Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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IV/ C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few.....................................................................8
V/ Së h÷u c¸ch...............................................................................................................8
§éng tõ............................................................................................................................10
I/ HiÖn t¹i.....................................................................................................................10
II/ Qu¸ khø..................................................................................................................12
1. Simple V -ed........................................................................................................12
2. Past Progessive Was/Were + V-ing....................................................................12
III/ Th× t¬ng lai............................................................................................................13
Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ §éng tõ...........................................................................15
I/ Trêng hîp chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ.............................................................15
II/ C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo sau chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.....15
III/ C¸ch sö dông NONE vµ NO..................................................................................15
IV/ C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc EITHER...OR hoÆc NEITHER.. NOR (kh«ng...mµ còng
kh«ng)..........................................................................................................................15
V/ V- ing lµm chñ ng÷.................................................................................................15
VI/ C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ................................................................................................16
VII/ C¸ch sö dông A number of / The number of........................................................17
VIII/ C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng víi sè nhiÒu...................................................................17
IX/ Thµnh ng÷ there is/ there are.................................................................................17
§¹i tõ...............................................................................................................................19
I/ §¹i tõ nh©n xng chñ ng÷ (B¶ng 1 trang 78)............................................................19
II/ §¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷ B¶ng 1 trang 79..............................................................20
III/ TÝnh tõ së h÷u B¶ng 1 trang 80...........................................................................20
IV/ §¹i tõ së h÷u B¶ng 1 trang 81.............................................................................20
V/ §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n B¶ng 1 trang 82........................................................................20
T©n ng÷...........................................................................................................................21
I/ §éng tõ dïng lµm t©n ng÷.......................................................................................21
II/ VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tríc V-ing hoÆc V-inf lµm t©n ng÷....................................23
TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ..........................................................................................................25
C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ.......................................................................26
I/ So s¸nh b»ng............................................................................................................26
II/ So s¸nh h¬n, kÐm....................................................................................................26
III/ So s¸nh hîp lý.......................................................................................................27
IV/ So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt.....................................................................................................27
V/ So s¸nh ®a béi.........................................................................................................28
VI/ So s¸nh kÐp...........................................................................................................28
VII/ No sooner ... than (võa míi ... th× ®·)..................................................................29
VIII/ So s¸nh gi÷a hai ngêi, hai vËt.............................................................................29
IX/ So s¸nh bËc nhÊt....................................................................................................30
Danh tõ ®îc sö dông nh tÝnh tõ....................................................................................30
§éng tõ b¸n khuyÕt......................................................................................................32
I/ C¸ch sö dông Need...................................................................................................32
II/ Dare........................................................................................................................33
§éng tõ khuyÕt...............................................................................................................33
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I/ §Æc tÝnh....................................................................................................................34
II/ C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ WILL/WOULD.............................................................35
III/ Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña IF..............................................................................35
IV/ C¸ch sö dông as if, as though. (chõng nh lµ, nh thÓ lµ).......................................37
V/ C¸ch sö dông Hope/Wish.......................................................................................37
VI/ C¸ch sö dông USED TO/ TO BE, GET USED TO.................................................38
VII/ C¸ch sö dông Would rather.................................................................................39
VIII/ Would like..........................................................................................................39
IX/ §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i hiÖn t¹i.........................................40
X/ §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i cña qu¸ khø...................................41
XI/ Should trong mét sè trêng hîp cô thÓ...................................................................42
C¸ch sö dông to Be trong mét sè trêng hîp................................................................44
C¸ch sö dông to Get trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt................................................45
§éng tõ G©y nguyªn nh©n............................................................................................46
§éng tõ nèi....................................................................................................................48
Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn...................................................................................49
mét sè ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c.......................................................................................51
C¸c lo¹i c©u hái..............................................................................................................53
I/ Yes/no questions. (C«ng thøc 1 - P.92)..................................................................53
II/ C©u hái th«ng b¸o...................................................................................................53
III/ C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp....................................................................................................53
IV/ C©u hái cã ®u«i......................................................................................................53
Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh....................................................................54
1.Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh.......................................................................................54
2.Lèi nãi phô ho¹ phñ ®Þnh..........................................................................................54
C©u phñ ®Þnh..................................................................................................................56
MÖnh lÖnh thøc..............................................................................................................58
C¸ch sö dông Enough....................................................................................................59
Tõ nèi..............................................................................................................................59
I/ BECAUSE/ BECAUSE OF......................................................................................59
II/ Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶...............................................................................59
III/ Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶........................................................................59
IV/ Mét sè tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c................................................................60
C©u bÞ ®éng....................................................................................................................63
C©u phøc hîp vµ §¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ...................................................................64
I/ That/Which lµm chñ ng÷ c©u phô............................................................................65
II/ That/ Which lµm t©n ng÷ c©u phô............................................................................65
III/ Who lµm chñ ng÷ c©u phô.....................................................................................65
IV/ Whom lµm t©n ng÷ c©u phô..................................................................................65
V/ MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc..............................................................66
VI/ TÇm quan träng cña dÊu "," ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô.................................................66
VII/ C¸ch sö dông all, both, some, several, most, few... + of + whom/which.............66
VIII/ Whose = cña ngêi mµ, cña con mµ......................................................................67
IX/ C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô.....................................................................................67
C©u gi¶ ®Þnh...................................................................................................................68
I/ Dïng víi WOULD RATHER THAT......................................................................68
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II/ Dïng víi ®éng tõ...................................................................................................68
III/ Dïng víi tÝnh tõ....................................................................................................68
IV/ C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét vµi trêng hîp kh¸c....................................................69
V/ C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi It + to be + time.................................................................70
Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña That.............................................................................72
I/ THAT dïng víi t c¸ch mét liªn tõ (r»ng)................................................................72
II/ MÖnh ®Ò cã THAT.................................................................................................72
C¸ch sö dông cña Ph©n tõ I trong mét sè trêng hîp..................................................73
I/ Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ:....................................................................73
II/ Ph©n tõ I ®îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi...................................................74
Mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh....................................75
Lèi nãi bao hµm.............................................................................................................75
C¸ch sö dông TO KNOW, to know how.....................................................................76
MÖnh ®Ò nhîng bé.........................................................................................................77
tiÕng anh viÕt..................................................................................................................79
sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ............................................................................................79
c¸ch sö dông to say, to tell............................................................................................80
®¹i tõ nh©n xng one vµ you...........................................................................................80
tõ ®i tríc ®Ó giíi thiÖu....................................................................................................80
c¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô...................................................................82
ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ..............................................................................................83
c©u thõa..........................................................................................................................85
CÊu tróc c©u song song.................................................................................................85
Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp....................................................................................86
I. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp....................................................................................86
II. §éng tõ víi 2 t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp.............................................................87
Sù ®¶o ngîc phã tõ.........................................................................................................88
c¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p................................91
Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn............................................................................................93
mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm kh¸c..............................................................................96
giíi tõ............................................................................................................................100
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Basic Grammar of Toefl
******************
Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm: Subject - verb as predicate - complement - modifier.
Chñ ng÷
_ Cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét V_ing, mét ®¹i tõ, nhng nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ mét
danh tõ. Chóng ®øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ.
V× lµ danh tõ nªn chóng liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:
II/ Qu¸n tõ
1. Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh: a, an.
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_ Dïng an tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng: a, e, i, o.
_ Dïng an tríc u vµ y.
_ Dïng an tríc nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng H c©m.
_ Dïng an tríc nh÷ng danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng ch÷ c¸i viÕt t¾t ®îc coi nh lµ mét nguyªn ©m.
_ Nhng ®øng tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng uni th× ph¶i dïng a.
Eg: a university, a uniform.
_ Dïng a tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.
_Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®îc dïng tríc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ, tÝnh
chÊt, ®Þa ®iÓm hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.
Eg: A baseball is round (general - means all baseballs)
I saw a boy in the street. (We don't know which boy)
_ Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè lîng nhÊt ®Þnh.
Eg: a lot of
a couple
a dozen.
_ Dïng tríc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh.
Eg: a hundred
a thousand
_ Dïng tríc half khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn.
Eg: a kilo and a half.
HoÆc khi nã ®i ghÐp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi).
_ Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè:
Eg: a third, a fifth.
_ Dïng cho c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tû lÖ.
Eg: 50$ a kilo, 60km an hour, 4 times a day.
_ Dïng tríc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®îc trong c¸c th¸n tõ:
Eg: What a nice day!
Such a long day!
_ A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms: mét «ng, bµ, c« nµo ®ã kh«ng quen biÕt.
2. Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh the
_ Dïng tríc mét danh tõ ®· ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh chÊt, ®Þa ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®-
îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.
_ The + n + prep + n.
Eg: The girl in blue
The Gulf of Mexico.
_ Dïng tríc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only.
Eg: The only way
_ Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn, thÕ kØ...).
Eg: In the 1990s.
_ The + n + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô
Eg: The man to whom you have just talked is my friend.
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_ Tríc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt.
Eg: She is in the (her) garden.
_ The + n (sè Ýt): tîng trng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt.
Eg: The whale = whales.
The deep-freeze. (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh)
Note: §èi víi man khi mang nghÜa loµi ngêi tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng the
Eg: Since man lived on the earth.
_ Dïng tríc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ngêi nhÊt ®Þnh trong x· héi.
Eg: The small shopkeeper
The top official (giíi quan chøc cao cÊp)
_ The + adj: tîng trng cho mét nhãm ngêi. Chóng kh«ng ®îc phÐp ë sè nhiÒu nhng ®îc
xem lµ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i kÌm chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø ba sè
nhiÒu (They).
Eg: The old = The old people
The unemployed
The disabled are very hard in their moving.
_ The + tªn c¸c vïng, khu vùc ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý, lÞch sö.
Eg: The Sahara
The Siberia
The Normandie (bê biÓn B¾c Phi)
_ The + East/ West/ South/ North + Noun
used as adj
Eg: The North/ South Pole.
The East End of London.
_ Note: Kh«ng ®îc dïng the tríc c¸c tõ chØ ph¬ng híng nµy khi nã ®i víi tªn ch©u lôc
hoÆc quèc gia.
Eg: West Germany.
_ The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp xíng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn, c¸c ban nh¹c pop.
Eg: The Bach Choir
The Philharmonique Philadelphia.
_ The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng ph¶i t¹p chÝ), c¸c tÇu biÓn, c¸c khinh khÝ cÇu.
Eg: The Times
The Titanic
The Hindenberg.
_ The + hä cña mét gia ®×nh (sè nhiÒu) = gia ®×nh nhµ...
Eg: The Smiths.
_ Dïng tríc tªn hä cña mét ngêi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ngêi ®ã trong sè nhiÒu ngêi trïng tªn.
_Kh«ng dïng the tríc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ngµy, trõ c¸c trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Eg: We usually eat breakfast at 8 a.m
The dinner that you invited me last week was delicious.
_ Kh«ng ®îc dïng the tríc mét sè danh tõ nh: home, bed, church, court, prison,
hospital, school, class, college, university, market.
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HoÆc khi nã ®i víi c¸c giíi tõ vµ ®éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã
víi môc ®Ých chÝnh:
Eg: Students go to school.
The patient was released from hospital.
Nhng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh th× ph¶i dïng the
Eg: The students go to the school for a class party.
The doctor left the hospital after work.
(ch÷a bÖnh chø kh«ng ph¶i ®îc ch÷a)
Riªng trong tiÕng Anh - Mü, hospital vµ university lu«n ®i cïng víi the trong bÊt cø tr-
êng hîp nµo.
Eg: He was in the hospital.
(patient) (in hospital as a patient)
She was unhappy at the University.
(at University as a student)
_ Mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt kh«ng dïng the:
+ go to work
+ to be at work
+ to be hard at work
+ go to the office
+ to be in office (®ang gi÷ chøc)
+ to be out of office (®· th«i gi÷ chøc)
+ go to sea (®i biÓn nh nh÷ng thuû thñ)
+ go to the sea (ra biÓn ®Ó ®i nghØ)
+ to be at sea (ë trªn biÓn trong mét chuyÕn h¶i hµnh)
Eg: She is at sea from.... to...
+ go to town: ®i phè, vµo trung t©m (khi "town" lµ cña ngêi nãi)
+ to be in town: ë trung t©m ("town" lµ cña ngêi nãi)
Eg: I'm going to town.
B¶ng sö dông THE vµ kh«ng sö dông THE trong mét sè trêng hîp ®iÓn h×nh.
The Kh«ng cã the
_ Tríc tªn c¸c ®¹i d¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, _ Tríc tªn mét hå:
vÞnh vµ c¸c hå (ë sè nhiÒu) Eg: Lake Geneva...
_Tríc tªn c¸c d·y nói. _ Tríc tªn mét ngän nói.
Eg: The Rocky Mountain.
_ Tríc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trong vò _ Tríc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chßm sao
trô hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi
Eg: The earth, the moon, the Great Wall, Eg: earth.
the Pyramid in Egypt
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_ The + school, college, university + of +
tªn riªng _ Tríc tªn c¸c trêng nµy nÕu tríc nã lµ mét
Eg: The University of Florida tªn riªng.
Eg: Santa Fe Community College
_ The + sè thø tù + n
Eg: The first war _ Tríc tªn c¸c danh tõ nÕu tríc hoÆc sau nã
lµ mét sè ®Õm.
_ Tríc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi Eg: World war one
®iÒu kiÖn tªn khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®îc tÝnh tõ
ho¸.
