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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
Nowadays, concrete made with Portland cement is probably the most widely used man
made material in the world. Despite this fact, concrete production is one of the concerns worldwide
that impact the environment with major impact being global warming due to CO
2
emission during
production of cement. It is estimated that cement production is responsible for about 3% of the
global and throgenic greenhouse gas emission and for 5% of the global anthrogenic CO
2
emission
[12].

As about 50% of the CO
2
released during cement production is related to the
decomposition of limestone during burning, mixing of clinker with supplementary materials called
blending is considered as a very effective way to reduce CO
2
emission
[12]

Most common blending materials used in cement production added in plant or sites are
industrial wastes. This is due to the fact that recycling of industrial wastes as blending materials
has technical, economical and environmental benefits besides the reduction of CO
2
emission from
cement production.
Cement consist of grinding the raw materials, mixing them intimately in certain proportions
depending upon their purity and composition and burning them in kiln at a temperature about 1300

to 1500
0
C,at which temperature, the material sinters and partially fuses to form nodular shaped
clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground to fine powder with additions of about 3 to 5% of
gypsum. The product formed by using this procedure is Portland cement.
There are two processes known as wet and dry processes depending upon whether the
mixing and grinding of raw materials is done in wet or dry conditions. With a little change in the
above process we have the semi-dry process also where the raw materials are ground dry and then
mixed with about 10-14 per cent of water and further burnt to clinkering temperature.
Concrete is strength and tough material but it is porous material also which interacts with
the surrounding Environment. The durability of concrete depends largely on the movement of
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water and gas enters and moves through it. The permeability of concrete depends on its pores
structure even the best of concrete is not gas tight or water tight. The permeability is an indicator
of concretes ability to transport water more precisely with both mechanism that is controlling the
uptake and transport of water and gaseous substances into cementitious material. Permeability is a
measure of flow of water under pressure in a saturated porous medium while Sorptivity is
materials ability to absorb and transmit water through it by capillary suction.
Marble industry produces large amounts of waste marble e what causes environmental
problems. In paving blocks based on two cement types we have partly replaced aggregate with
waste marble. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on blocks so produced. The cement
type turns out to be an important factor. Mechanical strength decreases with increasing marble
content while freeze-that durability and abrasive wear resistance increase. Waste marble is well
usable instead of the usual aggregate in the concrete paving block production.
The marble has been commonly used as a building material since ancient times. Disposal of
the waste materials of the marble industry, consisting of very fine powders, is one of the
environmental problems worldwide today. However, these waste materials can be successfully and
economically utilized to improve some properties of fresh and hardened self-compacting concrete
(SCC).
Cement consist of grinding the raw materials, mixing them intimately in certain proportions
depending upon their purity and composition and burning them in kiln at a temperature about 1300

to 1500
0
C,at which temperature, the material sinters and partially fuses to form nodular shaped
clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground to fine powder with additions of about 3 to 5% of
gypsum. The product formed by using this procedure is Portland cement.
There are two processes known as wet and dry processes depending upon whether the
mixing and grinding of raw materials is done in wet or dry conditions. With a little change in the
above process we have the semi-dry process also where the raw materials are ground dry and then
mixed with about 10-14 per cent of water and further burnt to clinkering temperature.
Marble industry produces large amounts of waste marble e what causes environmental
problems. In paving blocks based on two cement types we have partly replaced aggregate with
waste marble. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on blocks so produced. The cement
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type turns out to be an important factor. Mechanical strength decreases with increasing marble
content while freeze-thaw durability and abrasive wear resistance increase. Waste marble is well
usable instead of the usualaggregate in the concrete paving block production.
Concrete is strength and tough material but it is porous material also which interacts with
the surrounding environment.The durability of concrete depends largely on the movement of water
and gas enters and moves through it. The permeability of concrete depends on its pores structure
even the best of concrete is not gas tight or water tight. The permeability is an indicator of
concretes ability to transport water more precisely with both mechanism that is controlling the
uptake and transport of water and gaseous substances into cementitious material. Permeability is a
measure of flow of water under pressure in a saturated porous medium while Sorptivity is
materials ability to absorb and transmit water through it by capillary suction.
The marble has been commonly used as a building material since ancient times. Disposal of
the waste materials of the marble industry, consisting of very fine powders, is one of the
environmental problems worldwide today. However, these waste materials can be successfully and
economically utilized to improve some properties of fresh and hardened self-compacting concrete
(SCC).
The aim of this study is to find some relationship between properties of the fresh SCC and
the hardened SCC containing marble powder. For this purpose, the mix design approach based on
monogram developed by Monteiro and co-workers for normal vibrated concrete was adapted to
SCC mixes. In order to obtain this monogram, a series of SCC mixes with different water/cement
ratios and water/powder ratios were prepared. Several tests such as slump-flow, T
500
time, L-box,
V-funnel and sieve segregation resistance were applied for fresh concrete and tests such as
compressive strength and split-tension strength at 7 28 days were performed for hardened
concrete. In conclusion, the mix design method based on monogram can be suggested for
preliminary design in SCC
Nowadays, concrete made with Portland cement is probably the most widely used man
made material in the world. Despite this fact, concrete production is one of the concerns worldwide
that impact the environment with major impact being global warming due to CO
2
emission during
production of cement. It is estimated that cement production is responsible for about 3% of the
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global anthrogenic greenhouse gas emission and for 5% of the global anthrogenic CO
2
emission
[12]
.
As about 50% of the CO
2
released during cement production is related to the
decomposition of limestone during burning, mixing of clinker with supplementary materials called
blending is considered as a very effective way to reduce CO
2
emission
[12]
.
Most common blending materials used in cement production added in plant or sites are
industrial wastes. This is due to the fact that recycling of industrial wastes as blending materials
has technical, economical and environmental benefits besides the reduction of CO
2
emission from
cement production.
The technical importance of using wastes and by-products in concrete production is
expressed by performance improvement of concrete. The economical benefit usually attributes to
the reduction of the amount of expensive and or scarce ingredients with cheap materials.
Environmentally, when industrial wastes are recycled not only the CO
2
emissions are reduced but
residual products from other industries are reused and therefore less material is dumped as landfill
and more natural resources are saved
[28]
.
Fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume are most widely used industrial wastes in place
of cement for concrete production attributed to their reactivity nature called pozzolanic behavior.
In addition to pozzolanas, other inert by-products and waste materials have been used in
concrete and mortar production as inert filler for similar reasons. Among these, marble waste
powder which is a by-product of marble processing factory was studied by many researchers for its
use in concrete and mortar production as sand replacing or cement replacing material. Most of the
researches showed positive results and benefits. However as the by-product i.e. the powder differs
chemically depending on the parent marble rocks which depends on the locality, degree of
metamorphism and other factors; and also as the physical characteristics of the by-product depends
on the polishing work, it is necessary to conduct similar research in our country to incorporate it in
concrete and cement production for reduction of environmental pollution and sustainable use of
natural resources.
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The aim of this study is to find some relationship between properties of the fresh SCC and
the hardened SCC containing marble powder. For this purpose, the mix design approach based on
monogram developed by Monteiro and co-workers for normal vibrated concrete was adapted to
SCC mixes. In order to obtain this monogram, a series of SCC mixes with different water/cement
ratios and water/powder ratios were prepared. Several tests such as slump-flow, T
500
time, L-box,
V-funnel and sieve segregation resistance were applied for fresh concrete and tests such as
compressive strength and split-tension strength at 7 & 28 days were performed for hardened
concrete. In conclusion, the mix design method based on monogram can be suggested for
preliminary design in SCC
Nowadays, concrete made with Portland cement is probably the most widely used man
made material in the world. Despite this fact, concrete production is one of the concerns worldwide
that impact the environment with major impact being global warming due to CO
2
emission during
production of cement. It is estimated that cement production is responsible for about 3% of the
global anthrogenic greenhouse gas emission and for 5% of the global anthrogenic CO
2
emission
[12].

