Stress element

Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders

Cylindrical pressure vessels, hydraulic cylinders, shafts with components
mounted on (gears, pulleys, and bearings), gun barrels, pipes carrying fluids
at high pressure,.. develop tangential, longitudinal, and radial stresses.
Wall
thickness
t
Radial stress

r
Longitudinal stress

l
(closed ends)
A pressurized cylinder is considered a thin-walled vessel if the wall
thickness is less than one-twentieth of the radius.
< 1/20
t
r
Thin-walled pressure vessel
Tangential
stress

Hoop stress
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Stresses in a Thin-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
In a thin-walled pressurized cylinder the radial stress is much smaller than
the tangential stress and can be neglected.
Longitudinal stress,
l

(
l
) /4 [ (d
o
)
2
(d
i
)
2
] = ( p ) /4 (d
i
)
2
Internal
pressure, p
F
y
= 0
Longitudinal stress
(
l
) [ (d
i
+ 2t)
2
(d
i
)
2
] = ( p ) (d
i
)
2
4t
2
is very small,
(
l
) (4d
i
t) = ( p ) (d
i
)
2

l
=

p
d
i

2 t

l
=

p
(d
i
+ t)
4 t
Max. longitudinal stress
Pressure area
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Stresses in a Thin-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
Projected
area
Hoop stress



Tangential (hoop) stress
2(

) t (length) = ( p ) (d
i
) (length)
F
x
= 0

=

p
d
i

2 t
Max. Hoop stress

l
=

______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Stresses in a Thick-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
In case of thick-walled pressurized cylinders, the radial stress,
r
,
cannot be neglected.
Assumption longitudinal elongation
is constant around the plane of cross
section, there is very little warping of
the cross section,
l
= constant
dr

r
+ d
r

r
2(

)(dr)(l) +
r
(2rl) (
r
+ d
r
) [2(r + dr)l] = 0

l = length of cylinder
F = 0
(d
r
) (dr) is very small compared to
other terms 0

r
r

dr
d
r
= 0
(1)
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Stresses in a Thick-Walled Pressurized Cylinders

l
=

r
E

Deformation in the longitudinal direction

+
r
= 2C
1
=

l
E

constant
(2)
Consider,
d (
r
r
2
)

dr
=
r
2
d
r
dr
+ 2r
r

Subtract equation (1) from (2),

r
+
r
+ r

dr
d
r
= 2C
1

r
r

dr
d
r
= 0
(1)
2r
r
+ r
2


dr
d
r
= 2rC
1
Multiply the above equation by r
d (
r
r
2
)

dr
=
2rC
1

r
r
2
= r
2
C
1
+ C
2

r

= C
1
C
2
r
2
+

= C
1
C
2

r
2
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Stresses in a Thick-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
Boundary conditions

r
= - p
i
at r = r
i

r
= - p
o
at r = r
o

=
p
i
r
i
2
- p
o
r
o
2
r
i
2
r
o
2
(p
o
p
i
) / r
2

r
o
2
- r
i
2
Hoop stress

r
=
p
i
r
i
2
- p
o
r
o
2
+ r
i
2
r
o
2
(p
o
p
i
) / r
2

r
o
2
- r
i
2
Radial stress
p
i
r
i
2
- p
o
r
o
2

l
=
r
o
2
- r
i
2
Longitudinal stress
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Stresses in a Thick-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
Special case, p
o
(external pressure) = 0

=
p
i
r
i
2

r
o
2
- r
i
2
(1 +
r
o
2
r
2
)

r
=
r
o
2
- r
i
2
(1 -
r
o
2
r
2
)
p
i

r
i
2

Hoop stress distribution,
maximum at the inner surface
Radial stress distribution,
maximum at the inner surface
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Press and Shrink Fits
d
s
(shaft) > d
h
(hub)
Inner member
Outer member
p (contact pressure) = pressure
at the outer surface of the inner
member or pressure at the inner
surface of the outer member.
Consider the inner member at the interface
p
o
= p
p
i
= 0
r
i
= r
i
r
o
= R

i
=
p
i
r
i
2
- p
o
r
o
2
r
i
2
r
o
2
(p
o
p
i
) / r
2

r
o
2
- r
i
2

i
=
p
o
R
2
r
i
2
R
2
p / R
2

R
2
r
i
2
= p
R
2
r
i
2
R
2
+ r
i
2

ir
=
p
o
= p
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Press and Shrink Fits
Consider the outer member at the interface
p
o
= 0
p
i
= p
r
i
= R

r
o
= r
o

o
= p
r
o
2
R
2
R
2
+ r
o
2

or
=
p

o
= increase in the inner radius of the outer member

i
= decrease in the outer radius of the inner member

Tangential strain at the inner radius of the outer member

ot
=

o
E
o

or
E
o

o
ot
=

o
R

o
=
Rp
E
o
r
o
2
R
2
R
2
+ r
o
2
+
o
( )
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama
Press and Shrink Fits
Tangential strain at the outer radius of the inner member

it
=

i
E
i

ir
E
i

i

it
=

i
R

i
=
Rp
E
i
R
2
r
i
2
R
2
+ r
i
2
+
i
( )
Radial interference,

=
o

i

=
Rp
E
o
r
o
2
R
2
R
2
+ r
o
2
+
o
( )
Rp
E
i
R
2
r
i
2
R
2
+ r
i
2
+
i
( ) +
If both members are made of the same material then, E = E
o
= E
i
and

=
o
=
i

p

=
E
R
(R
2
r
i
2
)

(r
o
2

R
2
)

(r
o
2
- r
i
2
)

2R
2
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
ESIME AZCAPOTZALCO
Academia de Proyecto Por: Ing. Francisco Rodrguez Lezama