ANARCHISM AND POLITICAL THEORY:

Contemporary Problems
by Uri Gordon
Mansfield Collee
Uni!ersi"y of O#ford
S$b%i""ed "o "&e De'ar"%en" of Poli"i(s ) In"erna"ional Rela"ions in 'ar"ial
f$lfil%en" of "&e re*$ire%en"s for "&e deree of Do("or of P&iloso'&y +DP&il,
A''ro#i%a"e -ord (o$n": ./0111
2
For my parents, Shifra and Ze'ev
and in memory of Yosef Gordon (192!2"#
3
A4STRACT
Anar(&is% and Poli"i(al T&eory: Con"e%'orary Proble%s 5 Uri Gordon0 Mansfield Collee
S$b%i""ed for "&e deree of DP&il in Poli"i(s0 Trini"y 311/
T&is "&esis e#'lores (on"e%'orary anar(&is%0 in i"s re6e%eren(e as a so(ial
%o!e%en" and 'oli"i(al "&eory o!er "&e 'as" de(ade7 I"s %e"&od (o%bines ($l"$ral
so(ioloy and '&iloso'&i(al ar$%en"a"ion0 in a 'ar"i(i'a"ory resear(& fra%e-or87
T&e firs" 'ar"0 9E#'lainin Anar(&is%:0 ar$es "&a" i" s&o$ld be addressed 'ri%arily
as a 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 -i"& dis"in(" for%s of oranisa"ion0 of (a%'ainin and dire("
a("ion re'er"oires0 and of 'oli"i(al dis(o$rse and ideoloy7 Larely dis(on"in$o$s -i"&
"&e &is"ori(al -or8ers; and 'easan"s; anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 (on"e%'orary anar(&is% &as
f$sed in "&e in"erse("ion of radi(al dire("6a("ion %o!e%en"s in "&e Nor"& sin(e "&e 2.<1s:
fe%inis%0 e(oloy0 and "&e resis"an(e "o n$(lear enery and -ea'ons0 -ar0 and
neoliberal lobalisa"ion7 Anar(&is" ideoloi(al dis(o$rse is analysed -i"& a""en"ion "o 8ey
(on(e'"s s$(& as 9do%ina"ion: and 9'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s:0 e%'&asisin "&e a!o-edly
o'en6ended0 e#'eri%en"al na"$re of "&e anar(&is" 'ro=e("7
T&e se(ond 'ar"0 9Anar(&is" An#ie"ies:0 is a se" of "&eore"i(al in"er!en"ions in fo$r
%a=or "o'i(s of (on"ro!ersy in anar(&is% "oday7 Leaders&i' in anar(&is" 'oli"i(s is
addressed "&ro$& s$s"ained a""en"ion "o "&e (on(e'" of 'o-er0 'ro'osin an aenda for
e*$alisin a((ess "o infl$en(e a%on a("i!is"s0 and an 9e"&i( of solidari"y: aro$nd "&e
-ieldin of non6(oer(i!e 'o-er7 >iolen(e is a''roa(&ed "&ro$& a re(i'ien"6based
defini"ion of "&e (on(e'"0 e#'lorin "&e li%i"s of any a""e%'" "o =$s"ify !iolen(e and
offerin obser!a"ions on !iolen" e%'o-er%en"0 re!ene and ar%ed s"r$le7
Te(&noloy is s$b=e(" "o a s"ron anar(&is" (ri"i*$e0 -&i(& s"resses i"s in&eren"ly so(ial
na"$re0 leadin "o "&e e#'lora"ion of L$ddis%0 "&e disill$sioned $se of ICTs0 and "&e
'ro%o"ion of lo6"e(&0 s$s"ainable &$%an6na"$re in"erfa(es as s"ra"ei(al dire("ions for an
anar(&is" 'oli"i(s of "e(&noloy7 ?inally0 "&e lens of "&e Israeli6Pales"inian (onfli(" is $sed
"o address anar(&is" dile%%as aro$nd na"ional libera"ion0 e#'lorin anar(&is" res'onses
in (onfli("6ridden so(ie"ies0 and dire(" a("ion a''roa(&es "o 'ea(e%a8in7
@
ACANOBLEDGEMENTS
My firs" and fore%os" deb" is "o %y s$'er!isor0 Mi(&ael ?reeden0 -i"&o$" -&ose
s$''or" and $idan(e "&is "&esis -o$ld &a!e ne!er been 'ossible7 In &is 'a"ien" ye"
$n(o%'ro%isin -ay0 Mi(&ael &as 'ro!ided a rea" deal of 'ers'e("i!e0 insi&" and
(ri"i(is% -&i(& -ere in!al$able "&ro$&o$" %y -or87
Da!id Miller and EliCabe"& ?raCer read draf"s of fo$r of "&e (&a'"ers in "&is
disser"a"ion and offered i%'or"an" s$es"ions7 Aa"&erine Morris0 %y (ollee ad!isor0
-as also of rea" &el' and s$''or" d$rin "&e diffi($l" and an#io$s 'ro(ess of -ri"in7
So %any indi!id$al (o%rades and (ollea$es &a!e (on"rib$"ed "o "&is "&esis -i"&o$"
readin %y -ri""en -or8 "&a" I (o$ld ne!er %en"ion so%e -i"&o$" doin in=$s"i(e "o
o"&ers7 If yo$0 reader0 &a!e e!er e#(&aned ideas -i"& %e in (on!ersa"ion0 "&en
so%e"&in of "&e follo-in 'aes is yo$rs0 as is %y &ear"fel" "&an8s7
D$rin resear(& for "&is "&esis I &a!e en=oyed "&e &os'i"ali"y of se!eral infos'a(es
and (olle("i!e &o$ses0 -&ose li!in e#a%'le of 9anar(&y in a("ion: -ill al-ays be
re%e%bered: Can Masde$ +4ar(elona,0 Cen"re A$"ono%e +La$sanne,0 Ce((o Ri!ol"a
+?irenCe,0 CIA +A%s"erda%,0 E*$ino# +Man(&es"er, E$rod$snie +Leiden,0 ?or"e
Prenes"ino +Ro%a,0 Les Na$s +4ar(elona,0 Les Tanneries +Di=on,0 Le To$r +Gene!e,0
Ra%anDs Lane +Bye >alley, Salon MaCal +Tel A!i!, and Tala%& +Lanar8s&ire,7
?inally0 %y 'aren"s0 Ee;e! and S&ifra0 %y sis"ers0 Noa and IfDa"0 and %y 'ar"ner0
L$(y Mi(&aels0 &a!e been "&ere for %e "&ro$&o$"0 "o offer "&eir $n(ondi"ional s$''or"7
I" is "o "&e% "&a" I a% $l"i%a"ely indeb"ed7
F
CONTENTS
A4STRACT777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 7777777777777@
ACANOBLEDGEMENTS777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777F
INTRODUCTION777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777<
PART I EXPLAINING ANARCHISM
C&a'"er 2 G BHAT MO>ES THE MO>EMENTH77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777F@
$nar%hism as a Politi%al C&lt&re
C&a'"er 3 G THREADS O? RESISTANCE7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777I1
'ra%in( the Genealo(y of Contemporary $nar%hism
C&a'"er @ G BHAT ANARCHISTS BANT7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777212
' he )o(i% of $nti!$&thoritarian Politi%al )an(&a(e
PART II ANARCHIST ANXIETIES
C&a'"er F G POBER AND EJUALITY777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772@2
)eadership and Po*er in $nar%hist +r(anisin(, Part +ne
C&a'"er / G POBER0 IN>ISI4ILITY AND SOLIDARITY77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772<<
)eadership and Po*er in $nar%hist +r(anisin(, Part '*o
C&a'"er < G 4EYOND 9DI>ERSITY O? TACTICS:7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777731/
,e!$ssessin( the $nar%hist -ebate on .iolen%e
C&a'"er K G LUDDITES AND HACAERS 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777773FI
-efinin( a /road!based $nar%hist Politi%s of 'e%hnolo(y
C&a'"er I G UNHOLY LAND777777777777777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777773.@
$nar%hism, 0ationalism and 1sraeli!Palestinian Pea%e
CONCLUSION777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777@3@
RE?ERENCES77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777@3I
/
INTRODUCTION
S"irlin0 S(o"land G L$ly < 311/ G FAM7 ?ro% "&e "e%'orary 9Hori6Eone: e(o6!illae0
-&ere an"i6GI a("i!is"s &a!e been (a%'in for "&e 'as" -ee80 a %ass e#od$s is in
'roress7 In s%all ro$'s0 "&o$sands of 'eo'le "re8 "&ro$& fields and &ills0 %a8in
"&eir -ay "o "&e M. %o"or-ay7 I" is s"ill dar8 -&en s(ores of %en in bla(8 rio" ear
e%ere o$" of 'oli(e !ans "o s$rro$nd "&e e(o6!illae0 b$" %os" of i"s in&abi"an"s &a!e
already %ade i" "o "&e "ar%a( G no- drain bran(&es and bri(8s on"o "&e road or
s"ain %ass si"6do-ns7 T&e in"en"ion: "o blo(8 delea"es0 s"aff and -or8ers fro%
arri!in a" "&e 'res"iio$s Gleneales &o"el0 "&e GI s$%%i" !en$e7 Mean-&ile0 e%erin
fro% -i"&in "&e (a%'0 a re%ainin fi!e &$ndred 'ro"es"ers bein '$s&in "&eir -ay
"&ro$& one 'oli(e line af"er ano"&er0 on "&eir -ay "o "&e %o"or-ay7 So%e $se a
9ba""erin ra%: %ade of lare infla"ed "yre6liners7 O"&ers (on!in(e lines of rio" 'oli(e "o
re"rea" by 'el"in s"ones a" "&eir lare "rans'aren" 'las"i( s&ields7 As reinfor(e%en"s r$s&
"o "&e s(ene0 "&e (elebra"ory defa(e%en" of (or'ora"e re"ail o$"le"s *$i(8ly ends in fa!o$r
of a r$s& "o "&e %o"or-ay7 T&en ne-s arri!es "&a" "&e rail-ay a''roa(& "o Gleneales
&as been disabled G "&e "ra(8s raised off "&e ro$nd -i"& a (o%'ressor0 "yres se" afla%e
as -arnin7
Mean-&ile on "&e M.0 'oli(e re%o!e one ro$' of 'ro"es"ers fro% "&e %o"or-ay0
only "o &a!e ano"&er ro$' blo(8ade i" a fe- &$ndred %e"res do-n7 A" "&a" 'oin"0 all
a((ess roads "o Gleneales fro% "&e nor"& and so$"&eas" are si%$l"aneo$sly blo(8aded
by si# affini"y ro$'s0 "are"in "&e %os" ob!io$s 'ress$re6'oin"s for "rans'or"7 T&ere is
no e#i" fro% Per"& or Crieff0 and A%eri(an and La'anese delea"es are for(ed "o "$rn
<
ba(8 a" Ain8ell 4ride and Ye""s o; M$(8&ar"7 S%all ro$'s of 'eo'le0 -&o &a!e been
&idin near "&eir "are"s o!erni&"0 no- lie on "&e "ar%a( lin8ed "&ro$& %e"al ar%6
"$bes0 or a""a(&ed "o an obs"r$("in !e&i(le7 Ta("i(s de!elo'ed "&ro$& "-o de(ades of
an"i6roads 'ro"es"s and resis"an(e "o fores" (learin are no- (rea"in lon *$e$es of
!e&i(les aro$nd S(o"land delayin "&e s"ar" of "&e %ee"in of "&e leaders of "&e se!en
%os" ind$s"rialised na"ions in "&e -orld and R$ssia7
A leafle" dis"rib$"ed earlier "&a" -ee8 a" "&e 9Ma8e Po!er"y His"ory: %ar(& in
Edinb$r&0 i"s "e#" re'rod$(ed &ere0 e#'lains "&e blo(8aders; %o"i!a"ions:
T&e GI blo(8ades re'resen" only "&e %os" o!er" %anifes"a"ion of a %$(& -ider
'&eno%enon7 T&e las" de(ade0 "&is "&esis ar$es0 &as seen "&e f$ll6blo-n res$rre("ion of
K
MAKE HISTORY: SHUT DOWN THE G8
T&e GI &a!e s&o-n "i%e and "i%e aain "&a" "&ey are $nable "o do
any"&in b$" f$r"&er "&e des"r$("ion of "&is -orld -e all s&are7 Can -e really
belie!e "&a" "&e GI -ill 9Ma8e Po!er"y His"ory: -&en "&eir only res'onse is "o
(on"in$e "&eir (olonial 'illae of Afri(a "&ro$& (or'ora"e 'ri!a"isa"ionH Can
-e e#'e(" "&e% "o "a(8le (li%a"e (&ane -&en -&e"&er or no" i" is a serio$s
'roble% is $' for deba"e0 as "&eir o-n lea8ed do($%en"s s&o-H Mar(&in is
only "&e firs" s"e'7
More is needed as %ar(&es are of"en inored: "&in8 ba(8 "o "&e %ea6
%ar(&es aains" "&e Ira* -ar7 T&e GI need "o be i!en a %essae "&ey (an;"
inore7 T&ey (an;" inore $s blo(8in "&e roads "o "&eir olf (o$rse0 disr$'"in
"&eir %ee"in and sayin -i"& o$r bodies -&a" -e belie!e in G a be""er -orld7
Ho-e!er0 -e don;" need "o as8 "&e GI "o (rea"e a be""er -orld7 Be (an s"ar"
ri&" no-0 for e#a%'le0 -i"& "&o$sands of 'eo'le (on!erin "oe"&er "o
de%ons"ra"e 'ra("i(al sol$"ions "o lobal 'roble%s in an e(o6!illae off "&e road
"o Gleneales G based on (o6o'era"ion and res'e(" for "&e 'lane"7
Starting toa! "# $an ta%# r#&'on&i(i)it! *or o+r a$tion& an t,# "or)
"# "i)) in,#rit to-orro". W# $an a)) -a%# ,i&tor!.
anar(&is%0 as a re(onisable so(ial %o!e%en" in i"s o-n ri&"0 -i"& a s(ale0 $ni"y and
di!ersi"y $nseen sin(e "&e 2.@1s7 Con"e%'orary anar(&is" 'oli"i(s re'resen" an in"ri$in
si"e of 'ra#is and ar"i($la"ion7 Anar(&is"s are (o%in "o define dis"in(" ($l"$ral (odes of
'oli"i(al in"era("ion and e#'ression0 in "&e broader 'oli"y b$" no less so in "&eir o-n
oranisin and &$%an rela"ions7 T&e si"e in -&i(& "&ese (odes are re'rod$(ed0
e#(&aned and $ndero %$"a"ion and (ri"i(al refle("ion is "&e lo($s of anar(&is% as a
%o!e%en" G a (on"e#" in -&i(& %any !ery a("i!e 'oli"i(al s$b=e("s (an say "&e -ord
9-e: and $nders"and ro$&ly "&e sa%e "&in G a %olle%tive identity %onstr&%ted aro&nd an
affirmed %ommon path of thin2in( and doin(7 Anar(&is"s are also 'ossessed of a ra'idly
e!ol!in (on(e'"$al ense%ble for e#'lainin "&eir 'oli"i(s "o "&e%sel!es and "o o"&ers0
one -&i(& is n$an(ed and0 in i"s o-n -ay0 (o&eren" G -&ile lea!in a rea" deal of roo%
for disaree%en" and indis(i'line7 None"&eless0 (on"e%'orary anar(&is% &as re(ei!ed
!ery s(an" a(ade%i( a""en"ion G a &andf$l of 'a'ers0 one or "-o an"&oloies0 and se!eral
re(en"0 $n'$blis&ed do("oral disser"a"ions7 T&is es"ablis&es "&e s'a(e for a broad0
e#'lora"ory s"$dy of (on"e%'orary anar(&is% G as a %o!e%en"0 ($l"$re0 ideoloy and
"&eory G ele%en"s -&i(& are inse'arable7
T&is in"rod$("ion beins by briefly s'ellin o$" so%e of "&e baseline $nders"andins
abo$" (on"e%'orary anar(&is% s$es"ed in "&e "&esis0 all of -&i(& -ill be elabora"ed
and s$''or"ed in "&e (o%in (&a'"ers7 T&e dis($ssion of %e"&odoloi(al iss$es is "&en
ini"ia"ed0 by 'resen"in "&e rela"ions&i' be"-een "&e "-o resear(& aendas infor%in "&e
'resen" s"$dy G an in!es"ia"ion of anar(&is% as a %o!e%en" +-i"& i"s 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0
&is"ory and ideoloy, and in"er!en"ions in anar(&is" 'oli"i(al "&eory7 T&ird0 I elabora"e
"&e %e"&odoloi(al a''roa(& by %a8in "&e (ase for an in"era"ion of enaed0
I
'ar"i(i'a"ory resear(& %e"&ods -i"& 'oli"i(al "&eory7 I finally re!ie- "&e (on(re"e
resear(& s"aes $nder"a8en0 and dis($ss "&e iss$es of reliabili"y0 enae%en" and
s(&olarly dis"an(e raised by a("i!is" s(&olars&i'7
Contemporary Anarchism: A first look
T&e (on"e%'orary anar(&is" %o!e%en" is 9ne-: in "&e 8ey sense "&a" i" does no"
for% a (on"in$i"y -i"& "&e -or8ers; and 'easan"s; anar(&is" %o!e%en" of "&e nine"een"&
and early "-en"ie"& (en"$ries G -&i(& %e" i"s de%ise $nder E$ro'ean 4ols&e!is% and
?as(is% and "&e A%eri(an Red S(are7 Ra"&er0 i" re'resen"s "&e re!i!al of anar(&is"
'oli"i(s o!er "&e 'as" de(ade in "&e interse%tion of se!eral o"&er %o!e%en"s0 in(l$din
radi(al e(oloy0 fe%inis%0 bla(8 and indieno$s libera"ion0 an"i6n$(lear %o!e%en"s and0
%os" re(en"ly0 resis"an(e "o neoliberal (a'i"alis% and "&e 9lobal 'er%anen" -ar:7
4e(a$se of i"s &ybrid enealoy0 anar(&is% in "&e ae of lobalisa"ion is a !ery fl$id and
di!erse %o!e%en"0 e!ol!in in a ra'idly6s&if"in lands(a'e of so(ial (on"en"ion7
T&e ar(&i"e("$re of "oday;s anar(&is" %o!e%en" (an be des(ribed as a de(en"ralised
ne"-or8 of (o%%$ni(a"ion0 (oordina"ion and %$"$al s$''or" a%on a$"ono%o$s nodes
of so(ial s"r$le7 La(8in any one (en"re or 'er%anen" (&annels of in"era("ion0 "&is
ar(&i"e("$re &as been li8ened "o "&a" of a 9r&iCo%e: G "&e s"e%less0 b$lbo$s roo"6%ass of
'lan"s li8e 'o"a"o or ba%boo G a s"r$("$re based on 'rin(i'les of (onne("ion0
&e"eroenei"y0 %$l"i'li(i"y and non6lineari"y +Clea!er 2..I0 S&eller 31110 Ada%s 3113a0
C&es"ers 311@0 Le''esen 311Fa7 T&e %e"a'&or is borro-ed fro% "&e dis($ssion of
8no-lede in Dele$Ce and G$a"rari 2.IK:K62@,7
.
B&a" ani%a"es "&ese r&iCo%a"i( ne"-or8s0 and inf$ses "&e% -i"& (on"en"0 is
anar(&is% as a 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 a s&ared orien"a"ion "o-ards -ays of 9doin 'oli"i(s:
"&a" is %anifes" in (o%%on for%s of oranisa"ion +an"i6a$"&ori"arian0 non6&ierar(&i(al0
(onsens$s6based,M in a (o%%on re'er"oire of 'oli"i(al e#'ression +dire(" a("ion0
(ons"r$("in al"erna"i!es0 (o%%$ni"y o$"rea(&0 (onfron"a"ion,M in a (o%%on dis(o$rse
+8ey-ords0 narra"i!es0 ar$%en"s and %y"&s,M and in %ore broadly 9($l"$ral: s&ared
fea"$res +dress0 %$si(0 die",7
I%'li(i" in all "&e ($l"$ral (odes 'ro'ellin anar(&is" a("i!i"y are "&e %ore abs"ra("
9'oli"i(al: s"a"e%en"s of anar(&is%7 T&ese are also fra%ed e#'li(i"ly in re'resen"a"i!e
ar"efa("s of "&e %o!e%en";s 'oli"i(al lan$ae0 s$(& as "&e 9&all%ar8s: or 9'rin(i'les of
$ni"y: "&a" a("i!is" ro$'s e%'loy0 -&i(& for% "&e basis for an ideoloi(al analysis of
anar(&is%7 T&ese s"a"e%en"s enerally e%'&asise "-o "&e%es7 ?irs"0 a re=e("ion of 9all
for%s of do%ina"ion:0 a '&rase en(a's$la"in "&e %anifold so(ial ins"i"$"ions and
dyna%i(s G %os" as'e("s of %odern so(ie"y0 in fa(" G -&i(& anar(&is"s see8 "o $n(o!er0
(&allene0 erode0 'er&a's o!er"&ro-7 I" is "&is eneralisa"ion of "&e "are" of
re!ol$"ionary s"r$le fro% 9s"a"e and (a'i"al: "o 9do%ina"ion: "&a" %os" dis"in("ly
dra-s (on"e%'orary anar(&is% a'ar" fro% i"s earlier enera"ions7 Se(ond0 -e find
referen(es "o an e"&os of 9'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s: -&ereby libera"ory as'ira"ions are "o be
a("i!a"ed 9in-ardly: in "&e %o!e%en";s e!eryday 'ra#is7 Refle("in "&e do6i"6yo$rself
a''roa(& ani%a"in anar(&is"s; a("ion re'er"oires0 "&e e"&os of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s "&$s
(o%bines bo"& d$al 'o-er s"ra"eies +b$ildin rassroo"s al"erna"i!es "&a" are "o 9&ollo-
o$": (a'i"alis%,0 and "&e s"ress on realisin liber"arian and eali"arian so(ial rela"ions
-i"&in "&e fold of "&e %o!e%en" i"self7
21
B&a" anar(&is" ideoloi(al e#'ression o!er-&el%inly la(8s0 on "&e o"&er &and0 are
de"ailed 'ronos"i( s"a"e%en"s on a desired f$"$re so(ie"y7 T&is does no" %ean "&a"
anar(&is% is %erely des"r$("i!e0 b$" "&a" i"s (ons"r$("i!e as'e("s are e#'e("ed "o be
ar"i($la"ed in "&e 'resen"6"ense e#'eri%en"a"ion of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s G no" as an a!
priori 'osi"ion7 T&is lends anar(&is% a s"ronly o'en6ended di%ension0 -&ereby i"
es(&e-s any no"ion of a 9'os"6re!ol$"ionary res"in 'oin":7 Ins"ead0 anar(&is"s &a!e
(o%e "o "rans'ose "&eir no"ion of so(ial re!ol$"ion "o "&e 'resen"6"ense7 Non6&ierar(&i(al0
anar(&i( %odes of in"era("ion are no loner seen as fea"$res on -&i(& "o %odel a f$"$re
so(ie"y0 b$" ra"&er as an e!er6'resen" 'o"en"ial of so(ial in"era("ion &ere and no- G a
9re!ol$"ion in e!eryday life: +>aneie% 311252.<K,7
B&ile "&e foreoin 'oin"s re'resen" "&e broad (onsens$s a" "&e ba(8 of anar(&is"
oranisin0 "&e %o!e%en" &as also been "&e si"e of a rea" deal of in"ros'e("i!e deba"es0
dile%%as and (on"ro!ersies7 T&e %os" 'ro%inen" and re(al(i"ran" a%on "&ese are
dis($ssions aro$nd 9in"ernal &ierar(&ies: or 9leaders&i': in "&e %o!e%en"M deba"es on
"&e defini"ion0 =$s"ifi(a"ion and effe("i!eness of !iolen(eM on anar(&is" 'osi"ions aro$nd
"e(&noloy and %oderni"yM and an e%erin se" of dile%%as aro$nd in"erna"ional
solidari"y and s$''or" for "&e 9na"ional libera"ion: s"r$les of 'eo'les in "&e %a=ori"y
-orld7 B&ereas "&e in!es"ia"ion of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re and i"s idea"ional
(o%'onen"s is an in"er're"a"i!e "as8 of (larifi(a"ion0 "&e deba"es and (on"ro!ersies =$s"
%en"ioned (all for a %ore in"er!en"ionis" a''roa(&0 lo(a"ed in "&e en"er'rise of
de!elo'in anar(&is" 'oli"i(al "&eory7
22
Two Agendas
T&e 'resen" "&esis0 "&en0 is %o"i!a"ed by "-o lin8ed resear(& aendas:
/. T,# &t+! o* a 'arti$+)ar 'o)iti$a) $+)t+r#
0. Int#r1#ntion& in a 'arti$+)ar g#nr# o* 'o)iti$a) t,#or!
T&ese "a8e "$rns in "&e fron" sea" in ea(& 'ar" of "&e "&esis7 4eyond "&e 'ossibili"ies
and (&allenes of ea(& se'ara"e aenda0 i" is ar$ed "&a" "&a" "&e "-o are no" only
(o%'le%en"ary b$" inse'arable7 Le" %e firs" say so%e"&in abo$" ea(&7
T&e firs" aenda is in*$isi"i!e and e#'lora"ory0 and in!ol!es %a8in sense of
(on"e%'orary anar(&is% as a 'oli"i(al '&eno%enon7 S$(& an en"er'rise essen"ially se"s
o$" "o 'ro!ide an analysis of "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" in i"s !ario$s as'e("s0 s$es"in a
"&eore"i(al -or8in en!iron%en" in -&i(& in"ellien" (onne("ions (an be %ade a%on i"s
%any differen" %anifes"a"ions7 Aey "as8s in "&is res'e(" are a, enri(&in o$r analysis of
"&e %o!e%en";s ne"-or8 ar(&i"e("$re0 of "&e ne"-or8s; (ons"i"$en" nodes0 and of "&e
($l"$ral loi(s "&a" ani%a"e "&e%M b, s$es"in a re(ons"r$("ion of "&e %o!e%en";s
re(en" enealoy and so$r(es of infl$en(e0 as -ell as i"s rela"ions&i' -i"& "&e 9&is"ori(al:
anar(&is" %o!e%en"M and (, %a8in sense of "&e -ay in -&i(& anar(&is"s %a8e sense of
"&e%sel!es: %a''in "&e ideoloi(al -orld -&i(& anar(&is"s (rea"e and re'rod$(e0 and
"&e e'is"e%oloies "&a" "&ey enera"e in "&e (o$rse of 'oli"i(al enae%en"7 T&ese "o'i(s
are e#a%ined0 in "$rn0 in "&e firs" "&ree (&a'"ers of "&e "&esis7
T&e se(ond aenda in!ol!es a %ore s$s"ained (on(ern -i"& "&e "o'i(s of anar(&is"
deba"e and (on"ro!ersy %en"ioned abo!e7 In addressin "&ese0 "&e firs" "as8 is one of
disen"anlin G differen"ia"in be"-een differen" as'e("s of a dis($ssion0 iden"ifyin
23
'a""erns -&ereby s'ea8ers "end "o ar$e a" (ross6'$r'oses0 'oin"in "o (onf$sed $ses of
"&e sa%e (on(e'" in differen" senses0 and '$""in "&e finer on 3&estions -&i(& are "&e
%os" rele!an" and %eaninf$lly6deba"able ones7 ?ro% "&is follo-s "&e se(ond "as80
-&i(& is "o s$es" dire("ions for "&e re(ons"r$("ion of (er"ain deba"es0 for%$la"e
s$bs"an"i!e ar$%en"s of %y o-n0 and as8 -&e"&er and &o- "&e (on(l$sions (an be
seen "o fil"er ba(8 in"o anar(&is%;s ($l"$ral (odes7 T&e fi!e (&a'"ers in "&e se(ond 'ar" of
"&e "&esis are s"r$("$red aro$nd "&ese effor"s0 one "&e%e a" a "i%e7
Presen"ed in "&is -ay0 "&ere are "-o dire("ions in -&i(& "&e rela"ions&i' a%on
"&ese "-o aendas (an be seen "o 'ro(eed7 One is "o !ie- "&e se(ond aenda as a
'ossible e#"ension of "&e firs" one7 T&e in"eres" in anar(&is% re%ains dri!en by
e#'lora"ory ($riosi"y0 b$" is allo-ed "o s'ill o!er in"o "&e real% of (on(e'"$al
ar$%en"a"ion7 T&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 on "&is readin0 is "o be re(onised as one of
"&e %any rassroo"s se""ins in -&i(& 'oli"i(al "&in8in G indeed0 'oli"i(al theorisin( G
"a8es 'la(e4 As a res$l"0 anar(&is" deba"es and (on"ro!ersies on a 'ar"i($lar "&e%e are
a''roa(&ed -i"& a""en"ion "o "&e (on(e'"$al "ensions and re(onfi$ra"ions "&a" "&ey
e#'ress0 in order "o $nlo(8 i%'or"an" 'ro(esses of 'oli"i(al "&in8in as "&ey $nfold in "&e
&y'er6%odern '$bli( s'&ere7 Ha!in es"ablis&ed an $nders"andin of "&e ($l"$ral loi(s
a" -or8 -i"&in "&e (on"e%'orary anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 -e %ay f$r"&er $nder"a8e an
e#er(ise in 'oli"i(al deba"e fro% an anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e in order "o follo- &o-
a("i!is"s; ideas are e#'ressed0 "rans%i""ed and refor%$la"ed "&ro$& (on"in$o$s 'ro(ess
of dis($rsi!e e#(&ane7
More broadly0 "&e 'oli"i(al ($l"$re 5 'oli"i(al "&eory ne#$s s$es"ed &ere (an be
seen as a sa%'le of a %ore broadly 'ro'osed (orre("i!e "o %$(& of "&e a((e'"ed
2@
%e"&odoloi(al (or'$s of a(ade%i( 'oli"i(al "&eory7 S$(& a 'ers'e("i!e s$es"s "&a"
'oli"i(al reasonin %$s" "a8e in"o a((o$n" "&e real (ondi"ions of 'oli"i(s0 in "er%s of
definin i"s *$es"ions and deba"es0 as -ell as in "er%s of in"era"in *$es"ions of
'ra("i(al i%'le%en"a"ion in"o i"s fold7 B&ile for %ains"rea% 'oli"i(al "&eory "&is -o$ld
%ean 'oli(y0 leisla"ion or (ons"i"$"ional (&ane0 "&e real -orld -i"& -&i(& anar(&is"
reasonin is (on(erned is "&a" of e#"ra6leal a("i!i"y for so(ial "ransfor%a"ion7
Ano"&er 'ossibili"y0 &o-e!er0 sees "&e se(ond0 in"er!en"ionis" or 'res(ri'"i!e
aenda0 as an end in i"self G and "&$s as 'er&a's 'ri%ary "o "&e firs" one0 in "er%s of "&e
resear(&er;s o-n in"eres"s and of i"s sinifi(an(e "o 'ro!idin an enri(&ed a''roa(& "o
anar(&is" 'oli"i(s7 On s$(& an a''roa(&0 "&e firs" aenda no- "a8es on an a$#iliary role0
bein !ie-ed as a ne(essary 'reli%inary "o %ore ar$%en"a"i!e "&in8in7 ?ro% (&a'"er
F on-ards0 "&en0 "&e reader is in!i"ed "o 'ro!isionally ado'" an anar(&is" fra%e of
ass$%'"ions0 and see -&a" &a''ens -&en -e 9r$n -i"& i":0 in a''li(a"ion "o a n$%ber
of "&e%es7 To be s$re0 "&e 'ossibili"y for any in"er!en"ion in an e#'li(i"ly anar(&is"
"&eore"i(al deba"e de'ends on i"s ro$ndin in a 'rior a((e'"an(e of so%e anar(&is"
ass$%'"ions7 B&ile I 'resen" "&is fra%e-or8 in so%e elabora"ion0 I do no" ar$e for i"s
!alidi"y as s$(&7 My '$r'ose in "&is "&esis is no" "o add any"&in ne- "o 9"&e (ase for
anar(&is%:0 -&i(& &as already been 'resen"ed e#&a$s"i!ely in "-o (en"$ries of anar(&is"
li"era"$re0 and &as re(ei!ed s$bs"an"ial "rea"%en" and reinfor(e%en"0 fro% differen"
anles0 in a(ade%i( 'oli"i(al "&eory +Bolff 2.K20 Taylor 2.K<0 Ri""er 2.I10 Taylor 2.I30
4ro-n 2..@0 Car"er 3111,7 My ai% in "&is "&esis is differen"7 Ins"ead of "a8in a
$ni!ersalis" fo$nda"ion "o ar$e for anar(&is" %on%l&sions0 I in"end "o "a8e "&e dis($ssion
"o a %ore ad!an(ed le!el0 beinnin fro% so%e anar(&is" ass&mptions and o'enin $'
2F
deba"es "&a" only arise fro% -i"&in "&e%7 T&$s0 in "&e se(ond 'ar"0 "&e ro$ndin of
ar$%en"a"ion in a 're!io$s analysis of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re allo-s "&e elabora"ion of
(on"e%'orary "&e%es in anar(&is" "&eory "o refle(" %ore en$inely "&e deba"es0
%en"ali"ies and lan$ae of "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 "o be fo$nd in anar(&is"s; e!eryday
a("ions and $""eran(es7
T&e 'resen" "&esis s&o$ld "&$s f$r"&er be dis"in$is&ed fro% 're!io$s a(ade%i(
-or8s on anar(&is%0 s$(& as "&ose (i"ed abo!e7 B&ile I do no" %ean "o *$es"ion "&e
!alidi"y or rio$r of "&ese en"er'rises as s$(&0 "&e iss$e I "a8e -i"& "&e% all is "&a" "&ey
'ro(eed in (o%'le"e de"a(&%en" fro% "&e reali"ies of "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 res$l"in
in "&eore"i(al in"er!en"ions "&a" &a!e no dire(" resonan(e "&e a("$al deba"es in -&i(&
anar(&is"s enae in "&e (o$rse of "&eir 'oli"i(al a("i!i"y7 T&e e#'losi!e ro-"&0 and
dee'enin of0 dis($ssion in anar(&is" (ir(les re(en"ly0 -&i(& &as been "o$(&in on a
%$l"i"$de of iss$es and es'o$sin oriinal and so'&is"i(a"ed 'ers'e("i!es0 &as re(ei!ed
li""le if any re(oni"ion fro% a(ade%i( -ri"ers7 Alan Ri""er *$i"e "y'i(ally sees "&e 9is"
of anar(&is%: re'resen"ed in "&e -or8s of God-in0 Pro$d&on0 4a8$nin and Aro'o"8in0
-&ose (on"rib$"ions "o anar(&is" "&eory are $ni!ersally Nsi%O rearded as %os" se%inal7 T&ese
-ri"ers0 -&o s$((eeded ea(& o"&er -i"&in "&e dis(re"ely bo$nded 'eriod be"-een "&e ?ren(& and
R$ssian Re!ol$"ions0 -or8ed o$" a (o&eren" se" of oriinal ar$%en"s0 -&i(&0 -&ile (on"in$in "o
be infl$en"ial0 &a!e no" de!elo'ed %$(& sin(e Aro'o"8inDs "i%e7 Hen(e0 "o (o%'re&end
anar(&is% as a 'oli"i(al "&eory0 "&e -ri"ins of %ore re(en" anar(&is"s need no" be (onsidered7
+Ri""er 2.I1:/,
S$(& an a''roa(& -o$ld &a!e been &ard "o =$s"ify e!en "-en"y fi!e years ao0 -&en
anar(&a6fe%inis% and e(oloi(al a''roa(&es "o anar(&is% -ere already -ell de!elo'ed7
Today i" -o$ld be o$"raeo$s0 in !ie- of "&e s&eer e#'losion of anar(&is" a("i!i"y and i"s
a((o%'anyin refle("ion0 -&i(& are readily a!ailable for so$r(in and dis($ssion if one
2/
8no-s -&ere "o loo87 S"ill0 e!en in so%e of "&e %os" re(en" -ri"in0 "&e ass$%'"ions and
so$r(es for dis($ssion re%ain ei"&er "&ose of nine"een"& and early6"-en"ie"& (en"$ry
anar(&is"s +Bard 311/,0 or s"i'$la"i!e (lai%s -&i(& are en"irely insensi"i!e "o -&a"
(on"e%'orary anar(&is"s a("$ally "&in8 and -ri"e +S&ee&an 311@,7 As Lason M(J$inn0
edi"or of "&e %os" -idely6read A%eri(an anar(&is" =o$rnal ar$es0 9"&e !oid in "&e
de!elo'%en" of anar(&is" "&eory sin(e "&e rebir"& of "&e %ilie$ in "&e 2.<1s &as ye" "o be
filled by any ade*$a"e ne- for%$la"ion of "&eory and 'ra("i(e 'o-erf$l eno$& "o end
"&e i%'asse and (a"(& "&e i%aina"ions of "&e %a=ori"y of (on"e%'orary anar(&is"s in a
si%ilar %anner "o 4a8$ninDs or Aro'o"8in;s for%$la"ions in "&e nine"een"& (en"$ry:
+M(J$inn 311F,7
In enain 'ri%arily -i"& (on"e%'orary anar(&is" so$r(es0 bo"& -ri""en and oral0 I
"&erefore a""e%'" a dis($ssion of anar(&is% "&a" brins "&e "o'i( $' "o da"e0 refle("in
"&e !ery real de!elo'%en"s "&a" &a!e been "a8in 'la(e "&erein o!er "&e 'as" years0 and
a''roa(&in 'erennial anar(&is" iss$es "&ro$& a ne- 'ers'e("i!e7
Between Philosophy and Participatory Research
T&e re(oni"ion of "&e i%'or"an(e of an a("i!is%6ro$nded a''roa(& for 9doin:
'oli"i(al "&eory e#"ends beyond "&e s'e(ifi( in"eres" in anar(&is%7 Bri"in abo$"
en!iron%en"al 'oli"i(al "&eory0 A!ner De6S&ali" &as re(en"ly ar$ed for essen"ially "&e
sa%e "y'e of en"er'rise7 In order "o be no" only in"eres"in b$" also rele!an"0 &e ar$es0 a
'oli"i(al "&eory s&o$ld 9s"ar" -i"& "&e a("i!is"s and "&eir dile%%as777I" is "&erefore a
"&eory "&a" refle("s "&e a("$al '&iloso'&i(al needs of "&e a%tivist see8in "o (on!in(e by
2<
a''ealin "o 'ra("i(al iss$es:7 Al"&o$& s5&e %ay "a8e side -i"& "&e broad aenda of
en!iron%en"al a("i!is"s0 9"&e '&iloso'&er s&o$ld no" "a8e "&e !al$e of "&e a("i!is"s;
(lai%s for ran"edM "&eir in"$i"ions0 ar$%en"s0 (lai%s0 and "&eories s&o$ld also be
s(r$"iniCed7 Ho-e!er0 "&e fa(" "&a" "&ey need "o be (ri"i(ally e#a%ined does no" affe(" "&e
%ain 'oin": "&a" "&e a("i!is"s; in"$i"ions0 (lai%s0 and "&eories o$&" "o be "&e s"ar"in
'oin" for a '&iloso'&y ai%ed a" 'oli(y (&ane:7 Pro(ed$rally0 "&is %eans "&a" "&e
"&eoris" 9s"$dies "&e in"$i"ions and "&eories "&a" e#is" -i"&in "&e i!en so(ie"y and
analyses P'o'$lar; "&eories -i"& a !ie- "o refinin( "&e%: +De6S&ali" 3111:3.6@2,7 4y
brinin "&e +of"en (onfli("in, !ie-s of a("i!is"s "o a &i& le!el of ar"i($la"ion0 "&e
"&eoris" (an (ons"r$(" a dis($ssion -&ere "&e a("i!is"s; deba"es (an be $nder"a8en in a
%ore 're(ise and (lear -ay0 -i"& a""en"ion "o de"ail and a (o&eren" "&read of ar$%en"7
T&e role of "&e "&eoris"0 on "&is s(ore0 is "o 'ar"a8e in and fa(ili"a"e "&e refle#i!e 'ro(ess
of "&eorisin a%on a("i!is"s0 f$n("ionin as a (larifier0 oraniser and ar"i($la"or of ideas0
an a("i!i"y "&a" "a8es 'la(e *ith and for a("i!is"s7 Her or &is oal is "o address0 in
"&eore"i(al for%0 "&e iss$es "&a" a("i!is"s fa(e in "&eir e!eryday oranisin0 "o asse%ble
ideas so "&a" "&ey (an be dis($ssed (aref$lly0 "o lay o'en &idden ass$%'"ions and
(on"radi("ory s"a"e%en"s0 and in eneral "o ad!an(e a("i!is"s; "&in8in by "rans'osin i"
fro% "&e fra%en"ed "errain of brief and infor%al deba"e "o a di%ension -&ere a %ore
s"r$("$red and 9&i& defini"ion: dis($ssion (an be $nder"a8en G "o "&e -ri""en 'ae7
B&ile "&e is" of "&is a''roa(& is !ery (lose "o "&e "y'e of "&eorisin a("i!i"y "&a" I
a% 'ro'osin &ere0 one as'e(" of i" is no" s$s"ainable for a''li(a"ion "o "&e 'resen"
(on"e#"7 Clearly anar(&is" "&eory is no" eared "o-ards $nder'innin 9'oli(y (&ane:0
-&i(& ine!i"ably %eans (&ane "&ro$& "&e s"a"e7 Ra"&er0 "&e oal is "o $nder'in !ario$s
2K
for%s of rassroo"s a("ion "&a" "a8e 'la(e o$"side and as6aains" "&e s"a"e7 T&is
obser!a"ion does no" in!alida"e De6S&ali";s basi( a''roa(&0 "&a" is0 "&e ro$ndin of
"&eory in "&e ideas of a("i!is"s7 B&a" i" does do0 &o-e!er0 is "o s&if" o$r $nders"andin of
-&a" "&ese needs %ay be7 T&e anar(&is" "&eoris";s enae%en" -i"& "&e 9'o'$lar:
ar$%en"a"ion of a("i!is"s &as "&e oal0 no" of &el'in anar(&is"s ar"i($la"e be""er
ar$%en"s "&a" "&ey (an $se "o infl$en(e "&e 'oli"i(al 'ro(ess0 b$" "o i%'ro!e "&eir
$nders"andin of "&e iss$es "&a" $ide "&e% in "&e 'ro=e(" of "ransfor%in so(ie"y
-i"&o$" re(o$rse "o "&e s"a"e7
T&is as'e(" of De6S&ali";s %e"a6"&eory (an be (ri"i(ised alon %ore eneral lines7 In
essen(e &e see%s "o be "a8in on board0 *$i"e $n(ri"i(ally0 -&a" I -o$ld (onsider "o be
so%e !ery naQ!e ass$%'"ions abo$" "&e -ay in -&i(& 'oli"i(s a("$ally f$n("ions7 T&e
ra"ionale "&a" $nderlies &is a((o$n" is "&a" "&e '$r'ose of "&eory is "o e*$i' a("i!is"s -i"&
ar$%en"s -i"& -&i(& "&ey "&en en"er in"o a 'res$%ably o'en and free arena of '$bli(
deba"e7 Here0 s$((ess in 9(on!in(in: o"&er %e%bers of "&e '$bli( is0 in "$rn0
$nders"ood as a$"o%a"i(ally "ransla"in in"o 'oli(y (&anes7 T&is (an only be be(a$se
"&is 9'$bli(: is s$''osed "o &a!e a de(idin infl$en(e o!er -&a" "&e s"a"e does7 S$(& an
orien"a"ion see%s "o in&abi"0 alon -i"& %$(& of (on"e%'orary 'oli"i(al "&eory0 so%e
8ind of drea%6land in -&i(& "&ere are no s$(& "&ins as sys"e%a"i( (oll$sion and
re!ol!in doors be"-een 'oli"i(al and (or'ora"e eli"es0 'rofessional lobbyis"s and
%illionaire donors0 %ani'$la"i!e ne-s (&annels0 and o!ern%en"s -&i(& lie "o "&e
'$bli( abo$" any"&in fro% "&e daners of GM (ro's "o "&e e#is"en(e of -ea'ons of
%ass6des"r$("ion in oil6ri(& (o$n"ries7 If a 'oli"i(al "&eory really -an"s "o &a!e an i%'a("
in "&e real 'oli"i(al -orld0 i" s&o$ld a" leas" "a8e on board so%e e%'iri(al (onsidera"ion
2I
of -&a" "&a" -orld a("$ally loo8s li8e0 ins"ead of ass$%in "&a" "&e "&eoris" is e%bedded
in a -ell6f$n("ionin de%o(ra"i( 'oli"y7 T&is ass$%'"ion is no" !ery -idely s&ared
a%on De S&ali";s o-n a$dien(e of en!iron%en"al a("i!is"s7
I" (o$ld also be as8ed -&e"&er i" is really "&e 'ro!in(e of theory "o (on!in(e "&e
'$bli( of "&e a''ro'ria"eness or !iabili"y of a 'oli"i(al 'osi"ion0 -&e"&er anar(&is% or
De6S&ali"Ds de%o(ra"i( and so(ialis" en!iron%en"alis%7 B&a" (on!in(es 'eo'le %$(&
%ore effe("i!ely "&an "&eory is ideolo(i%al (o%%$ni(a"ion: 'ro'aanda0 sloans0 (ar"oons
and0 'er&a's %ore "&an any"&in0 "&e li!in 'ra("i(e of a("i!is"s -&i(& "&e la""er $se
dire("ly "o ins'ire 'eo'le by -ay of e#a%'le +"&is is -&a" anar(&is"s (all 9'ro'aanda by
deed:,7 I" %ay be serio$sly do$b"ed -&e"&er anyone &as e!er been 9-on o!er: "o a
'oli"i(al 'osi"ion on "&e s"ren"& of a -ell6(ons"r$("ed ar$%en" or a''ealin "&eory7 I"
is %$(& %ore li8ely G and in fa(" (onfir%ed by -&a" (an be obser!ed a%on a("i!is"s G
"&a" 'eo'le (o%e in"o "&eir 'osi"ions on "&e basis of a %$(& %ore 'ersonal 'ro(ess0
-&i(& "a8es 'la(e no" only on an in"elle("$al5"&eore"i(al le!el b$" also on "&e basis of
e%o"ion0 (on!i("ion and belief G ele%en"s of ideoloy -&i(& need "o be "a8en in"o
a((o$n" in (ons"r$("in a 9rele!an": '&iloso'&y "&a" (an "r$ly i%'a(" so(ial aendas7
A final iss$e "o be "a8en -i"& De6S&ali";s a((o$n" is %ore s"ri("ly %e"&odoloi(al: &is
&i&ly !al$able a''roa(& "o 9doin: 'oli"i(al "&eory does no" (o%e -i"& "&e ($s"o%6
%ade "ool8i" "&a" is ob!io$sly re*$ired for a((essin "&e "&eories of a("i!is"s7 Ho- is "&e
"&eoris" s$''osed "o 2no* -&a" a("i!is"s are sayinH B&ere does s5&e rea(& "o in order "o
so$r(e "&e 9'o'$lar: "&eories0 ar$%en"s and deba"es -&i(& are s$''osed "o for% "&e
basis for dis($ssionH Al"&o$& &e (on"in$o$sly e%'&asises "&e need "o do so0 De6S&ali"
ne!er a("$ally s'ells o$" &o-7 T&is la($na &as so%e serio$s (onse*$en(es: in "&e
2.
re%ainder of &is boo80 &e %os"ly disreards "&e !ery a("i!is"s -&ose "&eories are so dear
"o &i%0 and re%ains larely in "&e "errain of 'rofessional a(ade%i( so$r(es7 T&ere are a
rea" deal of *$o"a"ions fro% en!iron%en"al e"&i(is"s0 'oli"i(al "&eoris"s and o"&er
a(ade%i(s0 and a !ery o((asional referen(e "o 9en!iron%en"alis"s: s$(& as e#6Green
fi$re&ead Lona"&on Porri""0 Ger%an Green 'oli"i(ian R$dol'& 4a&ro and si%ilar
indi!id$als -&o &a!e ei"&er ne!er been0 or are no loner0 en$ine re'resen"a"i!es of
rassroo"s en!iron%en"alis%7 T&e real (ri"erion for in(l$sion in "&e deba"e is no" -&e"&er
an a("i!is";s ar$%en" is !al$able0 b$" -&e"&er i" a''ears in a re(onised '$bli(a"ion7
T&e 'resen" "&esis e%'loys a s"ra"ey in -&i(& "&e '&iloso'&er 5 resear(&er %ore
f$lly 'ar"i(i'a"es in "&e %o!e%en" bein s"$died and "&eorised -i"&7 I" is ar$ed "&a" a
'ar"i(i'a"ory s"ra"ey 'ro!ides "&e %os" ade*$a"e and enri(&in a((ess "o a("i!is"s;
($l"$ral (odes of 'ra#is0 ideoloy0 "&eories and deba"es7
T&is "y'e of "&eorisin &as (lear resonan(es -i"& An"onio Gra%s(i;s idea of "&e
9orani( in"elle("$al:7 A((ordin "o Gra%s(i0 ea(& so(ial ro$' "&a" (o%es in"o e#is"en(e
(rea"es -i"&in i"self one or %ore s"ra"a of in"elle("$als "&a" i!es i" %eanin0 "&a" &el's i"
bind "oe"&er and f$n("ion7 T&ese in"elle("$als (an be a""a(&ed bo"& "o "&e r$lin (lass G
as %anaers0 (i!il ser!an"s0 (lery0 "ea(&ers0 "e(&ni(ians0 la-yers e"(7 G b$" %ay also rise
o$" of "&e o''osi"ional se("ions of so(ie"y7 Gra%s(i %ain"ains "&a" no" only s&o$ld a
sinifi(an" n$%ber of 9"radi"ional: in"elle("$als (o%e o!er "o "&e re!ol$"ionary (a$se
+Mar#0 Lenin and Gra%s(i &i%self -ere e#a%'les of "&is, b$" also "&a" "&e -or8in (lass
%o!e%en" s&o$ld 'rod$(e i"s o-n orani( in"elle("$als7 He oes on "o 'oin" o$" "&a"
9"&ere is no &$%an a("i!i"y fro% -&i(& e!ery for% of in"elle("$al 'ar"i(i'a"ion (an be
e#(l$ded: and "&a" e!eryone0 o$"side "&eir 'ar"i($lar a("i!i"y0 9(arries on so%e for% of
31
in"elle("$al a("i!i"y777'ar"i(i'a"es in a 'ar"i($lar (on(e'"ion of "&e -orld0 &as a (ons(io$s
line of %oral (ond$("0 and "&erefore (on"rib$"es "o s$s"ain a (on(e'"ion of "&e -orld or
"o %odify i"0 "&a" is0 "o brin in"o bein ne- %odes of "&o$&": +Gra%s(i 2.K252.3<,7
B&a" is rele!an" &ere is no" Gra%s(i;s reified no"ion of so(ial (lasses0 nor &is
in"era"ion of "&e orani( in"elle("$al in"o an a$"&ori"arian6Mar#is" fra%e-or8 G "&e
9(o$n"er6&ee%oni(: 'ro=e(" ($l%ina"in in "&e seiC$re of s"a"e 'o-er7 Ra"&er0 -&a" (an
be s"ressed &ere is "&e e%beddedness of "&e orani( in"elle("$al in a 'ar"i($lar libera"ory
%ilie$ "o-ards -&i(& s5&e re%ains res'onsi!e7 Hen(e "&e 'ro(ess of enera"in
anar(&is" "&eory i"self &as "o be dialoi(al0 in "&e sense "&a" bo"& "&e 'eo'le -&ose ideas
and 'ra("i(es are e#a%ined0 and "&e 'eo'le -&o are oin "o be for%$la"in "&eory on
"&eir basis0 &a!e "o be in!ol!ed in "&e 'ro(ess of "&eorisin7 Only fro% "&is dialoi(al
(onne("edness (an "&e anar(&is" "&eoris" dra- "&e (onfiden(e "o s'ea87 On one
s"a"e%en"0 "&e !oi(e of "&e in"elle("$al s&o$ld no loner (o%e 9fro% abo!e0 b$" fro%
-i"&in: +G$lles"ad 2...M (f7 Le''esen 311Fb,7
Be %ay no- i!e "&is basi( i%'e"$s f$r"&er ro$ndin0 and (on(re"e "ools for
a''li(a"ion0 by a''ealin "o a se" of %e"&odoloi(al orien"a"ions "&a" &a!e been
de!elo'ed 'ri%arily for e%'iri(al so(ial resear(& b$" -&i(& (an be a''lied0 -i"& so%e
%odifi(a"ion0 "o 'oli"i(al "&eory as -ell7 B&a" I &a!e in %ind is "&e e%erin "radi"ion of
Par"i(i'a"ory A("ion Resear(& or Co6o'era"i!e In*$iry7 T&ese (on(e'"s are
in"er(&aneable $%brella "er%s0 referrin "o resear(& s"ra"eies -&ere a &oriCon"al
a''roa(& "o "&e enera"ion of 8no-lede is ado'"ed7 T&e riid se'ara"ion be"-een
resear(&er and resear(&ed is dissol!ed in fa!o$r of an a''roa(& -&ereby ood resear(&
(anno" be done on 'eo'le b$" %$s" be done *ith "&e%7 PAR5CI s"ra"eies also e%'&asise
32
"&e e%an(i'a"ory 'o"en"ial of "&e (olle("i!e enera"ion of 8no-lede0 -&i(& no" only
lei"i%a"es b$" !alorises a so(ially6(o%%i""ed orien"a"ion in in"elle("$al endea!o$rs7
PAR5CI in"era"es di!erse e%an(i'a"ory and rassroo"s a''roa(&es "o learnin0
in(l$din (on"rib$"ions of indieno$s ($l"$res0 (o%%$ni"ies in "&e lobal So$"&0 radi(al
'edao$es and '&iloso'&ers0 e(oloi(al 'ra("i"ioners and eali"arian0 fe%inis" and an"i6
ra(is" so(ial %o!e%en"s +?reire 2.K10 ?eyerabend 2.K10 4irnba$% 2.K20 To$raine e"7al
2.I@a0 2.I@b0 Rosaldo 2.I.,7 Reason and 4radb$ry +3112:2, 'ro!ide a 'reli%inary
defini"ion of PAR as 9a 'ar"i(i'a"ory0 de%o(ra"i( 'ro(ess (on(erned -i"& de!elo'in
'ra("i(al 8no-in in "&e '$rs$i" of -or"&-&ile &$%an '$r'oses:7 PAR is "&$s an
o!er"ly 9enaed: %e"&odoloi(al orien"a"ion0 ro$nded in an e%an(i'a"ory e"&os "&a"
fos"ers re(oni"ion of rassroo"s a("ors; abili"y "o (rea"e !al$able 8no-lede and
'ra("i(e7 In 8ee'in -i"& "&e e%'&asis of PAR on in*$iry as e%'o-er%en"0 s'e(ifi(
resear(& %e"&odoloies "a8e se(ond 'la(e "o "&e e%eren" 'ro(esses of (ollabora"ion and
dialo$e -&i(& e%'o-er0 %o"i!a"e0 in(rease self es"ee%0 and de!elo' solidari"y7
One of "&e an"e(eden"s "o PAR5CI in "&e field of so(ioloy is "&e -or8 of Alain
To$raine and &is fello- resear(&ers0 -&o s"$died ?ren(& an"i6n$(lear %obilisa"ions and
"&e Solidarity %o!e%en" in Poland +To$raine e"7al0 2.I@a 2.I@b,7 Definin &is %e"&od as
9so(ioloi(al in"er!en"ion:0 To$raine e#'lains "&a" "&e "e(&ni*$e in!ol!es 9o'enin $':
a ro$' in a so(ial %o!e%en" 9so "&a" i" (an e#'erien(e0 in (ondi"ions -&i(& one %i&"
des(ribe as e#'eri%en"al0 "&e 'ra("i(es of "&e so(ial ro$' or %o!e%en" "o -&i(& i" sees
i"self as belonin:7 T&e resear(&er 9s"ar"NsO fro% "&e 'osi"ion "&a" "&e be&a!io$r bein
obser!ed %$s" be (onsidered inse'arable fro% "&e body of %eanins -&i(& "&e a("ors
a""rib$"e "o "&a" be&a!io$r:7 On "&e basis of "&e (o%%en"s of in!i"ed e#"ernal
33
in"erlo($"ors +i7e70 "&e resear(&ers, in "&e ro$';s dis($ssions0 "&e a("i!is"s 9e%bar8 on a
'ro(ess of self6analysis -&i(& is i%'ossible in ordinary (ir($%s"an(es be(a$se of "&e
'ress$re of de(isions "o be "a8en and0 indeed0 "&e 'ress$re of "&e oranisa"ion i"self:7 T&e
ro$' of a("i!is"s0 in "&is "e(&ni*$e0 (o%es "o 9analyse i"s o-n 'ra("i(es and "&ose of "&e
%o!e%en" of -&i(& i" is a 'ar" on "&e basis of "&e &y'o"&eses in"rod$(ed by "&e
resear(&es0 -&i(& %ay0 of (o$rse0 be a((e'"ed or re=e("ed:7 A &y'o"&esis is =$ded
sa"isfa("ory if0 a((e'"ed by "&e ro$'0 i" 9in(reases in"elliibili"y and (larifies
rela"ions&i's be"-een %e%bers: and 9if "&e ro$' (an $se i" "o re"$rn "o a("ion0 "o
$nders"and bo"& i"s o-n ini"ia"i!es and "&e res'onses of i"s 'ar"ners7 T&is re"$rn "o-ards
so(ial 'ra("i(e -e &a!e (alled 'er%anen" so(ioloy: +To$raine e"7al 2.I@a:K,7
T&e role of "&e a(ade%i(0 "&en0 is no" si%'ly "&a" of an e#'er" obser!er b$" 'ri%arily
one of an enabler or fa(ili"a"or0 and "&e role of "&e 'ar"i(i'an"s is one of (o6resear(&er7
Ho-e!er0 "-o differen(es re%ain7 T&e firs" is "&a" in "&e 'resen" "&esis0 "&e resear(& is
done no" -i"& any 'ar"i($lar ro$' b$" is ra"&er si"$a"ed in "&e %ore fl$id and "ransien"
field of anar(&is" %o!e%en"7 T&is is bo"& ne(essary and a''ro'ria"e i!en "&e
ne"-or8ed s"r$("$res in -&i(& anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ar"i($la"ion "a8es 'la(e7 A 'arallel
%i&" be dra-n &ere -i"& "e(&ni*$es $sed in e"&nora'&i( resear(&0 in(or'ora"in -&a"
Geore Mar($s (alls 9%$l"i6si"ed: e"&nora'&y0 -&i(& 9%o!es o$" fro% "&e sinle si"es
and lo(al si"$a"ions of (on!en"ional e"&nora'&i( resear(& desins "o e#a%ine "&e
(ir($la"ion of ($l"$ral %eanins0 ob=e("s0 and iden"i"ies in diff$se "i%e6s'a(e: +Mar($s
and ?is(&er 2...:.<,7 Se(ond0 in To$raineDs %odel "&e resear(&er re%ains an in"er!enin
o$"sider0 -&ereas "&is "&esis -or8s -i"& a %ore de(idedly 'ar"i(i'a"ory aenda -&erein
"&e %o!e%en" is s"$died no" only in in"er!ie-s and ro$' dis($ssions0 b$" by in&abi"in
3@
i" as a so(ial en!iron%en" G "&ro$& (lose in!ol!e%en" in %o!e%en" a("i!i"ies and in "&e
re'rod$("ion of i"s ($l"$ral (odes7
Re(en"ly0 an"&ro'olois" Da!id Graeber &as des(ribed an a''roa(& "o anar(&is" so(ial
"&eory0 -&i(& &as so%e resonan(e -i"& "&e 'resen" -or8 +Graeber 311F:/6<,7 In addi"ion "o
"&e ini"ial ass$%'"ion "&a" 9ano"&er -orld is 'ossible:0 &e also "&in8s "&a" 9any anar(&is"
so(ial "&eory -o$ld &a!e "o self6(ons(io$sly re=e(" any "ra(e of !an$ardis%:7 B&a" "&is
%eans is "&a" "&e role of "&e anar(&is" "&eoris" is no" "o arri!e a" "&e 9(orre(" s"ra"ei(
analyses and "&en lead "&e %asses "o follo-:7 T&e 'oin"0 ra"&er0 is "o ans-er "&e needs of
anar(&is"s for "&eore"i(al e#'ression on "&e iss$es "&a" (on(ern "&e%0 and 9offer "&ose ideas
ba(80 no" as 'res(ri'"ions0 b$" as (on"rib$"ions0 'ossibili"ies G as if"s: +21623,7
To add a 'oin" &ere0 i" is $ns$r'risin "&a" "&e b$l8 of re(onised 9anar(&is"
"&eoris"s: -ere firs" and fore%os" (o%%i""ed a("i!is"s0 anar(&is" %ili"an"s -&o -ere
dee'ly in!ol!ed in "&e so(ial s"r$les of "&e day and -&ose "&eorisin -or8 -as
inse'arable fro% "&eir enae%en" in a("ion7 Mi8&ail 4a8$nin0 -&o (ons"an"ly s"r$led
in -ri"in -i"& "&e %o%en" of s'on"aneo$s rebellion0 -as &i%self a 'er%anen" fi#"$re in
al%os" e!ery E$ro'ean $'risin and ins$rre("ion of "&e %id6nine"een"& (en"$ry
+4a8$nin 2IK20 Ne""la$ 2II<62..10 Mendel 2.I2,7 Pe"er Aro'o"8in -&o -ro"e e#"ensi!ely
abo$" "&e 'ossibili"ies for "&e 'ra("i(al realisa"ion of anar(&is" so(ial for%s -as also a
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and (losely in!ol!ed in "&e e!eryday a("i!i"ies of -or8ers; %o!e%en"s in ?ran(e and
Enland as -ell as &is na"i!e R$ssia +Aro'o"8in 2.II52I..0 Bood(o(8 and A!a8$%o!i(
2.K2,7 Erri(o Mala"es"a0 -&o dedi(a"ed so %any 'aes "o *$es"ions of oranisa"ion and
re!ol$"ionary s"ra"ey0 &i%self "oo8 'ar" in an ar%ed ins$rre("ion a""e%'" in Ca%'ania0
3F
and oranised s"ri8es and fa("ory o(($'a"ions in Milano and Torino +Mala"es"a 2.</0
Ne""la$ 2.3F0 ?abbri 2.@<,7 E%%a Gold%an no" only %ade "&eore"i(al (on"rib$"ions "o
fe%inis%0 an"i6%ili"aris% and dire(" a("ion b$" a("i!ely (a%'ained for bir"& (on"rol0 se"
$' an"i6(ons(ri'"ion lea$es0 and '$r(&ased "&e $n -i"& -&i(& Ale#ander 4er8%an
s&o" ind$s"rialis" s"ri8e6brea8er Henry Clay ?ri(8 +Gold%an 2.K152.@20 S&$l%an 2.K20
Be#ler 2.IF,7 R$dolf Ro(8er0 "&e %a=or "&eoris" of anar(&o6syndi(alis%0 &el'ed
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Freie $rbeiter 5nion and "&e firs" se(re"ary of "&e In"erna"ional Bor8ers Asso(ia"ion0 "&e
(oordina"in body for anar(&o6syndi(alis" $nions +Ro(8er 2./<0 Gra$er 2..K,7 G$s"a!
