Abstract Supplying every customer a voltage that is within

ANSI standards is a basic requirement of a distribution

feeder. As the load on a feeder varies the voltage supplied
to every customer will also vary. Some means of regulating
the customer voltages must be implemented. Switched shunt
capacitors and step voltage regulators are the two most
common means used for regulating voltages. This paper
addresses the modeling and the application of step voltage
regulators. A method of calculating the compensator R and
settings will be presented. !"amples of the application of
step voltage regulators with and without shunt capacitors
will be presented.
Index Terms Step voltage regulators# shunt capacitors#
compensator settings# ANSI voltage standards# I!!! Test
$eeders
I. INTRODUCTION
Every customer on a distribution feeder must be supplied a
voltage that is ithin !N"I standards #$%. Every customer&s
voltage ill vary as the load on the feeder varies. In order to
satisfy the !N"I standard' the utility must have means of
regulating the feeder voltage. The to most common
methods are the application of sitched shunt capacitors and
step voltage regulators. The step voltage regulators may be
located in the distribution substation or donstream from the
substation. The distribution engineer must have a means of
analy(ing the feeder voltages in the present in the future.
This is typically done ith the application of a poer flo
program such as )ilsoft&s *indmil+ #,%. The poer flo
program must be capable of modeling both the shunt
capacitors and the step voltage regulators. The modeling of
shunt capacitors is straight forard and ill not be addressed
in this paper. The modeling of step voltage regulators can be
comple-. In particular it is critical to be able to model the
compensator circuit since this is the control that determines
hen a tap change is necessary. The compensator model ill
include the voltage level' the bandidth and the R and .
settings. This paper ill address the modeling of the step
voltage regulators and then the application of step voltage
regulators in controlling the feeder voltage.
II. T/E !N"I 0O1T!2E "T!ND!RD
3
*. /. 4ersting is a consultant to )ilsoft Utility "olutions and a partner in
*/ 5oer Consultants' 1as Cruces' N).
Corresponding e6mail for this paper7 b89ersting:(ianet.com
The !N"I standards give the distribution engineer a range
of ;normal steady6state< voltages =Range !> and a range of
;emergency< steady6state voltages =Range ?> to be supplied to
all customers. The to ranges are7
$. Range !
a. Nominal Utili(ation 0oltage @ $$A volts
b. )a-imum Utili(ation 0oltage @ $,B volts
c. )inimum "ervice 0oltage @ $$C volts
d. )inimum Utili(ation 0oltage @ $$D volts
,. Range ?
a. Nominal Utili(ation 0oltage @ $$A volts
b. )a-imum Utili(ation 0oltage @ $,E volts
c. )inimum "ervice 0oltage @ $$D volts
d. )inimum Utili(ation 0oltage @ $DE volts
The to critical voltages are the ;)a-imum Utili(ation
0oltage< and the ;)inimum "ervice 0oltage<. ?oth of these
voltages are measured at the customer&s meter. The
;)a-imum Utili(ation 0oltage< ill be the meter voltage at
the customer closest to the substation. Typically this voltage
is measured at the meter hen the customer has no loads on.
This implies that there is no voltage drop through the
transformer' secondary and service drop. The ;)inimum
"ervice 0oltage< ill occur hen the customer has the
ma-imum load on and ill include the transformer'
secondary and service drop voltage drops.
In addition to the Range ! and ? reFuirements' the !N"I
"tandard recommends that the feeder should be operated so
that the voltage unbalance at three6phase loads ill not
e-ceed GH. 0oltage unbalance is defined as7
unbalance
)a-. deviation from average voltage
0oltage $DDH
!verage voltage