As about 50% of the CO
2
released during cement production is related to the
decomposition of limestone during burning, mixing of clinker with supplementary materials called
blending is considered as a very effective way to reduce CO
2
emission
[12].

Most common blending materials used in cement production added in plant or sites are
industrial wastes. This is due to the fact that recycling of industrial wastes as blending materials
has technical, economical and environmental benefits besides the reduction of CO
2
emission from
cement production.
The technical importance of using wastes and by-products in concrete production is
expressed by performance improvement of concrete. The economical benefit usually attributes to
the reduction of the amount of expensive and or scarce ingredients with cheap materials.
Environmentally, when industrial wastes are recycled not only the CO
2
emissions are reduced but
residual products from other industries are reused and therefore less material is dumped as landfill
and more natural resources are saved
[28]
.
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Fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica ume are most widely used industrial wastes in place
of cement for concrete production attributed to their reactivity nature called pozzolanic behavior.
In addition to pozzolanas, other inert by-products and waste materials have been used in
concrete and mortar production as inert filler for similar reasons. Among these, marble waste
powder which is a by-product of marble processing factory was studied by many researchers for its
use in concrete and mortar production as sand replacing or cement replacing material. Most of the
researches showed positive results and benefits. However as the by-product i.e. the powder differs
chemically depending on the parent marble rocks which depends on the locality, degree of
metamorphism and other factors; and also as the physical characteristics of the by-product depends
on the polishing work, it is necessary to conduct similar research in our country to incorporate it in
concrete and cement production for reduction of environmental pollution and sustainable use of
natural resources.
The difference between fly ash and Portland cement becomes apparent under a microscope.
Fly ash particles are almost totally spherical in shape, allowing them to flow and blend freely in
mixtures. That capability is one of the properties making fly ash a desirable admixture for
concrete.
The technical importance of using wastes and by-products in concrete production is
expressed by performance improvement of concrete. The economical benefit usually attributes to
the reduction of the amount of expensive and or scarce ingredients with cheap materials.
Environmentally, when industrial wastes are recycled not only the CO
2
emissions are reduced but
residual products from other industries are reused and therefore less material is dumped as landfill
and more natural resources are saved
[28]
.
Fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume are most widely used industrial wastes in place
of cement for concrete production attributed to their reactivity nature called pozzolanic behavior.
In addition to pozzolanas, other inert by-products and waste materials have been used in
concrete and mortar production as inert filler for similar reasons. Among these, marble waste
powder which is a by-product of marble processing factory was studied by many researchers for its
use in concrete and mortar production as sand replacing or cement replacing material. Most of the
researches showed positive results and benefits. However as the by-product i.e. the powder differs
2013

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chemically depending on the parent marble rocks which depends on the locality, degree of
metamorphism and other factors; and also as the physical characteristics of the by-product depends
on the polishing work, it is necessary to conduct similar research in our country to incorporate it in
concrete and cement production for reduction of environmental pollution and sustainable use of
natural resources.
1.2. Production of Marble, as Dimensional Stone, in Rajasthan
The term dimensional stone is defined by United States Bureau of Mines as naturally
occurring rock material cut, shaped or selected for use in blocks, slabs, sheets or other construction
units of specified shapes or sizes and used for external or interior parts of buildings, foundations,
curbing, paving, flogging, bridges, revetments or other architectural or engineering purposes. The
term is also applied to quarry blocks from which pieces of fixed dimensions may be cut
[9].

Marble, granite, limestone, and sandstone provide the bulk of dimensional stone; although
slate, diorite, basalt and diabase are included. The classification of dimensional stone is not strictly
adhered to sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic grouping of geology, as the stone trade name
under granite refers to all true granite and gabbro, norite, and syenite. Likewise all crystalline
limestone, travertine, sandstone and serpentine that are capable of taking a polish are grouped
under marble in addition to the true marble
[9].

The commercial definition of marble refers to all crystalline rocks predominantly
composed of calcite, dolomite, or serpentine. The root word for marble-mar more- was used by the
Italians in ancient Rome, referring to all hard rocks capable of taking a polish including granite.
However, marble in the geologic usage is a metamorphosed limestone or dolostone, which
obliterated its original texture due to intensive re-crystallization
[9]
.
1.3. Justification for the project
There are two types of by-products of marble processing. During marble processing, 30%
of the stone (in case of unprocessed stone) goes to scrap because of being smaller size and/or
irregular shape. This is then sold to chip manufacturers. In case of semi-processed slab, the scrap
level reduces to 2-5%. The other waste material is slurry. It is basically the water containing
marble powder. The water is reused till it gets thick enough (70% water and 30% marble powder)
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to be reused. It can be safely estimated that 1 ton of marble stone processed in gang-saw or a
vertical/horizontal cutter produces almost 1 ton of slurry (70% water)
[29].

I n addition to loss, disposal of this waste material will cause the following environmental
problems:

a) If the waste is disposed on soils, the porosity and permeability of topsoil will be reduced, the
fine marble dust reduces the fertility of the soil by increasing its alkalinity
[7].

b) When the waste is dumped and dried out, the fine marble dust suspends in the air and slowly
spread out through wind to the nearby area.
[7]

c) When dumped along a catchment area of natural rainwater, it results in contamination of over
ground water reservoir and also cause drainage problem
[7]

Currently there are more than four marble processing plants in Rajasthan located in
different towns. The Rajasthan Marble Processing Enterprise and R.K Marble are located in
Kishangarh. The Rajasthan Marble Processing Enterprise has three branches located at Kankroli ,
Bani Sapole and Albeta sub city.
For instance Ordinary Portland cement and Portland Pozzolana cement types are the only
product produced by cement factories and found on the market for all types of work which is
expensive and uneconomical
[1]
. Trials to solve cement shortage only by increasing cement
factories have another negative environmental impact due to the emission of CO
2
from the
factories.
1.4. Objectives of the Project
In this project our main objective is to study the influence of partial replacement of cement
with marble powder, and to compare it with the compressive and tensile strength of ordinary M
20

concrete. We are also trying to find the percentage of marble powder replaced in concrete that
makes the strength of the concrete maximum.
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Nowadays marble powder has become a pollutant. So, by partially replacing cement with
marble powder, we are proposing a method that can be of great use in reducing pollution to a great
extent.
1. To study the influence of replacement of cement by marble waste powder on compressive
& tensile strength of M25 grade concrete.
2. To find the optimum percentage of replacement of cement with marble waste powder, so
that the strength of concrete is maximum.
1.5. Procedure
Fundamental for the formation of the whole project work, a comprehensive literature
review is made to understand the previous efforts which include the review of text books,
periodicals and academic journals, and research papers.
The method In order to achieve the objectives of the project and for the development of
concepts, which are followed to achieve the objectives of the project, determines the required data,
which intern is a ground to decide on type and method of data collection and their analysis.
Different alternative data collection methods such as experiments, observations and archival
records are examined and used when proved suitable.
Both primary data (collected personally) from the source itself and secondary data from
different sources is collected and used for the analysis. The test results were presented in tabular
and graphical forms and the analysis and discussions were also made on the project findings both
qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally based on the findings, conclusions and recommendations
were forwarded.
Step 1 we check the properties of the material used in the concrete mix design.
(a) Specific gravity of the cement
(b) Initial and final setting time of the cement
(c) Standard consistency of the cement
(d) Soundness of the cement
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(e) Sieve analysis of the coarse aggregate and Sand.
(f) Specific Gravity of Marble powder
(g) Water absorption of the coarse aggregate and Sand.
(h) Apparent Specific gravity of aggregate
(i) check the consistency of cement
Step 2 Prepare a M 25 Mix design
(a) By weight
(b) Check the slump value
(c) Comp. Strength and Split Tensile Strength of the mix design in 7 days and 14 Days resp.
Step 3 Casting of Cubes and Cylinders
Total number 24 cubes and 24 cylinders will be casted in a concrete lab. Marble powder
will be added in concrete in step of 6% (0%, 4%,8%, 12%,16% and 20%). For each percent of
marble powder replacing cement, 6cubes & 6 cylinders will be casted for 7 days,14days & 28
days.
Final strength of cube & cylinder will be tested after 7, 14 & 28 days of curing.
Compression testing machine is used for testing the compressive strength of cube and split tensile
strength of cylinder.
Step 4
The Crushing loads will be noted and average compressive strength and tensile strength for
three Specimens will be determined for each.
Step 5
The test result will be presented in tabular and graphical forms.