Landa$er0 -&o %ade sinifi(an" (on"rib$"ions "o "&e (o%%$ni"arian and s'iri"$al
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!iolen" dea"& +L$nn 2.K@,7 T&e lis" oes on and on0 en(o%'assin no" only -&a" la"er
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b$" also "&e b$l8 of i"s 9bri&" b$" lesser li&"s: G fi$res s$(& as E%ile Ar%and0
>ol"arine de6Cleyre0 Lo&ann Mos"0 L$ii Galleani0 Lo$ise Mi(&el0 Ri(ardo ?lores Maon0
Gas"on Le!al0 >oline0 Dieo Abad de San"illan0 Sa% Doloff0 ?ederi(a Mon"seny G a roll6
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In s$%0 "&e anar(&is" en"er'rise of "&eory and s"$dy
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3/
T&is "y'e of "&eorisin a("i!i"y is0 I "&in80 'ar" of -&a" %a8es "&e anar(&is" "radi"ion
$ni*$e0 or a" leas" dis"in("0 'ar"i($larly fro% or"&odo# Mar#is%7 To "&in8 li8e a Mar#is" is0
firs" and fore%os"0 "o ado'" an on"oloy and e'is"e%oloy +diale("i(al %a"erialis%0 (lass
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anar(&is" is0 firs" and fore%os"0 "o ado'" a (er"ain orien"a"ion "o doin 'oli"i(s0 -&ile
a(8no-ledin "&a" a 'l$rali"y of on"oloi(al and e'is"e%oloi(al fra%e-or8s (an fi" in
-i"& i"7 T&is is 'ar" of -&y "radi"ional Mar#is" "&eory &as "ro$ble addressin "&e 'oli"i(al
per se0 -i"&o$" red$(in i" "o a %ere e'i'&eno%enon of sys"e%a"i( so(ial dyna%i(s "&a"
o'era"e be&ind 'eo'le;s ba(8s7 T&is is also -&y i" is e*$ally easy "o (&ara("erise "&e
9anar(&is" "radi"ion: as %a"erialis" +4a8$nin,0 idealis" +S"irner,0 bo"&0 or nei"&er7
?ollo-in on fro% "&ese (onsidera"ions0 -e %ay 'osi" "&ree broad s"aes of "&eore"i(al
resear(& "&a" (an be offered as a s"r$("$re for ini"ia"in and enain in a (ollabora"i!e
in*$iry in"o anar(&is" "&eory7 T&ese re%ar8s ass$%e "&a" an indi!id$al
a("i!is"5'&iloso'&er is a" -or80 b$" "&ey are e*$ally rele!an" for $nder"a8in "&e sa%e
en"er'rise in a s%all ro$'7
T&e firs" s"ae +or ini"ial (ondi"ion, is "&a" of i%%ersion: in order "o &a!e a((ess "o "&e
"&eories and ar$%en"s "&a" anar(&is"s e%'loy0 and -&i(& -ill be(o%e "&e ini"ial
b$ildin6blo(8s for analysis0 "&e '&iloso'&er ei"&er beins fro% "&e 'osi"ion of bein
na"i!e "o "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 or $nderoes a 'ro(ess of oin na"i!e G in any (ase
-i"& "&e res$l" "&a" s5&e is si"$a"ed sea%lessly -i"&in i"s ne"-or8s and fora7 T&e
ad!an"aes and 'i"falls of s$(& an insiders; 'osi"ion is dis($ssed belo-7
T&e se(ond s"ae is "&a" of absor'"ion: "&e '&iloso'&er (on"in$o$sly 'ar"i(i'a"es in
a("ions0 %ee"ins and dis($ssions0 (losely follo-in "&e 'ro(ess of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al
3<
ar"i($la"ion -&i(& &as by no- be(o%e a fra%e of referen(e -i"& -&i(& s5&e &as a rea"
deree of in"i%a(y7 T&is s"ae (an be e#'e("ed "o be "&e %os" 'ro"ra("ed one0 -i"& a
(ons"an" infl$# of ideas in"o "&e '&iloso'&er;s e%erin fra%e-or80 and a (on"in$o$s
'ro(ess of refinin "&e -ay in -&i(& ideas are 'osi"ioned and (onne("ed in "&e resear(&er;s
o-n %ind7 T&e 'ro(ess (an &a''en ini"ially in an $ns"r$("$red %anner0 fro% "&e 'osi"ion
of obser!a"ion and non6in"er!en"ion7 Ho-e!er0 -&a" (an also be e#'e("ed fro% "&is s"ae
is "&a" "&e '&iloso'&er -ill e!en"$ally en(o$n"er a n$%ber of re(al(i"ran" deba"es -&i(&
anar(&is"s (on"in$o$sly re"$rn "o0 "&$s iden"ifyin -&a" are "&e %os" !al$able and
rele!an" "o'i(s of "&eore"i(al in*$iry7 A" a %ore ad!an(ed 'eriod of "&is s"ae0 "&erefore0 i"
(an also "a8e "&e for% of "&e '&iloso'&er initiatin( fo($sed dis($ssions on a 'ar"i($lar
"o'i( a%on a("i!is"s 6 -&e"&er in 'ersonal dialo$e -i"& n$%ero$s a("i!is"s0 or a"
se%inars and -or8s&o's +a" a("i!is" a"&erins or in "&e r$n6$' "o %ass %obilisa"ions0 for
e#a%'le,7 To all of "&is is added an infor%ed and (on"e#"$alised dis($ssion of rele!an"
ar$%en"s and a''roa(&es 'ro!ided in anar(&is" and non6anar(&is" "e#"s7
T&e "&ird s"ae is "&a" of in"era"ion0 -&i(& 'arallels "&e 9-ri"in $': 'ro(ess of "&e
'&iloso'&i(al o$"'$"7 Here0 "&e a("i!is"5'&iloso'&er "a8es a s"e' ba(8 fro% "&e 'ro(ess of
absor'"ion0 and $nder"a8es "&eir o-n e#er(ise of arranin "&e ideas "&a" "&ey &a!e
en(o$n"ered in a %ore s"r$("$red %anner on "&e -ri""en 'ae7 T&is s"ae (an0 in 'rin(i'le0
"a8e 'la(e -&en "&e '&iloso'&er feels "&a" s5&e &as rea(&ed a (er"ain 'oin" of sa"$ra"ion0
-&en f$r"&er dis($ssions "&a" s5&e obser!es and 'ar"i(i'a"es in are yieldin di%inis&in
re"$rns G "&e ar$%en"s and "&eories are no- fa%iliar and rarely is so%e"&in ne- &eard7
In "&e 'rod$("ion of "&eore"i(al o$"'$"0 "&en0 "&ere are "-o %a=or "&ins "&a" "&e
a("i!is"5'&iloso'&er (an do7 T&e firs" is "o i!e elabora"e ar"i($la"ion "o 'oin"s "&a" are
3K
=$ded "o en=oy broad (onsens$s in anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 "a8in ideas and (on(e'"s o!er
-&i(& "&ere see%s "o be an in"$i"i!e aree%en" a%on a("i!is"s and renderin %ore
(o%'le# "&e -ay in -&i(& "&ey are $nders"ood7 T&e '&iloso'&er (an "ease o$" "&e -ay in
-&i(& (on(e'"s are $sed in eneral free6for% dis($ssion0 (larify "&e so$r(es of aree%en"
o!er "&e%0 and "ransla"e "&is (onsens$s in"o a %ore (o%'re&ensi!e a((o$n"7 T&e
(onsens$s (an0 of (o$rse0 also be (&allened0 or "&e '&iloso'&er %ay dis(o!er "&a" i" leads
"o so%e (on(l$sions "&a" a("i!is"s &a!e ye" "o (onsider7
A se(ond f$n("ion is "o enae -i"& 'ar"i($lar areas of (on"en"ion -i"&in anar(&is%0
%a''in o$" "&e differen" ar$%en"s "&a" are %ade in "&eir (on"e#" and s'ellin o$" "&e
ba(8ro$nd of so(ial a("ion aains" -&i(& "&e (on"ro!ersy o(($rs7 In addressin anar(&is"
deba"es0 "&en0 "&e firs" "as8 is one of disen"anlin G differen"ia"in be"-een differen"
as'e("s of a dis($ssion0 iden"ifyin 'a""erns -&ereby s'ea8ers "end "o ar$e a" (ross6
'$r'oses0 'oin"in "o (onf$sed $ses of "&e sa%e (on(e'" in differen" senses0 and '$""in
"&e finer on 3&estions -&i(& are "&e %os" rele!an" and %eaninf$lly6deba"able ones7 ?ro%
"&is follo-s "&e se(ond "as80 -&i(& is "o s$es" dire("ions for "&e re(ons"r$("ion of (er"ain
deba"es0 "o for%$la"e s$bs"an"i!e ar$%en"s of one;s o-n0 and "o as8 -&e"&er and &o-
"&e (on(l$sions (an be seen "o fil"er ba(8 in"o anar(&is%;s ($l"$ral (odes7 In s$(& a
(a'a(i"y "&e "&eore"i(al in"er!en"ion does no" ne(essarily in!ol!e "a8in a 'osi"ion -i"&in
"&e deba"e as i" is ($rren"ly s"r$("$red G "&e oal (an also be "o in"er!ene in "&e -ay in
-&i(& "&e deba"e i"self is s"r$("$red0 *$es"ionin "&e ass$%'"ions reardin i"s 'ara%e"ers
and -&a" -e are &a!in "&e deba"e for7 ?inally0 "&e anar(&is" '&iloso'&er %ay rea(&
"en"a"i!e =$de%en"s -i"&in a (er"ain deba"e0 offerin a !ie- "&a" sees so%e 'osi"ions as
3I
%ore a""ra("i!e "&an o"&ers0 and %a8in s$bs"an"a"i!e ar$%en"s -&i(& are "&en fed ba(8
in"o "&e onoin dialo$e -i"&in "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"7
4efore dis($ssin reliable =$de%en" and s(&olarly dis"an(e in 'ar"i(i'a"ory
resear(&0 le" %e o$"line "&e resear(& 'ro(ess $nder"a8en in "&is "&esis4 T&e s"ra"ey &as
in!ol!ed fi!e years of e%bedded resear(& -i"& anar(&is" a("i!is"s in!ol!ed in an"i6
(a'i"alis" and an"i6-ar a("i!i"ies0 -&i(& allo-ed %e "o be 'ar" of di!erse lo(al (a%'ains
and 'ro=e("s0 dis($ssion ro$'s0 as -ell as %ass %obiliCa"ions and a("ions7 In O#ford0 I
&a!e been si"$a"ed -i"&in "&e lo(al anar(&is" ne"-or80 -&i(& &as ro-n "&ro$&
n$%ero$s dire(" a("ion (a%'ains0 fro% an"i6(or'ora"e (a%'ainin sin(e 3111 "&ro$&
"&e %obilisa"ion aains" "&e Ira* -ar in 311@0 and -&ose %e%bers de!elo'ed "&e lo(al
Inde'enden" Media Cen"re and no- effe("i!ely r$n "&e Eas" O#ford Co%%$ni"y Cen"re7
On "&e UA le!el I &a!e 'ar"i(i'a"ed in "&e an"i6a$"&ori"arian 'ro(ess oranisin for May
Day a("ions and an"i6-ar de%ons"ra"ions0 and in "&e -issent6 ne"-or8 resis"in "&e 311/
GI s$%%i" in S(o"land7 On "&e E$ro'ean le!el0 I &a!e enaed in 'ar"i(i'an"
obser!a"ion a" 'ro"es" %obilisa"ions in Ni(e +EU0 De(e%ber 3111,0 Genoa +GI0 L$ly 3112,0
4r$ssels +EU0 De(e%ber 3112,0 4ar(elona +EU0 Mar(& 3113,0 Oslo +Borld 4an80 L$ne
3113, and E!ian +GI0 L$ne 311@,7 I also "ra!elled "o se!eral in"erna"ional a("i!is"
a"&erins0 in(l$din "&e S"rasbo$r No 4order Ca%' +L$ly 3113,0 "&e Peo'les; Global
A("ion +PGA, E$ro'ean Conferen(e in Leiden +Se'"e%ber 3113, and "&e E$ro'ean So(ial
?or$% in ?irenCe +No!e%ber 3113, and London +No!e%ber 311F,7 In addi"ion0 I "oo8
'ar" in onoin ne"-or8in a("i!i"ies as 'ar" of O#ford and UA6based (a%'ains0 PGA0
"&e E$ro'ean So(ial Cons$l"a +ESC, 'ro=e("0 and "&e so(ial for$% 'ro(ess7 To f$r"&er
"ra(e "ransna"ional (onne("ions0 I &a!e been %ain"ainin (on"a(" -i"& anar(&is" a("i!i"y
3.
in "&e Uni"ed S"a"es and Canada "&ro$& (on"in$o$s e%ail (orres'onden(e -i"&
a("i!is"s0 %oni"orin of Nor"& A%eri(an anar(&is" -ebsi"es0 inde'enden" %edia and
dis($ssion e6lis"s0 and %ee"ins -i"& A%eri(an oranisers -&o re$larly arri!e in
E$ro'e for 'ro"es"s or s'ea8in "o$rs7
I &a!e been (ons"an"ly follo-in and %a8in no"es of "&e deba"es "&a" I en(o$n"ered
a%on a("i!is"s in all of "&e ro$'ins and fora %en"ioned abo!e0 as -ell as %oni"orin
Enlis& and S'anis&6lan$ae e%ail lis"s and -eb dis($ssion ro$'s7 In "&e 'ro(ess of
doin so0 I &a!e en(o$n"ered -&a" I belie!e are "&e 8ey deba"es "&a" are ende%i( "o
(on"e%'orary anar(&is" %o!e%en"s0 -&i(& are refle("ed in "&e sele("ion of (&a'"er6
"o'i(s in "&e se(ond 'ar"7 I &a!e also ini"ia"ed se(ond6order dis($ssions0 "&a" &a!e
fo($sed no" on (olle("in 'ri%ary %a"erial b$" on "&e de!elo'in analysis and
ar$%en"s in "&is "&esis0 -&e"&er in 'ersonal dialo$e -i"& n$%ero$s a("i!is"s0 or a"
-or8s&o's I led d$rin a"&erins of "&e UA 7arth First6 ne"-or80 PGA E$ro'e and "&e
lo(al anar(&is" %ilie$ in O#ford7 T&ese -ere in "&e for%a" of 263 &o$r se%inars -i"& $'
"o @1 a("i!is"s0 in -&i(& feedba(8 -as re(ei!ed (on(ernin %y de!elo'in a''roa(& "o
anar(&is% as a 'oli"i(al ($l"$re +a "er% "&a" so%e a("i!is"s see% "o &a!e 'i(8ed $', and
anar(&is" (on(e'"$alisa"ions of ideas s$(& as do%ina"ion and 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s7 To
all of "&is is added an infor%ed and (on"e#"$alised dis($ssion of rele!an" ar$%en"s and
a''roa(&es 'ro!ided in anar(&is" "e#"s +see belo-,0 fro% boo8s and essays "o flyers0
bro(&$res0 and -eb6based ne-s and o'inion 'os"ins7 T&is disser"a"ion0 "&erefore0
s'e(ifi(ally in!ol!es a (o%bina"ion of a(($%$la"ed $nders"andin ained by firs"6&and
e#'erien(e and dis($ssions -i"& a("i!is"s0 a (ri"i(al readin of anar(&is" and non6
anar(&is" "e#"s0 and e#'osi"ory ar$%en"a"ion7
@1
Discussion
One of "&e in&eren" (&allenes of resear(& on anar(&is% lies in a''roa(&in iss$es of
reliabili"y and of !alid do($%en"s and ar$%en"s7 T&e 'ar"i(i'an" a''roa(& $nder"a8en
&ere0 i" is ar$ed0 (an enera"e %ore (onfiden(e in "&e a$"&en"i(i"y of "&e be&a!io$rs and
$""eran(es obser!ed by "&e resear(&er7 As So(iolois" Ma#ine 4a(a Einn no"es0 es'e(ially
-i"& %inori"y ($l"$res or %arinaliCed (ons"i"$en(ies0 'ar"i(i'an" resear(& is 9less a'"
"o en(o$rae dis"r$s" and &os"ili"y0 and "&e e#'erien(e of bein e#(l$dedSfro%
(o%%$ni"ies0 or of bein allo-ed "o 9see: only -&a" 'eo'leS-an" N"&e resear(&erO "o
see7 Peo'le in %inori"y (o%%$ni"ies &a!e de!elo'ed so %any self6'ro"e("i!e be&a!iors
for% dealin -i"& o$"siders0 "&a" i" is *$i"e reasonable "o *$es"ion -&e"&er %any real
be&a!iors and %eanins are a((essible "o o$"siders777-&o of"en la(8 insi&" in"o "&e
n$an(es of be&a!ior: +4a(a Einn 2.K.:323,
Sli&"ly %ore (o%'le# is "&e iss$e of "e#"s7 T&ere is a rea" deal of anar(&is"
li"era"$re o$" "&ere G in boo8s0 'a%'&le"s and on "&e -eb7 A s"roll "&ro$& "&e yearly
London Anar(&is" 4oo8fair $n(o!ers fo$r broad (a"eories:
Infor%a"ional boo8s0 boo8le"s and 'a%'&le"s on (on"e%'orary iss$es and s"r$les
+fro% "&e Ea'a"is"as and (li%a"e (&ane "o s*$a""in and (a%'ains aains" GMOs,0
in(l$din re(en" (o%%en"ary fro% C&o%s8y0 Einn0 Said0 e"(7M
Older li"era"$re G anar(&is"0 Mar#is" and liber"arian6lef" 9(lassi(s:M
Underro$nd %$si( CDs and %a"erial on ($l"$ral al"erna"i!es +fro% '$n8 "o dr$s "o
ear"&6based s'iri"$ali"y,M
Many self6'$blis&ed0 '&o"o(o'ied or (&ea'ly6'rin"ed boo8le"s and PCines +'rono$n(ed as
in 9%aaCines: or 9fan6Cines:,0 nor%ally in A/ for%a"7 T&ese in(l$de a %i# of essays0
a("ion re'or"s0 (o%i(s0 s&or" s"ories0 'oe"ry0 and do6i"6yo$rself $ides on any"&in fro%
-o%en;s &eal"& "o bi(y(le re'air7 Al%os" all 'ie(es in "&ese PCines are $nda"ed0 and are
-ri""en anony%o$sly0 (olle("i!ely or $nder a 'se$dony%7
@2
T&is las" (lass of %a"erials is &i&ly absorbin0 sin(e i" is "&e %os" rassroo"s
e#'ression of "&e (on"e%'orary anar(&is" %o!e%en" and "&$s offers as an in"ri$in
!is"a in"o i"s 'oli"i(al ($l"$re7 4$" s$(& %a"erials do no" lend "&e%sel!es "o
s"rai&"for-ard sele("ion G &o- is one "o de"er%ine "o -&a" deree a "e#" is rele!an" and
infl$en"ialH Also0 a rea" deal of anar(&is" ar"i($la"ion "a8es 'la(e on "&e -eb0 -i"&
li"erally &$ndreds of -eb6si"es dedi(a"ed "o ne-s0 anno$n(e%en"s and 'ole%i(s fro% an
anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e a!ailable for (onsidera"ion by "&e enaed "&eoris"7 Ho-e!er0
-i"&o$" any 're6se" %ar8ers0 &o- (an "&e resear(&er 8no- -&e"&er a (er"ain anar(&is"
ro$'0 ideoloi(al (onfi$ra"ion or se" of ar$%en"s "&a" -e en(o$n"er on "&e -eb is in
any -ay re'resen"a"i!e or infl$en"ialH Sin(e anyone -i"& %ini%al -eb6'$blis&in s8ills
and a((ess "o a ser!er (an se" $' a -ebsi"e and '$blis& -&a"e!er "&ey -an" on i"0 i" is
!ery easy "o 'resen" a rea" deal of %a"erial in an a""ra("i!e se"6$'0 "&a" -o$ld i!e "&e
i%'ression of 'ro%inen(e and i%'or"an(e0 -&ere in fa(" "&e ar"i($la"ion is %isleadinly
9lo$der: on "&e -eb "&an i" is in reali"y7 T&is (an (a$se an es'e(ially %isleadin
i%'ression reardin "&e i%'or"an(e of ro$'s -&o offi(ially iden"ify as anar(&o6
syndi(alis"7 Con"ras" "&e i%'ression of (lo$" i!en by "&e -ebsi"e of "&e Ind$s"rial
Bor8ers of "&e Borld +---7i--7or, G &is"ori(ally one of "&e lares" and %os"
i%'or"an" orans of anar(&is" $nionis% G and i"s U7S7 %e%bers&i' of .I@ (o%rades as of
L$ne 311F7
R
T&e 'ar"i(i'a"ory a''roa(& is (r$(ial -&en addressin "&ese iss$es7 Bi"&o$"
an e%bedded 'resen(e in anar(&is" ne"-or8s0 "&e "&eoris" %ay be led "o !as"ly
%is$ided =$d%en"s abo$" "&e rela"i!e i%'or"an(e of !ario$s anar(&is" ideas and
"enden(ies G res$l"in in an a(ade%i( a((o$n" "&a" &as li""le "o do -i"& reali"y7 T&is
R
T&is infor%a"ion is no" dis(losed any-&ere on "&e IBB -ebsi"e0 b$" in i"s ann$al re'or" "o "&e U7S7
De'ar"%en" of Labor7 Da"a re"rie!ed "&ro$& sear(& for% on &""':55erds7dol6esa7o!5*$ery5e"OrJry7do
@3
es"ablis&es "&e i%'or"an(e of "&e %$(& ri(&er orien"a"ion a!ailable "o "&e obser!in
'ar"i(i'an"0 -&o en(o$n"ers "&e %o!e%en" and i"s ($l"$re as a &abi"$s0 ra"&er "&an as an
9o"&er: %edia"ed by and li%i"ed "o "&e "e#"s i" 'rod$(es7
T&is is no" "o say0 &o-e!er0 "&a" "&e 'ar"i(i'an" obser!er s&o$ld =$s" be "a8en on &er
or &is -ord reardin s$(& =$d%en"s on reliabili"y0 !alidi"y and rele!an(e7 T&ere are a"
leas" "&ree f$r"&er -ays in -&i(& "&ese %ay be assessed: "&eir %$"$al (onsis"en(y0 "&e
reader;s o-n in"er're"a"ion of "&e (i"ed so$r(e6%a"erial0 and o"&er re'or"s of
'ar"i(i'a"ory resear(& $nder"a8en in dire(" a("ion %o!e%en" ne"-or8s +e77 Plo-s 2..I0
Co# 2...0 Ball 2...0 E$iar"e 2...0 C&ris"ensen 31120 C&es"ers and Bels& 311F0 C&es"ers
and Bels& 311/0 L$ris 311F,7
A se(ond (&allene is "&a" of in"er're"a"ion7 If "&is -ere a "&esis in %ains"rea%
'oli"i(al "&eory0 i" -o$ld be reasonable "o sele(" so%e *$es"ions abo$" -&i(& o"&er
"&eoris"s &a!e already said so%e"&in0 and "&en 'i(8 "&e% a'ar" "o %a8e %y o-n 'oin"s7
T&is -o$ld be easy0 be(a$se a "e#" "&a" is "rans'aren" and 're(ise0 a((ordin "o "&e
(on!en"ions of dis($ssion -i"&in "&e a(ade%i( dis(i'line of 'oli"i(al "&eory0 also
'ro!ides ri(& 'i(8ins for (ri"i(is%0 as lon as "&e r$les of "&e So(ra"i( a%e are
obser!ed7 Anar(&is" li"era"$re does no"0 of (o$rse0 -or8 in "&e sa%e -ay7 T&is li"era"$re
%ay in(l$de rioro$s ar$%en"a"ion0 b$" i" is al-ays by defini"ion also 'ole%i(al
-ri"in "&a" (an be !ery -ell6s"r$("$red b$" rarely of a '&iloso'&i(al na"$re7 Anar(&is"
essays are -ri""en -i"& !ery 'ar"i($lar a$dien(es in %ind0 of"en o"&er anar(&is"s7
Ma"erials "&a" are in"ended for "&e eneral '$bli( "end "o be leafle"s0 'os"ers0 !ideos and
o"&er (rea"i!e %edia of 'ro'aanda0 -&i(& address iss$es b$" rarely anar(&is% i"self7
B&a" is %ore0 "&o$& "&ere "&ere are %any !ery insi&"f$l0 (al%ly ar$ed and -ell
@@
"&o$&"6o$" essays o$" "&ere0 %$(& of -&a" one en(o$n"ers in "&e 'ole%i(al se("ion of
anar(&is" li"era"$re is =$s" no" !ery ood7 T&o$& no" -an"in "o "a8e "&e (o%'arison "oo
far0 'ole%i(al anar(&is" li"era"$re so%e"i%es dis'lays -&a" is0 a((ordin "o so(iolois"
Eri8 Olin Bri&"0 'ar" of -&a" is 9b$lls&i": abo$" 9b$lls&i" Mar#is%:: "&e la(8 of (aref$l
deba"e0 (larifyin one;s ar$%en"s in a -ay o'en "o (&allene0 ad%i""in -&ere "&ere are
a's in one;s 8no-lede and $nders"andin +in"er!ie-ed in Airby 3112,7 Bri&" reads
"&is la(8 as "&e res$l" of delibera"e ref$sal0 sin(e &e (anno" brin &i%self "o ad%i"
do%a"is% or %ere slo''iness on 'ar" of "&e 9so'&is"i(a"ed in"elle("$alNsO: -&o are0
'res$%ably0 "&e only ones -&o s"ill -ri"e abo$" Mar#is%7 ?or so%e anar(&is"s0 &o-e!er0
"&e so$r(es of "&is la(8 -i"&in "&eir o-n li"era"$re ra!i"a"e be"-een bad fai"& of "&e
se("arian and !i"rioli( 8ind0 and 9inar"i($la"e inoran(e:7 M(J$inn +311@,0 for e#a%'le0
(o%'lains of "&e e!asion of ra"ional dis($ssion in "&e anar(&is" %ilie$0 -&i(& 9see%s "o
be "&e -ors" on "&e -eb0 b$" of"en i" is nearly as bad else-&ere::
I" $s$ally in!ol!es "&e ref$sal "o refle("0 self6(ri"i(ally e!al$a"e and self6edi" res'onses7 T&e
%ore $n"&in8in0 bellieren" and !o(ifero$s 'ar"i(i'an"s "end "o dri!e o$" "&e %ore "&o$&"f$l
and (onsidered o'inions by %a8in a ne!er6endin s"rea% of a""a(8s0 de%ands0 and fri!olo$s
(o%%en"s777In o"&er anar(&is" %edia "&e e!asion of dis($ssion "ends "o be %os" ob!io$s in "&e
le""ers (ol$%ns of 'eriodi(als777and in so%e of "&e ran"s "&a" so%e"i%es 'ass for 'ersonal0 'oin"6
of6!ie- ar"i(les7 T&ese are also for%a"s "&a" "end "o lend "&e%sel!es "o "&ose -ri"ers "oo
irres'onsible0 $n're'ared and $nself6(ri"i(al "o '$" "oe"&er %ore (o&eren" essays "&a" -o$ld
need "o be %ore "&oro$&ly "&o$&" "&ro$&0 %ore loi(ally s"r$("$red0 and %ore self6(ri"i(ally
e#a%ined in li&" of o"&er 'ers'e("i!es7
M(J$inn %ay be ri&"0 b$" only $' "o a 'oin"7 To bein -i"&0 as I &a!e said "&ere are
%any -ell6(ons"r$("ed and (aref$l ar$%en"s in anar(&is" 'ole%i(al li"era"$re0 e!en if "&ey
%i&" no" %ee" a(ade%i( (ri"eria of rio$r7 Se(ond0 9ran"s "&a" so%e"i%es 'ass for 'ersonal0
'oin"6of6!ie- ar"i(les: is a bi" (ondes(endin0 sin(e i" does no" a(8no-lede "&e !al$e of a
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ran"7 T&eir f$n("ion is no" so %$(& "o 'ro!ide a s"r$("$red ar$%en" b$" "o 'ro!o8e0 ins'ire0
and dri!e "&ro$& a""i"$des "&a" are diffi($l" "o (ons"ri(" -i"&in ra"ional for%$lae7 Ran"s %ay
"ell "&e (o%%en"a"or %ore abo$" -&a" really %o"i!a"es anar(&is"s and &o- "&ey see "&e
-orld aro$nd "&e% "&an any 'ie(e of (aref$l ar$%en"a"ion0 be(a$se "&ey also dis'lay
e%o"ions and i%aina"ion G i%'or"an" (ons"i"$en"s of 'oli"i(al a("ors; (oni"ion7
More i%'or"an"ly0 &o-e!er0 M(J$inn see%s "o be (as"in &is ne" of sa%'les %$(&
"oo narro-ly7 He %ay or %ay no" be ri&" in (o%'lainin abo$" "&e le!el of dis($ssion in
anar(&is" 'rin" and -eb6based %edia0 b$" "&e la(8 of ra"ional dis($ssion is far fro% "&e
nor% o$"side "&is %edia G in "&e oral (on!ersa"ions a%on anar(&is"s -&ere "&e b$l8 of
dis($ssion -i"&in "&e %o!e%en" "a8es 'la(e7 T&ese oral dis($ssions0 %os" of"en in "&e
for% of (as$al and !erna($lar 'oli"i(al (on!ersa"ions a%on a("i!is"s0 "end "o be of a far
&i&er *$ali"y "&an -&a" M(J$inn is seein in anar(&is" %edia7 T&ey ad%i" less
9b$lls&i": be(a$se "&ey are fa(e6"o6fa(e dialo$es ra"&er "&an %onolo$es7 ?or "&is
reason0 i" is e#"re%ely i%'or"an" for -&oe!er -an"s "o -ri"e abo$" anar(&is% "o be
a""en"i!e "o "&ese oral dis($ssions and follo- "&e% in a (onsis"en" -ay0 so as "o a((ess a
rea" deal of reasoned and $sef$l ar$%en"s7 S$(& a 'osi"ion also allo-s "&e "&eoris" "o
-i"ness "&e real6"i%e !erna($lar ro$' dis($ssions in -&i(& s$(& (on(erns are
e#'ressed0 as -ell as "&e e#'os$re "o "&e s&ared narra"i!es0 beliefs and 'ra("i(es -&i(&
are loaded -i"& sinifi(an(e for "&eory7 T&e a""en"ion "o oral deba"e %a8es 'la(e for
(o'in -i"& iss$es of e#'lana"ion and narra"i!e b$ildin -i"&in so(ial %o!e%en"s -&i(&
es(a'e o"&er %odes of !alidi"y +(f7 Al"&eide and Lo&nson 2..F,7
T&is is also rele!an" "o s"$dyin anar(&is% as an ideoloy7 B&ile i" is al-ays "r$e
"&a" 9ideoloy6'rod$(in ro$'s -ill refle(" "&e i%'a(" of ar"i($la"e and re'resen"a"i!e
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indi!id$als0 -&o %ay be "&e effe("i!e (&annels "&a" i!e e#'ression "o %ore -idely &eld
beliefs Nand -&oO %ay offer an e#(ellen" ill$s"ra"ion of a 'ar"i($lar ideoloi(al 'osi"ion:0
(on"e%'orary anar(&is% is "oo 9yo$n: "o &a!e yielded any ob!io$s re'resen"a"i!es of
"&is 8ind7 T&$s "&e i%'or"an(e of resear(& e%bedded in "&e %o!e%en";s !erna($lar
dis(o$rse ?$r"&er%ore0 s$(& indi!id$al;s 9ar"i($la"ed "&o$&"s are %eaninless -i"&o$"
an $nders"andin of "&e (on(e'"$al and idea"ional en!iron%en"s -&i(& fas&ion "&e%7
Be &a!e "o bear in %ind0 all "&e -&ile0 "&e rela"ions&i's be"-een "&ose re'resen"a"i!es
and "&eir so(ial and ($l"$ral s$rro$nds777"&e in!es"ia"ion of ideoloies o$&" "o e#a%ine
%ass0 or a" leas" lare6s(ale0 so(ial "&in8in: +?reeden 2..<:21<,7
T&e "&ird and 'er&a's %os" i%'or"an" se" of (&allenes raised by "&e e"&nora'&i(
na"$re of 'ar"i(i'an" resear(& is "&e 'ersonal 'osi"ion of "&e resear(&er in rela"ion "o "&e
field of s"$dy7 As H$%e and M$l(o(8 'oin" o$"0 'ar"i(i'an" obser!a"ion re*$ires
resear(&ers "o $se "&eir so(ial sel!es as "&eir 'ri%ary resear(& "ool0 in order "o e#'erien(e
and $nders"and "&e 9insiderDs: 'oin" of !ie-7 On "&e o"&er &and0 e"&nora'&y also (alls
for %ain"ainin "&e "y'e of in"elle("$al dis"an(e "&a" (an ens$re "&a" resear(&ers %ain"ain
"&eir abili"y for (ri"i(al analysis7 9T&is %eans "&a" "&ey s&o$ld be -illin0 and able0 "o
"a8e a s"e' ba(8 fro% "&e rela"ions&i's "&ey for% -i"& "&e 'eo'le "&ey en(o$n"er in "&e
field for lon eno$& "o iden"ify and refle(" $'on so%e of "&e "a8en6for6ran"ed r$les
and e#'e("a"ions of "&e so(ial -orld "&ey are s"$dyin: +H$%e and M$l(o(8 311F:#i,7
T&o$& "&e %ore fre*$en" (on(ern in "&is (on"e#" is "&e resear(&er;s o&tsider8s bias G
'ri%arily in &er or &is (a'a(i"y as a %e%ber of e#6 +or no"6so6e#, (olonialis" -es"ern
(o$n"ries G in "&e 'resen" (ase "&e ob!erse (on(ern is "&e salien" one7 Ho- does "&e
resear(&er -&o is an insider %ain"ain s$ffi(ien" dis"an(e fro% "&e ob=e(" of resear(&0 and
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does no" lose &er or &is (ri"i(al fa($l"y &a!in 9one na"i!e: in "&e field +or &a!in been a
na"i!e "o bein -i"&,H B&ile s$(& a si"$a"ion is rela"i!ely rare in e"&nora'&y0 i" &as
re(ei!ed so%e a""en"ion "&a" (an be bro$&" "o bear &ere7
In &is e"&nora'&y of Croa"ian i%%iran"s in A$s"ralia0 >al Coli(6Peis8er G &i%self
a re(en"ly6arri!ed A$s"ralian Croa" G -as (learly in an insiderDs 'osi"ion7 His resear(&
(o$ld "&$s dra- on 're6e#is"in ne"-or8s and (on"a("s0 and on "&e s&ared lan$ae and
($l"$ral ba(8ro$nd "&a" &e and &is res'onden"s &ad7 As a res$l"0 "&e 'ro(ess of resear(&
-as0 in 'ar"0 ine!i"ably a$"obiora'&i(al7 A !ery si%ilar si"$a"ion ob"ains in "&e 'resen"
s"$dy7 My 'resen(e in anar(&is" (ir(les o!er "&e (o$rse of "&e resear(& -as 'ri%arily as
an a("i!is"0 and e#is"in 5 de!elo'in (on"a("s -i"&in %o!e%en" ne"-or8s -ere an
i%'or"an" (on"rib$"ion "o %y abili"y "o a((ess o"&er a("i!is"s; 'ra("i(es and ideas7 T&is
raises "&e *$es"ion of -&e"&er0 and "o -&a" deree0 "&e resear(&er is s$''osed "o brin
&er or &is o-n self and e#'erien(es "o "&e 'ro(ess of for%$la"in in"er're"a"i!e
=$d%en"s7 Peis8er;s resol$"ion -as "o 9a(8no-lede and e#'lore %y ;'osi"ionali"y;
"&ro$&o$" "&e resear(& 'ro(ess7 In "&is -ay %y o-n e#'erien(e be(a%e a !al$able
&e$ris"i( "ool0 a so$r(e of "&eore"i(al sensi"i!i"y ra"&er "&an a so$r(e of bias777Usin o$r
&olis"i( sel!es in e"&nora'&y is no" only a re-ardin so(ial e#'erien(e b$"0 for"$na"ely0
is in(reasinly a(8no-leded a%on so(ial resear(&ers as a lei"i%a"e s(&olarly
a''roa(&: +.263,7
S$(& a 'osi"ion &as also infor%ed %y o-n resear(&7 T&ro$& f$ll 'ar"i(i'a"ion in
%o!e%en" a("i!i"ies as an insider0 I -as for(ed "o 'onder o!er in"er're"a"i!e *$es"ions
and s$bs"an"i!e 'oli"i(al (on"ro!ersies no" only in referen(e "o "&e be&a!io$rs and
$""eran(es of o"&er a("i!is"s0 b$" also -i"& referen(e "o my o*n refle("ions0 e%o"ions and
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be&a!iors7 T&$s 'ersonal e#'erien(es and %y inner life ine!i"ably fed in"o "&e
dis($ssion0 e#e%'lified in onoin (on(erns aro$nd "&e -ay in -&i(& I -as -ieldin
'o-er in a("i!is" (ir(lesM in %y e#'erien(es of 'os"6"ra$%a"i( s"ress in "&e -a8e of
!iolen(e in GenoaM and 'er&a's %os" s"ronly in (onne("ion "o "&e si"$a"ion in
Israel5Pales"ine7 ?ar fro% erasin %y (ri"i(al fa($l"ies0 &o-e!er0 "&is 'ersonal
in!ol!e%en" i%b$ed "&e (ri"i(al 'ro(ess -i"& a far %ore in"ense and 'o-erf$l di%ension
G sin(e by defa$l" i" &ad "o in!ol!e a (o%'onen" of self6(ri"i(is%7 T&e "&eore"i(al iss$es I
-as dealin -i"& &ad "o be (onfron"ed0 no" only for "&e sa8e of de"a(&ed $nders"andin0
b$" also in '$rs$i" of 'ersonal and 'oli"i(al ro-"&7 Pre(isely be(a$se of "&is 'ersonal
s"a8e0 enain in an &ones" and (ri"i(al dis($ssion be(a%e a %a""er of dire(" self
in"eres"7 Only by (ons"an"ly '$s&in %yself "o *$es"ion %y ass$%'"ions and
in"er're"a"ions0 and "o a!oid easy or see%inly6(o%for"able ans-ers0 (o$ld I enera"e
-i"&in %yself "&e 8ind of (lear "&in8in "&a" -o$ld address0 or a" leas" %a8e be""er sense
of0 "&e !ery 'ersonal dile%%as and an#ie"ies (rea"ed by "&e iss$es I -as dis($ssin7
T&is rela"es "o a %ore s'e(ifi( (on(ern (onfron"in "&e resear(&er: &is politi%al
iden"ifi(a"ion -i"& "&e ideas of "&e so(ial %o!e%en" bein in!es"ia"ed7 To$raine -ri"es:
On "&e one &and0 if &e ado'"s "&e a""i"$de of a re%o"e and ob=e("i!e obser!er0 &e (anno" rea(&
"&e !ery "&in -&i(& &e see8s "o $nders"and: "&e (oldness of ob=e("i!i"y -ill &old &i% ba(8 fro%
"&e &ea" of "&e so(ial %o!e%en"7 Con!ersely0 if &e iden"ifies -i"& "&e a("ors; s"r$le0 &e (eases "o
be an analys" and be(o%es no"&in %ore "&an a do("rinaire ideolois"M in "&is (ase0 is role be(o%es
en"irely nea"i!e7 T&e %e"&od;s res'onse "o "&is diffi($l"y is "o say "&a" "&e resear(&er %$s"
iden"ify no" -i"& "&e a("ors; s"r$le in i"self0 b$" -i"& the hi(hest possible meanin( of this str&((le,
*hi%h is nothin( other than the so%ial movement9 the element in a str&((le *hi%h %hallen(es the (eneral
orientations of a so%iety and of the so%ial systems for %ontrollin( the &se of the main reso&r%es, %&lt&ral and
in parti%&lar e%onomi%4 In "&is -ay "&e resear(&er is nei"&er e#"ernal "o "&e ro$'0 nor iden"ified
-i"& i"M i" is "&ro$& &i% "&a" "&e ro$' -ill a""e%'" "o isola"e0 a%ons" "&e !ario$s %eanins of
i"s a("ion0 "&e one -&i(& (&allenes "&e (en"ral (ore of "&e so(ie"y +To$raine 2.I@a:I0 my emphasis,7
S$rely0 &o-e!er0 "&e a("i!ely endorsed 9&i&es" 'ossible %eanin: of a i!en
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s"r$le is no"&in else "&an an ideolo(y7 To$raine is $sin la$ndered lan$ae "o say
"&a" &e is a 'ro6de%o(ra(y so(ialis"0 =$s" li8e "&e %e%bers of Solidarity4 He e#'resses &is
affini"y -i"& an in"er're"a"ion of "&e s"r$le0 -&i(& &e is also sa"isfied "&a" "&e
'ar"i(i'an"s s&are7 A s"r$le -&i(& 9(&allenes "&e eneral orien"a"ions of a so(ie"y:
e"(7 G "&is is an ideoloi(al s"a"e%en" if "&ere e!er -as one7 Ano"&er -ea8ness &ere is
"&a"0 if iden"ifi(a"ion -i"& "&e 'ar"i($lar s"r$le is no" allo-ed0 "&en !alid resear(& is
e#(l$ded for no ood reason G say0 a rad$a"e s"$den" (ond$("in resear(& -i"& fello-
non6$nionised s"aff and "ea(&in assis"an"s0 d$rin a s"ri8e in &er o-n $ni!ersi"y7
?inally0 inas%$(& as To$raineDs resol$"ion is "a8en for -&a" i" is G an ad%i""an(e of "&e
$l"i%a"ely6ideoloi(al 'osi"ion of "&e resear(&er -i"& a so(ial (ons(ien(e0 "&en "&e
'resen" "&esis follo-s i"7 T&e resear(& is eared "o To$raine;s ends by defini"ion0 sin(e
anar(&is% is a (ons(io$sly %$l"i6iss$e %o!e%en"0 -&ere "&e 'ar"i(i'an"s are (ons"an"ly
refle("in on "&e 9&i&es" 'ossible %eanin: of "&eir a("ions +in "er%s of sys"e%i( (&ane
-&i(& are a" leas" as s"ron as -&a" To$raine &as in %ind,7
I" s&o$ld be (larified0 &o-e!er0 "&a" s$(& ideoloi(al iden"ifi(a"ion -i"& a %o!e%en"
does no" in any ne(essary -ay &andi(a' "&e obser!er;s fa($l"ies7 O"&er-ise no liberal
(o$ld s"$dy real6life liberal 'oli"i(s7 T&e resear(&er;s in"er're"a"ions of a %o!e%en";s
($l"$ral (odes and !o(ab$lary s&o$ld no" need "o s$ffer fro% "&e fa(" "&a" s5&e also
"&in8s "&a" 9ano"&er -orld is 'ossible:7 On "&e (on"rary: i" 'ro!ides an i%'e"$s "o resis"
"&e "e%'"a"ion "o 'resen" ina(($ra"e findins in order "o 'or"ray one;s o-n (o%%$ni"y
in a 'osi"i!e li&"7 T&is is be(a$se "&e %os" !al$able 9(on"rib$"ion: "o a %o!e%en"
-o$ld be "o 'oin" o$" 'ra("i(es and (ons"r$("ions of %eanin of -&i(& "&e 'ar"i(i'an"s
%ay no" be a-are0 or -&i(& "&ey are no" 8een "o (onfron"7 Moreo!er0 "&e s$bs"an"i!e
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ar$%en"a"ion in "&e se(ond 'ar" of "&e "&esis in(l$des bo"& aree%en" and
disaree%en" -i"& !ario$s anar(&is"s; s"a"e%en"s on differen" "o'i(s G i" is 're(isely
"&ro$& "&e i%%anen" (ri"i*$e of anar(&is" -ri"in "&a" f$r"&er "&eore"i(al insi&" (o$ld
be ained7 ?or "&ese reasons0 I (an s"ronly rela"e "o "&e follo-in s"a"e%en" fro%
e"&nora'&er Nan(y Ra%sey Tos&0 a Paan Bi((a -&o in!es"ia"ed "&a" (o%%$ni"y:
I re=e(" "&e di(&o"o%y of insider6o$"sider7 I0 alon -i"& o"&er resear(&ers0 (lai% "o -or8 as
nei"&er and insider nor an o$"sider b$" as bo"& si%$l"aneo$sly7 Ra"&er "&an !ie-in "&ese roles as
se'ara"e and dis"in(" I see "&e% as "-o ends of a (on"in$$%7 In "&is "&eore"i(al s"an(e0 "&e role of
insider or o$"sider is a %a""er of deree0 no" of 8ind7 4y residin in bo"& -orlds of insider and
o$"sider0 I (an loo8 a" "&e -orld fro% "&e inside o$" and fro% "&e o$"side in7 Insider s"a"$s
'ro!ides %e -i"& "&e insi&"s %issed by o$"siders0 b$" I %$s" also s"e' o$"side in order "o
e#'lore ob=e("i!ely "&e %eanin of -&o I a% and -&a" I s"$dy +Ra%sey Tos& 3112:323,
T&$s "&e 'resen" 'ro=e("0 -&i(& brides be"-een insiderDs e"&nora'&y and
'&iloso'&i(al ar$%en"a"ion0 %a8es roo% for a self6a-are0 9serio$s 'ar"iali"y: +Clifford
2.I<:K, -&i(& (an enae -i"& "&e field in a (ri"i(al and disill$sioned %anner 're(isely
be(a$se of "&e %o"i!a"ion "o (on"rib$"e "o "&e self6a-areness and refle#i!i"y of oneself
and one;s fello- a("i!is"s7
So%e final re%ar8s on "&e in"era"ion of %a"erial and 'rod$("ion of a(ade%i(
o$"'$"7 T&is final s"ae is -&ere "&e rela"ions&i' be"-een "&e a("i!is"6"&eoris" and "&e
broader a(ade%i( field (o%es in"o 'lay7 If "&eore"i(al %e"&ods dri!en by 'oli"i(al
(o%%i"%en" and $ided by a "&eory of 'ra("i(e larely brea8 do-n "&e dis"in("ion
be"-een resear(&er and a("i!is" d$rin "&e resear(& 'ro(ess0 "&e sa%e (anno" be said for
"&e %o%en" of in"era"ion0 -&en one &as "o (onfron" !as"ly differen" sys"e%s of
s"andards0 a-ards0 sele("ion0 and s"ylis"i( (ri"eria +Ro$"lede 2..<0 ?$ller and Ain(&in
311F,7 Ho-e!er0 as far as "&e o$"'$" of a resear(& 'ro=e(" is (on(erned0 "&ere is no reason
F1
-&y "&e for%$la"ions "&a" an a("i!is"6"&eoris" arri!es a"0 d$rin and af"er "&e 'ro(ess of
enaed resear(&0 (anno" also be 'resen"ed in &i&6*$ali"y -ri"in7 4y 'ro!idin
(ri"i(ally enaed and "&eore"i(ally infor%ed analyses enera"ed "&ro$& (olle("i!e
'ra("i(e0 "&is "&esis ai%s "o 'ro!ide "ools for "&e onoin refle("ion of so(ial %o!e%en"
'ar"i(i'an"s0 -&ile re%ainin in"eres"in and rele!an" "o a broader a(ade%i( a$dien(e7
F2
PART I
E#'lainin Anar(&is%
F3
CHAPTER 2
BHAT MO>ES THE MO>EMENTH
ANARCHISM AS A POLITICAL CULTURE
B&a" is anar(&is%H B&a" does i" %ean "o be an anar(&is"H B&yH 4e(a$se i" is no" a
defini"ion "&a" (an be %ade on(e and for all0 '$" in a safe and (onsidered a
'a"ri%ony "o be "a''ed li""le by li""le777Anar(&is% is no" a (on(e'" "&a" (an be lo(8ed
$' in a -ord li8e a ra!es"one7 I" is no" a 'oli"i(al "&eory7 I" is a -ay of (on(ei!in
life0 and life0 yo$n or old as -e %ay be0 old 'eo'le or (&ildren0 is no" so%e"&in
defini"i!e: i" is a s"a8e -e %$s" 'lay day af"er day7
Alfredo 4onanno0 'he $nar%hist 'ension +Ca"ania0 2..<,
T&is (&a'"er s$es"s a fres& a''roa(& "o "&e 'erennial *$es"ion 9B&a" is
anar(&is%H97 B&ile "&e "er% is of"en "a8en fro% "&e o$"se" "o refer "o a 'oli"i(al
'&iloso'&y or "&eory G "&e *$es"ion0 as a res$l"0 bein $nders"ood "o %ean 9-&a" does
anar(&is% stand forH: G "&e 'resen" dis($ssion beins by as8in %ore f$nda%en"ally
-&a" type of thin( anar(&is% is7 T&e in"er're"a"ion 'ro'osed &ere addresses anar(&is%
firs" and fore%os" as a politi%al %&lt&re a" -or8 in so(ial %o!e%en" ne"-or8s7 T&is
desina"ion0 i" is ar$ed0 (an offer a 9"&i(8: in"er're"a"i!e fra%e-or8 in -&i(& anar(&is"
'ra#is and "&in8in %a8e sense7 T&e ad!an"aes of s$(& a fra%e-or8 is "&a" i" a, 'ays
(lose a""en"ion "o "&e life6-orld of "&e 'ar"i(i'an"s -&o enera"e anar(&is% as a 'oli"i(al
'&eno%enon0 b, %ay o!er(o%e %any 'ar"i(i'an"s; rel$("an(e "o $se 9anar(&is%: self6
referen"ially0 and (, (an s$''ly insi&"s "&a" "&e 'ar"i(i'an"s %i&" no" ne(essarily
re(onise or "&a" -o$ld (&allene "&eir es"ablis&ed 'oin" of !ie-7
T&e 'resen" dis($ssion0 "&en0 ser!es "o es"ablis& a s"r$("$ral ba(8dro' aains" -&i(&
"&e res" of "&e "&esis is "o be (on"e#"$alised7 I bein by refle("in on "&e li%i"a"ions of
F@
(on(e'"ions of anar(&is% "&a" res"ri(" i" ei"&er "o "&e &oriCons of 'oli"i(al "&eory or "o "&e
a''li(abili"y of &is"ori(al an"e(eden"s G rela"in bo"& 'ers'e("i!es "o "&e an#ie"ies a%on
a("i!is"s reardin "&e anar(&is" a''ella"ion i"self7 I "&en offer an al"erna"i!e 'oin" of
de'ar"$re for in!es"ia"ion in e#a%inin anar(&is% fro% an e%'iri(al s"and'oin"7
Dra-in on re(en" li"era"$re in so(ial %o!e%en" resear(&0 I enae in a se" of
a''ro#i%a"ions "&a" see8 "o e#'ose "&e na"$re of "&e (on"e%'orary anar(&is" %o!e%en"7
Here0 I "ra!el fro% an $nders"andin of "&e %o!e%en";s ne"-or8 ar(&i"e("$re0 "&ro$&
an a''re(ia"ion of "&e ($l"$ral be&a!io$r "&a" enables "&e re'rod$("ion of "&is ne"-or80
and finally "o a broader a((o$n" of "&e 'oli"i(al ($l"$re "&a" ani%a"es "&e %o!e%en"
+in(l$din i"s idea"ional ele%en"s,7 I "&en analyse "&e an"aonis"i( 'ro(ess of iden"i"y
for%a"ion -&ereby anar(&is"s (ons(io$sly dra- bo$ndaries "&a" differen"ia"e "&eir (ore
ne"-or8s fro% "&e broader %ilie$ of %o!e%en"s (onfron"in neoliberal lobalisa"ion7
?inally0 I e#a%ine &o- "&e 'ro'osed (a"eori(al s&if" "o-ards 'oli"i(al ($l"$re (larifies
"&e linerin di!isions be"-een 9old6s(&ool: and 9ne-6s(&ool: anar(&is" ro$'s7
The A-word
4efore a''roa(&in anar(&is% as a 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 i" is -or"& e#a%inin "&e
li%i"a"ions of al"erna"i!e lenses7 I" is i%'ossible "o (ons"r$(" an ade*$a"ely
9re'resen"a"i!e: a((o$n" of anar(&is% -i"&o$" any referen(e "o a (ons"i"$en" ro$' of
'eo'le7 4$" in in"rod$(in "&e re*$ire%en" for s$(& referen(e0 ano"&er diffi($l"y
i%%edia"ely arises: &o- s&o$ld "&e resear(&er define and de%ar(a"e "&a" (ons"i"$en"
ro$' i"selfH T&is is 'ar"i($larly diffi($l" -i"& anar(&is%0 i!en "&e -ides'read
FF
rel$("an(e a%on 'oli"i(al a("i!is"s "oday "o a''ly "&e -ord self6referen"ially7 ?or
al"&o$& somethin( "&a" (an only be (alled anar(&is% is !ery ob!io$sly 'resen" in "&e
dire(" a("ions0 'ro"es"s0 (o%%$ni"y (a%'ains and dis(o$rses of (er"ain a("i!is" ro$'s G
"&e 'eo'le -&o% I;d li2e "o (all anar(&is"s in "&is "&esis G %any of "&e% do not nor%ally
(all "&e%sel!es anar(&is"s0 and so%e a("i!ely s&$n "&e label7
T&ere are so%e !ery ob!io$s reasons -&y %any of "&e a("i!is"s I &a!e in %ind are
rel$("an" "o (all "&e%sel!es anar(&is"s0 e!en "&o$& "&ey %i&" be a""ra("ed "o "&e -ord7
As 4ob 4la(8 &as '$" i"0 9"o (all yo$rself an anar(&is" is "o in!i"e iden"ifi(a"ion -i"& an
$n'redi("able array of asso(ia"ions0 an ense%ble -&i(& is $nli8ely "o %ean "&e sa%e
"&in "o any "-o 'eo'le0 in(l$din any "-o anar(&is"s7 +T&e %os" 'redi("able is "&e leas"
a(($ra"e: "&e bo%b6"&ro-er7 4$" anar(&is"s &a!e "&ro-n bo%bs and so%e s"ill do,:
+4la(8 2..F:@2,7 To bein -i"&0 "&en0 "&ere is "&e -ord;s a("i!e !ilifi(a"ion: for %any
'eo'le "&e -ord anar(&is% s"ill e!o8es en"irely nea"i!e i%aes of (&aos0 %indless
!iolen(e and des"r$("ion0 no" leas" so sin(e liber"arian ideas (on"in$e "o be a("i!ely
de%onised "&ro$& "&e 9anar(&is" s(ares: in "&e (or'ora"e %edia +S$lli!an 311F0
O;Connor 3112,7 As a res$l"0 re'resen"in any"&in $nder "&e banner 9anar(&is%: "ends
"o (lose 'eo'le off "o -&a" a("i!is"s are sayin7 T&$s for a("i!is"s -&o -an" "o enae
-i"& "&e eneral '$bli( "&e -ord be(o%es a liabili"y G essen"ially a %a""er of bad PR7 A
f$r"&er 'oin" is "&a" an e#'li(i" referen(e "o anar(&is% %i&" be seen as e#(l$si!e0 one
-&i(& does no" ad%i" %any of "&e indi!id$als and %o!e%en"s "&a" a("i!is"s (oo'era"e
-i"& and -i"& -&o% "&ey &a!e solidari"y0 s$(& as 'easan" and indieno$s %o!e%en"s
fro% Asia and La"in A%eri(a0 -&o &a!e ne!er %ade referen(e "o anar(&is% or "o any
o"&er se" of ideas roo"ed in a -es"ern &is"ori(al e#'erien(e7 ?inally0 %any a("i!is"s do no"
F/
-an" "o (all "&e%sel!es anar(&is"s be(a$se "&ey do no" -an" "o ado'" any label at all7
T&ey iden"ify -i"& %any 'oli"i(al and ($l"$ral "&reads0 and belie!e "&a" (ir($%s(ribin
"&eir beliefs $nder any one 9is%: is $nne(essarily (ons"ri("in and i%'lies +&o-e!er
$n=$s"ly, "&a" "&ey &a!e a fi#ed and do%a"i( se" of beliefs7 In "&e -ords of one a("i!is"0
Personally I a% no" do-n -i"& any "i"les0 "as0 or desina"ions7 I;!e s'en" %os" of %y ad$l"
life "ryin "o find -ays "o do a-ay -i"& enres and borders and en!elo'es0 so I "&in8 -e are
al-ays be""er off if -e don;" label o$rsel!es or allo- anyone "o label $s7 Anar(&y or anar(&is% is
really so%e"&in -e see8 and li!e and s"r$le for0 so i" doesn;" %a""er -&a" -e (all o$rsel!es +or
don;", if -e are in "&e %ids" of a("ion doin i": +I%aris&a and No"FPro'&e" 311F,7
T&is line of e#'ression is rela"ed "o ano"&er reason for resis"an(e "o "&e anar(&is"
self6a''ella"ion7 As Da!id Graeber 'oin"s o$"0 9"&ere are so%e -&o "a8e anar(&is"
'rin(i'les of an"i6se("arianis% and o'en6endedness so serio$sly "&a" "&ey are so%e"i%es
rel$("an" "o (all "&e%sel!es Panar(&is"s; for "&a" !ery reason: +Graeber 3113,7 T&e reason
&ere is "&e e#'e("a"ion "&a" anar(&is% s&o$ld be $nders"ood as a (losely6defined
9ideoloy:7 As "&e a$"&ors of "&e 'o'$lar 9An Anar(&is" ?AJ: are a" 'ains "o ar$e0
Anar(&is% is a so(io6e(ono%i( and 'oli"i(al "&eory0 b$" no" an ideoloy7 T&e differen(e is
very i%'or"an"7 4asi(ally0 "&eory %eans yo$ &a!e ideasM an ideoloy %eans ideas &a!e yo$7
Anar(&is% is a body of ideas0 b$" "&ey are fle#ible0 in a (ons"an" s"a"e of e!ol$"ion and fl$#0 and
o'en "o %odifi(a"ion in li&" of ne- da"a7 As so(ie"y (&anes and de!elo's0 so does anar(&is%7
An ideoloy0 in (on"ras"0 is a se" of 9fi#ed: ideas -&i(& 'eo'le belie!e do%a"i(ally0 $s$ally
inorin reali"y or 9(&anin: i" so as "o fi" -i"& "&e ideoloy0 -&i(& is +by defini"ion, (orre("7
+M(Aay e"7al7 311@ TA,
T&is 'o'$lar no"ion of ideoloy as do%a is far re%o!ed fro% "&e a''roa(& "a8en in
"&is "&esis0 -&i(& is infor%ed by a !ie- of ideoloies as fa%ilies of (on(e'"s s$b=e(" "o
'oli"i(ally6s'e(ifi( de(on"es"a"ions and %$"$al 'osi"ionins +?reeden 2..<,7 Anar(&is"s
"oo (ons"r$(" reali"y a((ordin "o "&eir biases0 enera"in a dis"in(" 'oli"i(al
e'is"e%oloy or %ode of ideoloi(al "&in8in7 Do$b"lessly %any anar(&is"s do &old
F<
so%e =$de%en"s G 9do%ina"ion is bad:0 for e#a%'le G "o be (orre(" by defini"ion7 T&e
fear a" "&e ba(8 of s$(& s"a"e%en"s is "&e a"ro(i"ies (o%%i""ed in "&e na%e of
9re!ol$"ionary: ideoloies G -&e"&er so(ialis"0 fas(is" or f$nda%en"alis" G 9"&e
des"r$("ion of real indi!id$als in "&e na%e of a do("rine0 a do("rine "&a" $s$ally ser!es
"&e in"eres" of so%e r$lin eli"e:7 Ho-e!er0 -&a" (a$ses a"ro(i"ies is no" "&e do("rine
i"self0 b$" i"s (o%'$lsory a''li(a"ion "o so(ie"y "&ro$& "&e s"a"e7 Anar(&is"s0 li8e e!ery
o"&er so(ial %o!e%en"0 &a!e an iden"ifiable ideoloi(al orien"a"ion0 &o-e!er $ns"able
and s&if"in in res'onse "o deba"e and self6(ri"i(is%7 Ho-e!er0 "&is is only one as'e(" of
-&a" defines "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"7
As for "&eory0 i" is *$es"ionable &o- far -e (an say "&a" anar(&is% 9is: a 'oli"i(al
"&eory in any 'ri!ileed sense7 4eyond "&e o'enness and di!ersi"y of 'ers'e("i!es -i"&in
anar(&is% +-&i(& %eans i" s&o$ld no" e#'e("ed "o be 9a: 'oli"i(al "&eory,0 a %ore basi(
iss$e is -&e"&er "&e -ay in -&i(& anar(&is" a("i!is"s a("$ally "&in8 and (o%%$ni(a"e
(an be des(ribed as "&eory7 Bri"ers -i"&in "&e anar(&is" "radi"ion0 (lassi(al and
(on"e%'orary0 &a!e also been 'ar"y "o "&e $n*$es"ioned ass$%'"ion "&a" anar(&is% is
'ri%arily a %a""er of "&eory7 T&$s Aro'o"8in0 in &is se%inal 7n%y%lopaedia /ritanni%a
ar"i(le0 defines anar(&is% as 9"&e na%e i!en "o a prin%iple or theory of life and (ond$("
$nder -&i(& so(ie"y is (on(ei!ed -i"&o$" o!ern%en": +Aro'o"8in 2.21 G e%'&asis
added &ere and belo-,7 E%%a Gold%an si%ilarly defines i" as 9T&e philosophy of a ne-
so(ial order based on liber"y $nres"ri("ed by %an6%ade la-: +Gold%an 2.2Ka,7 ?or
Daniel G$erin i" is 9one of "&e s"rea%s of so(ialis" tho&(ht0 "&a" s"rea% -&ose %ain
(o%'onen"s are (on(ern for liber"y and &as"e "o abolis& "&e S"a"e: +G$erin 2.</,7 B&ile
Noa% C&o%s8y says i" is 9an e:pression of the idea "&a" "&e b$rden of 'roof is al-ays on
FK
"&ose -&o ar$e "&a" a$"&ori"y and do%ina"ion are ne(essary: +C&o%s8y 2..<,7
Ho-e!er0 "&e (&ief 'roble% -i"& "al8in abo$" anar(&is% 'ri%arily as a 'oli"i(al
"&eory is "&a"0 in doin so0 -e $s&er in a se" of e#'e("a"ions "&a" -o$ld a""a(& "&e%sel!es
"o any 'oli"i(al "&eory7 Under s$(& a rei%e of e#'e("a"ions0 any"&in *$alifyin as
anar(&is% -o$ld &a!e "o (onsis" in a series of (lai%s and ar$%en"s0 s$bs"an"ia"ed by
loi(al and5or e%'iri(al reasonin0 -i"& (aref$l a""en"ion "o "&e $se of (on(e'"s7 To be
s$re0 s$(& an a((o$n" (an be 'ro!ided "o "&e %os" 're(ise deree7 T&$s0 for Lo&n D$nn
+3111,0 a 9(o%%on !ersion of anar(&is%: asser"s se!eral "&ins:
firs"ly0 "&a" (en"raliCed (oer(i!e 'o-er (an ne!er be =$s"ifiedM se(ondly0 "&a" i" is ne!er a
're(ondi"ion for oraniCed so(ial lifeM "&irdly0 "&a" i" ne!er +or a" leas" seldo%, on balan(e &as
(onse*$en(es %ore desirable "&an "&ose -&i(& -o$ld follo- fro% i"s absen(eM fo$r"&ly0 "&a"
&$%an beins -&o belon "o a sinle (o%%$ni"y 'o"en"ially &a!e bo"& "&e -ill and "&e (a'a(i"y
"o (oo'era"e -i"& ea(& o"&er "o -&a"e!er deree s$(& (oo'era"ion -ill be ne(essary "o ser!e "&eir
se!eral +realH, in"eres"sM and fif"&ly0 "&a" indi!id$al (o%%$ni"ies in "&eir "$rn &a!e bo"& "&e
'o"en"ial -ill and "&e 'o"en"ial (a'a(i"y "o (oo'era"e -i"& ea(& o"&er "o "&e sa%e deree7
On "&e s$rfa(e "&ere see%s "o be no"&in -ron -i"& "&is s"a"e%en" G no anar(&is"
-o$ld disa(ree -i"& any of "&e fi!e asser"ions7 T&e iss$e0 &o-e!er0 is D$nn;s
'res$%'"ion "&a" "&is is a 9(o%%on !ersion: of anar(&is%7 Co%%on -&ereH Per&a's
a%on "&e doCen or so 'rofessional '&iloso'&ers -&o &a!e for%$la"ed a !ersion of
anar(&is% "&a" ad&eres "o "&e dis(i'linary e#'e("a"ions of a(ade%i( 'oli"i(al "&eory7 4$"
i" is &ard "o i%aine a sinle self6defined anar(&is" -&o0 in res'onse "o an o'en *$es"ion
abo$" "&e %eanin of anar(&is%0 -o$ld ann$n(ia"e "&is or any o"&er roll6(all of
in"er(onne("ed asser"ions7 B&a" -e -o$ld &ear0 ra"&er0 is a (o%bina"ion of a""i"$des0
o'inions0 e%o"ions and o$"loo8s G a 'ie(e of narra"i!e r&e"ori( G -&i(& %ay (o&ere in
"&e res'onden";s %ind b$" -&i(& does no" (onfor% "o "&e e#'e("a"ions -e -o$ld &a!e
FI
fro% a "&eory7 4onanno %ay be "oo (a"eori(al in &is s"a"e%en" "&a" anar(&is% 9is no": a
'oli"i(al "&eory G inside a '&iloso'&i(al fra%e of dis(o$rse +s$(& as "&is "&esis, i" %ay
-ell be addressed and de!elo'ed as 'oli"i(al "&eory7 Ho-e!er0 if anar(&is% is a 'oli"i(al
"&eory0 'lain and si%'le0 "&en anar(&is"s (an only be a("i!is"s -&o endorse so%e"&in
"&a" is re(onisably a theory in "&eir &eads7 Sin(e none of "&e% does0 -e (o%e "o "&e
abs$rd (on(l$sion "&a" no a("i!is"s are anar(&is"s7
A res'onse (o$ld be "&a"0 !ery -ell0 a("i!is"s %ay no" independently "&in8 "&eir
anar(&is% in s$(& "er%s0 b$" i" is eno$& "&a" "&ey -ill aree -i"& "&e '&iloso'&er;s
defini"ion on(e 'resen"ed "o "&e% "o %a8e i" !alid a!posteriori7 4$" "&is s"ill lea!es $s -i"&
"-o 'roble%s7 ?irs"0 al"&o$& a("i!is"s %ay no"0 as I said0 disaree -i"& D$nn;s
s"a"e%en" or -i"& o"&er '$"a"i!e e#'osi"ions of 9anar(&is" 'rin(i'les:0 "&ey %ay s"ill
&a!e ood reasons "o feel "&a" "&e s"a"e%en" is "oo "&in7 B&ile s$(& a s"a"e%en" %ay
des(ribe a dis"illed !ersion of a("i!is"s; opinions on a$"&ori"y0 (oo'era"ion e"(70 i" s"ill says
no"&in abo$" s$(& f$nda%en"al "&ins as "&eir 'ra#is or indeed "&eir %o"i!a"ions G
abo$" -&a" %a8es "&e% "a8e 'oli"i(al a("ion7 I" is easy "o i%aine a 'erson -&o arees
-i"& D$nn;s 'ro'osi"ions fro% "&e (o%for" of an ar%(&airM i" is %$(& &arder "o i%aine
"&a" "&o$sands of 'eo'le -o$ld '$" "&e%sel!es in life6endanerin si"$a"ions0 si"
"&ro$& endless a("ion6'lannin %ee"ins0 and enerally dedi(a"e "&eir li!es "o -&a"
of"en see%s an $""erly &o'eless (a$se0 =$s" on "&e s"ren"& of a 'rin(i'led o'inion7
Se(ond0 fallin ba(8 on "&e ar$%en" fro% a!posteriori a''li(abili"y -o$ld %ean "&a" "&e
en"ire anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 if "&ere is s$(& a "&in0 is s$s'ended be"-een e#is"en(e and
non6e#is"en(e G an en"ire (lan of S(&rUdiner;s Ca"s -&o are6and6are6no" anar(&is"s $n"il
a '&iloso'&er (o%es alon "o a''ly "&e li"%$s "es" of aree%en"7
F.
