DISCUSSION

1. Application of differential relay

Microprocessor-based current differential relays offer superior protection for power transmission
lines. The key advantages over distance relays include better sensitivity for high resistance faults,
100% line protection, and better performance in the single-pole-tripping mode, particularly during
evolving and cross-country faults

Differential relays take a variety of forms, depending on the equipment they protect. The definition
of such a relay is one that operates when the vector difference of two or more similar electrical
quantities exceeds a predetermined amount. It will be seen later that almost any type of relay, when
connected in a certain way, can be made to operate as a differential relay. In other words, it is not
so much the relay construction as the way the relay is connected in a circuit that makes it a
differential relay.

Most differential-relay applications are of the current-differential type
The following figure represents the system element that is protected by the differential relay

There are three general categories of differential relays used in bus applications:
Differentially connected overcurrent (instantaneous or inverse time)
Percentage-restrained differential
High-impedance differential
In deciding what type of protection system to apply for a specific application, protection engineers
consider cost, complexity, reliability, and performance. The performance attributes they evaluate
are selectivity, sensitivity, and speed.
Differential protection is often applied on bus protection for its high selectivity. All current into and
out of a zone of protection is measured. The zone of protection is precisely determined by the
location of the current transformers that define the differential zone. With high selectivity, a
differential relay does not need to have any intentional time delay to coordinate with relays in
adjacent zones. Thus, differential protection can provide relatively high speed. As mentioned above,
there are a number of different types of differential relays. Each has different levels of performance
with regard to ultimate speed, selectivity, and sensitivity.
2. Biasing of Relay
In the differential relays theoretically the all the conditions and the characteristics are identical. But,
in practical this is difference due to the inequality of the two CTs. This difference leads the relay to
flow of spill current even if there is no fault. If the spill current exceeds the set value then the relay
may result an undesirable operation. To prevent this, in practice the biasing of relay is required.
To make the differential relay more stable to external faults and improve relay quality, its
respectively to operation was increased by inserting restraining coils. Two restraining (Biasing) coils
and one operating are used as shown in figure. Restraining coils will opposite the operation of
operating coil. The relay will operate only when the operating force is higher than restraining force.


OBSERVATION SHEET
NAME : I N Kodikara
INDEX NO : 110300F
GROUP : G 10
DATE OF PER : 04.06.2014
DATE OF SUB :
INSTRUCTED BY :

When Rs = 0

& I= 5A

When I= 5A & I
R
= 25mA





when R
s
= 0

& I
R
= 25mA

Wire resistance
R
p
()
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Spill current
I
R
(A)
59 54 48 43 36 27 17
Wire resistance
R
p
()
10 9 8 7 6 5
stabilizing
resistance
R
s
()
127.9 109.5 85.5 64.1 32.9 2.5
Wire resistance
R
p
()

10 9 8 7 6 5
Primary
current I (A)
2.3 2.6 3.0 3.3 4.0 5.0

when R
s
= 0

& I
R
= 25mA


















Wire resistance
R
p
()
0 20 40 60 80 100
Spill current
I
R
(A)
0.21 0.215 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.29
























R
p
() I
R
(A)
10 59
9 54
8 48
7 43
6 36
5 27
4 17
Spill current (I
R
) Vs pilot wire resistance (R
p
)

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5
spill
current(A)
Pilot wire resistance ()



R
p
() R
s
()
10 127.9
9 109.5
8 85.5
7 64.1
6 32.9
5 2.5










Stabilizing resistance (R
s
) Vs pilot wire resistance(R
p
)

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
R
s
()
R
p
()
























R
p
() I(A)
10 2.3
9 2.6
8 3.0
7 3.3
6 4.0
5 5.0
Pilot wire resistance (R
p
) Vs primary current(I)


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
R
p
()
I (A)
























R
p
() I(A)
0 0.21
20 0.215
40 0.24
60 0.26
80 0.27
100 0.29
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
I(A)
R
p
()
Primary current (I) Vs pilot wire resistance (R
p
)