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1.6. Structure of the project
The project has six chapters that discuss various aspects of cement and concrete related
with relevance of the project. Chapter one explains the background and the objectives of the
project. Chapter two is literature review which provides a general understanding of previous
studies and theories related to the project .









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CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW


V. M. Sounthararajan et.al(2013)have done their research on EFFECT OF THE LIME CONTENT
IN MARBLE POWDER FOR PRODUCING HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE. They found that
the waste marble powder up to 10% by weight of cement was investigated for hardened concrete
properties. Furthermore, the effect of different percentage replacement of marble dust on the
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength was evaluated. It can be noted
that the influence of fine to coarse aggregate ratio and cement-to-total aggregate ratio had a higher
influence on the improvement in strength properties. A phenomenal increase in the compressive
strength of 46.80 MPa at 7 days for 10% replacement of marble powder in cement content was
noted and also showed an improved mechanical property compared to controlled concrete.


Vaidevi C (2013) have done their research on STUDY ON THE MARBLE DUST AS
PARTIALLY REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE .They found that the marble dust
from marble processing is a waste utilized. The use of this waste was proposed in different
percentages both as an addition to and instead of cement, for the production of concrete mixtures.
In this study, the use of marble dust collected during the shaping process of marble blocks has been
investigated in the concrete mixtures as cementitious material. The study showed that marble
wastes, which are in the dust form, could be used as cementitious material in concrete mixtures
where they are available and the cost of construction is lower than ordinary concrete materials. The
concrete is prepared containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% waste of marble dust with cement compared to
the total quantity of normal concrete. The prepared mixtures were then studied in terms of their
properties both in fresh and in hardened state. In this particular, tests they conducted and cured at
different times to find compressive strength and tensile strength with and without partial
replacement of marble dust in cement concrete and for mortar also determined for 14 and 28 days.


Nutan Patel et.al(2013) have done their research on Marble Waste Opportunities For
Development of Low Cost Concrete. They found that Marble waste is estimated that there are
million tons of quarrying waste are produced in each year. Although a portion of this waste may be
utilized on-site such as for excavation pit refill. Waste generated at quarries and fabrication plants
is quite similar. Most commonly, scrap stone must be mitigated and managed, but attention must
be paid to other types of wastes, as well. These include marble sludge/slurry. Marble sawing
powder wastes is widespread by-product of industrial process in India. Generally these wastes
pollute and damage the environment due to sawing and polishing processes. This waste is used for
making a marble waste concrete. The main aim of this research is waste management is to evaluate
recovery and use marble waste in making a low cost concrete.
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Baboo Rai et.al(2011) have done their research on Influence of Marble powder/granules in
Concrete mix .They found that using marble powder and granules as constituents of fines in
mortar or concrete by partially reducing quantities of cement as well as other conventional fines in
terms of the relative workability & compressive as well as flexural strengths. Partial replacement
of cement and usual fine aggregates by varying percentage of marble powder and marble granules
reveals that increased waste marble powder or waste marble granule ratio result in increased
workability and compressive strengths of the mortar and concrete.


Noha M. Soliman (2013) have done their research on Effect of using Marble Powder in
Concrete Mixes on the Behavior and Strength of R.C. Slabs.They found that the use of marble
powder as partially replace of cement on the properties of concrete. The influence of using marble
powder on the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs is also investigated. The main variable taken
into consideration is the percentage of marble powder as partial replacement of cement content in
concrete mixes. They shows that, using definite amount of marble powder replacement of cement
content increases the workability, compressive strength and tensile strength and used of marble
powder enhanced also the structural performance of the tested slabs as it increased the stiffness and
the ultimate strength compared to the control slabs.


Er. Tanpreet Singh et.al (2013) have done their research on Influence of Marble Powder on
Mechanical Properties of Mortar and Concrete Mix.They found that using waste materials
from different manufacturing activities in the preparation of innovative mortar and concrete. The
use of waste marble powder (dust) was proposed in partial replacement of cement, for the
production of Mortar and Concrete Mix. In particular, tests they were conducted on the mortars
and concrete mix cured for different times in order to determine their workability, flexural as well
as compressive strength. Partial replacement of cement by varying percentage of marble powder
reveals that increased waste marble powder ratio result in increased workability and compressive
strengths of the mortar and concrete.


Omar M. Omar et.al (2012) have done their research on Influence of limestone waste as partial
replacement material for sand and marble powder in concrete properties .They found that the
replacement proportion of sand with limestone waste, 25%, 50%, and 75% were in the concrete
mixes except in the concrete mix. Besides, proportions of 5%, 10% and 15% marble powder were
replaced in the concrete mixes.. The investigation test of compressive strength, indirect tensile
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strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and permeability. It was found that limestone
waste as fine aggregate enhanced the slump test of the fresh concretes. But the unit weight
concretes were not affected. However, the good performance was observed when limestone waste
as fine aggregate was used in presence of marble powder.




Prof. Veena G. Pathan (2014) have done their research on Feasibility and Need of use of Waste
Marble Powder in Concrete Production. They found that the Compressive strength and Split
Tensile strength of Concrete can be increased with addition of waste marble powder up to 10%
replace by weight of cement and also the effects of blending marble waste on the properties of
cement such as consistency, setting times, insoluble residue, and soundness remain within the
acceptable ranges of different standards. The production of cheaper and more durable concrete
using this waste can solve to some extent the ecological and environmental problems. Therefore it
provides a scope for more research which is required to design consistent and durable concrete
with this waste.



Animesh Mishra et.al (2103) have done their research on Green Cement For Sustainable
Concrete Using Marble Dust . They found that Marble sludge powder can be used as filler and
helps to reduce the total voids content in concrete and the feasibility of the usage of marble sludge
dust hundred percent substitutes for natural sand in concrete. The compressive strength and
microstructure of blended cement was investigated in this study. The hydration products of
cements were identified by means of scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the blended
cements developed higher strength, at 28 days compared to 7 days. The strength increase was
higher, the higher the marble dust content. So, concrete prepared by marble dust which helpful to
reduce consumption of natural resources and energy and pollution of the environment.



Ankit Nileshchandra Patel (2013) have done their research on Stone Waste in India for Concrete
with Value Creation Opportunities. They found that the OPC cement has been replaced by stone
waste accordingly in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, & 50% by weight for M-25 grade
concrete. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested and compared in terms of workability and
strength to the conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical
properties for 7, 14 and 28 days. As a result, the compressive increased up to 30% replacing of
stone waste. This research work is concerned with the experimental investigation on strength of
concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement by replacing OPC cement via 0%,
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10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of stone waste. They found the behavior of concrete while
replacing of waste with different proportions of stone waste in concrete by using tests like
compression strength.