A si%ilar "&in &a''ens -&en Graeber +3113, a""e%'"s "o es"ablis& an e#'li(i"ly
9anar(&is": label by a''ealin "o &is"ori(al an"e(eden"s7 Bri"in abo$" "&e 'resen(e of
anar(&is% in "&e %o!e%en"s (onfron"in neoliberal lobalisa"ion0 &e s"a"es:
I a% -ri"in as an anar(&is"M b$" in a sense0 (o$n"in &o- %any 'eo'le in!ol!ed in "&e
%o!e%en" a("$ally (all "&e%sel!es 9anar(&is"s:0 and in -&a" (on"e#"s0 is a bi" beside "&e 'oin"7
T&e !ery no"ion of dire(" a("ion0 -i"& i"s re=e("ion of a 'oli"i(s -&i(& a''eals "o o!ern%en"s "o
%odify "&eir be&a!io$r0 in fa!o$r of '&ysi(al in"er!en"ion aains" s"a"e 'o-er in a for% "&a" i"self
'refi$res an al"erna"i!e G all of "&is e%eres dire("ly fro% "&e liber"arian "radi"ion7 Anar(&is% is
"&e &ear" of "&e %o!e%en"0 i"s so$lM "&e so$r(e of %os" of -&a";s ne- and &o'ef$l abo$" i"7
Here0 "&en0 is a se(ond lens "&ro$& -&i(& i" is s$es"ed anar(&is% %i&" be
'inned do-n7 Mo!in a-ay fro% "&eory0 Graeber ele("s a &is"ori(al 'ers'e("i!e -&i(&
lin8s 8ey ele%en"s in "&e pra:is of "&e 9%ore radi(al0 dire("6a("ion end: of "&e %o!e%en"
G ele%en"s -&i(& I "&in8 &e iden"ifies (orre("ly G "o "&e 9liber"arian "radi"ion: +(learly a
synony% for anar(&is%0 as in 9liber"arian so(ialis%:,7
T&e a""e%'" "o enera"e an $nders"andin of anar(&is% based 'ra#is is0 by i"self0
s$'erior "o a "&eory6dri!en defini"ion in "&a" i" bases i"self on "&e obser!able0 self6
enera"ed 'oli"i(al be&a!io$r of a("i!is"s ra"&er "&an on s"a"e%en"s of 'rin(i'le -&i(&
"&ey do no" inde'enden"ly "&in87 Ho-e!er0 -&a" enables Graeber "o refer "o "&ese
ele%en"s of 'ra#is as 9anar(&is%: is a &is"ori(al loi( G "&e a("i!is"s in *$es"ion are
anar(&is"s be%a&se -&a" "&ey do 9e%eres dire("ly: fro% a (onne("ed "&read of 'ra#is
"&a" is labelled anar(&is%7 In o"&er -ords0 $il" by asso(ia"ion7
S$(& an a''roa(& re%ains $nsa"isfyin7 To bein -i"&0 i" is e#"re%ely *$es"ionable
&o- 9dire(": "&e (onne("ion is be"-een "&e a("i!is"s Graeber refers "o and "&e anar(&is"
%o!e%en" of "&e nine"een"& and early "-en"ie"& (en"$ries7 As I -ill ar$e in "&e ne#"
(&a'"er0 "&e rela"ions&i' be"-een "&e "-o in "er%s of so(ial %o!e%en" enealoy is in
/1
fa(" !ery s$b"erranean and ro$ndabo$"7 More f$nda%en"ally0 "&ere is so%e"&in
s$s'i(io$s abo$" an a(" of iden"ifi(a"ion "&a" (o$ld be %ade by an e#"ernal obser!er0 and
-&i(& is said "o be !alid for "&e '$r'ose of dis($ssion0 *hether or not "&e &$%an beins
-&o enera"e "&e 'resen"6day 'ra#is see "&is (onne("ion "&e%sel!es0 or are e!en a-are of
a 9liber"arian "radi"ion: in -&a"e!er "er%s "&e e#"ernal obser!er (ons"r$("s i"7 To be s$re0
"&ere is no es(a'in an ele%en" of e#"ernal (a"eorisa"ion -&en $sin lan$ae "o
i%'ose order on a %$l"i"$de of '&eno%ena7 4$" "&e fa(" "&a" s$(& an i%'osi"ion is
ine!i"ably an a(" of 'o-er0 e!en (oer(ion0 re*$ires an anar(&is" s'ea8in abo$"
anar(&is% "o a" leas" %i"ia"e i" in so%e -ay "&ro$& an in!i"a"ion "o dialo$e "o-ards
"&e 'eo'le s5&e is (a"eorisin0 an insis"en(e "&a" "&e ob;e%t of dis($ssion in(l$des self6
(ons(io$s and refle("i!e s&b;e%ts7
Hen(e0 a (on(e'" of anar(&is% is needed -&i(& "&e a("i!is"s -&o i" -ill be a''lied "o
-ill be 'rone "o re%laim and embra%e self!referentially7 S$(& a (on(e'" needs "o %ee" "-o
basi( (ondi"ions7 ?irs"0 i" %$s" address anar(&is% in "er%s "&a" are i%%edia"ely
re(onisable "o %any a("i!is"s fro% "&eir o-n e#'erien(e0 in!i"in "&e% "o endorse
9anar(&is%: as an a((e'"able "i"le for so%e"&in -i"& -&i(& "&ey already iden"ify7
Se(ond0 i" %$s" e#'li(i"ly %a8e s'a(e for a la%2 of "&eore"i(al (los$re0 %o!in ins"ead "o a
fra%e-or8 of dis($ssion -&ere idea"ional fle#ibili"y0 e!en a%bi$i"y0 (o%e "o be seen as
ne(essary and e!en f$n("ionally6'osi"i!e (o%'onen"s7 T&e orien"a"ion fro% -&i(& "o
elabora"e s$(& a fra%e-or8 s&o$ld (learly be e%'iri(al ra"&er "&an (on(e'"$al7
Ass$%in "&a" "&e anar(&is"s "&a" are 9o$" "&ere:0 -&oe!er "&ey are0 are no" de"a(&ed
indi!id$als0 o$r a""en"ion no- "$rns "o "&e no"ion of anar(&is% as referrin "o so%e for%
of so(ial %o!e%en"7
/2
From etworks to Political Culture
So is "&ere really s$(& a "&in as an 9anar(&is" %o!e%en": in "&e 'resen" dayH In
o"&er -ords0 (an a fra%e-or8 be (ons"r$("ed "o in"era"e "&e %$l"i'le si"es of -&a" -e
-o$ld li8e "o define as anar(&is" a("i!i"y in"o a re(onisable -&oleH As8in s$(&
*$es"ions is es'e(ially $ren" sin(e0 "o da"e0 "&ere &as been no" a sinle a""e%'" "o
analyse "&e oranisa"ional s"r$("$res and dyna%i(s of (on"e%'orary anar(&is"
%o!e%en" in i"s o-n ri&"7 B&ile "&ere e#is"s an e#"ensi!e li"era"$re on so(ial
%o!e%en"s in "&e ae of lobalisa"ion0 !ery li""le of i" %a8es any referen(e "o anar(&is%7
B&ere s$(& referen(e e#is"s i" is in!ariably (o$(&ed in "er%s of dis(ernin 9broadly:
anar(&is" resonan(es in "&e s"r$("$res and a("ion re'er"oires of "&ese %o!e%en"s as a
-&ole0 ra"&er "&an '$""in "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" s'e(ifi(ally a" "&e (en"re of analysis
+C&es"ers 311@0 Car"er and Morland 311F,7 T&e "as8 of definin and analysin "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en" as i" e#is"s "oday is0 "&$s0 an i%'or"an" a!en$e for resear(& for
-&i(& "&e in!es"ia"i!e field re%ains -ide o'en for in"er!en"ion7
T&e la(8 of a""en"ion "o "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" as s$(& %ay s"e% fro% "&ree %ain
fa("ors7 T&e firs" is "&a" i" is a fairly re(en" '&eno%enon7 A re(onisable anar(&is"
%o!e%en" &as only (o%e "o -ide a""en"ion in "&e re(en" fi!e years0 and analysis s&o$ld
be e#'e("ed "o la be&ind "&e de!elo'%en" of i"s o-n ob=e(" of in!es"ia"ion7 T&e se(ond
reason is "&a" "&e 'resen(e of a lare 'ar" of "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" "oday is s$b%ered0
ra"&er "&an o!er"7 B&ile "&ere do e#is" self6defined 9anar(&is": oranisa"ions0 "&e b$l8 of
"&e %o!e%en" o'era"es "&ro$& infor%al and ad6&o( 'oli"i(al for%a"ions "&a" &a!e no
na%e a" all0 anar(&is" or o"&er-ise0 and "&$s of"en e!ade "&e !ie- of so(iolois"s and
/3
'oli"i(al s(ien"is"s7 T&e "&ird and final reason is "&a" "&e e%erin anar(&is" %o!e%en"
&as been obs($red by "&e broader and %ore 'oly'&oni( se""in in -&i(& i" is 'ar"ially
e%bedded G "&e so6(alled 9an"i6lobalisa"ion: %o!e%en" +an a''ella"ion "&a" by i"self
deser!es so%e (ri"i(is%, G and is diffi($l" "o se'ara"e fro% "&is broader (on"e#"7
I s$es" "o (larify o$r -ay "o-ards an $nders"andin of "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" by
-ay of a fe- a''ro#i%a"ions7 As a 'oin" of de'ar"$re0 -e (an loo8 a" a %odel s$es"ed
by ?i"Cerald and Roders +3111:/KI,0 -&o "&eorise a (a"eory of 9radi(al so(ial
%o!e%en" oraniCa"ions: +RSMOs,7 T&ey differen"ia"e "&ese fro% "&e so(ial %o!e%en"
%ains"rea% in "er%s of "&eir oraniCa"ional s"r$("$re0 ideoloy0 "a("i(s0 (o%%$ni(a"ion0
and assess%en" of s$((ess7 Generalisin fro% "&ree e#a%'les G "&e IBB0 "&e SNCC and
-o%en;s libera"ion ro$'s0 "&ey arri!e a" fi!e (&ara("eris"i(s:
Int#rna) &tr+$t+r#: 9Non6&ierar(&i(al leaders&i'M 'ar"i(i'a"ory de%o(ra"i( oraniCa"ionM
eali"arianM 9%e%bers&i': based $'on in!ol!e%en"M s$''or" indieno$s leaders&i':7
I#o)og!: 9Radi(al aendaM e%'&asis on s"r$("$ral (&aneM fle#ible ideoloyM radi(al
ne"-or8sM lobal (ons(io$sness and (onne("ionsM an"i6%ili"aris"i( s"an(e:7
Ta$ti$&: 9Non6!iolen" a("ionM %ass a("ionsM inno!a"i!e "a("i(s:7
Co--+ni$ation: 9Inored5%isre'resen"ed by %ediaM relian(e on al"erna"i!e for%s of
(o%%$ni(a"ion +%$si(0 s"ree" "&ea"er0 'a%'&le"s0 ne-sle""ers,:7
A&&#&&-#nt o* &+$$#&&: 9Li%i"ed reso$r(esM %ay be '$r'osef$lly s&or"6li!edM
s$bs"an"i!e ra"ionali"yM (on"rib$"e "o larer radi(al aendaM s$b=e(" "o in"ense o''osi"ion
and o!ern%en" s$r!eillan(e:7
T&e 8ey-ords $sed in "&is for%$la"ion are already !ery (lose "o a re(onisably
anar(&is" orien"a"ion0 -&i(& -ill be e#a%ined in %ore de"ail belo-7 T&e %o!e fro%
9radi(al: "o 9anar(&is":0 in "&is (on"e#"0 lies in a "&i(8er a((o$n" of "&e s$bs"an"i!e
/@
(on"en" of "&e a""rib$"es o$"lined abo!e0 in(l$din so%e (orre("i!e s"a"e%en"s +es'e(ially
aro$nd "a("i(s0 -&i(& are no" ne(essarily on a %ass a("ion %odel and no" ne(essarily
non6!iolen",0 and in de!o"in %ore a""en"ion "o "&e (onne#ions be"-een "a("i(s0
oranisa"ion and ideoloy7 ?irs"0 &o-e!er0 "&e %odel &as "o be e#'anded so as "o
en(o%'ass no" only a (olle("ion of dis(re"e ro$'s +as in 9so(ial %o!e%en"
oranisa"ions:, b$" "&eir in"er(onne("ion and in"era"ion in"o a 9%o!e%en": to&t %o&rt7
T&e -ay in -&i(& s$(& an in"era"ion (an be a(&ie!ed0 I belie!e0 is by fo($sin no"
on "&e nodes of a %o!e%en" b$" on "&e "ies "&a" bind "&e%7 ?i"Cerald and Roers;
%odel is in fa(" da"ed as far as "&e "&r$s" of (on"e%'orary so(ial %o!e%en" "&eory is
(on(erned0 sin(e "&is &as %o!ed fro% "&e fo($s on oranisa"ions "o dis($ssin
%o!e%en"s as ne"-or8s7 ?or e#a%'le0 in Mario DianiDs s"a"e%en" +-&i(& en=oys
(onsiderable s(&olarly ($rren(y,0 a so(ial %o!e%en" is defined fro% "&e s"ar" as 9a
ne"-or8 of infor%al in"era("ions be"-een a 'l$rali"y of indi!id$als0 ro$'s and5or
oranisa"ions0 enaed in a 'oli"i(al or ($l"$ral (onfli("0 on "&e basis of a s&ared
(olle("i!e iden"i"y: +Diani 2..3:2@,7 T&is defini"ion already does a lo" of -or8 for $s in
in"era"in a ne"-or86based $nders"andin of so(ial %o!e%en"s0 as -ell as in(l$din
"&e ($l"$ral as'e("s of (onfli(" and e%'&asisin "&e 'o-er of iden"i"y7 T&e re(oni"ion of
ne"-or8s as "&e 'ri%ary s"r$("$rin 'rin(i'le for so(ial %o!e%en"s -as s$es"ed in
'ioneerin s"$dies of "&e Pen"e(os"al and 4la(8 Po-er %o!e%en"s of "&e la"e 2.<1s
+Gerla(& and Hine 2.K1,7 Gerla(& +3112, -ri"es:
T&e di!erse ro$'s of a %o!e%en" are no" isola"ed fro% ea(& o"&er7 Ins"ead0 "&ey
for% an in"era"ed ne"-or8 or re"i($la"e s"r$("$re "&ro$& non&ierar(&i(al so(ial
lin8aes a%on "&eir 'ar"i(i'an"s and "&ro$& "&e $nders"andins0 iden"i"ies0 and
/F
o''onen"s "&ese 'ar"i(i'an"s s&are7 Ne"-or8in enables %o!e%en" 'ar"i(i'an"s "o
e#(&ane infor%a"ion and ideas and "o (oordina"e 'ar"i(i'a"ion in =oin" a("ion7 Ne"-or8s
do no" &a!e a defined li%i" b$" ra"&er e#'and or (on"ra(" as ro$'s in"era(" or 'ar" -ays7
B&ile "&e ne"-or8 %odel oes a lon -ay "o-ards e#'lainin "&e ar(&i"e("$re of
"&e 'resen"6day so(ial %o!e%en" -&i(& I -o$ld desina"e as anar(&is"0 a f$r"&er s"e'
needs "o be "a8en7 T&e ne"-or8 as s$(& is all for%: "&e lines of (o%%$ni(a"ion and
reso$r(e6flo-s of -&i(& i" (onsis"s are 'resen"ed as i!en0 re%ainin silen" abo$" &o-
"&ese ne"-or8s are (ons(io$sly 'rod$(ed0 re'rod$(ed and "ransfor%ed by "&e (on(re"e
a("i!i"ies of indi!id$als and ro$'s in "&eir s'e(ifi( 'oli"i(al0 so(ial and ($l"$ral
(ir($%s"an(es7 ?or "&is reason an"&ro'olois" Leff L$ris0 -&o (ond$("ed 'ar"i(i'a"ory
resear(& -i"& an"i6(a'i"alis"s in 4ar(elona0 in"rod$(es "&e idea of a 9($l"$ral loi( of
ne"-or8in: "o desina"e "&e broad 'rin(i'les -&i(&0 as ($l"$ral dis'osi"ions0 $ide
a("i!is"s -&o enera"e %o!e%en" ne"-or8s:
T&e ($l"$ral loi( of ne"-or8in &as i!en rise "o -&a" rassroo"s a("i!is"s777(all "&e 9ne-
-ay of doin 'oli"i(s7: 4y "&is "&ey %ean 're(isely "&ose ne"-or86based for%s of 'oli"i(al
oraniCa"ion and 'ra("i(e based on non6&ierar(&i(al s"r$("$res0 &oriCon"al (oordina"ion a%on
a$"ono%o$s ro$'s0 o'en a((ess0 dire(" 'ar"i(i'a"ion0 (onsens$s6based de(ision %a8in0 and "&e
ideal of "&e free and o'en (ir($la"ion of infor%a"ion777B&ile "&e (o%%and6orien"ed loi( of
"radi"ional 'ar"ies and $nions is based on re(r$i"in ne- %e%bers0 de!elo'in $ni"ary s"ra"eies0
'oli"i(al re'resen"a"ion "&ro$& !er"i(al s"r$("$res and "&e '$rs$i" of 'oli"i(al &ee%ony0
ne"-or86based 'oli"i(s in!ol!es "&e (rea"ion of broad $%brella s'a(es0 -&ere di!erse
oraniCa"ions0 (olle("i!es and ne"-or8s (on!ere aro$nd a fe- (o%%on &all%ar8s0 -&ile
'reser!in "&eir a$"ono%y and iden"i"y6based s'e(ifi(i"y7 Ra"&er "&an re(r$i"%en"0 "&e ob=e("i!e
be(o%es &oriCon"al e#'ansion and en&an(ed 9(onne("i!i"y: "&ro$& ar"i($la"in di!erse
%o!e%en"s -i"&in fle#ible0 de(en"raliCed infor%a"ion s"r$("$res "&a" allo- for %a#i%al
(oordina"ion and (o%%$ni(a"ion +L$ris 311F:<I,7
T&e %o!e fro% inani%a"e s"r$("$re "o self6re'rod$(in a("i!i"y is (learly a s"e' in
"&e ri&" dire("ion7 I -o$ld o f$r"&er0 &o-e!er0 and ar$e "&a" "&e ($l"$ral loi( of
//
ne"-or8in re'resen"s one area of a broader 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 -&i(& is "&e %os" ade*$a"e
referen" for anar(&is%7 T&e idea of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re (an be e#'lained as a se" of s&ared
orien"a"ions "o-ards 9doin 'oli"i(s:0 -&erein iss$es are fra%ed0 s"ra"eies are
lei"i%ised and (olle("i!e in"era("ion "a8es on eno$& re$lari"y "o s"r$("$re %e%bers;
%$"$al e#'e("a"ions7 I" is s$(& a a((o$n" of ($l"$re "&a" (an address %o!e%en" ne"-or8s
in "er%s of "&eir s$bs"an"i!e (&ara("eris"i(s0 "&e (on"e#" in -&i(& 'oli"i(al 9e!en"s0
be&a!iors0 ins"i"$"ions or 'ro(esses777(an be in"elliibly G "&a" is0 "&i(8ly G des(ribed:
+Geer"C 2.K/:2F,7 T&$s "&e (on(e'" of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 a''ro'ria"ely fra%ed "o a((o$n"
for "&e reali"ies of anar(&is" a("i!i"ies0 (an o a rea" -ay "o-ards e#'lainin -&a"
9%o!es: "&e %o!e%en"7
Sidney Tarro- ob=e("s "o "&e idea of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re as an o!erar(&in fra%e for "&e
in"er're"a"ion of so(ial %o!e%en" dyna%i(s7 He ar$es "&a" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re 9is seldo%
s$ffi(ien"ly $ni!o(al or de"a(&ed fro% "&e sy%bols "&a" s$s"ain "&e sys"e% "o 'ro!ide a
fir% basis for (olle("i!e a("ion aains" i": +Tarro- 2..3:2KK,7 I" -o$ld see% "&a" al"&o$&
"&is %ay (a$se 'roble%s for "&e $se of "&e "er% reardin so(ial %o!e%en"s in eneral0
"&e (ondi"ions "&a" Tarro- s"i'$la"es are s$ffi(ien" for enablin "&e $se of 'oli"i(al
($l"$re as a desina"ion for anar(&is% in "&e (on"e#" of "&e 'resen" s"$dy7 Anar(&is"
'oli"i(al ($l"$re is by no %eans $ni!o(al0 b$" i"s o''osi"ion "o bo"& s"a"e and (a'i"alis%
'$"s i" a" s$(& a dis"an(e fro% eli"e and %ains"rea% 'oli"i(al ($l"$res0 "&a" fro% "&e 'oin"
of !ie- of %os" of so(ie"y "&e differen(es a%on anar(&is"s re(ede in"o insinifi(an(e7
As for bein 9de"a(&ed fro% "&e sy%bols "&a" s$s"ain "&e sys"e%9 G "&e dyna%i(
&ere (anno" be red$(ed "o a binary of ei"&er 'ar"i(i'a"i!e endorse%en" of0 or delibera"e
de"a(&%en" fro%0 "&a" ense%ble of sy%bols7 Anar(&is"s are ani%a"ed0 a" leas" in 'ar"0 by
/<
a "&ird ($l"$ral loi(0 "&e %o!e%en" of s$b!ersi!e a''ro'ria"ion 8no-n as 9($l"$re
=a%%in:7 T&e "er% -as (oined in 2.IF by "&e San ?ran(is(o a$dio6(ollae band
Nea"i!land0 and in i"s broad resonan(es refle("s "&e Si"$a"ionis"s; 'reo(($'a"ion -i"&
d<to&rnement: an i%ae0 %essae0 or ar"efa(" lif"ed o$" of (on"e#" "o (rea"e a ne-0
s$b!ersi!e %eanin +Si"$a"ionis" In"erna"ional 2./.,7 As a "a("i( of $erilla
(o%%$ni(a"ion0 ($l"$re =a%%in in(l$des any"&in fro% s"ree" "&ea"re and (ross6
dressin "o billboard al"era"ion and %edia &oa#es0 -&ereby ($l"$ral i%aes and sy%bols
in "&e '$bli( s'&ere are re'osi"ioned in a -ay "&a" (&anes "&eir %eanin in a radi(al
dire("ion7 Nao%i Alein +3111:3I2, li8ens ($l"$re =a%%in "o a se%io"i( ;&!;its& "&a" $ses
(or'ora"ions; o-n s"ren"& aains" "&e%0 9be(a$se any"i%e 'eo'le %ess -i"& a loo0
"&ey are "a''in in"o "&e !as" reso$r(es s'en" "o %a8e "&a" loo %eaninf$l:7
I" s&o$ld f$r"&er be (larified "&a" I a% $sin "&e "er% 9'oli"i(al ($l"$re: in a sense
dis"in(" fro% "&a" a""a(&ed "o an earlier (onfi$ra"ion of "&e "er% +Al%ond and >erba
2.<F,0 deno"in "&e s$''osedly o!erar(&in ($l"$ral fa("ors s&a'in "&e de!elo'%en" of
en"ire na"ional 'oli"ies7 In "&e "er%s $sed by Al%ond and >erba0 %y $se of "&e "er%
9'oli"i(al ($l"$re: 'arallels -&a" "&ey (all a 9s$b($l"$re: +ibid7:3<6.,7
Be (an oranise "&e orien"a"ions b$ildin $' a dis"in("ly anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re
aro$nd fo$r broad (a"eories: for%s of oranisa"ion0 (a%'ainin and dire(" a("ion
re'er"oires0 dis($rsi!e as'e("s +'oli"i(al lan$ae0 ideoloy0 narra"i!e0 %y"&,0 and %ore
broadly 9($l"$ral: s&ared a""rib$"es7
Forms of or(anisation
B&ereas "&e ne"-or8 s"r$("$re and ne"-or8in a("i!i"y dis($ssed abo!e a((o$n" for
/K
"&e anar(&is" %o!e%en";s oranisa"ion on "&e %a(ro6le!el0 so%e"&in %ore needs "o be
said abo$" "&e %i(ro6 and %eso6le!els7 In "&is (on"e#"0 "&e %os" of"6%en"ioned
(ons"i"$en" of anar(&is" oranisin is "&e 9affini"y ro$':7 T&e "er% refers "o a s%all and
a$"ono%o$s ro$' of anar(&is"s0 (losely fa%iliar "o ea(& o"&er0 -&o (o%e "oe"&er "o
$nder"a8e a s'e(ifi( a("ion G -&e"&er in isola"ion or in (ollabora"ion -i"& o"&er affini"y
ro$'s7 T&e e#'ression s"e%s fro% "&e S'anis& (r&pos de afinidad0 -&i(& -ere "&e basi(
(ons"i"$en"s of "&e Iberian Anar(&is" ?edera"ion d$rin "&e S'anis& (i!il -ar7 Ty'i(ally0
an affini"y ro$' -ill (onsis" of $' "o ro$&ly fif"een 'ar"i(i'an"s0 and indi!id$als
-i"&in i" of"en "a8e on s'e(ifi( roles for an a("ion +%edi(0 leal obser!er0 dri!er e"(7,7 T&e
'ar"i(i'an"s in an affini"y ro$' for% a self6s$ffi(ien" $ni"0 'lan "&eir a("ion do-n "o "&e
s%aller de"ails and loo8 af"er ea(& o"&er on "&e s"ree"s7 B&ereas "&e "er% 9affini"y
ro$':0 as $sed by anar(&is"s0 "ends "o desina"es an ad6&o( for%a"ion0 "&e "er%
9(olle("i!e: is of"en $sed -&en s'ea8in of a %ore 'er%anen" ro$'7 Colle("i!es aain
&a!e a s%all fa(e6"o6fa(e 9%e%bers&i':0 and %ay e#is" for any onoin "as8 +s$(& as a
land6based (olle("i!e o'era"in an ari($l"$ral (o%%$ne0 an edi"orial (olle("i!e of an
anar(&is" '$bli(a"ion0 a (olle("i!e r$nnin a 'ar"i($lar (a%'ain or resear(& a("i!i"y0 or a
"rainers; (olle("i!e dedi(a"ed "o "ea(&in s8ills "o o"&er a("i!is"s G any"&in fro% bio6
diesel 'rod$("ion "o s"en(il6ar" "o (onsens$s de(ision6%a8in,7 A (olle("i!e %ay also a("
as an affini"y ro$' for a 'ar"i($lar 'ro"es" or dire(" a("ion o$"side i"s nor%al a("i!i"ies7
B&ile affini"y ro$'s and (olle("i!es re'resen" "&e %i(ro6le!el of anar(&is"
oranisin0 -&e"&er ad6&o( or 'er%anen"0 "&e b$l8 of onoin anar(&is" a("i!i"y "a8es
'la(e on "&e %eso6le!el of "&e lo%al milie&4 T&is "er% is in"rod$(ed &ere in referen(e "o "&e
+%ini6,ne"-or8 of anar(&is"s in a 'ar"i($lar lo(ale0 s$(& as a "o-n or (i"y7 T&e lo(al
/I
%ilie$ is a (on"e#" in -&i(& %os" b$" no" all 'ar"i(i'an"s are (losely fa%iliar "o one
ano"&er0 and %ay in(l$de 'ar"i(i'an"s -&o are also oranised as (olle("i!es a%on
"&e%sel!es7 T&e lo(al %ilie$ is "&e 'ool fro% -&i(& affini"y ro$'s are dra-n for
'ar"i($lar a("ions0 and in "&e a$s'i(es of -&i(& %any non6(onfron"a"ional a("i!i"ies are
oranised -i"&o$" e#'li(i" affini"y ro$'s +s"alls0 leafle"in0 s%all de%ons"ra"ions0 and
dona"ion6enera"in e!en"s s$(& as fil% s(reenins and 'ar"ies,7 T&e lo(al %ilie$ is also
"&e s(ene in -&i(& anar(&is"s %os" of"en (oordina"e and (ollabora"e -i"& o"&er a("ors0
s$(& as (i"iCen asso(ia"ions0 yo$"& ro$' and non6anar(&is" 'oli"i(al oranisa"ions
+"y'i(ally "&e %ore radi(al ele%en"s of "&e (&ari"y and NGO s'e("r$% and e!en lo(al
(&a'"ers of 'oli"i(al 'ar"ies G %os" of"en Greens,7
On "&e %a(ro6le!el +fro% "&e reional "o "&e (on"inen"al and lobal,0 "&e ne"-or8
for% is "&e 're!alen" %ode of oranisa"ion7 Anar(&is" %o!e%en" ne"-or8s are onoin0
se%i6s"r$("$red !en$es for (o%%$ni(a"ion and (oordina"ion0 -&i(& ne!er &a!e a for%al
%e%bers&i' or fi#ed bo$ndaries7 T&$s0 i%'or"an"ly0 "&e ne"-or8 %odel s&o$ld be
differen"ia"ed fro% "&e 9federa"ion: %odel e%'loyed by "-en"ie"&6(en"$ry anar(&is"s
and s"ill $sed by a s%all n$%ber of 9old6s(&ool: anar(&is" ro$'s +see belo-,7 Nor are
!ario$s ne"-or8s se'ara"e en"i"ies0 -&i(& o'era"e in isola"ion fro% ea(& o"&er7 In fa("0
"&e o''osi"e is "r$e: "&ere is a rea" deree of o!erla' in a("i!is"s; in!ol!e%en" in
differen" ne"-or8s0 "&e dis"in("ion bein one of f$n("ion ra"&er "&an %e%bers&i'7 One
s&o$ld "&$s dis"in$is& be"-een "&e real% of anar(&is" ne"-or8s in "&eir 'ro'er sense0
as "&e se%en"ary0 'oly(en"ri( and re"i($lar for%a" of so(ial6%o!e%en" oranisa"ion and
self6defined 9Ne"-or8s: li8e 7arth First60 -issent6 or $nti ,a%ist $%tion7 T&e la""er are
%ore ade*$a"ely des(ribed as 9banners: $nder -&i(& (er"ain 'ar"s of "&e anar(&is"
/.
%a(ro6ne"-or8 (ollabora"e on a i!en 'ro=e("7 A banner0 in "&is sense0 is a (on!enien"
label or a''ella"ion for a (er"ain oal or "y'e of 'oli"i(al a("i!i"y0 -&i(& (an also G "&o$&
no" al-ays G be a((o%'anied by a (on(re"e ne"-or80 in "&e sense "&a" 'eo'le o'era"in
$nder "&e sa%e banner in differen" lo(a"ions &a!e a sinifi(an" le!el of (o%%$ni(a"ion
"ools +%ee"ins0 e%ail lis"s0 -ebsi"es0 a ne-sle""er,7 4anners are e!en %ore fl$id "&an
ne"-or8s7 ?or e#a%'le0 a i!en ro$' of a("i!is"s in 4ri"ain %i&" o'era"e a free !ean
s"ree"68i"(&en "oday $nder "&e 9?ood no" 4o%bs: banner0 %ee" "o desin a leafle" aains"
"&e GI $nder "&e 9-issent6: banner "o%orro-0 and (onfron" a far6ri&" %ar(& "&ro$&
"&eir "o-n $nder "&e 9An"i6?as(is" A("ion: banner "&e follo-in -ee87 T&e $se of a
banner by a lo(al ro$' &as been li8ened "o "&e idea of o'enin $' a lo(al 9fran(&ise: G
an idea -&i(& is also (&ara("eris"i(0 -i"& a "&o$sand differen(es0 of "&e Al6Jaeda
9ne"-or8: +aain0 in reali"y0 a 9banner:,7
Campai(nin( and dire%t a%tion repertoires
In "er%s of a("ion re'er"oires0 anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re e%'&asises a 9Do I"
Yo$rself: a''roa(& of dire(" a("ion0 %irrored by disin"eres" in o'era"in "&ro$&
es"ablis&ed 'oli"i(al (&annels or in b$ildin 'oli"i(al 'o-er -i"&in "&e s"a"e7 T&is "a8es
'la(e -i"&in -&a" is of"en fra%ed as a d$al s"ra"ey of (onfron"a"ion "o delei"i%ise "&e
sys"e% and rassroo"s al"erna"i!e6b$ildin fro% belo-7 DIY 'oli"i(s of"en also "ransla"es
in"o and a (o%%i"%en" "o Vbein "&e (&aneV0 on any le!el fro% 'ersonal rela"ions&i's
"&a" address se#is% and ra(is% "o s$s"ainable li!in and (o%%$nes7
To 're6e%'" "&e dis($ssion in "&e ne#" "-o (&a'"ers0 "-o (larifi(a"ions s&o$ld be
%ade7 ?irs"0 i" is i%'or"an" "o dis"in$is& be"-een dire(" a("ion and a rela"ed (on(e'"0
<1
9(i!il disobedien(e:7 I "a8e "&e la""er "o %ean any (ons(io$s (olle("i!e defian(e of "&e
la-0 ei"&er for %oral reasons or in an a""e%'" "o %o$n" 'ress$re on "&e a$"&ori"ies "o
res'ond "o one;s de%ands7 T&$s T&orea$: 9If "&e al"erna"i!e is "o 8ee' all =$s" %en in
'rison0 or i!e $' -ar and sla!ery0 "&e S"a"e -ill no" &esi"a"e -&i(& "o (&oose: +T&orea$
2IF.:<F<,7 T&$s (i!il disobedien(e is essen"ially a (onfron"a"ional for% of 'oli"i(al
dialo(&e be"-een ins$bordina"e (i"iCens and "&e s"a"e0 -&i(& does no" (&allene "&e basi(
lei"i%a(y of "&e la""er +sin(e "&e s"a"e is e#'e("ed "o a(" in res'onse "o "&e disobedien"s;
de%ands G (&anin an $n=$s" la-0 for e#a%'le,7 Dire(" a("ion0 on "&e o"&er &and0 is an
in"er!en"ion "o (&ane reali"y in a desired (o$rse *itho&t referen%e "o "&e a$"&ori"ies7 I" is
of"en0 b$" no" ne(essarily0 illeal G i" (an (onsis" for e#a%'le in "&e (ons"r$("ion of
al"erna"i!e ne"-or8s of %a"erial and infor%a"ional e#(&ane0 self6ed$(a"ion 'ro=e("s and
o"&er 'erfe("ly leal iss$es +(f7 4eyer6Arnesen 3111,7
A disaree%en" s&o$ld be no"ed &ere -i"& Mar"in L$"&er Ain;s s"a"e%en" "&a"
9neo"ia"ion777 is "&e !ery '$r'ose of dire(" a("ion7 Non!iolen" dire(" a("ion see8s "o
(rea"e s$(& a (risis and fos"er s$(& a "ension "&a" a (o%%$ni"y -&i(& &as (ons"an"ly
ref$sed "o neo"ia"e is for(ed "o (onfron" "&e iss$e7 I" see8s so "o dra%a"iCe "&e iss$e "&a"
i" (an no loner be inored777"o (rea"e a si"$a"ion so (risis6'a(8ed "&a" i" -ill ine!i"ably
o'en "&e door "o neo"ia"ion: +Ain 2.<@,7 On "&e dis"in("ion s$es"ed abo!e "&is is
a("$ally %ore ade*$a"e a des(ri'"ion of (i!il disobedien(e0 sin(e i" re%ains a %a""er of
brinin iss$es "o "&e '$bli( aenda7 I" s&o$ld also be 'oin"ed o$" "&a" Ain and o"&er
'ra("i"ioners of (i!il disobedien(e in "&e (i!il ri&"s and 'ea(e %o!e%en"s of"en e#"olled
"&e U7S7 Cons"i"$"ion0 (allin on A%eri(an so(ie"y "o li!e $' "o i"s 'rofessed ideals7 S$(&
r&e"ori( reinfor(es ra"&er "&an (&allenes "&e s"a"$s6*$o on so(ie"y;s basi( ins"i"$"ions7
<2
Se(ond0 dire(" a("ion already needs "o be bro$&" in"o (onne("ion -i"& "&e (on(e'" of
9'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s:7 T&is $n(o%for"able &eadin deno"es a 'ers'e("i!e firs"
e#'ressed by anar(&is"s0 -&i(& -as re6ar"i($la"ed in %o!e%en"s re!ol!in aro$nd
fe%inis%0 e(oloy0 radi(al de%o(ra(y and s'iri"$ali"y0 and is "oday (en"ral "o %any
so(ial %o!e%en"s; oranisa"ional ($l"$re0 as a %a""er of refle#i!e self6a-areness7 In
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s0 so(ial %o!e%en"s; oals are
re($rsi!ely b$il" in"o N"&eirO daily o'era"ion and oraniCa"ional s"yle7 T&is is e!iden" in
affini"y ro$'s0 de(en"ralised oranisa"ion0 de(ision6%a8in by (onsens$s0 res'e(" for differin
o'inions and an o!erall e%'&asis on "&e 'ro(ess as -ell as "&e o$"(o%es of a("i!is%777I" is "&e
e#'li(i" a""en"ion "o oraniCa"ion as a se%io"i( s"ra"ey and "&e a""e%'" "o -or8 dire("ly fro%
basi( !al$es "o daily 'ra("i(e "&a" %eri"s "&e desina"ion of a P($l"$ralis"; orien"a"ionM "&ese are
%o!e%en"s "&a" a("i!ely sy%boliCe -&o "&ey are and -&a" "&ey -an" no" =$s" as end oals b$" as
daily $ides "o %o!e%en" 'ra("i(e: +4$e(&ler 3111:31K,7
-is%&rsive aspe%ts
T&is &eadin is $sed "o brin "oe"&er "&ose as'e("s of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al a("i!i"y
-&i(& &a!e "o do -i"& "&in8in0 s'ea8in and -ri"in +as -ell as sinin and
'erfor%in,7 I" is i%'or"an" "o offer "&is as a se'ara"e s$b6&eadin in order "o e%'&asise
"&a" differen" 'oli"i(al ($l"$res enera"e0 and are s&a'ed by0 differen" e'is"e%oloies G
-ays of oranisin "&eir $nders"andin of 'oli"i(s and %a8in sense of "&e%7 B&ile "&e
s$bs"an"i!e (on"en" of "&is &eadin is dis($ssed %ore e#"ensi!ely in (&a'"er @0 "-o
re%ar8s (an be %ade &ere7
?irs"0 "&is idea"ional and e'is"e%oloy6enera"in as'e(" of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re (an be
(onne("ed "o -&a" so(ial %o!e%en" s(&olars &a!e referred "o as 9(olle("i!e a("ion
fra%es: G a (on(e'" $sed "o e#'lain "&e (ons"r$("ion of %eanin in so(ial %o!e%en"s7
?or Sno- and 4enford +2..3:2@<6I,0 framin( 9deno"es an a("i!e0 'ro(ess6deri!ed
<3
'&eno%enon "&a" i%'lies aen(y and (on"en"ion a" "&e le!el of reali"y (ons"r$("ion777 "&a"
si%'lifies and (ondenses "&e P-orld o$" "&ere; by sele("i!ely '$n("$a"in and en(odin
ob=e("s0 si"$a"ions0 e!en"s0 e#'erien(es and se*$en(es of a("ions -i"&in one;s 'resen" or
'ar" en!iron%en":7 ?or so(ial %o!e%en"s0 "&e 'rod$(" of fra%in a("i!i"ies is referred "o
as (olle("i!e a("ion fra%es7 As '$n("$a"ion0 (olle("i!e a("ion fra%es 9ei"&er $nders(ore
and e%bellis& "&e serio$sness and in=$s"i(e of a so(ial (ondi"ion or redefine as $n=$s" or
i%%oral -&a" -as 're!io$sly seen as $nfor"$na"e b$" 'er&a's "olerable:7 As en(oders0
"&ey %a8e 9dianos"i( and 'ronos"i( a""rib$"ion777iden"ifyin ($l'able aen"s0 be "&ey
indi!id$als or (olle("i!e 'ro(esses and s"r$("$res777NandO s$es"in bo"& a eneral line
of a("ion for a%eliora"in "&e 'roble% and "&e assin%en" of res'onsibili"y for (arryin
o$" "&a" a("ion:7 ?inally0 "&ey 9enable a("i!is"s "o ar"i($la"e and alin a !as" array of
e!en"s and e#'erien(es so "&a" "&ey &and "oe"&er in a rela"i!ely $nified and %eaninf$l
fas&ion777T&e '$n("$a"ed and en(oded "&reads of infor%a"ion %ay be di!erse and e!en
in(onr$o$s0 b$" "&ey are -o!en "oe"&er in s$(& a -ay "&a" -&a" -as 're!io$sly
in(on(ei!able0 or a" leas" no" (learly ar"i($la"ed0 is no- %eaninf$lly in"er(onne("ed:7
Be (an also see0 a" "&is s"ae0 "&a" "&e fo($s on (olle("i!e a("ion fra%es as a
(ons"i"$en" of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re frees $s fro% "&e e#'e("a"ions of (lose idea"ional
defini"ion and $ni!ersal "r$"&6(lai%s "&a" -o$ld &a!e been asso(ia"ed -i"& anar(&is% as
a 'oli"i(al "&eory7 4orro-in loosely fro% T&o%as A$&n;s no"ion of a s(ien"ifi(
'aradi%0 Billia% Ga%son (larifies "&a" 9i" is no" e!en"s "&a" o!er(o%e fra%es b$" ri!al
fra%es "&a" do be""er a" e""in in"er're"a"ions "o s"i(8777?ra%es0 li8e %e"a'&ors0 are -ays
of oraniCin "&in8in abo$" 'oli"i(al iss$es7 One s&o$ld as8 no" -&e"&er "&ey are "r$e
or false G "&a" is0 "&eir e%'iri(al !alidi"y G b$" abo$" "&eir $sef$lness in in(reasin
<@
$nders"andin and "&eir e(ono%y and in(l$si!eness in 'ro!idin a (o&eren" e#'lana"ion
of a di!erse se" of fa("s: +Ga%son 2..3:K2,7 T&$s0 "&e Wrele!an" (ri"erion of =$de%en" for
"&e 'oli"i(al e'is"e%oloies enera"ed -i"&in a dis"in(" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re is no" 9ob=e("i!e
"r$"&:0 b$" 9narra"i!e fideli"y: G 9"&e deree0 "o -&i(& 'roffered fra%ins resona"e -i"&
($l"$ral narra"ions0 "&a" is0 -i"& "&e s"ories0 %y"&s0 and fol8 "ales "&a" are 'ar" and 'ar(el
of one;s ($l"$ral &eri"ae and "&$s f$n("ion "o infor% e!en"s and e#'erien(es in "&e
i%%edia"e 'resen": +Sno- and 4enford 2..I:321,7
Se(ond0 i" is i%'or"an" "o in(l$de $nder "&is &eadin0 alon -i"& "&e ($l"$ral
ar"i($la"ion of 'oli"i(al (on(e'"s and !al$es0 i"s %ore narra"i!e6based ele%en"s0 -&i(&
-e (an refer "o as 9%y"&oloies:7 T&ese are "&e %o!e%en";s orally "rans%i""ed s"ories
abo$" 'as" %obilisa"ions0 're!io$s (y(les of s"r$le0 and older &is"ori(al e'isodes -&i(&
are seen as an ins'ira"ions7 T&ese are an i%'or"an" as'e(" of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re "&ro$&
-&i(& (olle("i!e iden"i"y is re'rod$(ed and -&i(& f$n("ion also as a %obilisin reso$r(e7
As Mar8 4ailey ar$es0 "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" dra-s &ea!ily on 9non6-es"ern
%y"&oloi(al dis(o$rses: -&i(& o'en $' for i" "&e 'ossibili"y for 9"&e de!elo'%en" of a
%y"&oloy of resis"an(e777"&a" is %$(& %ore in(l$si!e of 're!io$sly %arinaliCed !oi(es
"&an "&a" of 're!io$s enera"ions777NT&isO enera"es "&e 'o"en"ial "o (rea"e a %y"&i(al and0
&en(e0 ideoloi(al dis(o$rse "&a"0 -&ils" see8in "o enera"e a sense of solidari"y and
(o%%on '$r'ose be"-een -idely dis'ara"e ro$'s0 (an also be &i&ly effe("i!e in
enera"in a (elebra"ion of Pdifferen(e; -i"&o$" &a!in "o des(end in"o '$re rela"i!is%:
+4ailey 311/,7 S$(& are "&e narra"i!es "&a" s'in a "&read leadin fro% C&ia'as "o Sea""le0
or fro% Green&a% Co%%on "o Por"o Alere0 and -&i(& I e#'lore in %ore de'"& in "&e
ne#" (&a'"er7
<F
/roader %&lt&ral attrib&tes
Under "&is final &eadin -e %ay in(l$de (o%%on as'e("s of "&e anar(&is"
%o!e%en" -&i(& are so%e"i%es seen as 9%ere: lifes"yle (&oi(es G al"&o$& %any
a("i!is"s -ill also loo8 $'on "&e% as e#'ressions of "&eir !al$es and 'oli"i(s7 A%on
"&ese (an be %en"ioned "&e 're!alen(e of !ee"arian5!ean die"s a%on a("i!is"s0
o'enness "o non6&e"erose#$al and non6%onoa%o$s rela"ions&i's0 "&e $se of (annabis
and o"&er 9sof": dr$s0 and +'er&a's %os" s"ri8inly, "&e 'ro%inen(e of bo"& '$n8 and
fol85:&i''ie: 'referen(es in "er%s of %$si(0 dress and dis'osi"ion7 T&ese fa("ors are
(losely rela"ed "o "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"s; fer%en"a"ion -i"&in "&ese "-o s$b($l"$ral
s'a(es sin(e "&e la"e Si#"ies0 as 'ar" of i"s enealoy e#'lored in "&e ne#" (&a'"er7 As Ale#
Plo-s ar$es in &er s"$dy of 4ri"is& en!iron%en"al dire("6a("ion %o!e%en"s0
"&e de!elo'%en" of ($l"$re0 (o%%$ni"y0 so(ial ne"-or8s and lifes"yle (&oi(es asso(ia"ed -i"&
radi(al 'oli"i(al ideas also for% %$(& of %o!e%en" a("i!i"y0 'oli"i(al 'ra#is0 and &el' "o s$s"ain
%obilisa"ion in "&e lon "er%0 bridin a("i!is" enera"ions777"&e Ps$s"ainin; f$n("ion of
%o!e%en" ($l"$re and lifes"yle is 'ar" of -&a" %a8es a so(ial %o!e%en" able "o %obilise and "a8e
o"&er sor"s of %ore P'oli"i(al; a("ionM defini"ions of P'oli"i(al a("i!i"y; need "o in(l$de ($l"$re and
lifes"yle: +Plo-s 3113:2@I,7
T&e 'resen(e of broader ($l"$ral a""rib$"es 'lays an i%'or"an" role in "&e
desina"ion of (olle("i!e iden"i"ies in "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"7 As'e("s s$(& as dress
s"yle0 -&i(& are !isible before any 'oli"i(al (on!ersa"ion is enaed in0 ser!e as 9a
s&or"&and desina"ion anno$n(in a s"a"$s G a se" of a""i"$des0 (o%%i"%en"s0 and r$les
for be&a!ior G "&a" "&ose -&o ass$%e "&e iden"i"y (an be e#'e("ed "o s$bs(ribe "o777i" is
also an indi!id$al anno$n(e%en" of affilia"ion0 of (onne("ion -i"& o"&ers: +?ried%an
and M(Ada% 2..3:223,7
</
The Role of !dentity
So %$(& for "&e basi( a((o$n" of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re7 A" "&is s"ae0 so%e
(o%%en"s s&o$ld be %ade abo$" 'oli"i(al iden"i"y0 and i"s f$n("ion in (rea"in
(o&esi!eness in so(ial %o!e%en"s in eneral and "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" in 'ar"i($lar7
As Ga%son +2..3:<1, ar$es0
Cons"r$("ion of (olle("i!e iden"i"y is one s"e' in (&allenin ($l"$ral do%ina"ion7 T&e (on"en"
%$s" ne(essarily be ad!ersarial in so%e -ay "o s%o8e o$" "&e in!isible and arbi"rary ele%en"s of
"&e do%inan" ($l"$ral (odes7 No %a""er &o- 'ersonally i%'or"an" i" be(o%es for 'ar"i(i'an"s0 i" is
ne!er %erely a f$lfil%en" b$" a s"ra"ei( s"e' in a(&ie!in ($l"$ral (&anes "&a" are %edia"ed by
"&e %o!e%en";s e#"ernal "are"s777"&e lo($s of (olle("i!e iden"i"y is ($l"$ralM i" is %anifes"ed
"&ro$& "&e lan$ae and sy%bols by -&i(& i" is '$bli(ly e#'ressed777"&ro$& "&e ($l"$ral i(ons
and ar"ifa("s dis'layed by "&ose -&o e%bra(e i"777"o %eas$re i"0 one -o$ld as8 'eo'le abo$" "&e
%eanin of labels and o"&er ($l"$ral sy%bols0 no" abo$" "&eir o-n 'ersonal iden"i"y7
No less i%'or"an"ly0 &o-e!er0 is "&e e#'li(i" self6(on"ras"in -i"& o"&er 'oli"i(al
a("ors -&i(& de(isi!ely s&ar'ens %o!e%en"s; iden"i"ies0 and -&i(& for%s "&e final
ele%en" of -&a" enables $s "o refer "o a %o!e%en" as 9anar(&is":7 Tarro- +2..3:2.K,
&y'o"&esises "&a" 9al"&o$& "&eir bases lie in 'ree#is"in ($l"$ral "radi"ions0 ne- fra%es
of %eanin res$l" fro% "&e s"r$les o!er %eanin -i"&in so(ial %o!e%en"s and fro%
"&eir (las& -i"& "&eir o''onen"s7 T&ey are elabora"ed no" in"elle("$ally b$" "&ro$&
s"r$le0 -&i(& is al-ays a s"r$le o!er %eanin as -ell as o!er reso$r(es:7 T&is
&y'o"&esis see%s (orrobora"ed in "&e 'resen" (on"e#"7 In "&e 'as" fe- years a 'ro(ess of
fra%en"a"ion &as dra-n (lear lines -i"&in "&e broad arena of 9al"erna"i!e lobalisa"ion:
%o!e%en"s0 %ore (learly delinea"in "&e anar(&is" ne"-or8s -i"&in i" and (a$sin "&ose
asso(ia"ed -i"& "&ese ne"-or8s "o refle#i!ely (onsolida"e "&eir s&ared iden"i"y and
<<
($l"$ral e%'&ases7 I" is in "&is 'ro(ess "&a" -e (an finally de"e("0 by -ay of o''osi"ion
and %$"$al differen"ia"ion0 "&e e%eren(e of a dis"in("ly anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re
-i"&in (on"e%'orary so(ial %o!e%en" ne"-or8s7 Be are "&$s in 'ossession of an
analy"i(al fra%e-or8 -&i(& is $sef$l in dis"in$is&in be"-een anar(&is" and non6
anar(&is" ele%en"s in "&e 9al"erna"i!e lobalisa"ion: arena0 're(isely be(a$se i" is not
based on an e#"ernal (ri"erion +-&e"&er "&eore"i(al or &is"ori(al, b$" deri!ed fro% "&e
!ery sa%e 'ro(ess "&ro$& -&i(& a("i!is"s define "&eir o-n affilia"ions7
T&e refle#i!e 'ro(ess in *$es"ion in one of "&e fra("$re of broad allian(es "o-ards "&e
(onsolida"ion of ne-0 narro-er ones G "&e brea8do-n of "&e s&or"6li!ed (oali"ions0
dis'layed %os" 'ro%inen"ly in Sea""le0 be"-een 'oli"i(al 'ar"ies0 $nions0
en!iron%en"alis"s and rassroo"s %o!e%en"s7 Bi"& "&e ebb of 9an"i6lobalisa"ion:
'ro"es"s in "&e firs" years of "&is (en"$ry0 "&e %o!e%en";s !ario$s (ons"i"$en"s fa(ed a
d$al res'onse fro% "&eir o''onen"s7 On "&e one &and0 a""e%'"s a" (o6o'"a"ion0
e#e%'lified by "&e IM? and o"&er oranisa"ions; la$n(& of a 9(i!il so(ie"y enae%en":
'rora%sM and on "&e o"&er &and0 s"a"e re'ression "&a" 'ea8ed0 in "&e Nor"&0 d$rin "&e
Genoa GI s$%%i" in L$ly 31127 T&ese s"ra"eies -ere larely s$((essf$l0 -i"& %any of
"&e %ore %ains"rea% ro$'s and oranisa"ions r$s&in "o %ar8 "&e dialo$e offered "o
"&e% as !i("ories0 -&ile deridin "&e dire("6a("ion ele%en"s -&o no- be(a%e
9disr$'"i!e:7 T&is 'ro(ess (learly de%ar(a"ed "-o differen" "-o -ins of "&e %o!e%en"0
"&ose -&o belie!ed "&a" "&e ini"ial '$s& of rassroo"s a("i!i"y s&o$ld no- be (a'i"alised
on0 res$l"in in +s"ill a-ai"ed, sys"e%i( refor%s and a sea" a" "&e "able for $nions and
NGOs0 and "&ose -&o re"ained "&eir radi(al de%ands for "&oro$&oin so(ial
"ransfor%a"ion7 T&e la""er0 a" leas" as far as %o!e%en"s in "&e Nor"& are (on(erned0 is
<K
-&ere I 'ro'ose "o lo(a"e "oday;s res$ren" anar(&is" %o!e%en"7 I" -as 're(isely "&e fa("
"&a" "&e firs" ro$'0 -&o% radi(als -ere 'rone "o see as &a!in 9sold o$":0 -as no-
denyin solidari"y "o "&eir for%er fello-6'ro"es"ers and $sin "&e -ord anar(&is% as a
8nee6=er8 label for !iolen" disr$'"ion0 "&a" '$s&ed "&e radi(al ro$'s "oe"&er and
allo-ed "&e% "o (onsolida"e a s&ared iden"i"y0 reaffir%in "&eir differen"ia"ed 'oli"i(al
($l"$re as a(ainst "&e 9refor%is": ele%en"s of 9"&e %o!e%en":7
Per&a's "&e %os" (lear e#a%'le of "&is 'ro(ess of re'rod$(in (olle("i!e iden"i"y
"&ro$& o''osi"ion "o o"&er %o!e%en" (ons"i"$en"s -as "&e re(en" E$ro'ean So(ial
?or$%0 %en"ioned in &e in"rod$("ion7 -&i(& "oo8 'la(e in London in O("ober 311F7
D$rin "&a" -ee80 London -as a %i(ro(os%os in -&i(& "&e (onfli("s and o''osin
"enden(ies -i"&in "&e so6(alled 9an"i6lobalisa"ion %o!e%en": -ere on f$ll dis'lay7 On
"&e one &and -as "&e offi(ial ES?0 a("i!ely s$''or"ed by "&e Mayor of London and
do%ina"ed be&ind "&e s(enes by &is So(ialis" A("ion ro$' alon -i"& "&e Tro"s8yis"
So(ialis" Bor8ers; Par"y0 lare NGOs and "rade $nions +L$ris 311/0 N$Xes 311/0
Ainsnor"& 311/,7 Many of "&e oranisa"ions in!ol!ed in "&e ES? -ere o'era"in
re(r$i"in s"alls in a bid "o in(rease "&eir %e%bers&i's0 infor%ed by a s"ra"ey of
b$ildin 'oli"i(al 'o-er -i"&in "&e s"a"e6san("ioned real% of (i!il so(ie"y in!ol!e%en"0
so as "o (&allene neo6liberal 'oli(ies and lobal "rade r$les on a 'arlia%en"ary and
o!ern%en"al le!el7 T&e deba"es and 'lenaries of "&e ES? -ere in fa(" le("$res0 -i"&
se!eral s'ea8ers on "&e 'odi$% and a 'assi!e a$dien(e in "&e sea"s7 T&e (on"en" -as
de"er%ined in (losed %ee"ins0 and a reis"ra"ion fee -as re*$ired "o en"er "&e e!en"7 On
"&e o"&er &and -ere "&e n$%ero$s A$"ono%o$s S'a(es0 oranised by -&a" %any of
"&eir o-n 'ar"i(i'an"s -o$ld &a!e des(ribed as "&e 9real: %o!e%en" G rassroo"s
<I
a("i!is"s (o%%i""ed "o -or8in in s"r$("$res "&a" are de(en"raliCed0 an"i6a$"&ori"arian
and 'ar"i(i'a"ory0 and -&ose 'ri%ary for%s of 'oli"i(al e#'ression -ere dire(" a("ion
and self6oranised (o%%$ni"y ini"ia"i!es7 T&e 'ar"i(i'an"s beloned "o "&e sa%e a("i!is"
ne"-or8s "&a" &ad oranised "&e blo(8ades of "&e BTO s$%%i" in Sea""le0 "&e rio"o$s
Carni!al Aains" Ca'i"al in "&e Ci"y of London0 and "&e &$%an6s&ield o'era"ions of "&e
In"erna"ional Solidari"y Mo!e%en" in Pales"ine7 T&e A$"ono%o$s S'a(es no" only
in(or'ora"ed differen(es -i"& "&e 'rora% of "&e ES? in "er%s of i"s (on"en"0 -&i(& -as
%ore (learly an"i6(a'i"alis"0 fe%inis" and e(oloi(al0 b$" also in "er%s of i"s oraniCa"ional
%odel: "&e e!en" -o$ld be oranised o'enly0 en"ry -as free0 anyone -&o -an"ed "o
oranise a dis($ssion or -or8s&o' (o$ld do so0 and de(isions -o$ld be "a8en by
(onsens$s a%on all 'ar"i(i'an"s7
T&e 'ar"i(i'an"s in "&e a$"ono%o$s s'a(es es"ablis&ed "&eir =oin" iden"i"y on "&e
basis of so%e (learly s&ared (&ara("eris"i(s0 s&ared in opposition "o "&ose 're!ailin in "&e
offi(ial ES?: a("i!e resis"an(e "o (a'i"alis%0 "&e s"a"e0 ra(is%0 'a"riar(&y0 &o%o'&obiaM
&oriCon"al oranisa"ion based on a ne"-or8 %odel and la(8in for%al in"ernal
&ierar(&iesM a s"r$le "&a" does no" see8 "o "a8e 'o-er or res"r$("$re so(ie"y fro%
abo!eM and an orien"a"ion "&a" -e (an %o%en"arily lo(a"e aro$nd "&e no"ion of 9bein
"&e (&ane: yo$ -an" "o see in "&e -orld7 Presen"ed in o''osi"ion "o "&e "o'6do-n
oranisa"ion and refor%6see8in orien"a"ion of "&e 'ar"ies0 NGOs and $nions in "&e ES?0
-e (an see &ere a 'ro(ess of 9'ro"aonis" fra%in: -&i(& 9es"ablis&es dis"in("ions
be"-een in6ro$'s and o$"6ro$'s and a s"ron -e6feelin "&ro$& bo$ndary
%ain"enan(e: +4$e(&ler 3111:2.1,7 To s"ress on(e aain: as (&ara("eris"i(s of a %o!e%en"
s'a(e0 all of "&ese ele%en"s are not %ean" as a desina"ion of a "&eore"i(al 'osi"ion or a
<.
%a""er of o'inion7 Ra"&er0 "&ey are no" abo$" -&a" "&e 'eo'le asso(ia"ed -i"& "&e s'a(e
"&in80 b$" abo$" -&a" "&ey do G &o- "&ey oranise0 -&a" "y'e of a("ion "&ey "a8e0 -&o
"&ey ally -i"& e"(7 T&is is "o say "&a" "&ey are ar"efa("s of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 (on!eyin
%anifes"a"ions of 'ra#is and "&e s&ared0 &abi"$al orien"a"ions "o-ards "&is 'ra#is "&a" is
de"e("able in a("i!is"s; ($%$la"i!e s'ee(&6a("s7
Here0 "&en0 -e (an re"$rn -i"& %ore (onfiden(e "o "&e iss$e of na%es0 labels and
"i"les7 Leff L$ris s"a"es "&a" al"&o$& 9"&is e%erin 'oli"i(al 'ra#is (an be broadly defined
as anar(&is"777"&ese e%erin 'oli"i(al iden"i"ies are no" ne(essarily iden"i(al "o anar(&is%
in the stri%t ideolo(i%al senseM ra"&er0 "&ey s&are s'e(ifi( ($l"$ral affini"ies re!ol!in aro$nd
"&e broader !al$es asso(ia"ed -i"& "&e ne"-or8 as an e%erin ($l"$ral ideal: o'en
a((ess0 "&e free (ir($la"ion of infor%a"ion0 self6%anae%en" as -ell as (oordina"ion
based on di!ersi"y and a$"ono%y: +L$ris 311F:<I,7 T&e (on(ern -&i(& %o"i!a"es L$ris is
're(isely "&e (on(ern o!er asso(ia"ion -i"& so%e 9s"ri(" ideoloi(al sense: of anar(&is%0
$nders"ood as (ode for 9do%a: +$nli8e "&e s(&olarly sense of ideoloy as a 'osi"ionin
of (on(e'"s and "&eir in"er(onne("ions G (f7 ?reeden 2..<,7 4$" by s&if"in "&e desina"ion
of anar(&is% fro% 'oli"i(al "&eory5ideoloy "o 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 -e are able "o (as" a ne-
li&" on "&e a''ella"ion and re%o!e "&is 'ro!iso7 T&$s -e also no loner need "o "al8
abo$" "&e %o!e%en" as 9broadly: anar(&is" or 9ins'ired by: anar(&is%0 sin(e "&is -o$ld
're(isely %ean "&a" -e are reifyin "&e (a"eory e#'e("in 9really: anar(&is" %o!e%en"s
"o (onfor% "o so%e 're6(on(ei!ed ideal "y'e7 Ho-e!er0 on(e -e $nders"and "&a"
anar(&is% is a %a""er of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 -i"& all "&e fle#ibili"y for -&i(& "&e "er%
allo-s0 i" be(o%es 'ossible "o s'ea8 of a %o!e%en" "&a" is anar(&is" 'lain and si%'le7
If -e are "o loo8 a" "&e self6desina"ions of a("i!is"s in si"$a"ions s$(& as "&e London
K1
ES? a$"ono%o$s s'a(es0 -e find a rela"i!ely s%all n$%ber of "i"les $sed self6
referen"ially7 T&e a("i!is"s s'ea8 of "&e%sel!es as 9a$"ono%o$s:0 9an"i6a$"&ori"arians:
or0 in e#'li(i" o''osi"ion "o "&e oranisa"ional 'aradi% of "&e offi(ial for$%0
9&oriCon"als:7 4$" all of "&ese ne- -ords are in!en"ed for the sole p&rpose of not sayin(
=anar%hist> ? as a res$l" of "&e an#ie"ies s$rro$ndin "&e $se of "&a" -ord4 Ho-e!er0 "&e
-ords anar(&is%0 an"i6a$"&ori"arianis% or &oriCon"alis% s&o$ld no" be seen as s"andin
a" odds -i"& ea(& o"&er G 're(isely be(a$se "&ey refer "o e#a("ly "&e sa%e 'oli"i(al
($l"$re7 If "&ese a("i!is"s -ere "o s&ed "&e no"ion "&a" 9anar(&is":0 &nli2e 9&oriCon"al: or
9an"i6a$"&ori"arian:0 is %ean" "o desina"e any $ni"ary and -ell6for%$la"ed se" of
"&eore"i(al 'osi"ionsM if0 ins"ead0 "&ey -o$ld a((e'" i" as a na%e for a 'ar"i($lar 'ra#is
and "&e s&ared0 &abi"$al orien"a"ions "o-ards "&is 'ra#is G "&en as far as one6-ord labels
o0 "&ey -o$ld s$rely re(onise 9anar(&is": as a'" a label as any o"&er7 T&ey %i&" s"ill
no" %a8e a &abi" of (allin "&e%sel!es anar(&is"s0 b$" "&ey a" leas" -o$ld no" %ind bein
(alled "&a" any %ore G or e!en find reason "o re(lai% "&e label +S"ar&a-8 311F,:
I %i&" no" e!en (&oose "o a''ly "&e -ord Panar(&is%; "o %y o-n beliefs0 b$" I "&in8 "&ere;s
a !al$e in $sin i"0 "&e sa%e !al$e and "&e sa%e reasonin "&a" &as led %e "o (all %yself a Bi"(&
for all "&ese years7 And i";s "&is G "&a" -&en "&ere;s a -ord -i"& so %$(& (&are a""a(&ed0 "&a"
aro$ses so %$(& enery0 i";s a sin "&a" yo$ are "ransressin on "erri"ory "&a" "&e arbi"ers of
'o-er do no" -an" yo$ "o "read0 "&a" yo$ are s"ar"in "o "&in8 "&e $n"&in8able0 loo8 be&ind "&e
($r"ain777"o re(lai% "&e -ord PAnar(&is%; -o$ld be "o -res" "&e s"i(8 o$" of &and "&a";s $sin i" "o
bea" $s0 "&a" !ery %$(& does no" -an" $s "o dee'ly *$es"ion 'o-er7
Re"$rnin "o anar(&is" 'oli"i(al lan$ae0 %en"ion %$s" be %ade in "&is (on"e#" of a
dis"in("i!e 'ra("i(e -&ereby anar(&is"s enera"e (ondensed s"a"e%en"s 8no-n as
9'rin(i'les of $ni"y: or 9&all%ar8s:7 T&ese f$lfil "&ree i%'or"an" 'oli"i(al f$n("ions7
Loo8in in-ards0 "&ey es"ablis& a fra%e of referen(e for 'ar"i(i'an"s "&a" (an be in!o8ed
K2
sy%boli(ally as a se" of basi( $idelines for resol!in dis'$"es7 Loo8in o$"-ards0 "&ey
a""e%'" "o e#'ress "&e %o!e%en";s 'oli"i(al iden"i"y "o a eneral a$dien(e7 And loo8in
9side-ays:0 "&ey define "&e lines alon -&i(& solidari"y is e#"ended or denied "o o"&er
%o!e%en" a("ors7 T&e %os" -idely $"ilised e#a%'le of s$(& a s"a"e%en" are "&e
&all%ar8s of "&e Peo'les; Global A("ion ne"-or8 +PGA 3113,7 T&ese &a!e ser!ed
e#"ensi!ely and -orld-ide as a basis for a("ions and (oali"ions7 T&eir ($rren" -ordin is:
As (on"en"6ri(& s"a"e%en"s0 s$(& do($%en"s 'ro!ide %ore "&an a s$ffi(ien" basis for
an ideoloi(al analysis of anar(&is% as $nder"a8en in C&a'"er @ +see also ARA $nda"ed0
IMC 3111,7 B&a" is a" iss$e &ere is no" a (ons"i"$"ion or a 'oli"i(al 'rora%%e0 b$" ra"&er
a r&e"ori(al s'a(e in -&i(& is indi(a"ed "&e 9fla!o$r: of 'oli"i(s "&a" PGA re'resen"s G
effe("i!ely a s"a"e%en" of (olle("i!e iden"i"y7
No- in s'i"e of "&e (lear resonan(es of i"s &all%ar8s0 PGA &as ne!er been defined
K3
1. A !ery (lear re=e("ion of (a'i"alis%0 i%'erialis% and fe$dalis%M all "rade
aree%en"s0 ins"i"$"ions and o!ern%en"s "&a" 'ro%o"e des"r$("i!e
lobalisa"ion7
2. Be re=e(" all for%s and sys"e%s of do%ina"ion and dis(ri%ina"ion in(l$din0
b$" no" li%i"ed "o0 'a"riar(&y0 ra(is% and reliio$s f$nda%en"alis% of all
(reeds7 Be e%bra(e "&e f$ll dini"y of all &$%an beins7
3. A (onfron"a"ional a""i"$de0 sin(e -e do no" "&in8 "&a" lobbyin (an &a!e a
%a=or i%'a(" in s$(& biased and $nde%o(ra"i( oranisa"ions0 in -&i(&
"ransna"ional (a'i"al is "&e only real 'oli(y6%a8er7
4. A (all "o dire(" a("ion and (i!il disobedien(e0 s$''or" for so(ial %o!e%en"s;
s"r$les0 ad!o(a"in for%s of resis"an(e -&i(& %a#i%iCe res'e(" for life and
o''ressed 'eo'les; ri&"s0 as -ell as "&e (ons"r$("ion of lo(al al"erna"i!es "o
lobal (a'i"alis%7
5. An oranisa"ional '&iloso'&y based on de(en"ralisa"ion and a$"ono%y7
e#'li(i"ly as an anar(&is" ne"-or87 Missin fro% "&e &all%ar8s is "&e e#'li(i" re=e("ion of
"&e s"a"e0 b$" on "&e o"&er &and i" (o$ld be in"er're"ed -i"& "&e addi"ion "&a" all
o!ern%en"s 9'ro%o"e des"r$("i!e lobalisa"ion:7 T&is in"en"ional !a$eness is %ainly
be(a$se0 on "&e lobal le!el a''li(able "o "&e PGA ne"-or8 as a -&ole0 an e#'li(i"
referen(e "o anar(&is% -o$ld no" do =$s"i(e "o "&e di!ersi"y of i"s 'ar"i(i'an" ro$'s0
-&i(& in(l$de n$%ero$s 'easan" %o!e%en"s fro% Asia and La"in A%eri(a -&o &a!e
ne!er iden"ified -i"& anar(&is% nor -i"& any o"&er se" of ideas roo"ed in a by6and6lare
E$ro'ean &is"ori(al e#'erien(e7
In a E$ro'ean or Nor"& A%eri(an se""in0 &o-e!er0 &all%ar8s li8e "&ose of PGA
es"ablis& "&e 'eri%e"ers of a de(idedly anar(&is" 'oli"i(al s'a(e by -ay of eli%ina"ion0 so
"o s'ea87 T&ey e#(l$de s$(& a lon lis" of fea"$res of so(ie"y and -ays of a''roa(&in
so(ial (&ane0 "&a" -&a" is lef"0 a" leas" in "er%s of '$bli( dis(o$rse in ad!an(ed (a'i"alis"
(o$n"ries0 is ine!i"ably so%e 8ind of anar(&is%7 T&is &a''ens en"irely -i"&o$" referen(e
"o anar(&is% as a label0 b$" "&e res$l"s re%ain "&e sa%e7 T&e "&ird &all%ar80 for e#a%'le0
e#'li(i"ly dis"an(es "&e PGA 'oli"i(al s'a(e fro% "&e ones in -&i(& NGOs and ad!o(a(y
ro$'s o'era"e0 -or8in "o (&ane "&e BTO and o"&er lobal "rade sys"e%s fro% -i"&in
"&e loi( of "&eir o-n o'era"ion "&ro$& lobbyin7 T&e fif"& &all%ar8 (an easily be
$nders"ood as an e#(l$sion of "&e (en"ralised and &ierar(&i(al oranisin %e"&ods of "&e
a$"&ori"arian lef"7 A" "&e sa%e "i%e0 i"s !ery la(oni( na"$re reser!es "&e s'a(e for a
di!ersi"y of non6&ierar(&i(al oranisin "radi"ions0 fro% "&e "radi"ional "ribal6based
asso(ia"ions of Maori and Maya "&ro$& Indian sarvodaya6ins'ired (a%'ains "o "&e
%ore %e(&ani(ally s"r$("$red delea"e sys"e%s of Bes"ern anar(&is%7
T&e differen"ia"in f$n("ion of "&e &all%ar8s (o%es in"o e!en s&ar'er relief -&en i"
K@
is (onsidered "&a" "&eir 'resen" -ordin is "&e res$l" of "-o %a=or re!isions0 -&i(& "oo8
'la(e a" "&e 4analore (onferen(e and a" "&e "&ird lobal (onferen(e in Co(&aba%ba0
4oli!ia in Se'"e%ber 31137 In bo"& (ases0 "&e e#'lana"ion for "&ese re!isions i!en by
(onferen(e 'ar"i(i'an"s -as e#'li(i"ly in referen(e "o "&e need "o differen"ia"e "&e PGA
'oli"i(al s'a(e fro% (o%'e"in ones7 In 4analore0 "&e se(ond &all%ar8 -as added in
order "o %ar8 a (lear se'ara"ion fro% (onser!a"i!e and na"ionalis" 'oli"i(ians -&o &ad
be$n "o s'in an"i6lobalisa"ion aendas0 s$(& as Pa" 4$(&anan in "&e U7S7 A((ordin "o
"&e PGA -ebsi"e0 "&e oal -as 9"o dis"an(e (learly PGA fro% oranisa"ions of "&e
e#"re%e ri&" loo8in for a 'oli"i(al s'a(e "o s'read "&eir #eno'&obi( re=e("ion of
lobalisa"ion:7 A" "&e sa%e (onferen(e0 9"&e (&ara("er of "&e ne"-or8 -as redefined: i"s
're!io$s fo($s on Pfree; "rade aree%en"s +and on "&e BTO in 'ar"i($lar, -as
broadened0 sin(e -e rea(&ed "&e (onsens$s "&a" PGA s&o$ld be a s'a(e "o (o%%$ni(a"e
and (oordina"e lobally no" =$s" aains" "rea"ies and ins"i"$"ions0 b$" also aro$nd "&e
so(ial and en!iron%en"al iss$es rela"ed "o "&e%7 An o''osi"ion "o "&e (a'i"alis"
de!elo'%en" 'aradi% in eneral -as %ade e#'li(i": +PGA ibid70 (f7 PGA 2..K,7 T&is
(&ane -as in(or'ora"ed in"o "&e firs" &all%ar8 in Co(&aba%ba0 -&ere i" 're!io$sly
endorsed a re=e("ion 9of "&e BTO and o"&er "rade liberalisa"ion aree%en"s +li8e APEC0
"&e EU0 NA?TA0 e"(7,:7 A" "&e sa%e "i%e0 i%'erialis% and fe$dalis% -ere added "o "&e
lis"0 "&e la""er 9a" "&e re*$es" of Ne'alese and Indian delea"es -&o re%ar8ed "&a" i" i"
re%ains "&e i%%edia"e for% of do%ina"ion for %any in "&a" area:7

KF
"ld-school and ew-school
In (losin "&is (&a'"er0 and as a bride "o "&e ne#" one0 I -o$ld li8e "o de%ons"ra"e
"&e $"ili"y of an a''roa(& "o anar(&is% as 'oli"i(al ($l"$re for e#'lainin a ($rio$s
"ension -i"&in "&e %o!e%en"7 Ul"i%a"ely0 i" is "&e %ains'rin of (onfli(" a%on
anar(&is"s aro$nd "&ins s$(& as for%s of oranisa"ion +for%al or infor%al, and "&e
a""a(&%en" "o an e#'li(i"ly +and of"en e#(l$si!ely, 9(lass s"r$le: 'oli"i(s7 Per&a's "&e
%os" e%ble%a"i( e#'ression of "&is "ension is "&e (on"ro!ersy enera"ed by M$rray
4oo8(&in0 -&o anno$n(es "&a"
T&e 2..1s are a-as& in self6s"yled anar(&is"s -&o G "&eir fla%boyan" radi(al r&e"ori( aside G
are ($l"i!a"in a la""er6day anar(&o6indi!id$alis% "&a" I -ill (all lifes"yle anar(&is%7 I"s
'reo(($'a"ions -i"& "&e eo and i"s $ni*$eness and i"s 'oly%or'&o$s (on(e'"s of resis"an(e are
s"eadily erodin "&e so(ialis"i( (&ara("er of "&e liber"arian "radi"ion777Ad &o( ad!en"$ris%0
'ersonal bra!$ra0 an a!ersion "o "&eory oddly a8in "o "&e an"ira"ional biases of 'os"%odernis%0
(elebra"ions of "&eore"i(al in(o&eren(e +'l$ralis%,0 a basi(ally a'oli"i(al and an"i6oraniCa"ional
(o%%i"%en" "o i%aina"ion0 desire0 and e(s"asy0 and an in"ensely self6orien"ed en(&an"%en" of
e!eryday lifeSa s"a"e of %ind "&a" arroan"ly derides s"r$("$re0 oraniCa"ion0 and '$bli(
in!ol!e%en"M and a 'layro$nd for =$!enile an"i(s7 +4oo8(&in 2..F:.621,
T&e boo8;s !i"$'era"i!e a""a(8s "a8e in "&eir s-ee' a !ery e(le("i( %i# of -ri"ers
in(l$din L7 S$san 4ro-n0 Ha8i% 4ey and Lo&n EerCan0 all of -&o% are s$b=e("ed "o a
&aran$e of ab$se in(l$din s$(& sa!o$ries as 9fas(is":0 9de(aden":0 9'e"i" bo$reois:0
9infan"ile:0 9'ersonalis"i(:0 9y$''ie:0 9l$%'en:0 9bo$reois: and 9rea("ionary:7 T&e
dia"ribe soon re(ei!ed a no6less a(idi( re"or" fro% 4ob 4la(80 in $nar%hy after )eftism
(4la(8 2..I,7 He 'oin"s o$" "&a" "&a" label 9lifes"yle anar(&is%: is a s"ra- %an
(ons"r$("ed by 4oo8(&in "o en(o%'ass e!ery"&in &e disli8es abo$" (on"e%'orary
anar(&is% G -&i(& see%s "o be all b$" &is o-n !ie-s7 4$" -&a" see%s "o really be a"
K/
iss$e is 4oo8(&in;s (lai% "o &a!e an a$"&ori"a"i!e !oi(e on "&e (orre(" defini"ion of
anar(&is%7 T&is effe("i!ely in"rod$(es "&e idea of an anar(&is" or"&odo#y0 fro% -&ose
s"and'oin" ne- "rends in anar(&is% are denied lei"i%a(y and ref$sed solidari"y7 T&is
'osi"ion is said "o refle(" "&e 'reo(($'a"ions of "&e a$"&ori"arian lef"0 "&$s "&e (all for a
9'os"6lef"is": anar(&is%7 Else-&ere +4la(8 2..F:@2,0 &e ar$es "&a"
Any"&in -&i(& &as en"ered i%'or"an"ly in"o "&e 'ra("i(e of "&e anar(&is"s &as a 'la(e in "&e
anar(&is" '&eno%enon6in6'ro(ess0 -&e"&er or no" i" is loi(ally ded$(ible fro% "&e idea or e!en
(on"radi("s i"7 Sabo"ae0 !ee"arianis%0 assassina"ion0 'a(ifis%0 free lo!e0 (o6o'era"i!es and
s"ri8es are all as'e("s of anar(&is% -&i(& "&eir anar(&is" de"ra("ors "ry "o dis%iss as $n6anar(&is"7
T&is insis"en(e on anar(&is% as a ne(essarily &e"eroeneo$s and &e"erodo#
'&eno%enon6in6'ro(ess is -&a" in!i"es "&e (onde%na"ion of se("arianis% and (losed
&oriCons aains" -&a" 4la(8 (alls 9Lef"is": anar(&is"s0 -&o "o$" "&e anar(&is" banner in
"er%s "&a" see8 ideoloi(al (los$re0 affi#in i" "o a i!en %eanin and denyin "&e
en$ineness of o"&er anar(&is%s7 In a si%ilar !ein0 "&e bread"& and di!ersi"y of -&a"
Lo&n Moore "&in8s s&o$ld 9(o$n": as anar(&is% leads &i% "o (all for an 9anar(&is"
%a#i%alis%: in -&i(& e!ery"&in is $' for (ri"i(is% and re6e!al$a"ion0 9no" leas" -&en
(o%in in"o (on"a(" -i"& "&ose i(ons "&a" are !es"ies of (lassi(al anar(&is% or earlier
%odes of radi(alis% +e770 -or80 -or8eris%0 &is"ory, or "&ose i(ons (&ara("eris"i( of
(on"e%'orary anar(&is% +e770 "&e 'ri%i"i!e0 (o%%$ni"y0 desire and G abo!e all G
na"$re,7 No"&in is sa(red0 leas" of all "&e fe"is&ised0 reified s&ibbole"&s of anar(&is%:
+Moore 2..IM (f7 Lands"rei(&er 31130 M(J$inn 311@,7
On "&e s$rfa(e0 "&en0 "&e deba"e aain a''ears "o be o!er "&e 'ossibili"y of an
anar(&is" "&eore"i(al 9line:0 or so%e for% of (los$re aro$nd "&e (on"en" of anar(&is%7
Graeber +3113, fra%es "&e iss$e in "&ese "er%s0 %a8in a dis"in("ion -i"&in "&e
K<
%o!e%en"7 On "&e one &and0 a %inori"y "enden(y of 9se("arian: or 9(a'i"al6A anar(&is"
ro$'s:0 infor%ed by a s"ri(" ideoloy or 'oli"i(al 'rora%%eM on "&e o"&er &and0 a
%a=ori"y "enden(y of 9s%all6a anar(&is"s: -&o dis"an(e "&e%sel!es fro% s"ri("
ideoloi(al defini"ion and -&o 9are "&e real lo($s of &is"ori(al dyna%is% ri&" no-:7
Graeber does no" na%e %any na%es0 b$" by 9(a'i"al6A anar(&is"s: &e (learly %eans
ro$'s s$(& as "&ose (l$s"ered aro$nd "&e In"erna"ional of Anar(&is" ?edera"ions
+&""':55---7iaf6ifa7or5 G fo$nded in 2.<I and in(l$din "&e anar(&is" federa"ions of
?ran(e0 I"aly and 4ri"ain,0 "&e In"erna"ional Bor8ers Asso(ia"ion +an in"erna"ional
asso(ia"ion of anar(&o6syndi(alis" oranisa"ions G &""':55---7i-a6ai"7or5,0 and
In"erna"ional Liber"arian Solidari"y +&""':55---7ils6sil7or5 G a ro$'in of anar(&o6
(o%%$nis" federa"ions larely ins'ired by "&e 9Pla"for%: +see belo-,,7 I aree -i"&
Graeber;s assess%en" of "&e rela"i!e sinifi(an(e of "&e "-o "enden(ies7 4$" "&e "er%s on
-&i(& "&e dis"in("ion i"self is dra-n s&o$ld be differen"7 S"ar"in -i"& 9se("arianis%:0
"&e fo$ndin de(lara"ion of ILS is *$i"e (lear:
As liber"arians -e all drin8 fro% "&e sa%e re!ol$"ionary s'rin of -a"er: dire(" a("ion0 self6
%anae%en"0 federalis%0 %$"$al aid and in"erna"ionalis%7 Ne!er"&eless0 "&e differen" fla!o$rs
and ($rren"s of "&is s'rin &a!e (a$sed on "oo %any o((asions fra("ionalis%0 di!eren(y and
se'ara"ion7 Be do no" -is& "o see -&o &as o" "&e (leares" or '$res" -a"er0 -e belie!e "&a" "&ey
are all ri&" and -ron0 '$re and i%'$re7 +ILS 3112,
I" is also *$es"ionable -&e"&er %any %e%bers of "oday;s (a'i"al6A (a%' really "a8e
"&eir anar(&is% do%a"i(ally0 as if i" -ere a 9'ar"y line:7 T&is i%'ression %ay be i!en
by so%e anar(&is" ro$'s; ($rren" re!i!al of "&e +r(anisational Platform of the )ibertarian
Comm&nists -&i(& (alls for anar(&is" oranisa"ions based on T&eore"i(al Uni"y0 Ta("i(al
Uni"y0 Colle("i!e A("ion and Dis(i'line0 and ?ederalis% +Ma8&no e"7al7 2.3<0 (f7
KK
Mala"es"a 2.3K,7 Ho-e!er0 %os" 'la"for%is"s e%'&asise "&a" "&ey only 9broadly
iden"ify: -i"& "&e oranisa"ional 'ra("i(e i" ad!o(a"es0 9so i" is a s"ar"in 'oin" for o$r
'oli"i(s0 no" an end 'oin": +Anar8is%o7ne" 311/,7
4ased on "&e fra%e-or8 es"ablis&ed in "&is (&a'"er -e (an 'ro!ide a %ore fr$i"f$l
e#'lana"ion7 T&e (r$(ial differen(e be"-een "&e "-o ro$'s lies0 no" in "&eir &a!in or
no" &a!in do#a0 b$" in "&eir 'oli"i(al ($l"$re G "&eir (on(re"e a("i!i"ies and o$"loo8s0
%e"&ods of oranisin and 'oli"i(al lan$ae7 B&a" is a" iss$e -i"& "&e so6(alled (a'i"al6
A anar(&is"s is "&a" "&eir 'oli"i(al ($l"$re (orres'onds %ore (losely "o "&a" of "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en" of "&e nine"een"& and early "-en"ie"& (en"$ries7 S$(& ro$'s are no"
%ar8ed so %$(& by "&eir s"ress on 9"&eore"i(al $ni"y:0 as by for%in a delibera"e
(on"in$i"y -i"& "&e earlier %o!e%en";s "&e %e"&ods of a("ion0 -ays of oranisin and
(a%'ainin iss$es7 Oranisa"ion "y'i(ally %eans &a!in anar(&is" or(anisations G -i"&
for%al offi(e0 re'resen"a"ion and !o"in G ra"&er "&an de(en"ralised ne"-or8s of
a$"ono%o$s indi!id$als and infor%al ro$'s7 Unionis%0 '$blis&in and
de%ons"ra"ions are i!en a s"roner s"ress "&an "&ey are a%on ro$'s "&a" re!ol!e
aro$nd dire(" a("ion and (o%%$nal e#'eri%en"s7 Labo$r iss$es and an"i6%ili"aris% "end
"o 're(ede e(oloi(al and an"i6ra(is" iss$es7 ?inally0 "&ere is less re(oni"ion of "&e
'ersonal6as6'oli"i(al for%$la0 and less of an o'enness "o al"erna"i!e lifes"yles and non6
-es"ern -orld6!ie-s7 As a res$l"0 "&e differen(e be"-een "&e "-o anar(&is%s is no" "&a"
of (a'i"al6A or s%all6a +anar(&is% -i"& or -i"&o$" do#a,0 b$" ra"&er a &is"ori(al
differen(e in for%$la"ions -i"&in a 'ar"i($lar enre G an old6s(&ool 5 ne-6s(&ool
dis"in("ion of "&e 8ind a''li(able "o ar"0 a8in "o "&e differen(e be"-een "&e 4aro*$e s"yles
of S(&Y"C and 4a(&7
KI
T&is dis"in("ion s&o$ld no"0 of (o$rse0 be "a8en "oo far7 I" is a %a""er of e%'&asis and
o'era"es alon a (on"in$$%0 no" a(ross "-o sides of a di(&o"o%y7 T&ere (er"ainly e#is"s
solidari"y and (oo'era"ion be"-een %any old6s(&ool and ne-6s(&ool ro$'s0 and in
so%e lo(al %ilie$s anar(&is"s of bo"& orien"a"ions -or8 "oe"&er re$larly0 so%e"i%es
-i"&o$" %$(& "ension s$rfa(in fro% "&eir differin 'ers'e("i!es7 Ho-e!er0 "&e 'oin"
re%ains "&a" -&ere "&e old6s(&ool5ne-6s(&ool dis"in("ion is rele!an"0 i"s so$r(e is in
differen(es of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re %ore "&an in "&e 'resen(e0 or la(8 "&ereof0 of do%a"is%
or se("arianis%7
4$" -&a" is "&e so$r(e of "&ese "-o "enden(iesH Ho- is i" "&a" so%e anar(&is"s
ad&ere %ore (losely "&e "radi"ional 'oli"i(al ($l"$re of "&e %o!e%en"0 -&ereas o"&ers are
%$(& %ore a("i!ely e#'eri%en"in -i"& no!el for%s of a("ion and aes"&e"i( o$"loo8sH
T&e ne#" (&a'"er 'ro!ides an e#'lana"ion0 by fo($sin on "&e dis(on"in$i"y of "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en" in "&e "-en"ie"& (en"$ry7 T&e old6s(&ool anar(&is" oranisa"ions are
ei"&er "&e re6in&abi"ed s&ells0 or "&e (ons(io$s i%i"a"ions0 of "&ose "&a" e#is"ed 'rior "o
"&e fall of anar(&is% aro$nd "&e Se(ond Borld Bar7 T&e ne"-or8s of ne-6s(&ool
anar(&is"s0 "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" "&a" for%s "&e s$b=e(" %a""er of "&is "&esis0 are an
en"irely ne- (rea"ion -&ose enealoy needs "o be "ra(ed alon differen" "&reads7
K.