Eg: The Korean War
_ Tríc tªn c¸c níc gåm hai tõ trë lªn (trõ _ Tríc tªn c¸c níc më ®Çu b»ng New hoÆc
Great Britain) chØ cã mét tõ
Eg: The United States Eg: New Zealand
_ Tríc tªn c¸c níc ®îc coi lµ mét quÇn ®¶o _ Tríc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tØnh, tiÓu bang, thµnh
hoÆc mét ®¶o (Trõ NhËt B¶n) phè, quËn, huyÖn
Eg: The Philipinnes
_ Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi the other x¸c ®Þnh. NÕu chñ ng÷ vµ danh
tõ ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn th× ë díi chØ cÇn dïng another hoÆc other nh mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
Eg: I don't want this book. Please give me another.
(another = any other book - not specific)
I don't want this book. Please give me the other.
(the other = the other book - specific)
_ NÕu danh tõ ®îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu th× other ®æi thµnh others. Kh«ng bao giê ®îc
dïng others + sè nhiÒu, chØ ®îc dïng mét trong hai trêng hîp.
Eg: I don't want these books. Please give me the others.
_ Trong mét sè trêng hîp dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones ®»ng sau other/another
Eg: I don't want this book. Please give me another one.
_ Note: this hoÆc that cã thÓ dïng víi one, nhng these vµ those kh«ng ®îc dïng víi ones
(Lçi c¬ b¶n).
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V/ Së h÷u c¸ch
Formular: The + noun's + noun
_ Thêng ®îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho c¸c ®å vËt
trõ trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Eg: The student's book
The cat's leap.
_ §èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× chØ cÇn dïng dÊu '
Eg: The students' book
_ §èi víi danh tõ khi ®æi sè nhiÒu kh«ng cã S ë ®u«i th× vÉn ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u
c¸ch.
Eg: The children's toys
The people's willing
_ NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u
nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.
Eg: Paul and Peter's room.
_ §èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ cã s½n S ë ®u«i cã thÓ chØ cÇn dïng dÊu ' vµ nhÊn
m¹nh vµo ®u«i khi ®äc hoÆc dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u nhng ph¶i thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc.
Eg: The boss' car = the boss's / bosiz/ car
Agnes' house = Agnes's /siz/ house.
_ Nã ®îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kû)
Eg: The 1990's events
The 21st century's propects.
_ Cã thÓ dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m (trõ xu©n vµ thu). ChØ sö dông së h÷u c¸ch cho hai
mïa nµy khi nh©n ho¸ chóng. Ngµy nay ngêi ta sö dông c¸c mïa nh mét tÝnh tõ cho c¸c danh
tõ ®øng sau, Ýt sö dông së h÷u c¸ch.
Eg: The Autumn's leaf (chiÕc l¸ cña nµng thu)
The spring's return (sù trë vÒ cña chóa xu©n)
The hot summer's days (today: the hot summer days)
_ Dïng cho tªn c¸c c«ng ty, c¸c quèc gia.
Eg: The Rocket feller's oil products.
China's food.
_ §èi víi c¸c cöa hiÖu cã dÊu hiÖu ®Æc trng, chØ cÇn dïng danh tõ cã dÊu së h÷u.
Eg: In a florist's
At a hairdresser's
§Æc biÖt lµ c¸c tiÖm ¨n:
Eg: go to Antonio's
_ Dïng tríc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt, thêng trong mét sè thµnh ng÷:
a stone's throw from: rÊt gÇn n¬i nµo.
§éng tõ
§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh gåm ba th× chÝnh: qu¸ khø - hiÖn t¹i - t¬ng lai. Mçi th× chÝnh chia lµm
nhiÒu th× nhá ®Ó diÔn t¶ tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña hµnh ®éng.
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I/ HiÖn t¹i
1. Present simple
_ Chia ®éng tõ ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt ph¶i cã s tËn cïng vµ ©m ®ã ph¶i ®îc ®äc lªn.
Eg: He walks.
She watches TV.
_ Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng thêng xuyªn x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt
thêi gian, hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh quy luËt.
_ Thêng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh always, often, every + time.
2. Present progressive. BE + V-ing
_ Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña hiÖn t¹i. Thêi
®iÓm nµy ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh now, right now, at this
moment.
_ Thay thÕ t¬ng lai gÇn (®Æc biÖt trong v¨n nãi) khi chØ hµnh ®éng ®· ®îc dù tÝnh s½n tõ tr-
íc.
_ §Æc biÖt lu ý nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng 1 trang 57 kh«ng ®îc phÐp chia ë tiÕp diÔn dï bÊt
cø thêi nµo khi chóng lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ tÜnh diÔn t¶ tr¹ng th¸i cña tinh thÇn vµ c¶m gi¸c hoÆc
tÝnh chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÖc. Nhng khi chóng quay sang híng ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng th× chóng l¹i
®îc phÐp dïng ë tiÕp diÔn.
Eg: He has a lot of books.
He is having dinner now.
I think he will come in time.
I am thinking of my test tomorrow.
3. Present perfect Have + PII
_ Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tõ qu¸ khø, kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i vµ chÊm døt ë
hiÖn t¹i. Thêi ®iÓm hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn kh«ng ®îc x¸c ®Þnh trong c©u.
_ ChØ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tõ trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i.
_ Dïng víi hai giíi tõ since, for + thêi gian.
_ Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh. Lu ý already cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have hoÆc
cuèi c©u.
_ Dïng yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u nghi vÊn. Yet thêng xuyªn ®øng cuèi c©u.
_ §Æc biÖt lu ý trong mét sè trêng hîp phñ ®Þnh, yet cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have nhng ph¶i
thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p: not mÊt ®i vµ PII trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.
S + have/ has + yet + to v
Eg: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learned the material yet.
_ Dïng víi now that (giê ®©y, khi mµ)
Eg: Now that you have passed the Toefl exam successfully, you can apply for a
scholarship at an U.S university.
_ Dïng víi mét sè c¸c phã tõ nh till now, so far (cho ®Õn b©y giê), untill now. Nh÷ng
thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.
Eg: So far the problem has not been resolved.
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_ Dïng víi recently, lately (gÇn ®©y). Nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi
c©u.
_ Dïng víi before ®øng ë cuèi c©u.
Eg: I have seen him before.
4. Present perfect progessive have been + V-ing
_ Dïng gièng hÖt present perfect nhng hµnh ®éng kh«ng chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i mµ vÉn tiÕp
tôc tiÕp diÔn. Thêng xuyªn dïng víi since, for.
_ Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a hai thêi:
Present perfect Present perfect progessive
_ Hµnh ®éng ®· chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i, tøc lµ _ Hµnh ®éng vÉn tiÕp diÔn ë hiÖn t¹i, cã kh¶
®· cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt. n¨ng lan tíi t¬ng lai. Tøc lµ kh«ng cã kÕt
Eg: I have waited for you half an hour. qu¶ râ rÖt.
(And now I stop waiting because you didn't Eg: I have been waiting for you half an
come). hour. (And now I still waiting, hoping that
you will come)
1. Simple V -ed
_ Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã c¶ d¹ng simple past vµ past perfect b×nh thêng còng
nh ®Æc biÖt. Ngêi Anh dïng simple past b×nh thêng vµ past perfect ë d¹ng ®Æc biÖt lµm tÝnh tõ
hoÆc c©u bÞ ®éng.
Eg: He lighted the candles on his birthday cake.
From a distance, we can see the lit restaurant.
(®éng tÝnh tõ qu¸ khø cña light)
_ DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra døt ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn quan g× ®Õn hiÖn
t¹i. Thêi ®iÓm trong c©u ®îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rÖt b»ng mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian: yesterday, at
that moment, last + time.
Eg: Somebody hit him on the head while he was walking to his car.
S + past progressive _ WHEN_ S + simple past
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_ DiÔn ®¹t hai hµnh ®éng ®ang cïng lóc x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø:
S + past progessive - WHILE - S + past progessive
Eg: Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing the dinner in the
kitchen.
_ MÖnh ®Ò hµnh ®éng kh«ng cã while cã thÓ ë simple past nhng Ýt v× cã sù nhÇm lÉn.
3. Past perfect HAD + PII
_ DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø (trong c©u bao
giê còng cã hai hµnh ®éng).
_ Dïng kÕt hîp víi simple past th«ng qua hai phã tõ chØ thêi gian lµ after vµ before.
S + past perfect + before + S + simple past
S + simple past + after + S + past perfect
_ MÖnh ®Ò after vµ before cã thÓ ®øng bÊt k× n¬i nµo trong c©u, nhng sau after ph¶i lµ
past perfect, cßn sau before lµ simple past.
_ Before vµ after cã thÓ ®îc thay b»ng when mµ kh«ng sî nhÇm v× trong c©u bao giê
còng cã hai hµnh ®éng, mét tríc, mét sau.
Eg: The police came when the robbers had gone away.
4. Past perfect progessive had + been + V-ing
_ Dïng gièng past perfect, duy cã ®iÒu hµnh ®éng diÔn ra liªn tôc cho ®Õn tËn simple
past. Thêng kÕt hîp víi simple past th«ng qua before. Trong c©u thêng cã since, for + thêi
gian.
Th× nµy ngµy nay Ýt dïng (thay thÕ b»ng past perfect), chØ dïng khi cÇn diÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh
x¸c cña hµnh ®éng.
_ Ngµy nay, ng÷ ph¸p thêi hiÖn ®¹i (®Æc biÖt lµ Mü) chÊp nhËn dïng will cho tÊt c¶ c¸c
ng«i, cßn shall chØ dïng víi I, we trong mét sè trêng hîp:
§a ra ®Ò nghÞ mét c¸ch lÞch sù:
Eg: Shall I take your coat?
Dïng ®Ó ng· gi¸ trong khi mÆc c¶, mua b¸n:
Eg: Shall we say $50?
Thêng ®îc dïng víi mét v¨n b¶n mang tÝnh ph¸p quy buéc c¸c bªn ph¶i thi hµnh c¸c
®iÒu kho¶n trong v¨n b¶n.
Eg: All the students shall be responsible for proper excutive of dermitory rule.
Trong tiÕng Anh b×nh d©n, ngêi ta thay shall b»ng must.
Dïng ®Ó mêi mäc ngêi kh¸c mét c¸ch lÞch sù:
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Eg: Shall we go out for lunch?
_ Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t¬ng lai nh-
ng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ. Thêng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh tomorrow, next +
thêi gian, in the future, in future (=from now on).
Eg: We will take a TOEFL exam next year.
2. Near future to be going to do something
_ DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong mét t¬ng lai gÇn, thêng dïng víi c¸c phã tõ díi
d¹ng: this afternoon, in a moment...
Eg: We are going to have a reception in a moment.
_ ChØ mét viÖc ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ra theo dù tÝnh dï thêi gian lµ t¬ng lai xa.
Eg: We are going to take a TOEFL exam next month.
Ngµy nay ngêi ta thêng dïng present progessive thay thÕ cho thêi nµy.
3. Future progessive Will/Shall be + V-ing
_ DiÔn ®¹t mét sù viÖc x¶y ra trong t¬ng lai ë mét thêi ®iÓm x¸c ®Þnh, cô thÓ b»ng ngµy,
giê.
Eg: At 8a.m tomorrow morning, we will be attending a meeting at the office.
_ Dïng kÕt hîp víi mét present progessive ®Ó diÔn t¶ hai hµnh ®éng ®ang song song x¶y
ra (mét ë hiÖn t¹i, mét ë t¬ng lai).
Eg: Now we are learning English here, by the time tomorrow we will be working at
the office.
_ §îc dïng ®Ó ®Ò cËp ®Õn c¸c sù kiÖn t¬ng lai ®· ®îc x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc quyÕt ®Þnh (kh«ng
mang ý nghÜa tiÕp diÔn).
Eg: Professor Bake will be giving another lecture on Roman glass - waking at the
same time next week.
_ HoÆc nh÷ng sù kiÖn ®îc mong ®îi sÏ x¶y ra theo mét tiÕn tr×nh thêng lÖ (nhng kh«ng
diÔn ®¹t ý ddÞnh cña nh©n ngêi nãi).
Eg: You will be hearing from my selicator.
I will be seeing you one of these days as agreed on, I hope.
_ Dù ®o¸n cho t¬ng lai:
Eg: Don't call now, they will be having dinner.
_ DiÔn ®¹t lêi ®Ò nghÞ nh· nhÆn muèn biÕt vÒ kÕ ho¹ch ngêi kh¸c.
Eg: Will you be staying in this evening?
4. Future perfect Will/Shall have + PII
_ ChØ mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ph¶i ®îc hoµn tÊt ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t¬ng lai. Thêi
®iÓm nµy thêng ®îc dïng víi c¸c giíi tõ: by the time of, by the end of + time.
Eg: We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skill by the end of next year.
By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the
people alive today will have died away.
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Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ §éng tõ
Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh, thêng chñ ng÷ ®øng liÒn ngay víi ®éng tõ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc
chia ®éng tõ, song kh«ng ph¶i lu«n lu«n nh vËy.
II/ C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo sau chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.
§ã lµ nh÷ng danh tõ ë b¶ng 1 trang 71, cßn gäi lµ c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ. TÊt c¶ nh÷ng
danh tõ nµy ®Òu ®ßi hái ®¹i tõ, ®éng tõ vµ c¸c lo¹i tõ kh¸c cã liªn quan (little, few...) ph¶i ë
ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt (he, she, it)
Either (mét trong hai) chØ dïng cho hai ngêi, hai vËt. NÕu 3 ngêi hoÆc 3 vËt trë lªn, ph¶i
dïng any.
Neither (kh«ng mét trong hai): chØ dïng cho 2 ngêi, 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ngêi hoÆc 3 vËt trë lªn
ph¶i dïng not any.
Eg: Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground.
Not any of these pens was able to be used.