Dr.G.Prince Arulraj et.al (2013) have done their research on GRANITE POWDER CONCRETE
.They found that the granite powder waste can be utilized for the preparation of concrete as partial
replacement of sand. In order to explore the possibility of utilizing the granite powder as partial
replacement to sand.The percentages of granite powder added by weight to replace sand by weight
were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25. To improve the workability of concrete 0.5% Superplasticiser was
added. 54 cubes and 36 cylinders were cast. Compressive strength and split tensile strength were
found. The test results indicate that granite as replacement of sand with granite powder has
beneficial effect on the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and split tensile
strength of concrete.



Nagabhushana et.al (2011) have done their research on Use of crushed rock powder as
replacement of fine aggregate in mortar and concrete . They found that The present the properties
of mortar and concrete in which Crushed Rock Powder (CRP) is used as a partial and full
replacement for natural sand. For mortar, CRP is replaced at 20% 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The
basic strength properties of concrete were investigated by replacing natural sand by CRP at
replacement levels of 20%, 30% and 40%.




ABRAR AWOL (2011) have done their research on USING MARBLE WASTE POWDER IN
CEMENT AND CONCRETE PRODUCTION . They found that replacement of cement by marble
waste powder at 5% range, in concrete production, results in comparable compressive strength as
of concrete specimens without marble waste powder with slight slump reduction for both C-25 and
C-50 classes. Increment of replacement ranges beyond 5%, in concrete production, results in
reduction of compressive strength and slump and the replacement of sand by marble waste powder
from 5-20% ranges, in concrete production, results in similar and mostly enhanced performance
than the control concrete specimens; with similar compressive strength to the control specimens,
with slump improvement and water permeability depth reduction than the control specimens in
both C-25 and C-50 classes.



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Deborah .O.Olanrewaju (2013) have done their research on EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON
THE PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARBLE DUST ON CONCRETE .
They found that the partial replacement of Portland Cement 0,5,10 and 20% with marble dust.
The results so far have yielded some benefits for its use in construction works. The study presents
an initial understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of the concrete with tmarble dust.
















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CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. Topic introduction
Recycling of industrial wastes has actually environmental, economical and technical
benefits. These benefits can be seen from two different angles, one from the point of the waste
producer and the other from the user part. For the producer, the benefits of recycling industrial
wastes are economical and environmental; for the user additional technical benefits may be
attained from recycling. For the producer, the environmental benefit can be attained as far as the
waste is recycled. It is independent of where it is recycled. But the economical benefit is
determined on the demand for the waste by different users. The more users, the more demand will
be; there by more economical benefit to the producer. With respect to the user, recycling of
industrial wastes will be environmentally beneficial as far as using the waste reduces waste emitted
during production of similar product from other raw alternative materials. The economical benefit
is assured if the cost of the waste material is cheaper than other alternative raw materials. The
technical benefit is also attained if the recycled input improves the quality of the output than the
output from other alternative material. Therefore it is necessary to see recycling of marble waste
powder with respect to both the producer and the user part.
2.2. Introduction
Cement, lime and calcium sulphate based materials, most importantly concrete, are by far
the mostly produced man-made materials. The annual production in 2011 of several
materials read as follows:

Timber 4 billion ton
Plastics and rubber 250 million ton
Steel 1.2 billion ton
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Gypsum 250 million ton
Lime 130 million ton
Cement 2.6 billion ton
Concrete/mortar 14 billion ton

One can see the huge quantities in which the building materials lime, gypsum and concrete
are produced. Though these materials are produced from non-renewable mineral resources,
these are some of the world's most abundant ones. They are also relatively maintenance free.
Possibly poisonous coatings, which may leach to the environment, need not be
applied, nor their regular removal (using hazardous and dangerous materials) and reapplication.
Furthermore, their products possess a long lifetime. So they remain relatively
long in the building life cycle, which can even be lengthened by building adaptable and/or
transportable and/or easily dismantled objects. When a functional re-use of structure or
structural parts is not possible anymore, then after demolition and crushing, the broken
Material may enter another building life cycle. Cement, lime and gypsum are also useful
binders to render contaminated sludge/soil and industrial and nuclear wastes less harmful
to the environment.
A large stream of the above materials comprises by-products that substitute the
Primary raw materials/products. For instance blast furnace slag and fly ash can substitute
clinker, flue gas desulfurization gypsum. Some annual quantities of generated by-products
and their present use (as % of total) as substitute read
2013

19


Fly ash 1.2 billion ton (45%)
Blast furnace slag 120 million ton (75%)
FD Gypsum 50 million ton (100%)
Silica fume 0.3 million ton (100%)

2.3 Cement
Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other
materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus
caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock
with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that were added to the
burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cment, and
cement.
Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-
hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) harden because of hydration, a chemical
reaction between the anhydrous cement powder and water. Thus, they can harden underwater or
when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction results in hydrates that are not
very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water. Non-hydraulic cements do not harden
underwater; for example, slaked limes harden by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide.
[1]
Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic.
Hydraulic cements harden because of hydration, a chemical reaction between the cement powder
and water. Thus, they can harden underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The
chemical reaction results in hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in
water. Non-hydraulic cements do not harden underwater; for example, slaked limes harden by
reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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20

The most important uses of cement are as an ingredient in the production of motor in masonry,
and of concrete, a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong building material.
The most important uses of cement are as an ingredient in the production of mortar in masonry,
and of concrete, a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong building material.
2.4 Types of cement
2.4.1. Portland Pozzolona cement
Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with small quantities of other materials
(such as clay) to 1450 C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby a molecule of
carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or quicklime, which
is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix. The resulting hard
substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to make
'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).
Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout. The most
common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material
consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a construction material, concrete
can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing)
element. Portland cement may be grey or white.
Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the world. This
cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with small quantities of other materials
(such as clay) to 1450 C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby a molecule
of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or quicklime,
which is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix. The resulting
hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to
make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as
OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout. The
most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite
material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a construction material,
concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load
bearing) element. Portland cement may be grey or white.
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21

2.4.2 Class F fly ash
The burning of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal typically produces Class F fly ash.
This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and contains less than 20% lime (CaO). Possessing pozzolanic
properties, the glassy silica and alumina of Class F fly ash requires a cementing agent, such as
Portland cement, quicklime, or hydrated lime, with the presence of water in order to react and
produce cementitious compounds. Alternatively, the addition of a chemical activator such as
sodium silicate (water glass) to a Class F ash can lead to the formation of a geopolymer.
2.5 Why Portland cement is preferred?

2.6 Environmental concern in Portland cement
Many of the aspects of cement making process are potentially environmentally damaging,
although these risks can be minimized
[21]
. Cement manufacturing is an energy intensive process
[21]
. The enthalpy of formation of clinker from calcium carbonate and clay minerals is about 1500
to 1700 kJ/kg. However, because of heat loss during production, actual values can be much higher.
The high energy requirements and the release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide make
cement production a concern for global warming
[24]
. Carbon dioxide is produced during the
calcinations phase of the manufacturing process and also as a result of burning fossil fuels.
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22

Opportunity to reduce emissions through increased energy efficiency is only possible on the latter
of the CO
2
emissions
[21]
.Approximately 1 ton CO
2
is generated for making 1 ton of clinker
[24]
.