=$>
The tas9 for the distribution engineer is to design and
operate the distribution feeder so that under normal steady6
state conditions the voltages at the meters ill lie ithin
Range ! and the voltage unbalance ill not e-ceed GH.
The !N"I voltage standards provide the basis for
establishing guidelines for an acceptable voltage profile from
the substation to the most remote customer. !n e-ample of a
typical voltage profile is shon in Iig. $.
The )odeling and !pplication of "tep 0oltage
Regulators
*. /. 4ersting' Life Fellow, IEEE
)ilsoft Utility "olutions
1ast
Customer
Iirst
Customer
Reg
Output
$,B
$,C
$,,
$,D
$$J
$$B
$$C
5oint
Reg. 1ast
.fm
)in 1oad
)a- 1oad
"ub Reg
$,J
1aterals
Iig. $ K 0oltage 5rofiles
Iig. $ shos a typical voltage profile from the substation to
the most remote customer for both ma-imum and minimum
load conditions. Under ma-imum load conditions it is
usually assumed' on a $,D volt base' that there ill be a one
volt drop through the service drop' a to volt drop through
the secondary and a three volt drop through the transformer.
*ith an acceptable lo voltage of $$C volts at the customer&s
meter' this reFuires that the input voltage to the transformer
should not be loer than $,D volts under the ma-imum load
condition. *hen running a poer flo study that models
don to the primary of the distribution transformers all
voltages must lie beteen $,B and $,D volts. Notice in Iig. $
that a ;regulation point< has been defined. The idea here is
that as load varies' the regulation point becomes the pivot
point for the profile. In other ords' the voltage at the
regulation point ill remain constant as the load varies. In
Iig. $ it is shon that during minimum load conditions the
output of the regulator has been reduced and the voltage at
the last customer is greater. This is the desired operating
condition that is the basis for determining the settings for the
control circuit =compensator> of the substation voltage
regulator. Note also in Iig. $ that there are laterals tapped off
the main feeder so that the current leaving the regulator ill
not be the same as the current arriving at the regulation point.
III. T/E "TE5 0O1T!2E RE2U1!TOR
! step voltage regulator consists of an autotransformer and
a load tap changing mechanism. The voltage change is
obtained by changing taps on the series inding of the
autotransformer. The position of the tap is controlled by the
compensator circuit. "tandard step6regulators contain a
reversing sitch enabling a L$DH regulator range' usually in
$B steps up and $B steps don. This amounts to a AMJH
change per step or D.EA volts change per step on a $,D volt
base. "tep regulators can be connected in a Type ! or Type ?
connection according to the !N"IMIEEE CAE.$A6$NJB
standard #G%. The more common Type ? connection is shon
in Iigure ,.

R
L

"eries
*inding
Reversing
"itch
5T
Control
Control
CT
+
-
SL
-
+
"hunt
*inding
S
L
,
N
5reventive
!utotransformer $
N
S
V
L
V
S
I
L
I
Iig. , K Type ? "tep 0oltage Regulator
Note that the input to the Type ? step voltage regulator is
across the series and shunt indings. The Type ! step
voltage regulator ould have the load side connected across
the series and shunt indings. In Iig. , hen a change in
taps is reFuired the preventive autotransformer changes the
number of turns on the series inding = ,
N
>.
I0. T/E "TE5 0O1T!2E RE2U1!TOR )ODE1
Ior a single6phase type ? regulator the relationships
beteen the source voltage and current to the output voltage
and current are given by7
,
$
$
here7 $
L S
R
L R S
R
V V
a
I a I
N
a
N


m
=,>
In =,> the minus sign is hen the regulator is in the raise
position and the plus sign for the loer position.
The actual number of turns on the series and shunt
indings is not 9non' hoever' each change in tap changes
the voltage by AMJH or D.DDB,B per unit. Therefore the
effective regulator ratio can be given by7
$ D.DDB,A Tap
R
a m =G>
In =,> and =G> the minus sign is for the regulator in the
raise position' the plus sign is hen the regulator is in the
loer position.
"ingle6phase regulators can be connected in ye' delta and
open delta for three6phase lines. Ior all of the connections
the general three6phase model is shon in Iig. G. #C%
[ ]
L
abc
I [ ]
S
abc
I
[ ]
S
abc
V
[ ]
L
abc
V
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
S L
abc abc
S L
abc abc
V a V
I d I