IV/ C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc EITHER...OR hoÆc NEITHER.. NOR (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng)
_ §iÒu cÇn lu ý nhÊt khi sö dông cÊu tróc nµy lµ ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®i sau or
hoÆc nor. NÕu danh tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ ë sè Ýt vµ ngîc l¹i (C«ng thøc 4 trang 72 +
C«ng thøc 1 trang 73)
15
Diet is for those who suffer from a certain disease.
_ §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ còng cã thÓ lµm chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ sau nã chia ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt.
Nhng ngêi ta thêng dïng chñ ng÷ gi¶ it ë ®Çu c©u.
Eg: To find the book is neccessary for him
= It is neccessary for him to find the book.
_ Tuy nhiªn, the number of = mét sè, ®îc coi lµ mét tæng thÓ sè Ýt. Do ®ã cho dï sau nã
lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ vÉn ph¶i ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt.
The number of + plural noun + singular verb..
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VIII/ C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng víi sè nhiÒu.
_ B¶ng 1 trang 76 lµ nh÷ng danh tõ bao giê còng ë h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu v× chóng bao gåm
hai thùc thÓ. Do vËy c¸c ®¹i tõ, ®éng tõ ®i cïng víi chóng còng ph¶i ë ng«i thø ba sè nhiÒu.
Scissors shorts pants jeans tongs
Trousers eyeglasses pliers tweezers
_ NÕu muèn chóng chia ë ng«i sè Ýt th× ph¶i dïng a pair of, the pair of.
Eg: In a small town in Germany, there once lived a poor shoe maker.
There remains nothing more to be done.
Suddenly, there entered a strange figure dressed all in back.
There followed an uncomfortable /¨n'k¨mfoteibl/ silence.
_ There + S pronoun + go/come/be = thÕ lµ, råi th×, k×a.
Eg: There he comes.
There you are. I have been waiting for you for 1 hour.
_ There + be + name of people: th× cã... ®Êy th«i
There be + always + noun: th× lóc nµo mµ ch¼ng cã...
(nh»m ®Ó gîi ra sù chó ý ®Õn mét gi¶i ph¸p kh¶ dÜ cho vÊn ®Ò)
Eg: _ Whom could we ask?
Well, there is James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue...
_ Where can he sleep?
Well, there is always the attic.
_ There was this + noun = chÝnh lµ c¸i... nµy ®Êy (®Ó më ®Çu cho mét c©u chuyÖn).
Eg: There was this man, see, and he could not get up early in the morning, so he...
_ There (lµm tÝnh tõ): chÝnh c¸i/con/ngêi Êy.
Eg: _Give that book there please!
_That there dog!
_That there girl, she broke 2 records of speed.
17
§¹i tõ
§¹i tõ chia lµm 5 lo¹i víi c¸c chøc n¨ng sö dông kh¸c nhau.
18
III/ TÝnh tõ së h÷u B¶ng 1 trang 80.
_ §øng tríc mét danh tõ vµ chØ sù së h÷u hoÆc ngêi hoÆc vËt ®èi víi danh tõ ®ã.
T©n ng÷
20
8. Regret doing something: lÊy lµm tiÕc v× ®·.
Eg: He regrets leaving school early. It's a big mistake.
4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ
_TÊt c¶ ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ ®Òu ph¶i lµ V-ing.
Verb
Noun + preposition + V-ing
Adiective
_Mét sè ®éng tõ ®i kÌm víi giíi tõ to. Kh«ng ®îc nhÇm giíi tõ nµy víi to cña ®éng tõ
nguyªn thÓ (V-inf)
object to
look forward to + V-ing
confess to/k¬n'fes/ (thó nhËn)
_Kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø tÝnh tõ nµo còng ®ßi hái sau nã lµ mét giíi tõ + V-ing. Nh÷ng tÝnh tõ
ë b¶ng 2 trang 87 ®ßi hái sau nã lµ mét V-inf.
Anxious boring dangerous hard eager
Easy good strange pleased prepared
Ready able usual common difficult
_Note:
able (unable) + to do something = capable (incapable) of doing something.
II/ VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tríc V-ing hoÆc V-inf lµm t©n ng÷.
_§øng tríc mét V-inf lµm t©n ng÷ th× d¹ng cña ®¹i tõ hoÆc danh tõ sÏ lµ t©n ng÷. (b¶ng 2
trang 89)
Allow ask beg convince expect istruct Invite order
permit persuade prepare promise remind urge want
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TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ
_ Mét tÝnh tõ lu«n bæ nghÜa cho mét vµ chØ mét danh tõ. Nã lu«n ®øng tríc danh tõ ®îc
bæ nghÜa.
_ Trong tiÕng Anh chØ cã duy nhÊt 1tÝnh tõ ®øng sau danh tõ: galore (nhiÒu, phong phó,
dåi dµo)
Eg: There were errors galore in the final test.
_ TÝnh tõ còng ph¶i ®øng ®»ng sau c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ (something, anything...)
Eg: It's something strange.
He's somebody quite unknown.
_ Phã tõ lu«n bæ nghÜa cho mét ®éng tõ, tÝnh tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ kh¸c.
Eg: Rita dank too much coffee.
_ Adj + ly = adv: nhng ph¶i cÈn thËn v× mét sè tÝnh tõ còng cã tËn cïng b»ng ®u«i ly:
lovely, friendly. Phã tõ cña nh÷ng tÝnh tõ nµy ®îc cÊu t¹o nh sau: in a + adj-ly + way/manner.
Eg: He bahaved me in a friendly manner/way
_ Mét sè phã tõ cã cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÖt: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well,
there, too.
_ Ngoµi ra cã mét sè côm tõ còng ®îc coi lµ mét phã tõ: bao gåm mét giíi tõ më ®Çu +
danh tõ: ®Þa ®iÓm (at home), thêi gian (at 5 P.M), ph¬ng tiÖn (by train, with pencil), t×nh
huèng hµnh ®éng (in a very difficult situation)
Mçi côm tõ nµy ®Òu ®îc xem lµ phã tõ lµm bæ ng÷.
_ VÞ trÝ cña c¸c phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh t¬ng ®èi tho¶i m¸i vµ phøc t¹p. Song vÉn cã mét
sè quy luËt sau:
+ NÕu cha biÕt ®Æc phã tõ ë ®©u th× vÞ trÝ thêng xuyªn cña nã lµ ë cuèi c©u. §Æc biÖt lµ
c¸c phã tõ ®u«i ly.
+ C¸c phã tõ vµ côm phã tõ ®øng ë cuèi c©u theo thø tù sau: chØ ph¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng -
®Þa ®iÓm - thêi gian - ph¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng - t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng.
+ Kh«ng bao giê mét phã tõ hoÆc mét côm phã tõ ®îc xen vµ gi÷a ®éng tõ vµ t©n ng÷.
+ NÕu trong c©u kh«ng cã phã tõ nµo kh¸c ngoµi phã tõ chØ thêi gian th× cã thÓ ®a nã lªn
®Çu c©u.
Eg: In 1980, he graduated and found a job.
+ C¸c phã tõ chØ tÇn sè: always, sometime, often lu«n ®øng tríc c¸c ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng
nhng ph¶i ®øng sau to be
Eg: The president always comes in time.
The president is always in time.
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C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ
I/ So s¸nh b»ng
As... as (c«ng thøc 1 trang 138)
_ NÕu lµ phñ ®Þnh, as thø nhÊt cã thÓ thay b»ng so. ChØ dïng ®Ó dÔ ®äc.
_ Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ®îc dïng ®Ó so s¸nh trong trêng hîp nµy. Nhng nhí r»ng tríc khi
so s¸nh ph¶i ®¶m b¶o danh tõ ®ã cã c¸c tÝnh tõ t¬ng ®¬ng (B¶ng 2 trang 139)
The same... as(c«ng thøc 1 trang 139)
_ §»ng sau as ph¶i lµ mét ®¹i tõ nh©n xng chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®îc lµ t©n ng÷ (Lçi c¬ b¶n).
_ The same... as >< different from
_ Note: trong tiÕng Anh - Mü, different than còng cã thÓ ®îc sö dông nÕu sau chóng lµ
mét mÖnh ®Ò hoµn chØnh. Nhng trêng hîp nµy kh«ng phæ biÕn vµ kh«ng ®a vµo c¸c bµi thi ng÷
ph¸p.
Eg: His appearance is different from what I have expected.
His appearance is different than I have expected.
23
Anne is going to join us, as wass agreed last week.
(Incorrect:as it was agreed)
He worries more than was good for him.
(Incorrect: than it/what was good for him)
_ C¸c t©n ng÷ còng cã thÓ lo¹i bá sau c¸c ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau as/than
Eg: Don't lose your pasport as I did last year.
(Incorrect: as I did it last year)
V/ So s¸nh ®a béi
_ T¬ng ®¬ng víi tiÕng ViÖt: gÊp rìi, gÊp ®«i.
_ Kh«ng ®îc sö dông so s¸nh h¬n, kÐm mµ ph¶i sö dông so s¸nh b»ng.
_ Khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh xem nh÷ng danh tõ ®ã lµ ®Õm ®îc hoÆc kh«ng ®Õm ®îc v×
®»ng tríc chóng cã many, much.
S + verb + number multiple + as + many/much + (noun) + as + noun/pronoun
24
_ C¸c tÝnh tõ/ phã tõ so s¸nh ®øng ®Çu c©u. §»ng tríc chóng ph¶i cã the.
The + comparative + subject + verb + the + comparative + subject + verb.
Eg: The more you study, the smarter you will become.
_ Sau the more ë vÕ mét cã thÓ dïng that nhng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt.
Eg: The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become.
The more (that) we know about it, the more we a asured.
_ Trong trêng hîp nÕu c¶ hai vÕ ®Òu lµ thµnh ng÷ it is th× bá chóng ®i.
Eg: The shorter (it is), the better (it is)
_ NÕu c¶ hai vÕ ®Òu lµ to be th× còng ph¶i bá nã ®i.
Eg: The closer to one of the earth's pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is)
_ C¸c thµnh ng÷ all the better (cµng tèt h¬n), all the more (cµng... h¬n), not... any the
more (ch¼ng h¬n tÝ nµo) dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh cho c¸c tÝnh tõ hoÆc phã tõ ®îc ®em ra so s¸nh
®»ng sau. Nã chØ ®îc dïng víi c¸c tÝnh tõ mang tÝnh trõu tîng.
Eg: Sunday mornings were nice, I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to
come round to breakfast.
He didn't seem to be any the worse far his experience.
He explained it all carefully but I was still none the wiser.
CÊu tróc nµy tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng dïng cho c¸c tÝnh tõ cô thÓ.
Eg: Those pills made him all the slimmer (incorrect)
Those pill made him much slimmer.
Eg: No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain.
No sooner will he arrive than he will want to leave.
_ No sooner... than = Hardly/scarcely... when
_ No longer = not any more (kh«ng... n÷a)
S + no longer + positive verb.
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_ Tríc tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ph¶i cã the.
_ Trong c©u cã thµnh ng÷ of the two + n. Thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.
S + verb + the + comparative + of the two + (noun)
OR
Of the two + (noun) + S + verb + the + comparative
_Trong tiÕng Anh cã hiÖn tîng danh tõ ®øng tríc danh tõ kh¸c lµm nhiÖm vô tÝnh tõ. §Ó
lµm ®îc chøc n¨ng ®ã th× ph¶i ®¶m b¶o tÝnh chÊt sau:
Kh«ng ®îc phÐp cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu trõ mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®i lµm tÝnh tõ th× gi÷a chóng ph¶i cã g¹ch nèi.
Eg: We took a five-week tour.
Nh÷ng trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt: a sport/sports car
No - fills store
A small claims court (phiªn toµ xö nh÷ng vô ®¹o vÆt)
_Trong mét sè trêng hîp, nÕu dïng danh tõ lµm tÝnh tõ th× thêng mang nghÜa ®en: A gold
watch: a watch made of gold.
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_Nhng nÕu dïng tÝnh tõ gèc th× thêng mang nghÜa bãng: A golden opportunity: a chance
that is very rare and precious.
_Kh«ng ®îc dïng tÝnh tõ bæ trî cho danh tõ khi chØ tÝnh chÊt nghÒ nghiÖp hoÆc néi dung.
Eg: A mathematics teacher.
27
§éng tõ b¸n khuyÕt
II/ Dare.
1. Khi dïng víi nghÜa "d¸m"
_Kh«ng dïng ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh, chØ sö dông ë nghi vÊn vµ phñ ®Þnh. Cã thÓ dïng víi to
do hoÆc b¶n th©n nã. §éng tõ sau nã vÒ mÆt lý thuyÕt cã to nhng trªn thùc tÕ thêng bá.
Eg: Did they dare (to) do such a thing?
= Dared they do such a thing?
He didn't dare (to) do anything.
=He dared not do anything.
_Dare kh«ng dïng ë kh¼ng ®Þnh trõ thµnh ng÷:
I daresay = I dare say.
Mang hai nghÜa nh sau:
+T«i cho r»ng
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Eg: I daresay there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.
+T«i thõa nhËn lµ
Eg: I dare say you're right.
_How dare (dared) + S + verb in simple form = Sao... d¸m (tá sù giËn d÷).
Eg: How dared you open my letters?
2. Dare ®îc dïng nh mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ mang nghÜa th¸ch thøc.
Dare somebody to do something.
Eg: They dare the boy to swim across the river in such cold weather.
§éng tõ khuyÕt
(B¶ng 1 - P.112)
I/ §Æc tÝnh
_Kh«ng cã tiÓu tõ to ®»ng tríc.
_§éng tõ ®i sau nã ph¶i bá to
_Kh«ng cÇn dïng víi trî ®éng tõ mµ dïng víi chÝnh b¶n th©n nã trong d¹ng c©u hái vµ
c©u nghi vÊn.