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23

2.7 Properties of Portland Cement
2.7.1 Chemical properties
It is a Portland cement's chemical properties that determine most of its physical properties
and how it cures. Therefore, a basic understanding of Portland cement chemistry can help one
understand how and why it behaves as it does
[6]
.
2.7.2 Chemical composition
The composition of Portland cement distinguishes one type of cement from another. The
phase compositions in Portland cement are denoted as tricalcium silicate (C
3
S), dicalcium silicate
(C
2
S), tricalcium acuminate (C
3
A), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C
4
AF). The actual
components are often complex chemical crystalline and amorphous structures, denoted by cement
chemists as "alite" (C
3
S), "belite" (C
2
S), and various forms of aluminates. The behavior of each
type of cement depends on the content of these components
[21]
.
Table-Main Constituents in a typical Portland cement
Chemical Name Chemical Formula Shorthand Notation Percent by Weight
Tricalcium Silicate 3CaOSio
2
C
3
S 50
Dicalcium Silicate 2CaOSio
2
C
2
S 25
Tricalcium Aluminate 3CaOAI
2
O
3
C
3
A 12
Tetracalcium
Aluminoferrite
4CaOAI
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
C
4
AF 8
Gypsum CaSO
4
H
2
O CSH
2
3.5

Tricalcium silicate (C
3
S) hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largely responsible for initial
set and early strength. Portland cements with higher percentages of C
3
S will exhibit higher early
strength
[24].
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24

Dicalcium silicate (C
2
S) hydrates and hardens slowly and is largely responsible for
strength increases beyond one week
[24].

Tricalcium Aluminate (C
3
A) hydrates and hardens the quickest. It liberates a large
amount of heat almost immediately and contributes somewhat to early strength. Gypsum is added
to Portland cement to retard C
3
A hydration. Without gypsum, C
3
A hydration would cause Portland
cement to set almost immediately after adding water
[24].

Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C
4
AF) hydrates rapidly but contributes very little to
strength. Its presence allows lower kiln temperatures in Portland cement manufacturing. Most
Portland cement color effects are due to C
4
AF
[24].

2.8 Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or
filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the
aggregate particles and glues them together.
[2]

Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls,
pavements, bridges/overpasses, highways, runways, parking structures, dams, pools/reservoirs,
pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats.
Famous concrete structures include the Burj Khalifa (world's tallest building), Hoover
Dam, the Panama Canal and the Roman Pantheon.
There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main
ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementitious and aggregate phases, the
finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and
thermal resistance properties.
"Aggregate" consists of large chunks of material in a concrete mix, generally a coarse
gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with finer materials such as sand.
"Cement", commonly Portland cement, and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag
cement, serve as a binder or a Ligare for the aggregate.
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25

Water is then mixed with this dry composite, which produces a semi-liquid that workers
can shape (typically by pouring it into a form). The concrete solidifies and hardens to rock-hard
strength through a chemical process called hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which
bonds the other components together, creating a robust stone-like material.
"Chemical admixtures" are added to achieve varied properties. These ingredients may
speed or slow down the rate at which the concrete hardens, and impart many other useful
properties.
"Reinforcements" are often added to concrete. Concrete can be formulated with
high compressive strength, but always has lower tensile strength. For this reason it is usually
reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel).
"Mineral admixtures" are becoming more popular in recent decades. The use of recycled
materials as concrete ingredients has been gaining popularity because of increasingly stringent
environmental legislation, and the discovery that such materials often have complimentary and
valuable properties. The most conspicuous of these are fly ash, a by-product of coal-fired power
plants, and silica fumes, a byproduct of industrial electric arc furnaces. The use of these materials
in concrete reduces the amount of resources required as the ash and fume acts as a cement
replacement. This displaces some cement production, an energetically expensive and
environmentally problematic process, while reducing the amount of industrial waste that must be
disposed of.
The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete is mixed and
delivered, and how it is placed to form the structure.
2.8.1 Workability of Concrete
To defines workability as the property determining the effort required to manipulate a
freshly mixed quantity of concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity. The term manipulate
includes the early age operations of placing, compacting and finishing
[23]
.
Three factors in concrete are involved in determining the consistency of concrete: water
cement ratio, aggregate cement ratio and water content. Only two of the three factors are
independent. If the aggregate cement ratio is reduced, the water content must increase for the w/c
2013

26

ratio to remain constant. The water required to maintain a constant consistency will increase as the
w/c ratio is increased or decreased. The increase in fine aggregate to coarse aggregate ratio
generally increases the water content required to produce a given workability. If finer aggregate is
substituted in a mixture, the water content typically must be increased to maintain the same
workability
[22]
.Lowering the cement content of concrete with given water content typically will
lower workability.
Cement replacing materials also affect workability. For example freshly mixed concrete are
generally more workable when a portion of the cementious material is fly ash, in part because of
the spherical shape of fly ash particles; but highly reactive or pozzolanas can cause loss of
workability through early hydration.
[22]

2.8.2 Strength of Concrete
Generally a concrete is required to provide a specified strength. The most common measure
of concrete strength is the compressive strength, determined in either a cube test or a cylinder test.
The strength of concrete is very much dependent upon the hydration reaction . Water plays a
critical role, particularly the amount used. The hydration reaction itself consumes a specific
amount of water. Concrete is actually mixed with more water than is needed for the hydration
reactions. This extra water is added to give concrete sufficient workability. The water not
consumed in the hydration reaction will remain in the microstructure pore space. These pores make
the concrete weaker due to the lack of strength-forming calcium silicate hydrate bonds. Some
pores will remain no matter how well the concrete has been compacted
[4]
. Cement replacing
materials can play roles in improving concrete strength by improving microstructure space of
concrete.
2.8.3 Durability of Concrete
Durability is the property of concrete by virtue of which it is capable of resisting its
disintegration and decay which may be caused due to: use of unsound cement, use of less durable
aggregate, entry of harmful gases and salts through the pores and voids present in the concrete,
freezing and thawing of water sucked through the cracks or crevices by capillary action, expansion
and contraction resulting from temperature changes and alternate drying and wetting
[26]
.
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The durability of concrete depends mostly upon conditions of exposure, grade of concrete
used, quality of its materials and the extent of voids and pores present in the concrete mass. The
amount permeability
[26]
.Cement replacing materials can play role in reducing the extent of voids
in concrete which in turn improves permeability of concrete.
2.9 Marble Powder
Marble powder is a non-foliated metamorphic rock minerals composed of recrystallized carbonate
minerals. Geologists use the term "marble powder" to refer to metamorphosed limestone; however,
stonemasons use the term more broadly to encompass unmetamorphosed limestone.
2.9.1 Geological Formation of Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock produced from limestone by pressure and heat in the earth
crust due to geological process
[17]
.Metamorphism involves the alteration of existing rocks by
either excessive heat or pressure or through chemical action of fluids. This alteration can cause
chemical change or structural modification to the minerals making up the rock.
Structural modification may involve the simple re-crystallization of minerals into layers or
the aggregation of minerals in to specific areas within the rock
[17]
. The pressure and heat in the
earths crust cause limestone to change in texture and makeup. This process is called re-
crystallization. Fossilized materials in the limestone, along with its original carbonate minerals, re-
crystallize and form large, coarse grains of calcite
[30]
.
Impurities present in limestone during the re-crystallization period affect the mineral
composition of marble which is formed
[16]
. Impurities incorporated during the original carbonate
precipitation especially from the cold marine water solution form characteristics of colors.
Accordingly a pure calcite marble is white but tiny amounts of impurities such as iron and
magnesium color marble significantly green. Graphite (algae) colors marble dark, pyrite
commonly colors marble greenish grey, finely disseminated hematite will color marble pink
[18]
.

