Verbs in time clauses and conditionals follow the same patterns as in other clauses except:

In clauses with time words like when, after, until we often use the present tense forms to talk about the future:
Ill come home when I finish work.
You must wait here until your father comes.
They are coming after they have had dinner.
in conditional clauses with if or unless we often use the present tense forms to talk about the future:
We wont be able to go out if it is raining.
If Barcelona win tomorrow they will be champions.
I will come tomorrow unless I have to look after the children.
We do not normally use will in clauses with if or with time words:
Ill come home when I will finish work.
We wont be able to go out if it will rain. rains.
It will be nice to see Peter when he will get home gets home.
You must wait here until you father will come comes.
but we can use will if it means a promise or offer:
I will be very happy if you will come to my party.
We should finish the job early if George will help us.

"if" clauses and hypotheses
Some clauses with if are like hypotheses so we use past tense forms to talk about the present and future.
We use the past tense forms to talk about the present in clauses with if :
for something that has not happened or is not happening:
He could get a new job if he really
tried
=
He cannot get a job because he has not
tried.
If Jack was playing they would
probably win
=
Jack is not playing so they will probably
not win.
If I had his address I could write to
him
=
I do not have his address so I cannot write
to him.
We use the past tense forms to talk about the future in clauses with if:
for something that we believe or know will not happen:
We would go by train if it wasnt so
expensive
=
We wont go by train because it is too
expensive.
I would look after the children for you at the
weekend if I was at home
=
I cant look after the children because
I will not be at home.
to make suggestions about what might happen:
If he came tomorrow we could borrow his car.
If we invited John, Mary would bring Angela.
When we are talking about something which did not happen in the past we use the past perfect in the if clause
and a modal verb in the main clause:
If you had seen him you could have
spoken to him
=
You did not see him so you could not
speak to him
You could have stayed with us if you
had come to London
=
You couldnt stay with us because you
didnt come to London.
If we hadnt spent all our money we
could take a holiday.
=
We have spent all our money so we cant
take a holiday
If I had got the job we would be living
in Paris
=
I did not get the job so we are not living in
Paris.
If the main clause is about the past we use a modal with have:
If you had seen him you could have
spoken to him.
=
You did not see him so you could not
speak to him.
You could have stayed with us if you
had come to London.
=
You couldnt stay with us because you
didnt come to London.
If you had invited me I might have
come.
= You didnt invite me so I didnt come.
If the main clause is about the present we use a present tense form or a modal without have:
If I had got the job we would be living
in Paris now.
=
I did not get the job so we are not living
in Paris now.
If you had done your homework you
would know the answer.
=
You did not do your homework so you do
not know the answer.

Wishes
We use past tense forms to talk about wishes:
We use past tense modals would and could to talk about wishes for the future:
I dont like my work. I wish I could get a better job.
Thats a dreadful noise. I wish it would stop.
I always have to get home early. I wish my parents would let me stay out later.
We use past tense forms to talk about wishes for the present:
I dont like this place. I wish I lived in somewhere more interesting.
These seats are very uncomfortable. I wish we were travelling first class.
Everyone wishes they had more free time.
John wishes he wasnt so busy.
I wish it wasnt so cold.
We use the past perfect to talk about wishes for the past:
I wish I had worked harder when I was at school.
Mary wishes she had listened to what her mother told her.
I wish I hadnt spent so much money last month.
Hypotheses (things that we imagine)
When we are talking about hypotheses:
We use present tense forms after phrases like what if, in case and suppose to talk about the future if we think it
is likely to happen:
Those steps are dangerous. Suppose someone has an accident.
We should leave home early in case we are late.
We use a past tense form to talk about the future after suppose and what if to suggest something is not likely to
happen:
It might be dangerous. Suppose they got lost.
What if he lost his job. What would happen then?
We use modals would, could for a hypothesis about the future:
We cant all stay in a hotel. It would be very expensive.
Drive carefully. You could have an accident.
We use would in the main clause and the past in a subordinate clause to talk about the imagined future:
I would always help someone who really needed help.
I would always help someone if they really needed it.
We use modals with have to talk about something that did not happen in the past:
I did not see Mary, or I might have spoken to her.
Its a pity Jack wasnt at the party. He would have enjoyed this party.
Why didnt you ask me. I could have told you the answer.
The verb behas the following forms:
Present simple: Affirmative
I am
You are
He/She/It is
We are
You are
They are
Question form:
Am I?
Are you?
Is he/she it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
Negative:
I am not/ Im not
You are not/ arent
He/She/It is not/ isnt
We are not/arent
You are not/arent
They are not/aren't

Past simple
I was
You were
He/She/It was
We were
You were
They were
The past participle: been.
Present perfect: has/have been
Past perfect: had been
The verb beis used in the following patterns:
1. with a noun:
My mother is a teacher.
Bill Clinton was the president of the US.
2. with an adjective:
This soup is very tasty.
The children were good.
2.1 with the -ing form to make the continuous aspect
We were walking down the street.
Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.
2.2 with the -ed form to make the passive voice
The house was built in 1890.
The street is called Montagu Street.
This car was made in Japan.
3. with a prepositional phrase:
John and his wife are from Manchester.
The flowers are on the table.
Some verbs are followed by either a noun or an adjective:
She was a good friend. = N + V + N
She was very happy. = N + V + Adj.
He became headmaster. = N + V + N
He became angry. = N + V + Adj.