_Hai ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt kh«ng bao giê ®i cïng nhau. NÕu cã th× ®éng tõ thø hai tiÕn
sang d¹ng kh¸c.
Eg: Will have to Will be able to will be allowed to
Must can may
_§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt cã chøc n¨ng:
DiÔn ®¹t thêi t¬ng lai.
DiÔn ®¹t c©u ®iÒu kiÖn.
1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i:
If + S + simple present - S + will/shall/may/can + verb in simple form
Eg: If he tries much more, he will improve his grade in math class.
2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i:
If + S + simple past - subject + would/should/could/might + verb in simple form
Eg: If I had enough money now, I would buy this house (But now I don't have
enough).
+§éng tõ to be sau if trong lo¹i c©u nµy ph¶i chia lµ were trong tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.
Eg: If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.
+Trong mét sè trêng hîp, bá if vµ ®¶o were lªn trªn chñ ng÷.
Eg: Were I you, I wouldn't do such a thing.
3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø.
If + S + had + PII - S + would/should/could/might + have + PII
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Eg: If I had studied harder for that test, I would have passed it. (In fact he didn't study
hard enough)
Trong mét sè trêng hîp bá if vµ ®¶o had lªn trªn chñ ng÷.
4. Note: C©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo quy luËt trªn. Trong mét sè tr-
êng hîp mét vÕ cña ®iÒu kiÖn sÏ lµ qu¸ khø, nhng vÕ cßn l¹i ë hiÖn t¹i do thêi gian quy
®Þnh.
Eg: If she had caught the train, she would be here by now.
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Note: CÊu tróc nµy tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng víi c¸c ®éng tõ tÜnh hoÆc chØ c¸c tr¹ng
th¸i t duy.
Eg: Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you.
Incorrect: If I was/were to know...
5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo.
Eg: If it wasn't/weren't for the children, that couple wouldn't have anything to talk
about.
If it hadn't been for your help, I don't know what we would have done.
6. Not ®«i khi ®îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n.
(cã nªn... hay kh«ng)
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Note: mÖnh ®Ò sau as if/as though kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo quy luËt trªn. NÕu
®iÒu kiÖn trong c©u lµ cã thËt hoÆc theo quan niÖm cña ngêi nãi, ngêi viÕt lµ cã thËt th×
hai c«ng thøc trªn kh«ng ®îc sö dông. §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau diÔn biÕn b×nh thêng theo
mèi quan hÖ víi ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
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_To be/ to get used to + V-ing/noun = trë nªn quen víi. (C«ng thøc 1 trang 124).
Eg: He got used to American food.
Note: Used to + verb cã thÓ thay b»ng would nhng Ýt v× dÔ bÞ nhÇm.
IX/ §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i hiÖn t¹i
1. Could, may, might + V(simple form) = cã lÏ, cã thÓ: kh¶ n¨ng cã thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i
nhng ngêi nãi kh«ng d¸m ch¾c.
Eg: It might rain tomorrow = It will possibly rain tomorrow.
2. Should + verb (simple form) = nªn: diÔn ®¹t mét lêi khuyªn, sù gîi ý, sù b¾t buéc nh-
ng kh«ng m¹nh l¾m.
= cã khi, cã lÏ: diÔn ®¹t lêi nãi mong muèn ®iÒu ®ã x¶y
ra (expect)
_ C¸c thµnh ng÷ ë b¶ng 1 trang 129 ®Òu mang nghÜa t¬ng ®¬ng víi should víi ®iÒu kiÖn
®éng tõ to be trong thµnh ng÷ be supposed to chia ë hiÖn t¹i.
_Thµnh ng÷ be supposed to cßn mang nghÜa b¾t buéc ph¶i, quy ®Þnh ph¶i:
Eg: We are supposed to have a science test this afternoon, but it was postponed
because the teacher had to attend a conference.
3. Must + verb (simple form) = ph¶i
_ Mang nghÜa b¾t buéc rÊt m¹nh.
_ H¼n lµ: chØ sù suy luËn logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÖn tîng cã thùc ë hiÖn t¹i.
_ Ngêi ta dïng have to thay must trong nh÷ng trêng hîp sau:
+ Past: had to
+ Future: will have to
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Eg: We will have to take an exam next week.
+ HiÖn t¹i: have to thay must ®Ó hái xem b¶n th©n m×nh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµm g× hoÆc ®Ó
diÔn ®¹t sù b¾t buéc do kh¸ch quan ®em l¹i nh»m lµm gi¶m tÝnh b¾t buéc cña must
Eg: Guest: Do I have to leave a deposit?
Receptionist: No, you needn't. But you have to leave your I.D card number
written down in this register. I'm sorry but that's the way it is.
_ Have got to + verb = must: thêng dïng nhiÒu trong v¨n nãi.
Eg: He has got to come to the office tonight.
§Æc biÖt nã thêng xuyªn dïng cho c¸c hµnh ®éng ®¬n lÎ, t¸ch biÖt.
Eg: I have to work every day exept Sunday. But I don't have got to work a full day on
Saturday.
X/ §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i cña qu¸ khø
1. Could, may, might + have + PII = cã lÏ ®·: diÔn ®¹t mét kh¶ n¨ng cã thÓ ë qu¸ khø
song ngêi nãi kh«ng d¸m ch¾c.
Eg: I may have rained last night, but I'm not sure.
2. Could have + PII = lÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trong thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng)
Eg: He could have gotten the ticket for the concert last night (but he couldn't)
3. Might + have been + V-ing: cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang
Eg: I didn't hear the telephone ring. I might have been sleeping at that time.
4. Should have + PII = lÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn: chØ mét viÖc lÏ ra ®· ph¶i x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø
nhng trong thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng.
Eg: John should have gone to the post office this morning
(He didn't go to the post office)
_ Note: form should have PII = was/were supposed to + verb (simple)
5. Must have + PII = h¼n lµ ®·: chØ sù suy ®o¸n logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÖn tîng cã thùc
trong qu¸ khø.
Eg: The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
6. Must have been + V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang
Eg: I didn't hear you knock. I must have been gardening behind the house at that
time.
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In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody would be there to
meet her.
_ Dïng sau so that, in order that = sao cho: ®Ó chØ môc ®Ých (thay cho could/would)
Eg: He puts the suitcase so that he should be able to make an early start.
She repeated the instrution slowly in order that he should understand.
_ Dïng trong nh÷ng lêi yªu cÇu lÞch sù.
Eg: I should like to make a phone call if possible.
_ Dïng víi imagine, say, think ®Ó ®a ra lêi ®Ò nghÞ = thiÕt tëng, cho lµ
Eg: I should imagine it will take 3 hours for this work.
I should say she is over 40
_ Dïng cho c¸c c©u hái diÔn t¶ sù nghi ngê, thiÕu quan t©m
Eg: How should I know?
Why should he think that?
_ Dïng víi c¸c ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn: what, where, who ®Ó diÔn t¶ sù ng¹c nhiªn. Thêng dïng
víi but.
Eg: I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself.
What should I find but an enormous spider.
36
C¸ch sö dông to Be trong mét sè trêng hîp
37
Eg: Societies have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it the
Renaissance system of royal support of the sculptors and painters of the period or
the Japanese tradition of passing artistic knowledge from father to son.
To have techniques is to posses the physical expertise to perform whatever step a
given work way contain, be they simple or complex.
Note: c¸c cÊu tróc trªn chØ sö dông trong v¨n viÕt, kh«ng sö dông trong v¨n nãi.
1. To get + PII
Eg: to get washed/dressed/prepared/lost/drawned/engaged/divorced
_ChØ viÖc chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy hoÆc tr¹ng th¸i mµ chñ ng÷ ®ang ë trong ®ã.
Eg: He got lost in the maze of this town yesterday.
You will have five minutes to get dressed
Note:
+TuyÖt nhiªn kh«ng ®îc lÉn trêng hîp nµy víi ®éng tõ ë d¹ng bÞ ®éng.
+To be cã thÓ thay thÕ trong lo¹i c©u nµy.
2. Get + V-ing = start + V-ing.
Eg: We'd better get moving. It's late.
3. Get somebody/something + V-ing = ai/c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu.
Eg: Please get him talking about the main task.
Once we get heater running, the whole car will start warm - up.
4. Get + to + verb:
T×m ®îc c¸ch.
Eg: We couldn't get to enter the stadium without ticket.
Cã c¬ may:
Eg: When do I get to have a promotion?
§îc phÐp
Eg: At last we got to meet the general director to take the interview.
5. Get + to + verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) =
Gradually.
Eg: We will get to speak English more easily as time go by.
He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult.
38
§éng tõ G©y nguyªn nh©n
_ §ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ diÔn ®¹t ®èi tîng 1 g©y cho ®èi tîng 2 ®iÒu g× víi mét sè mÉu c©u
sau:
1. To have somebody do something = to get somebody to do something: sai ai, khiÕn
ai, b¶o ai lµm g×.
Eg: Mary had John wash the car
Mary got John to wash the car.
2. To have/to get something done: ®a c¸i g× ®i lµm, b¶n th©n kh«ng lµm mµ ngêi kh¸c
lµm.
Trong khuynh híng nµy, want vµ would like còng cã thÓ ®îc dïng víi mÉu c©u nh vËy
To want/would like something done
(?): What do you want done to?
Eg: What do you want done to your car?
I want/ would like it washed.
3. To make somebody do something = to force somebody to do something: buéc ai,
lµm cho ai ph¶i lµm g×.
Eg: The robber made the teller give him the money.
The robber forced the teller to give him the money.
§»ng sau t©n ng÷ cña make cßn cã thÓ sö dông mét tÝnh tõ: to make
somebody/something + adj.
Eg: Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.
Chemical treatment will make this wood more deerable.
4. To make somebody + PII: lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao
Eg: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
NÕu t©n ng÷ cña MAKE lµ mét V - inf th× ph¶i ®Æt it gi÷a make vµ tÝnh tõ. V - inf ®a ra
sau: To make it + adj + V as object.
Eg: The wire service made it possible to collect and distribute news faster and
cheaper.
Nhng nÕu t©n ng÷ cña MAKE lµ mét danh tõ hoÆc mét ng÷ danh tõ th× ph¶i bá IT gi÷a
MAKE vµ tÝnh tõ: to make + adj + noun/noun phrase as S.
Eg: The wire service made possible much speeder collection and distribution of news.
5. To cause something + PII: lµm cho c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao.
Eg: The big thuderstorm caused many water front houses damaged.
6. To let somebody do something = to permit/to allow to do something: ®Ó ai, cho phÐp
ai lµm g×.
Eg: John let his dog swim.
7. To help somebody do/ to do something.
NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n xng mang nghÜa ngêi ta th× kh«ng cÇn ph¶i
nh¾c ®Õn t©n ng÷ ®ã lµ bá to ë ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.
Eg: This wonderdrug will (people to) help recover more quickly.
39
NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help vµ t©n ng÷ cña ®éng tõ sau nã trïng víi nhau th× cã thÓ bá t©n ng÷
sau help vµ bá to ë ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.
Eg: The body fat of the bear will help (him) (to) keep him alive during hibernation.
8. Ba ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt:
_ §ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng sÏ thay ®æi chót Ýt khi ®éng tõ sau t©n ng÷
cña chóng ë c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau.
To see/ watch/hear somebody/something do something: xem, theo dâi, nghe ai/ c¸i g×
lµm g× (hµnh ®éng chøng kiÕn tõ ®Çu ®Õn cuèi)
Eg: I hear the telephone ring.
I see her sing.
To see/watch/hear somebody/something doing something: xem, theo dâi, nghe ai, c¸i
g× ®ang (hµnh ®éng kh«ng chøng kiÕn trän vÑn mµ cã tÝnh nhÊt thêi)
Eg: I hear the telephone ringing.
§éng tõ nèi
_ §ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng 1 trang 136 cã nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh sau:
Kh«ng diÔn ®¹t hµnh ®éng mµ diÔn ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i hoÆc b¶n chÊt sù vËt, sù viÖc.
§»ng sau chóng ph¶i lµ tÝnh tõ, kh«ng ®îc lµ phã tõ.
Kh«ng ®îc chia ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn dï díi bÊt cø thêi nµo.
be appear feel become seem look remain sound
smell stay taste
_ Note: trong b¶ng nµy cã c¸c cÆp ®éng tõ:
to seem to happen
= = dêng nh
to appear to change
Chóng cã thÓ thay thÕ lÉn cho nhau nhng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc thay thÕ ngang hoÆc chÐo.
_ C¸c ®éng tõ trªn ®îc dïng nh÷ng mÉu sau:
Dïng víi chñ ng÷ gi¶ it.
Eg: It seems that they have passed the exam. = It happens/ changes they have passed
the exam.
Dïng víi chñ ng÷ thËt:
Eg: They seem / appear to have passed the exam = they happen/change to have
passed the exam.
_ Happen/ change cßn mang nghÜa: t×nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn, may lµ
Eg: She happened to be out/ It happened that she was out when he called.
She changed to be in/ I happened that she was in when he called.
_ Ba ®éng tõ to be, to become, to remain trong mét sè trêng hîp cã mét danh tõ hoÆc
côm danh tõ theo sau. Khi ®ã chóng mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi.
Eg: Christine became class president after a long, hard campaign.
Doug remained chairman of the board despite the opposition.
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_ C¸c ®éng tõ to feel, to look, to smell, to taste trong mét sè trêng hîp cã thÓ lµ mét
ngo¹i ®éng tõ ®ßi hái mét t©n ng÷ ®i sau nã. Lóc nµy nã mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi
- cã thÓ cã mét phã tõ ®i bæ trî - thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa.