CHAPTER 3
THREADS O? RESISTANCE
TRACING THE GENEALOGY O? CONTEMPORARY ANARCHISM
T&a" ni&" -e sa" a(ross fro% ea(& o"&er si''in "ea and sinin s"ories0 -ea!in "&e
'as" in"o o$r 'resen"M s'ea8in of yes"erday as if i" &ad already been en"ered and
%e"i($lo$sly re(orded in"o "&e &is"ory boo8s7 I fel" "&e '&iloso'&i(al 8nife of %y life
before and %y life af"er Sea""le slide dee' in"o %y s8in7 I &ad bro8en o'enM I -as
seein ne- land -i"& !ie-s of rebellion and (o$rae0 a li%'se "&a" -ill be -i"& %e
"&ro$& "&e s"ories of re'ression and "i%e and s$r!i!al7 T&a" -ill o$"li!e %e7 I 8ne-
"&en "&a" I %i&" ne!er &a!e "&e -ords "o "ell "&is s"ory0 o$r s"ory0 a s"ory of re6bir"&7
Ro-ena Aennedy E's"ein0 fro% @e $re 7very*here +London 311@,
An a((o$n" of "&e re(en" &is"ory of (on"e%'orary anar(&is%0 in i"s e%eren(e o!er
"&e 'as" de(ades0 is no" readily a!ailable7 T&e %os" re(en" %a=or &is"ory of anar(&is% G
Pe"er Mars&all;s e#(ellen" -emandin( the 1mpossible ? dedi(a"es a %ere one ei&"& of i"s
'aes "o %odern anar(&is%0 and essen"ially lea!es off i"s "rea"%en" of "&e %o!e%en" in
2.<I7 General a((o$n"s of (on"e%'orary an"i6(a'i"alis" resis"an(e are beinnin "o
e%ere +No"es fro% No-&ere 311@0 Ainsnor"& 311@,0 and i" is (lear "&a" "&e a$"&ors are
a-are of "&e anar(&is" di%ensions of (on"e%'orary s"r$les7 Ho-e!er0 li""le a""en"ion
&as been 'aid s'e(ifi(ally "o anar(&is%;s 'a""erns of re6e%eren(e7
B&a" I -o$ld li8e "o s$es" &ere is "&a" "&a" "&e so$r(es of anar(&is% in i"s
(on"e%'orary idio% are larely dis%ontin&o&s -i"& "&e "radi"ional "&read of anar(&is"
%o!e%en" and "&eory0 as i" de!elo'ed in "&e (on"e#" of -or8ers; and 'easan"s;
%o!e%en"s in E$ro'e and "&e A%eri(as d$rin "&e nine"een"& and earlier "-en"ie"&
(en"$ries7 O!erall "&e re6e%eren(e of lare %o!e%en"s s&arin a dis"in("ly anar(&is"
I1
a''roa(& is only e'&e%erally rela"ed "o "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" of Ma8&no0 Gold%an0
Ea'a"a and Mala"es"a7 Ins"ead0 "&e %ains'rin of "oday;s anar(&is% (an be fo$nd in "&e
interse%tion of se!eral "rends of so(ial (ri"i(is% and s"r$le -&ose beinnins -ere
ne!er (ons(io$sly 9anar(&is": G in 'ar"i($lar "&e (ross6iss$e for%$la"ions of radi(al
e(oloy0 -a!es of %ili"an" fe%inis%0 bla(8 and *$eer libera"ion %o!e%en"s0 and "&e
an"i6neoliberal in"erna"ionalis% la$n(&ed by %o!e%en"s in "&e lobal So$"&0 %os"
(elebra"ed of -&i(& are "&e Me#i(an Ea'a"is"as7 Analysin "&ese in"erse("ions in f$ll is
-ell beyond "&e li%i"s of "&e 'resen" -or87 S"ill0 brief %en"ion (an be %ade of se!eral
in"errela"ed 'ro(esses -&i(& &a!e (on"rib$"ed "o es"ablis&in a re(onisably anar(&is"
ne#$s for ($rren" s"r$les7 I%'lied in all of "&e% is "&e (ons"an" re6defini"ion of
anar(&is% i"self0 -i"& ne- areas of a""en"ion and ne- for%$la"ions of 8ey ideoloi(al
'osi"ions7 T&ese %$s" be in(or'ora"ed in"o any a((o$n" of anar(&is" ideas "&a" re%ains
sensi"i!e "o "&eir e!ol!in (&ara("er7
Defeat and #tagnation
As anar(&is" &is"orian Geore Bood(o(8 ar$es0 "&e dis(on"in$i"y of "&e anar(&is"
%o!e%en" is 'er&a's i"s %os" (ons'i($o$s (&ara("eris"i(7 Unli8e Mar#is%0 &e says0
anar(&is% &is"ori(ally 9'resen"s "&e a''earan(e0 no" of a s-ellin s"rea% flo-in on "o
i"s sea of des"iny777b$" ra"&er of -a"er 'er(ola"in "&ro$& 'oro$s ro$nd G &ere for%in
for a "i%e a s"ron $nderro$nd ($rren"0 "&ere a"&erin in"o a s-irlin 'ool0 "ri(8lin
"&ro$& (re!i(es0 disa''earin fro% si&"0 and "&en re6e%erin -&ere "&e (ra(8s in "&e
so(ial s"r$("$re %ay offer i" a (o$rse "o r$n: +Bood(o(8 2.<3:2/,7 In "&e sa%e 'assae0
I2
Bood(o(8 (o%%en"s on "&e &ar%ony be"-een "&is 9'ro"ean: *$ali"y of anar(&is% and
i"s o-n an"i6a$"&ori"arian sensibili"ies7 Ho-e!er0 &e does no" "ra(e "&is *$ali"y "o i"s
so(io6'oli"i(al oriins0 -&i(& are i%'or"an" in order "o $nders"and "&e s'e(ial dyna%i(
of "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en";s re'rod$("ion7 A 8ey "o "&is dyna%i( %ay be leaned fro%
"&e %os" si%'le e#er(ise in &is"ori(al (orrela"ion: one no"i(es !ery easily "&a" anar(&is%;s
'eriods of rise and de(line (onsis"en"ly 'arallel 'eriods of in(reasin and de(linin
in"ensi"y of so(ial s"r$le7 T&e 'eriods in -&i(& anar(&is" %o!e%en" &as been %os"
i%'ressi!e G in "er%s of lares" n$%bers0 &i&es" in"ensi"y of a("ion and a''earan(e of
8ey "e#"s G are al-ays fo$nd in years -&ere so(ial s"r$le 'ea8s0 s$(& as "&ose
s$rro$ndin a rea" re!ol$"ion7 To see "&is one need only loo8 a" "&e s-ellin of
anar(&is" ran8s and e#'losion of anar(&is" li"era"$re in "&e b$ild6$' "o "&e re!ol$"ionary
'eriods aro$nd 2IK20 2.2I and 2.@<7 In ea(& of i"s rein(arna"ions0 anar(&is% "a8es on
!ery differen" fea"$res0 no" only in i"s oranisa"ional for%s b$" also in "&e (on"o$rs of i"s
(ri"i*$e of 'resen" so(ie"y0 in i"s s'e($la"ions on al"erna"i!es and in i"s re!ol$"ionary
s"ra"eies7 S"r$le is "&e lifeblood of anar(&is%0 i" is -&a" i!es anar(&is" 'oli"i(s "&eir
dyna%is% and $ren(y7 Ho-e!er0 'eriods of de(line in s"r$le0 as -ell as %assi!e
re'ression in i"s af"er%a"&0 &a!e s'elled s"ana"ion and de(line for "&e anar(&is"
%o!e%en"0 %a8in for "&e dis(on"in$i"y =$s" %en"ioned7 T&e renaissan(e -i"nessed
"oday in anar(&is" a("i!i"y and ideas is no differen"7
4y 2.F/0 "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" -as dead7 T&e e!en"s of "&e S'anis& re!ol$"ion
and (i!il -ar &ad eradi(a"ed "&e las" anar(&is" s"ron&old in E$ro'e and else-&ere0 and
-&ile ne!er (o%'le"ely disa''earin fro% "&e 'oli"i(al s"ae0 "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"
af"er "&e Se(ond Borld Bar (o$ld be only 'ro"rayed as in a s"a"e of $""er (olla'se7
I3
Bri"in "-en"y years la"er0 Bood(o(8 la%en"ed anar(&is% as a failed and foro""en
(a$se0 lea!in be&ind only s(a""ered anar(&is" ro$'s$(les and '$bli(a"ions -&i(&
9for% only "&e &os" of "&e &is"ori(al anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 a &os" "&a" ins'ires nei"&er
fear a%on o!ern%en"s nor &o'e a%on "&e 'eo'les777D$rin "&e 'as" for"y years "&e
infl$en(e i" on(e es"ablis&ed &as d-indled0 by defea" af"er defea" and by "&e slo-
drainin of &o'e al%os" "o no"&in:7 +FF@,
In analysin "&e -anin of anar(&is% in "&e "-en"ie"& (en"$ry0 "&ree %ain fa("ors
(an be bro$&" in"o a((o$n"7 T&e firs" and %os" i%'or"an" -as "&e '&ysi(al eli%ina"ion
of "&e E$ro'ean anar(&is" %o!e%en" by bo"& ?as(is" and Leninis" di("a"ors&i's7
In Mos(o-0 "&e bla(8 fla fle- for "&e las" "i%e on ?ebr$ary I"& 2.320 d$rin "&e
&$e f$neral 'ro(ession of Pe"r Aro'o"8in7 A %on"& la"er0 "&e Arons"ad" rebellion led by
"&e So(ial Re!ol$"ionaries and Anar(&o6Syndi(alis"s -as r$"&lessly s$'ressed0
ina$$ra"in an o'en season on "&e R$ssian anar(&is"s7 T&e final defea" of "&e
Ma8&no!s(&ina in A$$s" "&a" year led Tro"s8y "o boas" "&a" 9A" las" "&e So!ie"
o!ern%en"0 -i"& an iron broo%0 &as rid R$ssia of anar(&is%: +J$o"ed in >oline
2.KF:@1I7 See also Gold%an 2.3/0 Ma#i%off 2.F10 A!ri(& 2.K@0 Ars&ino! 2.KF0 S8irda
311F,7 Many anar(&is" %ili"an"s and -ri"ers0 in(l$din Nes"or Ma8&no0 Ale#ander
4er8%an and E%%a Gold%an fled "o e#ile7 In s$bse*$en" years "&e C&e8a +and la"er "&e
NA>D, rendered i%'ossible any rene-al of liber"arian dissen"0 firs" in R$ssia and af"er
"&e -ar in "&e en"ire So!ie" blo( +e77 "&e s-if" s$'ression of "&e 2./< H$narian re!ol",7
In I"aly and Ger%any0 fier(e re'ression $nder "&e M$ssolini and Hi"ler rei%es *$i(8ly
de(i%a"ed anar(&is" (ells and labo$r $nions alon -i"& "&e res" of "&e lef" G a 'ro=e("
(arried "o all (o$n"ries o(($'ied by "&e A#is7 Anar(&is" %ili"an"s ei"&er es(a'ed "o allied
I@
(o$n"ries or =oined 'ar"isan for(es0 only "o be lef" fe- and disoranised in "&e 'os"6-ar
'eriod +Mars&all 2..3:F/263 and FI2630 Le!y 2.I.,7 9T&e I"alian USI0 "&e lares"
syndi(alis" $nion in "&e -orld0 -as dri!en $nderro$nd and "&en o$" of e#is"en(e7 T&e
Ger%an ?AUD0 Por"$$ese CGT0 D$"(& NS>0 ?ren(& CDSR and %any %ore in Eas"ern
E$ro'e and La"in A%eri(a -ere no" able "o s$r!i!e "&e fas(is% and %ili"ary
di("a"ors&i's of "&e 2.@1s and F1s777In Ger%any o!er 20111 "rials for &i& "reason -ere
(arried aains" %ili"an"s of "&e ?AUD777%any of -&o% didn;" s$r!i!e "&e (on(en"ra"ion
(a%'s777T&e Polis& syndi(alis" $nion -i"& 2@10111 -or8ers0 "&e EEE0 -as on "&e !ere of
a''lyin for %e%bers&i' of "&e IBA -&en i" -as (r$s&ed by "&e NaCi in!asion:
+Ma(Si%Zin 2..@,7
T&ese e!en"s (a%e in "&e -a8e of a fier(e -a!e of re'ression in A%eri(a7 9?or a brief
&is"ori( %o%en" in 2.2I:0 -ri"es Pa$l 4$&le0 9Bobblies de(lared "&e R$ssian Pso!ie"s;
+li"erally0 P-or8ers; (o$n(ils;, "o be %irrors of "&eir o-n a("i!i"y7 T&en (a%e "&e red
s(ares of 2.2.G32 in "&e Uni"ed S"a"es0 follo-ed by "&e (r$s&in of a !as" and 'o-erf$l
I"alian -or8in6(lass $'risin and o"&er bi""er disa''oin"%en"s777Prose($"orial (&ares
of 9(ri%inal syndi(alis%: %ys"ified la"er enera"ions of radi(als +as -ell as (i!il
liber"arians,:0 and &$ndreds aliens -ere de'or"ed $nder "&e 2.2I I%%ira"ion A("
desined s'e(ifi(ally "o (ri%inalise radi(al alien -or8ers7
D$rin "&e $'risins of 2.2.0 a%id %assi!e May Day 'arades0 a eneral s"ri8e in Sea""le0 and
solidari"y a("ions "o 're!en" -ar oods bein s&i''ed "o (o$n"er6re!ol$"ionary for(es in
e%ba""led R$ssia0 i" ne!er"&eless see%ed for an e#"ended %o%en" "&a" 'erse($"ion only
dee'ened "&e (lass s"r$le7 T&en i" -as o!er7 Bi"&in a year0 "&e yo$n Co%%$nis" %o!e%en"
&ad nearly des"royed i"self +-i"& (onsiderable &el' fro% 'oli(e aen"s, alon -i"& "&e So(ialis"
Par"y in a ro$nd of -ild fa("ionalis%777a (ala%i"o$s s'li" in "&e IBB de!elo'ed o!er a (o%'le# of
in"ernal iss$es0 in(l$din (en"raliCa"ion of "&e oraniCa"ional leaders&i'0 and "&e %o!e%en"
$l"i%a"ely re"rea"ed in"o an ed$(a"ional5ai"a"ional fra%e-or8: +4$&le 311/,7
IF
Anar(&is% %ade i"s las" s"and in S'ain0 -&ere "&e firs" 'eriod of "&e (i!il -ar &ad
bro$&" %os" of Ca"al$nya $nder anar(&is" (on"rol0 (on"in$in %a"erial and 'oli"i(al
'ress$re bro$&" "&e %o!e%en" "o &eel -i"&in less "&an a year7 ?or reasons s$b=e(" "o
%$(& (on"ro!ersy a%on anar(&is" and non6anar(&is" (o%%en"a"ors ali8e0 "&e (en"ral
orans of "&e S'anis& %o!e%en" G "&e Confedera(iZn Na(ional de Traba=o +CNT, and
"&e ?edera(iZn Anar*$is"a Iberi(a +?AI, G -ere by and lare (o6o'"ed by %id62.@K in"o
"&e s"a"is" orans of "&e Generali"a"0 -&i(& sidelined "&e anar(&is" %ili"ias and all b$"
abandoned "&e 'ro(ess of e(ono%i( (olle("i!isa"ion7 Dissen"in fa("ions -ere
s$bse*$en"ly s$''ressed by "&e o!ern%en"0 in(reasinly S"alinis" in i"s 'oli"i(al
orien"a"ion and %e"&ods0 and ?ran(o;s !i("ory sen" al%os" all of "&e re%ainin a("i!e
anar(&is"s in"o e#ile +Mars&all 2..3:F<F6K0 Bood(o(8 2.<3:@<@6@K/7 (f7 Go%[C Casas 2.I<0
Peira"s 2.KK0 Or-ell 2.@I,7
T&e se(ond fa("or in "&e (on"in$ed le"&ary af"er "&e -ar -as a eneral rela#a"ion of
so(ial s"r$le in (a'i"alis" s"a"es G -&i(& affe("ed "&e 'ros'e("s for all so(ialis"
%o!e%en"s7 In E$ro'e and "&e U7S70 "&e 'os"6-ar ind$s"rial boo% and e(ono%i(
re(ons"r$("ion 'rora%s s$(& as "&e Mars&all Plan -ere a((o%'anied by a -elfare6
s"a"is" orien"a"ion0 and "&e do%es"i(a"ion of "&e lare labo$r $nions7 T&is 'la(ed (on"rols
on "&e %os" o!er"ly e#'loi"a"i!e fea"$res of (a'i"alis" rela"ions of 'rod$("ion0 and0
(onse*$en"ly0 on "&e so(ial "ensions arisin fro% "&e%7 In "&e lobal So$"&0 anar(&is"
"enden(ies did s$rfa(e fro% "i%e "o "i%e in an"i6(olonialis" and an"i6i%'erialis" s"r$les0
b$" only %arinally so7 T&e e#a%'le %os" of"en %en"ioned in "&is (on"e#" is "&a" of "&e
Indian s"r$le for inde'enden(e0 and es'e(ially "&e anar(&is" infl$en(es on Mo&andas
Gand&i +Mars&all 2..3:F236K,7 S"ill0 i" -as (learly Gand&i;s (o%%i"%en" "o sa"yara&a
I/
+non6!iolen"5'assi!e (i!il disobeiden(e,0 ra"&er "&an any anar(&is" sensibili"ies0 "&a" %os"
(a'"$red "&e i%aina"ion of Indians and o$"siders ali8e7 Gand&i (an indeed be said "o
&a!e &ad anar(&is" leanins0 -i"& &is (on"in$ed s$s'i(ion of s"a"e 'o-er0 &is ref$sal of
an ins"r$%en"al ends6=$s"ifyin6%eans a''roa(&0 and &is (all for a !illae6based
e(ono%y and a s"a"eless de(en"ralised de%o(ra(y as $l"i%a"e ideals7 4$" &is s"ron
'$ri"ani(al "enden(ies0 &is ($l"i!a"ion of &is o-n (&aris%a"i( leaders&i'0 &is (oo'era"ion
-i"& s"a"is" Indian Na"ional Conress and &is fail$re "o dire("ly (ri"i(ise "&e Indian
o!ern%en" on any o((asion af"er inde'enden(e0 all %a8e Gand&i;s anar(&is"
9(reden"ials: a%bi$o$s a" bes"7 Generally s'ea8in0 %os" s"r$les in "&e So$"& af"er
"&e Se(ond Borld Bar -ere %ore infl$en(ed by na"ionalis% or Mar#is% "&an by
anar(&is% +b$" see Dirli8 2..20 Mba& and Iari-ey 31120 Ada%s 3113b,7
T&ird and finally0 "&ere -ere "&e ideoloi(al riidi"ies a((o%'anyin "&e bi6'loar
in"erna"ional fra%e-or8 of "&e (old -ar7 In "&e 2./1s0 "&e lands(a'e of an"aonis"i(
'oli"i(al i%aina"ion -as do%ina"ed by Mar#is%6Leninis%0 -&i(& &ad "a8en no" only
sy%boli( ro$nd as a 9s$((essf$l: (ase of re!ol$"ion0 b$" also %a"erial ro$nd in "&e
for% of "&e Co%in"ern0 -&i(& %ars&alled So!ie" s$''or" for +and so%e"i%es
%an$fa("$rin of, i"s o-n brand of dissen" -&ere i" -as 'er(ei!ed "o ser!e "&e in"eres"s
of "&e USSR7 In s$(& a (on"e#"0 anar(&is% -as of"en seen as an o$"da"ed and failed
orien"a"ion7 So%e anar(&is" orans -ere (er"ainly res$rre("ed af"er "&e -ar G for e#a%'le
"&e I"alian anar(&is" 'a'er 5manita 0ova0 -&i(& r$ns "o "&is day0 and se!eral anar(&is"
federa"ions and $nions -ere res"ar"ed7 4$" o!erall "&eir i%'a(" on "&e 'oli"i(al lands(a'e
-as infini"esi%al (o%'ared "o before "&e -ar7
I<
An $apha%ard Re&irth

In "&e 2.<1s0 &o-e!er0 "&e "&reads of 'oli"i(al an"aonis% -&i(& -o$ld -ea!e
"oe"&er "o for% "&e ne- anar(&is" %o!e%en" -ere already beinnin "o "a8e s&a'e0 as
differen" so(ial %o!e%en"s *$i"e inde'enden"ly bean ar"i($la"in so%e or %any
anar(&is" !al$es and a""i"$des7 Bood(o(8;s (o%%en"s on "&e %o!e%en" of May 2.<I in
?ran(e are 8ey "o $nders"andin "&e %ore eneral dyna%i( of anar(&is" reenera"ion in
re(en" de(ades7 T&e "radi"ional anar(&is" oranisa"ions and in"elle("$als 'layed no real
'ar" in "&e %o!e%en"0 -&i(& e#e%'lified
"&e -ay in -&i(& anar(&is" ideas and anar(&is" "a("i(s (an e%ere s'on"aneo$sly in a
si"$a"ion -&ere "&e a("ors for "&e %os" 'ar" do no" reard "&e%sel!es as anar(&is"s and &a!e li""le
8no-lede of anar(&is" &is"ory or of "&e (lassi( liber"arian -ri"ins777i" -as a%on "&e
$n(elebra"ed ran8 and file of "&e %o!e%en"777"&a" "&e anar(&is" s'iri" of"en a''eared in i"s '$res"
for%777an i%'ressi!e e#'eri%en" in free oranisa"ion0 and 'er&a's "&e neares" "&in "o a "r$ly
anar(&is" re!ol$"ion "&a" &is"ory &as ye" seen7 +Bood(o(8 2.I/:(&721,
Si%ilarly in "&e Uni"ed S"a"es0
In "&e rea" 8aleidos(o'e of Ne- Radi(al "rends and oraniCa"ions "&a" e%ered777d$rin "&e
(o$n"er6($l"$ral 2.<1s0 "&ere is no do$b" "&a" anar(&is% 'layed an i%'or"an" role0 "&o$& i" is no"
al-ays easy "o es"ablis& i"s 'resen(e sin(e e#'li(i" s"a"e%en"s of anar(&is"i( loyal"ies -ere rare
and "&e ro$'s of a!o-ed anar(&is"s re%ained fe- and s(a""ered777"&e basi( ideas of
anar(&is%777&a!e (o%e do-n "o "&e Ne- Radi(als777no" "&ro$& dire(" readin0 b$" in a 8ind of
%en"al n$"rien" bro"& of re%nan"s of "&e old ideoloies -&i(& 'er!ade "&e air7 +Bood(o(8
2.I/:(&72F,
T&ere are se!eral %a=or "rends $nder -&i(& e!en"s fro% "&e 2.<1s on-ards (an be
oranised7 B&a" follo-s is a broad6s"ro8e s$r!ey of "&ese "rends G "&o$& "&e la(8 of
oranised da"a %$s" lea!e "&is a((o$n" *$i"e o'en "o (o$n"er6in"er're"a"ions7
Be (an bein -i"& "&e 'rolifera"ion of dire(" a("ion in so(ial %o!e%en"s7 Dire("
IK
a("ion -as an o%ni'resen" &all%ar8 of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al e#'ression for o!er a (en"$ry0
in&eren" in i"s ins$rre("ionary "radi"ions0 in sabo"ae and (on"es"a"ion 9a" "&e 'oin" of
'rod$("ion: +a refrain (oined by IBB %ili"an"s,0 and in "&e for%a"ion of (o%%$nes0 free
s(&ools and %ili"ias7 B&ile "&e (i!il ri&"s %o!e%en" and "&e %o!e%en" aains" "&e
>ie"na% -ar %ainly e%'loyed %e"&ods of (i!il disobedien(e0 dire(" a("ion +in "&e sense
defined in "&e 're!io$s (&a'"er, re"$rned "o 'ro%inen(e "&ro$&o$" "&e 2.K1s and
2.I1s7 One of "&e 'ri%ary si"es for "&is -as "&e non!iolen" blo(8ades aains" n$(lear
'o-er and -ea'ons0 -&i(& dre- "oe"&er 'a(ifis"s0 early en!iron%en"alis"s and
fe%inis"s0 "&o$& no" "&e "radi"ional Lef" +To$raine e"7al 2.I@b0 Midni&" No"es 2.I/0
Bels& 3112,7 T&e Abalone Allian(e0 -&i(& in "&e early 2.I1s for(ed "&e Diablo Canyon
n$(lear 'o-er 'lan" in California "o s&$" do-n0 sa- a 'ro%inen" in!ol!e%en" of -o%en
-&o e#'li(i"ly (alled "&e%sel!es anar(&a6fe%inis"s7 T&ro$& "&eir in!ol!e%en"0
"&e anar(&a6fe%inis"s -ere able "o do a rea" deal "o define "&e 'oli"i(al ($l"$re "&a" "&e
Abalone -o$ld be*$ea"& "o s$bse*$en" in(arna"ions of "&e dire(" a("ion %o!e%en"7 T&a" 'oli"i(al
($l"$re &el'ed "o (rea"e %ore s'a(e for in"ernal differen(es in "&e Abalone0 and in la"er
oranisa"ions0 "&an "&ere &ad been in "&e Cla%s&ell NAllian(eO7 I" s"ren"&ened "&e role of "&e
(o$n"er($l"$re -i"&in "&e dire(" a("ion %o!e%en"0 and i" o'ened "&e %o!e%en" "o "&e s'iri"$ali"y
"&a" la"er be(a%e one of i"s %os" salien" as'e("s777anar(&ia6fe%inis% reinfor(ed "&e (o%%i"%en" "o
a $"o'ian de%o(ra"i( !ision and a 'oli"i(al 'ra("i(e based on "&e !al$es i" (on"ained7 +E's"ein
2..2:./6<,7
Dire(" a("ion $nder i"s 9(ons"r$("i!e: as'e(" (an be seen in "&e n$%ero$s self6
oranised $rban and r$ral (o%%$ni"ies "&a" -ere se" $' in E$ro'e and Nor"& A%eri(a
in "&is 'eriod7 More !iolen" dire(" a("ion -as also 'resen"0 'ri%arily aains" "&e ?ran(o
rei%e +C&ris"ie 311/, and in "&e bo%bins of "&e Anry 4riade in 4ri"ain +>a$e 2..K0
Sell-ood 311/,7 ?ro% "&e 2.I1s on-ards0 dire(" a("ion also be(a%e "&e 'ri%ary %e"&od
of 'oli"i(al e#'ression for radi(al e(oloi(al %o!e%en"s0 as in "&e -ilderness defen(e of
II
7arth First6 +Ball 2..., or broader so(ial and en!iron%en"al s"r$les s$(& as "&e 4ri"is&
an"i6roads %o!e%en" +Plo-s 2..I,7
A" "&e sa%e "i%e0 %any a("i!is"s -ere in(reasinly de'ar"in fro% "&e "o'6do-n
%odels of oranisa"ion "&a" (&ara("erised "&e old E$ro'ean Lef" as -ell as in A%eri(an
ro$'s s$(& as "&e Na"ional Oranisa"ion of Bo%en0 "&e lare an"i6>ie"na% Bar
(oali"ions or S"$den"s for a De%o(ra"i( So(ie"y +and0 la"er0 i"s -o$ld6be :re!ol$"ionary
(adre: "&e Bea"&er%en,7 ?ro% "&e 2.K1s on0 %o!e%en"s in(reasinly bean "o oranise
"&e%sel!es in a de(en"ralised %anner -i"&o$" +for%al, s"r$("$res or leaders0 ins'ired by
(ri"i*$es of 'oli"i(al (en"ralisa"ion "&a" e%ana"ed in 'ar"i($lar fro% "&e Ne- Lef" in "&e
la"e 2.<1s and fe%inis" (ir(les in "&e 2.K1s +Co&n64endi" 2.<I0 4oo8(&in 2.K30 Le-is and
4aide%e 2.K3,7 An"i6n$(lear blo(8ades and sabo"ae a("ions0 for e#a%'le0 -ere of"en
oranised "&ro$& "&e (oo'era"ion of de(en"ralised affini"y ro$'s0 re'rod$(in "&e
%odel $sed by "&e Iberian Anar(&is" ?edera"ion in "&e 2.@1s7 A" "&e sa%e "i%e0 "&e
in!ol!e%en" in "&ese a("ions of J$a8ers and fe%inis"s +anar(&a6 and o"&er-ise,
in"rod$(ed (onsens$s %e"&ods and 9s'o8es(o$n(il: s"r$("$res for de(ision %a8in by
affini"y ro$' delea"es G $n"il "&en *$i"e alien "o anar(&is"s0 b$" "oday en=oyin a
'ro%inen"0 if (on"es"ed0 'osi"ion in anar(&is" oranisin +Aa'lan 2..K,7 La"er0
9a$"ono%is": %o!e%en"s in I"aly and Ger%any -o$ld e#"end "&e de(en"ralised loi( of
(olle("i!e a("ion in an"aonis% "o "&e s"a"e0 f$r"&er (e%en"in "&is as'e(" of an anar(&is"
'oli"i(al ($l"$re +Aa"siafi(as 2..K,7
Ano"&er no less sinifi(an" so$r(e of anar(&is" reenera"ion -as "&e in(reasin
lin8ae a%on %$l"i'le for%s of o''ression in "&e dis(o$rse of 'oli"i(al a("i!is"s7 Sin(e
"&e la"e 2.<1s0 so(ial %o!e%en"s &a!e been in(reasin "&eir e%'&asis on "&e
I.
in"erse("ions of n$%ero$s for%s of o''ression0 "a8in s"r$le beyond -&a" -ere
're!io$sly s'e(ifi( aendas +as -i"& "&e (oo'era"ion be"-een ele%en"s of "&e SDS and
"&e 4la(8 Pan"&ers,7 La"er bla(8 -o%en0 %arinalised in o!er-&el%inly -&i"e fe%inis"
(ir(les and of"en fa(in bla"an" se#is% in "&e bla(8 libera"ion %o!e%en"s0 bean
%obilisin in a$"ono%o$s bla(8 fe%inis" +or0 in Ali(e Bal8er;s "er%0 9-o%anis":,
%o!e%en"s &eralded by "&e fo$ndin in 2.K@ of "&e Na"ional 4la(8 ?e%inis"
OraniCa"ion and of 4la(8 Bo%en OraniCed for A("ion +Ro"& 311F0 Collins 3111,7 T&ese
%o!e%en"s -ere soon "o &i&li&" "&e (on(e'" of 9si%$l"aneo$s o''ression: G a
'ersonal and 'oli"i(al a-areness of &o- ra(e0 (lass and ender (o%'o$nd ea(& o"&er as
arenas of e#(l$sion0 in a (o%'le# and %$"$ally6reinfor(in rela"ions&i'7 T&e 2.I1s sa-
an in(reasin di!ersifi(a"ion of "&e ay ri&"s %o!e%en" in bo"& E$ro'e and Nor"&
A%eri(a0 -i"& lesbian and bise#$al oranisa"ions "yin fe%inis" and ay libera"ion
aendas0 and (lai%in "&eir 'la(e in a &i"&er"o 'redo%inan"ly %ale field +Ar%s"ron
31130 Mar"el 2...0 Taylor and B&i""er 2..3,7 Bi"& "&e ad!en" of "&e HI>5AIDS (risis la"er
"&a" de(ade0 "&ese aendas "oo8 a f$r"&er radi(al "$rn -&en a("i!is" ro$'s li8e "&e
A%eri(an ACT UP in"rod$(ed a s"ron e%'&asis on dire(" a("ion and fo($sed on "&e
'&ar%a(e$"i(al (or'ora"ions 8ee'in HI> %edi(a"ion a" $nrea(&able 'ri(es +S&e'ard
and Heyd$8 31130 Edel%an 2..@,7 T&ese dyna%i(s -ere (arried for-ard $nder "&e
$%brella of J$eer Na"ion0 fo$nded in s$%%er 2..10 -&i(& e%'&asised di!ersi"y and
"&e in(l$sion of all se#$al %inori"ies7 4y "&e %id62..1s0 *$eer -o%en and %en of (olo$r
&ad fo$nded "&eir o-n oranisa"ions and -ere s"r$("$rin "&eir s"r$les e#'li(i"ly
aro$nd "&e in"erse("ions of ra(is%0 &e"erose#is%0 'a"riar(&y and (lass7
In addi"ion "o (rea"in lin8aes in "&eory and 'ra("i(e be"-een differen" for%s of
.1
do%ina"ion0 ano"&er "y'e of lin8ae -as "&a" be"-een "&e iss$es aro$nd -&i(& so(ial
%o!e%en"s -ere rallyin0 'oin"in beyond s'e(ifi( rie!an(es and "o-ards a %ore basi(
(ri"i*$e of so(ial s"r$("$res7 T&e si%$l"aneo$s rise in re(en" de(ades of %$l"i6iss$e
%o!e%en"s (a%'ainin on di!erse aendas G e(ono%i( =$s"i(e0 'ea(e0 fe%inis%0
e(oloy G -as a((o%'anied by lin8aes a%on "&ese aendas -&i(& %i"ia"ed -&a"
-o$ld o"&er-ise &a!e been a fra%en"a"ion of 'oli"i(al eneries0 and 'ro!ided
'la"for%s for solidari"y and (oo'era"ion on "&e ro$nd7 Mo!e%en"s 'roressi!ely (a%e
"o see "&e in"erde'enden(e of "&eir aendas0 %anifes" alon !ario$s a#es s$(& as
e(oloi(al (ri"i*$es of (a'i"alis%0 fe%inis" an"i6%ili"aris%0 and "&e in"errela"ion of ra(ial
and e(ono%i( serea"ion7 S'e(ial %en"ion is d$e &ere "o e(oloi(al %o!e%en"s0 -&ose
aenda G by i"s !ery na"$re en(o%'assin "&e en"ire s'e("r$% of in"era("ion be"-een
so(ie"y and "&e na"$ral en!iron%en" G s$''lied i" -i"& a (ross6($""in 'ers'e("i!e "&a"
ine!i"ably "o$(&ed on %$l"i'le so(ial0 e(ono%i( and ideoloi(al s'&eres7
A" "&e sa%e "i%e0 %o!e%en"s (a%e "o endorse so%e 8ind of a 9"&eore"i(al
'l$ralis%: -&i(& dise%'&asised $ni"y of analysis as a %eas$re of a''ro'ria"e 'oli"i(al
affilia"ion0 -&i(& and (on"rib$"ed "o "&e 'ossibili"y of di!erse ad6&o( (oali"ions7 T&is -as
'er&a's "&e res$l" of "&e in"ri$in (ir($%s"an(e -&ereby se!eral %o!e%en"s
si%$l"aneo$sly '$r'or"ed "o 'ro!ide o!erar(&in0 "o"alisin 'ers'e("i!es as a !an"ae
'oin" for "&eir analysis and a("ion0 as in "&e (ase of (er"ain s"rands fe%inis%0 radi(al or
9dee': e(oloy0 and 'os"6-ar de!elo'%en"s of Mar#is% s$(& as I"alian a$"ono%is"
"&eory7 T&e rise of s$(& 'arado#i(ally 9(o%'e"in &olis%s: and "&eir o-n !ersions of
"&e so$r(es of "&e -orld;s 'roble%s +'a"riar(&y0 ind$s"rialis% and5or an"&ro'o(en"ris%0
(on"in$in (lass di!isions e"(7, so%e"i%es led "o en"ren(&%en" and $n-illinness "o
.2
a(8no-lede o"&er !ie-'oin"s7 In o"&er (ases0 &o-e!er0 %o!e%en"s "$rned a-ay fro%
ai%in a" a sinle analysis and "o-ards a 9"&eore"i(al 'l$ralis%: "&a" -as 're'ared "o
a((ord e*$al lei"i%a(y "o di!erse 'ers'e("i!es and narra"i!es of s"r$le7 T&is
dis'la(ed "&eore"i(al $ni"y in fa!o$r of a bo""o%6$' a''roa(& "o so(ial "&eorisin0
!alorisin ar"i($la"ions of o''ression fro% -i"&in "&e s'e(ifi(i"ies of ea(& si"e "&ereof7
?inally0 -e s&o$ld %en"ion "&e s"ron lin8s be"-een "&e ne- anar(&is% and so(ial
s'a(es in "&e -es"ern s$b($l"$re7 T&ro$&o$" "&e 31"& (en"$ry anar(&is" ideas &ad
a""ra("ed s$b($l"$ral and ar"is"i( %o!e%en"s s$(& as Dada0 S$rrealis% and "&e 4ea"s7
Sin(e "&e 2.<1s0 "&is a""ra("ion "oo8 on a %$(& larer s(ale -i"& "&e ad!en" of "&e
9(o$n"er($l"$re: '&eno%enon7 Many s"$den"s of so(ial %o!e%en"s 'oin" "o
(o$n"er($l"$re as 9'ro!idin "&e %$l(& in -&i(& "&e seeds of radi(al 'ro"es" are
er%ina"ed and n$r"$red: +Plo-s 2..I:2F17 See also M(Aay 2..<0 He"&erin"on 2..I0
Mar"in 3111,7 T&e 9'$n8: s$b($l"$re s&ares an o''osi"ional a""i"$de "o %ains"rea%
so(ie"y0 and "&$s an affilia"ion -i"& %ore "&an =$s" anar(&is" sy%bolis% +O;Connor
311@,7 Radi(al en!iron%en"al ro$'s s$(& as 7arth First6 borro- fro% %any 9s'iri"$al:
"radi"ions in(l$din 'aanis%0 4$dd&is%0 and !ario$s Ne- Ae and Na"i!e A%eri(an
s'iri"$ali"ies7 Under "&e a$s'i(es of "&ese orien"a"ions0 %ili"an(y (an (o%e "o be fra%ed
as a -illinness "o defend -&a" is 9sa(red:0 &el'in "o (onsolida"e one !arian" of "&e
%y"&oloies "&a" &old 'oli"i(al ($l"$res "oe"&er +(f7 Taylor 3113,7
An es'e(ially in"eres"in in"era"ion of ($l"$ral 'rod$("ion and 'oli"i(al resis"an(e
-as dis'layed by "&e 4ri"is& ro$' ,e%laim the Streets +RTS,7 ?$sin "&e en!iron%en"al
dire(" a("ion %o!e%en";s an"i6roads5an"i6(ar aenda and "&e re(en"ly6(ri%inalised ra!e
s$b($l"$re of "&e early 2..1s0 RTS bean oranisin illeal s"ree" 'ar"ies "&a" rendered
.3
!as" areas (ar6free for "&e day0 %ain"ainin self6oranised 9"e%'orary a$"ono%o$s
Cones: -&i(& ina$$ra"ed "&e (o%bina"ion of 'ar"y and 'ro"es" "&a" -o$ld o on "o
(&ara("erise %ass %obilisa"ions in s$bse*$en" years +M(Aay 2..I0 (f7 ?eral ?a$n 3112,7
4esides ini"ia"in %$l"i'le s'a(es of al"erna"i!e ($l"$ral and so(ial re'rod$("ion G fro%
(o%%$nes and s*$a"s "o fes"i!als and PCines G s$b($l"$res also 'ro!ided radi(al a("i!is%
-i"& a %ore roo"ed so(ial base fro% -&i(& "o o'era"e0 re'la(in "&e de(linin 'osi"ion of
"radi"ional -or8in (lass (o%%$ni"ies in "&is role7
An !nternational 'o(ement

B&ile "&e 'ro(esses leadin $' "o "&e %id6nine"ies are !ery diffi($l" "o 'or"ray in
%ore "&an ($rsory "er%s0 "&e las" de(ade offers $s a %$(& (learer 'i("$re of "&e (on"e#"
in -&i(& anar(&is" "enden(ies &a!e de!elo'ed7 T&e reason for "&is is "&a" $nli8e 're!io$s
de(ades0 "&e re(en" one &as seen for "&e firs" "i%e "&e e%eren(e of a lobal ne"-or8 of
resis"an(e0 in -&i(& s"r$les of an anar(&is" bend &a!e en=oyed $n're(eden"ed
(onne("i!i"y and o''or"$ni"ies for %$"$ally "ransfor%in (ross6fer"ilisa"ion7 Ini"ially
%obilisin aains" neoliberal e(ono%i( lobalisa"ion0 "&is lobal ne"-or8 -o$ld soon
en(o%'ass a %$(& broader and %ore radi(al se" of aendas0 res$l"in in "oday;s so6
(alled 9%o!e%en" of %o!e%en"s: in -&i(& a ne- anar(&is% is finally (onealin in"o
re(onisable for%7
On Ne- Year;s Day 2..F0 a rebellion of Indieno$s 'easan"s er$'"ed in C&ia'as0
Me#i(o;s so$"&ern%os" and 'oores" s"a"e7 Under"a8en by "&e 7;<r%ito Zapatista de
)ibera%iAn 0a%ional +EELN,0 "&e rebellion (oin(ided -i"& "&e (o%in in"o effe(" of "&e
.@
Nor"& A%eri(an ?ree Trade Aree%en" +NA?TA,7 T&is aree%en" -o$ld lead Me#i(o "o
a((e'"0 as a (ondi"ion for loans0 9S"r$("$ral Ad=$s"%en" Prora%s: "&a" -o$ld in(l$de
land 'ri!a"isa"ion +in(l$din a (ons"i"$"ional a%end%en" re!o8in "&e 'ro"e("ed s"a"$s
of indieno$s (o%%$nal lands or e;idos,0 dee' ($"s in so(ial s'endin0 and a floodin of
Me#i(o -i"& i%'or"ed (orn and %aiCe "&a" -o$ld r$in lo(al 'rod$(ers7 Moreo!er0 "&e
Me#i(an o!ern%en" sinin NA?TA -as effe("i!ely a sinle6'ar"y di("a"ors&i'0 -i"&
"&e Par"ido Re!ol$(ionario Ins"i"$"ional +PRI, &oldin 'o-er sin(e 2.3.7 Ar"i($la"in as
"&eir (&ief ai%0 a" "&e "i%e0 "&e o!er"&ro- of "&e PRI o!ern%en" and i"s re'la(e%en"
-i"& a de%o(ra"i(ally ele("ed one +EELN 2..@,0 so%e 30111 $errillas0 s$''or"ed by "&e
lo(al 'o'$la"ion0 o(($'ied San Cris"obal de las Casas and si# o"&er "o-ns in "&e C&ia'as
&i&lands7 Under "&e sloan BYa /asta6 +9eno$& already\:,0 "&ey fo$&" f$rio$s $n
ba""les -i"& o!ern%en" soldiers for 23 days before bein dri!en in"o "&e %o$n"ains7
Neo"ia"ions bean soon af"er-ards0 b$" "&e Ea'a"is"a (o%%$ni"ies re=e("ed "&e loosely
defined aree%en"s7 In ?ebr$ary 2../0 "&e ne- 'residen" Ernes"o Eedillo la$n(&ed a
lare %ili"ary offensi!e aains" "&e EELN0 b$" "al8s res$%ed la"er "&a" year0 endin -i"&
"&e sinin of "&e San Andres A((ords0 -&i(& a!e indieno$s 'eo'les "&e ri&" "o
o!ern "&e%sel!es in a$"ono%o$s (o%%$ni"ies -i"&in Me#i(o7 T&e o!ern%en"0
&o-e!er0 reneed on i"s sina"$re and "&e EELN s$s'ended "al8s7 T&is -as follo-ed by
a (a%'ain of in"i%ida"ion of Ea'a"is"a (o%%$ni"ies by "&e Me#i(an Ar%y and 'ro6
o!ern%en" 'ara%ili"aries7 On De(e%ber 330 2..K 'ara%ili"aries en"ered "&e ref$ee
(o%%$ni"y of A("eal and 8illed F/ 'eo'le0 %os" of "&e% -o%en and (&ildren7 In L$ne
2..I "-o %ore %assa(res o(($rred7 In Mar(& of 2... "&e Ea'a"is"as &eld an in"erna"ional
indieno$s ri&"s Cons&lta +illeal referend$%,0 in -&i(& @ %illion Me#i(ans fro%
.F
Me#i(o0 "&e US0 and else-&ere aro$nd "&e -orld !o"ed in a lare %a=ori"y for "&e
i%'le%en"a"ion of "&e a((ords7 Bi"& "&e defea" of "&e PRI in 31110 ne- 'residen" and e#6
Co(a Cola e#e($"i!e >i(en"e ?o# de(lared &e -o$ld sol!e "&e (onfli(" in C&ia'as 9in 2/
%in$"es:7 T&e Ea'a"is"as de%anded "o %a8e "&eir (ase for i%'le%en"a"ion of "&e San
Andres a((ords in 'erson a" "&e Me#i(an leisla"$re0 alon -i"& "&e Indieno$s Na"ional
Conress7 T&e res$l"in Zapa'o&r0 -&i(& en"ered Me#i(o Ci"y on "&e 22"& of Mar(&0 -as
ree"ed alon "&e roads and in 'laCas by &$ndreds of "&o$sands7 T&e Me#i(an (onress0
&o-e!er0 ref$sed "o &ear "&e Ea'a"is"as0 and refor%in "&e San Andres a((ords 'assed
"&e dil$"ed 9Indieno$s Ri&"s 4ill:7 T&is -as re=e("ed by "&e Ea'a"is"as0 (on"in$in "&e
indieno$s s"r$le +Hollo-ay and Pel]eC 2..I0 Ca%'a MendoCa 2...0 Mar(os 3112,7
T&e Ea'a"is"a s"r$le ini"ia"ed a 'ro(ess "&a" -o$ld e#"end far beyond Me#i(o7 T&is
&a''ened in "-o %a=or -ays: firs"0 a (onsolida"ion of in"erna"ional ne"-or8s of s"r$le
for -&i(& "&e EELN -as0 in 'ar"0 dire("ly res'onsibleM se(ond0 "&e in"rod$("ion +(&iefly
"&ro$& "&e -ri"ins of "&e EELN;s %a=or s'o8es%an0 S$b(o%andan"e Mar(os, of a ne-
for% of in"erna"ionalis" dis(o$rse e%'&asisin di!ersi"y0 a$"ono%y and solidari"y7
Resis"an(e "o NA?TA before i"s sinin &ad already (rea"ed (oali"ions of se!eral
&$ndred rassroo"s ro$'s in Me#i(o0 "&e Uni"ed S"a"es and Canada0 and ne-ly
a!ailable ele("roni( %eans %ade "&eir (o%%$ni(a"ion %ore ra'id "&an e!er before
+4roo8s and ?o# 3113,7 T&e an"i6NA?TA ne"-or8 also (onne("ed !ery di!erse s"r$les
"&ro$&o$" "&e (on"inen" G 'easan"s0 far%ers0 ind$s"rial labo$rers0 en!iron%en"al0
&$%an ri&"s and so(ial =$s"i(e ro$'s G o!er(o%in "&eir 're!io$s dis=$n("ion7 T&$s is
i" easy "o $nders"and -&y solidari"y -i"& "&e Ea'a"is"as s'read li8e -ildfire a%on an"i6
NA?TA ro$'s7 M$(& &as been %ade of "&e Ea'a"is"as; $se of "&e In"erne" "o s'read
./
"&eir (o%%$ni*$es and (rea"e "ies of solidari"y -i"& ro$'s in and o$"side Me#i(o
+Clea!er 2..I0 Midni&" No"es 3112,7 4$" e!en %ore i%'or"an" in "er%s of ne"-or86
b$ildin -as -as "&eir s$bse*$en" &os"in of an 9In"erna"ional En($en"ro Aains"
Neoliberalis% and for H$%ani"y: in C&ia'as in 2..<7 T&e (all for "&e %ee"in -as
addressed 9To all indi!id$als0 ro$'s0 (olle("i!es0 %o!e%en"s0 so(ial0 (i!i( and 'oli"i(al
oraniCa"ions0 nei&bor&ood asso(ia"ions0 (oo'era"i!es0 all "&e lef"s 8no-n and "o be
8no-nM non6o!ern%en"al oraniCa"ions0 ro$'s in solidari"y -i"& s"r$les of "&e
-orld 'eo'le0 bands0 "ribes0 in"elle("$als0 indieno$s 'eo'le0 s"$den"s0 %$si(ians0
-or8ers0 ar"is"s0 "ea(&ers0 'easan"s0 ($l"$ral ro$'s0 yo$"& %o!e%en"s0 al"erna"i!e
(o%%$ni(a"ion %edia0 e(olois"s0 "enan"s0 lesbians0 &o%ose#$als0 fe%inis"s0 'a(ifis"s:
+EELN 2..<,7 9Aains" "&e in"erna"ional of "error re'resen"in neoliberalis%:0 "&e
Ea'a"is"as -ro"e0
-e %$s" raise "&e in"erna"ional of &o'e7 Ho'e0 abo!e borders0 lan$aes0 (olo$rs0 ($l"$res0
se#es0 s"ra"eies0 and "&o$&"s0 of all "&ose -&o 'refer &$%ani"y ali!e7 T&e in"erna"ional of &o'e7
No" "&e b$rea$(ra(y of &o'e0 no" "&e o''osi"e i%ae and0 "&$s0 "&e sa%e as "&a" -&i(& anni&ila"es
$s7 No" "&e 'o-er -i"& a ne- sin or ne- (lo"&in7 A brea"& li8e "&is0 "&e brea"& of dini"y7
In L$ly of 2..<0 o!er @0111 'eo'le fro% fi!e (on"inen"s %e" a" fi!e si"es in C&ia'as7
T&e dis($ssion a" ea(& si"e -as dedi(a"ed "o a differen" "o'i(: 'oli"i(s0 e(ono%i(s0 ($l"$re
and %edia0 (i!il so(ie"y0 and iden"i"y and (o%%$ni"y7 One (o%%on "&e%e "&a" arose
fro% "&e -or8s&o's -as "&e need "o de!elo' a 9ne"-or8 of s"r$les: "o (o%ba"
neoliberalis% and b$ild al"erna"i!es "o i"7 A""endan"s of "&e 7n%&entro -ere able "o dra-
'arallels be"-een "&e !ario$s 'ro(esses of neoliberal lobalisa"ion -&i(& -ere s-ee'in
"&e (on"inen"s0 -&ose 'ri%ary as'e("s are -ell fa%iliar by no-: 'ri!a"isa"ion0 ($"s in
.<
so(ial s'endin0 area"ion of 'rod$("ion a" "&e &ands of %$l"ina"ional (or'ora"ions0
disreard for en!iron%en"al 'ro"e("ion0 ($l"$ral &o%oenisa"ion0 o(($'a"ional
're(ario$sness e"(7
No" only -ere "&ese 'ro(esses of en(roa(&%en" &a''enin on a lobal s(ale0 so -ere
"&e seeds of resis"an(e "o "&e%7 Re(onisin "&is0 "&e Ea'a"is"as; (losin re%ar8s a" "&e
7n%&entro (alled for "&e (rea"ion of an in"er(on"inen"al ne"-or8 of resis"an(e -&i(&0
9re(onisin differen(es and a(8no-ledin si%ilari"ies0 -ill sear(& "o find i"self -i"&
o"&er resis"an(es aro$nd "&e -orld7 NI"O -ill be "&e %edi$% in -&i(& dis"in(" resis"an(es
%ay s$''or" one ano"&er7 NI"O doesn;" &a!e a (en"ral &ead or de(ision %a8erM i" &as no
(en"ral (o%%and or &ierar(&ies7 Be are "&e ne"-or80 all of $s -&o resis": +EELN 2..K,7
A Se(ond En($en"ro -as &eld a year la"er in S'ain0 -i"& nearly F0111 'ar"i(i'an"s fro%
E$ro'e0 "&e A%eri(as0 Afri(a0 and O(eania +PGA 2..K,7 T&e follo-in year0
re'resen"a"i!es of "&ese %o!e%en"s %e" in Gene!a "o la$n(& "&e onoin ne"-or80
na%ed Peo'les; Global A("ion7
PGA is *$i"e a $ni*$e and 'arado#i(al ani%al in "&e so(ial %o!e%en" field7 Bi"& no
%e%bers&i'0 %a"erial reso$r(es or (en"ralised s"r$("$res0 i" re'resen"s an a""e%'" "o
(rea"e a ne"-or8 "&a" (o%bines lobal s(o'e and lo(al a$"ono%y0 &i& effe("i!eness in
a("ion and "&oro$& de(en"ralisa"ion in s"r$("$re7 Ye" i" is 're(isely "&is se"6$' -&i(& &as
enabled "&e ro$'s -&o $nder"oo8 "&e PGA banner G as dis"an" and di!erse as Indian
'easan"s0 D$"(& s*$a""ers and Maori indieno$s6ri&"s a("i!is"s G "o (oo'era"e in
oranisin "&e 9lobal days of a("ion: $' "o and in(l$din Sea""le -&i(& effe("i!ely re6
ini"ed "&e 'resen"0 'os"6Cold Bar (y(le of an"i6(a'i"alis" resis"an(e and bro$&" lo(al
s"r$les in"o %$"$al a-areness and solidari"y7 Ini"ially dire("ed a" "&e Borld Trade
.K
Oranisa"ion0 -&i(& -as seen as "&e 'ri%ary for$% for i%'le%en"in "&e neoliberal
aenda0 "&e lobal days of a("ion bean -i"& "&e BTO;s Se(ond Minis"erial Conferen(e
in Gene!a0 in la"e May 2..I7 T&is day sa- o!er 311 differen" 'ro"es"s and dire(" a("ions
aro$nd "&e -orld0 in(l$din &alf a %illion 'eo'le de%ons"ra"in in Hyderabad0 India7
A("i!is"s in so%e 31 (i"ies fro% Sydney "o Tel6A!i! oranised 9Global S"ree" Par"ies:
ins'ired by "&e a("ions of RTS in 4ri"ain7 In 4raCil "&e an"i6BTO %ar(& -as a((o%'anied
by "&e loo"in s$'er%ar8e"s and o!ern%en" food s"ores by landless 'easan"s0 -&ile in
in Gene!a i"self "en "&o$sand 'eo'le a""ended a 'ro"es" "&a" in(l$ded a""a(8s on ban8s
and a M(Donald;s o$"le"7
T&e 'ro"es" e!en"s of L$ne 2I"& 2...0 d$rin "&e GI s$%%i" in Colone0 "oo8 'la(e in
-ell o!er 211 (i"ies and F1 (o$n"ries7 In "&e Ci"y of London "&e L2I a("ions (a$sed
%illions of 'o$nds in e(ono%i( da%ae "o (or'ora"e and finan(ial ins"i"$"ions7 PGA &ad
i"s se(ond lobal (onferen(e in 4analore "&a" A$$s"0 &os"ed by an Indian far%ers;
$nion 8no-n for "or(&in ene"i(ally %odified (ro's7 Here "&e ne#" lobal day of a("ion
-as (oordina"ed0 "o (oin(ide -i"& "&e BTO %ee"in in Sea""le7
On No!e%ber @10 2...0 "&e o'enin (ere%onies of "&e "&ird %inis"erial of "&e Borld
Trade OraniCa"ion -ere s$((essf$lly blo(8aded by 2/0111 'eo'le "a8in dire(" a("ion7
T&o$sands of labo$r $nion %e%bers bro8e o$" of "&eir /101116s"ron 'er%i""ed %ar(&0
and =oined s"$den"s0 en!iron%en"alis"s0 'eo'le of fai"&0 and lo(al (i"iCens in resis"in "&e
&ee%ony of "&e BTO des'i"e %assi!e 'oli(e a""a(87 A" ni&"0 lo(al yo$"& =oined
anar(&is"s in a""a(8s on (or'ora"e 'ro'er"y0 e!adin "&e 'oli(e for &o$rs7 9T&e ne#" day
"&e s"ree"s -ere 'a"rolled by "&e Na"ional G$ard0 and a Pno6'ro"es" Cone; -as in!en"ed
by "&e %ayor0 ye" "&o$sands "oo8 "o "&e s"ree"s aain0 o!er <11 -ere arres"ed0 and "&e
.I
"ear as and 'las"i( b$lle"s (on"in$ed "o fly7 T&e %inis"erial ended in fail$re0 as So$"&ern
delea"es0 "a8in en(o$rae%en" fro% "&e s"ree"s0 de(lared "&e 'ro(eedins
e#(l$sionary: +No"es fro% No-&ere 311F:31F6I,7 T&e e!en"s in Sea""le0 a((ordin "o Leff
L$ris +311F:222,0
no" only eneriCed 'ro(esses of ne"-or8in and (on!eren(e aro$nd "&e -orld0 i" 'ro!ided a
ne- %odel for oraniCin &i&ly (onfron"a"ional0 %ass6%edia"ed dire(" a("ion 'ro"es"s and
(o$n"er6s$%%i"s aains" %$l"ila"eral finan(ial and 'oli"i(al ins"i"$"ions7 4efore "&e an"i6BTO
'ro"es"s &ad e!en (on(l$ded0 'lans -ere in "&e -or8s for "&e ne#" bi a("ion aains" "&e Borld
4an8 and IM? in Bas&in"on0 D7C7 "&e follo-in A'ril 2<0 -&ile E$ro'ean a("i!is"s -ere already
"al8in abo$" &o- "o res'ond "o "&e Borld 4an8 and IM? fall %ee"ins s(&ed$led for Pra$e on
Se'"e%ber 3<777O!er "&e ne#" fe- years0 "&is !ir"$al -eb -o$ld e#'and and be(o%e '&ysi(ally
e%bodied "&ro$& a series of %ass a("ions7
Al"&o$& "&ere &as been %$(& in"ra%$ral (ri"i(is% of "&e 9s$%%i"6&o''in: &abi"s
of so%e a("i!is"s0 and a (onse*$en" realisa"ion of "&e need "o ro$nd resis"an(e in lo(al
a("ion and al"erna"i!e6b$ildin0 "&e i%'or"an(e of "&e 9days of a("ion: (y(le be"-een
Sea""le and Genoa (anno" be inored7 No" only i" "&ey ena(" a radi(alisa"ion of 'oli"i(al
dis(o$rses in %ains"rea% so(ie"y "&a" &as s$r!i!ed "o "&e 'os"6S22 -orldM i" is also
"&ro$& "&e e%bodied and !ir"$al ne"-or8s of "&e no-6lobal dire(" a("ion %o!e%en"
"&a" "&e 8ey ($l"$ral (odes iden"ified in "&e 're!io$s (&a'"er as %a"erial "o (on"e%'orary
anar(&is% -ere "rans%i""ed0 re(o%bined and absorbed by lo(al ro$'s7 T&is (olle("i!e
'ro(ess of re6ar"i($la"in a s&ared 'oli"i(al iden"i"y "&ro$& ($l"$ral 'rolifera"ion0 and
"&e forin of (on(re"e solidari"ies d$rin a("ion and dis($ssion0 re'resen" "&e 9(o%in
"oe"&er: of "&e (on"e%'orary anar(&is" %o!e%en"7
..