These verbs are called link verbs. Common verbs like this are:
be
become
appear
feel
look
remain
seem
sound

She seemed an intelligent woman.
She seemed intelligent.
He looked hungry.
He looked a good player.
After appear and seem we often use to be:
She appeared to be an intelligent woman.
He seemed to be angry.
Some link verbs are followed by an adjective. Common verbs like this are:
get
go
grow
taste
smell
He got hungry in the evening.
She grew stronger every day.
Delexical verbs:
have, take, make, give, go and do
We often use common verbs like have and take with nouns like a shower, a drink:
I took a shower. = I showered.
She had a drink. = She drank something.
We call these delexical verbs because the important part of the meaning is taken out of the verb and put into the
noun.
We often put adjectives in front of the noun:
I took a cold shower.
She had a nice, refreshing drink.
The verbs used most frequently in this way are:
have take make give

have
We use have with:
Food and drink: a meal, breakfast, lunch, dinner, a snack, a cup of tea
Talking: a chat, a conversation, a discussion, a talk
Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash, a scrub
Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest
Disagreeing: an argument, a dispute, a fight, a quarrel
I had a good breakfast before I left home.
We had a long talk about the problem.
The kids should have a bath before they go to bed.
She generally had a short holidayin July or August.
They had a serious quarrel about their fathers will.
We also use have with nouns formed from verbs:
I think you should have a look at this.
She had a bite of the cake.
Im thirsty. Im going to have a drink of water.
I had a listen to that new CD in the car.
They are going to have a swim.
take
We use take with:
Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash
Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest
I always take a cold shower in the morning.
You look tired. You need to take a break.
and with these words:
care a turn trouble a chance a decision
care of turns the trouble a risk a photograph
We took hundreds of photographs on holiday.
Jane always takes a lot of trouble with her homework.
We also use take with some nouns formed from verbs:
I think you should take a look at this.
Lets take a walk.
They are going to take a swim
give
We use give with:
Noises: a cry, a laugh, a scream, a shout, a whistle
Facial expressions: a smile, a grin, a look, a glance
Hitting: a kick, a punch, a slap, a push, a knock, a blow
Affectionate actions: a hug, a kiss, a stroke
Talking: some advice, an answer, some information, an interview,
a lecture, some news, a report, a speech, a talk, a warning
She gave a loud laugh.
John gave a happy smile.
He gave me a nasty kick on the leg.
She gave the children a goodnight kiss and put them to bed.
I have to give a speech at the meeting tomorrow.
make
We use make with:
Talking and sounds: a comment, an enquiry, a noise, a point,
a promise, a sound, a speech, a suggestion
Plans: arrangements, a choice, a decision, a plan, plans, an appointment, a date
Try not to make a noise.
They made arrangements to meet the next day.
go
We also use go and do as delexical verbs:
Shall we go swimming this afternoon? Or shall we go for a walk?
Its your turn to do the cooking.
Ill have to do my hair before the party.
We use go with ing verbs for common activities:
We usually go walking at the weekend.
He goes running every evening after supper.
Mums out. Shes gone shopping.
We use go for a with verbs to do with moving:
a jog a ride a swim a run a stroll a walk
I want to get out of here. Lets go for a walk.
Hes gone for a rideon his bike.
do
We use do thewith ing nouns to do with work, especially work in the house:
Its your turn to do the cooking.
You do the washing up and Ill do the drying.
and with other nouns to do with work:
I need to do a few jobs around the house.
I cant come out this evening. I have a lot of work to do.
We use do with nouns when it is obvious what the action is:
Ill have to do my hair before we go out. = Ill have to brush my hair.
Have you done your teeth? = Have you cleaned your teeth?
A question like
Have you done the car?
could mean
Have you washed the car?
Have you mended the car?
Have you put petrol in the car?
depending on the context.
The modal verbs are:
can could
may might
shall should
will would
o We use modal verbs to show if we believe something is certain, probable or possible (or not). We also
use modals to do things like talking about ability, asking permission making requests and offers, and so
on.