To feel: sê, n¾n ®Ó kh¸m
To smell: ngöi
Chóng ®îc phÐp chia ë thêi tiÕp diÔn.
§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng 1 trang 191 vµ b¶ng 1 trang 192, dÔ nhÇm vÒ ng÷ nghÜa,
chÝnh t¶ hoÆc ph¸t ©m.
1. To rise: tù d©ng lªn (kh«ng cÇn t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp)
Eg: The sun rises early in the summer.
2. To raise something/somebody: n©ng ai, c¸i g× lªn (cÇn mét t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp)
Eg: The students raise their hands in class.
3. To lie: n»m, ë t¹i.
to lie in: ë t¹i
to lie down: n»m xuèng
to lie on: n»m trªn
Eg: The university lies in the western section of town.
The old dog lay on the grass watching the children at play.
CÇn ph©n biÖt ®éng tõ nµy víi To lie mang nghÜa nãi dèi b»ng mÉu c©u: to lie to
somebody about something.
Eg: He lying to you about the test.
4. To lay: ®Æt, ®Ó
to lay on: ®Æt trªn
to lay in: ®Æt vµo
to lay down: ®Æt xuèng
Eg: Don't lay your clothes on the bed.
The nurse laid the baby in the crib.
Thêi hiÖn t¹i cña ®éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ bÞ nhÇm víi qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cña to lie. CÇn ph©n
biÖt b»ng ng÷ c¶nh cô thÓ.
5. To seat
to seat in: ngåi t¹i, ngåi trong
to seat on: ngåi trªn (®· ngåi s½n)
Eg: I sat down on the chair.
I'm off to class.
6. To set = to put = to lay
Eg: The little girl helps her father set the table every night.
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Ph¸t ©m ë th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ nµy dÔ lÉn víi simple past cña TO SEAT. CÇn
ph¶i ph©n biÖt b»ng ng÷ c¶nh.
7. Mét sè thµnh ng÷ dïng víi c¸c ®éng tõ trªn:
To set the table for: bµy bµn ®Ó
Eg: My mother has set the table for the family dinner.
To lay off (workers, employes): cho th«i viÖc, gi·n thî.
Eg: The company had to lay off twenty - five employees because of a production
showdown.
To set (broken bones in): bã nh÷ng x¬ng g·y vµo.
Eg: Dr. Jacobs has set many broken bones in plaster casts.
To set one's alarm for: ®Æt ®ång hå b¸o thøc vµo lóc.
Eg: John set his alarm for six o'clock.
To set fire to something: lµm ch¸y c¸i g×.
Eg: While playing with matches, the children set fire to the sofa.
To raise (animals, plants) for a living: trång, nu«i ®Ó kinh doanh.
Eg: The farmer raises chickens for a living.
§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ gièng hÖt nhau vÒ mÆt h×nh thøc nhng kh¸c nhau vÒ ng÷ nghÜa nÕu
chóng ë trong nh÷ng mÉu c©u kh¸c nhau.
Agree to do something: ®ång ý lµm g×.
Eg: He agreed to leave early tomorrow morning.
Agree to somebody's doing something: ®ång ý víi viÖc ai lµm g×.
Eg: E agreed to my leaving early tomorrow morning.
Mean to do something: ®Þnh lµm g×
Eg: I mean to get to the top of the hill before sunrise.
If it + mean + V-ing: cho dï cã c¶ viÖc, bao hµm c¶ viÖc
Eg: My neighbour was determined to get the ticket for Saturday's game if it meant
standing in line all night.
Propose to do something: cã ý ®Þnh lµm g×
Eg: I propose to start tomorrow.
Propose doing something: ®Ò nghÞ lµm g×
Eg: I proposed waiting till the police came.
Go on doing something/something: tiÕp tôc lµm g×/c¸i g× (mét viÖc ®ang bÞ bá dë)
Eg: He went on writing after a break.
Go on to do something: quay sang tiÕp tôc lµm g× (vÉn vÒ cïng mét vÊn ®Ò nhng
chuyÓn sang khÝa c¹nh kh¸c)
Eg: He showed the island on the map and went on to tell about the climate.
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Try to do something: cè g¾ng lµm g×
Eg: He tried to show this math problem but he failed.
Try doing something: thö lµm g×
Eg: I tried sending her flowers, writing her letters, giving her presents, but she still wouldn't
speak to me.
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C¸c lo¹i c©u hái
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Eg: John can get Mary to play this, can't he?
Correct answer: John believes that Mary will play this for us.
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C©u phñ ®Þnh
_§Ó cÊu t¹o c©u phñ ®Þnh, ®Æt not sau: to be, trî ®éng tõ to do cña ®éng tõ thêng, c¸c trî
®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp.
_§Æt any tríc danh tõ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh phñ ®Þnh.
Nhí r»ng trong tiÕng Anh cña ngêi Mü: not... any + noun = not... a single + noun.
Eg: He didn't sell a single magazine yesterday.
_Trong mét sè trêng hîp, ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh phñ ®Þnh cña danh tõ, ®Æt ®éng tõ ë d¹ng kh¼ng
®Þnh vµ ®Æt no tríc danh tõ.
Lóc ®ã no = not... at all.
Eg: John has no money.
_Mét sè c©u hái ë phñ ®Þnh sÏ mang hai nghÜa:
NhÊn m¹nh cho sù kh¼ng ®Þnh cña ngêi nãi.
Eg: Shouldn't you put on your hat, too?
Didn't you say you would come to the party tonight?
(ThÕ anh ®· ch¼ng nãi h«m nay anh ®i dù tiÖc lµ g×)
Dïng ®Ó t¸n d¬ng:
Eg: Wasn't the weather beautiful yesterday?
(Thêi tiÕt h«m qua ®Ñp tuyÖt vêi)
Wouldn't it be nice that you didn't have to work on Friday!
_Negative + negative = positive (nhÊn m¹nh)
Eg: It's unbelieveable that he is not rich. (He is very rich)
_Negative + comparative (more/less) = superlative.
Eg: I couldn't agree with you less. (absolutely agree with you)
You couldn't have gone to the beach on a better day.
(today is the best day to go to the beach)
Khi sö dông mÉu c©u nµy ph¶i hÕt søc cÈn thËn.
Eg: He couldn't have been more unfriendly when I met him first. (the most
unfriendly)
The surgery couldn't have been more unecessary. (absolutely unecessary)
_Negative + even less/still less/much less + noun/verb in simple form = Kh«ng... mµ
l¹i cµng kh«ng.
Eg: These students don't like reading novels, much less text book.
It's inbelieveable how he could have survived after such a free fall, much less live
to tell about it on television.
(ThËt khã cã thÓ tin ®îc anh ta cã thÓ cßn sèng sau mét có ng· nh thÕ, mµ l¹i
cµng kh«ng thÓ sèng sãt ®îc ®Ó lªn ti vi kÓ vÒ nã).
_Mét sè c¸c phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh, khi ®· dïng nã trong c©u tuyÖt
®èi kh«ng ®îc cÊu t¹o thÓ phñ ®Þnh cña ®éng tõ n÷a.
Hardly/barely/scarcely = almost no.
Hardly ever/rarely/seldom = almost never.
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Eg: John rarely comes to class on time.
_§Æc biÖt lu ý r»ng c¸c phã tõ nµy kh«ng mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh hoµn toµn mµ mang nghÜa
gÇn nh phñ ®Þnh. §Æc biÖt nh÷ng tõ nh barely, scarcely khi ®i víi enough, only hoÆc nh÷ng
thµnh ng÷ chØ sù chÝnh x¸c.
Eg: She barely makes it to class on time. (C« ta ®Õn líp võa vÆn ®óng giê)
(make it to somewhere: ®Õn)
-Do you have enough money for the tution fee?
-Only barely (specially enough).
_§èi víi nh÷ng ®éng tõ nh to think, to believe, to support, to imagine + that +
sentence: ph¶i cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ë chÝnh c¸c ®éng tõ ®ã chø kh«ng ph¶i ë mÖnh ®Ò 2.
Eg: I don't believe she stays home now.
_Trong d¹ng tiÕng Anh dïng thêng ngµy, ®Æc biÖt trong v¨n nãi, mét cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh
nhng hoµn toµn kh«ng mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh ®«i khi ®îc sö dông sau nh÷ng ý chØ sù nghi ngê
hoÆc kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n. §Æc biÖt lµ d¹ng c©u phñ ®Þnh kÐp. CÊu tróc nµy ®îc kh«ng ®îc phÐp
dïng cho v¨n viÕt.
Eg: I shouldn't be surprise if they didn't get married soon. (=if they got married soon).
I wonder whether I oughtn't to go and see a doctor. I'm feeling a bit funny.
_No matter + who/what/which/where/when/how + S + V(in present): Dï cã... ®i
ch¨ng n÷a th×
Eg: No matter who telephones, say I'm out.
No matter where you go, you will find Cocacola.
_Note:
No matter who = whoever
No matter what = whatever.
Eg: No matter what/whatever you say, I won't believe you.
C¸c cÊu tróc nµy cã thÓ ®øng cuèi c©u mµ kh«ng cÇn mÖnh ®Ò theo sau.
Eg: I will always love you, no matter what.
_Not... at all: ch¼ng chót nµo.
Eg: I didn't understand anything at all.
He was hardly frightened at all.
_At all cßn ®îc dïng víi c©u hái. §Æc biÖt khi dïng víi nh÷ng tõ nh if, ever, any.
Eg: Do you ever play tennis at all?
He will become before dinner if he comes at all.
You can come whenever you like - any time at all.
_Not at all: kh«ng cã g× (®¸p l¹i lêi c¶m ¬n).
_S + link verb in negative + at all + adj.
Eg: He isn't at all satisfied with his paper.
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_MÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp thêng dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ: to order, to ask, to say, to tell
+ somebody to do/not to do something.
_CÇn ph©n biÖt let's vµ let's us (h·y ®Ó chóng t«i).
Let's go
Let's us go.
_C©u hái cã ®u«i cña let's lµ shall we.
Eg: Let's go out for dinner, shall we?
_Enough lu«n ®øng ®»ng sau tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ nhng ®øng tríc danh tõ. (C«ng thøc 1, 2
trang 152)
_Trong mét sè trêng hîp, nÕu danh tõ ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn ë tríc th× ë díi chØ cÇn dïng
enough nh mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
Tõ nèi
§ã lµ nh÷ng tõ nèi gi÷a hai thµnh phÇn trong mét c©u víi nh÷ng cÊu tróc ®Æc biÖt.
I/ BECAUSE/ BECAUSE OF
_§»ng sau because lµ mét c©u hoµn chØnh. Nhng sau because of lµ mét ng÷ danh tõ
(C«ng thøc 1, 2 trang 154)
_because of = on account of = due to
Nhng nªn dïng due to sau ®éng tõ to be cho chuÈn.
Eg: The accident was due to the heavy rain.
_Dïng as a result of ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo hËu qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng hoÆc sù vËt, sù viÖc:
Eg: He was blinded as a result of a terrible accident.
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_Dïng víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu: so...that nhng ph¶i dïng many, few tríc danh tõ ®ã (c«ng
thøc 2 trang 156)
_Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc: so...that nhng ph¶i dïng much, little tríc danh tõ ®ã.
(C«ng thøc 3 trang 156)
_Dïng víi danh tõ/tÝnh tõ sè Ýt: such a...that: Cã thÓ dïng so nhng ph¶i chuyÓn a xuèng
sau tÝnh tõ, tríc danh tõ (Ýt phæ biÕn h¬n such) (C«ng thøc 1, 2 trang 157)
_Dïng víi tÝnh tõ/ danh tõ sè nhiÒu/kh«ng ®Õm ®îc: such..that. TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc
dïng so. (C«ng thøc 3 trang 157)
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(But she didn't take any longer)
_Note: Trong tiÕng Anh th«ng tôc, dïng or else ®Ó thay thÕ otherwise
_Provided/providing (that) = as long as: víi ®iÒu kiÖn lµ, miÔn lµ
Eg: You can camp here, proving (that) you leave no mess.
_supposed/supposing = what ... if: gi¶ sö ... th× sao; nÕu ... th× sao
Eg: Supposed the plane is late? (What will happen if the plane is late?)
_Note: - supposed cßn cã thÓ ®îc dïng ®Ó ®a ra lêi gîi ý
Eg: Supposed you ask him = why don't you ask him?
- Thµnh ng÷ What if I am = t«i thÕ th× ®· sao nµo (mang tÝnh th¸ch thøc)
_If only + S + simple present/will + V = hope that
Eg: If only he comes in time
If only he will learn harder for the test next month.
_ If only + S + simple past/past perfect = wish that = gi¸ mµ (®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc
hiÖn ®îc)
Present:
Eg: If only he came in time now (But he don't)
Past:
Eg: If only she has studied harder for that test (But she didn't)
_ If only + S + would + V
DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i.
Eg: If only he would drive more slowly = We wish he drove more slowly.
DiÔn ®¹t mét íc muèn v« väng vÒ t¬ng lai:
Eg: If only it would stop raining (But maybe it will)
_immediate = as soon as = the moment that/the instance that = directly = ngay lËp
tøc.
Eg: Tell me immediately (as soon as) you have any news
Phone me the moment that you get the result.
I love you the instance that I saw you.
Directly I walked in the door, I smelled smoke.
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C©u bÞ ®éng
_Ngêi ta dïng c©u bÞ ®éng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng.
_Th× cña ®éng tõ ë c©u bÞ ®éng ph¶i tu©n theo th× cña ®éng tõ ë c©u chñ ®éng.
_NÕu lµ lo¹i ®éng tõ cã hai t©n ng÷, muèn nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ nµo th× ®a t©n ng÷ ®ã
lµm chñ ng÷. Nhng th«ng thêng chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña c©u bÞ ®éng lµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp.