Iig. G K Three 5hase 0oltage Regulator )odel
In Iig. G if the regulators are connected in ye the voltages
ill be the line6to6neutral voltages. If the regulators are
connected in delta =open or closed> the voltages ill be line6
to6line. In all cases the currents ill be the line currents by
phase.
The general eFuations for three regulators connected in
grounded ye are7
[ ] [ ] [ ]
O
O
O
D D
D D
D D
R a ag
AG
G R b bg
!G
R c cg
A! abc
a V
V
V a V
V
a V
VLG a VLG
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
]
1 1
] ]

=C>
[ ] [ ] [ ]
O
O
O
$
D D
$
D D
$
D D
R a
A a
b
R b
! c
R c
A! abc
a
I I
I I
a
I I
a
I d I
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1

1 1
1
1 1
1 ] ]
1
1
]

=A>
Note in =C> and =A> that each regulator can have different
tap settings.
0. T/E CO)5EN"!TOR CIRCUIT
The changing of taps on a regulator is controlled by the
;line drop compensator<. ! simplified circuit of the
compensator and ho it is connected to the feeder through a
potential transformer and a current transformer is shon in
Iig. C.
There are four settings that are reFuired for the
compensator circuit. *hether the compensator is analog or
digital' the folloing settings must be made.
$. Compensator R and . settings
,. 0oltage 1evel7 the desired voltage to hold at the
regulation point
G. ?andidth7 defines the alloed variance of the
regulation point voltage centered on the desired
0oltage 1evel.
C. Time Delay7 the time delay before a tap change is
made hen the voltage relay voltage is not ithin
the bandidth
+
-
+
-
line line
R . " +
Reg. 5oint
drop
0
reg
0 5T
N 7$
$7$
p s
CT CT
R
0
0oltage
Relay
c
I
c c
R P 8.
line
I
+ -
hi lo
9011 9011
rating
)0!
Iig. C K Compensator Circuit
The goal of the compensator circuit is such that the voltage
across the compensator voltage relay ill be a scale model of
the actual voltage at the regulation point. !nother ay of
loo9ing at it is to have the per6unit voltage of the compensator
voltage relay eFual to the per6unit voltage at the regulation
point. In order to ma9e this happen a set of base values for
the line and for the compensator circuit must be chosen as
follos7
"elect the system line6to6neutral voltage =
0
1N > as
the base line voltage
"elect the primary rating =
CT
p > of the current
transformer as the base line current
*ith these bases selected for the line' the remaining per6
unit bases become7
1ine base impedance7
V
LN
#base
line
!T
$

=B>
Compensator base voltage7
V
LN
Vbase
com$
N
%T

=E>
Compensator base current7
Ibase !T
com$ S

=J>
here secondary rating of the current transformer
S
!T
Compensator base impedance7
Vbase
com$
#base
com$
Ibase
com$

=N>
*ith these base values chosen the per6unit line impedance is7
#
line
#line
$&
#base
line

=$D>
The compensator impedance in ohms is7
#com$ #line #base
o'ms $& com$

=$$>
The compensator impedances are normally set in units of
volts. The settings in volts are computed by7
#com$ #com$ !T
(olts o'ms s

=$,>
"ubstituting the above =B>6=$$> into =$,> gives the final
eFuation for computing the R and . settings directly from
9noledge of the eFuivalent line impedance in ohms.
!T
$
#(olts #
line
N
%T
=$G>
The ;voltage level< setting is the voltage on a $,D6volt base
that ill be held at the regulation point. To limit the number
of tap changes made as load changes a ;bandidth< is set so
that the taps are only changed hen the relay voltage is
outside of the bandidth. This is illustrated in Iig. A. The
bandidth is to times the alloed deviation above or belo
the set voltage level.
?andidth @ , 0
$,G
$,,
$,$
0
o
l
t
a
g
e