CHAPTER @
BHAT ANARCHISTS BANT
THE LOGIC O? ANTI6AUTHORITARIAN POLITICAL LANGUAGE
9U"o'ia is on "&e &oriCon:0 says ?ernando 4irri7 9I "a8e "-o s"e's "o-ards i"0 and i"
re"rea"s "-o s"e's7 I -al8 "en s"e's and "&e &oriCon %o!es "en s"e's f$r"&er ba(87
Ho-e!er %$(& I -al80 I -ill ne!er rea(& i"7 B&a" "&en is $"o'ia forH I" is for "&is: for
-al8in:7
Ed$ardo Galeano0 )as Palabras $ndantes +Mon"e!ideo 2..@,
T&is (&a'"er fo($ses on "&e analysis of "&e "&ird as'e(" of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re
G on "&e 'oli"i(al lan$ae and dis(o$rse "&a" de%ar(a"e anar(&is% as an ideoloy7 T&e
"as8 &ere is "o (larify "&e %en"al %a''ins "&a" obser!ably 're!ail a%on anar(&is"s0
in!es"ia"in "&e s$bs"an(e of so%e of "&e 98ey-ords: +Billia%s 2.I@, "&a" fea"$re in
"&eir oral and -ri""en deba"e0 and "&e -ay in -&i(& differen" 8ey-ords are 'osi"ioned in
rela"ion "o one ano"&er7 T&ere are0 I s$es"0 "&ree 8ey lenses $nder -&i(& idea"ional
fea"$res of anar(&is% (an be $sef$lly (onsidered7 T&e firs" is a dis($ssion of "&e "er%
9do%ina"ion:0 (larifyin &o- anar(&is"s (ons"r$(" -&a" "&ey ob=e(" "o in so(ie"y7 T&e
se(ond is a loo8 a" "&e ideas asso(ia"ed -i"& 9dire(" a("ion: and 9'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s:0
-&i(& e#'ress anar(&is"s; "&in8in abo$" "&eir o-n a("i!i"ies7 T&e "&ird is a dis($ssion of
(on"e%'orary anar(&is%;s :o'en6ended: (on(e'"ion of 'oli"i(s and i"s de"a(&%en" fro%
any no"ion of a 9'os"6re!ol$"ionary res"in 'oin":7
In "&eir a("i!is" (a'a(i"y0 anar(&is"s e%'loy 8ey-ords li8e 9do%ina"ion: or 9dire("
a("ion: as ($l"$ral sinifiers0 -&i(& in "$rn f$n("ion as &y'erlin8s "o broader se%an"i(
fields7 T&is fa(ili"a"es "&e e#'ression of ideas in "&e '$bli( s'&ere0 and "&e es"ablis&%en"
of %ar8ers for (o%%on ro$nd a%on a("i!is"s "&e%sel!es7 Hen(e0 inas%$(& as
211
anar(&is% is bein s'o8en of in "er%s of ideas0 i" s&o$ld be re%e%bered "&a" in doin so
one is 'erfor%in an a(" of e#"ra'ola"ion fro% ($l"$ral (odes0 one -&i(& s$es"s (er"ain
-ays "o '&rase and (on(e'"$alise "&e %$(& %ore in"$i"i!e and e#'erien"ial (ons"i"$en"s
of anar(&is" dis(o$rse7 Hen(e "-o addi"ional aendas are bro$&" in"o 'lay7 ?irs"0 "&is
idea"ional a''ara"$s is rela"ed "o fea"$res of anar(&is" 'ra#is re!ie-ed in "&e firs"
(&a'"er7 Se(ond0 "&e analysis -ill in!es"ia"e so%e of "&e 9s$r'l$s of %eanin: +Ri(^$r
2.K<, "&a" a("i!is"s enera"e in dis(o$rse G i%'li(a"ions of ideoloi(al $""eran(es of -&i(&
"&e 'ar"i(i'an"s %ay no" be f$lly a-are7
#truggle Against Domination
Anar(&is% is -idely $nders"ood as en(o%'assin a re=e("ion of bo"& "&e s"a"e and
(a'i"alis%7
R
T&is obser!a"ion &olds "r$e no- as before0 b$" i" no loner re%ains a
s$ffi(ien" des(ri'"ion7 T&e roo"edness of (on"e%'orary anar(&is% in radi(al fe%inis"0
indieno$s and *$eer s"r$les0 -&i(& I e#'lored in "&e 're!io$s (&a'"er0 &as led i"0 in
i"s re6e%eren(e0 "o be a""a(&ed "o a %ore eneralised dis(o$rse of resis"an(e7 A (en"$ry
ao "&e s"r$les aains" 'a"riar(&y and ra(is%0 for e#a%'le0 -ere rela"i!ely %inor
(on(erns for %os" anar(&is"s G ye" "&ey are no- -idely a((e'"ed as an in"eral 'ar" of "&e
anar(&is" aenda7 ?$r"&er%ore0 i" is no- -idely $nders"ood in "&e radi(al (o%%$ni"y
"&a" "&ese ob=e("ionable fea"$res abo$" so(ie"y (anno" be s$bs$%ed $nder an analysis
"&a" is li%i"ed "o a (ri"i*$e of "&e s"a"e6(a'i"alis" a''ara"$s: "&ese are so(ial dyna%i(s
R
?or &e$ris"i( '$r'oses -e %ay ado'" a defini"ion of (a'i"alis% as a so(ial sys"e% in!ol!in both -ae
labo$r and rela"i!ely (on(en"ra"ed 'ri!a"e o-ners&i' of "&e %eans of 'rod$("ion +"&e la""er (ondi"ion by
i"self also a''lies "o fe$dalis%,7
212
-&i(& are enera"ed0 re'rod$(ed and ena("ed -i"&in and o$"side "&is a''ara"$s7 As a
res$l" of "&e in"era"ion of s$(& s"r$les in"o "&e 'oli"i(al &oriCon of anar(&is%0 i"s
dis(o$rse of resis"an(e &as (o%e "o ra!i"a"e aro$nd a ne- (on(e'"0 "&a" of domination4
T&e -ord do%ina"ion o(($'ies a (en"ral 'la(e in anar(&is" 'oli"i(al lan$ae7 I" is0
for anar(&is"s0 "&e 'aradi% o!ernin %i(ro6 and %a(ro6'oli"i(al rela"ions0 %ain"ained
"&ro$& "&e 9re'rod$("ion of e!eryday life: +Perl%an 2..352.<.,7 Do%ina"ion is no" a
!al$e0 li8e freedo% or e*$ali"y or solidari"y G i" is a dis!al$e0 -&a" anar(&is"s -an" "o
nea"e7 T&e -ord ser!es as a eneri( (on(e'" for "&e !ario$s sys"e%a"i( fea"$res of
so(ie"y -&ereby ro$'s and 'ersons are (on"rolled0 (oer(ed0 e#'loi"ed0 &$%ilia"ed0
dis(ri%ina"ed aains"0 e"(7 G all of -&i(& dyna%i(s anar(&is"s see8 "o $n(o!er0 (&allene
and erode7 T&e f$n("ion of "&e (on(e'" of do%ina"ion0 as anar(&is"s (ons"r$(" i"0 is "o
e#'ress "&e en(o$n"er -i"& a family resemblan%e a%on "&e en"ire ense%ble of s$(& so(ial
dyna%i(s0 or0 %ore 're(isely0 a%on "&e ar"i($la"ions of "&ese dyna%i(s by "&ose -&o
s"r$le aains" "&e%7 In $sin "&e idea of a 9fa%ily rese%blan(e: I a% dra-in on
L$d-i Bi""ens"ein;s la"er a((o$n" of "&e o'era"ion of lan$ae7 A((ordin "o
Bi""ens"ein0 "&e eneral (on(e'"s -e $se do no" 'ossess any ne(essary and s$ffi(ien"
(ondi"ions for "&eir defini"ion7 Ra"&er0 "&e i"e%s "&a" -e 'la(e $nder a eneral &eadin
are rela"ed "o one ano"&er by a se" of 'ar"ial o!erla's0 "&ro$& "&e 'ossession of (o%%on
(&ara("eris"i(s7 No" all of "&e %e%bers of a fa%ily 'ossess "&e en"ire se" of s$(&
(&ara("eris"i(s7 Ho-e!er0 o$r (oni"ion o'era"es in s$(& a -ay "&a" a (on"in$i"y is
es"ablis&ed be"-een "&e% G in "&e sa%e -ay -e (an 9"ell: "&a" so%eone is &er fa"&er;s
da$&"er +Bi""ens"ein 2./@:CC</6K,7 Unders"ood as e#'ressin "&e en(o$n"er -i"& a
fa%ily rese%blan(e a%on differen" so(ial dyna%i(s0 "&e "er% do%ina"ion dra-s
213
a""en"ion "o "&e %$l"i'li(i"y of 'ar"ial o!erla's be"-een differen" e#'erien(es "&a" are
s"r$led aains"0 (ons"r$("in a eneral (a"eory "&a" &as "&e sole '$r'ose of
%ain"ainin a (orres'onden(e be"-een e#'erien(es -&i(& re%ain ro$nded in "&eir
o-n 'ar"i($lar reali"ies7 T&e "er% do%ina"ion "&$s re%ains in(l$si!e of "&e %yriad
ar"i($la"ion of for%s of o''ression0 e#(l$sion and (on"rol by "&ose s$b=e(" "o "&e%0 a"
(o$n"less indi!id$al and (olle("i!e si"es of resis"an(e7
I" s&o$ld be (larified0 "&en0 "&a" on "&e br$"e le!el of analysin 'oli"i(al dis(o$rse0
do%ina"ion is a "ailor6%ade (on(e'"7 B&a" e#is"s in reali"y is a %$l"i"$de of (on(re"e
e#'erien(es of e#'loi"a"ion0 &$%ilia"ion and dis(ri%ina"ion in -&i(& "&e 'ro"aonis"s are
indi!id$al &$%an beins7 In "&eir (on(re"e for%0 as (ons"i"$en"s of "&ese indi!id$als;
biora'&ies0 "&ese e#'erien(es are no" by any %eas$re 're6in"era"ed in"o an
o!erar(&in (a"eory7 I" is i%'or"an" "o s"ress "&e (ons"r$("ed na"$re of "&e (on(e'" of
do%ina"ion0 in "&e sa%e -ay "&a" %os" (on(e'"s "&a" des(ribe reali"y 'oli"i(ally are
dis($rsi!e "ools "&a" are (rea"ed in "&e ser!i(e of so%e 'oli"i(al end7 In "&e 'resen" 'os"6
s"r$("$ralis" "&eore"i(al (li%a"e0 anar(&is"s &a!e absorbed "o a sinifi(an" deree "&e
(ri"i*$e of $ni!ersal !an"ae 'oin"s and (on(e'"s and "&e -ay in -&i(& "&ese "end "o
ser!i(e 'o-er rela"ions in so(ie"y7 4$" "&e fli'6side of "&is is &a!in no *$al%s in
ad%i""in "&is 'osi"ion abo$" "&eir o-n (on(e'"s and (a"eories0 -&i(& are also
(ons"r$("ed G albei" in "&e ser!i(e of resis"an(e7
In "&is sense0 anar(&is% (an be seen "o in(or'ora"e "&e e%'&asis on %$l"i'le0
o!erla''in and %$"$ally6reinfor(in si"es of do%ina"ion en(o$n"ered in "&e
ar$%en"a"ion of radi(al fe%inis"0 e(oloi(al0 *$eer0 an"i6(olonial and -or8ers;
%o!e%en"s0 -&ile e#'li(i"ly 'oin"in "o "&eir (o%%onali"y in "er%s of "&e (eneri%
21@
dyna%i( of o''ression7 T&is does no"0 of (o$rse0 i%'ly "&a" "&e sa%e %e(&anis%s
fea"$re in all of "&ese rela"ions0 nor "&a" "&ey o'era"e in iden"i(al -ays7 Ne!er"&eless0 i" is
"&e dis($rsi!e %o!e of namin( do%ina"ion -&i(& enables anar(&is"s "o "rans(end s'e(ifi(
an"aonis%s "o-ards "&e eneralised resis"an(e "&a" "&ey 'ro%o"e7 If "&ere is one dis"in("
s"ar"in 'oin" for anar(&is" a''roa(&0 i" is "&is a(" of na%in7
T&e sys"e%a"i( na"$re of do%ina"ion %ay be e#'ressed in referen(e "o a n$%ber of
o!erar(&in 9for%s:0 9sys"e%s: or +I -o$ld s$es", re(imes of do%ina"ion0 of -&i(&
'a"riar(&y0 -&i"e s$'re%a(y and -ae labo$r are 'ro%inen" e#a%'les7
R
T&e referen(e "o
9rei%es of do%ina"ion: &as "&e s"ren"& of (a'"$rin "&e %ore eneral "are" of
anar(&is" resis"an(e "&ese days0 -&ile re%ainin in (on"a(" -i"& "&e "radi"ional anar(&is"
ref$sal of 9o!ern%en":7 B&a" anar(&is"s ref$se is no" only "&is or "&e o"&er
o!ern%en"0 b$" o!ern%en" in eneral G a -ord "&a" (an and s&o$ld i%'ly %ore "&an
"&e s"a"e7 One (an easily s'ea8 of a -or8er bein o!erned by &is boss0 or of a -ife bein
o!erned by &er &$sband +as so%e 'eo'le $sed "o do a''ro!inly,7 T&is broader sense
of o!ern%en" is -&a" I %ean by a 9rei%e: G an i%'ersonal se" of r$les re$la"in
rela"ions&i's be"-een 'eo'le0 r$les -&i(& are no" a$"ono%o$sly (ons"i"$"ed by "&ose
indi!id$als 'la(ed -i"&in "&e rela"ions&i' +in(l$din "&e do%ina"in side,7 Rei%es of
do%ina"ion are "&e o!erar(&in (on"e#" "&a" (ondi"ions 'eo'le;s so(ialisa"ion and
ba(8ro$nd ass$%'"ions abo$" so(ial nor%s0 e#'lainin -&y 'eo'le fall into (er"ain
'a""erns of be&a!io$r and &a!e e#'e("a"ions "&a" (on"rib$"e "o "&e 'er'e"$a"ion of
do%ina"ory rela"ions7 4e(a$se of "&eir (o%'$lsory na"$re0 rei%es of do%ina"ion are
also so%e"&in "&a" one (anno" =$s" 9o'" o$" of: $nder nor%al (ir($%s"an(es7 Bo%en or
R
T&e "er%s 9'a"riar(&y: and 9-&i"e s$'re%a(y: are 'referred &ere "o 9se#is%: and 9ra(is%:0 be(a$se "&e
referen(e "o sys"e%i( fea"$res of so(ial rela"ions ra"&er "&an "o ideoloies of bio"ry7
21F
non6-&i"e 'eo'le en(o$n"er dis(ri%ina"ion0 a((ess barriers and deroa"ory be&a!io$r
"o-ards "&e% "&ro$&o$" so(ie"y0 and (anno" si%'ly re%o!e "&e%sel!es fro% "&eir fold
or -is& "&e% a-ay7 T&e a""e%'" "o li!e o$"side "&e% is already an a(" of resis"an(e7 As
4ob 4la(8 +2..F:@@, e#'resses "&is0 do%ina"ion is nobody;s fa$l"0 and e!erybody;s:
T&e 9real ene%y: is "&e "o"ali"y of '&ysi(al and %en"al (ons"rain"s by -&i(& (a'i"al0 or (lass
so(ie"y0 or s"a"is%0 or "&e so(ie"y of "&e s'e("a(le e#'ro'ria"es e!eryday life0 "&e "i%e of o$r li!es7
T&e real ene%y is no" an ob=e(" a'ar" fro% life7 I" is "&e oraniCa"ion of life by 'o-ers de"a(&ed
fro% i" and "$rned aains" i"7 T&e a''ara"$s0 no" i"s 'ersonnel0 is "&e real ene%y7 4$" i" is by and
"&ro$& "&e a''ara"(&i8s and e!eryone else 'ar"i(i'a"in in "&e sys"e% "&a" do%ina"ion and
de(e'"ion are %ade %anifes"7 T&e "o"ali"y is "&e oraniCa"ion of all aains" ea(& and ea(& aains"
all7 I" in(l$des all "&e 'oli(e%en0 all "&e so(ial -or8ers0 all "&e offi(e -or8ers0 all "&e n$ns0 all "&e
o'6ed (ol$%nis"s0 all "&e dr$ 8in'ins fro% Medellin "o U'=o&n0 all "&e syndi(alis"s and all "&e
si"$a"ionis"s7
H$%an beins are no" "&e a$"&ors of "&eir fa"es7 T&ey are0 in "&e anar(&is" %indse"0
9"&e dis'ossessed: G &$%an beins "ra''ed -i"&in lifeless i%'ersonal ins"i"$"ions "&a"
"&ey ne!er s&a'ed0 and -&i(& for% "&e (on"e#" in -&i(& %os" of "&e% &a!e !ery li""le
a$"ono%y o!er "&eir "i%e0 enery and "&in8in7
T&e rela"ions&i'0 i%'li(i" in (on"e%'orary in anar(&is" "&in8in0 be"-een "&e
resis"an(e "o do%ina"ion as so(ial dyna%i( and "&e resis"an(e "o so(ial ins"i"$"ions
+broadly $nders"ood, (an no- be ar"i($la"ed %ore (learly7 B&ile -&a" is resis"ed is0 a"
"&e bo""o% of "&ins0 do%ina"ion as a basi( so(ial dyna%i(0 "&e resis"an(e is seen "o
'ro(eed "&ro$& (onfron"a"ion -i"& "&e ins"i"$"ions "&ro$& -&i(& "&is do%ina"ion is
ad%inis"ered7 On s$(& a readin ins"i"$"ions s$(& as "&e s"a"e0 "&e (a'i"alis" sys"e% of
o-ners&i' and labo$r G and also ins"i"$"ions s$(& as "&e fa%ily0 "&e s(&ool and %any
for%s of oranised reliion G are -&ere "&e a$"&ori"arian0 indo("rinary and dis(i'linary
%e(&anis%s -&i(& 'er'e"$a"e do%ina"ion6rei%es are (on(re"ely lo%ated7 Resis"an(e "o
21/
'oli(e re'ression or "o "&e (ain of ref$ees and illeal i%%iran"s is %ore broadly
dire("ed "o-ards "&e s"a"e as "&e so$r(e of 'oli(in or i%%ira"ion 'oli(ies7 A(" of
resis"an(e are0 in "&e bares" sense0 9anar(&is": -&en "&ey are 'er(ei!ed by "&e a("or as
'ar"i($lar a("$alisa"ions of a %ore sys"e%i( o''osi"ion "o s$(& ins"i"$"ions7
I -ill re"$rn "o do%ina"ion in "&e ne#" (&a'"er0 in a %ore analy"i(al fra%e0 d$rin "&e
dis($ssion of 'o-er7 Mean-&ile0 i" (an be 'oin"ed o$" "&a" "&e 're(edin a((o$n" of
do%inai"ion0 as i" is dis($rsi!ely (ons"r$("ed by anar(&is"s0 enri(&es o$r $nders"andin
of "&eir a("ion re'er"oires and broader 9s"ra"ei(: orien"a"ions "o so(ial s"r$le7 A
9fa%ily: (on(e'" li8e do%ina"ion refle("s anar(&is"s; (o%%i"%en"s "o de(en"ralisa"ion in
"&e 'ro(ess of resis"an(e7 I" is -idely belie!ed a%on anar(&is"s "&a" s"r$les aains"
do%ina"ion are a" "&eir %os" infor%ed0 'o-erf$l and &ones" -&en $nder"a8en by "&ose
-&o are 'la(ed -i"&in "&ose dyna%i(s +(learly i" is 'ossible for %en "o s"r$le aains"
'a"riar(&y0 for -&i"e fol8 "o resis" ra(is%0 e"(7,7 S"ra"ei(ally "&is "ransla"es in"o "&e
anar(&is" refrain "&a" 9"&e only real libera"ion is self6libera"ion:0 ro$ndin i"s re=e("ion
of 'a"ernalis% and !an$ards7 Do%ina"ion desina"es a fa%ily rese%blan(e a%on
differen" so(ial dyna%i(s0 as "&ose dyna%i(s are e#'ressed by "&ose -&o s"r$le
aains" "&e%7 4$" "&ese dyna%i(s (on"in$e "o re*$ire e#'ression fro% -i"&in "&e
e#'erien(es of "&ose si"$a"ed -i"&in "&e%7 T&$s "&e i%'$lse "o abolis& do%ina"ion is
!alorised in "&e di!ersi"y of i"s ena("%en"s7 T&e "ension be"-een "&e s'e(ifi(i"y of
do%ina"ions and "&e need "o ar"i($la"e "&e% in (o%%on is refle("ed in "&e +of"en
'osi"i!e, "ension be"-een $ni"y and di!ersi"y in "&e anar(&is" o$"loo8 on s"r$le G "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en" i"self bein a ne"-or8 of a$"ono%o$s resis"an(es7 T&e la""er re"ain a
'ri!ileed 'osi"ion in e#'ressin "&eir o''ression and definin "&eir s"r$les aains" i"0
21<
b$" are also in (ons"an" (o%%$ni(a"ion0 %$"$al aid and solidari"y -i"& ea(& o"&er7
Prefigurati(e politics

T&is leads $s "o (onsider "&e se(ond *$alifyin fea"$re of (on"e%'orary anar(&is%0
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s: "&e (o%%i"%en" "o define and realise an anar(&is" "ra=e("ory *ithin
"&e (olle("i!e s"r$("$res and a("i!i"ies of "&e re!ol$"ionary %o!e%en"7 In addi"ion "o
4$e(&ler;s defini"ion (i"ed abo!e +'7/<,0 "&e (on(e'" &as also been defined as 9"&e idea
"&a" a "ransfor%a"i!e so(ial %o!e%en" %$s" ne(essarily an"i(i'a"e "&e -ays and %eans
of "&e &o'ed6for ne- so(ie"y: +To8ar 311@, or as anar(&is%Ps 9(o%%i"%en" "o
o!er"$rnin (a'i"alis% by only e%'loyin a s"ra"ey "&a" is an e%bryoni( re'resen"a"ion
of an anar(&is" so(ial f$"$re: +Morland and Car"er 311F:K.,0 an 9inression of "&e f$"$re
in"o "&e 'resen": +Mar($se 2.<.:.162,7 T&is "y'e of endea!o$r is -idely re(onised as "&e
'ri%ary referen(e 'oin" for &o- anar(&is" ro$'s s&o$ld f$n("ion0 as e!iden" fro% an
ab$ndan(e of ar"i($la"ions "o "&a" effe(" in ro$'s; and ne"-or8s; 9&all%ar8s: or
9'rin(i'les of $ni"y:0 s$(& as "&ose of "&e Inde'enden" Media Cen"re ne"-or8:
All Inde'enden" Media Cen"ers re(oniCe "&e i%'or"an(e of 'ro(ess "o so(ial (&ane and are
(o%%i""ed "o "&e de!elo'%en" of non6&ierar(&i(al and an"i6a$"&ori"arian rela"ions&i's0 fro%
in"er'ersonal rela"ions&i's "o ro$' dyna%i(s +IMC 3112,7
Ano"&er0 %ore lo(alised e#a%'le (o%es fro% "&e (olle("i!e r$nnin "&e 5nbo&nd
radi(al boo8s&o' in C&i(ao:
Be are an"i6ra(is"0 an"i6a$"&ori"arian0 'ro6*$eer0 "rans6in(l$si!e0 se#6'osi"i!e0 fa"6'osi"i!e and
fe%inis"7 Be don;" belie!e in -ai"in $n"il af"er "&e re!ol$"ion7 Be belie!e "&a" if yo$ -an" a
be""er -orld yo$ s&o$ld s"ar" a("in li8e i" no-7 T&a" is -&y -e (&oose "o -or8 -i"&in a non6
21K
&ierar(&i(al0 an"i6a$"&ori"arian s"r$("$re7 All de(isions are %ade "&ro$& (onsens$s7 T&ere are no
bosses7 None of $s -an"s "o &a!e a boss0 and none of $s -an"s "o be a boss +Unbo$nd $nda"ed,7
T&e -ides'read na"$re of s$(& (o%%i"%en"s allo-s $s "o !ie- 'resen"6day
anar(&is" for%a"ions as 9e#'li(i" and (ons(io$s e#'eri%en"s0 all -ays of sayin0 PBe are
no" =$s" sayin No "o (a'i"al0 -e are de!elo'in a differen" (on(e'" of 'oli"i(s0
(ons"r$("in a differen" se" of so(ial rela"ions0 're6fi$rin "&e so(ie"y -e -an" "o b$ild;:
+Hollo-ay 311@,7 B&a" is en(o$n"ered &ere is a -ides'read endorse%en" of effor"s "o
ena(" anar(&is" "ransfor%a"ion no" only in 9so(ie"y: b$" also in "&e 9'ro(esses0
s"r$("$res0 ins"i"$"ions0 and asso(ia"ions -e (rea"e ri&" no-0 and &o- -e li!e o$r li!es:
+Sil!ers"ein 3113,7
I -o$ld s$es" "&a" "&e bes" -ay of $nders"andin "&e idea of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s
is as an e#"ension and $ni!ersalisa"ion of "&e anar(&is" (on(e'" of dire(" a("ion7 Dire("
a("ion &as been defined in C&a'"er 2 as a("ion -i"&o$" in"er%ediaries0 -&ereby an
indi!id$al or a ro$' $ses "&eir o-n 'o-er and reso$r(es "o (&ane reali"y0 a((ordin "o
"&eir o-n desires7 Anar(&is"s $nders"and dire(" a("ion as a %a""er of "a8in so(ial (&ane
in"o one;s o-n &ands0 by in"er!enin dire("ly in a si"$a"ion ra"&er "&an a''ealin "o an
e#"ernal aen" +"y'i(ally a o!ern%en", for i"s re("ifi(a"ion7 Mos" (o%%only0 dire("
a("ion is !ie-ed $nder i"s 're!en"a"i!e or des"r$("i!e $ise7 If 'eo'le ob=e("0 for ins"an(e0
"o "&e (lear6($""in of a fores"0 "&en "a8in dire(" a("ion %eans "&a" ra"&er "&an
'e"i"ionin or enain in a leal 'ro(ess0 "&ey -o$ld in"er!ene li"erally "o 're!en" "&e
(lear ($""in G by (&ainin "&e%sel!es "o "&e "rees0 or 'o$rin s$ar in"o "&e as6"an8s of
"&e b$lldoCers0 or o"&er a("s of disr$'"ion and sabo"ae G "&eir oal bein "o dire("ly
&inder or &al" "&e 'ro=e("7 Ho-e!er0 dire(" a("ion (an also be in!o8ed in a (ons"r$("i!e
21I
-ay7 T&$s0 $nder "&e 're%ise of dire(" a("ion0 anar(&is"s -&o 'ro'ose so(ial rela"ions
free of &ierar(&y and do%ina"ion $nder"a8e "&eir (ons"r$("ion by "&e%sel!es7
One s&o$ld f$r"&er differen"ia"e "&is readin of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s as dire(" a("ion
fro% a readin of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s as 9'ro'aanda by deed:7 Des'i"e "&e ill re'$"e
ained by "&e la""er "er%0 -&i(& be(a%e narro-ly asso(ia"ed -i"& bo%bins and
attentats +'ar"i($larly in "&e las" de(ades on "&e nine"een"& (en"$ry,0 'ro'aanda by deed
(an be $nders"ood %ore broadly as 'oin"in "o "&e 'o"en"ially e#e%'lary na"$re of all
anar(&is" a("ion7 On s$(& an a((o$n"0 "&e %os" effe("i!e anar(&is" 'ro'aanda -ill
al-ays be "&e a("$al i%'le%en"a"ion and dis'lay of anar(&is" so(ial rela"ions G i7e7 "&e
'ra("i(e of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s7 I" is easier for 'eo'le "o enae -i"& "&e idea "&a"
'eo'le (an e#is" -i"&o$" bosses or leaders -&en s$(& e#is"en(e is dis'layed0 if on a
li%i"ed s(ale0 in a("$al 'ra("i(e ra"&er "&an %erely ar$ed for on 'a'er7 T&$s Gand&i;s
asser"ion "&a" 9a refor%er;s b$siness is "o %a8e "&e i%'ossible 'ossible by i!in an
o($lar de%ons"ra"ion of "&e 'ossibili"y in &is o-n (ond$(": +Gand&i 2.2/:<I,7 Under "&e
banner of dire(" a("ion0 &o-e!er0 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s (an be seen as %ore "&an a
'ro'aanda a((essory7 I" a''ears0 ra"&er0 as "&e (ore of "&e re!ol$"ionary s"ra"ey i"self G
"&e %eans by -&i(& anar(&is" so(ial rela"ions are (rea"ed7 T&is &el's $nders"and "&e
Ea'a"is"a for%$la"ion "&a" "&e s"r$le is for 9"&e (on!ersion of dini"y and rebellion
in"o freedo% and dini"y: G dini"y is "&e %eans0 dini"y "&e end0 "&ere is no dis"in("ion
+EELN 2..F5/0 Hollo-ay and Pel]eC 2..I,7
A (lear indi(a"ion of "&e i%'or"an(e "&a" anar(&is"s a""a(& "o 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s is
i"s de(isi!e role in definin "&eir solidari"y and -illinness "o (ollabora"e -i"& non6
anar(&is" %o!e%en"s7 Anar(&is"s are *$i"e of"en fo$nd allied0 on an ad6&o( or 're""y
21.
re$lar basis0 -i"& self6oranised %o!e%en"s of %iran" -or8ers0 'easan" asso(ia"ions0
an"i6%ili"aris" ini"ia"i!es0 (a%'ains aains" 'oli(e br$"ali"y e"(70 -&i(& do no" &a!e an
e#'li(i"ly anar(&is" orien"a"ion7 S$(& ro$'s %ay &a!e no radi(al (ri"i*$e of (a'i"alis%0
en"irely fo($s "&eir -or8 on a sinle iss$e0 or li%i" "&eir 'oli"i(al aendas "o refor%s in
'ar"i($lar ins"i"$"ions ra"&er "&an see8in "&e "y'e of so(ial "ransfor%a"ion "&a"
anar(&is"s endorse7 If one as8s0 &o-e!er0 -&y anar(&is"s are %ore (o%for"able -or8in
-i"& so%e non6anar(&is" ro$'s ra"&er "&an o"&ers0 -&a" one find is "&a" "&e (&oi(e
nor%ally 'i!o"s on "&e in"ernal 'ro(ess of "&ese ro$'s7 I" is "&eir eneral "ra=e("ory
"o-ards leaderless0 fa(e6"o6fa(e %e"&ods of oranisa"ion0 and "&eir s"ri!in "o "rans(end
se#is" or ra(is" 'a""erns a%on "&eir o-n %e%bers0 -&i(& in lare 'ar" de"er%ine
anar(&is"s; solidari"y and -ill "o (oo'era"e -i"& "&e%7 T&is is no" "o say "&a" anar(&is"s
-ill no" s$rfa(e "&eir differen(es -i"& s$(& ro$'s or *$es"ion -&a" "&ey see as "&eir
li%i"ed 'ers'e("i!es G b$" on(e "&e basi( (o%for" -i"& "&eir in"ernal s"r$("$res is in 'la(e0
differen(es $s$ally "a8e "&e for% of +so%e"i%es &ea"ed, deba"es a%on allies0 ra"&er "&an
(allin in"o *$es"ion "&e allian(e i"self7 In a si%ilar -ay0 anar(&is"s feel far less
(o%for"able (oo'era"in -i"& lare0 b$rea$(ra"i( NGOs -&o do no" '$" a s"ron
e%'&asis on &oriCon"al in"ernal s"r$("$res0 e!en if "&ey do "a8e *$i"e a radi(al 'osi"ion
on (a'i"alis%0 'ro%o"e a %$l"i6iss$e analysis0 or e%'&asise rassroo"s e%'o-er%en"
fro% "&e "ee"& o$"-ard7
Prefi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s are (en"ral "o "&e -orld!ie- of 'resen"6day anar(&is"s7 T&e
effor" "o (rea"e and de!elo' &oriCon"al f$n("ionin in any (olle("i!e a("ion se""in0 and "o
%ain"ain a (ons"an" a-areness of in"er'ersonal dyna%i(s and "&e -ay in -&i(& "&ey
%i&" refle(" so(ial 'a""erns of e#(l$sion0 are a((orded =$s" as %$(& i%'or"an(e as
221
'lannin and (arryin o$" (a%'ains0 'ro=e("s and dire(" a("ions7 In (on"e%'orary
anar(&is" dis(o$rse0 (onsidera"ions of effi(ien(y or $ni"y are ne!er alleed "o =$s"ify a
-ea8enin of "&is e%'&asis7 T&e de!elo'%en" of non6&ierar(&i(al s"r$("$res in -&i(&
do%ina"ion is (ons"an"ly (&allened is0 for %os" anar(&is"s0 an end in i"self7
T&e 're%ises for 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s are nor%ally se" in terms of a desirable
(orres'onden(e be"-een anar(&is"s; !ision for a f$"$re so(ie"y and "&eir 'resen"6day
'ra#is G be"-een -&a" anar(&is"s "&in8 so(ie"y o$&" "o loo8 li8e0 and "&e e*$i!alen"
as'e("s of &o- "&ey oranise and rela"e "o ea(& o"&er in "&eir o-n ro$'s7 T&ere is0
&o-e!er0 so%e roo% for "&eore"i(al (larifi(a"ion in "er%s of "&e 'ers'e("i!es "&a" %i&"
be seen "o ro$nd s$(& a !ie-7 4efore e#'lainin -&y "&is is so0 le" %e no"e "&a" "&is
for%$la"ion is resis"an" "o "&ree of "&e i%%edia"e ar$%en"s "&a" %ay be for-arded
aains" i"7 ?irs"0 des'i"e "&e i%'ressions "&a" i" %i&" enera"e0 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s does
no" ne(essarily de'end on "&e no"ion of a 9'os"6re!ol$"ionary res"in 'oin":0 -&i(& "&e
ar$%en"s offered a" "&e end of "&is (&a'"er -ill (all in"o *$es"ion7 T&e referen(e "o a
&o'ed6for ne- so(ie"y need no" ass$%e "&a" s$(& a so(ie"y -o$ld be $n(&anin7 T&e
i%aery in *$es"ion re"ains i"s s"ren"& as lon as one ass$%es a s"ron deree of
*$ali"a"i!e differen(e be"-een s$(& a f$"$re so(ie"y and "&e 'resen" one0 for e#a%'le in
"er%s of "&e absen(e of 8ey ins"i"$"ions li8e "&e s"a"e and "&e -ae6labo$r sys"e%0 or "&e
-ides'read 'rolifera"ion of e#'eri%en"s -i"& liber"arian so(ial rela"ions7
Se(ond0 "&e idea of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s need no" i%'ly "&e ob=e("ionable
re*$ire%en" "&a" "&e !ision of a ne- so(ie"y s&o$ld (ons"i"$"e a de"ailed bl$e'rin"0 or a
9"&i(8: a((o$n" of 're!alen" so(ial !al$es and "&eir (orres'ondin ins"i"$"ional
arrane%en"s7 Te(&ni(ally s'ea8in0 "-o se"s of "&e sa%e n$%ber of a""rib$"es +in "&is
222
(ase0 "&ose of "&e en!isioned so(ie"y and "&ose of "&e %o!e%en", (an (orres'ond "o
!aryin derees irres'e("i!e of "&e n$%ber of i"e%s bein (o%'ared7 Ho- de"ailed one;s
!ision is does no" affe(" "&e %eas$re "o -&i(& o$r 'resen" a("i!i"ies (an be said "o
(orres'ond "o i"7 Moreo!er0 "&e (orres'onden(e in *$es"ion (an be "&o$&" of on en"irely
nea"i!e "er%s7 Unli8e "&e i%'li(a"ions of To8ar;s defini"ion0 one (o$ld also "al8 abo$" a
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s -&i(& 'ro(eeds only -i"& !ie- "o "&e fea"$res one "&in8s s&o$ld
not e#is" in a f$"$re so(ie"y0 and s"ri!es "o a!oid "&e% in a("i!is" (ir(les7 B&a" -ill
9re'la(e: "&ese fea"$res +say0 &o- 'eo'le -ill rela"e "o ea(& o"&er in "&e absen(e of
se#is%, (an be seen as "&e lo($s of e#'eri%en"a"ion and de!elo'%en"0 abo$" -&i(&
no"&in (an be said in ad!an(e beyond "&e non6e#is"en(e of -&a"e!er so(ial fea"$re
anar(&is"s re=e("7
T&ird and las"0 "&e idea does no" ne(essarily i%'ly a rela"ions&i' be"-een !ision and
'ra#is -&erein "&e firs" is a (ons"an" and "&e se(ond a !ariable7 A %ore diale("i(al no"ion
is also a!ailable0 -&ereby "&e "-o are in a (ons"an" 'ro(ess of %$"$al defini"ion0 -i"&
e#'eri%en"a"ion in 'ra("i(e infor%in f$"$re !isions and !i(e !ersa7
Ne!er"&eless0 i" is i%'or"an" "o (onsider "&e 're(ise "er%s on -&i(& anar(&is"s
$nders"and "&eir (o%%i"%en" "o 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s7 On a firs" readin0 "&e iss$e
%i&" see% s"rai&"for-ard: i" is a %a""er of bein (onsis"en"0 of 9'ra("isin -&a" yo$
'rea(&:7 I" %a8es no sense "o "&in8 one "&in and do ano"&er7 Ye" s$(& a s"rai&"for-ard
in"er're"a"ion is ins$ffi(ien" "o e#'lain anar(&is" (o%%i"%en"s "o 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s7
T&e *$es"ionable s"a"$s of s$(& an in"er're"a"ion e%eres fro% "&e obser!a"ion "&a"
al%os" any %o!e%en" or oranisa"ion -&i(& 'osi"s an aenda for so(ial (&ane (an be
seen "o dis'lay s$(& a (onsis"en(y0 in (rea"in in"ernal ins"i"$"ions and dyna%i(s -&i(&
223
refle(" i"s so(ial6(&ane aenda7 NGOs -&o 'ro%o"e referenda as a %a=or "ool for
de%o(ra"i( rene-al of"en $se "&e% in "&eir o-n s"r$("$res as -ell7 T&ey fa!o$r0 for
ins"an(e0 'ro(ed$res -&ereby all "&eir %e%bers are (ons$l"ed on0 and !o"e "o ra"ify0
s"ra"ei(al (a%'ainin de(isions and 8ey as'e("s of "&e oranisa"ion;s f$n("ionin7
Si%ilarly0 (en"re6lef" 'ar"ies -&i(& ad!o(a"e s"ron leisla"ion on affir%a"i!e a("ion
al%os" in!ariably also en(o$rae -o%en0 %inori"ies and disabled 'eo'le "o a''ly for
'osi"ions inside "&e 'ar"y;s 'oli"i(al orans or i"s ad%inis"ra"ion7 In bo"& (ases0 "&e
%eas$res are easily =$s"ifiable on "&e ro$nds of (orres'onden(e be"-een !ision and
'ra#is7 Of (o$rse0 =$s" be(a$se "&e a''li(a"ion of a !al$e is (o%%on does no" %ean "&a" i"
s&o$ld no" s"ill be in!o8ed7 Ho-e!er0 "&e 'oin" is "&a" "&is is no" a 'ar"i($larly
in"eres"in or ins'irin !al$e fro% a s'e(ifi(ally anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e7 To "a8e a %ore
e#"re%e e#a%'le: are no" so%e E$ro'ean neo6?as(is"s also 9'refi$ra"i!e: in "&eir
'oli"i(sH T&eir oranisa"ions0 af"er all0 %ain"ain s"ri(" &ierar(&ies0 9"radi"ional:
differen(es of role and s"a"$s be"-een %en and -o%en0 a leader6&erd %en"ali"y0
e#(l$sion of e"&ni( %inori"ies and 'reser!a"ion of (lass ine*$ali"ies7 In o"&er -ords0 "&ey
are (ons(io$sly %ade "o e%body "&eir desired ?as(is" so(ie"y7 Does "&is fa(" %a8e
anar(&is"s; !ie- of s$(& ro$'s any %ore 'osi"i!eH
B&a" "&is las" e#a%'le "&ro-s in"o s&ar' relief is "&a" 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s0 !ie-ed
s"ri("ly in "er%s of abs"ra(" (onsis"en(y or 9'ra("isin -&a" yo$ 'rea(&:0 (an only -i"&
diffi($l"y be "&o$&" of as an inde'enden" !al$e for anar(&is"s7 T&e 'resen(e of s$(& a
(onsis"en(y &ardly %a8es a differen(e "o o$r =$de%en"s if "&ere is no 're6e#is"en"
aree%en" on "&e !ision5'ra#is (on"in$$% in *$es"ion7 Per&a's neo6?as(is% is "oo
'ro!o(a"i!e an e#a%'le0 so le" $s loo8 a" 9'roressi!e: ro$'s by re"$rnin "o "&e NGO
22@
(ase7 I "&in8 i" is safe "o say "&a" %os" anar(&is"s do no" belie!e "&a" referenda are an idea
-or"& '$""in %$(& enery in"o0 be(a$se of !ario$s (ri"i*$es "&a" s"ress "&eir (a'abili"y
of bein in"ernalised in"o "&e f$n("ionin of "&e 'resen" sys"e% +e77 referenda do no"
(&allene "&e basi( s"r$("$re of "&e s"a"e0 "&ey are o'en "o a rea" deree of %ani'$la"ion
fro% abo!e0 and (an be(o%e a "ool for (oo'era"ion be"-een eli"es G (f7 Linder 2..I0
Mendelso&n and Par8in 3112,7 In "&e sa%e -ay0 anar(&is"s -o$ld &a!e no s'e(ial reason
"o a''re(ia"e "&e fa(" "&a" "&e %e%bers of an NGO !o"e on i"s s"ra"ei( de(isions0 if "&e
*$es"ions are s"ill for%$la"ed by a s"andin (o%%i""ee or if "&ere (on"in$es "o ob"ain a
dis"in("ion be"-een dire("ors and "&e ran86and6file %e%bers&i'7 T&e (orres'onden(e
be"-een a (er"ain !ision and i"s &olders; 'ra#is does no" a%o$n" "o %$(& if one re=e("s bo"&7
In order "o $nders"and "&e sinifi(an(e of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s0 one %$s" o beyond
!ie-in i" as a %a""er of abs"ra(" (onsis"en(y7 T&is (an &a''en -&en "&is fea"$re is
(onsidered -i"&in "&e "er%s of a 'ar"i($lar dis($rsi!e (on"e#"0 "&e only one in -&i(&
(onsis"en(y be"-een !ision and 'ra#is (an be 'osi"ed as aains" a 'ers'e("i!e "&a" is said
"o la%2 i"7 T&e (on"e#" in *$es"ion is "&e onoin an"aonis% be"-een anar(&is"s and
a$"&ori"arian so(ialis" ($rren"s0 in 'ar"i($lar "&ose of "&e Leninis" "radi"ion7 T&e referen(e
"o Leninis% %i&" so$nd li8e an an"i*$a"ed 'reo(($'a"ion0 b$" i" is i%'or"an" "o s"ress
"&a" "&e an"aonis% in *$es"ion is s"ill ali!e and -ell in "&e radi(al %ilie$7 Leninis"
'ar"ies and "&eir fron"6ro$'s (on"in$e "o %ain"ain a !ery !isible and %ani'$la"i!e
'resen(e in an"i6(a'i"alis" and an"i6-ar %o!e%en"s0 and anar(&is"s &a!e fo$nd i"
ne(essary "o (onfron" "&e% a" al%os" e!ery (rossroads of resis"an(e o!er "&e 'as" de(ade
+S(&NEBS 31120 M$nson 3113,7 In "&e (on"e#" of "&is an"aonis%0 anar(&is"s &a!e of"en
for-arded ar$%en"s "&a" are based on a fel" r$'"$re be"-een !ision and 'ra#is in
22F
Leninis"s; 'oli"i(al 'ers'e("i!e7 On "&e one &and0 "&e ar$%en" oes0 a$"&ori"arian
so(ialis"s 'rofess a !ision of 9'$re (o%%$nis%: -i"& no o!ern%en"0 -&ere 'eo'le
be&a!e so(iably 9-i"&o$" for(e0 -i"&o$" (oer(ion0 -i"&o$" s$bordina"ion: +Lenin 2.2I,7
On "&e o"&er &and0 "&eir 'ra#is 'ro(eeds "&ro$& "o'6do-n a$"&ori"arian s"r$("$res0
=$s"ified as "&e %os" effi(ien" %eans for (on*$er "&e s"a"e -&i(& is s$bse*$en"ly
s$''osed "o 9-i"&er a-ay: +b$" see Ada%ia8 2.K1,7 No"e "&a" -&a" enables anar(&is"s "o
'osi" "&eir (ri"i(is% of a$"&ori"arian so(ialis% alon s$(& lines is "&e "a(i" ass$%'"ion of
a $ni"y of !isions0 or of $l"i%a"e ends0 a%on "&e%sel!es and "&e Leninis"s7 T&is "a(i"
ass$%'"ion is -&a" enera"es "&e 'ossibili"y of in!o8in 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s as a !al$e7
B&ile "&e foreoin analysis s&o-s "&a" 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s is in eneral *$i"e a "ri!ial
%a""er0 i" is "&e la%2 of s$(& a fea"$re in Leninis% "&a" dra-s anar(&is"s "o e%'&asise i"s
e#is"en(e in "&eir o-n %o!e%en"7 T&is "y'e of ar$%en"a"i!e %anoe$!re (an be seen "o
o ba(8 as early as "&e firs" anar(&is" (ri"i(is%s of a$"&ori"arian so(ialis%7 Be en(o$n"er
i" in 4a8$nin;s asser"ion "&a" "&e Mar#is"s (on"radi(" "&e%sel!es by sayin "&a"
9Anar(&is% or freedo% is "&e oal0 "&e S"a"e or di("a"ors&i' is "&e %eans: +4a8$nin
2IK@:2K.,0 and in 4er8%an;s insis"en(e "&a" Mar# and Enels 9"a$&" "&a" Anar(&is%
-o$ld (o%e fro% So(ialis%7 T&ey said "&a" -e %$s" firs" &a!e So(ialis%0 b$" "&a" af"er
So(ialis% "&ere -ill be Anar(&is%0 and "&a" i" -o$ld be a freer and %ore bea$"if$l
(ondi"ion of so(ie"y "o li!e in "&an So(ialis%: +4er8%an 2.3.,7
Pla(in "&e fo($s on 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s in i"s 'ro'er (on"e#" of "&e ad!ersi"y
be"-een anar(&is"s and "&e o"&er-ise6s"a"is" re!ol$"ionary lef" is i%'or"an" for ano"&er
reason7 I" allo-s $s "o a''roa(& "&e en"ire iss$e fro% a differen" anle0 sin(e in "&e
(on"e#" of "&is (on"ro!ersy 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s "$rns o$" "o not be a %a""er of abs"ra("
22/
(onsis"en(y0 b$" ra"&er a !al$e of strate(i%al na"$re7 T&is0 I belie!e0 is a %ore a""ra("i!e
%o"i!a"ional ro$ndin for s$(& a 'ers'e("i!e7 B&a" "&e s"ra"ei(al in"er're"a"ion of
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s says is "&a" "&e (orres'onden(e be"-een !ision and 'ra#is is
ne(essary in order "o a(&ie!e re!ol$"ionary ob=e("i!es7 In "&e (on"e#" of "&e (ri"i*$e of
a$"&ori"arian so(ialis%0 "&e (&are is "&a" s$(& re!ol$"ionary orans fail "o a(&ie!e "&eir
!isions G i7e7 '$re (o%%$nis%0 -&i(& for 'resen" '$r'oses -e (an a((e'" is iden"i(al "o
anar(&is" oals G be%a&se of "&e dis(onne("ion be"-een s$(& !isions and "&e %e"&ods and
s"ra"eies $sed "o a''roa(& "&e%7 On s$(& an a((o$n"0 "&e fail$re of all &is"ori(al
a""e%'"s "o rea(& anar(&y5(o%%$nis% by -ay of a !an$ard so(ialis" 'ar"y are no" d$e
"o "&e s&or"(o%ins of 'ar"i($lar indi!id$als +Lenin0 Mao0 Cas"ro,0 nor "o "&e ad!erse
9ob=e("i!e: (ir($%s"an(es in -&i(& s$(& a""e%'"s -ere %ade and -&i(& led "&e% "o
9deenera"e: +(f7 Cas"oriadis 2.<F,7 Ra"&er0 anar(&is"s (lai% "&a" "&ese a""e%'"s -ere
doo%ed fro% "&e s"ar" d$e "o "&e se'ara"ion be"-een "&e re!ol$"ionary 'ro(ess and i"s
desired res$l"s0 a se'ara"ion -&i(& resides in "&e $n(ri"i(al re'rod$("ion of a$"&ori"arian
and b$rea$(ra"i( s"r$("$res -i"&in "&e re!ol$"ionary %o!e%en"7 T&is is no" a %a""er of
'ra("isin -&a" one 'rea(&es for "&e sa8e of i"0 b$" be(a$se s"ra"ei(al ar$%en"s abo$"
"&e a''ro'ria"e re!ol$"ionary 'a"&7
One (anno" b$ild a re!ol$"ionary %o!e%en" alon s$(& lines and e#'e(" "&a" "&ey
-ill no" e%ere as a de(isi!e (ondi"ionin fa("or for "&e en"ire 'ro=e(" of so(ial
"ransfor%a"ion7 T&e %o%en" one fo($ses %erely on "&e seiC$re of s"a"e 'o-er0 and
%ain"ains a$"&ori"arian oranisa"ion for "&a" '$r'ose -&ile lea!in "&e (ons"r$("ion of a
free so(ie"y for 9af"er "&e re!ol$"ion:0 "&e road &as already been (losed7 Nobody 'er&a's
&as e#'ressed "&is idea %ore for(ef$lly "&an E%%a Gold%an +2.3/,0 -ri"in in e#'li(i"
22<
(ri"i(is% of "&e 4ols&e!i8 %o&p!d8etat:
All &$%an e#'erien(e "ea(&es "&a" %e"&ods and %eans (anno" be se'ara"ed fro% "&e
$l"i%a"e ai%7 T&e %eans e%'loyed be(o%e0 "&ro$& indi!id$al &abi" and so(ial 'ra("i(e0 'ar"
and 'ar(el of "&e final '$r'oseM "&ey infl$en(e i"0 %odify i"0 and 'resen"ly "&e ai%s and %eans
be(o%e iden"i(al777No re!ol$"ion (an e!er s$((eed as a fa("or of libera"ion $nless "&e means $sed
"o f$r"&er i" be iden"i(al in s'iri" and "enden(y -i"& "&e p&rposes "o be a(&ie!ed777"&e 'eriod of "&e
a("$al re!ol$"ion0 "&e so6(alled "ransi"ory s"ae0 %$s" be "&e in"rod$("ion0 "&e 'rel$de "o "&e ne-
so(ial (ondi"ions777i" %$s" be of "&e s'iri" of "&e ne- life0 &ar%onio$s -i"& "&e (ons"r$("ion of "&e
ne- edifi(e777re!ol$"ion is in !ain $nless ins'ired by i"s $l"i%a"e ideal7 Re!ol$"ionary %e"&ods
%$s" be in "$ne -i"& re!ol$"ionary ai%s7 T&e %eans $sed "o f$r"&er "&e re!ol$"ion %$s"
&ar%oniCe -i"& i"s '$r'oses7 In s&or"0 "&e e"&i(al !al$es -&i(& "&e re!ol$"ion is "o es"ablis& in "&e
ne- so(ie"y %$s" be initiated -i"& "&e re!ol$"ionary a("i!i"ies of "&e so6(alled "ransi"ional 'eriod7
T&e la""er (an ser!e as a real and de'endable bride "o "&e be""er life only if b$il" of "&e sa%e
%a"erial as "&e life "o be a(&ie!ed7
>ie-ed aains" "&e ba(8dro' of s$(& (ri"i(is%s0 "&e s"ra"ei( 'ers'e("i!e on
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s ini"ially "a8es on "&e $ise of a nea"i!e or defensi!e s"an(e:
a$"&ori"arian s"r$("$res are "o be a!oided in order "o prevent "&e fail$res asso(ia"ed -i"&
re!ol$"ionary 'ro=e("s -&i(& (on"ain "&e%7 Ho-e!er0 "&e s"ra"ei( 'ers'e("i!e also &as a
'osi"i!e or 'roa("i!e as'e("7 Effor"s "o de!elo' non6&ierar(&i(al oranisin (an be seen
as "&e 9(ons"r$("i!e: as'e(" of anar(&is" dire(" a("ion7 On "&is !ie-0 "&e '$rs$i" of
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s is an inse'arable as'e(" of "&e anar(&is" 'ro=e(" in "&a" "&e
(olle("i!es0 (o%%$nes and ne"-or8s in -&i(& "&ey are in!ol!ed "oday are "&e%sel!es
"&e ro$nd-or8 for "&e reali"ies "&a" -ill re'la(e "&e 'resen" so(ie"y7 Colle("i!ely6r$n
rassroo"s 'ro=e("s are0 on "&is a((o$n"0 "&e seeds of a f$"$re so(ie"y 9-i"&in "&e s&ell of
"&e old:7 T&is orien"a"ion is (lose "o G$s"a! Landa$er;s s"a"e%en":
One (an "&ro- a-ay a (&air and des"roy a 'ane of lassM b$"777NonlyO idle "al8ers777reard "&e
s"a"e as s$(& a "&in or as a fe"is& "&a" one (an s%as& in order "o des"roy i"7 T&e s"a"e is a
(ondi"ion0 a (er"ain rela"ions&i' a%on &$%an beins0 a %ode of be&a!ior be"-een %enM -e
des"roy i" by (on"ra("in o"&er rela"ions&i's0 by be&a!in differen"ly "o-ard one ano"&er777Be are
"&e s"a"e0 and -e s&all (on"in$e "o be "&e s"a"e $n"il -e &a!e (rea"ed "&e ins"i"$"ions "&a" for% a
real (o%%$ni"y and so(ie"y: +Landa$er 2.21,7
22K
If "&is is "&e (ase0 "&en for so(ial (&ane "o be s$((essf$l0 "&e %odes of oranisa"ion
"&a" -ill re'la(e (a'i"alis%0 "&e s"a"e0 endered di!isions of labo$r and so on need "o be
're'ared alonside +"&o$& no" ins"ead of, "&e a""a(8 on 'resen" ins"i"$"ions7 If 'eo'le
-an" a so(ie"y "&a" is (&ara("erised by non6&ierar(&i(al (oo'era"ion and "&e erosion of
do%ina"ory ins"i"$"ions and be&a!io$rs0 and if s$(& a so(ie"y is belie!ed "o dire("ly
'ro(eed fro% "&e reali"ies "&a" 'resen"6day %o!e%en"s de!elo'0 "&en (learly "&e ($rren"
%o!e%en" s&o$ld s"ri!e "o-ards non6&ierar(&i(al for%s -&i(& -ill be (arried for-ard
as s$(& reali"ies 'rolifera"e7 9T&e !ery 'ro(ess of b$ildin an anar(&is" %o!e%en" fro%
belo- is !ie-ed as "&e 'ro(ess of (onso(ia"ion0 self6a("i!i"y and self6%anae%en" "&a"
%$s" $l"i%a"ely yield "&a" re!ol$"ionary self "&a" (an a(" $'on0 (&ane and %anae an
a$"&en"i( so(ie"y: +4oo8(&in 2.I1,7
So %$(& for "&e s"ra"ei( as'e("7 T&ere is0 &o-e!er0 ano"&er and 'er&a's e!en
s"roner -ay for a((o$n"in for "&e anar(&is" dri!e "o-ards a 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s of
dire(" a("ion7 T&is (onsis"s in -&a" (an be (alled an indi!id$alis" %o"i!a"ion +referrin "o
"&e indi!id$alis" as'e(" of all anar(&is%,7 I "&in8 i" is safe "o say "&a" %any anar(&is"s
-ill aree "&a" "&e 'oin" of "&eir s"r$les is no" only "o &el' brin abo$" so(ial
"ransfor%a"ion alon anar(&is" lines0 b$" also "o libera"e "&e%sel!es "o "&e rea"es"
deree 'ossible7 On s$(& a readin0 "&e %o"i!a"ion for anar(&is"s "o enae in a
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s lies si%'ly in "&eir desire "o inhabit libera"ed so(ial rela"ions0
-&a"e!er s"ra"ei(al ad!an"aes "&a" also &as7 In "&e -ords of U7S7 anar(&is" '$blis&in
(olle("i!e Cri%e"&In(7 +3112,0
O$r re!ol$"ion %$s" be an i%%edia"e re!ol$"ion in o$r daily li!esM any"&in else is no" a
re!ol$"ion b$" a de%and "&a" on(e aain 'eo'le do -&a" "&ey do no" -an" "o do and &o'e "&a"
22I
"&is "i%e0 so%e&o-0 "&e (o%'ensa"ion -ill be eno$&7 T&ose -&o ass$%e0 of"en $n(ons(io$sly0
"&a" i" is i%'ossible "o a(&ie!e "&eir o-n desires G and "&$s0 "&a" i" is f$"ile "o fi&" for "&e%sel!es
G of"en end $' fi&"in for an ideal or (a$se ins"ead7 4$" i" is s"ill 'ossible "o fi&" for o$rsel!es0 or
a" leas" "&e e#'eri%en" %$s" be -or"& a "ryM so i" is (r$(ial "&a" -e see8 (&ane no" in "&e na%e of
so%e do("rine or rand (a$se0 b$" on be&alf of o$rsel!es0 so "&a" -e -ill be able "o li!e %ore
%eaninf$l li!es7 Si%ilarly -e %$s" see8 firs" and fore%os" "o al"er "&e (on"en"s of o$r o-n li!es
in a re!ol$"ionary %anner0 ra"&er "&an dire(" o$r s"r$le "o-ards -orld6&is"ori(al (&anes
-&i(& -e -ill no" li!e "o -i"ness7 In "&is -ay -e -ill a!oid "&e feelins of -or"&lessness and
aliena"ion "&a" res$l" fro% belie!in "&a" i" is ne(essary "o 9sa(rifi(e oneself for "&e (a$se:0 and
ins"ead li!e "o e#'erien(e "&e fr$i"s of o$r laborsSin o$r labors "&e%sel!es7
In a si%ilar !ein0 A$s"ralian anar(&is" Terren(e Hodson +$nda"ed, (o%%en"s:
T&e re!ol$"ion is no-0 and -e %$s" le" "&e desires -e &a!e abo$" "&e f$"$re %anifes"
"&e%sel!es in "&e &ere and no- as bes" as -e (an7 B&en -e s"ar" doin "&a"0 -e s"o' fi&"in for
so%e abs"ra(" (ondi"ion for "&e f$"$re and ins"ead s"ar" fi&"in "o see "&ose desires realiCed in "&e
'resen"7 T&ro$& "&is 'ro(ess -e s"ar" '$s&in ba(8 "&e !eil of s$b%ission and do%ina"ion
"o-ards "&e 'eri'&ery of o$r li!es0 -e s"ar" re(lai%in (on"rol o!er o$r o-n li!es777B&e"&er "&e
'ro=e(" is a s*$a"0 a s&arin of free food0 an a(" of sabo"ae0 a 'ira"e radio s"a"ion0 a 'eriodi(al0 a
de%ons"ra"ion0 or an a""a(8 aains" one of "&e ins"i"$"ions of do%ina"ion0 i" -ill no" be en"ered
in"o as a 'oli"i(al oblia"ion0 b$" as a 'ar" of "&e life one is s"ri!in "o (rea"e0 as a flo-erin of
one;s self6de"er%ined e#is"en(e7
T&is in"er're"a"ion also lends i"self "o be in"era"ed in"o "&e illealis" 5 ins$rre("ionis"
5 e%inen"ly 'ossibilis" s"rea% of anar(&is%0 -&i(& is 'ro%inen" in I"aly and Gree(e and
&as %ade (ross6o!ers for% "o "&e U7S7 +(f7 4onanno 2..I0 Anony%o$s. 3112,7 On s$(&
readin0 'ersonal libera"ion and "&e (onfron"a"ion -i"& a &o%oenisin and o''ressi!e
so(ial order (an ea(& be seen "o s$''ly "&e o"&er;s %o"i!a"ion7 T&$s on "&e one &and0 i" is
"&e indi!id$al;s o-n e#'erien(e of "&eir res"ri("ion -i"&in "&e ad%inis"ered -orld0 of
"&eir 'osi"ion of s$b=$a"ion alon %$l"i'le a#es of do%ina"ion0 and of "&e (oer(i!e
a''ara"$s %oni"orin e!ery disobedien" (rossroads0 "&a" s$''lies a dire(" i%'$lse for
"a8in a("ion "o %a8e "&ins o"&er-ise7 On "&e o"&er &and0 (onfron"a"ion or (ons"r$("ion
is by i"self a si"e of libera"ion sin(e i" offers "&e indi!id$al an o''or"$ni"y "o dis(o!er and
22.
