Triggers: Triggers is a type of stored procedure that implicitly executed when

user performs DML operation on the table.

It will not accept any parameters

Types of triggers:
1. Insert trigger
2. Delete trigger
3. Update trigger

Syntax: create trigger <trigger_name> for/after, insert/update/delete as sql

statement.

Insert Trigger: This trigger fires when user performs insert operation on the
table. When user insert a record into the table the temporary table called
Inserted is created.
The newly inserted record is also stored in inserted table temporarily.

Create trigger
for insert
as
begin
print ‘trigger t1 fire’
end

 Create trigger t2 on dept

for
as
print ‘trigger t2 fire’

Create trigger t3 on dept

for insert
as
print ‘trigger t3 fired’

Insert into dept (deptno) values (50)

trigger t1 fired
trigger t2 fired
trigger t3 fired

Changing the firing order of triggers:

Syntax: sp_settrigger order @ trigger name = ‘name_of_trigger’,
@order = ‘first/last’,
@stmtype = ‘insert/update/delete’
sp_settrigger order @trigger name = ‘t3’,
@order = ‘first’,
@stmtype = ‘insert’

sp_settrigger order @trigger name = ‘t1’,

@order = ‘last’,
@stmtype = ‘insert’

insert into dept (deptno) values (60)

trigger t3 fired
trigger t2 fired
trigger t1 fired

Creating table from existing table:

1.With data:
Select * into dept 1 from dept

2. Without data:
Select * into dept 2 from dept

Create table dept_insert from dept

Without data
Create trigger insert_data
on dept
for insert
as
begin
insert into dept_insert select * from inserted
end

Insert into dept values (50, ‘edu’, ‘hyd’)

Select * from dept_insert
deptno dname loc
50 edu hyd

select * from dept

deptno dname loc
10 ------ -----
20 ------ -----
30 ------ -----
40 ------ -----
50 edu hyd

Delete trigger: This trigger fires when users performs delete operations on
the table.
When user deletes the records from table a temporary table called deleted is
created due to the trigger and deleted data is also stored temporarily in that
table.
create table dept_delete from dept without data
create trigger deleted_data on dept
for
as
begin
insert into dept_delete select * from deleted
end

delete from dept where deptno = 10

select * from dept
10 dept details will not appears
select * from dept_delete
deptno dname 10c
10 Accounting Newyork

Update trigger:
This trigger fires with update operation when update operation is performed
on the table. Two temporary tables, 1.INSERT 2.DELETED are created due to
trigger the modified data is stored in the inserted table and old data stored in
deleted table.

truncate table dept_insert

truncate table dept_delete
create trigger update_data

on dept
for update
as
begin
insert into dept_insert select * from insert
insert into dept_delete select * from deleted
end

update dept
set dname = ‘EXPORT”
loc = ‘SEC’ where deptno = 10

select * from dept_insert

deptno dname loc
10 EXPORT SEC
select * from dept_delete
deptno dname loc
10 Accounting Newyork

Instead of Triggers: These trigger are mainly created for views.

Syntax: create trigger trigger_name on <view_name>
Instead of insert/update/delete
As
Sql statement

create view v10

as
select * from emp where deptno=10
select * from v10
it willdisplay an 10th dept employees details.

create trigger v10_trg

instead of insert
as
update v10 set sal = sal + 500
insert into v10 (empno, ename, deprno)
values (100, ‘CHAD’, 10)
select * from v10
instead records will not appears but salaries are modified due instead
of trigger.

create view dept_view

as
for insert
as
delete from dept_view
insert into dept_view (deptno) values (60)
select * from dept_view
datadeleted due to instead of trigger
create view emp_dept
as
select empno, ename, dept. deptno, dname from emp, dept where
emp.deptno = dept. deptno

select * from emp_dept

Empno Ename Deptno Dname

Insert into emp_dept (empnon ename, deptno, dname)
values (100, ‘CHAD”,50, ‘IMPORT”)

Error

Since not possible to insert data into two tables through single view

create trigger emp dept_trg

on emp_dept
for insert
as
begin
insert into emp (empno,ename) select empno, ename from inserted.
Insert into dept (deptno, dname)select deptnp, dname from inserted.
End

insert into emp_dept (empno, ename, deptno, dname)

values (100, ‘CHAD’, 50, ‘IMPORT’)

select * from emp

new record will be displayed along with old records
select * from dept
new record will be displayed along with old records.

Displaying the code of Trigger:

Syntax:
Sp_helptext ‘trigger_name’
Sp_helptext ‘emp_dept’

Displaying the triggers information for the table

Sp_helptrigger ‘table_name’
Sp_helptrigger ‘dept’

DCL Commands: these commands are used to grant or revoke the

permission on database objects to other users.
1. grant: Used to grant the permissions and data objects to users.
Adminstrator tools
Grant select on dept to ram
Grant insert, select on emp to ram
Ram/ram 123 login

Select * from dept

dept data is displayed
 insert into dept values (50, ‘***’, ‘ddd’)
error since no insert permission to ram
select * from emp
insert into emp (empno, ename) values (400, ‘chris’)
 1 record is inserted
update emp set empno = 111 where ename = ‘SMITH’
error since no update permission to ram

Revoke: used to take back the permissions given to the users

Revoke select on dept from RAM
Revoke select, insert an emp from RAM

Administrator login:
Granting permission with grant option:
Grant select on dept to ram with grant option

Ram login:
Select * from dept
data will be displayed
grant select on dept to naresh

naresh login:
select * from dept

Administrator login:
Revoke select on dept from ram cascade
now both ram and naresh will loose the permission on dept.
sp_who
it will display the status of logins.