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2.9.2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Marble
2.9.2.1 Chemical Properties of Marble
Chemically, marbles are crystalline rocks composed predominantly of calcite, dolomite or
serpentine minerals. The other mineral constituents vary from origin to origin. Quartz, muscovite,
tremolite, actinolite, micro line, chert, talc, garnet, osterite and biotite are the major mineral
impurities whereas SiO
2
, limonite, Fe
2
O
3
, manganese, 3H
2
O and FeS
2
(pyrite) are the major
chemical impurities associated with marble
[16]
.
Table -Typical Chemical Properties of Marble
[16]

Chemical Marble (%)
Lime (CaO) 28-32
Silica 3-30
MgO 20-25
FeO+Fe
2
O
3
1-3
LOI 20-45

2.9.2.2 Physical Properties of Marble
Physically, marble is re-crystallized hard, compact, fine to very fine grained
metamorphosed rocks capable of taking shining polish
[16]
.
Table-Typical physical properties of marble
[16]

Properties Marble
Hardness 3 to 4 mohs scale
Density 2.55-2.7kg/cm
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2.9.3 Uses of Marble
Colorless or light colored marble are a very pure sources of calcium carbonate, which is
used in a wide variety of industries. Finely ground marble or calcium carbonate powder is a
component in paper, and consumer products such as toothpaste, plastics, and paints. Ground
calcium carbonate can be made from limestone, chalk and marble; about three-quarters of the
ground calcium carbonate worldwide is made from marble.
Ground carbonate is used as a coating pigment for paper because of its high brightness and
as paper filler. Ground calcium carbonate is used in consumer products such as food additives, in
toothpaste, and as inert filler in pills. It is used in plastics because it imparts stiffness, impact
strength, dimensional stability, and thermal conductivity. It is used in paints because it is a good
filler and extender, has high brightness and is weather resistance [15].The constructional use of
marble in most cases is for dimensional stone production although in some places it is also used as
raw material in cement production
2.9.4 Marble Processing and Production
The Rajasthan Enterprise Produces Marble Block from three region namely from
Kishangarh, Makrana and Udaipur it extracts marble. The Enterprise produces different types of
marble block from these three quarry sites.
The colour of the marble from these three quarries varies, example Kishangarh marble is
white gray, and white, while Makrana marble is multi-colour, and rose, Udaipur marble
mainly has a white colour
[25]
.Annually the three regions are estimated to process marble blocks of
160000 m
3
.

Compressive strength

70-140N/mm
2

Water absorption <0.5 %
Porosity very low
Weather impacts resistance
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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS USED IN THE PROJECT
3.1. Introduction
In this chapter, the materials used for the investigation are described with respect to their
sources and relevant physical properties. All laboratory investigations on the materials used in
studying the properties of cement , coarse sand &aggregate and marble waste powder; whereas the
properties of concrete made by incorporation of marble waste powder ingredient is studied in
A.C.E.T Civil Engineering Department, concrete lab.
3.2 Aggregates
Throughout the experiment, river sand and basaltic crushed stone from local market, with
the following physical characters, were used as fine and coarse aggregate respectively
3.2.1. Silt Content of Fine Aggregate
The presence of dust, loam and clay materials with sand decreases the bond between the
materials to be bound together thereby decreases the strength of concrete besides decreasing the
quality of concrete. Accordingly, the sand for the experiment was tested for silt content and was
found to have 13% silt content .This is above the maximum value recommended by Indian
standard. Therefore, the sand, before used in all tests, was washed until clear water came out.
3.2.2. Gradation of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
Aggregate grain size distribution or gradation is one of the properties of aggregates which
influence the quality of concrete. Therefore, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate with gradation
satisfying the grading requirement of Indian standard test sieve (IS: 383-1970 respectively) were
used throughout the experiment.
3.2.3Sieve analysis
(a) Sand
Quantity of sand = 1000 gm
Time of sieving = 15 minutes
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Table 3.1: Gradation of fine aggregate used for the test
SL.NO. SIEVE
SIZE
WEIGHT
RETAINED
% OFWEIGHT
RETAINED
CUM. %
RETAINED
% PASSING
1 4.75 mm 9 .9 .9 99.1
2 2.36 mm 46.5 4.65 5.55 94.45
3 1.18 mm 163 16.3 21.85 78.15
4 600 micron 148 14.8 36.65 63.35
5 300 micron 333.5 33.35 70 30
6 150 micron 247.5 24.75 94.75 5.25
7 pan 52 0.52 = 229.7

Fineness modulus =229.7/100 = 2.297
(b) Coarse Aggregate
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate = 3000 gm
Time of sieving = 25 minutes
Table 3.2 Gradation of coarse aggregate used for test
SL.
NO
Sieve size Weight
Retained
% of weight
Retained
Cum. % of Weight
Retained
% Passing
1 80 mm 0 0 0 100
2 40mm 0 0 0 100
3 20mm 0 0 0 100
4 10mm 1492gm 49.8 49.8 50.2
5 4.75mm 1212gm 40.4 90.2 59.6
pan 293.5gm =140

Fineness modulus = 140+500/100 =6.4

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3.3 Cement:
Portland Pozzolona cement of Acc conforming to IS 269-1976 and IS 4031-1968 was adopted in
this work.
The test conducted on cement is shown in table no 3.4
Table No. 3.4

Sr.no. Test Result Is requirement
1. Fineness of cement 5% As per IS 269-1976
max. 10 %
2. Consistency of cement 32%
3. Initial setting time 42 min As per IS 4031-1968
Min 30 min
4. Final setting time 540 min As per IS 4031-1968
Max. 600 min
5. Compressive strength of
cement
18.59
N/mm
2
in 3
days & 25.54
N/mm
2
in 7
days
As per IS 1489-1991
16N/mm
2
in 3 days
&22N/mm
2
in 7 days





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The Test Conducted on Cement is shown in Table No. 3.5

Sr. no. Test Data For Material Result
1 Cement used Portland Pozzolona Cement
2 Specific Gravity of Cement 3.15

3.4 Marble Waste Powder
In this test, commercially called marble waste powder processing factory by-product, from
The Rajasthan Marble Processing Factory, with Blaine fineness value of 4843cm
2
/g was used as
partial replacement in cement. The specific gravity of marble waste powder is 2.55
3.5Water
Clean tap water was used for washing aggregates, and mixing and curing of concretes.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20% 24% 30% 32% 34 (%age consistency)
consistency of cement
consistency of cement
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35


4.3.2. Mix Designing and Trial Mix Preparation
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of certain minimum
strength and durability as economically as possible as per IS 456-2000 used
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN (M
25
)
Design Stipulations
(1)Characteristic comp. strength required
In the field at 28 days 32 Mpa
Level of quality control Good
Standard Deviation 4.6
Mean Target strength 25+1.65x4.6 =32.59 Mpa
(2)Maximum Size of the Aggregate 20 mm
(a) Test Data for Materials
(1) Specific Gravity Of Cement 3.15
(2) Comp. Strength Of Cement at 7 days Satisfies the requirement
Of IS: 269-1989
(3) Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate 2.80
Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate 2.88
(4) Water Absorption
Coarse Aggregate 1.69%
Fine Aggregate 1.01%
(5) Water Cement Ratio 0.46
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(c) Selection of Water and Sand Content
For 20 mm Maximum Size aggregate , sand conforming to grading zone2, water content
per cubic meter of concrete =151 kg and sand content as percentage of total aggregate by absolute
volume = 34%
(b) Determination of cement content
Water-cement ratio = 0.46
Water = 186 litre
Cement = 186/ 0.46
= 405 kg/m
3

(b) Determination of coarse and fine contents
1000 = 186+405/3.15+1/.34xfa/2.88
Fa= 607 kg/ m
3

1000 = 186+405/3.15+1/1-0.34xca/2.80
Ca= 1211 kg/ m
3

So the mix proportion becomes,






4.3.3 Volume of cube
Size of cube = .15x.15x.15 =.003375 m3
Total volume = 6x.003375 =0.02025 m3

Weight of cement = 8.20 kg
Weight of coarse aggregate =24.522 kg
Weight of coarse sand=12.29kg
Required amt. of water = 3.77 lt

Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
186lt 405kg 907kg/ m
3
1211 kg/ m
3

