 1noe 8. name 12. xon 16. 1no
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THE PRONOUNS HE`, SHE`, IT`, THEY` (WHICH REPLACE NOUNS)
MASCULINE NOUNS on (it/he)
FEMININE NOUNS ona (it /she)
NEUTER NOUNS ono (it)
PLURAL NOUNS onn (they)
Instead of repeating the noun, Russian (like English) frequently uses pronouns. When
referring to people the gender is obvious.
e.g. nenoana1ei nne1 :eci - on nne1 :eci
the lecturer lives here - he lives here
c1yen1xa nne1 1ax - ona nne1 1ax
the (Iemale) student lives there - she lives there
e1n nn1 :eci -onn nn1 :eci
the children live here - they live here
However, when referring to objects you must remember the gender of the object and use
the appropriate pronoun for that object:
e.g. Ie c1o' C1o :eci. On :eci.
Where`s the table? The table is here. It is here.
Ie 6n6no1exa' In6no1exa 1ax. Ona 1ax.
Where`s the library? The library is there. It is there.
Ie oxno' Oxno 1ax. Ono 1ax.
Where`s the window? The window is there. It is there.
Ie cniae1i' Cniae1i :eci. Onn :eci.
Where are the cigarettes? The cigarettes are here. They are here.
THE VERB TO LIVE` - XHTI
nn I live xi nnex we live
1 i nnemi you live n i nne1e you live
on he
ona] nne1 she} lives onn nn1 they live
ono it
In addition to conveying the idea I live` etc., the above Iorms also express the notions I am living`, I do
live` etc. because there is only one present tense in Russian. Hence, ie 1i nnemi' means where do
you live?` Note that n only has a capital letter at the beginning oI sentences.
HOW TO EXPRESS IN`, ON` AND AT`
The prepositions n (in, at) and na (on, at, in) take what is called the Prepositional case.
Masculine - In most instances simply add -e
nexoan (suitcase) n nexoane (in a/the suitcase) c1o (table) na c1oe (on a/the table)
Poc1on (Rostov) n Poc1one (in Rostov) xonne1 (concert) na xonne1e (at a/the concert)
II a noun ends in a soIt sign (-t), remove the soIt sign and add -e
no1]ei (brieIcase) n no1]ee (in a/the brieIcase) an1oxo6ni (car) na an1oxo6ne (in the car/by car)
II a noun ends in -n, remove -n, and add -e
Kn1an (China) n Kn1ae (in China) 1axnan (tram) na 1axnae (in the tram/by tram)
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Feminine - In most instances simply remove -a or - and add -e
Mocxna (Moscow) n Mocxne (in Moscow) ]a6nxa (Iactory) na ]a6nxe (in a/the Iactory)
necn (song) n necne (in a/the song)
II a noun ends in a soIt sign (-t), remove the soIt sign and add -n
nena1i (print) n nena1n (in print)
II a noun ends in -nn, remove -n and add -n
Anin (England) n Aninn (in England) exnn (lecture) na exnnn (at a/the lecture)
Neuter - In most instances simply remove -o and add -e
nncixo (letter) n nncixe (in a/the letter) oxno (window) na oxne (in a/the window)
II a noun ends in -e, the ending remains unchanged
noe (Iield) n noe (in the Iield(s)) xoe (sea) na xoe (at sea)
II a noun ends in -ne, remove -e and add -n
:anne (building) n :annn (in a/the building) :an1ne (class) na :an1nn (in a/the class)
Usually n means in` and na means on`, but sometimes na is used to convey the meaning in`, as in some
oI the examples above and with the Iollowing words: :ano (Iactory), c1anon (stadium), Va (the
Urals), yox (lesson), a6o1a (work), xamnna (car) and other Iorms oI transport.
Note: some Ioreign words ending in vowels do not change; e.g. n Ia:io (in Glasgow), na 1axcn (by
taxi), na xe1o (by metro / on the underground), n xnno (in/at a/the cinema).
Activity Twenty-Five - na(na1t nn1oe sa(anne
Speaking Eirst, look at the picture below in which one object is piled on top of
another and state where each object is situated. Start at the top and work down. (You will
begin Kaanam na nncixe. Hncixo na xnnie. Knnia na ... .) Then go
round the class adding another object each time.
kapanam
nnctmo
knnra
rerpat (f)
kapra
uemoan
cryn
cron
cnon
mamnna
rpysonnk
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3ro komka