Eg: I gave him a book = I gave a book to him - He was given a book by me.
_§Æt by + t©n ng÷ míi ®»ng sau tÊt c¶ t©n ng÷ kh¸c.
_NÕu sau by lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n xng mang nghÜa ngêi ta (by people, by somebody) th×
bá h¼n.
_TÊt c¶ biÕn ®æi vÒ thêi vµ thÓ ®Òu nh»m vµo to be.
_C¸c néi ®éng tõ (®éng tõ kh«ng yªu cÇu t©n ng÷) kh«ng ®îc dïng ë bÞ ®éng.
Eg: My leg hurts.
_§Æc biÖt khi chñ ng÷ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm chÝnh vÒ hµnh ®éng cña m×nh còng kh«ng ®îc
chuyÓn thµnh c©u bÞ ®éng.
_NÕu lµ ngêi hoÆc vËt trùc tiÕp g©y hµnh ®éng th× dïng by.
_NÕu lµ ngêi hoÆc vËt gi¸n tiÕp g©y hµnh ®éng th× dïng with.
Eg: The bird was shot by the hunter.
The bird was shot with the gun.
_Trong mét sè trêng hîp, to be/to get + PII kh«ng mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng mµ mang hai
nghÜa
ChØ tr¹ng th¸i chñ ng÷ ®ang ë trong ®ã
Eg: Could you please check my mail box while I'm gone?
He got lost in the mase of the town yesterday.
ChØ viÖc chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy
Eg: The little boy get dressed very quickly
A: Could i give you a hand with these tires?
B: No, thanks. I will be done (with them) when i finish tightening these botts.
_To be made of: ®Ò cËp ®Õn chÊt liÖu lµm nªn vËt.
Eg: This table is made of wood.
_To be made from: ®Ò cËp ®Õn viÖc nguyªn vËt liÖu bÞ biÕn ®æi hoµn toµn khái tr¹ng th¸i
ban ®Çu ®Ó lµm nªn vËt.
Eg: Paper is made from wood.
_To be made out of: ®Ò cËp ®Õn qu¸ tr×nh lµm ra vËt.
Eg: This cake is made out of flour, butter, sugar, eggs and milk.
_To be made with: ®Ò cËp ®Õn chØ mét trong sè nhiÒu chÊt liÖu lµm nªn vËt.
Eg: This soup tastes good because it was made with a lot of spices.
_Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng marry/divorce trong hai thÓ bÞ ®éng vµ chñ ®éng.
Khi kh«ng cã t©n ng÷: get married/get divorced trong d¹ng informal English.
Eg: LiLi and Joe got married last week (informal)
LiLi and Joe married last week (formal English)
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After three - very unhappy years, they got divorced (informal)
After three - very unhappy years, they divorced (formal)
Sau marry/divorce lµ t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp kh«ng cã giíi tõ: marry/divorce somebody.
Eg: She married a builder.
Andrew is going to divorce Carola.
To be/to get married to somebody (Giíi tõ to lµ b¾t buéc)
Eg: She got married to her childhood sweet heart.
He has been married to Lousa for 16 years and he still doesn't understand her.
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_NÕu whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña mét ng÷ ®éng tõ gåm mét ®éng tõ vµ hai giíi tõ th× hai giíi
tõ ®ã vÉn ph¶i ®øng sau ®éng tõ.
Eg: The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman (to look forward to
sb)
_Note: Kh«ng dïng that thay who hoÆc whom dï nã ®îc chÊp nhËn trong v¨n nãi.
Kh«ng dïng who thay whom trong v¨n viÕt dï ®îc chÊp nhËn trong v¨n nãi.
VI/ TÇm quan träng cña dÊu "," ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô.
_ë nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc khi kh«ng dïng dÊu "," , tøc lµ mÖnh ®Ò phô ®ã giíi h¹n
hoÆc x¸c ®Þnh víi danh tõ tríc nã (t¬ng ®¬ng víi tiÕng ViÖt: chØ cã)
Eg: The travelers who knew about the flood took another road.
The wine that was in the cellar was ruined.
_§èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc khi cã dÊu "," ng¨n c¸ch th× mÖnh ®Ò phô ®ã
kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc giíi h¹n danh tõ ®øng tríc nã (t¬ng ®¬ng víi tiÕng ViÖt: tÊt c¶)
Eg: The travelers, who knew... (TÊt c¶ du kh¸ch, mµ biÕt... )
The wine, which was in the cellar was ruined.
_C¸c nguyªn t¾c trªn ®©y chØ dïng cho v¨n viÕt, kh«ng dïng cho v¨n nãi.
VII/ C¸ch sö dông all, both, some, several, most, few... + of + whom/which
_TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷ (them, us...) trong trêng hîp nµy.
Eg: Their sons, both of whom are working abroad, ring them up every week.
The buses, most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.
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_ What = The thing/ the things + that: cã thÓ lµm t©n ng÷ cho mÖnh ®Ò phô vµ cïng lóc
lµm chñ ng÷ cho mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Eg: What we have expected is the result of the test.
HoÆc lµm chñ ng÷ cña c¶ hai mÖnh ®Ò.
Eg: What happened to him yesterday might happen to us tomorrow.
Lµ lo¹i c©u ®èi tîng 1 muèn ®èi tîng 2 lµm mét viÖc g× nhng lµm hay kh«ng cßn phô
thuéc vµo ®èi tîng 2.
Trong c©u ph¶i cã that trõ mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
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Eg: We would rather (that) he not take this train.
_§éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ kh«ng chia bá to.
_NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau chñ ng÷ 2 tríc nguyªn thÓ bá to.
S1 + verb (any tense) + THAT + S2 + verb in simple form...
Eg: The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
_NÕu bá that th× chñ ng÷ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng t©n ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ sau nã trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ
cã TO. C©u mÊt tÝnh chÊt gi¶ ®Þnh vµ trë thµnh mét d¹ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.
_Trong ng÷ ph¸p Anh - Anh ®»ng tríc ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò 2 thêng cã should. Ngêi Anh
chØ bá should khi nã lµ ®éng tõ to be. Nhng ng÷ ph¸p Anh - Mü kh«ng dïng should cho tÊt c¶
®éng tõ ®»ng sau. (Cã should lµ sai)
_Trong c©u ph¶i cã that vµ ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ bá to khi nã diÔn ®¹t
ý trªn.
_Lu ý trong b¶ng nµy cã mét sè tÝnh tõ lµ PII cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c ®éng tõ cña b¶ng 1 trang 183
dïng lµm tÝnh tõ.
_NÕu muèn cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh th× ®Æt not sau chñ ng÷ 2 tríc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ bá to
It + be (any tense) + adj + THAT + S + verb in simple form...
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Kh«ng chØ cã ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ míi ®îc dïng theo d¹ng nµy. TÊt c¶ nh÷ng danh tõ xuÊt
ph¸t tõ nh÷ng ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ trªn ®Òu buéc mÖnh ®Ò sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh nÕu
nã diÔn ®¹t c¸c yÕu tè trªn.
Eg: There is suggestion from the doctor that his patient stop smoking.
It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court.
IV/ C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét vµi trêng hîp kh¸c
_Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét íc muèn hoÆc mét lêi nguyÒn rña thêng bao hµm c¸c thÕ lùc siªu
nhiªn.
God be with you = Good bye.
Curse this toad.
_Dïng víi ®éng tõ may trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt:
Come what may: dï thÕ nµo ch¨ng n÷a, dï bÊt cø chuyÖn g×.
Eg: Come what may we will stand by you.
May as well not do something if = cã thÓ ®õng ... nÕu
Eg: You may as well not come if you can't be on time.
May/might + (just) as well do something = ch¼ng mÊt g× mµ l¹i kh«ng, lµm nh vËy
ch¼ng h¹i g×.
Eg: Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him have it.
May diÔn ®¹t mét gi¶ ®Þnh trong lêi ®Ò nghÞ mµ ngêi nãi cho r»ng cha ch¾c nã ®· ®îc
thùc hiÖn.
Eg: The sign on the lawn said clearly that people may not walk on the grass.
Kh«ng dïng should trong trêng hîp nµy.
May + S + link verb + adj/ verb + complement : cÇu chóc cho
Eg: May you both be very happy!
May the conference be successful.
Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune.
_IF need be = if necessary: nÕu cÇn
Eg: If need be we can take another road.
_Dïng víi to be bá to sau if ®Ó chØ mét sù gi¶ ®Þnh cha ®îc ph©n ®Þnh râ lµ ®óng hay sai.
Eg: If that be right, then it would be no defence for this man to say that he is
innocent.
If that be error and upon me proved (nÕu ®ã lµ lçi vµ cø nhÊt ®Þnh g¸n cho t«i)
_Let it be me = gi¶ sö ®ã lµ t«i
Eg: Husband: let it be me...
Wife (suddenly appearing): If that be you, what would you do?
_Be that as it may = whether that is true or not: cho dï lµ ph¶i thÕ hay kh«ng
Eg: Be that as it may you must accept it.
_Then so be it: cø ph¶i vËy th«i.
Eg: If we have to pay 2000$ then so be it...
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V/ C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi It + to be + time
_It is time for somebody to do something: ®· ®Õn lóc ai ph¶i lµm g× (thêi gian võa vÆn,
kh«ng mang tÝnh gi¶ ®Þnh)
Eg: It is time for me to get to the airport.
_It is time/hightime/about time + S + simple past: ®· ®Õn lóc mµ (thêi gian ®· trÔ, mang
tÝnh gi¶ ®Þnh.
Eg: It is high time the city government did something to stop this traffic jam.
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Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña That
I/ THAT dïng víi t c¸ch mét liªn tõ (r»ng)
_§»ng sau bèn ®éng tõ ë b¶ng 1 trang 181, that cã thÓ bá ®i ®îc.
Eg: John said he was...
_§»ng sau bèn ®éng tõ: to mention, to declare, to report, to state, that b¾t buéc ph¶i
cã mÆt.
_ that vÉn buéc ph¶i dïng ë mÖnh ®Ò hai trong c©u sau dÊu "," nÕu vÉn cïng chung lµ
mét mÖnh ®Ò sau bèn ®éng tõ trªn.
Eg: The mayor declare that on June the first he would anounce the result of the search
and that he would never overtook the crime punishment.
Eg: Among the surprising discoveries were that T.rex was a farsleeker but more
powerful carnivore than previous thought perhaps weighing less than 6.5 tons
more than a bull elephant, and that T.rex habitat was forst, not swamp or plain as
previous believed.
_The fact that + sentence/the fact remains that + sentence/the fact of the matter is
that... = thùc tÕ lµ.
Eg: The fact that Simon has not been home for 3 days didn't seem to worry anybody.
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C¸ch sö dông cña Ph©n tõ I trong mét sè trêng hîp
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II/ Ph©n tõ I ®îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi
_ Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng lóc. Hµnh ®éng 2 ë d¹ng V - ing. Hai hµnh ®éng
kh«ng t¸ch rêi khái nhau bëi bÊt k× dÊu "," nµo.
Eg: He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling.
_ Khi hµnh ®éng 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sau nã lµ mét phÇn trong qu¸ tr×nh diÔn
biÕn cña hµnh ®éng 1 th× hµnh ®éng 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp sau nã ë d¹ng V-ing. Gi÷a hai
hµnh ®éng ng¨n c¸ch nhau bëi dÊu ","
Eg: She went out and slammed the door = She went out, slamming the door.
_ Khi hµnh ®éng 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng theo sau nã lµ kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng 1 th× hµnh
®éng thø hai vµ c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng V-ing. Chóng sÏ ng¨n c¸ch víi
hµnh ®éng chÝnh b»ng 1 dÊu ","
Eg: He fired two shots, killing a robber and wounding the other.
_ Hµnh ®éng 2 kh«ng cÇn chung chñ ng÷ víi hµnh ®éng 1 mµ chØ cÇn lµ kÕt qu¶ còng ®·
cã thÓ ë d¹ng V-ing:
Eg: The plane crashed, its bomb exploding when it hit the ground.
Ants and termites are the enemy, ants always being agressive.
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Mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh
Would like
+ to have + PII = nh÷ng muèn (diÔn ®¹t mét íc muèn kh«ng thµnh)
Would like
Should like
Eg: He would like to have seen the photos = he would have liked to see the photos
(but he couldn't)
_ Dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ: to happen, to appear, to seem, to pretend + to have + PII.
Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Eg: He seems to have passed the exam = It seems that he has passed the exam.
She pretended to have read the mederial = She pretended that she had read the
mederial.
_ To be sorry + to have + PII: hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc sorry.
Eg: The girl was sorry to have missed the Rock concert = The girl was sorry that she
has missed the Rock concert.
_ Dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ sau ë thÓ bÞ ®éng: to acknowledge, to believe, to consider, to
find, to know, to record, to say, to suppose, to think, to understand.
Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Eg: He was believed to have gone out of the country = It was believed that he had
gone out of the country.
_ Dïng víi to claim, expect, hope, promise.
§Æc biÖt lu ý hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh sÏ ë t¬ng lai hoµn thµnh so víi th×
®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Eg: He expects to have graduated by June = He expects that he will have graduated
by June.
He promised to have told me the secret by the end of this week = He promised that he
would have told me the secret by the end of this week.
§ã lµ lèi nãi gép hai ý trong c©u lµm mét th«ng qua mét sè c¸c thµnh ng÷:
1. Not only ... but also = kh«ng nh÷ng ... mµ cßn
_C¸c thùc thÓ sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (C«ng thøc 1,
2 trang 185)
_Thµnh phÇn sau but also thêng quy ®Þnh thµnh phÇn sau not only
Eg: Robert is not only talented but also handsome.
Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin
He writes not only correctly but also neatly.
2. As well as = còng nh
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_C¸c thµnh phÇn tríc vµ sau thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (C«ng
thøc 1, 2 trang 186)
Eg: Robert is talented as well as handsome.
_Kh«ng ®îc nhÇm thµnh ng÷ nµy víi as well as cña hiÖn tîng ®ång chñ ng÷ mang nghÜa
"cïng víi"
Eg: The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.
3. Both ... and = c¶ ... lÉn
_C«ng thøc dïng gièng hÖt not only...but also
_Both chØ dïng ®îc víi and, kh«ng dïng ®îc víi as well as.
MÖnh ®Ò nhîng bé
_Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò diÔn ®¹t hai ý tr¸i ngîc nhau trong cïng mét c©u.
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Although/ Albeit (more formal) + adj/adv/adverbial modifier = dÉu sao, tuy r»ng.
Eg: Her appointment was a significant, although/ albeit temporary success.
He performed the task well, although/albeit slowly.
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tiÕng anh viÕt
TiÕng Anh viÕt kh¸c tiÕng Anh nãi v× nã quy ®Þnh ng÷ ph¸p vµ tõ vùng ph¶i hÕt søc quy
chuÈn ®Ó t¹o thµnh formal written English. Nã liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:
Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã hai thµnh phÇn cã liªn quan ®Õn nhau vÒ mÆt thêi gian th×
thêi cña ®éng tõ ë hai thµnh phÇn ®ã ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng víi nhau, thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh thêi ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò phô.
Main clause Dependent clause
- Simple present - Present progressive
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra cïng lóc víi hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
- Simple present - Will/can/may/ be going to + v
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét thêi gian t¬ng
lai kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc t¬ng lai gÇn.
Eg: P.205 (Clift)
- Simple present - Simple past
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét qu¸ khø ®îc
x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian.
Eg: I hope they arrived safely.
- Simple present -Presentperfect/Present perfect progressive
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét qu¸ khø
kh«ng ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian.
Eg: P.205
- Simple past - Past progressive/simple past
Hµnh ®éng mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra cïng lóc víi hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong qu¸ khø.
Eg: P.205
- Simple past - Would/could/might + V
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét t¬ng lai cña
qu¸ khø.
Eg: P.206
- Simple past - Past perfect
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh, lïi s©u h¬n n÷a vµo
trong qu¸ khø.
Eg: P.206
Chó ý: Nh÷ng nguyªn t¾c trªn chØ ®îc ¸p dông khi c¸c mÖnh ®Ò trong c©u cã liªn hÖ víi
nhau vÒ mÆt thêi gian. Nhng nÕu c¸c mÖnh ®Ò trong c©u cã thêi gian riªng biÖt th× ®éng tõ ph¶i
tu©n theo thêi gian cña chÝnh mÖnh ®Ò ®ã.
Eg: He promised to call me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.
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c¸ch sö dông to say, to tell
NÕu sau chñ ng÷ kh«ng cã t©n ng÷ nµo mµ ®Õn liªn tõ that ngay th× dïng to say.
(C«ng thøc 1 trang 207)
Nhng nÕu sau chñ ng÷ cã mét t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp råi míi ®Õn liªn tõ that th× ph¶i dïng to
tell.
(C«ng thøc 2 trang 207)
Eg: He says that he will be busy tomorrow.
He tells me that he will be busy tomorrow.
Sau to tell vÉn cã thÓ cã mét sè t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp dï bÊt k× hoµn c¶nh nµo.
(B¶ng 3 trang 207)
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c¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô
Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã chung mét chñ ng÷ gåm hai thµnh phÇn: mÖnh ®Ò phô cã thÓ
më ®Çu b»ng mét V-ing (chiÕm ®a sè) - 1 PII (nÕu mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng) - 1 V-inf (nÕu chØ môc
®Ých) - 1 ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc mét ng÷ giíi tõ (nÕu chØ sù t¬ng øng)
Khi sö dông lo¹i c©u nµy cÇn hÕt søc lu ý chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµ chñ
ng÷ hîp lý cña mÖnh ®Ò phô. (Eg: P.213)
Th«ng thêng cã 6 giíi tõ ®øng tríc 1 V-ing më ®Çu cho mét mÖnh ®Ò phô: by (b»ng c¸ch,
bëi), upon, after (sau khi), before (tríc khi), while (trong khi), when (khi).
Note: On + ®éng tõ chØ tr¹ng th¸i/ In + ®éng tõ chØ hµnh ®éng = when/while
Eg: On finding (when finding) the door ajar, I aroused suspicion.
(Khi thÊy cö hÐ më, t«i n¶y sinh mèi nghi ngê)
In searching (while searching) for underground deposits of oil geologist often
rely on magnometer.
Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò phô ph¶i do thêi ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh quyÕt ®Þnh. Hai
hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng lóc. (Eg: P213)
NÕu being vµ having më ®Çu c©u phô th× tríc chóng Èn giíi tõ because.
Eg: Being a good student, he can always pass his exam easily.
(Because he is...)
Having a terrible toothache, Phillip called the dentist for an appointment
(Because he had...)
V-inf chØ môc ®Ých më ®Çu c©u phô
Eg: Incorrect: To prevent cavities, detal floss should be used daily after brushing one's
teeth.
Correct: To prevent cavities, one should use dental floss after brushing one's teeth.
Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ sù t¬ng øng.
Incorrect: A competitive sports, gymnasts must perform before a parel of judges who use
their knowledge of rules and skills to determine which participant will win.
Correct:In a gymnastic competitive sport game, gymnasts...
Ph©n tõ hai (PII) më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ bÞ ®éng:
Correct:Found in Tazania by Mary Leaky, the 3 million year - old forsils were estimated
by archeologists to be the oldest human remains that had ever been discovered.
Incorrect: Found in Tazania by Mary Leaky, some archeologists estimated that the 3
million year old forsils were the oldest human remains that were discovered.
CÊu tróc nµy cßn ¸p dông cho c¶ mÉu c©u cã mÖnh ®Ò phô më ®Çu = Although + adj/PII
Eg: Although (he was) nervous, he gained a wonderful speech.
Although (it had been) damaged, the machine was still functioning.
HoÆc cã thÓ dïng when + PII më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô.
Eg: When (it is) shown through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the
colors of the rainbow.
NÕu hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lÉn mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Òu x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø mµ hµnh
®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô lïi s©u h¬n n÷a vµo trong qu¸ khø th× c«ng thøc sÏ lµ:
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(Not) + having + PII... , S + simple past.
Tríc having cã Èn hai giíi tõ lµ because, after. ViÖc hiÓu 2 giíi tõ nµy cßn tuú thuéc ng÷
c¶nh cña mÉu c©u. (Eg: P.214)
NÕu hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra ë bÞ ®éng th× c«ng thøc lµ:
(After/because) + (not) + having been + PII ... S + simple past.
Eg: P.214
§Æc biÖt lu ý r»ng c¸c cÊu tróc nµy cßn cã thÓ ¸p dông cho c¶ mÉu c©u mµ c¶ hai thêi cña
®éng tõ sÏ diÔn biÕn ë present perfect - simple present (tuy r»ng rÊt hiÕm)
Eg: Having seen the children's work, Mr.Adams approved their request to go home.
(After she has seen... , Mr. Adams approves... )
Ph¶i hÕt søc lu ý r»ng ®iÒu quan träng nhÊt trong viÖc sö dông 2 mÉu c©u trªn vÉn ph¶i lµ
chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ph¶i lµ chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña mÖnh ®Ò phô.
1. Ph©n tõ 1 PI dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:
§øng ngay tríc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.
Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÓ chñ ®éng
Hµnh ®éng ®ã ®ang ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn
§éng tõ ®îc sö dông lµm tÝnh tõ ph¶i kh«ng ®ßi hái mét t©n ng÷ nµo (néi ®éng tõ)
Eg: P217
2. Ph©n tõ II lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:
§øng ngay tríc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.
Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÓ bÞ ®éng
Hµnh ®éng ®ã ph¶i x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Eg: P217.
Note: mét sè ®éng tõ nh to increase, to bore, to excite, to frighten... khi sö dông ph¶i rÊt
cÈn thËn vÒ viÖc nh÷ng ph©n tõ ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ xuÊt ph¸t tõ nh÷ng ®éng tõ nµy mang
nghÜa chñ hay bÞ ®éng.
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c©u thõa
Khi th«ng tin trong mét c©u bÞ lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i díi d¹ng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt th× gäi lµ c©u thõa
vµ ph¶i lo¹i bá nã.
Ngêi Anh kh«ng dïng the reason because mµ dïng the reason that..
Eg: The reason I take this course is that it's necessary for me.
Ngêi Anh kh«ng dïng it is the time when mµ dïng mét trong 2.
Eg: It is the time I got to the airport hoÆc It is when...
Ngêi Anh kh«ng dïng it is the place where mµ chØ dïng 1 trong 2.
Eg: It is the place I was born.
Khi th«ng tin trong 1 c©u ®îc ®a ra díi d¹ng hµng lo¹t th× c¸c thµnh phÇn ®îc liÖt kª ph¶i
song song víi nhau vÒ ng÷ ph¸p (danh tõ/danh tõ, tÝnh tõ/tÝnh tõ)
Th«ng thêng th× thµnh phÇn ®Çu tiªn sau ®éng tõ sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh c¸c thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i.
Eg: P222
Tuy nhiªn nÕu thêi gian trong c©u kh¸c nhau th× ®éng tõ còng ph¶i tu©n theo quy luËt thêi
gian. Lóc ®ã cÊu tróc song song kh«ng tån t¹i.
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Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp
NÕu lêi nãi vµ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra cïng mét ngµy th× kh«ng cÇn ph¶i biÕn ®æi thêi gian.
Eg:At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today"
At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today.
C¸c suy luËn logic vÒ mÆt thêi gian tÊt nhiªn cÇn thiÕt nÕu lêi nãi ®îc thuËt l¹i sau 1
hoÆc 2 ngµy.
69
Eg: (On Monday) he said: "I will be leaving on Wednesday"
(On Tuesday) he said he would be leaving tomorrow.
(On Wednesday) he said he would be leaving today.
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Sù ®¶o ngîc phã tõ
Trong mét sè trêng hîp, c¸c phã tõ kh«ng ®øng ë vÞ trÝ b×nh thêng cña nã mµ ®¶o lªn
®øng ®Çu c©u nh»m nhÊn m¹nh vµo chñ ng÷. Trong trêng hîp ®ã, ng÷ ph¸p sÏ cã biÕn ®æi: sau
phã tõ ®øng ®Çu c©u lµ trî ®éng tõ råi míi ®Õn chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh. (C«ng thøc 1 trang
227)
Mét sè d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ®Çu c©u:
In/under no circumstances: dï trong bÊt cø hoµn c¶nh nµo còng kh«ng.
Eg: In/under no circumstances should you lend him the money.
On no account: dï bÊt cø lý do g× còng kh«ng ®îc
Eg: On no account must this switch be touched.
Only in this way: chØ b»ng c¸ch nµy
Eg: Only in this way could the problem solved.
In no way: kh«ng sao cã thÓ
Eg: In no way could I agree with you.
Negative... , nor + auxilary + S + main verb
Eg: He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.
(Anh ta kh«ng cã tiÒn, mµ anh ta còng kh«ng biÕt bÊt k× ai ®Ó cã thÓ vay ®îc).
By no means: hoµn toµn kh«ng
Eg: By no means does he intend.
Khi mét mÖnh ®Ò më ®Çu b»ng c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc trËt tù th× ®éng tõ chÝnh
cã thÓ ®æi lªn chñ ng÷ nhng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ trong trêng hîp nµy.
Clause of place/order + main verb + S (no auxilary)
Eg: In front of the museum is a statue.
First came the police, then came the ambulance.
Khi mét ng÷ giíi tõ lµm phã tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÓm hoÆc ph¬ng híng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, c¸c néi
®éng tõ sÏ ®Æt lªn tríc chñ ng÷ nhng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ trong lo¹i c©u
nµy. Nã rÊt phæ biÕn trong v¨n miªu t¶ khi nã ®îc diÔn ®¹t cïng víi mét sè chñ ng÷ kh«ng x¸c
®Þnh.
Eg: Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I have ever seen.
Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
On the grass set an enormous frog.
Along the road came a strange procession.
TÝnh tõ còng cã thÓ ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµ sau ®ã lµ ®éng tõ nèi nhng tuyÖt ®èi
kh«ng ®îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ.
Eg: So determined was she that she taught school and gave music lessons for her
tution fees.
Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta còng cã thÓ ®¶o toµn bé ®éng tõ chÝnh lªn trªn chñ ng÷ ®Ó
nhÊn m¹nh. Nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®îc ®¶o lªn trªn trong trêng hîp nµy phÇn lín ®Òu mang s¾c th¸i bÞ
®éng nhng hoµn toµn kh«ng cã nghÜa bÞ ®éng.
Eg: Lost, however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as
well as many medicinal practices.
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(Tuy nhiªn, nh÷ng bÝ mËt cña nh÷ng nhµ thiªn v¨n ngêi Mayan, nh÷ng nhµ x©y dùng ng-
êi Inca còng nh nhiÒu bµi thuèc ®· mÊt ®i vÜnh viÔn)
Mét sè phã tõ ®i kÌm víi ®éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng còng cã thÓ ®øng trªn ®©u c©u vµ sau
®ã lµ mét danh tõ lµm chñ ng÷.
Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up ... + motion verb + noun/noun phrase (as
Subject)
Eg: Away went the runners.
Down fell a dozen of apples.