1
e
v
e
l
Iig. A K 0oltage 1evel and ?andidth
In Iig. A the voltage level has been set at $,, volts ith a ,
volt bandidth. "ince each tap changes the voltage by D.EA
volts' it is possible =and not unusual> that to different tap
settings can occur for the same load condition.
The ma8or concern no is hat is the value of the line
impedance that is to be setQ There are many ideas on ho to
determine the impedance. ! Fuic9 surfing of the *eb. found
three different approaches. #A%6#E%. The method that ill be
used in this paper differs from the referenced three. This
method computes the eFuivalent impedance from the
regulator to the regulation point under a ma-imum load
condition ith no shunt capacitors connected.
The first decision that has to be made is to identify the
feeder node that ill be the reference point. !gain' there are
many ays of selecting this node. One approach that can be
used for a voltage regulator located in the substation is to use
the ;load center< node. This ould be a node on the system
here one half of the feeder load has been dropped off to the
upstream laterals. *hen regulators are placed out on the
feeder a method that or9s is to run a poer flo study ith
ma-imum load ith no shunt capacitors connected. "et the
substation voltage to $,B volts and then find the donstream
node here the voltage has dropped to $,D volts. This
becomes a logical node for the installation of a voltage
regulator.
*ith the regulation point identified' the R and . settings
are computed by7
i
Ior i @ a'b'c
O
i i
i
Vreg Vreg $t
#line
Ireg

=$C>
The potential transformer ratio is determined by
$,D
rated
%T
VLN
N =$A>
The primary rating of the current transformer =
!T
$ > is
selected to be at least eFual to the rated feeder current. Ior
most compensator controls the secondary current =
!T
s > is
D., amps.
*ith the potential transformer ratio and current
transformer ratings determined and line eFuivalent line
impedance computed for each phase' EFuation $G is used to
determine the R and . settings in volts.
0I. T/E IEEE $G6NODE TE"T IEEDER
The IEEE $G Node Test Ieeder #J% is modified to
demonstrate ho the compensator settings are determined.
The one6line diagram is shon in Iig. B.
BCB BCA BG, BGG BGC
BAD
BN, BEA B$$ BJC
BA,
BE$
BJD
Iigure B K IEEE $G Node Test Ieeder
The IEEE $G Node Test Ieeder as originally developed to
test the convergence capabilities of different softare
programs. The feeder is highly unbalanced and is a good test
for convergence. Ior this paper the feeder is modified to
balance the system better so that a straight forard
application of the substation voltage regulators can be
demonstrated. The modifications are7
1ine BE$6BJC changed to phases ?6C
Transformer BGG6BGC changed to ungrounded ye K
delta ith the same voltages' 90! rating and
impedance
1oad at BGC converted to a delta K 5R
1oad at BCA changed to delta K 5R
1oad at BA, changed to phase ? ye65R
1oad added to BJD of ye K 5R of GDD P 8$CA.G 90!
Node BE$ as selected as the regulation point. The circuit
as solved for full load conditions ith no shunt capacitors.
The source voltages at node BAD are7
0
BAD
i
,CD$.J
,CD$.J
,CD$.J

arg 0
BAD
i

_
,
deg
D
$,D
$,D

=$B>
The voltages at node BE$ are7
0
BE$
i
,,$B.J
,,GB.J
,$,J.,

arg 0
BE$
i

_
,
deg
G.A
$,C.B
$$C.J

=$E>
The currents leaving the regulator are7
I
reg
i
ABB.JJ
BAE.,C
EG$.G,

arg I
reg
i

_
,
deg
GC.AA
$AD.NA
J$.$J

=$J>
The eFuivalent per phase line impedances are computed using
=$C>.
S
line
i
0
BAD
i
0
BE$
i

I
reg
i
: S
line
D.$GNC D.GJAJ8 +
D.DJCG D.GBJJ8 +
D.$GAA D.CCEA8 +

=$N>
!pply EFuation $G to compute the per phase compensator R
and . settings.
Svolts
i
S
line
i
CT
5
N
5T
: Svolts
C.JEN, $G.ADCA8 +
,.NA$E $,.NDN$8 +
C.EC$E $A.BBGC8 +