e#'ress "&eir o-n dis"in("i!eness and 'o"en"iali"ies0 as -ell as "o e#'lore *$ali"a"i!ely
differen"0 an"aonis"i( so(ial s'a(es +Lands"rei(&er 3112,:
One;s 'ro=e("$ali"y be(o%es e#'li(i"ly ins$rre("ional and anar(&is" -&en one re(oniCes "&a"
self6de"er%ina"ion &as "o o &and in &and -i"& des"r$("i!e a""a(8 aains" all a$"&ori"y0 e!ery
ins"i"$"ion of 'o-er and e!ery for% of so(ial (on"rol777anar(&y is no" a (a$se "o -&i(& one
sa(rifi(es oneself0 b$" "&e ne(essary 'ra("i(e of self6realiCa"ion in "&e 'resen" -orld7 Be fi&"
e#'loi"a"ion and do%ina"ion0 be(a$se *e do no" -an" "o be e#'loi"ed or r$led7 O$r selfis&
enerosi"y re(oniCes "&a" o$r o-n self6realiCa"ion (an only be (o%'le"ed in a -orld in -&i(&
e!ery indi!id$al &as e*$al a((ess "o all "&a" &e or s&e needs "o realiCe &er or &i%self as a sin$lar
bein G "&$s0 "&e ne(essi"y "o des"roy all a$"&ori"y0 "&e en"ire so(ial order0 in order "o o'en "&e
'ossibili"y of e!ery"&in life (an offer7

In "er%s of "&e ideoloi(al de!elo'%en" of anar(&is%0 "&is refra%in of anar(&is"
oals in "er%s of dire("ly e#'erien(ed do%ina"ion and libera"ion re'resen"s a re!i!al of
anar(&is" indi!id$alis%0 -&i(& is no- ar"i($la"ed in "&e 'resen" "ense ra"&er "&an as a
'rin(i'le for a f$"$re so(ie"y7
"pen)*nded Politics
T&e "&ird and final *$alifyin fea"$re of (on"e%'orary anar(&is% is i"s o'en6ended
"enden(y0 one "&a" es(&e-s "&e r&e"ori( of a 'os"6re!ol$"ionary res"in 'oin"7 In "&is final
se("ion I ar$e "&a" s$(& a "enden(y is s$s"ainable0 and e#a%ine i"s i%'li(a"ions for
anar(&is" (on(e'"s of so(ial "ransfor%a"ion7
Anar(&is"s by and lare no loner "end "o $nders"and re!ol$"ion0 if "&ey e!en $se
"&e "er%0 as a &oriCon e!en" b$" as an onoin 'ro(ess7 T&is is o''osed "o "radi"ional
anar(&is%;s 'oli"i(al i%ainary -&i(& $n%is"a8ably in(l$ded "&e no"ion of re!ol$"ion as
an e!en"0 a %o%en" of lare s(ale *$ali"a"i!e (&ane in so(ial life7 4a8$nin +2I<<, s'o8e
231
of 9a $ni!ersal0 -orld-ide re!ol$"ion777N"&eO for%idable rea("ionary (oali"ion (an be
des"royed only by "&e rea"er 'o-er of "&e si%$l"aneo$s re!ol$"ionary allian(e and
a("ion of all "&e 'eo'le of "&e (i!iliCed -orld:7 I" is (er"ainly "r$e "&a" anar(&is"s (arried
"&is !ie- of re!ol$"ion one s"e' a-ay fro% ross %illenarianis%0 by insis"in "&a" "&e
re!ol$"ionary &oriCon (an be and -as "ra!ersed d$rin e#(e'"ional %o%en"s7 T&e
S'anis& Re!ol$"ion of 2.@< and "&e ?ren(& May 2.<I $'risins are "&e %os" ob!io$s
e#a%'les of e!en"s "&a" -ere in"er're"ed by anar(&is"s in "&is -ay0 -i"& "&eir "ransien(e
and lo(alisa"ion doin no"&in "o di%inis& "&eir *$ali"a"i!e sinifi(an(e +(f7 4oo8(&in
2..F0 Greorie and Perl%an 2.K1,7 S"ill0 "&ese -ere e#(e'"ional %o%en"s7 T&e $l"i%a"e
fail$re of "&ese e!en"s and "&e de"eriora"ion of rare re!ol$"ionary 9s$((esses: in"o
a$"&ori"arian ni&"%ares debased "&e (oin of Re!ol$"ion for anar(&is" %o!e%en"7 Bi"&
"&e re6e%eren(e of anar(&is% in re(en" de(ades0 "&e re!ol$"ionary &oriCon &as be(o%e
%ore and %ore a""ra("ed in"o "&e 'resen" "ense0 ($l%ina"in in i"s (o%'le"e absor'"ion as
a 'o"en"ial di%ension of e!eryday life7 Colin Bard;s fo($s on e!eryday in"era("ions
-i"&o$" &ierar(&y and aliena"ion +Bard 2.K@,0 and "&e %any Si"$a"ionis"6infl$en(ed
e#'lora"ions of an anar(&is" %i(ro'oli"i(s of resis"an(e and re(ons"r$("ion in daily life0
are 'ro%inen" (on"rib$"ions "o "&is 'ro(ess7
T&e fo($s on "&e 'resen" "ense G (onne("ed "o "&e $nders"andin of 'refi$ra"i!e
'oli"i(s offered abo!e G -as e#'ressed -i"& in(reasin s"ren"& by anar(&is"s "&ro$&o$"
"&e "-en"ie"& (en"$ry7 Of"en0 "&is -as done in rela"ion "o an o'en6ended "enden(y "&a"
es(&e-ed "&e r&e"ori( of a 'os"6re!ol$"ionary res"in 'oin" for "&e anar(&is" 'ro=e("7 ?or
Landa$er +2.22:21K,0 9anar(&is% is no" a "&in of "&e f$"$re0 b$" of "&e 'resen"M no" a
%a""er of de%ands b$" of li!in:7 ?or Ro(8er +2.@I,0
232
Anar(&is% is no 'a"en" sol$"ion for all &$%an 'roble%s0 no U"o'ia of a 'erfe(" so(ial order0
as i" &as so of"en been (alled0 sin(e on 'rin(i'le i" re=e("s all absol$"e s(&e%es and (on(e'"s7 I"
does no" belie!e in any absol$"e "r$"&0 or in defini"e final oals for &$%an de!elo'%en"0 b$" in an
$nli%i"ed 'erfe("ibili"y of so(ial arrane%en"s and &$%an li!in (ondi"ions0 -&i(& are al-ays
s"rainin af"er &i&er for%s of e#'ression0 and "o -&i(& for "&is reason one (an assin no defini"e
"er%in$s nor se" any fi#ed oal7
No- Ro(8er bases &is s"an(e0 on "&e one &and0 on "&e ref$sal of absol$"es0 and on
"&e o"&er on "&e asser"ion "&a" so(ial arrane%en"s dis'lay an in&eren" 'ro(li!i"y for
(&ane7 ?or &i%0 &o-e!er0 "&e (&ane in *$es"ion is rearded in o'"i%is"i( "er%s G a free
so(ie"y "ends "o-ards i%'ro!e%en"0 -&i(& (anno" be li%i"ed in s(o'e7 B&a" I -an" "o
do no- is "o offer "-o differen" ar$%en"s0 of a %ore 'essi%is"i( (&ara("er0 -&i(& I "&in8
s$bs"an"ia"e "&e o'en6ended s"an(e "&a" ani%a"es "&e (on"e%'orary anar(&is" %o!e%en"7
4o"& ar$%en"s (on(l$de "&a" e!en "&e %os" "&oro$& realisa6"ion of anar(&is" so(ial
oals does no" %ean "&e ($l%ina"ion of "&e anar(&is" 'ro=e("7
I" s&o$ld be (larified "&a" "&e 'essi%is% of "&ese ar$%en"s is not rela"ed "o "&e of"6
for-arded (lai%s "&a" anar(&is% is i%'ossible d$e "o an in&eren"ly selfis&0 (o%'e"i"i!e
and5or %ale!olen" &$%an na"$re7 To "&is anar(&is"s need only re'ly -i"& "&eir o-n
fa%iliar ar$%en"s0 referrin "o "&e (o%'le#i"y of &$%an beins and "o "&e i%'or"an(e
of so(ial rela"ions for s&a'in o$r be&a!io$r and self&ood0 as -ell as in6yo$r6fa(e 9s"a"e
of na"$re: ar$%en"s dra-in on an"&ro'oloi(al e!iden(e "o "&e effe(" "&a" &$n"er6
a"&erer so(ie"ies dis'lay anar(&i( so(ial rela"ions +Sa&lins 2.K2,7 Ho-e!er0 by in!o8in
an in&eren" ins"abili"y of indi!id$al &$%an be&a!io$r0 or by an"i(i'a"in a (ons"an" fl$#
of rela"ions&i's be"-een di!erse and de(en"ralised (o%%$ni"ies0 anar(&is"s are in fa("
also denyin "&eir 'ro=e(" "&e 'ossibili"y of %illenarian s"abili"y7 Here "&e firs"
'essi%is"i( ar$%en" (an be for-arded: i" is i%'ossible "o be s$re "&a" e!en $nder
233
-&a"e!er (ondi"ions anar(&is"s -o$ld (onsider as %os" fr$i"f$l "o so(iabili"y and
(oo'era"ion0 so%e indi!id$als and ro$'s %i&" no" s$((essf$lly rene- 'a""erns of
e#'loi"a"ion and do%ina"ion in so(ie"y7 T&is "y'e of ar$%en" &as lon been e!aded by
%any anar(&is"s0 -&o &a!e endorsed "&e e#'e("a"ion ins'ired by Aro'o"8in0 "&a" a
re!ol$"ion in so(ial0 e(ono%i( and 'oli"i(al (ondi"ions -o$ld en(o$rae an essen"ially
differen" 'a""ernin of &$%an be&a!io$r G ei"&er be(a$se i" -o$ld no- be able "o flo-er
freely $nder n$r"$rin (ondi"ions0 or be(a$se re!ol$"ion -o$ld re%o!e all &indran(es "o
"&e de!elo'%en" of &$%an beins; (oo'era"i!e 5 eali"arian 5 bene!olen" side7
O"&ers0 &o-e!er0 &a!e &eeded "&e -arnin and in"ernalised i" "o a (er"ain e#"en"7
Le" %e loo8 a" "-o e#a%'les of re(en" anar(&is"6ins'ired -or8s -&i(& &a!e done so7 T&e
firs" is Urs$la Le G$in;s 2.KF no!el 'he -ispossessed0 'er&a's "&e %os" &ones" a""e%'" a"
'or"rayin a f$n("ionin anar(&is" so(ie"y G sin(e "&e so(ie"y i" deals -i"& is far fro%
'erfe(" or $n'roble%a"i(7 T&e 'ro"aonis"0 S&e!e80 is dri!en "o lea!e &is anar(&is" so(ie"y
on "&e %oon of Anarres0 no" be(a$se &e re=e("s i"s (ore anar(&is" ideals b$" be(a$se &e
sees "&a" so%e of "&e% are no loner ade*$a"ely refle("ed in 'ra("i(e0 -&ile o"&ers need
"o be re!ised in order "o i!e %ore 'la(e "o indi!id$ali"y7 In "&e &$ndred and se!en"y
years sin(e i"s es"ablis&%en"0 follo-in "&e se(ession of a %ass of re!ol$"ionary
anar(&is"s fro% "&e &o%e6'lane" of Urras0 Anarres"i so(ie"y &as -i"nessed "&e ro-"& of
#eno'&obia0 infor%al &ierar(&ies in "&e ad%inis"ra"i!e syndi(a"es0 and an a''ara"$s of
so(ial (on"rol "&ro$& ($s"o% and 'eer 'ress$re7 All of "&ese (on"rib$"e "o a (onfor%i"y
"&a" &inders S&e!e8;s self6realisa"ion in &is '$rs$i" of &is life 'ro=e("0 "&e de!elo'%en" of
a ro$nd6brea8in a''roa(& in "&eore"i(al '&ysi(s7 S&e!e8 e%bodies "&e (on"in$in
i%'or"an(e of dissen" e!en af"er "&e aboli"ion of (a'i"alis% and o!ern%en"7 T&ro$&
23@
&is de'ar"$re and fo$ndin of "&e Syndi(a"e of Ini"ia"i!e0 &e be(o%es a re!ol$"ionary
-i"&in "&e re!ol$"ion and ini"ia"es (&ane -i"&in "&e anar(&is" so(ie"y:
9I" -as o$r '$r'ose all alon G o$r Syndi(a"e0 "&is =o$rney of %ine G "o s&a8e $' "&ins0 "o
s"ir $'0 "o brea8 so%e &abi"s0 "o %a8e 'eo'le as8 *$es"ions7 To be&a!e li8e anar(&is"s\: +@2<,
S&e!e8;s 'ro=e(" rene-s "&e s'iri" of dissen" and non6(onfor%is% "&a" ani%a"ed "&e
oriinal (rea"ion of "&e anar(&is" so(ie"y on Anarres in "&e firs" 'la(e7 As Ray%ond
Billia%s obser!es0 "&is dyna%i( 'or"rays 'he -ispossessed as 9an o'en $"o'ia: for(ed
o'en0 af"er "&e (onealin of ideals0 "&e deenera"ion of %$"$ali"y in"o (onser!a"is%M
s&if"ed0 delibera"ely0 fro% i"s a(&ie!ed &ar%onio$s (ondi"ion0 "&e s"asis in -&i(& "&e
(lassi(al $"o'ian %ode ($l%ina"es0 "o res"less0 o'en0 ris86"a8in e#'eri%en": +Billia%s
2.KI,7 U"o'ia0 in "&is sense0 does no" %ean a 9'erfe(": so(ie"y +as Ro(8er $ses "&e "er%,
b$" so(ial rela"ions "&a" are *$ali"a"i!ely differen" and be""er7
A si%ilar o'en $"o'ia is "&e !ision of an al"erna"i!e so(ie"y for-arded in "&e boo8
bolo8bolo by "&e E$ri(&6based a$"&or P7M77 T&is boo8 no" only a(8no-ledes b$"
"reas$res "&e "y'e of ins"abili"y and di!ersi"y of so(ial rela"ions "&a" (an be $s&ered in by
"&e re%o!al of all e#"ernal (on"rol on "&e be&a!io$r of indi!id$als and ro$'s7 T&e
-orld an"i6sys"e% (alled bolo8bolo is a %osai( in -&i(& e!ery (o%%$ni"y +bolo, of aro$nd
fi!e &$ndred residen"s is as n$"ri"ionally self6s$ffi(ien" as 'ossible0 and &as (o%'le"e
a$"ono%y "o define i"s e"&os or 9fla!o$r: (nima,7 S"abili"y is afforded by a %ini%al b$"
$ni!ersal so(ial (on"ra(" +sila,0 enfor(ed by re'$"a"ion and in"erde'enden(e +P7M7
2.I/:<I6K1,7 T&is (on"ra(" $aran"ees0 for e#a%'le0 "&a" e!ery indi!id$al +ib&, (an a" any
"i%e lea!e "&eir na"i!e bolo0 and is en"i"led "o one day;s ra"ions +yal&, and &o$sin +(ano,0
23F
as -ell as "o %edi(al "rea"%en" +bete,0 a" any bolo7 I" e!en s$es"s a d$el (ode +ya2a# "o
sol!e dis'$"es7 Ho-e!er0
T&ere are no &$%anis"0 liberal or de%o(ra"i( la-s or r$les abo$" "&e (on"en" of nimas and
"&ere is no S"a"e "o enfor(e "&e%7 Nobody (an 're!en" a bolo fro% (o%%i""in %ass s$i(ide0 dyin
of dr$ e#'eri%en"s0 dri!in i"self in"o %adness or bein $n&a''y $nder a !iolen" rei%e7 /olos
-i"& a bandi"6ni%a (o$ld "erroriCe -&ole reions or (on"inen"s0 as "&e H$ns or >i8ins did7
?reedo% and ad!en"$re0 eneraliCed "erroris%0 "&e la- of "&e (l$b0 raids0 "ribal -ars0 !ende""as0
'l$nderin G e!ery"&in oes7 +KK6I,
B&ile %os" anar(&is"s %i&" no" -an" "o o "&a" far0 "&e 'oin" &ere is "&a" any
anar(&is" "&eory -&i(& a(8no-ledes "&e absen(e of la- and a$"&ori"y %$s" also
res'ond "o "&e 'ossibili"y of a re6e%eren(e of 'a""erns of do%ina"ion -i"&in and5or
a%on (o%%$ni"ies0 e!en if a" a (er"ain 'oin" in "i%e "&ey &a!e been (ons(io$sly
o!er(o%e7 T&$s anar(&is"s -o$ld be dra-n "o a((e'" "&a" 9"&e 'ri(e of e"ernal liber"y is
e"ernal !iilan(e: +P&illi's 2I/3:2@,7
If "&e firs" ar$%en" (&allenes "&e a%hievability of an anar(&is" 9'os"6re!ol$"ionary
res"in 'oin":0 "&e se(ond one *$es"ions i" on "&e %on%ept&al le!el7 I" is (lose "o -&a" I
"&in8 Noa% C&o%s8y &as in %ind -i"& &is re%ar8 "&a" anar(&is% (ons"i"$"es 9an
$nendin s"r$le0 sin(e 'roress in a(&ie!in a %ore =$s" so(ie"y -ill lead "o ne-
insi&" and $nders"andin of for%s of o''ression "&a" %ay be (on(ealed in "radi"ional
'ra("i(e and (ons(io$sness: +C&o%s8y 2.I<,7
T&e eneralisa"ion of anar(&is" resis"an(e "o en(a's$la"e no" only "&e s"a"e and
(a'i"al b$" all for%s of do%ina"ion in so(ie"y G rei%es of sys"e%a"i( ine*$ali"y and
e#(l$sion s$(& as 'a"riar(&y0 -&i"e s$'re%a(y and aliena"ed labo$r G %o!es i"s no"ions
of so(ial "ransfor%a"ion beyond "&eir 're!io$s for%$la"ion as "&e re'la(e%en" of
ins"i"$"ions "o "&e redefini"ion of so(ial 'a""erns in all s'&eres of life7 Ho-e!er0 s$(& a
23/
eneralisa"ion also %eans a s&if" in "&e $nders"andin of "&e &oriCons of "&e anar(&is"
'ro=e("7 B&ile i" &as been 'ossible "o s'ea8 -i"&in a (o&eren" fra%e-or8 abo$" "&e
aboli"ion of ins"i"$"ions0 "&e -ay in -&i(& anar(&is"s &a!e (o%e "o (on(e'"$alise
do%ina"ion +$nder "&e infl$en(e of (ri"i*$es e%ana"in fro% radi(al fe%inis"0 an"i6ra(is"
and *$eer libera"ion %o!e%en"s, 'resen"s i" -i"& a (on(e'" "o -&i(& "&e idea of aboli"ion
is no" so easily a""a(&ed7 On s$(& a readin0 in fa("0 a (ondi"ion -i"&o$" any for% of
do%ina"ion or dis(ri%ina"ion in so(ie"y is li"erally $n"&in8able7 T&is is be(a$se in order
"o s'ea8 of "&e aboli"ion of do%ina"ion0 one needs "o &a!e a((ess "o i"s "o"al 'i("$re0 "o
"&e en"ire rane of 'ossible 'a""erns of so(ial ine*$ali"y and e#(l$sion G and -e (an
ne!er be s$re "&a" -e &a!e s$(& a (o%'le"e 'i("$re7
To (larify "&is0 "&in8 for a %o%en" abo$" "&e ideals said "o &a!e ani%a"ed "&e U7S7
De(lara"ion of Inde'enden(e0 as 'resen" in fa%o$s 'assaes s$(& as 9Be &old "&ese
"r$"&s "o be self6e!iden"0 "&a" all %en are (rea"ed e*$al: e"(7 T&is 'assae =$s"ly s"ri8es $s
"oday as irredee%ably &y'o(ri"i(al0 and no" =$s" be(a$se i" s'ea8s of 9%en:7 Sa%$el
Lo&nson 'oin"ed "o "&e bi""er irony 9"&a" -e &ear "&e lo$des" yel's for liber"y a%on "&e
dri!ers of Neroes: +Lo&nson 2.KK52KK/:F/F,7 T&o%as Lefferson -as0 af"er all0 a sla!e
&older0 as -ere %any of "&e o"&er sina"ories "o "&e De(lara"ion7 T&ey -ere all
re'resen"a"i!es of %os" 'ros'ero$s se("ion of "&e (olonial eli"e0 "&eir -eal"& res"in on
sla!ery and "&e eno(idal dis'ossession of Nor"& A%eri(a;s indieno$s 'eo'les7
Ho-e!er0 -&ile &y'o(risy or !ol$n"ary blindness see% "o be ob!io$s e#'lana"ions
in &indsi&"0 i" is no" (er"ain "&a" e!ery"&in is a""rib$"able "o s$(& fa("ors7 Today -e (an
s"ill as8 -i"& &ones"y -&e"&er "&e A%eri(an 9?o$ndin ?a"&ers: "r$ly realised0 a%id
"&eir de(lara"ions of freedo% and e*$ali"y0 "&a" Afri(ans and Indieno$s A%eri(ans *ere
23<
&$%an beins0 and "&a" sla!ery0 eno(ide and "&e denial of ri&"s "o -o%en s"ood in
s"ar8 (on"radi("ion "o "&eir o-n de(lared 'rin(i'les7 E!en if i" does see% i%'ossible "o
$s "o "&in8 o"&er-ise0 (an "&e sa%e safely be said abo$" "&eir a""i"$des "o o"&er for%s of
dis(ri%ina"ion "&a" are bla"an"ly e!iden" "o $s "oday0 s$(& as "&ose aains" (&ildrenH ?e-
'eo'le are a-are "&a" $n"il "&e 2II1s "&e ae of se#$al (onsen" for -o%en in "&e U7S7 -as
ten0 and "&a" "&e firs" s"a"e leisla"ion in 'ro"e("ion for (&ildren -as 'assed only in 2IK/
+in Ne- Yor8,7 And -&a" of "&e fairly re(en" re(oni"ion "&a" 9%en"ally disabled: 'eo'le
are no" inferior0 or "&a" non6&e"erose#$al 'ra("i(es are no" sinf$l and $nna"$ralH In li&"
of -&a" see%s "o &a!e been an $""er $na-areness "o s$(& a#es of ine*$ali"y and
o''ression0 i" see%s no" en"irely $nli8ely "&a" s$(& for%s of do%ina"ion -ere en"irely
9off "&e radar: for 'eo'le in "&e 'as"7
T&is leads "o "&e (r$# of %y se(ond ar$%en": Ho- (an -e 8no- "&a" "&ere are no for%s
of do%ina"ion "&a" re%ain &idden fro% $s "oday0 =$s" as so%e "&a" -e do re(onise -ere
&idden fro% o$r 'rede(essorsH If -e are a" leas" 're'ared "o en"er"ain do$b" on "&is %a""er0
"&en -e (an no loner '$" o$rsel!es in a 'osi"ion fro% -&i(& -e (an s'ea8 -i"& any
(o&eren(e abo$" "&e aboli"ion of all for%s of do%ina"ion7 Here "&e ob=e("ion "&a" "&e -ri"ers
of "&e De(lara"ion of Inde'enden(e -ere far fro% anar(&is"s is irrele!an"0 sin(e "&e &is"ory of
anar(&is" %o!e%en" is =$s" as e%barrassin in "&is res'e("7 Ins"an(es of o$"ri&" bio"ry
s$rro$ndin ra(is%0 se#is% and &o%o'&obia are %ore ab$ndan" in anar(&is" li"era"$re "&an
%any anar(&is"s -o$ld 'er&a's (are "o re(all7 Pierre Lose'& Pro$d&on0 as so%e of &is
$n'$blis&ed fra%en"s dis(lose0 -as a des'i(able %isoynis" and an"i6Se%i"e7 9Man;s
'ri%ary (ondi"ion is "o do%ina"e &is -ife and "o be "&e %as"er:0 &e -ro"e0 -&ile 9-o%en
8no- eno$& if "&ey 8no- &o- "o %end o$r so(8s and fi# o$r s"ea8s: +Pro$d&on 2IK/0 (i"ed
23K
in Hya%s 2.K.:3KF7 (f7 Co'ley 2.I.,7 9T&e Le-:0 %oreo!er0 9is "&e ene%y of &$%an8ind7 I" is
ne(essary "o send "&is ra(e ba(8 "o Asia0 or e#"er%ina"e i": +Pro$d&on 2.<.:33In7 (f7 Ma8&no
2.3K,7 4a8$nin;s -ri"ins are also fa%o$sly rife -i"& an"i6Se%i"i( and an"i6Ger%an a""i"$des
+4a8$nin 2IK@:21Fff and 2K/ff,7 Aro'o"8in and %any o"&er R$ssian anar(&is"s s$''or"ed "&e
?irs" Borld Bar +A!ri(& 2.<K:22I6.,7 And as la"e as 2.@/0 "&e 'ro%inen" S'anis& anar(&is"
'eriodi(al Re!is"a 4lan(a (o$ld s"ill (arry "&e follo-in0 "y'i(ally &o%o'&obi(0 edi"orial
res'onse "o "&e *$es"ion 9B&a" is "&ere "o be said abo$" "&ose (o%rades -&o "&e%sel!es are
anar(&is"s and -&o asso(ia"e -i"& in!er"s Nsi(OH::
T&ey (anno" be !ie-ed as %en if "&a" 9asso(ia"e: %eans any"&in a'ar" fro% s'ea8in "o or
sal$"in se#$al deenera"es7 If yo$ are an anar(&is"0 "&a" %eans "&a" yo$ are %ore %orally $'ri&"
and '&ysi(ally s"ron "&an "&e a!erae %an7 And &e -&o li8es in!er"s is no real %an0 and is
"&erefore no real anar(&is" +(i"ed in Cle%inson 2../,7
Al"&o$& nobody (&ooses "&eir ideoloi(al an(es"ors0 s$(& s"a"e%en"s s&o$ld
ne!er"&eless (o%'el anar(&is"s "o endorse a &eal"&y s(e'"i(is% abo$" "&e
(o%'re&ensi!eness of "&eir o-n0 (on"e%'orary a((o$n"s of do%ina"ion7 Hen(e0 "&e idea
of an end "o all for%s of do%ina"ion be(o%es an e'is"e%oloi(al i%'ossibili"y7 Be
(anno" "&in8 s$(& a s"a"e of affairs sin(e -e do no" 'ossess "&e f$ll lis" of fea"$res "&a" are
s$''osed "o be absent fro% i"7 Ad%i""edly0 -e %i&" &a!e a be""er idea abo$" do%ina"ion
"oday si%'ly be(a$se "&ere are %ore !oi(es e#'ressin "&e%7 Mo!e%en"s endorsin
indieno$s0 *$eer0 and yo$"& libera"ion &a!e "a8en "&eir 'la(e %$(& %ore !i!idly in "&e
'$bli( s'&ere o!er re(en" years0 and "&$s (on"rib$"ed "o "&e ar"i($la"ion of resis"an(e "o
do%ina"ion in for%s "&a" &a!e no" been e#'lored before7 4$" "&is is no" eno$& "o ens$re
$s "&a" all 'ossible a#es alon -&i(& do%ina"ion o'era"es &a!e been e#'osed7
If one insis"s on "&e 'o"en"ial need for anar(&is" aen(y $nder any (ondi"ions0 "&en
23I
"&e no"ion of an 9anar(&is" so(ie"y: as an a(&ie!able oal loses i"s %eanin7 A" %os"0 i" is
a so(ie"y in -&i(& e!eryone is an anar(&is"0 "&a" is0 a so(ie"y in -&i(& e!ery 'erson
-ields aen(y aains" r$le and do%ina"ion7 To be s$re0 "&e fre*$en(y of "&e need "o do
so %ay &o'ef$lly di%inis& "o a rea" e#"en"0 in (o%'arison "o -&a" an anar(&is"
a''roa(& -o$ld dee% ne(essary in 'resen" so(ie"ies7 Ho-e!er0 one &as no reason "o
"&in8 "&a" i" (an e!er be 'er%anen"ly re%o!ed7 B&ere does "&is lea!e anar(&is"s "odayH
T&e 'ri%ary (on(l$sion "&a" anar(&is"s (an +and of"en do, dra- fro% "&e
disso(ia"ion of "&eir 'ro=e(" for% a 'os"6re!ol$"ionary res"in 'oin" is "o "rans'ose "&eir
no"ion of so(ial re!ol$"ion "o "&e 'resen"6"ense7 ?eedin ba(8 in"o "&e indi!id$alis"
ro$ndin of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s dis($ssed abo!e0 anar(&is" %odes of in"era("ion G
non6&ierar(&i(al0 !ol$n"ary0 (oo'era"i!e0 solidaris"i( and 'layf$l G are no loner seen as
fea"$res on -&i(& "o %odel a f$"$re so(ie"y0 b$" ra"&er as an e!er6'resen" 'o"en"ial of "&e
&ere and no-7 S$(& an a''roa(& 'ro%o"es anar(&y as ($l"$re0 as a li!ed reali"y "&a"
'o's $' e!ery-&ere in ne- $ises0 ada'"s "o differen" ($l"$ral (li%a"es0 and s&o$ld be
e#"ended and de!elo'ed e#'eri%en"ally for its o*n sa2e0 -&e"&er or no" one belie!es i"
(an be(o%e0 in so%e sense0 "&e 're!ailin %ode of so(ie"y7 Also0 i" a%o$n"s "o
'ro%o"in anar(&y as a fea"$re of e!eryday life0 in %$ndane se""ins s$(& as 9a *$il"in
bee0 a dinner 'ar"y0 a bla(8 %ar8e"777a nei&bor&ood 'ro"e("ion so(ie"y0 an en"&$sias"s;
(l$b0 a n$de bea(&: +Ha8i% 4ey 2..2,7 T&e "as8 for anar(&is"s0 "&en0 is no" "o 9in"rod$(e:
a ne- so(ie"y b$" "o realise i" as %$(& as 'ossible in "&e 'resen" "ense7
23.
PART II
Anar(&is" An#ie"ies
2@1
CHAPTER F
POBER AND EJUALITY
LEADERSHIP AND POBER IN ANARCHIST ORGANISING0 PART ONE
Yo$ are a''roa(&ed "o ans-er *$es"ions for o$r ro$'0 %a8e de(isions and
anno$n(e%en"s7 Yo$ e!en "&in8 i" is o8ay "o define o$r ro$' "o !isi"ors0 s"raners7
So%e&o- yo$ aren;" e!er *$es"ioned by "&e ro$' for "&is be&a!ior777Yo$ are no" "&e
boss7 Ge" o!er yo$rself777I"s li8e yo$ "&in8 "&a" (allin yo$rself an anar(&is" %a8es
yo$ (lean and '$re and no loner s$b=e(" "o self e#a%ina"ion or (ri"i(is%7 Yo$;!e
%ade "&e "er% re'$lsi!e "o %e7
Anon70 9B&a" I" Is "o 4e a Girl in an Anar(&is" 4oys Cl$b:
U' $n"il no-0 "&is "&esis &as fo($sed on "&e analysis of "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" in
"er%s of i"s 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 re(en" &is"ory and ideoloi(al "&in8in7 4einnin -i"& "&is
(&a'"er0 I "a8e on a %ore enaed a''roa(& -&i(& de!elo's and in"er!enes in se!eral
"o'i(s of deba"e "&a" are a" "&e (en"re of "&e %o!e%en";s (on(erns in "&e 'resen" day7
B&ereas "&e s'ea8in !oi(e e%'loyed so far &as been "&a" of "&e ($rio$s in!es"ia"or0
%ain"ainin a rela"i!e dis"an(e for% "&e s$bs"an"i!e (on"en" of anar(&is" 'osi"ions0 "&e
follo-in (&a'"ers ado'" "&e !oi(e of "&e refle("i!e anar(&is" a("i!is" -&o is "&in8in
-i"&in "&ese 'osi"ions0 and see8s (larifi(a"ion fro% an anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e on "o'i(s of
(on"ro!ersy and dile%%a in "&e %o!e%en"7
I &a!e (&osen "o "a8e "&e iss$e of leaders&i' and 'o-er in anar(&is" oranisin as
"&e firs" "o'i( of s$(& in"er!en"ion for "-o reasons7 ?irs"0 be(a$se on any 'ro"ra("ed
obser!a"ion of a("i!is" dis($ssions i" is (learly "&e %os" re($rren" and a($"e iss$e of
in"ros'e("ion7 Se(ond0 and %ore i%'or"an"ly0 be(a$se "&e dis($ssion of "&ese iss$es
in!ol!es "&e (larifi(a"ion of (ore (on(e'"s in anar(&is" "&eory s$(& as 'o-er0 a$"ono%y
2@2
and solidari"y0 -&i(& deser!e 're(eden(e in "&e order of "rea"%en"7
Sin(e "&e "anled and %$l"ifa(e"ed na"$re of "&e 'resen" dis($ssion re*$ires
e#'ansi!e a""en"ion0 i" is di!ided in"o "-o (&a'"ers7 In "&is firs" one0 I bein -i"& an
e#'osi"ion of "&e an#ie"ies aro$nd "&e "er% 9leaders&i': in (on"e%'orary anar(&is"
dis(o$rse7 I "&en %o!e "o a %ore (on(e'"$al dis($ssion of leaders&i' as 'o-er7 Dra-in
on bo"& anar(&is" and non6anar(&is" so$r(es0 I de!elo' a "&ree6fold $nders"andin of
'o-er "&a" (an rea"ly (larify "&e deba"e7 T&e firs" and %os" basi( is 9'o-er6"o: +L7
potentia ,0 or "&e (a'a(i"y "o (&ane reali"y7 T&is is seen "o enera"e "-o f$r"&er0 and
dis"in("0 %odes of 'o-er in i"s a''li(a"ion "o &$%an rela"ions7 T&ese are 9'o-er6o!er:
+L7 potestas ,0 a (on(e'" rela"ed "o (on"rol0 (oer(ion0 enfor(e%en" and do%ina"ion0 and "&e
s"andard sense in -&i(& "&e "er% is addressed in s(&olarly li"era"$reM and 9'o-er6
a%on:0 a (on(e'" rela"ed "o infl$en(e0 ini"ia"i!e and (o6ins'ira"ion in non6(oer(i!e0
ro$&ly eali"arian se""ins0 -&i(& is de!elo'ed by "&e 'ro%inen" e(o6fe%inis" -ri"er
S"ar&a-87 I "&en e#a%ine "&e -ay in -&i(& "&e s"r$("$ral (ondi"ions of anar(&is"
oranisin %ini%ise "&e role of 9'o-er o!er: -i"&in "&e% G in 'ar"i($lar in i"s
%anifes"a"ion as ra"ionalised enfor(e%en"7 As a res$l"0 I ar$e0 anar(&is" an#ie"ies
aro$nd 'o-er in "&e %o!e%en" s&o$ld be "ra(ed "o "-o differen" so$r(es: s"andin
ine*$ali"ies of a((ess "o 9'o-er6"o:0 and la(8 of "rans'aren(y in "&e dyna%i( e#er(ise of
9'o-er6a%on:7
Reardin "&e firs" iss$e0 I ar$e in "&is (&a'"er "&a" s$(& ine*$ali"ies (an be $sef$lly
$nders"ood as s"e%%in fro% ine*$ali"ies of -&a" I (all 9a("i!is" reso$r(es: G %a"erial
ones as -ell as s8ills and a((ess "o ne"-or8s G -&i(& (ondi"ion "&e abili"y "o 'ar"i(i'a"e
in %o!e%en" a("i!i"ies7 In "&is (on(e'"ion "&ere (an be ro$nded (ons(io$s %e(&anis%s
2@3
for %a8in infl$en(e %ore e*$ally a((essible7 T&e se(ond iss$e0 dis($ssed in "&e ne#"
(&a'"er0 loo8s a" "&e "ension be"-een "&e o!er" or (o!er"0 for%al or infor%al e#er(ise of
non6(oer(i!e infl$en(e7 Here0 I offer a s$s"ained (ri"i*$e of 're!ailin ar$%en"s
in!o8in 9T&e Tyranny of S"r$("$relessness:0 in -&i(& "&e la(8 of for%al oranisa"ion is
seen as "&e so$r(e of in!isible and $na((o$n"able infl$en(e7
Ho-e!er0 "&ese ar$%en"s are no" only (on(e'"$ally inade*$a"e in "&eir e#'lana"ory
(lai%s0 b$" also nor%a"i!ely 'roble%a"i( in "&eir 'ro'osals for "&e s$bs$%in of
infl$en(e in"o for%al s"r$("$res and dis($ssion6fora7 T&ese 'ro'osals inore "&e la""er;s
inade*$a(y for se($rely 'lannin illeal a("i!i"ies0 and G %ore i%'or"an"ly G "&eir
reinfor(e%en" of 'a"riar(&y7 On "&ese (onsidera"ions0 s'a(es for infor%al0 in!isible and
be&ind6"&e6s(enes 'o-er (o%e "o be seen as bo"& ne(essary and desirable7 As a differen"
resol$"ion "o "&e an#ie"ies raised &ere I s$es" so%e ele%en"s of a 9($l"$re of solidari"y:
aro$nd "&e radi(al e#er(ise of 'o-er0 dis($ssin "&e (on(e'" of solidari"y fro% an
anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e7
9But we don+t ha(e leaders,,,-
Le" $s be (lear abo$" "&is: -i"& all "&e 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s0 &oriCon"alis% and
si""in in a (ir(le d$rin %ee"ins0 "&ere are (learly 'o-er6ine*$ali"ies in "&e anar(&is"
%o!e%en"7 T&ere are obser!able si"$a"ions -&ere so%e a("i!is"s (onsis"en"ly &a!e a
larer 'ersonal 'resen(e0 %ore fre*$en"ly ini"ia"e a("ions and 'ro=e("s0 ass$%e 'osi"ions
of res'onsibili"y0 and s'ea8 and e" lis"ened "o %ore "&an o"&ers7 A" "&e %ore e#"re%e
ends0 so%e anar(&is" (olle("i!es &a!e be(o%e (li*$ey0 or fallen $nder "&e s-ay of a
2@@
!isible and %ore6or6less 'er%anen" leader+s&i',7 In o"&er si"$a"ions0 a("i!is"s; fear of
any"&in "&a" %i&" be seen as a leaders&i' dyna%i( i%'edes ini"ia"i!e0 leadin "o
s"ana"ion and dise%'o-er%en"7
One i%'or"an" iss$e is "&e 9de%ora'&i(s: of 'o-er0 "&e fa(" "&a" anar(&is"
leaders&i' 'osi"ions o!er-&el%inly refle(" rei%es of do%ina"ion in "&e -ider so(ie"y7
Lo(a"ions of dis'ro'or"iona"e 'o-er in anar(&is" (ir(les do "end "o be in&abi"ed by %en
%ore of"en "&an -o%en0 -&i"es %ore of"en "&an non6-&i"es0 able 'ersons %ore of"en
"&an disabled ones G and "&ere is of"en be&a!io$r -&i(& is ra(is"0 se#is"0 &e"erose#is" and
so on7 I -ill re"$rn "o "&is as'e(" la"er7 I" s&o$ld be e%'&asised0 &o-e!er0 "&a" "&e
*$es"ion *ho &as dis'ro'or"iona"e 'o-er and *hy is (on(e'"$ally se'ara"e fro% *hat
'o-er is and ho* i" is -ielded7 T&ere (an be a de%ora'&i(ally di!erse eli"e7 More
realis"i(ally0 "&ere (an be $ne*$al 'o-er dis"rib$"ion in ro$'s "&a" are in"en"ionally
&o%oeneo$s G s$(& as an all6-o%an0 all6bla(8 fe%inis" ro$' +or an all6%ale0 all6-&i"e
fe%inis" ro$' for "&a" %a""er,7
T&e re(oni"ion of "&ese reali"ies0 and "&e need "o 9deal: -i"& "&e% so%e&o-0 &as
enera"ed a rea" deal of &ea"ed deba"e in "&e %o!e%en" o!er "&e 'as" fe- years7 T&ere
is a -ide re(oni"ion in "&e %o!e%en" of "&e serio$s and of"en (&roni( na"$re of "&ese
iss$es0 as -ell as %any en$ine and e#"ensi!e effor"s "o (onfron" "&e% G es'e(ially abo$"
"&e (onne("ion "o rei%es of do%ina"ion +Anony%o$s3 $nda"ed0 CBS $nda"ed0
Mar"ineC 31110 DAD? 311F0 Crass 311Fa0 A$ilar 311/,7 Con(erns abo$" dis'ro'or"ional
'o-er6rela"ions (ons"an"ly s$rfa(e a" %ee"ins0 d$rin a("ions and in 'assin
(on!ersa"ions G s"ill e(&oin -i"& "&e sa%e 'reo(($'a"ions "&a" fe%inis"s and 'ea(e
a("i!is"s &a!e fa(ed sin(e "&e <1s7
2@F
Really0 i" is no" s$r'risin "&a" "&e dis($ssion is so diffi($l"7 Anar(&is"s and o"&er
rassroo"s %o!e%en"s are0 af"er all0 e#'eri%en"in -i"& "&e 9$n(&ar"ed "erri"ory: of
non6&ierar(&i(al so(ial rela"ions0 oin aains" "&e rain of "&eir o-n so(ialisa"ion as
infan"s0 '$'ils and -or8ers7 Prole Ca" +311F, -ri"es:
E!ery-&ere -e "$rn in (a'i"alis" so(ie"y is &ierar(&i(al oraniCa"ion777T&e &abi"s and
'ers'e("i!es "&a" a((o%'any s$(& a so(ial arrane%en" do no" a$"o%a"i(ally disa''ear as one
en"ers "&e a"es of "&e re!ol$"ionary %o!e%en"777Bi"&o$" e#'li(i"ly reno$n(in anar(&is" 'oli"i(s0
Na("i!is"sO of"en bein "o drif" in"o %odes of be&a!ior "&a" are de(idedly a$"&ori"arian7 Or 'er&a's
"&eir a("i!is" life be(o%es one lon s"r$le be"-een "&eir desire "o a((o%'lis& so(ial (&ane0 and
a (ons(io$s effor" "o s"ifle "&eir i%'$lses "o 9lead:7 T&e leaders and "&e follo-ers0 "&e by6'rod$("s
of an a$"&ori"arian so(ie"y: "&is is "&e ra- %a"erial fro% -&i(& -e %$s" b$ild "&e free
so(ie"y777Be %$s" bein o$r eali"arian rela"ions "oday0 a%on o$r da%aed sel!es0 if -e are "o
li!e in a free -orld "o%orro-7
Mean-&ile "&e (on(e'" of 9leaders&i': o(($'ies an $n(o%for"able 'osi"ion in "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en";s 'oli"i(al !o(ab$lary7 T&e -ord is s$b=e(" "o %onfli%tin(
de(on"es"a"ions +?reeden 2..<:K<6K,0 affi#in i" -i"& bo"& 'osi"i!e and nea"i!e
o!er"ones7 T&e nea"i!e asso(ia"ion for anar(&is"s is leaders&i' as a 'osi"ion of a$"&ori"y
and (o%%and0 "&e leader as "&e 'oli"i(ian or eneral0 "o -&i(& anar(&is"s are na"$rally
an"aonis"i(7 4e(a$se Prole Ca" "&in8s "&is is "&e only rele!an" 'roble%0 s5&e ends $'
denyin "&e !alidi"y of "&e (on(erns:
T&e sol$"ion is si%'li(i"y i"self: le" "&e leaders lead0 and "&e follo-ers follo-7 To an e#"en"0
"&e bes" (o$rse is "o allo- 'eo'le "o fall in"o "&e roles -i"& -&i(& "&ey are %os" (o%for"able +sin(e
"&ey are oin "o any-ay\,7 Be (anno" (&ane 'eo'le o!erni&"0 nor s&o$ld -e "ry "o7 Ra"&er0 o$r
"as8 s&o$ld be "o dis(ern -&ere "&e bo$ndaries lie be"-een leaders&i' and a$"&ori"y0 and a("
a((ordinly777T&e 'resen(e of san("ions777se'ara"eNsO "&e e#er(ise of a$"&ori"y fro% lei"i%a"e free
leaders&i'777-e s&o$ld no" -orry o!er%$(& abo$" "&e a$"&ori"arian i%'li(a"ions of leaders&i'7
Le" $s see "o i" "&a" none &as 'o-er o!er ano"&er0 "&a" is "o say0 "&a" none %ay '$nis& ano"&er
-&o disarees0 in any -ay7 If "&ese (ondi"ions are %e"0 "&an -e -ill be -ell on o$r -ay7
Leaders&i' is no" a$"&ori"arian0 a$"&ori"y is\
S$(& fa(ile dis%issal of "&e iss$e is0 &o-e!er0 (learly a (ase of (onf$sed "&in8in7 On
2@/
"&e s"ren"& of "&is ar$%en" alone0 i" s&o$ld see% "&a" "&e en"ire anar(&is" %o!e%en" is
e#'erien(in so%e sor" of (olle("i!e 'sy(&osis aro$nd leaders&i'0 i%ainin a 'roble%
-&ere none e#is"s7 S"ill "&e fa(" re%ains "&a" %os" anar(&is"s do belie!e "&a" "&ere is a
'roble%0 and i" -o$ld see% &i&ly $nli8ely "&a" "&ere is no"&in %ore "o i" "&an an
ill$sion7 More f$nda%en"ally0 "&ere is a li%i"ed $nders"andin of 9'o-er: &ere -&i(&
red$(es i" "o "&e abili"y "o '$nis& +or "o "&rea" '$nis&%en",7 T&e la""er is na%ed
9a$"&ori"y:0 al"&o$& i" is %$(& (loser "o -&a" -e %ean by 9(oer(ion:7
O"&er diffi($l"ies are 'resen"ed by a s"a"e%en" fro% M$rray 4oo8(&in +311@,:
Many indi!id$als in earlier ro$'s li8e "&e CNT -ere no" =$s" 9infl$en"ial %ili"an"s: b$"
o$"ri&" leaders0 -&ose !ie-s -ere i!en %ore (onsidera"ion G and deser!edly so\ G "&an "&ose of
o"&ers be(a$se "&ey -ere based on %ore e#'erien(e0 8no-lede0 and -isdo%0 as -ell as "&e
'sy(&oloi(al "rai"s "&a" -ere needed "o 'ro!ide effe("i!e $idan(e7 A serio$s liber"arian
a''roa(& "o leaders&i' -o$ld indeed a(8no-lede "&e reali"y and (r$(ial i%'or"an(e of leaders G
all "&e %ore "o es"ablis& "&e rea"ly needed for%al str&%t&res and re(&lations "&a" (an effe("i!ely
%ontrol and modify "&e a("i!i"ies of leaders and re(all "&e% -&en "&e %e%bers&i' de(ides "&eir
res'e(" is bein %is$sed or -&en leaders&i' be(o%es an e#er(ise in ab$si!e e#er(ise of 'o-er7
B&a" is a($"ely %issin "&is "i%e is a (onsidera"ion of "&e e(alitarian distrib&tion of
leaders&i' *$ali"ies and 'osi"ions7 I" is one "&in "o a(8no-lede "&a" leaders&i' is a
$sef$l *$ali"y0 b$" *$i"e ano"&er "o as8 *ho leads *hen7 4oo8(&in;s for%$la"ion li%i"s
any 'roble% -i"& "&e iss$e of leaders&i' "o "&e 'ossible ab$se of s$(& 'osi"ions and
"&eir (onsolida"ion in"o $na((o$n"able 'o-er0 -&ile lossin o!er -&e"&er or no" "&ese
'osi"ions are (on"in$o$sly in&abi"ed by "&e sa%e indi!id$als7 Ho-e!er0 one %ay do$b"
-&e"&er a 9serio$s liber"arian: a''roa(& (an si" sa"isfied -i"& -&a" is0 essen"ially0 a (all
"o %eri"o(ra(y7 E!en if "&e dis"rib$"ion of infl$en(e is en"irely de'enden" on 9e#'erien(e0
8no-lede and -isdo%:0 i" (an s"ill be rossly ineali"arian if (er"ain indi!id$als -&o
&a!e "&ese *$ali"ies (onsis"en"ly lead "&e ro$' -&ile "&e res" follo-7 Is "&is of no
2@<
(onse*$en(e "o anar(&is"sH
4eyond "&is0 i" is *$es"ionable -&e"&er s$(& *$ali"ies are "&e only ones "&a" s&o$ld
be "a8en in"o (onsidera"ion -&en as8in -&o s&o$ld &a!e an infl$en(e on anar(&is"
a("i!i"ies7 I" -o$ld see% "&a" for 4oo8(&in0 "&e only (ri"erion for e!al$a"in anar(&is"
s"r$("$res is "&eir $"ili"y for ad!an(in a re!ol$"ionary 'rora%7 T&is bra(8e"s a -&ole
in"rinsi(0 ra"&er "&an ins"r$%en"al !al$es "&a" anar(&is"s find in "&eir ro$'s: "&a" "&ey be
n$r"$rin s'a(es0 fa(ili"a"in "&e self realisa"ion of indi!id$als0 and 'ro!idin "&e% -i"&
a self6(rea"ed en!iron%en" for o!er(o%in aliena"ion and en"ren(&ed o''ressi!e
be&a!io$rs7
Anar(&is"s also "end "o &arbo$r s$s'i(ion "o-ards "&e i%aery of "&e (&aris%a"i(
9'roressi!e: leader +e77 Gand&i0 Ain0 Mandela,0 sin(e i" (o%es in"o (onfli(" -i"& "&eir
o-n i%aery of resis"an(e as a self6dire("ed and fa(e6"o6fa(e effor" of (o%%$ni"ies0 in
-&i(& 'eo'le dra- s$''or" and ins'ira"ion &oriCon"ally fro% ea(& o"&er ra"&er "&an
deferrin "o a (&aris%a"i( fi$re&ead7 Leaders&i' is also no" a *$ali"y "&a" anar(&is"s
"end "o as(ribe "o "&eir %o!e%en";s role -i"&in "&e re!ol$"ionary 'ro(ess in eneral7
Al"&o$& 're!io$s enera"ions of anar(&is"s (o$ld so%e"i%es s'ea8 of "&e anar(&is"
%o!e%en" as 'ro!idin a 9leaders&i' of ideas: "o 9"&e e#'loi"ed %asses: +Ma8&no e"7al7
2.3<,0 %any (on"e%'orary anar(&is"s -o$ld (onsider s$(& "er%s s"ronly 'a"ernalis"i(7
Ra"&er "&an 9oranisin 'eo'le: "ransi"i!ely0 anar(&is"s "end "o "r$s" in 'eo'le;s (a'a(i"y
"o self6oranise aro$nd "&eir o-n s"r$les and for% ne"-or8s of solidari"y -i"& o"&er
a$"ono%o$s ini"ia"i!es7
On "&e o"&er &and0 "&ere are a" leas" so%e senses of leaders&i' "&a" anar(&is"s "end "o
$se a''ro!inly7 One "&a" see%s en"irely $n(on"ro!ersial is "&e (orollary of "&e 're!io$s
2@K
'ro'osi"ion0 na%ely "&a" a s"r$le s&o$ld be 9led: by "&ose -&o &a!e "&e (loses" s"a8e
in i"7 I "&in8 anar(&is"s -o$ld no" find any"&in 'roble%a"i( -i"& "&e s"a"e%en" "&a"
-o%en s&o$ld lead an"i6'a"riar(&y s"r$les0 "&a" 'eo'le of (olo$r s&o$ld lead s"r$les
aains" ra(is%0 or "&a" -or8ers s&o$ld lead -or8'la(e s"r$les7 In "&is sense leaders&i'
is (onne("ed "o de(en"ralisa"ion and 'oli"i(al s$bsidiari"y0 -&ereby one (o$ld say "&a"
de(isions are %ade 9as (lose as 'ossible: "o "&e 9'oin" of s"r$le:7 T&ose -&o &a!e "&e
(r$(ial s"a8e in a s"r$le +or a i!en (a%'ain0 a("ion or %obilisa"ion, s&o$ld dire(" i"7
T&ey s&o$ld &a!e "&e de(isi!e !oi(e on i"s 'roression0 and s&a'e "&e 'ara%e"ers alon
-&i(& "&eir allies are as8ed "o s$''or" i" and e#'ress "&eir solidari"y7 In s$(& a si"$a"ion0
allies -o$ld see i" as en"irely a((e'"able "o 'ay a""en"ion and a((o%%oda"e "&e%sel!es0
$' "o a 'oin"0 "o "&e leadin (ons"i"$en(y;s e#'ressed needs and re*$es"s7 T&$s0 d$rin
"&e re(en" GI %obilisa"ion in S(o"land0 anar(&is"s fro% Enland a(8no-leded "&e
s'e(ial -ei&" "o be i!en "o "&e !oi(es of oranisers fro% Edinb$r& and Glaso-7
B&ile "&is sense of leaders&i' is 'robably -ell6a((e'"ed in "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"0
i" &a''ens on so%e-&a" differen" "er%s fro% "&e sense "&a" 'reo(($'ies a("i!is"s G
leaders&i' *ithin lo(ally6ro$nded0 %ore6or6less (on"in$o$s ne"-or8s and (olle("i!es7
Here0 "&ere &a!e been a""e%'"s by so%e anar(&is"s "o re(lai% "&e (on(e'" of
9leaders&i': as a 'osi"i!e !al$e0 ar"i($la"in i" as "&e f$n("ion of 'ersons -&o %ainly
e%'o-er o"&ers and &el' fa(ili"a"e a ro$';s self6dire("ed a("i!i"y7 T&$s for e#a%'le0
ra"&er "&an iden"ifyin leaders&i' ne(essarily -i"& a (oer(i!e s"r$("$re0 C&aC 4$fe
'ro'oses a 9ne- %odel: in -&i(& 9leaders&i' is permeable G anyone -&o &as s$ffi(ien"
%o"i!a"ion and (o%%i"%en" -ill li8ely be(o%e 'ar" of "&e %$l"ifa(e"ed0 de fa("o0 and
e!er6(&anin leaders&i' -i"&in a non6&ierar(&i(al oraniCa"ion: +4$fe 2..I,7 B&ile
2@I
C&ris Crass0 'er&a's a bi" o'"i%is"i(ally0 s"a"es "&a" 9"&e an"i6&ierar(&i(al0 eali"arian or
&oriCon"al oraniCin %odels of anar(&is% fa(ili"a"e as %any 'eo'le as 'ossible s&arin
leaders&i' roles0 'o-er and de(ision %a8in7: +Crass 311Fb, T&is sense of leaders&i' &as
as i"s (en"ral "&e%es !ol$n"aris%0 "e%'orariness and ro"a"ion and is0 as s$(&0 'robably
narro- eno$& "o be a((e'"able "o %any anar(&is"s7 Ho-e!er0 so%e serio$s
(larifi(a"ions are in order as "o -&a" all "&ese -ords %ean0 -&ere "&e red lines are0 and
&o- "o %a8e i" &a''en7
From .eadership to Power
Le" $s bein "o a''roa(& "&e iss$e by loo8in a" so%e (o%%on6lan$ae $ses of "&e
-ord 9leaders&i':7 Mos" broadly0 "&e !erb 9"o lead: in!o8es a sense of s'a"ial
differen"ia"ion: "o lead is "o be in fron"0 a&ead7 T&is is "r$e -&e"&er -e are s'ea8in of a
son leadin "&e (&ar"s0 of a (andida"e or a"&le"e leadin a ra(e0 or of one 'erson leadin
ano"&er "o-ards a des"ina"ion7 4$" "&e differen(e be"-een "&e firs" "-o e#a%'les and "&e
"&ird is -&e"&er "&is 9bein a&ead: %erely des(ribes a rela"i!e 'osi"ionin0 or also a
"ransi"i!e rela"ions&i' -&ereby -&oe!er is doin "&e leadin is a%tin( &pon -&oe!er is
led or follo-s7 B&en -e say "&a" 9"&e sa%ba band is leadin "&e %ar(&:0 -e (an &a!e
ei"&er 'ossibili"y in %ind7 If "&e (o$rse of "&e %ar(& is 'rede"er%ined and 8no-n in
ad!an(e "o "&e %ar(&ers0 "&en "o say "&a" "&e band is leadin +and "&a" "&e %ar(&ers
follo-, only des(ribes "&eir rela"i!e 'osi"ionin G "&e band is si%'ly in fron"7 4$" -e (an
also be des(ribin a si"$a"ion in -&i(& aen(y is a" -or80 -&ere "&e (o$rse is ei"&er no"
8no-n in ad!an(e or is s$''osed "o be differen"0 and "&e %o!e%en" of "&e band
2@.
determines -&ere "&e res" of "&e %ar(& oes7 Here "&e band is ta2in( "&e o"&ers in a i!en
dire("ion7 T&is se(ond 'i("$re e#'resses %ore f$lly "&e "ransi"i!i"y of "&e !erb 9"o lead:0
"&e sense of "&e !erb %ore asso(ia"ed -i"& a 'osi"ion of 9leaders&i':0 and is in fa(" (loser
"o i"s oriin +Old Enlis& lDdan, 9(a$se "o o -i"& one:0 (a$sa"i!e of liEan0 9"o "ra!el:,7
Generalisin no- fro% "&e se(ond sense0 -e (an see "&a" leaders&i' in "&e rele!an"
anar(&is" se""in of an affini"y ro$' or ne"-or8 (o$ld %os" broadly be defined as "&e
'osi"ion of one or %ore indi!id$als in a ro$' -&o &a!e a ma;or infl&en%e on "&e a("ions
of "&e ro$' as a -&ole7 To lead0 in i"s bares" 'oli"i(al sense0 %eans "o na!ia"e "&e
a("ions oneself and of o"&ers G "o o(($'y a 'osi"ion -i"&in "&e ro$' "&a" &as lare 'ar"
in de"er%inin -&ere i" %o!es7 T&e '$r'ose of "&is !erbal (larifi(a"ion is "o s&if" aside
"&e "er% leaders&i' and fo($s on "&e %$(& %ore $sef$l (on(e'" of 'o-er7 Leaders&i'
9as s$(&: G as a %ere des(ri'"ion of a 'erson;s 'osi"ion G is beref" of 'oli"i(al sinifi(an(e
if i" is no" (onne("ed "o 'o-er as a (en"ral (on(e'"7 E!en on i"s bares"0 %os" 'ri%i"i!e
no"ion as a delibera"e affe(" on reali"y +(f7 R$ssell 2.@I,0 'o-er is (learly 'resen" in all
leaders&i' '&eno%ena7 4$" -&a" 8inds of 'o-er are i%'lied by differen" ins"an(es of
9leaders&i': in anar(&is" oranisinH Ho- (o$ld anar(&is"s bes" $nders"and "&e
f$n("ionin and dis"rib$"ion of 'o-er -i"&in "&eir o-n ne"-or8sH And -&a" iss$es do
differen" for%s of 'o-er 'resen" for anar(&is"sH
Le" %e s-if"ly dis'el "&e %is(on(e'"ion "&a" anar(&is"s o''ose 'o-er 9as s$(&: G
and "&$s a""a(& "&e%sel!es "o an i%'ossible oal +Ne-%an 31120 (f7 Gla!in 311F,7 T&is is
s&o-n $n"r$e by "&eir 'oli"i(al lan$ae0 in -&i(& anar(&is"s (ons"an"ly s'ea8 of
9e%'o-er%en": as a 'osi"i!e oal0 (elebra"e 9'eo'le 'o-er: and loo8 "o -ays of
9brinin 'o-er ba(8 "o "&e rassroo"s:7 T&e (on(e'" of e%'o-er%en" &as a 'osi"i!e
2F1
!al$e a""a(&ed "o i" in anar(&is" dis(o$rse7 E%'o-er%en" is seen as a 'ro(ess -&ereby
'eo'le li"erally a(*$ire 'o-er0 -&e"&er in 'sy(&oloi(al "er%s0 i7e7 &a!in "&e self6
(onfiden(e "o ini"ia"e (&ane in "&eir si"$a"ion -i"& "&e belief "&a" "&eir a("ions -ill be
effe("$al0 or in %ore (on(re"e "er%s0 i7e7 &a!in a((ess "o "&e reso$r(es and (a'a(i"ies "&a"
are ne(essary for (arryin "&a" (&ane "&ro$&7 On "&e o"&er &and0 anar(&is"s -an" "o
9fi&" "&e 'o-er:0 or a" leas" 9"&e 'o-ers "&a" be:0 $nder -&i(& 'eo'le are
sys"e%a"i(ally s$b=e(" "o 'o-er +$nder "&e s"a"e0 (a'i"alis%0 'a"riar(&y,7
R
T&is indi(a"es0
no" a 9re=e("ion of 'o-er:0 b$" a %ore n$an(ed and differen"ia"ed $se of "&e (on(e'"7
Po*er!over as -omination
Dis($ssions of 'o-er in s"andard a(ade%i( li"era"$re o!er-&el%inly ra!i"a"e
aro$nd "&e $nders"andin of "&e (on(e'" ina$$ra"ed by Ma# Beber7 T&o$& Beber;s
defini"ions of "&e "er% differ sli&"ly a%on &is !ario$s -ri"ins0 "&ey all (on(ei!e of
'o-er as do%ina"ion +Ferrs%haft ,0 (onsis"in in "&e i%'osi"ion of one an a("or;s -ill on
ano"&er7 T&$s Beber says "&a" 'o-er is 9"&e 'robabili"y "&a" one a("or -i"&in a so(ial
rela"ions&i' -ill be in a 'osi"ion "o (arry o$" &is o-n -ill des'i"e resis"an(e0 reardless
of "&e basis on -&i(& "&is 'robabili"y res"s: +Beber 2.FK:2/3, or0 in a %ore (ondensed
!ersion0 "&e 'ossibili"y of i%'osin one;s -ill $'on "&e be&a!io$r of o"&er 'ersons:
+Beber 2./F:@3@,7
T&is (on(e'"ion of 'o-er -as (arried o!er "o A%eri(an 'oli"i(al "&eory "&ro$& "&e
-or8 of Rober" Da&l and o"&er 'l$ralis" -ri"ers7 In &is early ar"i(le 9T&e Con(e'" of
Po-er:0 Da&l e%'&asised a !ie- of 'o-er as a rela"ions&i' of infl$en(e ra"&er "&an a
R
Ea(& of "&ese (ollo*$ial e#'ressions0 bo"& 'osi"i!e and nea"i!e0 -as &eard %any "i%es by "&e a$"&or
d$rin "&e 'ro"es" %obilisa"ions and a("i!is" a"&erins %en"ioned in "&e in"rod$("ion
2F2
'ro'er"y of 'ersons7 T&is s$es"s "&a" 'o-er (an be defined in "&e follo-in for%$la:
9$ &as 'o-er o!er / "o "&e e#"en" "&a" &e (an e" / "o do so%e"&in "&a" / -o$ld no"
o"&er-ise do: +Da&l 2./K:I1, La"er in "&e sa%e 'ie(e &e offers a sli&"ly differen"
defini"ion0 -&ereby 'o-er in!ol!es 9a s$((essf$l a""e%'" by $ "o e" a "o do so%e"&in
&e -o$ld no" o"&er-ise do: +I3,7 T&e differen(e be"-een "&e "-o s"a"e%en"s is one of
(a'a(i"y !ers$s s$((ess G be"-een "&e 'ossession of 'o-er and i"s e#er(ise7 Da&l;s
defini"ion does no" s'e(ify (onfli(" of -ills or in"eres"s0 and is "&$s in(l$si!e of "&e 'o-er
'resen" in 'ers$asion or in a re*$es" ?or "&is reason0 I -o$ld li8e "o reser!e "&e
e#'ression 9'o-er6o!er: for (ases -&ere "&ere is (onfli("0 obser!able or la"en"0 be"-een
a("ors; -ills and5or in"eres"s +%ore on "&is belo-,7
Pe"er 4a(&ra(& and Mor"on 4ara"C +2.K1:@/ff4,0 and Da&l +311@:@I6F@,0 offer si%ilar
"y'oloies of 'o-er6o!er "&a" are $sef$l as a r$le of "&$%b7 T&ese e%bra(e for(e0
(oer(ion0 %ani'$la"ion and a$"&ori"y7 T&ey differ in reard "o *hy 4 (o%'lies7
Force is $sed -&en $ a(&ie!es &is ob=e("i!es in "&e fa(e of /;s non6(o%'lian(e by
s"ri''in &i% of "&e (&oi(e be"-een (o%'lian(e and non6(o%'lian(e7
Coercion is a" -or8 -&ere / (o%'lies in res'onse "o A;s (redible "&rea" of de'ri!a"ion
+or of 9san("ion:,7 In "&e fa(e a disad!an"aeo$s (os"5benefi" (al($l$s (rea"ed by "&e
"&rea"0 / (o%'lies of &is o-n $nfree -ill7
'anipulation o(($rs -&en $ delibera"ely lies or o%i"s infor%a"ion in (o%%$ni(a"in
&is -an"s "o /7 T&e la""er (o%'lies -i"&o$" re(onisin ei"&er "&e so$r(e or "&e e#a("
na"$re of "&e de%and $'on &i%7
Authority is in 'la(e -&en / (o%'lies "o $;s (o%%and o$" of /;s re(oni"ion "&a" $ &as
"&e ri&" "o iss$e "&e (o%%and and "&a" / &as a (orres'ondin d$"y "o obey7
Da&l;s f$r"&er analysis of 'o-er in i"s o'era"ion0 -i"& i"s fo($s on obser!able
2F3
be&a!io$r in "&e %a8in of de(isions in "&e '$bli( s'&ere +Da&l 2.<2,0 &as (o%e $nder a
rea" deal of (ri"i(is% d$e "o i"s 9s$'erfi(ial and res"ri("i!e Nna"$reO777leadin "o an
$n=$s"ified (elebra"ion of A%eri(an 'l$ralis%0 -&i(& i" 'or"rayed as %ee"in "&e
re*$ire%en"s of de%o(ra(y: +L$8es 311/:2/,7 T&$s 4a(&ra(& and 4ara"C ar$ed aains"
"&e s"i'$la"ion of a de(ision6%a8in (rossroads as "&e only !en$e in -&i(& 'o-er is
e#er(ised0 'oin"in o$" "&a" "&is also &a''ens "&ro$& %o%en"s of non6de(ision7 T&ey
'oin"ed "o %ani'$la"ion on "&e le!el of "&e 'oli"i(al 9r$les of "&e a%e:0 "&e s&a'in of
9'redo%inan" !al$es0 beliefs0 ri"$als0 and ins"i"$"ional 'ro(ed$res777"&a" o'era"e
sys"e%a"i(ally and (onsis"en"ly "o "&e benefi" of (er"ain 'ersons and ro$'s Nof"en a
%inori"y or eli"e ro$'O a" "&e e#'ense of o"&ers: +2.K1:F@,7 T&ose -&o benefi" are 'la(ed
in a 'referred 'osi"ion "o defend and 'ro%o"e "&eir !es"ed in"eres"7 T&$s 'o-er6o!er is
also 'resen" 9-&en $ de!o"es &is eneries "o (rea"in or reinfor(in so(ial and 'oli"i(al
!al$es and ins"i"$"ional 'ra("i(es "&a" li%i" "&e s(o'e of "&e 'oli"i(al 'ro(ess "o '$bli(
(onsidera"ion of only "&ose iss$es -&i(& are (o%'ara"i!ely inno($o$s "o $: +2.K1:K,7
S"e'&en L$8es +311/:3K6I, a((e'"s 4a(&ra(& and 4ara"C;s (orre("i!e0 and s&ares "&eir
disill$sion%en" -i"& 'l$ralis%7 S"ill0 &e says "&ey are %issin ano"&er di%ension of
'o-er6o!er0 in -&i(& (onfli(" i"self is no" as(er"ainable7 $ %ay also e#er(ise 'o-er by
infl$en(in0 s&a'in or de"er%inin N/DsO !ery -an"s7 Indeed0 is i" no" "&e s$'re%e e#er(ise of
'o-er "o e" ano"&er or o"&ers "o &a!e "&e desires yo$ -an" "&e% "o &a!e G "&a" is0 "o se($re "&eir
(o%'lian(e by (on"rollin "&eir "&o$&"s and desiresH
Po-er as %ani'$la"ion0 for L$8es0 is 'resen" in a dee'er -ay "&an -i"& 4a(&ra(&
and 4ara"C;s 'ro"aonis"0 -&o %erely la(8s infor%a"ionM "&e %ani'$la"ion is also said "o
&a''en on "&e le!el of "&e 'erson;s (ons(io$sness G no" only in dis(re"e in"er'ersonal
2F@
s(enarios b$" as a so(ie"al %e(&anis%7 L$8es; in!o(a"ion of "&e 94i 4ro"&er: %e"a'&or
in!ol!ed -i"& "&is (on(e'" +L$8es 311/:@10 (f7 Or-ell 2.F.0 Golds"ein 3113, leads &i% "o
ar$e "&a" -&a" is a" s"a8e -i"& 'o-er6o!er in eneral is "&a" $ %a8es / do so%e"&in
a(ainst /8s interests7 Ei"&er / is ade*$a"e =$de of "&eir o-n in"eres"s G %a8in for a
'resen" (onfli(" leadin "o (oer(ion or for(e0 or else / is rendered an inade*$a"e =$de of
"&eir o-n in"eres"s d$e "o "&e dee' so(ial %ani'$la"ion of "&eir o-n !al$es or -an"s7
T&e a((o$n" of /;s real in"eres"s0 for L$8es0 is an e%'iri(al %a""er -i"&in a 9nor%a"i!ely
s'e(ifi(: fra%e-or87
Be %ay no- rela"e "&e (on(e'" of 'o-er6o!er "o "&e anar(&is" (on(e'" of
9do%ina"ion:7 To (o$(& "&ins in "&e "er%s in!o8ed abo!e0 i" (an be said "&a" in "&e
rele!an" anar(&is" sense0 a 'erson is do%ina"ed -&en s5&e is in!ol$n"arily s$b=e("ed "o
any n$%ber of in"erse("in so(ial rela"ions in!ol!in "&e sys"e%a"i( $se of for(e0 (oer(ion
and %ani'$la"ion7 T&e 'la(e%en" is by defini"ion in!ol$n"ary: 'eo'le do no" (&oose "&e
de"er%inan"s of "&eir life6'ros'e("s0 "&e so(ial (lass "&ey are born in"o0 "&e ra(e and
ender -i"& -&i(& "&ey are iden"ified7 4y -ay of "ransla"ion in"o "&e !o(ab$lary of
redis"rib$"i!e eali"arian '&iloso'&y0 i" is as if bein born any"&in o"&er "&an an
affl$en" -&i"e %ale *$alified as 9br$"e bad l$(8: +(f7 D-or8in 2.I20 Co&en 2.I.,7
Re%ainin -i"&in "&ese rela"ions is also no" !ol$n"ary0 sin(e a (olle("i!e effor" "o (&ane
so(ial rela"ions is so%e"i%es far %ore (os"ly "&an re"ainin "&e%7 E!en $nder "&e
d$bio$s ass$%'"ion "&a" Bes"ern (o$n"ries are s"ill +or &a!e e!er been, liberal
de%o(ra(ies0 "&e r$les of "&e lei"i%ised 'oli"i(al a%e %ay allo- a 'erson0 a" %os"0 "o
a(" -i"& so%e lee-ay -i"&in e#is"in so(ial rela"ions7 4$" (&allenes "o "&e la""er;s basi(
loi( are re'ressed -i"& fier(eness 'ro'or"ional "o i"s (&an(es of s$((ess7
2FF
As a sense of 'o-er0 "&e -ord do%ina"ion is %ore (o%'re&ensi!e "&an ano"&er
(on(e'"0 9&ierar(&y: or 9s"ra"ifi(a"ion:0 -&i(& des(ribin "&e str&%t&re of %any of "&e
so(ial rela"ions anar(&is"s ob=e(" "o0 b$" no" of "&e% all7 On an 9old6s(&ool: a''roa(&0
Anar(&is" analysis777s"ar"s fro% "&e fa(" "&a" all of o$r %a=or ins"i"$"ions are in "&e for% of
&ierar(&ies0 i7e7 oranisa"ions "&a" (on(en"ra"e 'o-er a" "&e "o' of a 'yra%idal s"r$("$re0 s$(& as
(or'ora"ions0 o!ern%en" b$rea$(ra(ies0 ar%ies0 'oli"i(al 'ar"ies0 reliio$s oranisa"ions0
$ni!ersi"ies0 e"(7 I" "&en oes on "o s&o- &o- "&e a$"&ori"arian rela"ions in&eren" in s$(&
&ierar(&ies nea"i!ely affe(" indi!id$als0 "&eir so(ie"y0 and ($l"$re7 +M(Aay e"7al 311@ TA,
Ho-e!er0 "&e i%aery of all so(ie"y;s 'roble%s as s"e%%in fro% oranisa"ion in
"o'6do-n 'yra%id s"r$("$res is *$i"e one6di%ensional7 Tal8in abo$" &ierar(&y i%'lies
"&a" ine*$ali"ies of s"a"$s are !isibleM ei"&er be(a$se "&ey are for%alised +say0 in "&e
rela"ions be"-een a CEO and a se(re"ary,0 or be(a$se one (an iden"ify "&eir 'resen(e in a
'ar"i($lar be&a!io$r or $""eran(e7 Ho-e!er0 as insi&"s of fe%inis"s0 an"i6ra(is"s and
*$eer a("i!is"s (on(ernin "&e fl$idi"y and dise%bodi%en" of 'o-er rela"ions (larify0 "&e
$nfreedo% of &$%an beins is of"en insidio$s0 re'rod$(ed "&ro$& 'erfor%a"i!e a("s in
-&i(& "&e 'ro"aonis"s %ay no" e!en be (ons(io$s of "&eir roles7 B&ile all si"es of
do%ina"ion are %ain"ained by a&thoritarian and5or dis%iplinary pra%ti%es of so%ial
reprod&%tion0 no" all of "&e% dis'lay iden"ifiable &ierar(&ies7 ?o$(a$l" &as fa%o$sly
e#'lored &o- 'o-er is ar"i($la"ed in "&e 9(a'illaries: of so(ial rela"ions0 in ($l"$ral
ra%%ar0 ro$"ine 'ra("i(es0 so(ial %e(&anis%s and ins"i"$"ions G in a %$(& %ore s$b"le
and 'o"en" for% "&an in i"s ro$&er e#'ressions as %ili"ary !iolen(e +?o$(a$l" 2.II:2<6
F.0 ?o$(a$l" 2.I1M (f7 May 2..F0 Si%'son 2..F0 Passe""i 2..< N?o$(a$l" and anar(&is%O
and Call 31130 Ada%s 3113a0 Gla!in 311F N'os"6s"r$("$ralis% and anar(&is%O,7 T&ese
insi&"s feed in"o "&e for%$la"ion of a (on(e'" -&i(& "rans(ends "&e s"r$("$ral
2F/
(&ara("eris"i(s of &ierar(&y7 I" is on "&e basis of s$(& an i%'li(i" analysis of ($rren" so(ial
rela"ions "&a" "&e (on(e'" of do%ina"ion is re'rod$(ed -i"&in anar(&is" dis(o$rse7
Many "i%es0 "&e do%ina"ed 'erson (an only sy%boli(ally 'oin" "o an e%bodied
so$r(e of &er or &is $nfreedo%7 T&e need "o do so e#'lains "&e (on"in$in a''eal of "&e
idea of 9"&e r$lin (lass: a%on anar(&is"s7 Here i" s&o$ld be no"ed "&a" i" (o$ld %a8e
sense "o s'ea8 of a r$lin (lass in (er"ain (on"e#"s0 if "&e %a''in of "&e o!erla''in
%e%bers&i's of o!ern%en"s0 (or'ora"e boards0 b$rea$(ra(ies and o"&er infl$en"ial fora
are any"&in "o o by +for %any e#a%'les see ---7"&eyr$le7ne" G and see '73/<,7 4$"
no" all (ases of de'ri!a"ion in "&e lobalised -orld are dire("ly "ra(eable "o "&e aen(y of
'ar"i($lar %e%ber;s of "&is r$lin (lass7
B&a" re%ains "o be (o%%en"ed on in rela"ion "o 'o-er6o!er is "&e (on(e'" of
a$"&ori"y7 T&e in"rod$("ion of %ani'$la"ion as a s"r$("$ral fa("or &as i%'or"an"
i%'li(a"ions "o "&e onoin dis($ssion aro$nd "&e lei"i%a(y of 'oli"i(al a$"&ori"y and
i"s (onne("ion -i"& 'o-er0 %$(& of i" in "&e -a8e of Rober" Pa$l Bolff;s 9'&iloso'&i(al
anar(&is": a""a(8 on "&e (on(e'" of lei"i%a"e a$"&ori"y7 L$8es; radi(al !ie- of 'o-er0
-i"& i"s a''eal "o e%'iri(al (lai%s0 offers a rene-ed (&allene "o ar$%en"s abo$"
lei"i%a"e a$"&ori"y in &ierar(&i(al so(ie"y0 "&is "i%e fro% a %ore f$ll6blooded anar(&is"
'oin" of !ie-7
Bolff;s '&iloso'&i(al anar(&is" a""a(8 on "&e no"ion of de ;&re a$"&ori"y0 a
'&iloso'&i(ally s$bs"an"ia"ed ri&" "o (o%%and and (orres'ondin d$"y "o obey7 T&is is
dis"in(" fro% de fa%to a$"&ori"y G -&ere 4 re(onises A;s ri&" &is o-n d$"y G '$""in
aside "&e *$es"ion of -&e"&er 4 is ri&" "o do so7 A$"&ori"y is re(onised -&en /
(o%'lies be(a$se $ (o%%ands &i%0 reardless of -&a"e!er inde'enden" reason / %ay
2F<
or %ay no" &a!e "o (o%'ly7 Of"en0 re(oni"ion of so%e a$"&ori"ies is so &abi"$a"ed "&a"
(o%'lian(e is a$"o%a"i( and $nrefle("i!e +Da&l 311@:F3,7 ?or Bolff0 "&e iss$e is -&e"&er
a$"&ori"y is %orally lei"i%a"e reardless of i"s de6fa("o re(oni"ion7 Mobilisin a
Aan"ian a((o$n" of an absol$"e d$"y "o $'&old one;s a$"ono%y0 Bolff re=e("s any
abdi(a"ion of a$"ono%y -i"&o$" s$''or"in reasons +Bolff 2.K2,7
T&e %ain dire("ion of res'onses "o Bolff;s (ri"i(is% &a!e been ar$%en"s "&a" bein
-i"& (ases of a "e%'orary abdi(a"ion of a$"ono%y -&i(& e!en "&e s"a$n(&es"
'&iloso'&i(al anar(&is" -o$ld =$s"ify0 e77 follo-in 9do("or;s orders: or obeyin a
'erson (&osen "o lead a s'e(ifi( "as87 ?ro% "&is0 a defen(e of li%i"ed 'oli"i(al a$"&ori"y in
"&e s"a"e is e#"ra'ola"ed G es"ablis&in 'ara%e"ers in -&i(& "&e forfei" of one;s a$"ono%y
is =$s"ifiable7 Lose'& RaC 'ro'oses "&a" a$"&ori"y is lei"i%a"e -&en i" is a be""er -ay of
(oordina"in -&a" needs "o be done any-ay7
A$"&ori"ies are =$s"ified in "er%s of a "as8 "&ey &a!e "o f$lfil7 T&e ri&" "o r$le is "&e res$l" of a
need "o be r$led Nsi%6O0 a need arisin fro% "&e needs of "&e (o%%$ni"y and i"s
%e%bers777A$"&ori"y is only =$s"ified "o "&e e#"en" "&a" i" ser!es "&ese needs and N(o%%$ni"yO
in"eres"s7 Be are d$"y bo$nd "o obey a lei"i%a"e a$"&ori"y be(a$se doin so777-o$ld ser!e
in"eres"s and needs -e &a!e inde'enden" +i7e7 inde'enden" of "&a" dire("i!e, reason "o ser!e +RaC
2..1:/,7
On s$(& a 9ser!i(e (on(e'"ion: of a$"&ori"y0 "&e =$s"ifi(a"ion of a$"&ori"y be(o%es
'$rely ins"r$%en"al0 based on i"s 9're6e%'"ion: of inde'enden" reasons:
T&ere (an be =$s"ified +se(ond order, (oordina"i!e 'ra("i(es se""in a 'erson or body as a
(oordina"i!e a$"&ori"y0 i7e7 as (a'able of a$"&ori"a"i!ely de"er%inin -&en "&ere is a (oordina"ion
'roble% and -&a" "o do abo$" i"0 and s$(& 'ra("i(es %ay be =$s"ified7 S$(& 'ra("i(es are r$les
-&i(& =$s"ify "&e lei"i%a(y of an a$"&ori"y +-i"&in 'ro'er bo$nds,7 T&ey %a8e all of $s able "o
sol!e (oordina"ion 'roble%s be""er "&an -e %i&" o -&en -e "ry "o =$de for o$rsel!es -&e"&er
"&ere is a (oordina"ion 'roble% and -&e"&er "&e s$b=e("i!e (ondi"ions for i"s sol$"ion are %e"7 +21,
T&e is" of "&is is a((o$n" and i"s s$''or"in "&eses is "&a" a$"&ori"y is lei"i%a"e0
2FK
(onsen" iss$es aside0 -&en i" -o$ld be %ore effe("i!e "o obey so%e 'eo'le;s dire("i!es
$n*$es"ioninly in order "o 9e" on -i"& i":0 ra"&er "&an e!eryone &a!in "o "&in8 and
de(ide for "&e%sel!es G -&en i" is a s&or"($" "o -&a" 'eo'le -o$ld (on(l$de any-ay7
T&is is s"ill an a""e%'" "o 9assi%ila"e a$"&ori"y as a ri&" "o r$le -i"& a$"&ori"y in one of
i"s o"&er $ses: +F,7 If "&e d$"y "o obey a lei"i%a"e a$"&ori"y is0 af"er Ra-ls0 "&e d$"y "o
%os" effe("i!ely 9$'&old =$s" ins"i"$"ions:0 "&en RaC s"a"es "&a" ins"i"$"ions; =$s"i(e (an be
assessed a((ordin "o "&e re*$ire%en"s of "&e 9ser!i(e (on(e'"ion:7
T&is %ay be an ade*$a"e res'onse "o s"ri("ly 9'&iloso'&i(al: anar(&is%0 -&i(& RaC
else-&ere iden"ifies as a 9(l$s"er of re($rrin (onsidera"ions (on(ernin "&e in"rinsi(
desirabili"y of 'eo'le (ond$("in "&eir o-n life by "&eir o-n li&"s::

T&e (ase for "&e !alidi"y of a (lai% "o a$"&ori"y %$s" in(l$de =$s"ifi(a"ory (onsidera"ions
s$ffi(ien" "o o$"-ei& s$(& (o$n"er6reasons7 T&a" is one reason -&y "&e (ase is &ard "o %a8e7 4$"
if anar(&is"s are ri&" "o "&in8 "&a" i" (an ne!er be %ade0 "&is is for (on"inen" reasons and no"
be(a$se of any in(onsis"en(y in "&e no"ion of a ra"ional =$s"ifi(a"ion for a$"&ori"y0 nor in "&e
no"ion of a$"&ori"y o!er %oral aen"s +RaC 2.II:/K7 (f7 Roberson 2..I,7
I" does no"0 &o-e!er0 address "&e politi%al anar(&is";s ar$%en" "&a" a$"&ori"y (an
ne!er %ee" "&e 9ser!i(e (on(e'"ion: in a &ierar(&i(al rela"ions&i'0 d$e "o "&e e!er6
'resen" +"&o$& of"en &idden, (onfli(" of in"eres"s be"-een "&ose -&i(& (lai% "&e ri&" "o
(o%%and and "&ose -&o re(onises "&eir d$"y "o obey7 a 'er%anen" (onfli(" of in"eres"s
be"-een r$lers and r$led7 T&is %ay be seen as 9(on"inen" reasons:0 only "&a" "&e %a""er
of 9(on"inen(y: is no- -&e"&er or no" a$"&ori"y is (lai%ed in "&e (on"e#" of 'er%anen"
&ierar(&ies and (on(en"ra"ions of -eal"& and 'o-er7 B&ile 'oli"i(al anar(&is"s do no"
need "o ar$e aains" any forfei" of a$"ono%y as s$(&0 "&ey (an s"ill ar$e "&a" i" is
al-ays a rea" %is"a8e "o do so in a &ierar(&i(al so(ie"y7
2FI
T&is also refle("s on "radi"ional deba"es on (onsen"7 If a$"ono%y (on"in$es "o be seen
as an ini"ial 'oin" of de'ar"$re0 "&en any (onsen" "o s"a"e a$"&ori"y -o$ld &a!e "o
in!ol!e (onsen" "o RaC;s 9se(ond order (oordina"i!e 'ra("i(es se""in a 'erson or body as
a (oordina"i!e a$"&ori"y:7 Ho-e!er0 if +aain -i"& L$8es, i" is a fea"$re of &ierar(&i(al
so(ie"y "&a" 'eo'le;s 'er(e'"ion of "&eir o-n in"eres"s is "&e res$l" of %ani'$la"ion0 "&is
(o$ld in(l$de "&eir 'er(e'"ion of -&a" s%ale of (oordina"ion is re*$ired "o deli!er on "&eir
real needs and in"eres"s7
T&$s for RaC i" -o$ld %erely be ano"&er 9(on"inen(y: "&a" a ro-"&6dri!en so(ie"y
based on lobal "rade in food and enery and &i&6in"ensi"y "e(&noloi(al de!elo'%en"
re*$ires (o6ordina"ion on a s(ale0 in"ensi"y and so'&is"i(a"ion far re%o!ed fro% -&a" is
ne(essary in a de(en"ralised so(ie"y based on %ore6or6less lo(al self6relian(e in food and
enery0 lo- (arbon e%issions0 and nea"i!e or Cero ro-"& in "&ro$&'$"7 Here0 'oli"i(al
anar(&is"s (an say "&a" =$s"ifyin o!ern%en"al a$"&ori"y in "&e real -orld -o$ld %ean
=$s"ifyin "&e for%er %odel G -&i(& is by no %eans an ob!io$s (&oi(e +see (&a'"er K,7
Po*er!to and Po*er as 1nfl&en%e
L$8es ar$es "&a" "&e 9absol$"ely basi( (o%%on (ore "o0 or 'ri%i"i!e no"ion lyin
be&ind all "al8 of 'o-er is "&e no"ion "&a" $ in so%e -ay affe("s / : +311/:3K6I,7 No-
Clearly $ and / (an be 'ersons or ro$'s7 4$" if / is a '&ysi(al ob=e("0 for e#a%'le a
blo(8 of -ood0 and $ %o!es i" fro% &ere "o "&ere0 "&en i" s"ill %a8es sense "o s'ea8 of "&e
a("ion as a %anifes"a"ion of 'o-er: $;s 'o-er "o al"er '&ysi(al reali"y7 So 'er&a's an
e!en %ore basi( no"ion is "&a" $ &as 'o-er "o "&e deree "&a" $ (an al"er reali"y0 %a"erial
and5or so(ial7 T&is 'o-er is an"e(eden" "o i"s $se: i" is 9"&ere: "o "&e e#"en" "&a" s$((ess
2F.