0.46 1 1.65 2.99
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37

4.3.4 Volume of cylinders
Volume Of cylinder =3.14x50x50x200 =.00157 mm
3
Total volume = 6x.00157 =.00942mm
3

Weight of cement = 3.315kg
Weight of fine aggregate = 3.315x1.912 = 6.33kg
Weight of coarse aggregate = 3.315x3.93 =13.027kg
Required amt. of water = 3.315x0.47 =1.55lt

4.3.5 Preparation and Curing Of Specimen
Standard cubic specimens of 150 mm size were cast. Concrete cube were cast for
compressive strength. Comp. strength of concrete was undertaken on 15 cm cubic specimens at
7,14 days &28 days of age. All specimens were removed 24 hrs. After casting, and then transferred
to regular condition till testing.
Table 4.1 partial replacement of cement by marble waste powder (cubical moulds)
% Replacement 0% 4% 8% 12% 16% 20%
Cement 8.2kg 7.87kg 7.544kg 7.216kg 6.88kg 6.560kg
Sand 13.58kg 13.58kg 13.58kg 13.58kg 13.58kg 13.58kg
Coarse aggregate 24.54kg 24.54kg 24.54kg 24.54kg 24.54kg 24.54kg
Marble powder -- 328gm 656gm 984gm 1312gm 1640gm
w/c Ratio .47 .47 .47 .47 .47 .47

The Standard Cylindrical Specimen of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height of Cylindrical
Specimen Were Caste for Tensile strength .Split Tensile Strength of concrete was undertaken on
cylindrical specimen at 7 days & 28 days of age all specimens were removed 24 hrs. After casting,
and then transferred to regular condition till testing.
Table 4.2 partial replacement of cement by marble waste powder(cylindrical moulds)
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38

% replacement 0% 4% 8% 12% 16% 20%
Cement(gm) 3315 3116 3005 2917 2718 2510
Sand(in gm) 6338 6338 6338 6338 6338 6338
Coarse
aggregate(in gm)
13027 13027 13027 13027 13027 13027
Marble powder
(in gm)
00 199 265 398 597 663
w/c Ratio .47 .47 .47 .47 .47 .47


4.3.6 Concrete
Workability
It is observed here that degree of workability is medium as per IS 456-2000. The slump
value of the concrete obtained from the waste marble powder mix give negligible effect as
compared to the normal mix concrete .as shown in Table 4.3

% Replacement Slump Value (mm)
0% 28mm
4% 27mm
8% 27mm
10% 27mm
12% 26mm
16% 25mm
20% 25mm

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39

Fig.4.3 Graphical Representation of Slump Value for Concrete Mix (M
25
)


4.4 TESTING OF HARENED CONCRETE
Table 4.4 Compressive Strength 7 Days

Replacement
(%)
Failure Load
(KN)
Failure Load
(KN)
Average Load
(KN)
Compressive
Strength
(Mpa)
0% 430 450 440 19.55
4% 456 460 458 20.55
8% 525 520 523 23.22
12% 570 580 575 25.55
16% 350 400 375 16.67
20% 225 350 287.5 12.77

Table 4.5 Compressive Strength -14 Days
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
0% 4% 8% 12% 16% 20%
slump value (in mm)
slump value (in mm)
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40

Replacement
(%)
Failure Load
(KN)
Failure Load
(KN)
Average Load
(KN)
Compressive
Strength
(Mpa)
0% 550 600 575 25.66
4% 600 635 617 27
8% 640 650 645 28.66
12% 660 665 662 29.44
16% 580 600 590 26.22
20% 525 520 523 23.22
Table 4.6 Compressive Strength -28 Days
Replacement
(%)
Failure Load
(KN)
Failure Load
(KN)
Average Load
(KN)
Compressive
Strength
(Mpa)
0% 750 775 763 33
4% 780 820 800 35.6
8% 830 850 840 37
12% 860 840 850 37.8
16% 710 730 720 32
20% 520 610 565 25

Table 4.6 Split Tensile Strength -7Days
Tensile Load Tensile Load Average Load Tensile
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41

Replacement
(%)
(KN) (KN) (KN) Strength
(Mpa)
0% 115 125 120 2.26
4% 121 135 128 2.40
8% 120 150 135 2.55
12% 135 161 148 2.79
16% 121 134 127.5 2.4
20% 111 121 116 2.19

Table 4.7 Split Tensile Strength -14Days

Replacement
(%)
Tensile Load
(KN)
Tensile Load
(KN)
Tensile Load
(KN)
Average Load
(KN)
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
0% 121 139 100 120 2.73
4% 140 146 113 133 2.88
8% 132 149 114 131.66 2.48
12% 135 161 118 138 2.93
16% 110 138 94 114 2.66
20% 95 125 80 100 1.89



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Table 4.8 Split Tensile Strength -28 Days

Replacement
(%)
Tensile Load
(KN)
Tensile Load
(KN)
Tensile Load
(KN)
Average Load
(KN)
Tensile
Strength
(Mpa)
0% 180 188 154 174 3.29
4% 192 195 164 184 3.38
8% 196 205 173 191 3.16
12% 207 211 179 199 3.52
16% 175 180 148 168 3.20
20% 152 159 129 146 2.77

Graphical representation of above readings

y-axis:compressive strength
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x-axis:%age of replacement of cement
Fig. 4.5 Graphical Representation of Split Conpresive Strength
Fig. 4.6Graphical Representation of tensile Strength

y-axis:Tensile strength
x-axis:%age of replacement of cement








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CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5 .1Compressive Strength
Compressive strength of concrete is tested on cube at different percentage of marble
powder content in concrete. The strength of concrete has been tested on cube at 7 days,14 days
curing and 28 days.7 days test has been conducted to check the gain in initial strength of concrete,
14 days test has been conducted to check the gain in median strength of concrete and 28 days test
gives the data of final strength of concrete at 28 days curing. Compression testing machine is used
for testing the compressive strength test on concrete. At the time of testing the cube is taken out of
water and dried and then tested keeping the smooth faces in upper and lower part.
The strength of concrete is very much dependant up on the hydration reaction [4].The type
and amount of cement used in concrete determines the hydration reaction. In this experiment, in all
cases, i.e. for 6 to 20 % replacement of cement by marble waste powder the test results, as shown
in Table 4.4,4.5,4.6 and4.7 show that the seventh ,fourthenth and twenty eighth days compressive
and split tensile strengths of specimens with marble waste powder are less than that of the
corresponding control specimens. The reduction of the strength increased with increasing
percentage of marble waste powder. These decreases in strength mainly occur due to replacement
of Portland cement with powder addition causing dilution of C
3
S and C
2
S which is responsible for
strength





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Table 5.1 Percentage Increase of Compressive Strength in 7 Days
Replacement (%) Compressive
Strength (Mpa)
Percentage Increase
(%)
Percentage Decrease
(%)
0% 19.55
4% 20.55 5%
8% 23.22 18.72%
12% 25.55 30.6%
16% 16.67 14%
20% 12.77 34%

Table 5.2 Percentage Increase of Compressive Strength in 14 Days

Replacement (%) Compressive
Strength (Mpa)
Percentage Increase
(%)
Percentage Decrease
(%)
0% 25.66
4% 27 5 %
8% 28.66 11%
12% 29.44 14%
16% 26.22 2%
20% 23.22 9%

Table 5.2 Percentage Increase of Compressive Strength in 28 Days
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Replacement (%) Compressive
Strength (Mpa)
Percentage Increase
(%)
Percentage Decrease
(%)
0% 33
4% 35.6 7%
8% 37 12%
12% 37.8 14%
16% 32 3%
20% 25 24%