,D>
EFuation ,D shos that the three regulators ill reFuire
different R and . settings in order to hold the desired voltage
on each of the phases at node BE$. Typically each regulator
ill have the same R and . settings so the average value
from EFuation ,D is used for the R and . settings for each of
the three regulators.
S
set
mean Svolts = > : S
set
C., $C8 +
volts
=,$>
Each regulator R and . is set to the result of EFuation ,$.
The voltage level is set to $,, volts ith a , volt bandidth.
The shunt capacitors are still sitched off. The regulator taps
for this condition are7
$,
$C
$B
a
b
c
Ta$
Ta$
Ta$
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
=,,>
The voltages' on a $,D volt base' at node BE$ are7
[ ]
BE$
$,$.G
$,G.E
$,D.N
VLG
1
1

1
1
]
=,G>
The node voltages for phases a and c satisfy the voltage level
ithin the bandidth but the phase b voltage is outside of the
bandidth. This is not unusual. It as found that in order to
force all three voltages to be ithin the bandidth around $,,
volts different R and . settings necessary for each phase.
"ince they ere all set to the same' the result is that phase b
does not Fuite get inside the bandidth. It may be noted that
the phase c tap is at the ma-imum tap of L$B.
The original data for the IEEE $G node test feeder has a
GDD 9var three6phase shunt capacitor ban9 connected at node
BEA and a $DD 9var phase c ban9 at node B$$. *hen these
capacitor ban9s are sitched on the voltages at node BE$ are7
[ ]
BE$
$,$.,
$,G.,
$,$.E
VLG
1
1

1
1
]
=,C>
The taps for this condition are7
$$
$G
$C
a
b
c
Ta$
Ta$
Ta$
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
=,A>
!gain the phase b voltage is outside of the bandidth but
none of the taps is at the ma-imum position.
The final chec9 is on the percentage voltage unbalance
according to =$>.
0
unbalance
ma- dev = >
0
avg
$DD : 0
unbalance
D.NB
=,B>
The analysis shos that the voltage regulation is O4 and the
voltage unbalance is ell ithin the GH limit.
!t this point the feeder can be ;fine tuned< by adding
shunt capacitors to correct the poer factor at the substation
to be close to unity. Once that is done it ould be good to
loo9 into the future and let the loads increase to determine if
the desired voltage regulation is still being achieved.
The $G node test feeder has been used to demonstrate ho
the regulator settings can be determined. In this case only the
substation regulator is in Fuestion. !lthough there are many
ays in hich the R and . settings can be calculated the
method presented here is straight forard and from the
author&s e-perience or9s ell in most situations.
! different situation occurs hen the voltage regulation on
a feeder can not be achieved ith 8ust a substation regulator.
In particular' for long lightly loaded feeders' correct voltage
regulation reFuires additional regulators. The IEEE GC node
test feeder ill be used to illustrate ho the location and the
settings for feeder regulators can be determined.
0II. T/E IEEE GC6NODE TE"T IEEDER
The one6line6diagram of the IEEE GC Node Test Ieeder #J%
is shon in Iig. E. This test feeder is based upon an actual
feeder in rural !ri(ona. 1eft out of this diagram is the
location of to feeder regulators. The goal here is to
determine the number of regulators and possible locations
along ith their settings.
J,C
JB,
JDD
J$D
JD, JDB JDJ J$, J$C JAD
J$B
J$J
J,D
J,,
J,B
JAJ
JBC
JG,
J,J JGD JAC
JA,
JAB
JJJ JND
JC,
JGC
JCC
JCB
JCJ
JBD JGB
JCD
JGJ
Iig. E K IEEE GC Node Test Ieeder
Step %&
Three single6phase regulators are connected T6T and
installed in the substation' node JDD. The regulators are
ad8usted to hold $,B volts output and the poer6flo program
is run. The location of the first donstream node that has a
voltage belo $,D volts is determined. Ior this case the
voltages at node J$, are $$B.J' $$N.N and $$N.N volts. This
defines the regulation point for a regulator at the substation.
Irom this study the actual line6to6ground voltages at the
source node JDD and the regulation node J$, along ith the
line current leaving the substation are used to compute the R
and . compensator settings. The potential transformer ratio
is set to $,D and the primary rating of the current transformer
is set at $DD amps. Using the method as outlined in "ection
0I the R and . settings for the substation regulator are7
Sline
i
0
JDD
i
0
J$,
i