Chó ý: nhng nÕu sau chñ ng÷ lµ mét ®¹i tõ nh©n xng th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ®øng sau chñ ng÷.
Eg: Away they went
Around and round it flew.
Trong tiÕng Anh viÕt, c¸c ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu b»ng c¸c giíi tõ nh down, from, in, on,
over, out of, round up... cã thÓ ®îc theo sau ngay bëi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ vÞ trÝ nh crouch, hang,
lie, sit, stand hoÆc c¸c d¹ng ®éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng hoÆc mét sè ®éng tõ nh be born, die,
live hoÆc mét sè d¹ng ®éng tõ kh¸c.
Eg: From the raffters hung the strings of onion.
In the doorway stood a man with a gun.
On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
Over the wall came a shower of stones.
(Come over: phñ lªn)
Lu ý: ba vÝ dô ®Çu cña c¸c vÝ dô trªn cã thÓ diÔn ®¹t b»ng mét V-ing më ®Çu cho c©u vµ
®éng tõ to be ®¶o lªn trªn chñ ng÷.
Eg: Hanging from the rafters was strings of onion.
Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.
Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.
HiÖn tîng nµy cßn x¶y ra khi chñ ng÷ sau c¸c phã tõ so s¸nh nh as, than.
Eg: She was religious, as were most of her friends.
City dwellers have a higher death rate than do country people.
T©n ng÷ mang tÝnh nhÊn m¹nh còng cã thÓ ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u.
Eg: Not a single word did he say.
Here, there hoÆc mét sè phã tõ ®i kÕt hîp víi ®éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u
còng ph¶i ®¶o ®éng tõ lªn trªn chñ ng÷ nÕu chñ ng÷ ®ã lµ mét danh tõ.
Eg: Here come Freddy.
There goes your brother.
I stopped the car, and up walked a policeman.
Nhng nÕu chñ ng÷ lµ mét ®¹i tõ th× kh«ng ®îc ®¶o ®éng tõ.
Eg: Here he comes.
Off we go.
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c¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷
ph¸p
Mét trong sè hai bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p cña Toefl ®îc cho díi d¹ng mét c©u cho s½n vµ ®Ó trèng
mét phÇn, díi lµ 4 c©u ®Ó ®iÒn. Trong 4 c©u chØ cã 1 c©u ®óng. §Ó t×m 1 c©u ®óng cÇn theo c¸c
bíc sau:
1. KiÓm tra lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n
Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ vÞ ng÷.
C¸ch sö dông c¸c tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ.
VÞ trÝ cña c¸c phã tõ theo thø tù: chØ ph¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng - ®Þa ®iÓm - thêi gian - ph-
¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng - t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng.
Sù phèi hîp gi÷a c¸c thêi ®éng tõ.
Xem xÐt viÖc sö dông hîp lý c¸c ®¹i tõ trong c©u.
CÊu tróc c©u song song.
2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh rêm rµ.
a. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao gåm 1 thµnh ng÷ dµi, tuy kh«ng sai nhng cã 1 tõ ng¾n h¬n
®Ó thay thÕ.
Eg: P.229
Lu ý: Ph¶i hÕt søc cÈn thËn v× mét sè tÝnh tõ tËn cïng b»ng ®u«i ly kh«ng thÓ cÊu t¹o
phã tõ b»ng ®u«i nµy. Phã tõ cña nh÷ng tÝnh tõ nµy lµ: in a + adj_ly +manner/ way
Eg: He bahaved me in a friendly way/manner.
Ph¶i cÈn thËn khi dïng tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ fresh.
In a fresh manner = mét c¸ch t¬i (adv)
Eg: This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh manner.
Freshly + PII = võa míi
Eg: Freshly - picked fruit
Freshly - laid eggs (trøng gµ míi ®Î)
b. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng tõ thõa trong c©u thõa
3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ®îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phôc vô cho nghÜa cña
bµi. §Æc biÖt lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ.
let up: weather
let out: class
4. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng kh«ng ®îc phÐp dïng trong tiÕng Anh quy
chuÈn (former written English)
Eg: buck _ dollar
police_cop
Eg p.230: in a bunch of: mét ®èng, mét ®µn (tiÕng lãng)
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Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn
- §ã lµ nh÷ng tõ rÊt dÔ bÞ nhÇm vÒ chÝnh t¶, ng÷ nghÜa, ph¸t ©m. CÇn ph¶i ph©n biÖt râ
chóng b»ng ng÷ c¶nh.
Page 264.
To cite: trÝch dÉn
site: khu ®Êt
sight: khe ng¾m, tÇm ng¾m; quang c¶nh, c¶nh tîng.
to sight: quan s¸t, nh×n thÊy
- Dessert: mãn tr¸ng miÖng
Desert: sa m¹c
Desert: bá, bá mÆc
- Later: sau ®ã, råi th× (thêng céng víi ®éng tõ t¬ng lai)
Later >< early (tríc ®ã)
The latter: c¸i thø 2, ngêi thø 2, c¸i sau, ngêi sau. (>< The former)
- Principal: (n): hiÖu trëng (trêng phæ th«ng)
(adj): chÝnh, chñ yÕu
Principle: (n): nguyªn t¾c, luËt lÖ
- Affect: (v): t¸c ®éng ®Õn
Effect: (n): ¶nh hëng, hiÖu qu¶
(v): thùc hiÖn, ®em l¹i
- Already (adv): ®·
All ready: tÊt c¶ ®· s½n sµng
- Among: trong sè (dïng cho 3 ngêi, 3 vËt trë lªn)
- Between...and: gi÷a...vµ (chØ dïng cho 2 ngêi, 2 vËt)
Note:
+Between...and: cßn ®îc dïng ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ chÝnh x¸c cña mét quèc gia n»m gi÷a nh÷ng
quèc gia kh¸c cho dï ®ã lµ 3 trë lªn.
Eg: Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia
+Among = one of/some of/included in (mét trong sè, mét sè trong, kÓ c¶, bao gåm)
Eg: Among the first to arrive was the ambassador.
He has a number of criminals among his friends.
+Between cßn ®îc dïng cho kho¶ng c¸ch giíi h¹n gi÷a c¸c vËt vÒ kh«ng gian vµ thêi
gian.
Eg: We need 2 metres between the windows.
I will be at your office between 9 and 11
+Dïng between khi muèn ®Ò cËp ®Õn 2 vËt hoÆc 2 nhãm vËt ë vÒ 2 phÝa.
Eg: A little valley between high mountains.
I saw something between the wheels of the car.
+Different + between: not among
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Eg: What are the differences between crow and jackdaws?
+Between each + noun (and the next) (more formal)
Eg: We need 2 meters between each window (and the next)
There seems to be let and let time between each birthday (and the next)
Devide + between (not among)
Eg: He devided the gifts between his wife, his daughter and his teacher.
+ Share + between/among
Eg: He shared the food between/among all my friends
Consecutive: liªn tôc (kh«ng cã tÝnh ng¾t qu·ng)
+ Successive: liªn tôc (cã tÝnh ng¾t qu·ng)
Emigrant: ngêi di c
+ Immigrant: ngêi nhËp c
Formerly: tríc kia
+ Formally: chØnh tÒ (¨n mÆc); chÝnh thøc.
Historic: + næi tiÕng, quan träng trong lÞch sö
Eg: The historic spot on which the early setters landed in North America.
+ mang tÝnh lÞch sö
Eg: Historic times/ Historic building
- Historical: + thuéc vÒ lÞch sö
Eg: Historical research.
+ cã thËt trong lÞch sö
Eg: Historical people
Historical events
Helpless: v« väng, tuyÖt väng
+ Useless: v« dông.
Imaginary: kh«ng cã thùc, tëng tîng.
+ Imaginative: phong phó, bay bæng (vÒ trÝ tëng tîng)
75
mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm kh¸c
76
Certain (discertain)
Eg: Certainly/I'm certain that he didn't steal it.
+ Sure: tin r»ng (kh«ng biÕt ch¾c, nãi theo c¶m nhËn, nghÜa yÕu h¬n certain)
Eg: Surely/I'm sure that he didn't steal it.
Indeed
+ Very indeed (®øng sau mét tÝnh tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ)
Eg: Thank you very much indeed.
I was very pleased indeed to hear from you.
+ Indeed dïng sau to be hoÆc aux: x¸c nhËn hoÆc nhÊn m¹nh cho sù ®ång ý (thêng dïng
cho c©u tr¶ lêi ng¾n).
Eg: It is cold
It is indeed.
Ill (B.E) = Sick (A.E) = èm
Eg: George didn't come in last week because he was ill (he was sick)
+ Sick + n = èm yÕu, bÖnh tËt
Eg: He spent 20 years looking after his sick - father.
+ Be sick = feel sick: n«n, buån n«n (say tÇu, xe)
Eg: He was sick 3 times in the night.
I feel sick! Where's the bathroom?
She's never sea sick.
Welcome (adj) = ®îc mong ®îi, ®îc chê ®îi tõ l©u (thó vÞ)
Eg: A welcome guess: kh¸ch quý, kh¸ch bÊy l©u mong ®îi.
A welcome gift: mãn quµ thó vÞ
Welcome to + n: cã quyÒn, ®îc phÐp sö dông.
Eg: You are welcome to any book in my library.
Welcoming (ph©n tõ 1 cÊu t¹o tõ welcome, dïng lµm tÝnh tõ)
+ Chµo ®ãn, ®ãn tiÕp ©n cÇn
Eg: This country had given me a welcoming feeling.
+ Hoan nghªnh, t¸n ®ång (ý kiÕn)
Eg: To show a welcoming idea: béc lé ý kiÕn t¸n ®ång.
Be certain/Sure of + V-ing: ch¾c ch¾n lµ (®Ò cËp ®Õn t×nh c¶m cña ngêi ®ang ®îc nãi
®Õn)
Eg: Before the game, she felt certain of wining, but after a few minutes, she realized
it wasn't going to be easy.
You seem very sure of passing the exam. I hope you are right.
Be certain/sure + to + V (®Ò cËp ®Õn t×nh c¶m cña chÝnh ngêi nãi hoÆc ngêi viÕt c©u
®ã)
Eg: The repairs are certain to cost more than you think.
Elen is sure to win - the other girl doesn't have a chance.
Be interested + to + v: thÊy thÝch, thÊy thó vÞ khi
77
Eg: I'm interested to read in the paper that scientists have found out how to talk to the
whales.
Be interested in + V-ing/ + to + V: muèn biÕt, muèn ph¸t hiÖn, t×m ra
Eg: I'm interested in finding out/to find out what she did with all that money.
Be interested in + V-ing: thÊy thÝch, thÝch, muèn.
Eg: I'm interested in learning higher education in the U.S
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giíi tõ
1. During: trong suèt (hµnh ®éng diÔn ra liªn tôc) (For + time: kh«ng cã hµnh ®éng, chØ
tr¹ng th¸i)
2. From (>< to)
From...to: tõ...®Õn (dïng cho thêi gian vµ ®Þa ®iÓm)
From time to time: ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng.
3. Out of: ra khái (>< into)
Out of + noun: hÕt, kh«ng cßn
Out of town: ®i v¾ng
Out of date: cò, l¹c hËu, lçi thêi (>< up to date)
Out of work: thÊt nghiÖp, mÊt viÖc
Out of the question: kh«ng thÓ
Out of order: háng, kh«ng ho¹t ®éng.
4. By
§éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng + by = ®i ngang qua
§éng tõ tÜnh + by = ë gÇn
By + thêi gian cô thÓ = tríc lóc, cho ®Õn lóc (hµnh ®éng cho ®Õn lóc ®ã ®· ph¶i x¶y ra)
By + ph¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng = ®i
By then = cho ®Õn lóc ®ã, tríc lóc ®ã (dïng cho c¶ qu¸ khø vµ t¬ng lai)
By way of = via: theo ®êng, theo ng¶
By the way: t×nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn; (=by the by): nh©n ®©y, tiÖn ®©y.
By far + so s¸nh (thêng lµ bËc nhÊt): dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh.
By accident/by mistake: t×nh cê (>< on purpose: cã chñ ®Þnh)
5. In: bªn trong
In + month/year
In time (for) = in good time (for): ®óng giê (thêng kÞp lµm g×, h¬i sím h¬n so víi dù
®Þnh mét chót).
In the street: díi lßng ®êng
In the morning/afternoon/evening
In the past/in the future: tríc kia, trong qu¸ khø, trong t¬ng lai.
In future = from now on: tõ nay trë ®i.
In the beginning, in the end = at first, at last: tho¹t ®Çu, rèt cuéc
In the way: ®ç ngang lèi, ch¾n ngang lèi.
Once in a while: ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng.
In no time at all: trong nh¸y m¾t, trong mét tho¸ng
In the mean time = at the same time = mean while: cïng lóc.
In the middle of: ë gi÷a (®Þa ®iÓm)
79
In the army/airforce/navy.
In + the + sè thø tù + row: ë hµng thø
In the event that: trong trêng hîp mµ
In case: ®Ó phßng khi, ®Ó ngé nhì.
To get, to be in touch/contact with somebody: liªn l¹c, tiÕp xóc víi (ai)
6.On: trªn (bÒ mÆt)
On + thø (tuÇn), ngµy (th¸ng)
On + a, the + ph¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng: trªn chuyÕn, ®· lªn chuyÕn
On + phè = ë phè (B.A: in)
On the + sè thø tù + floor: ë tÇng thø
On time: võa ®óng giê (bÊt chÊp ®iÒu kiÖn bªn ngoµi). NghÜa m¹nh h¬n in time.
On the corner of: ë gãc phè (gi÷a 2 phè)
Note: in the corner: ë gãc trong; at the corner: ë gãc ngoµi/ë ®Çu phè.
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