Table 5.3 Percentage Increase of Split Tensile Strength in 7 Days

Replacement (%) Split Tensile Strength
(Mpa)
Percentage Increase
(%)
Percentage Decrease
(%)
0% 2.26
4% 2.40 6.19%
8% 2.55 12%
12% 2.79 23%
18% 2.4 2.63%
2.19 3%


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Table 5.4 Percentage Increase of Split Tensile Strength in 14 Days

Replacement (%) Split Tensile Strength
(Mpa)
Percentage Increase
(%)
Percentage Decrease
(%)
0% 2.73
4% 2.88 2.66%
8% 2.48 9%
12% 2.93 6.53%
18% 2.66 2.81%
20% 1.89 30%

Table 5.4 Percentage Increase of Split Tensile Strength in28 Days

Replacement (%) Split Tensile Strength
(Mpa)
Percentage Increase
(%)
Percentage Decrease
(%)
0% 33
4% 35.6 7.87%
8% 37 12.12%
12% 37.8 14.54%
16% 32 3%
20% 25 24.24%

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5.2 DISCUSSION:
1. with the inclusion of Marble powder the strength of concrete gradually increases up to a
Certain limit but the gradually decreases. At 4% the initial compressive strength gain 5% in 7 days
see in table 5.1
With the inclusion of marble powder up to 4% the initial compressive strength increases
7% in 28 days see in table 5.2
2. With the inclusion of Marble powder up to 12%the initial strength gain in concrete is high.
At 12% there is 30.6% increase in initial compressive strength for 7 days see in table 5.1, At 12%
there is 14% increase in initial compressive strength for 14 days see in table 5.1
At 12% there is 14% increase in initial compressive strength for 28 days. See in table 5.2
compressive strength increases with increase in cement content. During the hydration of cement,
C
3
S and C
2
S present in cement reacts with water forming complex calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-
H). The C-S-H gel thus formed, fills the void space and binds the particles together imparting
strength to the mass. With the increase in cement content in the mixture, the quantity of gel
formation increases, which binds the particles more effectivel
3. The initial strength gradually decreases from16%.with the inclusion of marble powder up to
18% the initial compressive strength decrease 14% in 7days,at 16% the initial compressive
strength decrease 2% in 14days at 16% the initial compressive strength decrease 3% in 28 days see
in table 5.2 . These decreases in strength mainly occur due to replacement of Portland cement with
powder addition causing dilution of C
3
S and C
2
S which is responsible for strength
5.3 Split Tensile Strength
Split Tensile strength of concrete is tested on cylinders at different percentage of marble
powder Content in concrete. The strength of concrete has been tested on cylinder at 7 days
curing,14 days and 28 days. 7days test has been conducted to check the gain in initial strength of
concrete. 28 days test gives the data of final strength of concrete at 28 days curing .Compression
testing machine is used for testing the Split Tensile strength test on concrete along with two
wooden boards. At the time of testing the cylinder taken out of water and dried and then tested.
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5.4 DISCUSSION:
1. With the inclusion of Marble powder the strength of concrete gradually increases up to a
certain limit but the gradually decreases. with the inclusion of marble powder up to 4% the
initial tensile strength gain 6.19% in 7 days, with the inclusion of marble powder up to 6% the
initial tensile strength gain 2.66% in 14 days and at the 4% the initial tensile strength gain up to
7.87% in 28 days
2. With the inclusion of Marble powder upto12% the initial strength gain in concrete is high.At
12% there is 23% increase in initial Split Tensile strength for 7 days see in table 5.3, the
inclusion of Marble powder upto12% the initial strength gain in concrete is high.At 12% there
is 6.53% increase in initial Split Tensile strength for 14 days see in table 5.4 At 12% there is
14.54% increase in initial Split Tensile strength for 28 days see in table 5.5 compressive
strength increases with increase in cement content. During the hydration of cement, C
3
S and
C
2
S present in cement reacts with water forming complex calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H).
The C-S-H gel thus formed, fills the void space and binds the particles together imparting
strength to the mass. With the increase in cement content in the mixture, the quantity of gel
formation increases, which binds the particles more effectively.
3. The initial strength gradually decreases from 20%.the initial Split Tensile strength decrease 3%
in 7 days, The initial strength gradually decreases from 20%.the initial Split Tensile strength
decrease 30% in 14 days with the inclusion of marble powder up to 18% the initial Split
Tensile strength decrease 24.24% in 28 days. These decreases in strength mainly occur due to
replacement of Portland cement with powder addition causing dilution of C
3
S and C
2
S which is
responsible for strength





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CHAPTER 6
ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
6.1. Introduction
Recycling of industrial wastes has actually environmental, economical and technical
benefits. These benefits can be seen from two different angles, one from the point of the waste
producer and the other from the user part. For the producer, the benefits of recycling industrial
wastes are economical and environmental; for the user additional technical benefits may be
attained from recycling. For the producer, the environmental benefit can be attained as far as the
waste is recycled. It is independent of where it is recycled. But the economical benefit is
determined on the demand for the waste by different users. The more users, the more demand will
be; there by more economical benefit to the producer. With respect to the user, recycling of
industrial wastes will be environmentally beneficial as far as using the waste reduces waste emitted
during production of similar product from other raw alternative materials. The economical benefit
is assured if the cost of the waste material is cheaper than other alternative raw materials. The
technical benefit is also attained if the recycled input improves the quality of the output than the
output from other alternative material. Therefore it is necessary to see recycling of marble waste
powder with respect to both the producer and the user part.
6.2. For the Marble Waste Powder Producer
As it is mentioned in part 6.1, the producer of a waste will ensure environmental benefits as
far as the waste is recycled. It is also expected that it can get more economical benefits when there
is more demand for the waste. Therefore, the use of marble waste in the construction industry
undoubtedly will increase the demand for the waste thereby benefits the producer both
environmentally and economically
6.3. For the Construction Industry
6.3.1. Environmental Benefits
One of the greatest environmental concerns in construction industry is the production of
cement which emits large amount of CO
2
gas to the atmosphere. It is estimated that 1 tone clinker
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production releases 1 tone CO
2

[21]
.Mixing of clinker to supplementary materials called blending is
considered as a very effective way to reduce CO2 emission
[18]
It is estimated that The Rajasthan
Marble Processing Enterprise produces 1800m
3
(4500 tons) marble waste annually, which implies
that using marble waste of The Rajasthan Marble Processing Enterprise as cement replacing
material can indirectly reduce CO2 emission to the atmosphere by 4500 tons annually. Recycling
marble waste powder in substitution of sand also indirectly can reduce environmental problem
related with sand production.
6.3.2 Economical Benefits
In this Project work, detail cost break down and economical analysis was not worked out
as the cost of cement and sand depends on its user point location and also due to lack of necessary
data and required information; but to give insight for cost benefits, the average cost of cement,
sand and selling price of marble waste is presented below in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1: Average price of cement, sand and marble waste
Sr.no Type of Material Average Price
1. Cement 640 per Quintal
2. Sand 220 Per m
3

3. Marble Powder 50 Per Quintal

The above figures clearly show that using of marble waste in replacement of cement can
play cost reduction in concrete production




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CONCLUSIONS
1. The Compressive strength of Cubes are increased with addition of waste marble powder up to
12% replace by weight of cement and further any addition of waste marble powder the
compressive strength decreases.
2. The Split Tensile strength of Cylinders are increased with addition of waste marble powder up
to 12% replace by weight of cement and further any addition of waste marble powder the Split
Tensile strength decreases.
3. Thus we found out the optimum percentage for replacement of marble powder with cement and
it is almost 12%cement for both cubes and cylinders.
4. We have put forth a simple step to minimize the costs for construction with usage of marble
powder which is freely or cheaply available; more importantly.
5. We have also stepped into a realm of saving the environmental pollution by cement production;
being our main objective as Civil Engineers.












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