I
JDD
i
: Sline
$J.,AEB $$.NNAN8 +
$$.JGBN $$.EBG8 +
$A.B,$A N.AJAA8 +

S
avg
mean Sline = > : S
avg
$A.,GJE $$.$$CJ8 +
S
set
S
avg
CT
5
N
5T
: S
set
$,.E N.G8 +
These R and . settings are applied to the substation
regulator and the voltage level is set at $,D volts. The poer6
flo program is run and the voltages at node J$, are $$E.N'
$,D., and $$N.C volts. The taps on the substation regulator
for this condition are N' J and E.
Step '&
!t this point all of the nodes donstream from node J$,
are belo $,D volts. ! regulator ill be installed at node J$,.
!s as done before' the regulator ill initially be set to hold
its output voltage at $,B volts. The results of the poer6flo
study sho the first node voltage that drops belo $,D volts is
node JGD ith voltages of $$J.$' $$N.$ and $$N.D. !gain the
actual line6to6ground voltages at the regulator at J$, and
node JGD along ith the currents leaving node J$, are used
to compute the R and . settings for this regulator.
Sline
i
0
J$,
i
0
JGD
i

I
J$,
i
: Sline
$A.J$,J E.ANJC8 +
$C.,,J, $D.GJJA8 +
$B.EENJ N.DGD$8 +

Savg mean Sline = > : Savg $A.BDBN N.DDAE8 +

Sset Savg
CT
5
N
5T
: Sset $G E.A8 +
These R and . settings are applied to the regulator and the
voltage level set to $,D volts. The results of the poer6flo
study ith the to regulators operating gives the voltages at
node JGD to be $$N.G' $$N.A and $$N.,. The taps on the
regulator at node J$, are $$' B and E.
Step (&
!s before all of the node voltages donstream from node
JGD are belo $,D volts. !s as done before' a regulator is
installed at node JGD and initially the voltage level is set to
$,B ith the R and . settings at (ero. The result of the
poer6flo study shos that all of the donstream voltages
are eFual to or greater than $,D volts. The only e-ception is
node JND hich is at the end of a long C.$B 90 line. The
voltages at JND are $DB.N' $DE.B and $DE.D. Ior this case
there is no need to set the R and . values. The only setting
for this regulator is to specify that the output voltage of the
regulator is set to $,B volts.
Step )&
The only problem no are the voltages at node JND. This
node is at the end of a , mile long C.$B 90 line. The load at
node JND is a balanced three Kphase load of CAD 9* at NDH
poer factor. The only ay to fi- the voltages is to install a
regulator at the output of the step don transformer beteen
nodes JG,6JJJ. ?ecause there are no laterals beteen node
JJJ and JND' the R and . settings ill be the positive
seFuence impedance of the C.$B 90 line. This impedance is
computed to be7
,.,C $.JEB # " +
The potential transformer ratio for this regulator is ,D and the
primary rating of the current transformer is $DD amps. The R
and . settings in volts are7
$$., A.C 0
set
# " +
The voltage level of the regulator is set to $,, volts. The
results of the poer6flo study sho that the voltages at node
JND are $$J.N' $$N.G and $$J.J ith the taps on the regulator
at $B' $A and $A. It is obvious that the voltages haven&t Fuite
made it above $,D volts. The real problem is the voltage
regulators have pegged at P$B on one of the three phases. !t
this point shunt capacitors are going to be needed to fi- this
problem. The reactive poer of the load is EA 9var per phase.
! GDD 9var three phase shunt capacitor ban9 is installed at
node JND. The node voltages no are $,$.D' $,,.E and $,,.A
ith the regulator taps at $D' $$ and $D. The capacitors along
ith the voltage regulator no supply the load ith voltages
that are greater than $,D volts and the regulators have not