(an be predi%ted for "&e 'ossessor;s a""e%'"s "o infl$en(e '&ysi(al ob=e("s or ano"&er;s
be&a!io$r +in a &ierar(&i(al (&ain of (o%%and0 for e#a%'le0 "&e 'redi("ion of (ons"an"
s$((ess -o$ld be !ery reliable,7 T&is no"ion of 'o-er6"o0 potentia or0 in Cas"ellano0 poder
+n7 9'o-er:0 !7 9be able "o:, is dis"in(" fro% "&e %obilisa"ion of "&a" 'o-er "o "&e e#"en"
"&a" i" is 8no-n "o +or (a'able of bein dis(o!ered and de!elo'ed by, i"s 'ossessor7
T&e rela"ions&i' be"-een "&is (on(e'" of 'o-er and "&e idea of 'o-er as infl$en(e
+-&e"&er or no" i" is 'o-er6o!er in!ol!in (onfli(" of in"eres"s, is "&a" "&ey are of a
differen" analy"i(al order7 Po-er6o!er al-ays &as i"s so$r(e in "&e do%inan" 'ar"y;s
'o-er6"o7 ?or(e (anno" be a''lied -i"&o$" so%e %eas$re of bodily s"ren"& G an as'e("
of 'o-er6"o G e!en if i" is =$s" eno$& "o '$ll a le!er or "rier +and for so%eone else "o
&a!e b$il" "&e %a(&ine,7 $ (anno" (oer(e / -i"&o$" bein( able "o e#a(" -&a"e!er
de'ri!a"ion "&e "&rea" in&eren" in (oer(ion s'e(ifies +or -i"&o$" bein able "o i!e 4 "&e
ill$sion "&a" &e (an do so,7 T&e de'ri!a"ion (o$ld in!ol!e0 in addi"ion "o for(e0 $ a("in
"o %obilise bo"& reso$r(es and (onsen" aro$nd a de'ri!a"ion e#a("ed on / by 'eo'le
o"&er "&an $0 of"en in a ra"ionalised -ay,7 If "&e =$de &ad no 'o-er "o s'ea80 read and
-ri"e0 &e -o$ld no" be able "o a("$alise any 'o-er o!er "&e 'risoner G "&o$& by la- &e
9&as9 "&a" 'o-er7
In a (lassi(al e%'loy%en" of "&e dis"in("ion be"-een 'o-er6"o and "&e 'o-er6o!er i"
%ay enera"e0 4ar$(& S'inoCa ar$es:
WNManO al-ays endea!o$rs as far as in &i% lies "o 'reser!e &is o-n bein and +sin(e e!ery %an
&as ri&" "o "&e e#"en" "&a" &e &as 'o-er NpotentiaO0 -&e"&er &e be -ise or inoran",0 -&a"e!er &e
endea!o$rs and does0 &e endea!o$rs and does by "&e so!erein ri&" of Na"$re777?$r"&er%ore0 i"
follo-s "&a" e!ery %an is s$b=e(" "o ano"&er;s ri&" for as lon as &e is in "&e o"&er;s 'o-er Ns&b
potestate hebereO0 and &e is in (on"rol of &is o-n ri&" "o "&e e#"en" "&a" &e (an re'el all for(e0 "a8e
-&a"e!er !enean(e &e 'leases for in=$ry done "o &i%0 and0 in eneral0 li!e as &e (&ooses "o li!e7
+S'inoCa 311152<KK0 (&73 TI6.0 ''7F263,
2/1
One;s 'o-er6"o (an only be a("$alised "o "&e deree "&a" one is no" s$b=e(" "o 'o-er6
o!er0 "&e la""er (on(ei!ed eneri(ally reardless of i"s so$r(e and %o"i!a"ion7 T&e
differen(e be"-een "&is and Beber;s a''roa(& "o 'o-er6o!er is "&a" S'inoCa "a8es "&e
'oin" of !ie- of "&e %an -&o is resistin( do%ina"ion7 B&ile "&e firs" sen"en(e in "&e
*$o"e fro% S'inoCa (o$ld be "a8en "o i%'ly "&a" 9%i&" %a8es ri&":0 i" (o$ld also be
read %ore s$b"e#"$ally0 re(allin "&e 'la(e of 9Na"$re: in S'inoCa;s '&iloso'&y7 Na"$re0
in "&e 7thi%s0 is "&e "o"ali"y of bein0 or God G a reali"y -&i(& is for S'inoCa %ompletely
de"er%inis"i( +S'inoCa 2..K52<KK,7 T&is e#'lains -&y "&e "er% 9bein in (on"rol of one;s
ri&": is $sed0 ra"&er "&an ?reedo% G -&i(& aain &as a !ery s'e(ifi( %eanin7 ?or
S'inoCa0 in "&e $nfoldin de"er%inis"i( (o$rse of God or Na"$re0 'o-er and ri&" are
iden"i(al be(a$se "&ey are bo"& del$sions0 'er"ainin "o "&e 9se(ond le!el: of 8no-lede
+-&i(& needs "o be "rans(ended in order "o a(&ie!e 9&$%an freedo%:,7
More %a"erially0 &o-e!er0 no"e "&e dis"in("ion bein %ade in "&e se(ond s"a"e%en"
be"-een &a!in a 9ri&": and bein 9in (on"rol of one;s o-n ri&":7 ?or S'inoCa0 a s"a"$s
of s$b=$a"ion G bein on "&e re(ei!in side of 9'o-er6o!er: G %eans "o be s$b=e(" "o
ano"&er;s 9ri&":7 And "&a" o"&er in "$rn 'ossesses ri&" "o "&e e#"en" "&a" &e &as potentia0
or 9'o-er6"o:7 T&is indi(a"ed "&e enera"i!e 'osi"ion of 'o-er6"o "o-ards 'o-er6o!er7
T&e rela"ions&i' be"-een 'o-er6o!er and 'o-er6"o &as also been i!en a re(en"
Mar#is" "-is" by Lo&n Hollo-ay0 -&o sees "&e (on(e'"s as s"and in a 9diale("i(al: and
9o''osi"ional: rela"ions&i'7 Re(as"in "&e E$ro'ean Mar#is" "&eory of aliena"ion in
"er%s of 'o-er rela"ions0 "&e s"ar"in 'oin" is said "o be 9'o-er6"o: as a (a'abili"y "o
(&ane 'ri%arily "&e %a"erial en!iron%en"0 as refle("ed in "&e i%aery of "&e homo faber7
2/2
Ho-e!er0 "&e re'rod$("ion of (a'i"alis" so(ial rela"ions (onsis"s in a (ons"an" (on!ersion
of 9'o-er6"o: in"o 9'o-er6o!er: G "&e "ransfer of (on"rol o!er &$%an (a'a(i"ies0 %os"
(en"rally in "&e for% of sellin labo$r6'o-er7 T&is aliena"es &$%ans for% "&eir (a'abili"y
"o do and '$"s i" $nder "&e r$le of (a'i"al7 Hen(e Hollo-ay s$es"s a (on(e'"ion of
so(ial s"r$le (en"red on "&e no"ion of libera"in 9'o-er6"o: fro% i"s (on!ersion in"o
9'o-er6o!er: +Hollo-ay 3113:@<6K,:
Po-er6"o e#is"s as 'o-er6o!er0 b$" "&e 'o-er6"o is s$b=e("ed "o and in rebellion aains" 'o-er6
o!er0 and 'o-er6o!er is no"&in b$"0 and "&erefore absol$"ely de'enden" $'on0 "&e %e"a%or'&osis
of 'o-er6"o777T&e a""e%'" "o e#er(ise 'o-er6"o in a -ay "&a" does no" en"ail "&e e#er(ise of 'o-er
o!er o"&ers0 ine!i"ably (o%es in"o (onfli(" -i"& 'o-er6o!er777'o-er6"o0 if i" does no" s$b%ere i"self
in 'o-er6o!er0 (an e#is"0 o!er"ly or la"en"ly0 only as 'o-er6aains"0 as an"i6'o-er7
S$(& a (on(e'"ion %ay be a""ra("i!e for 'ar"i($lar ill$s"ra"i!e '$r'oses0 b$" i" &as
"-o %a=or fla-s7 ?irs"0 is no" es'e(ially $sef$l for o$r 'resen" dis($ssion7 S$(& an
analysis of 'o-er "a8es 'la(e on "&e le!el of so(ie"y as a -&ole0 in -&i(& (a'i"alis"
rela"ions of 'rod$("ion are ass$%ed fro% "&e o$"se"7 Be (anno" (on(ei!e of anar(&is"
(olle("i!es as si"es in -&i(& "&e sa%e "y'e of an"aonis% o'era"es7 T&e *$es"ion is no"0 in
o$r (ase0 &o- ob=e("ionable senses of 'o-er o'era"e in so(ie"y as a -&ole0 b$" -&a"
for%s of 'o-er -e %i&" &a!e a 'roble% -i"& *ithin "&e already6an"aonis"i( s"r$("$res
of "&e %o!e%en"7 T&is is no" "o say "&a" "&ese s"r$("$res are ne(essarily free of 'o-er6
o!er +(oer(i!e so(ial san("ions for e#a%'le G see belo- '72K3,7 Ho-e!er0 i" is diffi($l" "o
ar$e "&a" any for% of ob=e("ionable 'o-er -i"&in anar(&is" ro$'ins o'era"es in "&e
sa%e -ay0 and is enera"ed for "&e sa%e reasons0 as i" is in (a'i"alis" so(ie"y7
T&e se(ond0 rela"ed reason is "&a" "&is fra%e-or8 'resen"s 'o-er6"o and 'o-er6o!er
in a binary an"aonis%0 and does no" ser!e "o e#'lain for%s of infl$en(e in so(ial
2/3
rela"ions -&i(& are no" (learly (ases of 'o-er6o!er7 Earlier I no"ed "&a" 'o-er6o!er does
no" e#&a$s" all %eanins of infl$en(e7 L$8es +311/:@36@@, as8s -&e"&er 'ers$asion is
a("$ally 9'o-er6o!er:7 He ans-ers -i"& a 9yes and no:7 Yes0 be(a$se / does so%e"&in
"&ey -o$ld no" &a!e done -i"&o$" $;s in"er!en"ion7 No0 be(a$se i" (o$ld =$s" as -ell be
said "&a" / a$"ono%o$sly a((e'"s $;s reasons -&i(& is "&e (a$se for /;s a("ion7 ?a(in "&is
(on"radi("ion L$8es in!o8es an irresol!able 9Aan"ian an"ino%y: be"-een (a$sali"y and
a$"ono%y0 and lea!es %a""ers a" "&a"7
Ho-e!er0 infl$en(e -i"&o$" for(e0 (oer(ion or %ani'$la"ion G indeed -i"&o$"
(onfli(" of in"eres"s G is a broader area "&a" is nor%ally lef" $ne#a%ined7 Many s$(&
in"era("ions do no" in!ol!e e#'ress reasons7 I%aine $ as8s / for a s%all fa!o$r +a lass
of -a"er0 or "o 8ee' an eye on one;s bi8e,7 If / ran"s "&e fa!o$r0 i" -ill in 'ra("i(e rarely
in!ol!e a 'rior *$ery reardin $;s reasons7 T&is is be(a$se $ and / s&are ($l"$ral (odes
"&a" s"and a" "&e ba(8ro$nd of "&eir $ns'o8en0 %$"$al e#'lana"ion of "&e si"$a"ion7 S"ill0
$ e"s / "o do so%e"&in "&a" / -o$ld no" &a!e o"&er-ise done7 4$" s$rely i" %a""ers
-&e"&er / -o$ld no" &a!e done i" be(a$se "&ey did no" -an" "o0 or be(a$se i" &ad no"
o(($rred "o "&e% $n"il $ s$es"ed i"7 $ (learly &as 'o-er o!er / in "&e firs" s(enario0
b$" "&ere are for%s of 'o-er *hose operation is so distant from the %entral meanin(s of po*er!
over +as !isible or la"en" (onfli(" of -ills or in"eres"s, "&a" "&ey re*$ire se'ara"e
e#a%ina"ion7 T&is es"ablis&es "&e need "o (on(e'"$alise a "&ird0 (oo'era"i!e for% of
'o-er0 -&ere indi!id$als infl$en(e ea(& o"&er;s be&a!io$r in "&e absen%e of "&e (onfli("
of -ills or in"eres"s asso(ia"ed -i"& 'o-er6o!er7
Po*er!*ith or po*er!amon(
S$(& a "&ird for% is o$"lined in "&e "&reefold dis"in("ion a%on for%s of 'o-er
2/@
offered by e(o6fe%inis" -ri"er S"ar&a-87 Her firs" "-o (a"eories 'arallel "&e abo!e7
Po-er6o!er refers "o 'o-er "&ro$& do%ina"ion0 as i" is 9
-ielded in "&e -or8'la(e0 in "&e s(&ools0 in "&e (o$r"s0 in "&e do("or;s offi(e7 I" %ay r$le -i"&
-ea'ons "&a" are '&ysi(al or by (on"rollin "&e reso$r(es -e need "o li!e: %oney0 food0 %edi(al
(areM or by (on"rollin %ore s$b"le reso$r(es: infor%a"ion0 a''ro!al0 lo!e +S"ar&a-8 2.IK:.,7
T&e se(ond (a"eory is 9'o-er6fro%6-i"&in:0 'arallel "o 'o-er6"o0 -&i(& is
a8in "o "&e sense of %as"ery -e de!elo' as yo$n (&ildren -i"& ea(& ne- $nfoldin abili"y:
"&e e#&ilara"ion of s"andin ere("0 of -al8in0 of s'ea8in "&e %ai( -ords "&a" (on!ey o$r needs
and "&o$&"s777Be (an feel "&a" 'o-er in a("s of (rea"ion and (onne("ion0 in 'lan"in0 b$ildin0
-ri"in0 (leanin0 &ealin0 soo"&in0 'layin0 sinin0 %a8in lo!e7
To "&ese S"ar&a-8 adds a "&ird for%0 'o-er6-i"& or 'o-er6a%on0 9"&e 'o-er of a
s"ron indi!id$al in a ro$' of e*$als0 "&e 'o-er no" "o (o%%and0 b$" "o s$es" and be
lis"ened "o0 "o bein so%e"&in and see i" &a''en:7 Else-&ere s&e s'ea8s of 'o-er6
a%on as 9"&e infl$en(e -e (an e#er" in a ro$' of e*$als0 o$r 'o-er "o s&a'e "&e
ro$';s (o$rse and s&if" i"s dire("ion: +2.IK:21 and 3<IM ?or o"&er0 si%ilar $ses of
9'o-er6-i"&: in fe%inis" li"era"$re see Eisler 2.II0 Boe&rle 2..3,7
Po-er6"o (learly s"ands in "&e sa%e enera"i!e 'osi"ion "o-ards 'o-er6-i"&0 as i"
does "o-ards 'o-er6o!er: "&e less one is able "o do "&ins +"o (o%%$ni(a"e and "o
%obilise (a'abili"ies0 s8ills and reso$r(es, "&e less one (an infl$en(e o"&ers G -&e"&er or
no" i" is aains" "&eir in"eres"s7 T&e idea of 'o-er6-i"& is also $sef$l be(a$se i" 'ro!ides
$s -i"& a (a"eory of 'o-er -&i(& is no" a""a(&ed "o 'o-er6o!er0 and is (a'able of bein
-ielded bo"& 'osi"i!ely and nea"i!ely fro% an anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e7 Indeed0 S"ar&a-8
lo(a"es "&e (ore 9leaders&i': iss$es in &oriCon"al ro$'s aro$nd "&e %a(&ina"ions of
'o-er6-i"&7 T&ese -ill be dis($ssed in "&e ne#" (&a'"er7 ?irs"0 "&o$&0 -e (an "rea" "&e
2/F
rela"i!ely less 'roble%a"i( as'e(" of 'o-er in 9s"a"i(: "er%s G "&e $ne*$al a((ess "o
infl$en(e a%on indi!id$als0 differen"ials of 9'o-er6"o: and0 (onse*$en"ly0 of "&e
9'o-er6-i"&: i" %ay enera"e7
*/uality and 0Acti(ist Resources-
No- in &er defini"ion0 S"ar&a-8 does no" (larify -&a" "&e e*$ali"y of a 9ro$' of
e*$als: (onsis"s in7 I ass$%e0 &o-e!er0 "&a" -&a" s&e &as in %ind is a ro$' "&a" is no"
s"r$("$red &ierar(&i(ally and &as no in"ernal %e(&anis%s of (oer(ion7 T&is -o$ld %ean
"&a" 'o-er6o!er is0 prima fa%ie0 absen" fro% "&e si"$a"ion +I -ill (ri"i(ise "&is ass$%'"ion
in "&e ne#" (&a'"er,7 One sense0 &o-e!er0 in -&i(& i" is *ron( "o ass$%e -i"&o$"
*$alifi(a"ion "&a" "&e %e%bers of "&e ro$' are e*$al0 is "&eir (a'a(i"y "o -ield 'o-er6
-i"& +&o- e%'o-ered "&ey are,7 T&$s -e %i&" (larify "&a" 'roble%a"i( leaders&i'
'a""erns in anar(&is" ro$'s (an be seen as s"e%%in fro% $ne*$al dis"rib$"ion of
'o-er6-i"&7 Po-er6-i"& is $ne*$ally dis"rib$"ed0 -ielded by so%e indi!id$als %ore
"&an by o"&ers7 So 'ersons; &a!in leadin infl$en(e %ay no" be a 'roble% as s&%h0 b$"
anar(&is"s -o$ld insis" on "&e (r$(ial (onne("ion "o e3&ality in "&e a((ess "o "&a"
infl$en(e0 and (onse*$en"ly in "&e dis"rib$"ion of 9leaders&i': -&en seen o!er "i%e7
S"ar&a-8 (alls on ro$'s "o iden"ify &o- infl$en(e o'era"es a%on "&e% and
e!al$a"e i"0 so "&a" 9"&ose -&o do no" &a!e %$(& infl$en(e (an bein "o (onsider
-&e"&er "&ey -an" i" and &o- "o e" i":7 As 'ar" of "&is 'ro(ess0 "&ose -&i(& &a!e an
$ne*$al s&are of 'o-er6-i"& are (alled $'on "o e#er(ise 9res'onsi!e leaders&i'777"&e ar"
of -ieldin 'o-er6-i"& in -ays "&a" fos"er freedo%:0 -&i(&
2//
sees i"self as a "e%'orary (ondi"ion7 Ins"ead of $sin s8ills0 8no-lede0 infor%a"ion and
e#'erien(e "o en"ren(& o$rsel!es in a 'osi"ion of 'o-er0 -e s&are "&e%0 "ry "o s'read "&e% as
-idely as 'ossible a%on o"&ers777e!eryone (an see &o- leaders are (&osen0 and &o- "&ey
"&e%sel!es (an "a8e on %ore res'onsibili"y and a"&er %ore 'o-er in "&e ro$' +3K263,7
On s$(& a readin0 'eo'le -&o find "&e%sel!es in leaders&i' 'osi"ions are (alled
$'on "o redis"rib$"e "&a" leaders&i'7
T&e 'oin"0 aain0 bein "&a" redis"rib$"ion i%'lies so%e for% of e*$ali"y as a 'ro=e("6
oal7 In i!in "&is oal a %ore 're(ise e#'ression0 one s&o$ld no" s'ea8 %erely of an
9e*$ali"y of 'o-er:0 -&i(& -o$ld be "o inore all "&e dis"in("ions =$s" %ade7 A be""er
e#'ression (o$ld 'er&a's be 9e*$al a((ess "o infl$en(e: in a("i!is" ne"-or8s7 Under s$(&
a &eadin0 a 'ro=e(" of e*$ali"y (o$ld be des(ribed as s"ri!in "o-ards a si"$a"ion -&ere
e!ery 'ar"i(i'an" (an0 if "&ey -an" "o0 (on"rib$"e in a en$inely e*$al -ay "o definin
"&e %o!e%en";s dire("ion0 "o "&e %a8in of (olle("i!e de(isions0 and %ore enerally "o
(&anin "&e -orld7 I" %eans "&a" anyone (an easily e" "&e s8ills0 reso$r(es0 re(oni"ion
and s$''or" "&a" "&ey need in order "o be effe("i!e and feel !al$ed7 T&e Ve*$al a((ess "o
infl$en(eV for%$la is ado'"ed by "&eore"i(al defini"ions of de%o(ra(y +(f7 Go$ld 2.II0
C&ris"iano 2..1,0 -&i(& is no" "o say "&a" s$(& an ideal finds any %eas$re of realisa"ion
-i"&in "&e 9de%o(ra"i(: s"a"e7 More i%'or"an"ly0 i" i!es $s so%e (on(re"e -ay of
$nders"andin "&e refrain 9-e are all leaders:7 To loo8 aain a" leaders&i'0 S"ar&a-8
+3<.63K1, a""e%'"s "&is dis"in("ion:
In (o!ens or affini"y ro$'s0 -&i(& are s%all and in"i%a"e0 -&en 'eo'le are rela"i!ely e*$al
in rele!an" e#'erien(e and (o%%i"%en"0 8no- ea(& o"&er -ell0 and &a!e "i%e "o de!elo' "r$s"0
'o-er and res'onsibili"y (an be s&ared e*$ally and e!eryone (an feel e%'o-ered7 S$(& ro$'s
are no"0 in reali"y0 leaderless b$" ra"&er 9leaderf$l: G e!eryone in "&e ro$' feels e%'o-ered "o
2/<
s"ar" or s"o' "&ins0 "o (&allene o"&ers or %ee" (&allenes0 "o %o!e o$" in fron" or "o fall ba(87
9Leaderf$l: %ay be a %ore ade*$a"e des(ri'"ion0 b$" -&a"e!er lan$ae -e $se0 "&e
%ain 'oin" is "&a" -&a" %a8es s$(& leaders&i' a((e'"able is "&a" i" is e*$ally dis"rib$"ed
+in "&e 9leaderless: (ase -&a" is e*$ally dis"rib$"ed is no"&in,7 In any i!en (olle("ion of
'eo'le0 if e!erybody does a ro$&ly e*$al a%o$n" of leadin a" differen" "i%es0 "&en "&is
is be""er "&an if so%e 'eo'le do %os" of "&e leadin %os" of "&e "i%e0 and %$(& be""er
"&an if a !ery fe- 'eo'le do all of "&e leadin G &a!e all of "&e infl$en(e on &o- "&ins
o G all of "&e "i%e7 T&e %ore e*$ally dis"rib$"ed is 'eo'le;s a((ess "o infl$en(e +o!er
"i%e and -&ere i" %a""ers "o "&e%,0 "&e %ore "&e sloan 9-e are all leaders: is
%eaninf$lly realised7 4$" in order "o a''roa(& +re,dis"rib$"ion0 -e need a (learer idea
abo$" "&e fo$nda"ions of 'o-er in so(ial %o!e%en"s0 a" i"s %a"erial and so(ioloi(al
($rren(y7 B&a" enera"es "&e abili"y "o infl$en(e o"&er a("i!is"sH And "o -&a" deree (an
+so%e of, "&ese "&ins be e*$alisedH
E%'iri(ally6dri!en li"era"$re on so(ial %o!e%en" ne"-or8s 'ro!ides a n$%ber of
!al$able insi&"s in"o "&e o'era"ion of infl$en(e -i"&in "&e%7 In an e"&nora'&i( s"$dy
of "&e anar(&is" 7arth First6 ro$' in Man(&es"er0 Lona"&an P$r8is in"er're"s $ne*$al
infl$en(e as "&e res$l" of ine*$ali"ies in 9($l"$ral (a'i"al:0 borro-in 4ordie$;s "er%0
9"&e (olle("i!e a%o$n" of a(*$ired 8no-lede0 s8ills and aes"&e"i( o$"loo8 -&i(& allo-s
ro$'s or indi!id$als "o 'rod$(e "&e%sel!es as a !iable so(ial for(e:7 T&$s0 for e#a%'le0
al"&o$& P&il des(ribed &i%self as "&e V(on!enorV of ME?\ "&ere -as li""le do$b" "&a" &e -as
'er(ei!ed by o"&er 'oli"i(al ro$'s in Man(&es"er as "&e leader7 T&is see%ed "o be reinfor(ed by
"&e ($l"$ral (a'i"al -&i(& &e &ad a" &is dis'osal: &o%e a((ess "o a fa# %a(&ine and ele("roni(
ser!i(es0 'ersonal friends&i's -i"& se!eral of "&e oriinal &alf doCen %e%bers of UAE?\0 and
2/K
e%'loy%en" -i"& a 9sy%'a"&e"i(: oranisa"ion7 His s"able 'osi"ion in Man(&es"er ens$red "&a"0
reardless of -&a" o"&er a("i!is"s -ere doin0 &e al-ays see%ed sli&"ly a&ead7 +P$r8is 3112:23,
In a si%ilar !ein0 so(iolois" Mario Diani +311@:21<, in!o8es a 9rela"ional: !ie- of
leaders&i' in so(ial %o!e%en"s %ore enerally7 Leaders&i' roles %ay res$l" fro%
(er"ain a("ors; lo(a"ion a" "&e (en"re of e#(&anes of 'ra("i(al and sy%boli( reso$r(es a%on
%o!e%en" oraniCa"ions7 T&is -ill no" enera"e do%ina"ion0 if by "&a" -e %ean a("ors; (a'a(i"y
"o i%'ose san("ions o!er o"&ers in order "o (on"rol "&eir be&a!io$r0 b$" ra"&er !aryin derees of
infl$en(e7 T&e la""er %ay (onsis"0 for e#a%'le0 of a("ors; abili"y "o 'ro%o"e (oali"ion -or8 a%on
%o!e%en" oraniCa"ions7
B&ile an a("i!is" narra"i!e (o%es fro% C&ris Crass0 narra"in "&e de!elo'%en"s in
&is ?ood No" 4o%bs ro$' +Crass 3113,:
Be bean "o iden"ify 'osi"ions of leaders&i' in "&e ro$' and &ad o'en dis($ssions of 'o-er
and s"ra"eiCed -ays "o s&are i"777seein differen" le!els of res'onsibili"y as s"e''in s"ones "o
&el' 'eo'le e" (on(re"e "&ins done0 "o b$ild "&eir in!ol!e%en"0 "o in(rease "&eir sense of -&a"
"&ey are (a'able of and "o de!elo' "&e s8ills ne(essary for "&e =ob777Ni"O is also abo$"
en(o$rae%en"0 re(oniCin "&a" 'eo'le fre*$en"ly (arry enor%o$s inse($ri"ies abo$" bein ood
eno$&0 &a!in eno$& e#'erien(e0 &a!in any"&in -or"& -&ile "o say and do$b"in "&a"
anyone "&in8s "&ey;re (a'able eno$&7
T&ese and o"&er analyses 'oin" "o-ards "&e idea of 9a("i!is" reso$r(es: as an
a""ra("i!e (andida"e for "&e ($rren(y of infl$en(e -i"&in no%inally non6&ierar(&i(al
so(ial %o!e%en"s7 So I -o$ld li8e "o de!elo' so%e (lari"y abo$" e*$alisin "&e "y'e of
reso$r(es "&a" are re*$ired for effe("i!e infl$en(e in a("i!is%7 As a s"ar"in 'oin" for
ada'"a"ion -e (an $se "&e "y'oloy s$es"ed by Lo ?ree%an +2...:3F2:63</,7 S&e di!ides
a("i!is" reso$r(es in"o "anible and in"anible ones7 Tanible reso$r(es iden"ified are
%oney0 s'a(e and '$bli(i"y7 In"anible reso$r(es are di!ided in"o $ns'e(ialised +"i%e0
(o%%i"%en", and s'e(ialised: e#'er"ise0 a((ess "o ne"-or8s and de(ision6%a8ers0 and
2/I
s"a"$s in "&e %o!e%en" and "&e broader 'oli"y7
?ree%an;s ros"er of reso$r(es0 de!elo'ed for analysin "&e -o%en;s %o!e%en"0 is
no" en"irely rele!an" "o o$r '$r'oses7 A((ess "o de(ision6%a8ers and s"a"$s -i"&in "&e
'oli"y0 for e#a%'le0 (an be inored as 'eri'&eral "o anar(&is" (on(erns7 4$" "&e real
'roble% is "&a" ?ree%an;s analysis is (ondi"ioned by "&e la(8 of an eali"arian aenda7
4y "rea"in s'e(ialised reso$r(es ins"r$%en"ally0 ?ree%an "$rns "&eir lei"i%a"ed
ine*$ali"y in"o a defini"ion: 9T&eir essen"ial (&ara("eris"i( is "&a" "&ey are 'ossessed by
only a fe- 'ar"i(i'an"s G only a fe- really need "o 'ossess "&e%0 for "&e 'oin" of
di%inis&in re"$rns is rea(&ed !ery *$i(8ly:7 ?irs"0 if $ne*$al dis"rib$"ion is "&e
9essen"ial (&ara("eris"i(: of so%e "&ins0 "&en "&ese "&ins are 9$ne*$ally dis"rib$"ed:0
no" 9s'e(ialised:7 Are all %a"erial reso$r(es0 -&i(& are also $ne*$ally dis"rib$"ed0
9s'e(ialised:H ?ree%an ob!io$sly "&in8s "&ey are no"0 and s&e is ri&" be(a$se "&a"
-o$ld (learly %iss o$" on "&e %eanin of 9s'e(ialised:0 -&i(& 'oin"s "o so%e"&in "&a"
&as "o do -i"& a division of labo&r4 Un*$es"ionin a((e'"an(e of "&e loi( of s'e(ialisa"ion
and effi(ien(y inores "&e 'ossibili"y "&a" e*$ali"y (an be en&an(ed by al"erin0 or
red$(in "&e riidi"y0 of "&e di!ision of labo$r G a" leas" in "er%s of "&e rela"ions&i's
a%on indi!id$als -i"&in a i!en (olle("i!e ro$'7 Ho-e!er0 in ?ree%an;s %odel
9s'e(ialised: is =$s" (ode for 9$ne*$al:7 As a res$l"0 ine*$ali"y be(o%es 'ar" of "&e
%odelM "&e defini"ion fore(loses "&in8in abo$" 9s'e(ialised: reso$r(es as 'rone "o
e*$alisa"ion G -&i(& "&ey are0 a" leas" in 'ar"7
More f$nda%en"ally0 -e s&o$ld *$es"ion "&e "anible 5 in"anible differen"ia"ion7 To
refer "o %oney G "&e leal e#'ression of a so(ial rela"ions&i' G as a 9"anible: reso$r(e is
ine#($sably reifyin +Mar# 2I/K:(&7/0 (f7 L$8](s 2.<K52.31,7 Ra"&er0 "&e 'oin" abo$" "&ese
2/.
reso$r(es is no" -&e"&er or no" "&ey are "anible0 -&i(& does no" e#'lain any"&in abo$"
"&eir ine*$ali"y0 b$" ra"&er -&e"&er or no" "&ey en"ail a Cero6s$% a%e G -&e"&er "&e
'ossession 5 $se 5 (ons$%'"ion of a reso$r(e by one 'erson 're!en"s 5 e#(l$des 5
di%inis&es ano"&er 'erson;s doin "&e sa%e7 T&e !an (an only be $se for one '$r'ose a"
a "i%e7 If I $se %oney "o b$y _ I (anno" $se "&e sa%e %oney "o b$y Y7 On "&e o"&er
&and0 I (an easily "ea(& yo$ a s8ill or i!e yo$ infor%a"ion0 effe("i!ely d$'li(a"in "&e
reso$r(e in *$es"ion -i"&o$" de'le"in i" for %yself7 To s$(& non Cero6s$% reso$r(es -e
s&o$ld add '$bli(i"y0 "o "&e e#"en" "&a" i" is in a((essible ele("roni( for%a"s +in -&i(&
(ase o"&er Cero6s$% reso$r(es be(o%e "&e iss$e G (o%'$"ers0 'rin"ers0 -eb a((ess777,7
In "&e sa%e -ay i" is *$es"ionable -&e"&er0 as ?ree%an "&in8s0 "&e 'oin" abo$"
9$ns'e(ialiCed0 in"anible: reso$r(es is "&a" 9any 'ar"i(i'an" (o$ld (on"rib$"e "&e% if so
in(lined:7 I" is 're(isely be(a$se of "&e differen" %onstraints "&a" 'eo'le &a!e on "&eir
"i%e0 i7e7 "&eir "i%e is no" o!erned only by "&eir in(lina"ions0 "&a" "&is reso$r(e is
$ne*$al7 Ti%e is a Cero6s$% reso$r(es as -ell G I (anno" i!e %y "i%e "o any n$%ber of
a("i!i"ies a" on(e0 and I (anno" i!e yo$ %ore "i%e "&an yo$ &a!e7 As for (o%%i"%en"0
-&i(& ?ree%an defines as 9"&e -illinness "o "a8e ris8s or en"er"ain in(on!enien(e:0
e!eryone e#(e'" "&e e#is"en"ialis"s arees "&a" is a" leas" "o so%e deree s&a'ed by
'ersonal (ir($%s"an(es: one;s ae0 biora'&y0 e#'erien(es and so on7 T&e 'oin" abo$"
(o%%i"%en" is "&a"0 "&o$& non Cero6s$%0 i" is harder to d&pli%ate "&an s8ills and a((ess "o
ne"-or8s7 So are enery as -ell as reso$r(es s$(& as (onfiden(e0 ar"i($la"ion and
(&aris%a0 -&i(& I loo8 a" belo-7 Ta8in "&ese 'oin"s in"o (onsidera"ion and i!in
(on"e%'orary e#a%'les0 le" %e no- s$es" %y o-n "y'oloy of a("i!is" reso$r(es:
2<1
1ero-sum
on 1ero-sum
7asy to d&pli%ate Farder to d&pli%ate
Mon#! +'ersonal0 f$nd
raisin o'"ions,
S'a$#& +&o$ses0 offi(es0
allo"%en"s,
Logi&ti$a) #2+i'-#nt
+!e&i(les0 banners0 '$''e"s0
"ri'ods,
Ti-#
In*or-ation
S%i))& +-ri"in0 (li%bin0
(oo8in0 fa(ili"a"ion,
A((ess "o N#t"or%&
+a(*$ain"an(e0 "r$s",
P+()i$it! or 'ro'aanda
+ele("roni(,
Co--it-#nt
En#rg!
P#r&ona)it! trait& 3
+ar"i($la"ion0 (onfiden(e0
(&aris%a777,
T&is is ob!io$sly only one 'ossible %a''in7 O"&er reso$r(es "&a" i!e a 'erson
infl$en(e in anar(&is" (olle("i!e ro$'ins (an be 'er&a's iden"ified0 and differen" s$b6
di!isions s$es"ed7 Ho-e!er0 "&e "y'oloy offered &ere 'ro!ides s$ffi(ien" %a"erial for
dis($ssion7 Be (an no- as8: -&a" !ol$n"ary e*$alisin %e(&anis%s are a!ailable for
ea(& "y'e of reso$r(eH I a% only loo8in a" !ol$n"ary %e(&anis%s be(a$se only "&ey
&a!e any (&an(e of bein a''li(able in "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"7
4einnin -i"& Cero6s$% reso$r(es0 -e (an (onsider "-o dis"in(" for%s of !ol$n"ary
redis"rib$"ion: s&arin and (olle("i!isin7 S&arin redis"rib$"es fro% one 'erson "o one or
%ore o"&er 'eo'le7 T&e 'erson -&o s&ares s$b=e("s "&e 'or"ion "&a" s5&e s&ares "o "&e
dis(re"ion of -&oe!er s5&e is s&arin -i"&7 If I &a!e a !an0 I (an s&are i" -i"& yo$ for a day
and s$b=e(" i" "o yo$r dis(re"ion0 -i"& or -i"&o$" an e#'li(i" aree%en" on "&e '$r'ose "o
-&i(& yo$ -ill $se i"7 I (an also 'er%anen"ly s&are a Cero6s$% reso$r(e -i"& a 'erson or
ro$'7 In "&is (ase -e aree "&a" "&e $se of "&e !an0 -&i(& $sed "o be s$b=e(" "o %y sole
dis(re"ion0 is no- s$b=e(" "o de(ision6%a8in by o"&er 'eo'le as -ell7 B&ere %oney is
(on(erned0 I a% fa%iliar -i"& "&ree ins"an(es in -&i(& anar(&is" a("i!is"s (a%e in"o a %illion
'o$nds and %ore "&ro$& in&eri"an(e7 In "-o (ases0 'ar" of "&e %oney -as $sed "o se" $'
a("i!is" f$nds "&a" finan(e 'ro=e("s7 In ano"&er0 a f$nd -as se" $' -&ere se!eral ro$'s
2<2
aro$nd "&e (o$n"ry a''lied for0 and re(ei!ed0 "en "&o$sand 'o$nds ea(& "o se" $' so(ial
(en"res7
Colle("i!isin +or 'oolin, redis"rib$"es fro% se!eral 'eo'le as indi!id$als "o "&e
sa%e 'eo'le as a ro$'0 s$b=e("in "&e $se of "&e reso$r(e -&ole "o "&eir (olle("i!e
de(ision6%a8in0 -&ere before differen" 'ar"s of i" -ere $nder "&e dis(re"ion of ea(&
indi!id$al7 Aain %oney is "&e %os" ob!io$s e#a%'le7 T&is "i%e0 &o-e!er0 "&e %oney
(olle("i!ised (an also be %oney "&a" is potentially a((essible "o indi!id$als7 Me%bers of a
ro$' (an o and se'ara"ely raise dona"ions or f$ndin for "&eir a("i!i"y and "&en 'ool
i"7 If se!eral anar(&is"s &a!e indi!id$al a((ess "o -&a" "&ey (all a 9bla:0 a -&i"e s(a% for
e""in %oney off so%e ins"i"$"ion0 "&ey (an "$rn i" in"o a (olle("i!e bla by (rea"in a
f$nd "&a" "&ey (an $se for a("ions7 T&ey (an f$r"&er share "&e %oney by %a8in de(ision6
%a8in o!er "&e %oney a((essible "o 'eo'le -&o do no" &a!e a bla7 S'a(es are s$b=e("
"o "&e sa%e loi(7 Personal s'a(es (an be s&ared0 and (olle("i!e s'a(es (an be es"ablis&ed7
If0 in a i!en lo(ale0 "&e only s'a(e a!ailable for %ee"ins or banner6%a8in is a lare6is&
&o$se o-ned by an a("i!is" (o6o'0 "&en "&e %e%bers of "&is (o6o' and "&eir %ilie$ -ill
&a!e dis'ro'or"iona"e a((ess "o s'a(e0 and "&$s dis'ro'or"iona"e infl$en(e in "&e
%o!e%en"7 One sol$"ion is "o ren" a s%aller &o$se "o li!e in0 and f$nnel "&e res" of "&eir
&o$sin benefi" "o o'era"e a so(ial (en"re7
Mo!in on "o non Cero6s$% reso$r(es0 "&e 'ra("i(es of s&arin and (olle("i!isin (an
s"ill be obser!ed0 b$" $nder differen" 'ara%e"ers7 In "&e (ase of s&arin0 a non Cero6s$%
reso$r(e s$(& as a s8ill0 or infor%a"ion0 or a !ideo file0 is d$'li(a"ed fro% one 'erson "o
o"&ers7 T&e i%'or"an(e of redis"rib$"in +a("$ally %$l"i'lyin, s$(& reso$r(es is already
-idely re(onised in anar(&is" (ir(les0 as e#'ressed re(en"ly by a %e%ber of "&e
2<3
(olle("i!e r$nnin "&e 4la(8s"ar anar(&is" boo8s&o' in Ne- Eealand +Ale#andeR 311F,:
i s"ill see a 'la(e for *$ali"ies of leaders&i' e%bodied by differen" 'eo'le a" differen"
"i%es777by "&is i %ean "&a" -e a(8no-lede a 'erson;s 'ar"i($lar s8ills or e#'er"ise in an area0 say
(rea"i!e dire(" a("ion or resear(& or -&a"e!er0 and "&a" %ay %ean "&a" "&e (olle("i!e lis"ens %ore
(aref$lly "o "&ose 'eo'le0 or 'er&a's "&ey are assined a role li8e fa(ili"a"or +"o $se an e#a%'le
dear "o %y &ear",7 &o-e!er0 "&ese 'osi"ions %$s" be ro"a"ed and "&ere %$s" be re$lar s8ills&ares
"o ens$re "&a" e!erybody -&o -is&es "o is able "o "a8e $' 'ar"i($lar roles7
A((ess "o ne"-or8s is ano"&er 8ey a("i!is" reso$r(e "&a" (an be s&ared in "&is -ay7
Sin(e lo(al a("i!is" %ilie$s "end "o be *$i"e in"era"ed0 "&is "y'e of reso$r(e is in
'ar"i($lar need of redis"rib$"ion -&en i" (o%es "o larer6s(ale a("i!i"ies0 s$(& as
(oordina"in si%$l"aneo$s dire(" a("ions or loner6"er% (a%'ains7 I" is of"en0 &o-e!er0
an i%'or"an" (ondi"ion for day "o day -or8 as -ell7 4e(a$se of "&e &i&ly de(en"ralised
na"$re of a("i!is" %o!e%en"s0 "&e abili"y "o ini"ia"e and (arry o$" a("ions is s"ronly
(ondi"ioned on "&e (a'abili"y "o (o%%$ni(a"e -i"& indi!id$als o$"side one;s fa(e6"o6fa(e
se""in7 A((ess "o ne"-or8s (an "&$s be "&o$&" of in "er%s of "&e *$an"i"y and *$ali"y of
(o%%$ni(a"ion6lin8s "&a" a 'erson &as -i"& o"&er a("i!is"s0 in 'ar"i($lar "&ose o$"side
&er i%%edia"e ro$' or lo(al area7
Co%%$ni(a"ion lin8s do no" e#is"s be"-een ro$'s as s$(&7 I" is indi!id$als -i"&in
"&e ro$'s -&o (o%%$ni(a"e -i"& ea(& o"&er0 so%e %ore "&an o"&ers7 In &is
e"&nora'&y of a("i!is" ne"-or8s in 4ar(elona0 Leff L$ris +311F:F., iden"ifies0 as "&e %os"
i%'or"an" ne"-or8 nodes0 indi!id$als -&o
de(i'&er0 (o%bine and re(o%bine ($l"$ral (odes0 "&ereby allo-in for "&e (ir($la"ion of
infor%a"ion a%on di!erse ne"-or8 for%a"ions7 NA%on "&e% "&ere areO 9so(ial relayers0: -&o
'ro(ess and dis"rib$"e infor%a"ion "&ro$&o$" "&e in"er6(onne("ed nodes of a 'ar"i($lar ne"-or80
and 9so(ial s-i"(&ers0: -&o o(($'y 8ey nodal 'osi"ions -i"&in %$l"i'le ne"-or8s and are able "o
(&annel (o%%$ni(a"ion flo-s a%on al"erna"i!e %o!e%en" se("ors7 T&ro$& s$(& (on(re"e
ne"-or8in 'ra("i(es a("i!is" ne"-or8s e#'and0 di!ersify or (on"ra("7 Des'i"e "&e 're!ailin
2<@
dis(o$rse of eali"arianis%0 &o-e!er0 ne"-or8 relayers0 and e!en %ore so0 ne"-or8 s-i"(&ers
o(($'y 8ey 'osi"ions of 'o-er0 allo-in "&e% "o sinifi(an"ly infl$en(e "&e flo-0 dire("ion and
in"ensi"y of ne"-or8 a("i!i"y7
T&e -ider diff$sion of s$(& ne"-or8in (a'abili"ies (an (on"rib$"e sinifi(an"ly "o
e*$alisin a((ess "o infl$en(e7 On "&e %os" basi( le!el0 a 'erson;s (onne("i!i"y is rea"ly
in(reased by "&e a-areness of0 and a((ess "o0 !en$es of (o%%$ni(a"ion -i"& indi!id$als
fro% di!erse ro$'s and 'la(es7 T&ese (o$ld be reional or in"erna"ional a"&erins0
e%ail lis"s and -eb for$%s7 4eyond "&is0 a fa%iliari"y -i"& "&e ar(&i"e("$re of "&e
rele!an" ne"-or8s +-&o;s in "o$(& -i"& -&o0 -&o is -or8in on -&a", is also a reso$r(e
"&a" (an be "ransferred7 More s$bs"an"ially0 &o-e!er0 "&e *$ali"a"i!e as'e(" of
ne"-or8in "ies is de"er%ined in rea" %eas$re by 'ersonal affini"y0 (lose %$"$al
8no-lede and "r$s"7 T&ese (an also be e#"ended0 for e#a%'le by %$"$ally6"r$s"in
a("i!is"s in"rod$(in one ano"&er "o ea(& o"&er;s e*$ally6"r$s"ed friends7
Be no- (o%e "o reso$r(es "&a" are no" Cero6s$%0 b$" also diffi($l" "o "ransfer7 So%e0
s$(& as (o%%i"%en" and enery0 are no" e!en s"able reso$r(es for a i!en indi!id$al G
"&e for%er (&anes -i"& one;s 'riori"ies and (ir($%s"an(es0 "&e la""er is of"en
(ondi"ioned by &eal"&0 %ood and dis'osi"ion7 S$(& a (o%'le# (o%bina"ion of fa("ors
infl$en(es "&ese reso$r(es "&a" i" is diffi($l" "o see &o- "&ey (an be (ons(io$sly
"ransferred7 Moreo!er0 "&ere is a (l$s"er of reso$r(es "&a" (an be iden"ified in "&e area of
in"er'ersonal (o%%$ni(a"ion and fa(e6"o6fa(e ro$' dyna%i(s7 T&e 'ossession of
indi!id$al "rai"s and s8ills s$(& as ar"i($la"e s'ee(&0 self6(onfiden(e0 s"ron (on!i("ions0
e!en e#"ernal a''earan(e0 all (er"ainly 'lay a role in a 'erson;s abili"y "o infl$en(e
o"&ers7 Al"&o$& s$(& reso$r(es (an so%e"i%es be a(*$ired or (ons(io$sly de!elo'ed0
2<F
"ransferrin "&e% is a differen" %a""erM "&ere see%s "o be so%e"&in i%%edia"ely odd
abo$" "&e i%aery of anar(&is"s i!in ea(& o"&er 9(&aris%a6(oa(&in: and lessons in
ar"i($la"ion0 'ersonabili"y and 'e'7 B&a" is dis"ressin abo$" "&is i%aery is "&a" i" on(e
aain e!o8es "&e a''roa(& "o s$(& *$ali"ies in "&e -orld of b$siness and s"a"es%ans&i'0
-&ere 'ossessin "&e% %a""ers for enera"in infl$en(e7 T&$s "&e s"a"$s of "&ese
*$ali"ies as reso&r%es is already des"abilised7 B&y did s$(& *$ali"ies 'resen" "&e%sel!es
"o $s as reso$r(es in "&e firs" 'la(eH Is o$r "&in8in 'ro(ess abo$" reso$r(es bein
infl$en(ed by 'roble%a"i( ass$%'"ions0 (arried o!er fro% &ierar(&i(ally6oranised
real%s of in"era("ion -&ere 'o-er6-i"& e#is"s0 b$" as a (o%'le%en" "o %ore o!er"
'o-er6o!erH Do differen" en!iron%en"s of &$%an a("ion i!e "&ese *$ali"ies differen"
derees of sinifi(an(e0 as far as enera"in infl$en(e is (on(ernedH ?or ins"an(e0 a
(o%'e"i"i!e en!iron%en" -o$ld see% "o re*$ire "&e% %ore "&an a (oo'era"i!e one7
B&ereas in an anar(&is" (on"e#"0 i" (learly "a8es %ore (onfiden(e and ar"i($la"ion "o
(on!in(e a lare asse%bly "o a((e'" a (o$rse of a("ion0 "&an i" does "o oranise an
a$"ono%o$s a("ion -i"& fi!e o"&er 'eo'le7 T&ese ano%alies raise "&e se(ond iss$e
aro$nd anar(&is" oranisin: "&e %i(ro6'oli"i(al -ays in -&i(& 'o-er is e#er(ised0 i"s
for%al and infor%al 'ro"o(ols7 I "$rn "o "&is in "&e ne#" (&a'"er7
2</
CHAPTER /
POBER0 IN>ISI4ILITY AND SOLIDARITY
LEADERSHIP AND POBER IN ANARCHIST ORGANISING0 PART TBO
Yo$ %$s" al-ays &a!e a se(re" 'lan7 E!ery"&in de'ends on "&is: i" is "&e only
*$es"ion7 So as no" "o be (on*$ered by "&e (on*$ered "erri"ory in -&i(& yo$ lead
yo$r life0 so as no" "o feel "&e &orrible -ei&" of iner"ia -re(8in yo$r -ill and
bendin yo$ "o "&e ro$nd0 so as no" "o s'end a sinle ni&" %ore -onderin -&a"
"&ere is "o do or &o- "o (onne(" -i"& yo$r nei&bo$rs and (o$n"ry%en0 yo$ %$s"
%a8e se(re" 'lans -i"&o$" res'i"e7 Plan for ad!en"$re0 'lan for 'leas$re0 'lan for
'ande%oni$%0 as yo$ -is&M b$" 'lan0 lay 'lans (ons"an"ly7
Cri%e"&INC0 ,e%ipes for -isaster +Oly%'ia0 311F,
So far0 "&e dis($ssion of 'o-er &as fo($ssed on eali"arian a((ess "o non6(oer(i!e
infl$en(e0 o$"linin "&e (ons"i"$en"s of 'o-er differen"ials be"-een indi!id$als0 and
loo8in a" &o- "&ey (an (&ane o!er "i%e -i"& eali"arian re%edia"ion7 4$" "&is does no"
f$lly en!elo' ($rren" anar(&is" deba"es on 'o-er7 T&e *$es"ion of &o- 'o-er o'era"es
on%e it is bein( e:er%ised %eri"s se'ara"e dis($ssion fro% &o- "&e a((ess "o i" is distrib&ted
in "&e firs" 'la(e7 Ine*$ali"y in "er%s of "&e basi( abili"y "o 'ar"i(i'a"e is a 'roble%0 no
%a""er &o- "&a" 'ar"i(i'a"ion "a8es 'la(e or -&a" 'ro(ess is $sed "o %a8e (olle("i!e
de(isions7 Con!ersely0 e!en e*$ally6dis"rib$"ed infl$en(e (an be ab$sed and ab$si!e7
T&e iss$e &ere0 "&en0 is no" "&e dis"rib$"ion of 'o-er b$" abo$" "&e dyna%i(s of 'o-er in
a("ion G "&e (&annels i" flo-s "&ro$& and "&e *$es"ion of &o- in "$ne "&ose flo-s are
-i"& anar(&is" ideas abo$" so(ial (&ane7
Be no- %o!e0 "&en0 "o "&e !ario$s an#ie"ies and dile%%as "&a" anar(&is"s &a!e
aro$nd -&a" "&ey (all "&eir 9'ro(ess:7 I" is %is"a8en "o (ons"ri(" "&e no"ion of 'ro(ess
in"o de%ision!ma2in( 'ro(ess7 J$es"ions abo$" 'ro(ess in(l$de as8in -&e"&er so%e"&in
2<<
needs "o e" 9de(ided on: a" all0 and if so0 by -&o% and in -&a" 8ind of se""in7
A("$ally0 by "&is -ord anar(&is"s refer "o "&e broader 'ro(ess of oal6orien"ed
(o%%$ni(a"ion and (oordina"ion "&a" is "a8in 'la(e in "&e %o!e%en"7 If a""en"ion "o
a((ess differen"ials %eans loo8in a" "&e 9-&a": of 'o-er0 "&en a""en"ion "o so%e"&in
li8e 9'ro(ess:0 broadly $nders"ood0 %eans loo8in a" "&e 9&o-: of 'o-er7 To as8 abo$"
"&e 9&o-: of 'o-er is "o as8 abo$" i"s in"era("ional as'e("0 abo$" "&e -ay anar(&is"s o
abo$" "&e dyna%i( a("i!i"y of oranisin7 So%e of "&e %os" "ro$bleso%e *$es"ions
arisin &ere in!ol!e "&e -ays in -&i(& anar(&is"s er%ina"e "&eir s(&e%es and 'lo"s7
T&is &a''ens %os" of"en in "&e in"i%a"e and0 for so%e0 $na((o$n"able se""in of
friends&i' ne"-or8s and fl$id affini"y ro$'s7
4efore a''roa(&in "&e iss$e a" i"s s$bs"an"i!e le!el0 "&ree (larifi(a"ions need "o be
%ade7 T&e firs" (on(erns de(en"ralisa"ion as a f$n("ional 'rin(i'le of "&e anar(&is"
%o!e%en"7 T&e se(ond (on(erns "&e dis"in("ion be"-een (oer(ion and enfor(e%en"0 and
"&e in(o%'a"ibili"y of "&e la""er -i"& diff$se so(ial san("ions7 T&e "&ird (on(erns
enfor(e%en" as "&e line in "&e sand be"-een anar(&is% and de%o(ra(y7
Decentralisation
In "&e 're!io$s (&a'"er0 "&e dis($ssion -as lef" off -i"& el$si!e 9reso$r(es: s$(& as
(&aris%a and ini"ia"i!e0 and "&eir role -ill (on"in$e "o be e#a%ined belo-7 ?irs"0
&o-e!er0 so%e %ar8ers need "o be se" reardin "&e basi( arena in -&i(& anar(&is"
in"era("ion "a8es 'la(e7 T&e 9r$les of "&e a%e: in anar(&is" oranisin are !ery differen"
fro% "&ose ob"ainin in "&e '$bli( s'&ere a" lare0 and "&is differen(e is %$(& of -&a"
2<K
(a$ses $n(lari"y and (onf$sion in "&in8in abo$" "&e e#er(ise of 'o-er for% in anar(&is"
o'"i(7 So%e ini"ial (lari"y (an be afforded by loo8in %ore (losely a" a fa%iliar anar(&is"
(on(e'"0 9de(en"ralisa"ion:0 es'e(ially as8in -&a" "&e rela"ions&i' is be"-een
de(en"ralisa"ion as a 9!al$e: and de(en"ralisa"ion as a de!fa%to f$n("ional 'rin(i'le7
De(en"ralisa"ion is of"en (i"ed in anar(&is"s; dis($ssions abo$" "&e *$es"ion I =$s"
%en"ioned0 9does %a""er _ need "o e" de(ided0 and by -&o%:7 T&is *$es"ion is of"en
(onfron"ed in lare anar(&is" %ee"ins0 and "&e follo-in a((o$n" is based on 'ar"i(i'an"
obser!a"ion in "&e bi6%on"&ly %ee"ins of "&e -issent6 ne"-or80 -&i(& oranised aains"
"&e re(en" GI %ee"in in S(o"land7 In "&ose %ee"ins0 referen(e -as !ery of"en %ade "o
9de(en"ralisa"ion: in 'ro'osin not "o %a8e a de(ision on _7 So%e of "&is -as be(a$se of
fa"i$e: lare %ee"ins are !ery borin affairs0 and "&e (onsens$s 'ro(ess "&a" is a
%ains"ay of de(ision6%a8in in anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re %a8es s"ron de%ands on
one;s a""en"ion7 B&e"&er (ons(io$sly or by defa$l"0 &o-e!er0 "&e s'a(e for de(ision6
%a8in on a ne"-or86-ide le!el -o$ld see% "o &a!e been !ery s%all7 Mos" of "&e
a("i!i"y "&a" &a''ened -i"&in "&e ne"-or8;s fold -as "&e 'ro!in(e of larely
a$"ono%o$s affini"y ro$'s0 -or8in ro$'s and indi!id$al ne"-or8ers7 4$" e!en if i"
-as only an e#($se0 de(en"ralisa"ion -as s"ill e#'ressed as a 'rin(i'le0 as a !al$e0 or a"
leas" as a -idely a((e'"ed r$le of "&$%b7 So%e"i%es an a("i!is" -o$ld say so%e"&in "o
"&e effe(" "&a" 9a 'lenary s&o$ld no" %i(ro%anae "&e s%aller ro$'sM -e s&o$ld "r$s"
'eo'le "o e" on -i"& "&eir 'lans and 'ro=e("s as lon as "&ey;re -or8in -i"&in "&e
'rin(i'les of $ni"y:7 So &ere de(en"ralisa"ion -as seen "o i%'ly a$"ono%y -i"&in so%e
defined 'eri%e"ers0 "y'i(ally "&e 9'rin(i'les of $ni"y: +in "&e (ase of -issent6 i" -as "&e
PGA &all%ar8s,7 De(en"ralisa"ion -as of"en also (i"ed as i%'lyin a 'rin(i'le of
2<I
s$bsidiari"y0 as in 9_ s&o$ld e" de(ided on a" "&e lo-es" a''ro'ria"e s(ale:7 T&is0
&o-e!er0 is a %isleadin no"ion7 B&ile s$bsidiari"y is an i%'or"an" 'rin(i'le for
'ro%o"in "&e e(ono%i( and so(ial a$"ono%y of (o%%$ni"ies0 i" &as li""le %eanin in a
fl$id ne"-or8 "&a" &as nei"&er a eora'&i(al lo(a"ion as s$(&0 nor a (en"re0 nor a !er"i(al
s"r$("$re7 In s$(& a se""in i" is &ard "o $nders"and -&a" 9s(ale: (o$ld %ean7
Ta8e "&e follo-in obser!ed s(enario: a ne"-or8 'lenary is dis($ssin s$(& "&ins as
"rans'or" or leal s$''or"7 Peo'le in "&e %ee"in (i"e 9de(en"ralisa"ion: and aree "&a"
"&ese de(isions s&o$ld be %ade in a -or8in ro$'7 A" "&e sa%e "i%e0 "&ese -or8in
ro$'s &a!e ne"-or86-ide roles and %e%bers fro% aro$nd "&e (o$n"ry0 and "&$s
&a''en on "&e sa%e 9s(ale: as "&e 'lenary7 No"&in abo$" "&e% is 9lo(al: G -&a" "&ey
are is (en"res of 'o-er7
To des(ribe -&a" is &a''enin one (o$ld say "&a" "&e 'lenary0 a "e%'orary 9(en"re: of
(olle("i!e 'o-er or infl$en(e in "&e ne"-or8 +-&i(& only e#is"s in i"s bi6%on"&ly
(on!o(a"ions, is 9seedin: se!eral ne- 9(en"res:7 B&a" is a("$ally &a''enin is "&a"
'eo'le &a!e a ne- s"ory in "&eir &eads abo$" -&o does -&a"7 4$" -&a" -e (an no- see is
"&a" if -e are "al8in abo$" (en"res0 "&en -&a" %a8es for de(en"ralisa"ion is no" less of
"&e% b$" %ore7 B&en 'eo'le say "&ey -an" 9de(en"ralisa"ion:0 "&e ra%%ar of "&e -ord
-o$ld le" $s "&in8 "&ey -an" a 'ro(ess "&a" $ndoes +de6, so%e"&in else0 ei"&er a 'ro(ess
or a (ondi"ion of (en"ralisa"ion G of area"ion of 'o-er in fe- 'la(es7 T&e in"er're"a"ion
of de(en"ralisa"ion in "&e 'lenary is "&a" i" %eans "&a" "&ere s&o$ld be a 'ro(ess "o in(rease
"&e n$%ber of 9'la(es: +fa(e6"o6fa(e or !ir"$al, -&ere 'o-er e"s e#er(ised0 -&ile
a!oidin dis'ro'or"iona"e area"ions of 'o-er0 and5or "ransferrin e#is"in ones in"o
"&e ne- lo(ales +a 'rin(i'le of e*$ali"y ena("ed on an in(reasin n$%ber of re(i'ien"s,7
2<.