pegged.
Step )&
The last ad8ustment ill be to add shunt capacitors so that
the substation output is close to unity poer factor. !t this
time the reactive poers being supplied by the substation are
GGB' ,AC and $N, 9var. To correct the poer factor the
folloing capacitors are installed.
Node J,, phase a7 $DD 9var
Node JCJ three6phase7 GDD 9var
Node JGB three6phase7 GDD 9var
*ith these capacitors connected the reactive poer supplied
by the substation is $J' CC and 6$, 9var.
Table $ gives the final settings for the four regulators.
Table I
$inal Setting
Regulator R and . 0olt 1evel Taps
JDD $,.E P 8N.G $,D J' E' B
J$, $G.D P 8E.A $,D J' A' B
JGD D P 8D $,B J' E' J
JJJ $$., P 8A.C $,, $D' $D' $D
Table II gives the final voltages in and out of the four
regulators.
Table II
Node *oltages
Regulator Node 0oltages In 0oltages Out
JDD 5hase a $,D $,B.G
5hase b $,D $,A.A
5hase c $,D $,C.E
J$, 5hase a $$N.D $,A.G
5hase b $,D.J $,C.E
5hase c $$N.G $,C.D
JGD 5hase a $$N.G $,A.B
5hase b $$N.E $,A.,
5hase c $$J.J $,A.$
JJJ 5hase a $,D.C $,J.C
5hase b $,D.$ $,J.$
5hase c $,D.$ $,J.$
The voltages at the most remote nodes are7
Node JND7 $,$.E' $,,.B' $,$.J
Node JCD7 $,$.B' $,$.C' $,$.E
It is noted that most of the node voltages are ithin the
$,D volt range. The voltages out of the regulator at node JJJ
are above $,B volts but since there are no loads along the line
that is acceptable. This as necessary in order to have at
least $,D volts for the load at node JND.
0III. "U))!RT
! model for step voltage regulators has been described in
this paper. The application of the model as used in to
IEEE Test Ieeders. )ethods for determining the location of
the regulation points for a substation regulator and
donstream regulators as demonstrated for the to test
feeders. The author&s method for the computation of the R
and . settings as developed and demonstrated on the to
test feeders.
I.. REIERENCE"
$. !merican National "tandard for Electric 5oer K
"ystems and EFuipment 0oltage Ratings =BD> /ert('
!N"I CJC.$6$NNA' National Electrical
)anufacturers !ssociation' Rosslyn' 0irginia' $NNB.
,. )ilsoft Utility "olutions' Inc. 5roduct Documents
#OnlineU' !vailable7 http7MM.milsoft.comM
G. IEEE "tandard ReFuirements' Terminology and Test
Code for "tep60oltage and Induction Regulators'
!N"IMIEEE CAE.$A6$NNB' Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers' Ne Tor9' $NJJ.
C. *. /. 4ersting' )istrib&tion S*stem +odeling and
Anal*sis' ,DDE' CRC 5ress' ?aca Raton' Ilorida.
A. 0oltage Regulators ,,A6$D' #Online%' !vailable7
http7MM.cooperpoer.comM1ibraryM1iteratureMsecti
on6aspQ5roduct1ineID@$E
B. "etting the Control' #Online%' !vailable7
http7MMbec9ithelectric.comMInstruction6?oo9sM)6
B,DD6I?6D$)C,H,D=E6DJ>H,D"creen.pdf
E. "E16,CG$ 0oltage Regulator Control' #On1ine%'
!vailable7
https7MMcustomer.selinc.comMmetadotMinde-.plQ
id@AENNVisa@CategoryVop@sho
J. IEEE Radial Test Ieeders #Online%' !vailable7
http7MMeh.ieee.orgMsocMpesMdsacomMtestfeeders.html
.. ?IO2R!5/T
W. H. Kersting =")&BC' I&JN' 1ife Iello ,DDG> as born in
"anta Ie' N). /e received the ?"EE degree from Ne
)e-ico "tate University' 1as Cruces' and the )"EE degree
from Illinois Institute of Technology. /e 8oined the faculty at
Ne )e-ico "tate University in $NB, and served as 5rofessor
of Electrical Engineering and Director of the Electric Utility
)anagement 5rogram until his retirement in ,DD,. /e is
currently a consultant for )ilsoft Utility "olutions. /e is also
a partner in */ 5oer Consultants' 1as Cruces' N).