T&is for%$la0 &o-e!er0 does no" dis"in$is& be"-een differen" 8inds of 'o-er7 I" (an
be %ade "o a((o%%oda"e 'o-er6o!er as a lei"i%a"e re(i'ien" of de(en"ralisa"ion0 ra"&er
"&an of aboli"ion7 In order "o f$r"&er s&ar'en "&e differen(e0 le" $s isola"e de(en"ralisa"ion
of 'o-er6o!er7 I%aine "&a" "&e (en"ral (o%%i""ee of "&e r$lin (o%%$nis" 'ar"y of "&e
Peo'le;s Re'$bli( of Ti"osla!i=a &as de(ided for -&a"e!er reason "o de(en"ralise "&eir $se
of 'o-er6o!er0 i!in 'ro!in(ial a$"&ori"ies %ore a$"ono%y !is7 "&e (en"ral o!ern%en"
+in e(ono%i( 'lannin0 for ins"an(e,7 I" does no" %a""er "&a" "&e 'ro!in(e a$"&ori"ies are
"&e%sel!es &ierar(&i(ally oranised and sinle6'ar"y G de%o(ra(y or no"0 "&is is s"ill
de(en"ralisa"ion7 4$" in s$(& a (ase0 "&e "ransfer of 'o-er "o ne- (en"res -o$ld
ne(essi"a"e "-o "&ins7 ?irs"0 i" -o$ld need "o be (learly defined and %anaed0 se""in $'
'ro"o(ols for "&e e#e($"ion of ne- f$n("ions and ser!i(es by "&e 'ro!in(ial a$"&ori"ies0
"rainin ne- offi(ials and so on7 Se(ond0 i" -o$ld re*$ire so%e 8ind of lei"i%a"ion
%e(&anis%0 li8e an a%end%en" "o "&e 'ar"y (ons"i"$"ion7
Bi"& anar(&is"s0 &o-e!er0 "ransfer of 'o-er "o ne- (en"res oes $n%anaed and
$nlei"i%a"ed7 In 'ra("i(e0 -&a" "y'i(ally &a''ens -i"& "&e (rea"ion of ne- (en"res or
'la(es of 'o-er is "&a" by "&e "i%e "&e 'lenary %ee"s0 a n$%ber of 'eo'le -illin "o
!ol$n"eer "&eir "i%e and effor" "o %o!in "&ese "&ins for-ard -ill &a!e already for%ed
-or8in ro$'s0 o'en for o"&ers "o =oin7 In "&is e#a%'le0 "&en0 "&e 'lenary;s 9de(ision:
"o 9de(en"ralise: boils do-n "o an ad!er"ise%en" for a fait a%%ompli4 T&is raises "&e
*$es"ion of lei"i%a"ion7 A" firs"0 one -o$ld "&in8 "&a" "&e fa(" "&a" "&e 'lenary &as
areed "&a" "&e (rea"ion of -or8in ro$'s is ood (ons"i"$"es so%e 8ind of ra"ifi(a"ion0
and "&$s a lei"i%isin %e(&anis%7 4$" -&a" if "&e -or8in ro$'s si%'ly anno$n(ed
"&eir e#is"en(e0 -i"&o$" see8in "o enera"e dis($ssion in "&e 'lenaryH Unless "&e
2K1
'$r'ose of "&e ro$' so$nded s"rane or (on"ro!ersial indi!id$als -ere in!ol!ed0 "&e
anno$n(e%en" -o$ld 'ass -i"&o$" dis($ssion +a" %os" -i"& a fe- *$es"ions for
(larifi(a"ion,7 In o"&er -ords0 'eo'le -o$ld see "&e sa%e 9lei"i%a(y: in "&e -or8in
ro$'s0 if i" (an e!en be (alled "&a"0 -&e"&er or no" "&ey e#'li(i"ly a!e "&eir (onsen" in a
'lenary7 I" is diffi($l" "o see &o- "&e membership of "&e -or8in ro$' is in any -ay
(onsen"ed "o0 sin(e "&e *$es"ion of delea"ion and %anda"e is !ery "ri(8y &ere7
9Me%bers&i': in "&e -or8in ro$' is o'en for 'eo'le "o =oin0 and (an (&ane a" any
"i%e7 Unli8e in Ti"osla!i=a0 "&en0 -&o =oins "&e -or8in ro$'s is no" %anaed0 b$"
enera"ed by indi!id$als -i"&o$" f$r"&er o!ersi&"7
B&a" "&is dis($ssion of "&e anar(&is" ($l"$re of de(en"ralisa"ion re!eals is "&a"0 -&ile
of"en addressed as a !al$e0 de(en"ralisa"ion is also an 9oranisin 'rin(i'le: of "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en" in an empiri%al sense7 T&e %o!e%en" is already obser!ably
de(en"ralised7 ?$r"&er%ore0 as -e &a!e =$s" seen0 (loser a""en"ion re!eals "&a" a("i!is"s
"end "o re'rod$(e "&is for% of oranisa"ion by defa$l"7 B&a" I -o$ld o f$r"&er "o
s$es" is "&a" "&is dee'ly inrained ($l"$re of de(en"ralisa"ion res"s on "&e fa(" "&a" i" is
str&%t&rally inevitable7 T&is is be(a$se of 9"&e ele'&an" in "&e roo%: so of"en inored
d$rin dis($ssions of anar(&is" 'ro(ess: "&e absen(e of enfor(e%en"7
Between *nforcement and Coercion
T&e (on(e'" of 9enfor(e%en": in"rod$(ed &ere is absen" fro% "&e "y'oloies of
'o-er re!ie-ed in "&e 're!io$s (&a'"er7 Enfor(e%en" is %ean" as a 'ar"i($lar !arian" of
a rela"ed "er%0 9(oer(ion:7 T&e la""er0 -e &a!e said0 is "&e e#"ra("ion of (o%'lian(e
2K2
"&ro$& a "&rea" of de'ri!a"ion7 No- anar(&is"s s&o$ld no" be e#'e("ed "o say "&a" "&ey
-an" a so(ie"y 9-i"&o$" (oer(ion: as s$(&0 or "&a" "&ey -o$ld no" $se (oer(ion
"&e%sel!es7 If so%eone a""a(8s %e0 "oday or in an 9anar(&is" so(ie"y90 I -ill (er"ainly
(oer(e "&e% "o s"o'7 So(ial "ransfor%a"ion -ill also li8ely in!ol!e so%e for%s of non6
defensi!e (oer(ion0 aains" o-ners for e#a%'le +on !iolen(e see (&a'"er <,7 E!en in "&e
&$n"er6a"&erer and &or"i($l"$ral (o%%$ni"ies "&a" %any anar(&is"s loo8 $' "o for ($es
on non6&ierar(&i(al li!in +see (&7K,0 "&ere e#is"s "&e $se of 9diff$se so(ial san("ions: G
s&$nnin0 %arinalisa"ion0 e#(l$sion G -&ose a''li(a"ion or "&rea" (oer(e so(iable
be&a!io$r "o so%e e#"en" +4ar(lay 2..1,7
Enfor(e%en"0 on "&e o"&er &and0 is (oer(ion -&i(& &as "-o addi"ional a""rib$"es7
?irs"0 i" is ra"ionalised and ins"i"$"ionalised7 Enfor(e%en" is (oer(ion "&a" follo-s for%al
'ro(ed$res and $idelines0 s$(& "&a" bo"& "&e !i("i% and "&e 'er'e"ra"or 8no- -&a"
be&a!io$rs are e#'e("ed fro% "&e%7 I" is $s$ally a for% of (oer(ion aains" -&i(& so(ie"y
(onsiders i" illei"i%a"e and5or illeal "o defend oneself0 "&a" is0 i" is a""a(&ed "o a
leal5ra"ional for% of de!fa%to 'oli"i(al a$"&ori"y +Beber 2./I,7 Se(ond0 i" is (oer(ion
-&ere "&e "&rea" is 'er%anen"7 T&e %eans and 'ro"o(ols for enfor(e%en" are (ons"an"ly
a!ailable "o "&e enfor(er7 T&e (oer(er0 -i"&o$" f$r"&er s'e(ifi(a"ion0 %ay &a!e "o 9in!en":
"&eir o-n %eans and s"ra"ey for (oer(ion7 4o"& of "&ese as'e("s differen"ia"e
enfor(e%en" fro% (oer(ion as a s'oradi( or diff$se '&eno%enon7
Clearly anar(&is"s 9ob=e(": "o enfor(e%en" G i" is0 af"er all0 "&e s"$ff of "&e s"a"e7
Ho-e!er0 -&a" of"en oes $nno"i(ed is "&a" anar(&is"s (an and do $se (oer(ion0 in "&e
for% of diff$se so(ial san("ions G ossi'0 %arinalisa"ion0 "&e ref$sal "o -or8 -i"&
so%eone0 or '$bli( dis'lays of dis"r$s"7 So(ial san("ions are "&rea"enin "o "&e deree
2K3
"&a" i" is (os"ly for a 'erson "o 'oll$"e "&eir rela"ions -i"& o"&er %e%bers of a ro$' or0
$l"i%a"ely0 "o lea!e i"7 Marinalisa"ion as a res$l" of fallin o$" -i"& a b$n(& of anar(&is"s
%ay no" see% !ery (os"ly G (o%'ared "o "&e "&rea"s iss$ed by "&e s"a"e0 or e!en "o diff$se
san("ions in a "ribal (o%%$ni"y0 -&ere one;s s$r!i!al %ay de'end on (oo'era"ion7
Ho-e!er0 "&e (os" is nei"&er Cero nor insinifi(an" G i" (o$ld only be so if "&ere -ere no
'$r'ose in 'ar"i(i'a"in in "&e %o!e%en"7 ?or e#a%'le0 "&ere is of"en a lare deree of
o!erla' be"-een a("i!is"s; 'oli"i(al %ilie$ and "&eir so(ial one0 -i"& one;s (o%rades
bein "&e b$l8 of one;s friends7 An indi!id$al "&$s also fa(es "&e (os" of drif"in "o "&e
'eri'&ery of "&eir so(ial %ilie$0 losin friends&i' "ies and o''or"$ni"ies for so(ial
in"era("ion -i"& li8e6%inded 'eo'le o$"side "&e a("i!is" (ir(le7 T&is (os" is larer0 "&e
%ore of one;s friends are a("i!is"s0 and s%aller "o "&e deree "&a" indi!id$al friends&i'
"ies "&a" -ere (rea"ed "&ro$& a("i!is% (an (on"in$e7
T&e 'oin"0 &o-e!er0 is "&a" -&ereas so(ial san("ions %ay (ons"i"$"e a for% of
(oer(ion +-&i(& anar(&is"s %ay &a!e o"&er reasons no" "o ob=e(" "o 9as s$(&:0, "&ey are
&ardly so%e"&in on -&i(& an edifi(e of enfor%ement (o$ld be b$il"7 So(ial san("ions0
"a8en on "&eir o-n0 do no" easily yield "o "&e 'er%anen(e and ra"ionalisa"ion en"ailed by
enfor(e%en"7 T&ey are of "&eir na"$re e%'loyable in a s'oradi( and diff$se -ay7 4eyond
so(ial ones0 "&e a!ailable san("ions "&a" (an be e#er(ised in a ne"-or8ed so(ial %o!e%en"
are ne#" "o nil7 Anar(&is"s &a!e no ar%y or 'oli(e0 nor %eans of %obilisin e(ono%i(
san("ions aains" ea(& o"&er7 B&en i" (o%es "o "&e r$b of i"0 a%on a("i!is"s "&ere are
&ardly any reso$r(es for $ "o 're!en" / fro% doin so%e"&in / s"ronly -an"s "o do0 or
for $ "o %a8e / do so%e"&in "&ey / s"ronly ref$ses "o do7 T&ere is (er"ainly no -ay "o
ins"i"$"ionalise "&e %obilisa"ion of "&ese s(an" reso$r(es7
2K@
T&e la(8 of a''ro'ria"e san("ions0 "&en0 %a8es ins"i"$"ionalised (oer(ion no" only
$ndesirable for anar(&is"s in "&eir 'oli"i(s0 b$" s"r$("$rally i%'ossible7 T&is is i%'or"an"M
be(a$se -&ere "&ere is a priori no enfor(e%en"0 "&ere (an only be anar(&y7 H$%an
rela"ions in a("i!is" ne"-or8s -ill follo- anar(&is" 'a""erns al%os" by defa$l"7 T&e
%o!e%en" is doin a 're""y ood =ob a" 'refi$rin anar(&is" rela"ions si%'ly be(a$se
enfor(e%en" is en"irely absen" fro% i"s s"r$("$res0 and ine!i"ably so7 Per&a's "&is is only
'ossible in "&e "&in air of "&e a("i!is" %o!e%en";s dislo(a"ed a("i!i"ies0 $n"es"ed in "&e
%ore %essy ro$nd of (o%%$ni"y li!in0 food 'rod$("ion e"(7 I a% no" as8in -&e"&er
"&is absol$"e non6enfor(e%en" (an or (anno" -or8 in an anar(&is" so%iety -&ere rela"ions
en(o%'ass all areas of li8e +I "&in8 i" (an0 "o "&e deree "&a" "&ere is ease of %obili"y
be"-een (o%%$ni"ies0 %a8in "&e (os" of se(ession lo-,7 4$" -&a" (anno" be denied is
"&a" as far as "&e (on"e%'orary %o!e%en" is (on(erned0 de(en"ralisa"ion and a$"ono%y
are =$s" fa("s0 and "&ey are "&ere be(a$se "&e la(8 of 'ossibili"y for enfor(e%en" s"ands
"&e en"ire"y of anar(&is" a("i!i"ies on "&e basis of '$rely !ol$n"ary asso(ia"ion7
Anarchism and Democracy
On(e -e s&if" o$r $nders"andin of anar(&is" 'ro(ess in "&is -ay0 -e are able "o s&if"
-&a" %os" (lo$ds o$r "&in8in o!er 'ro(ess G "&e (on"in$ed (o$(&in of "&e deba"e in
de%o(ra"i( "er%s7 B&ile "&ere are %a=or 'arallels be"-een so%e of "&e !al$es ani%a"in
a("i!is"s; (olle("i!e 'ro(ess 'ra("i(es and "&ose -&i(& fea"$re in (on"e%'orary
de%o(ra"i( dis(o$rse G es'e(ially aro$nd 9'ar"i(i'a"ion:0 9in(l$sion: and 9delibera"ion:
G "&ere is s"ill a f$nda%en"al differen(e be"-een "&e (oordina"es of "&e deba"e7
2KF
De%o(ra"i( dis(o$rse ass$%es -i"&o$" e#(e'"ion "&a" "&e 'oli"i(al 'ro(ess res$l"s0 a"
so%e 'oin"0 in (olle("i!ely bindin de(isions7 T&a" "&ese de(isions are lei"i%ised G e!en
$nder s"rinen" (ondi"ions of broad 'ar"i(i'a"ion and free and o'en deba"e +Go$ld 2.II0
Co&en 2..I, G does no" (&ane "&e fa(" "&a" "&e o$"(o%e is seen "o &a!e a %anda"ory
na"$re7 Sayin "&a" so%e"&in is (olle("i!ely bindin %a8es no sense if ea(& 'erson is "o
%a8e $' "&eir o-n %ind o!er -&e"&er "&ey are bo$nd by i"7 4indin %eans enfor(eable0
and enfor(eabili"y is a ba(8ro$nd ass$%'"ion of de%o(ra(y7 4$" "&e o$"(o%es of
anar(&is" 'ro(ess are in&eren"ly i%'ossible "o enfor(e7 T&a" is -&y "&e 'ro(ess is no"
9de%o(ra"i(: a" all0 sin(e in de%o(ra(y "&e 'oin" of e*$al 'ar"i(i'a"ion in de"er%inin
de(isions is "&a" "&is is -&a" lei"i%a"es "&ese de(isions; s$bse*$en" enfor(e%en"7
Anar(&is%0 "&en0 re'resen"s no" "&e %os" radi(al for% of de%o(ra(y0 b$" al"oe"&er a
differen" 'aradi% of (olle("i!e a("ion7
T&$s "&e s"a"$s of 9de(isions: in an anar(&is" se""in be(o%es f$nda%en"ally
*$es"ionable7 Le" $s loo8 a" "&e (ir($%s"an"ial (ondi"ions of s$(& de(isions in "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en" G a" "&e (onsens$s 'ro(ess "&a" a("i!is"s al%os" $ni!ersally e%'loy7
M$(& &as been -ri""en abo$" "&e %e(&ani(s of (onsens$s de(ision6%a8in0 i"s differen(e
fro% $nani%i"y0 and "&e in"rinsi( !al$es "&a" a("i!is"s see in s$(& a 'ro(ess G "&e
'ro!ision for *$alified !e"o as %anifes" res'e(" for "&e indi!id$al0 and "&e fa(ili"a"ed
dis($ssion 'ro(ess as en(o$rain (rea"i!e o!er(o%in of differen(es or (oe#is"en(e
des'i"e "&e% +Coo!er e"7al7 2.KK0 4$"ler and Ro"&s"ein 2..I0 Herndon 3112,7 Else-&ere I
&a!e (onsidered "&e ($l"$ral 'ra("i(e of &and6sinallin "&a" a((o%'anies (onsens$s
'ro(ess0 'oin"in "o se!eral for%s of 9sof" %a=ori"arianis%: "&a" i" i%'lies +Gordon
3113,7 B&a" is %ore rarely as8ed is -&a" is "&e a("$al f$n("ion of "&e (onsens$s 'ro(ess7
2K/
One a$"&or sees i" as a ri"$alised 'oli"i(al %a(&ine0 (oa#in 'eo'le "&ro$& 9fa(ili"a"ion:
and re'&rasin in"o "&e ill$sion of assen" +Differen(e Enine 311/,7 T&$s (onsens$s is
said "o f$n("ion as a bo$s lei"i%a"ion %e(&anis%:
I" is i%'ossible no" "o 'er(ei!e -i"&in "&e (onsens$s %odel of oraniCa"ion "&e lea(y of
de(isionis"i(0 (ons"i"$"ionalis" so!erein"y7 T&e "&eory of (onsens$s s"ands on "&is %e"a'oli"i(al
ro$nd G a fo$ndin a("0 a 'o-er0 es"ablis&es "&e field -i"&in -&i(& 'ro'erly (ons"i"$"ed a("ion is
no" only 'ossible b$" de%anded7 Here "&e lei"i%a(y of "&e de(ision %a8in %odel0 "&e fa(" "&a"
i" is a !essel for "&e '$r'or"edly &i&er ideal of $ni!ersal aree%en"0 ser!es as "&e (ons"i"$"i!e
fa("or0 "&e ro$nd for lei"i%a"ion777Unders"ood as "&e 'oin" of libera"ion as s$(&0 (onsens$s
'oli"i(s be(o%es "&e "&ea"re of (i"iCens&i'0 in -&i(& "&e fo$ndin %y"& of "&e nobili"y and so(ial
(on"ra(" is ena("ed ad na$se$% Nsi%O0 fore!er si"$a"in i"self aains" "&e%0 "&ose -&o -o$ld &a!e
a$"&ori"y i%'osed -i"&o$" ro$nds7
Indeed0 inas%$(& as 'eo'le loo2 "o (onsens$s for lei"i%a"ion "&ey are 'ar"y "o a
de%o(ra"i( &ano!er7 4$" -&a" if -e a(8no-lede "&e 'oin" abo$" non6enfor(e%en"0
%a8in "&e need "or de%o(ra"i( lei"i%a(y disa''earH Under s$(& a ne- se" of
'ara%e"ers0 fea"$res s$(& as (onsens$s (an be e#'lained no" only as e%bodyin
anar(&is" 'rin(i'les +!al$in e!eryone;s !oi(e and (on(erns0 and addressin "&e% in a
%anner "&a" de'ar"s fro% "&e ad!ersarial0 (o%'e"i"i!e %odel of 'oli"i(s,0 nor only as an
ar"efa(" of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re +-&i(& (on"rib$"es "o "&e re'rod$("ion of a dis"in(" (olle("i!e
'oli"i(al iden"i"y,0 b$" also as 'erfor%in i%'or"an" f&n%tional roles in "&e 'rod$("ion of
(on(re"e res$l"s of "&e 'oli"i(al 'ro(ess7 In a sys"e% "&a" is "&oro$&ly 'redi(a"ed on
!ol$n"ary asso(ia"ion0 (o%'lian(e -i"& (olle("i!e de(isions is also !ol$n"ary7 Consens$s
is "&e only "&in "&a" %a8es sense -&en %inori"ies are $nder no oblia"ion or san("ion "o
(o%'ly0 be(a$se (onsens$s in(reases "&e li2elihood "&a" a de(ision -ill be !ol$n"arily
(arried o$" by "&ose -&o %ade i"7
S$(& an o$"loo8 also enables $s "o loo8 differen"ly a" "&e f$n("ion of s'o8es'eo'le0
2K<
delea"es or re'resen"a"i!es in "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en"7 If -e ass$%e "&a" -&a"
re'resen"a"i!es de(ide a%on "&e%sel!es -ill "&en have "o be follo-ed by "&ose "&ey
re'resen"0 "&en -e -ill ob!io$sly -an" "o as8 -&o a!e "&ese re'resen"a"i!es "&eir
%anda"e0 and -&a" are i"s na"$re and s(o'e7 Be -o$ld 'er&a's (onsider i" ood 'ra("i(e
for 9s'o8es: "o arri!e a" "&e %ee"in -i"& a 9s"ar"in 'osi"ion: based on earlier
(onsens$s in "&eir o-n ro$'0 and "o &a!e so%e $idelines fro% "&eir ro$' as "o &o-
fle#ible one (an be7 Be %ay also be s"ri(" and e#'e(" "&a" for s$(& a de(ision "o be
lei"i%a"e0 i" -o$ld &a!e "o be ra"ified by "&e lo(al ro$'s7 All of "&ese -o$ld indeed
%a8e "&e de(ision %ore de%o(ra"i(0 b$" only be(a$se "&ey are %i"ia"in fa("ors "o "&e
basi( 'resen(e of enfor(e%en"7 If "&is -ere "&e (ase0 anar(&is"s are no" doin !ery -ell a"
all a" bein 9de%o(ra"i(:0 be(a$se delea"es "o s'o8es(o$n(ils are rarely i!en a s'e(ifi(
%anda"e0 nor do "&ey e" ele("ed7 Us$ally "&ose -&o &a!e "&e "i%e and %oney "o "ra!el
"o a %ee"in do so0 and a" "&e %ee"in i"self nobody e!en (&e(8s -&i(& lo(al ro$'s are
re'resen"ed7 4$" "&e s'o8es'eo'le (an &a!e no -ay of &a!in "&eir de(ision enfor(ed G
and "&$s "&ey re*$ire no lei"i%a(y7 A" %os"0 a s'o8es(o$n(il is a $sef$l %e(&anis% for
banin &eads "oe"&er G enera"in 9de(isions: for -&i(& "&e s'o8es'eo'le (an
anti%ipate "&a" "&e indi!id$als no" 'resen" -ill !ol$n"arily follo-7 A s'o8es(o$n(il;s
(onsens$s -ill be 'ra("i(able "o "&e deree "&a" "&e s'o8es are bein li"erally
9re'resen"a"i!e: of "&e res" of "&e %o%en"7 T&is %eans no" "&a" "&ey are a''oin"ed "o
%a8e de(isions on so%eone else;s be&alf0 b$" "&a" "&ey "&in8 li8e o"&ers "&in80 and are
li8ely "o raise and resol!e "&e iss$es "&a" o"&ers -o$ld raise7 Aain0 "&e res$l"in
(onsens$s is of 'ra("i(able $"ili"y si%'ly be(a$se i" enera"es no" a de(ision b$" -&a"
essen"ially re%ains a 'ro'osal0 -&ile ens$rin "&ro$& dis($ssion a &i& li2elihood of
2KK
!ol$n"ary a((e'"an(e fro% o"&er 'eo'le no" 'resen" in "&e %ee"in0 be(a$se "&eir
(on(erns -ill &a!e already been an"i(i'a"ed in "&e s&a'in of "&e 9de(ision:6'ro'osal7
T&e (onfron"a"ion -i"& non6enfor(eabili"y0 "&en0 re!eals "&a" 9"&e 'oin" of de(ision:
is a red &errin for o$r a""en"ion "o "&e f$n("ionin of infl$en(e7 Bi"&o$" enfor(e%en"0
de(ision be(o%es a f$CCy (on(e'" and (an as easily be seen as a %a""er of (ons$l"a"ion
and arrane%en"7 B&ere "&e dile%%as aro$nd 'ro(ess really o(($r is aro$nd "&e
o'era"ion of infl$en(e o$"side any for%al 9de(ision6%a8in: s"r$("$res0 -&i(& is "&e
b$l8 of e!eryday anar(&is" oranisin7 Con(erns aro$nd "&is essen"ially in!isible and
be&ind6"&e6s(enes e#er(ise of infl$en(e are %$(& %ore 'er"inen" "o anar(&is"s;
dis($ssions7 T&ey in!ol!e "&e a$"ono%o$s na"$re of -ieldin 'o-er6-i"&0 li8e "&e
ins"an(e abo!e in -&i(& a -or8in ro$' &ad already been se" $' -i"&o$" as8in
anybody7 Ano"&er di%ension is added -&en one finds "&a"0 -i"&in lare ne"-or8s0 "&ere
"ends "o be a fl$id b$" iden"ifiable s$b6ne"-or8 of 'eo'le -&o %ore &abi"$ally realise
"&eir a((ess "o 'o-er6-i"&0 and no" !ery '$bli(ly so7 T&e e#is"en(e of s$(& s$b6ne"-or8s
or leaders&i' (ro&ps &as (a$sed a rea" deal of an#ie"y for anar(&is"s0 no" leas" so for
"&ose -&o &a!e fo$nd "&e%sel!es -i"&in one7 Many a("i!is"s are fa%iliar -i"& "&is
dyna%i( and i"s a((o%'anyin (on(erns for a((o$n"abili"y7 Ho-e!er0 "o bein "&e
dis($ssion -e s&o$ld "a8e a de"o$r "o (lear a-ay0 on(e and for all0 a (a"ara(" of
%is'er(e'"ion "&a" &as $nfor"$na"ely be(o%e "ren(&an" in %any anar(&is"s; "&in8in
abo$" "&is 8ind of 'o-er7
The Tyranny of #tructurelessness Reconsidered
2KI
Si%ilar "o ano"&er e#'ression0 9lifes"yle anar(&is%:0 "&e idea of a 9"yranny of
s"r$("$relessness: is of"en in!o8ed in "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" -i"& li""le or no
fa%iliari"y -i"& "&e oriinal ar$%en" "&a" ro$nded i" +for "&e for%er see 4oo8(&in
2..F0 4la(8 2..I,7 B&ile -&a" -e %$s" $l"i%a"ely (onfron" is "&e looser sense in -&i(&
anar(&is"s $se "&e e#'ression0 i" -o$ld be -or"&-&ile "o loo8 firs" a" "&e oriinal7 'he
'yranny of Str&%t&relessness +&en(efor"& ''oS# is an essay -ri""en by so(iolois" Lo
?ree%an $nder "&e 'en6na%e Loreen7 T&e essay ar$es "&a" "&e alleed i%'asse in
-o%en;s libera"ion deri!es fro% "&e fa(" "&a" fe%inis" (ons(io$sness6raisin ro$'s &a!e
ele!a"ed "&e la(8 of for%al s"r$("$res and res'onsibili"ies in "&eir a("i!i"ies "o "&e le!el of
an $n*$es"ioned do%a +?ree%an 2.K10 (f7 ?ree%an 2.K/,7 T&is (o%%i"%en" "o
9s"r$("$relessness:0 &o-e!er0 enables infor%al &ierar(&i(al s"r$("$res "o e%ere and
'er'e"$a"e "&e%sel!es -i"&in ro$'s: a (lass of leaders -&o (ons"i"$"e an in6ro$'0 a
ne"-or8 of 'ersonal friends -i"&in "&e larer ro$'0 -&ile "&ose -&o are no" in "&is
ne"-or8 (ons"i"$"e an o$"6ro$' -&i(& re%ains dise%'o-ered7 To 'er'e"$a"e "&eir
s"a"$s0 in6ro$'s (rea"e (ri"eria by -&i(& 'eo'le in "&e larer ro$' are =$ded0 and li%i"
"&eir 'ar"i(i'a"ion "o 'res(ribed roles or (&annels7 T&e la(8 of for%al s"r$("$re
be(o%es a s%o8es(reen for "&e s"ron or "&e l$(8y "o es"ablis& $n*$es"ioned &ee%ony o!er
o"&ers7 T&is &ee%ony (an easily be es"ablis&ed be(a$se "&e idea of Ps"r$("$relessness; does no"
're!en" "&e for%a"ion of infor%al s"r$("$res0 b$" only for%al ones777T&e r$les of &o- de(isions
are %ade are 8no-n only "o a fe- and a-areness of 'o-er is ($r"ailed by "&ose -&o 8no- "&e
r$les0 as lon as "&e s"r$("$re of "&e ro$' is infor%al7 T&ose -&o do no" 8no- "&e r$les and are
no" (&osen for ini"ia"ion %$s" re%ain in (onf$sion0 or s$ffer fro% 'aranoid del$sions "&a"
so%e"&in is &a''enin of -&i(& "&ey are no" *$i"e a-are7
?ree%an "&in8s "&a" $nless a %o!e%en" for (&ane (an; o!er(o%e "&is 'roble%0 i"
2K.
-ill no" de!elo' b$" be(o%e in-ard6loo8in0 "ra''ed in s"erile ri"$als and do%ina"ed by
eli"es7 If ro$'s (on"in$e delibera"ely no" "o sele(" -&o s&all e#er(ise 'o-er and
infl$en(e -i"&in "&e%0 "&ey abdi(a"e "&e ri&" "o de%and "&a" "&ose -&o do so be
res'onsible for i"7 Bi"&o$" for%al s"r$("$re0 ine*$ali"ies de!elo': so%e are free "o a("
-i"&o$" referen(e "o "&e ro$'0 -&ile o"&ers find "&e%sel!es blo(8ed a" e!ery "$rn7
T&e sol$"ion "&a" ?ree%an 'ro'oses is "o a(8no-lede "&a" ine*$ali"ies are
ines(a'able0 b$" "o for%alise ro$' s"r$("$res so "&a" "&e &ierar(&ies "&ey enera"e are
(ons"i"$"ed de%o(ra"i(ally7 Posi"ions -&i(& in($r a$"&ori"y and de(ision6%a8in 'o-er
s&o$ld be delea"ed by ele("ion0 (ons(io$sly dis"rib$"ed a%on %any 'ar"i(i'an"s0
ro"a"ed of"en0 and in(l$de a re*$ire%en" "o be res'onsible "o "&e ro$'7 Infor%a"ion
%$s" be diff$sed -idely and fre*$en"ly0 and e!eryone s&o$ld &a!e e*$al a((ess "o "&e
ro$';s %oney or e*$i'%en"7 As a res$l"0 9"&e ro$' of 'eo'le in 'osi"ions of a$"&ori"y
-ill be diff$se0 fle#ible0 o'en and "e%'orary:7
Le" %e no"e in 'assin "&a" "&e s$es"i!e (o%'arison "o Rober" Mi(&els; fa%o$s
essay 9T&e Iron La- of Oliar(&y: is %is"a8en7 Mi(&els +2.22, -as referrin "o "&e
for%a"ion of oliar(&ies in %ass6based oranisa"ions +'ar"i($larly -or8in6(lass 'ar"ies,
-&i(& already have for%al s"r$("$res7 His ar$%en" is abo$" "&e "enden(y of "&e 'eo'le
o(($'yin 'osi"ions -i"&in s$(& s"r$("$res "o be(o%e a self6re'rod$(in eli"e ro$'0
des"royin "&e de%o(ra"i( as'ira"ions of "&e 'ar"y7 S$(& ar$%en"s in fa(" ref&te
?ree%an;s e#'e("a"ions "o-ards "&e redee%in *$ali"ies of lare6s(ale0 for%al s"r$("$res7
So%e anar(&is"s0 of"en of "&e 9bi6A: or 9old s(&ool: dis'osi"ion0 (i"e ''oS in
s$''or" of "&eir s"ron bias "o-ards for%al oranisa"ion0 es'e(ially in "&e for% of "&e
"radi"ional anar(&is" %odel of bo""o%6$' federa"ion +see e77 Class Bar ?edera"ion 2..30
2I1
Anar(&o $nda"ed,7 Mos" are a%bi!alen" abo$" ?ree%an;s ideas0 a(8no-ledin "&e
'roble% s&e iden"ifies b$" s&yin a-ay fro% &er (on(l$sions7 Indeed0 "&e %ain "&r$s" of
anar(&is"6ins'ired (ri"i*$es of ?ree%an;s 'osi"ion &as been "o re=e(" &er (on(l$sions
abo$" for%alisin a$"&ori"y -i"&in ro$'s0 -i"&o$"0 &o-e!er0 %o$n"in a for%al
(&allene of &er analysis7 In a "are"ed reb$""al fro% an anar(&a6fe%inis" 'ers'e("i!e0
Ca"&y Le!ine insis"s "&a" a(8no-ledin eli"es and for%alisin "&e% is an $na((e'"able
(on(ession "o "&e ossified 'a""erns of "&e "radi"ional lef"0 -&i(& s&e asso(ia"es -i"&
're(isely "&e 'a"riar(&al -orld6!ie- -&i(& -o%en;s %o!e%en"s +and anar(&is"s0 for
"&a" %a""er, are dedi(a"ed "o o!er(o%in7 S&e defends "&e !ol$n"ary asso(ia"ion %odel
of oranisin0 and e%'&asises "&e need for "&e de!elo'%en" of a radi(al %ilie$ -&ose
($l"$re res'e("s0 n$r"$res and s$s"ains 'eo'le0 and a!oids "&e blea8 %e(&anisa"ion "&a"
(&ara("erises for%al s"r$("$res7

B&a" -e defini"ely don;" need is %ore s"r$("$res and r$les0 'ro!idin $s -i"& easy ans-ers0
're6fab al"erna"i!es and no roo% in -&i(& "o (rea"e o$r o-n -ay of life7 B&a" is "&rea"enin "&e
fe%ale Lef"777is "&e 9"yranny of "yranny:0 -&i(& &as 're!en"ed $s fro% rela"in "o indi!id$als0 or
fro% (rea"in oranisa"ions in -ays "&a" do no" obli"era"e indi!id$ali"y -i"& 'res(ribed roles0 or
fro% libera"in $s fro% (a'i"alis" s"r$("$re: +Le!ine0 $nda"ed N2.K1sO,7
Lason M(J$inn +3113, oes on "o ar$e "&a" "&e 'roble%s ?ree%an asso(ia"es -i"&
s"r$("$reless ro$'s are "&e sa%e0 or -orse0 in for%ally6s"r$("$red oranisa"ions:
I";s %$(& %ore (o%%on +be(a$se i";s 'robably a &ell of a lo" easier, for 9"&e s"ron or "&e
l$(8y "o es"ablis& $n*$es"ioned &ee%ony o!er o"&ers: by s"ar"in or "a8in o!er for%al
oraniCa"ions7 Af"er all -&y bo"&er -i"& blo-in 9s%o8es(reens: "o &ide a s&a8y &ee%ony o!er
a s%all0 infor%al ro$' -&en i";s easier "o insin$a"e yo$rself in"o 'o-erf$l roles in for%al
oraniCa"ionsH777Peo'le -&o allo- "&e%sel!es "o be do%ina"ed in infor%al ro$'s -ill also allo-
"&e%sel!es "o be do%ina"ed in for%al ro$'s G and 'robably %ore easily and of"en in "&e la""er
be(a$se a s"r$("$re for do%ina"ion is oin "o be %$(& %ore of"en 'resen" fro% "&e o$"se"\
T&ese (o$n"er6ar$%en"s %ay be !alid0 b$" "&ey do no" &el' $s (o%e $' -i"& a fres&
2I2
a''roa(& "o "&e 'roble%7 And "&ere is a 'roble%0 o"&er-ise i" is &ard "o e#'lain -&y "&e
idea of a 'oS0 and so%e"i%es "&e essay i"self0 en=oy s$(& end$rin 'o'$lari"y a%on
a("i!is"s7 T&e essay a''eals "o "&e basi( in"$i"ion "&a" so%e"&in is -ron -i"& "&e
dyna%i(s -&i(& ro$'s so%e"i%es de!elo'7 To address "&is 9so%e"&in: in o"&er "er%s
%i&" be easier if -e fo($s0 no" on "&e 'ro'osals0 b$" on "&e basi( 're%ises and
reasonin of ''oS7 ?ree%an;s ar$%en" &as si# (o%'onen"s:
27 T&e 'ro()#- (onsis"s in "&e e#is"en(e of an #)it# +or se!eral (o%'e"in ones,
-i"&in "&e larer a("i!is" ro$'7
37 An infor%al eli"e is 9no"&in %ore and no"&in less: "&an a *ri#n&,i' n#t"or%
-i"&in "&e larer ro$' G -&e"&er i" 're6e#is"s i" or for%s -i"&in i"7
@7 An eli"e;s e%eren(e and re'rod$("ion is $a+&# by "&e la(8 of for%al s"r$("$res
for (o%%$ni(a"ion and de(ision6%a8in in "&e ro$'7 In "&eir absen(e0 a
(o%%$ni(a"ion !a($$% is (rea"ed and i" is filled by "&e infor%al in"era("ions
-&i(& "&e %e%bers of "&e friends&i' ro$' %ain"ains as friends0 -&e"&er o$"side
"&e ro$';s %ee"ins or as a 'ri!ileed s'a(e of dis($ssion d$rin "&e%7
F7 ?$r"&er%ore0 a #'#n#n$# is (rea"ed: only infor%al eli"es re"ain "&e %apa%ity "o
%a8e de(isions and o!ersee "&e% (arried o$"0 be(a$se "&ey (on(en"ra"e "&e
ne(essary infor%a"ion0 reso$r(es e"(7 -&i(& are no" s&ared by "&e ro$'7
/7 Sin(e an eli"e is $nli8ely "o reno$n(e i"s 'o-er0 e!en if (&allened0 9"&e only
o"&er al"erna"i!e is for%ally "o s"r$("$re "&e ro$' in s$(& a -ay "&a" "&e oriinal
Ni7e7 "&e e#is"inO 'o-er is in&tit+tiona)i&#777If "&e infor%al eli"es &a!e been -ell
s"r$("$red and &a!e e#er(ised a fair a%o$n" of 'o-er in "&e 'as"0 s$(& a "as8 is
feasible:7
<7 As "&e infor%al eli"es be(o%e for%al ones0 r$les for #-o$rati$ $ontro) are
in"rod$(ed +delea"ion0 infor%a"ion s&arin, -&i(& are in"ended "o broaden
'ar"i(i'a"ion and %a8e 'osi"ions of 'o-er %ore a((o$n"able7
Sin(e Le!ine and M(J$inn 'ri%arily (&allene 'oin"s / and <0 "&e fo($s &ere -ill be
on "&e earlier ones7 T&e firs" "-o s"a"e%en"s0 "o bein -i"&0 are no" ne(essarily "r$e7
Peo'le -&o en=oy in"ernal 'osi"ions of infl$en(e -i"&in a ro$' %ay do so as
2I3
indi!id$als0 -i"&o$" ne(essarily f$n("ionin as a ro$' in i"self7 One 'erson %ay &a!e a
do%inan" 'osi"ion be(a$se s5&e ar$es for(ef$lly and aressi!ely0 ano"&er be(a$se s5&e
&as sole a((ess "o a (er"ain reso$r(e0 s$(& as a 'rin"in 'ress or a %ea'&one0 and a "&ird
be(a$se s5&e is "&e only one -&o &as a (er"ain s8ill0 s$(& as a((o$n"in or In"erne"
resear(&7 S$(& a se"6$' does no" re*$ire "&e indi!id$als in *$es"ion "o e!en (o%%$ni(a"e
-i"& ea(& o"&er re$larly G i" is eno$& "&a" ea(& of "&e% is in a 'osi"ion "o e#er(ise
$na((o$n"able infl$en(e o!er e!eryone else in &is or &er o-n -ay7 Se(ond0 s$(& 'eo'le
are no" ne(essarily friends7 On a lare6s(ale le!el of a ne"-or8 li8e -issent60 for e#a%'le0
"&ere is an iden"ifiable leaders&i' ro$'0 b$" -&ile so%e of "&e% are in"i%a"e friends0
o"&ers &a!e a rela"ions&i' "&a" (an be be""er des(ribed as based on "r$s" and %$"$al
fondness7 So%e of "&e% are &a''y "o oranise "oe"&er b$" (anno" s"and ea(& o"&er
so(ially7 Al"erna"ely0 in a rela"i!ely s%all and s"able (olle("i!e0 "&e friends&i' ro$' %ay
en"irely o!erla' "&e (olle("i!e0 b$" still dis'lay in"ernal 'a""erns of e#(l$sion or
do%ina"ion7 T&ese 'a""erns %ore of"en ($" a(ross ea(& o"&er "&an bein arraned aro$nd
%ore6or6less (lear bo$ndaries be"-een s$b6ro$'s7 Peo'le (an all be 9friends: -i"& ea(&
o"&er b$" s"ill &a!e iss$es in "&eir rela"ions&i's7
More basi(ally0 i" is *$es"ionable &o- %$(& !alidi"y "&e (on(e'" of friends&i'6eli"es
a("$ally &as0 sin(e "&ere are serio$s differen(es be"-een -&a" ea(& "y'e of ro$' is li8e7
In order "o f$n("ion0 an eli"e of "&e 8ind 'or"rayed in ''oS -o$ld see% "o re*$ire *$i"e a
s"able %e%bers&i' and s%oo"& rela"ions&i's be"-een i"s %e%bers7 O"&er-ise0 i" -o$ld
be &ard for i" "o f$n("ion as a for$% for 'oli"i(al (oordina"ion0 es'e(ially -i"&in a larer
ro$' "&a" i" needs (ons"an"ly "o %ani'$la"e7 4$" ro$'s of friends !ery rarely -or8 li8e
"&a"7 Bi"&in s$(& ro$'s0 'eo'le &a!e differen" 8inds of friends&i's -i"& ea(& o"&er
2I@
+bes" friends0 ood friends0 %a"es0 lo!ers777,0 (rea"in a (o%'le# ne"-or8 of "ies "&a" is
!ery rarely %onoli"&i(7 Moreo!er0 "&e 9a("i!is" lifes"yle: in "&e Bes" (an also %ean "&a"
"&ese ro$'s &a!e a !ery fl$id na"$re: 'eo'le b$rn6o$"0 fall o$" -i"& ea(& o"&er0 %a8e
ne- friends0 %ira"e a lo" e"(7 G "&ins "&a" of"en &a''en a%on non6a("i!is" friends as
-ell7 T&ese (onsidera"ions do no" %a8e for denyin "&a" "&e 'ro"aonis" of ''oS analysis
G "&e friends&i'6eli"e G is ne!er a reali"y7 T&e 'roble% may "a8e "&e for% of a s%aller
ro$' +of friends, do%ina"in "&e larer ro$'0 and ?ree%an;s analysis is (learly
rele!an" "o &er o-n e#'erien(es in "&e -o%en;s %o!e%en" +?ree%an 2.K<,7 B&a" is
denied &ere0 &o-e!er0 is "&e 'or"rayal of "&e friends&i'6eli"e as so%e 8ind of ?irs" Ca$se
lyin a" 9"&e: roo" of "&e 'roble%0 -&i(& "as "&e (ir($%s"an"ial as essen"ial7
T&e fo($s on an"aonis"i( ro$'s G 9ins: and 9o$"s:0 9infor%al eli"es: and 9(onf$sed
flo(8: G no" only se"s s"ri(" li%i"s "o "&e rele!an(e of "&e analysis in ''oS 0 b$" also also
e#'oses i"s &i&ly6'roble%a"i( %e"&odoloi(al 're%ises7 ''oS is a s"ronly s"r$("$ralis"
a((o$n"0 in "&e so(ioloi(al sense of "&e -ord7 I" a''roa(&es i"s ob=e(" +in "&is (ase0 "&e
(olle("i!e, as a sys"e%0 and a""e%'"s "o analyse &o- "&is sys"e% is s"r$("$red7 I" is only
in "er%s of "&e sys"e%;s for%al and infor%al r$les "&a" s"r$("$ralis" analysis 'ro(eeds0
-&ile "&e -ills and desins of "&e 'eo'le -&o in&abi" "&e sys"e% &a!e a less sinifi(an"
'la(e in "&e analysis "&an "&ese s"r$("$ral di%ensions7 T&$s friends&i'6eli"es 9are no"
(ons'ira(ies:0 b$" "&e res$l" of ines(a'able s"r$("$ral fa("ors7 S"r$("$ralis% %ay be of
so%e $se for "&e analysis of %ass so(ie"y or i%'ersonal b$rea$(ra(ies0 b$" i" is &ardly
a''ro'ria"e for fa(e6"o6fa(e se""ins -&ere0 af"er all0 a rea" deal of dire(" (o%%$ni(a"ion
"a8es 'la(e7 In 'ar"i($lar0 s$(& a s"ron !ersion of s"r$("$ralis% in!i"es "&e (&are "&a" i"
is o!erly de"er%inis"i( in i"s !ie- of "&e rela"ions&i' be"-een $nderlyin s"r$("$res and
2IF
"&e be&a!io$r of "&e &$%an beins 'la(ed -i"&in "&e%7 I" bra(8e"s0 for e#a%'le0 "&e
'ossibili"y of (orre("i!e aen(y on 'ar" of "&e leaders0 -&o %ay realise "&eir 'osi"ion is
'roble%a"i( and "a8e s"e's "o re("ify "&e si"$a"ion7 T&e %isa''li(a"ion also leads "o "&e
'arado# -&ereby "&e infor%al eli"es are s$''osed "o be &idden be&ind a 9s%o8es(reen:
and are a" "&e sa%e "i%e readily obser!able "o 9anyone -i"& a s&ar' eye and an a($"e
ear:7 Unless "&e la""er orans are "&e sole 'ro!ision of "&e so(ial s(ien"is"0 i" is &ard "o see
&o- an infor%al eli"e0 based on friends&i' and enabled by s"r$("$relessness0 (o$ld
re%ain &idden or s$r!i!e (ri"i(is% for any e#"ended 'eriod7
T&e de'enden(e of ''oS on "&e 'ara'&ernalia of 2.<1s 9!al$e free: so(ial s(ien(e
also li%i"s "&e s(o'e of i"s *$es"ions7 T&e only a!ailable "y'e of !al$e6=$de%en" -i"&in
"&e essay;s fra%e-or8 is &o- s$((essf$lly ro$'s f$lfil "&eir oals G in "&is (ase0 b$ildin
a s"ron fe%inis" %o!e%en"7 As a res$l"0 all i"s (ri"i(is%s of eli"es re!ol!e aro$nd "&e
*$es"ion of effi(ien(y7 ?irs"0 "&e 'rere*$isi"es for bein 'ar" of an infor%al eli"e are
9ba(8ro$nd0 'ersonali"y and allo(a"ion of "i%e7 T&ey do no" in(l$de one;s (o%'e"en(e0
dedi(a"ion "o fe%inis%0 "alen"s or 'o"en"ial (on"rib$"ion "o "&e %o!e%en":7 Se(ond0
"&ere is no" s'a(e for all ood ideas: 9Peo'le lis"en "o ea(& o"&er be(a$se "&ey li8e "&e%0
no" be(a$se "&ey say sinifi(an" "&ins:7 ?inally eli"es 9&a!e no oblia"ions "o be
res'onsible "o "&e ro$' a" lare:7 All "&e -&ile0 no"&in is e!er said in (ri"i*$e of eli"es
as s$(& G only of "&eir (ons"i"$"ion alon non6%eri"o(ra"i( lines7 B&ile "&e 're6re*$isi"es
for %e%bers&i' in ?ree%anDs for%alised eli"es are 're(isely "&e 9a("i!is" reso$r(es: "&a"
are leas" 'rone "o redis"rib$"ion G enery0 (onfiden(e0 ar"i($la"ion and so on G "&eir s"a"$s
as reso$r(es is ne!er %eaninf$lly (&allened7 E!en "&e 9"yranny: is no" a""rib$"ed "o
eli"e ro$'sM i" is a""rib$"ed "o "&e s"r$("$relessness i"self0 -&i(& (rea"es a 9"yranni(al:
2I/
se""in be(a$se i" be(o%es a self6'ro'aa"ed %y"& -&ile obs($rin "&e 9real iss$es: "&a"
''oS (lai%s "o e#'ose7
Accounta&ility
B&ile bo"& "&e analysis and re(o%%enda"ions of TToS "$rn o$" "o be $nsa"isfa("ory0
a (ase s"ill re%ains "o be ans-ered7 T&e essay -as0 af"er all0 dire("ed a" e#'lainin and
addressin a 'roble% -i"& -&i(& a("i!is"s are "&oro$&ly fa%iliar G o"&er-ise i" is &ard
"o a((o$n" for "&e (on"in$ed !erna($lar 'o'$lari"y a%on a("i!is"s of "&e e:pression
9"yranny of s"r$("$relessness:0 "&o$& no" "&e a("$al (on"en" of "&e essay7 T&e 're%ise of
''oS a''eals "o a basi( in"$i"ion "&a" so%e"&in is -ron -i"& "&e dyna%i(s "&a" ro$'s
so%e"i%es de!elo'7
Aren"inian a("i!is" ECe*$iel Ada%o!s8y i!es a ood e#a%'le of "&is (on(ern in
dis($ssin "&e ($rren" s"a"e of "&e a$"ono%o$s nei&bo$r&ood asse%blies "&a" for%ed
af"er "&e 3112 (risis in Aren"ina7 He re'or"s "&a" "&e ne"-or8 of asse%blies &as
di%inis&ed -idely0 a" all b$" a !ery s%all and lo(aliCed le!el7 He "&in8s "&is is 'ar"ly
be(a$se "&e &oriCon"alis% "&a" (&ara("eriCed "&e e%eren(e of "&e asse%blies &ad been
so fo($sed on re=e("ion G of 'o-er 'yra%ids and a &ierar(&i(al di!ision of labo$r G "&a"
no 'osi"i!e ro$nd-or8 for (oordina"ion (o$ld be es"ablis&ed7 T&is fail$re led "o "&e
disin"era"ion of so%e of "&e a$"ono%o$s ini"ia"i!es0 as a("i!is"s resor"ed ei"&er "o Vold
(er"ain"iesV0 "&e dri!e "o b$ild a -or8er;s 'ar"y0 or be(a%e (o%for"ably isola"ed in"o !ery
s%all (ir(les of fa%iliari"y -i"&o$" "&e (a'a(i"y "o ar"i($la"e "&e s"r$le -i"& "&e larer
so(ie"y +(i"ed in Aa$f%an 311/,7 Aa$f%an f$r"&er asso(ia"es "&e brea8do-n of "&e
2I<
assambleas -i"& "&e la(8 of 9a "rans'aren" dis"rib$"ion of "as8s and (lear de%o(ra"i(
de(ision6%a8in %e"&od:7
T&e fear of delea"in res'onsibili"y be(o%es a 8ind of 'ri!ileed !ol$n"aris%: -&oe!er &as
"&e (onne("ions and "i%e0 bo"& ele%en"s of 'ri!ilee0 "o e" so%e"&in done does i"7 T&e in"ended
a!oidan(e of &ierar(&i(al leaders&i' leads "o an o'en denial of 'o-er b$" Nallo-sO a na%eless and
in!isible infor%al s"r$("$re of 'o-er -&ere (&aris%a or -ell6(onne("edness be(o%es "&e definin
fa("or for e%erin leaders&i'7 In %o!e%en" 'oli"i(s0 $ns"r$("$red Po'en s'a(e; be(o%es a s&ady
s"and6in for de%o(ra"i( 'ro(ess7
B&a" %any res'onses "o "&ese (on(erns &a!e in (o%%on is "&a" "&ey ad!o(a"e
refor%s in %o!e%en" s"r$("$res and 'ro(esses0 and a%'lify "-o "&e%es: +a,
Res'onsibili"y s&o$ld be delea"ed0 (learly6%anda"ed and re(allableM and +b, Infl$en(e in
"&e %o!e%en" s&o$ld be e#er(ised as !isibly as 'ossible7 T&e end6oal "o-ards -&i(&
bo"& 'ro'osals s"eer is of"en referred "o as 9a((o$n"able: rela"ions&i's7 T&is is also a
-ord "&a" is of"en &eard a%on a("i!is"s -&en dis($ssin "&e iss$es -e are dealin -i"&
&ere7 T&ere is no do$b" of "&e earnes" in"en"ions of "&ose -&o raise "&ese 'ro'osals in
"al8in abo$" 'ro(ess7 Many a("i!is"s -&o &a!e en(o$n"ered a ro$' -&i(& &as fallen
$nder "&e s-ay of a fe- s"ron 'ersonali"ies -ill a(8no-lede "&e so$r(es of +a,0 and
"&ose fa%iliar -i"& re'ea"ed (on(erns aro$nd "&e -or8ins of "&e UA E?\ ne"-or8 or "&e
lobal PGA 'ro(ess +Non6Ne"-or8 Sans Ti"re 3113, -ill $nders"and "&e so$r(es of +b,7
A((o$n"able 'o-er rela"ions is "&e aenda "&a" ani%a"es ''oS0 as -ell as 4oo8(&in;s
9for%al str&%t&res and re(&lations "&a" (an effe("i!ely %ontrol and modify "&e a("i!i"ies of
leaders: +4oo8(&in 311@,7 I" is no" "&e only aenda0 sin(e bo"& ?ree%an and 4oo8(&in
"end "o re'resen" effe%tiveness as a 'ri%ary oal for for%alisin s"r$("$res7 Ho-e!er0 in
"er%s of "&e ($rren" dis($ssion G as -ell as reardin "&e (on(re"e %o"i!a"ions of
'resen"6day a("i!is"s G a((o$n"abili"y is "&e %eaninf$l fo($s7
2IK
Ul"i%a"ely0 -&a" %o"i!a"es bo"& ?ree%an and Aa$f%an -&o in!o8es &er0 as -ell as
"&e si%ilar +and si%ilarly %is$ided, 'ro'osals of 4oo8(&in +4ie&l and 4oo8(&in 2..I,
and "&e Pla"for% re!i!alis"s +(f7 Ma8&no e"7al7 2.3<,0 is a lei"i%a"e (on(ern: "&e fel" need
"o &a!e so%e -ay of %oni"orin0 (&e(8in and %a8in !isible "&e o'era"ions of
infl$en(e -i"&in '$r'osef$lly an"i6a$"&ori"arian ro$'ins7 Many a("i!is"s find i"
dise%'o-erin -&en 'ro=e("s "&ey are in!ol!ed -i"& are infl$en(ed -i"&o$" "&eir
8no-lede0 or -&en "&ey find "&e%sel!es "a8in 'ar" in a("ions and 'ro=e("s -&i(& "&ey
do no" 8no- -&o ini"ia"ed and ($rren"ly na!ia"es7 4ein '$" in a si"$a"ion -&ose
&is"ory of (o%in in"o bein is o'a*$e0 and -&ose f$r"&er de!elo'%en" is only
%arinally $nder one;s (on"rol G "&is %ay be "&e nor% in en!iron%en"s li8e "&e ar%y0
-or8'la(e or s(&ool0 b$" a("i!is"s are ri&" in "&in8in "&a" "&ey s&o$ld not be "&e nor%
in anar(&is" oranisin -&ere "&e ai% is "o a("$alise al"erna"i!es "o 'resen" for%s of
so(ial oranisa"ion7 I" is dis(on(er"in "o feel "&a" reali"y is bein s&a'ed aro$nd one
-i"&o$" one;s in'$"0 and in a 'ro(ess &idden fro% one;s !ie-7
T&e %os" ob!io$s 'roble% -i"& "&ese 'ro'osals0 as I &a!e said0 is "&a" "&ey are
$""erly i%'ra("i(al G "&ey a%o$n" "o as8in "&e %o!e%en" "o en"irely (&ane i"s 'oli"i(al
($l"$re0 'la(in i"self in an en"irely $nfa%iliar %o$ld "&a" needs "o be learned and
follo-ed aains" one;s &abi"s7 I" also %eans "&e effe("i!e s"o''ae of "&e %o!e%en";s
in&eren" fl$idi"y in order "o ada'" i" "o ra"ionalised s"r$("$res0 losin "&e ad!an"aes of
&i& (onne("i!i"y and ra'id enera"ion of a("ion afforded by de(en"ralised0 ne"-or8ed
for%s of oranisa"ion7 Ho-e!er0 for "&ose -&o '$rs$e a((o$n"abili"y0 "&e fa(" "&a"
anar(&is"s see% "o be so (o%for"able -i"& "&eir ($rren" &abi"s is "&$s seen as rere""able0
a barrier "o &a!in a res'onsible and serio$s 'oli"i(s7 B&a" "&ey do no" s"o' "o
2II
(o$n"enan(e is "&e 'ossibili"y "&a" anar(&is"s %ay be on "o so%e"&in &ere7
?$nda%en"ally0 "&en0 I -o$ld no- li8e "o ar$e "&a" a((o$n"abili"y is by i"self a
'roble%a"i( oal fro% an anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e7 T&is 'osi"ion -o$ld ne(essarily render
'roble%a"i( "&e for%al s"r$("$res "&a" are "o enera"e a((o$n"abili"y0 (ons"i"$"in a %ore
$'6s"rea% ar$%en" aains" for%al s"r$("$res "&an end6of6'i'eline ob=e("ions "o "&e
%a(&ina"ions of "&ese s"r$("$res on(e in 'la(e7
T&e (on(e'" of a((o$n"abili"y &as a rea" deal of ($rren(y fro% "&e 'osi"ion of
%o!e%en"s for so(ial (&ane7 Many a("i!is"s "al8 abo$" &oldin (or'ora"ions
a((o$n"able for "&eir ab$ses0 or abo$" &oldin 'oli"i(ians a((o$n"able "o "&e '$bli(7
Anar(&is"s0 -&o belie!e "&a" (or'ora"ions and 'oli"i(ians s&o$ld be abolis&ed0 %i&"
&a!e less $se for s$(& a (on(e'" G b$" e!en -i"& "&e% i" re"ains so%e r&e"ori(al s"ren"&
in "&e i%%edia"e "er%7 In "&e (ase of bo"& (or'ora"ions and 'oli"i(ians0 "&is is be(a$se
"&e de%and for a((o$n"abili"y is dire("ed "o-ards an en"i"y "&a" is more 'o-erf$l "&an
"&e so$r(e of "&e de%and7 Anar(&is"s do no" in"$i"i!ely feel "&a" "&ere is a 'roble% -i"&
es"ablis&in a (orre("i!e %e(&anis% for %i"ia"in "&e 'ossible ab$ses of "&a" en"i"y;s
dis'ro'or"iona"e 'o-er0 as lon as i" e#is"s7 So one %$s" al-ays (larify *ho is said "o be
a((o$n"able "o *hom0 for *hatH Of (o$rse0 a((o$n"abili"y =$s" as of"en flo-s "&e o"&er -ay
aro$nd: -e also say "&a" a -or8er is a((o$n"able "o "&eir boss0 in -&i(& (ase
a((o$n"abili"y reinfor(es &ierar(&y ra"&er "&an %i"ia"in i"7 In s$(& a (ase anar(&is"s
-o$ld !ie- "&e (on(e'" nea"i!ely7 T&e (on"ras" be"-een "&ese (ases s&ar'ens "&e of"en6
nele("ed 'oin" "&a" a((o$n"abili"y0 as s$(&0 does no" i%'ly a i!en dire("ionali"y of
'o-er6rela"ions +"o'6do-n0 bo""o%6$' or e!en &oriCon"al,7 Ra"&er0 -e need "o define i"
in a -ay "&a" (an be a""a(&ed "o any of "&e "&ree7
2I.
B&a" does a((o$n"abili"y0 as a rela"ions&i' be"-een "-o aen"s0 %os" basi(ally
(onsis" inH Loo8in a" "o'6do-n a((o$n"abili"y and in parti%&lar "o "&e 8ind of bo""o%6$'
a((o$n"abili"y "&a" anar(&is"s s$''or" -&en "&ey say "&ey -an" "o 9&old (or'ora"ions
a((o$n"able:0 -e s&o$ld $nders"and "&a" o$r no"ion of a((o$n"abili"y "ends "o in(l$de
e#er"in (er"ain be&a!io$rs fro% aen"s +e77 %a8in Do- C&e%i(als 'ay for 4&o'al or0
e*$ally0 %a8in i" (ease "o e#is", "&ro$& demands ba%2ed by san%tions7 In a rela"ions&i'
be"-een any "-o aen"s $ and /, $ is a((o$n"able "o / if and only if / &as "&e abili"y "o
i%'ose san("ions on $ in (ase of /;s dissa"isfa("ion -i"& $;s a("i!i"ies7 A((o$n"abili"y (an
ob"ain in &ierar(&i(al rela"ions&i's b$" s"ill -or8 fro% "&e bo""o% $'0 -&ere $ is an
ele("ed offi(ial and / is "&e ele("in body -&i(& (an ei"&er re(all $ or !o"e for so%eone
else ne#" "i%e0 effe("i!ely "&rea"enin a san("ion +"&is is -&a" ?ree%an or 4oo8(&in
-o$ld 'ro'ose,7 I" (an also o'era"e &ierar(&i(ally fro% "&e "o' do-n0 of (o$rse0 -&ere $
is a (ler8 and / is "&e &ead of &er de'ar"%en" -&o (an fire &er7 A((o$n"abili"y (an also
-or8 &oriCon"ally0 as in a (en"re6ri&" %odel of de(en"ralised o!ern%en" -&ere
differen" bran(&es of o!ern%en" are a((o$n"able "o one ano"&er +4e&n 3111 G in "&is
%odel de(en"ralised o!ern%en" is no"0 of (o$rse0 de(en"rally a((o$n"able 9bo""o%6$':
"o a 'ar"i(i'a"ory de%o(ra"i( 'oli"y,7 S$(& a san("ion6based defini"ion is eneri(0 "&en0
and ob"ains irres'e("i!e of -&e"&er or no" "&e rela"ions&i' be"-een $ and / is
&ierar(&i(al0 and of "&e dire("ion of "&is &ierar(&y if "&ere is one7
I" %ay so%e&o- be ar$ed0 "&a" a differen" (on(e'" of a((o$n"abili"y (an be
for%$la"ed s'e(ifi(ally for non6&ierar(&i(al 9'o-er6-i"&:0 -&ere "&e only 9san("ions:
are bo""o%6$' "o-ards ele("ed re'resen"a"i!es and delea"es0 or &oriCon"al ones aains"
'eers0 and -&i(& do no" o beyond -i"&dra-al of res'onsibili"ies or "r$s"7 Under s$(&
2.1
s"ri(" (ondi"ions -o$ld anar(&is"s "&en be able "o a((e'" san("ionsH Per&a's0 b$" $nder a
n$%ber of addi"ional (ondi"ions G "&a" "&e in"rod$("ion of ele("ed res'onsibili"y and
delea"ion -o$ld be areed "o0 easy "o in"era"e and no" be(o%e a sli''ery slo'e $nder
-&i(& "&e oriinal se" of (ondi"ions -o$ld be eroded7 Cir($%s"an"ially0 "&e be" already
see%s "o be a bad one7
4$" e!en if a((o$n"abili"y did no" in!ol!e san("ions a" all0 i" -o$ld s"ill &a!e i"s o-n
're(ondi"ion7 San("ions or no"0 $ (anno" be a((o$n"able "o / in any sense if / does no"
2no* abo$" "&e a("ions of $7 A''lied "o "&e 'resen" (on"e#"0 -&a" "&e iss$e really boils
do-n "o af"er all "&ese de"o$rs is "o "&e visibility of infl$en(e in anar(&is" ne"-or8s7 T&ere
(ore of all "&ese dile%%as (an be fo$nd aro$nd "&e infl$en(e "&a" anar(&is"s $se
in!isibly0 be&ind "&e s(enes G -&ere "&ose affe("ed %ay ne!er 8no- -&o &ad "&e
infl$en(e0 and &o- "&ey (ons'ired "o $se i"7
The Forum and the Campfire
T&ere are "-o 9'roble%s: -i"& in!isibili"y for "&ose -&o -o$ld do a-ay -i"& i"7
T&e firs" is "&a" "&ey %$s" a(8no-lede "&a" in so%e (ases i" is a ne(essi"y0 &o-e!er
$nfor"$na"e0 as -i"& a("ions "&a" re*$ire se(re(y in order "o &a''en0 al"&o$& "&ey
ine!i"ably effe(" o"&er 'eo'le -&o did no" 'ar"i(i'a"e in oranisin "&e%7 T&e se(ond is
"&a" "&ere is an i%'or"an" sense in -&i(& anar(&is"s -o$ld be dra-n "o !al$e 'osi"i!ely
"&e e#is"en(e of in!isible 'o-er -i"&in "&eir o-n %o!e%en"0 based on a fe%inis" and
an"i6ra(is" (ri"i*$e of 'ri!ileed fora for infl$en(e7
T&e firs"0 9se($ri"y: dile%%a (onsis"s in "&e fa(" "&a" %any "i%es0 a s%all ro$' of
2.2
a("i!is"s %ay -ield0 a" leas" a" a i!en "i%e0 a rea" deal of infl$en(e inside "&e
%o!e%en"7 T&ese %o%en"s of infl$en(e are0 on "&e one &and0 (en"ral "o "&e
oranisa"ional dyna%i(s of %o!e%en" i"self0 and on "&e o"&er &and are si%'ly no"
(a'able of bein in"era"ed in"o any %odel of a((o$n"abili"y d$e "o -&a" %os" bla"an"ly
%a8es for in!isibili"y G ne(essary se(re(y7 B&en 'o-er is e#er(ised in an ille(al -ay0
anar(&is"s %ay or %ay no" aree -i"& "&e a("ion i" enera"es0 and -i"& "&e res$l"s i" &ad
for 'eo'le o"&er "&an "&e oranisers G b$" "&ey also (anno" e#'e(" "&e oranisers "o be
9"rans'aren": abo$" -&o -ill do -&a"7
R
T&e (ase of Re(lai% "&e S"ree"s +RTS, is a
'oinan" e#a%'le of "&e &i&6i%'a(" dyna%i( and i"s a((o%'anyin dile%%as7 RTS
oriinally for%ed in London in 2..20 (lose "o "&e da-n of "&e an"i6roads %o!e%en"0 b$"
en"ered i"s %os" 'rolifi( '&ase in "&e %id6.1s "&ro$& "&e oranisa"ion of %ass0 illeal
s"ree" 'ar"ies7 T&e 'ar"ies dre- "&o$sands of 'eo'le0 and f$sed "oe"&er se!eral aendas:
"&e re(la%a"ion of $rban s'a(e fro% "&e &ands of de!elo'ersM a (ri"i*$e of "&e
a$"o%obile ($l"$re and (li%a"e (&aneM and "&e dri!e "o (rea"e s'on"aneo$s0 $nre$la"ed
9Si"$a"ions: -&i(& dis'lay a *$ali"a"i!e brea8 -i"& nor%ali"y +Si"$a"ionis" In"erna"ional
2.K2, or0 in %ore re(en" "er%inoloy0 9Te%'orary A$"ono%o$s Eones: -&erein "&e
'resen(e of a$"&ori"y and (a'i"alis% is s$s'ended +Ha8i% 4ey 2.I/,7 T&e s"ree"6'ar"y
'&eno%enon rea(&ed i"s (li%a# on L$ne 2I"& 2...0 "&e firs" 9lobal day of a("ion:
(oin(idin -i"& "&e GI s$%%i" in Colone0 -&en "&o$sands of dan(in 'eo'le (a$sed
%assi!e disr$'"ion in "&e Ci"y of London7 As one oraniser re(o$n"s0 9"&e road be(a%e a
R
T&e "er% 9"rans'aren(y: is a!oided &ere no" only be(a$se of i"s s"a"is" (onno"a"ions0 b$" also si%'ly
be(a$se 9!isibili"y: is loi(ally an"e(eden"7 B&a" is "o be %ade 9"rans'aren": is no" "&e e#er(ise of 'o-er
i"self0 b$" "&e o"&er-ise6o'a*$e barrier be"-een "&e !ie-er and "&e o'era"ion of 'o-er7 In de%andin
"rans'aren(y one -an"s "o %e"a'&ori(ally see "&ro$& "&e barriers "&a" &a!e been (ons"r$("ed "o &ide
'o-er;s o'era"ion7 Trans'aren(y effe("i!ely %eans renderin 'o-er !isible7
2.3
s"ae for 'ar"i(i'a"ory ri"$al "&ea"re777'ar"i(i'a"ory be(a$se "&e s"ree" 'ar"y &as no
di!ision be"-een 'erfor%er and a$dien(e0 i" is (rea"ed by and for e!eryone0 i" a!oids all
%edia"ion0 i" is e#'erien(ed in "&e i%%edia"e %o%en" by all0 in a s'iri" of fa(e "o fa(e
s$b!ersi!e (o%rades&i': +Lordan 2..I:2F2,7
In "er%s of "&e dyna%i(s "a8in 'la(e on(e "&e 'ar"y &as s"ar"ed0 Lordan;s ar$%en"
abo$" i"s 'ar"i(i'a"ory (&ara("er %ay be a((e'"ed7 Ho-e!er0 %any a("i!is"s &a!e "a8en
iss$e -i"& "&e deree "o -&i(& "&e or(anisation of "&e 'ar"ies -as 'ar"i(i'a"ory or e!en
!isible7 T&e e!en"s -ere s"aed en"irely by a s%all (ore ro$' of RTS a("i!is"s0 -or8in
f$ll6"i%e fro% an offi(e in a London s$b$rb and de!isin "&e 'lans "o %in$"e de"ail7 T&e
"&o$sands -&o 'ar"i(i'a"ed in "&e 'ar"ies -o$ld =$s" "$rn $' a" a desina"ed %ee"in
'la(e -i"&o$" &a!in any idea of -&a" -as abo$" "o &a''en7 As Lordan +2F@6F, re(o$n"s0
in one s(enario
"&o$sands of 'eo'le e%ere fro% S&e'&erd;s 4$s& "$be s"a"ion0 no6one 8no-s -&ere "&ey
are oin G "&e %ys"ery and e#(i"e%en" of i" all is ele("rifyin7 S&e'&erd;s 4$s& Green (o%es "o a
s"ands"ill as 'eo'le 'o$r on "o i"777$' a&ead a line of 'oli(e &as already sealed off "&e
ro$ndabo$"777T&e (ro-d 8no-s "&a" "&is is no" "&e 'la(e: -&ere is "&e so$nd sys"e%0 "&e "ri'odsH
T&en0 as if by so%e %ira(le of (olle("i!e "ele'a"&y0 e!eryone "$rns ba(8 and disa''ears aro$nd
"&e (ornerM a -indin =o$rney "&ro$& ba(8 s"ree"s0 $nder rail-ay brides and "&en $' o!er a
barrier and s$ddenly "&ey are on an enor%o$s %o"or-ay and ri&" behind "&e 'oli(e lines777T&e
e(s"a"i( (ro-d ra!i"a"es "o-ards "&e "r$(8 (arryin "&e so$nd sys"e% -&i(& is 'ar8ed on "&e
&ard s&o$lder777T&e (ro-d roars G -e;!e libera"ed a %o"or-ay "&ro$& s&eer n$%bers0 "&ro$&
'eo'le 'o-er\
No 9%ira(le of (olle("i!e "ele'a"&y: "oo8 'la(e &ere7 T&ere -ere se!eral a("i!is"s
fro% "&e RTS (ore ro$' -&o "oo8 on leadin "&e (ro-d "o "&e "ar%a(0 in a (aref$lly
'lanned "a("i(al %anoe$!re -&i(& none of "&e "&o$sands of a""endan"s 8ne- abo$" in
ad!an(e7 T&e idea of a &andf$l of a("i!is"s -ieldin so %$(& infl$en(e o!er a (ro-d0
&o-e!er -illin0 &as i!en %any anar(&is"s (a$se for alar% +see e77 Anony%o$s@ 31110
2.@
S*$irrellife 311F,7 I" is i%'or"an" "o e%'&asise "&a" nobody -as (oer(ed G yo$ did no"
have "o "$rn $' a" "&e e!en"7 Ho-e!er0 on(e yo$ "$rned $' yo$ -ere basi(ally '$""in
yo$rself in a si"$a"ion -&ere yo$ did no" &a!e "&e s'a(e "o (on"rol -&a" -as &a''enin
aro$nd yo$7 Poli(e a""a(8s0 in=$ries and arres"s -ere no" an $n(o%%on fea"$re of RTS
e!en"s0 and "&e oranisers -&o (rea"ed "&e si"$a"ion &a!e been dee%ed by so%e an
irres'onsible 9(adre:7
Ho-e!er0 (o$ld "&ey &a!e a("ed o"&er-iseH P$""in "oe"&er a s$((essf$l RTS e!en"
see%s "o be in&eren"ly in(o%'a"ible -i"& a %odel of a((o$n"abili"y7 ?irs"0 "e(&ni(ally a
dis($ssion of "&e o'era"ion a%on a lare n$%ber of 'eo'le0 ea(& of -&i(& -o$ld of
(o$rse &a!e "o &a!e "&eir say0 -o$ld be "i%e6(ons$%in and endless7 Se(ond0 and %os"
ob!io$sly0 "&e reali"ies of 'oli(e s$r!eillan(e and 'o"en"ial re'ression $nder -&i(& RTS
-as o'era"in r$led o$" "&e '$bli( delea"ion of de(ision6%a8ers7 T&e e!en"s %o&ld only
be oranised se(re"i!ely by a s%all ro$'7
I" s&o$ld be 'oin"ed o$"0 &o-e!er0 "&a" "&e RTS (on(e'" is also 'o-er6s&arin
be(a$se i" is easy "o i%i"a"e G indeed s"ree" 'ar"ies 'rolifera"ed "&ro$& "&e la"e .1s in
%any o"&er (i"ies aro$nd "&e -orld G and "&$s ser!es as a "ransferable for% of i%'a("7
T&e oriinal RTS ro$' -as no" b$ildin 'o-er0 and i"s reali"y6(&anin (a'a(i"y -as
so%e"&in "&a" anyone (o$ld 'o"en"ially do by "&e%sel!es7 Ho-e!er0 "&e "a("i( itself is
in&eren"ly in(o%'a"ible -i"& !isibili"y G and "&$s -i"& a((o$n"abili"y7 T&a" so%eone else
(an ado'" "&e sa%e "a("i( only (rea"es ano"&er in!isible s'a(e0 so -&ile "&ere is no
e#(l$si!e 9o-ners&i': of "&e RTS "a("i( i" is s"ill in!isible e!en if i" (an 'rolifera"e7
T&e dile%%a is "&a" des'i"e "&ese dyna%i(s0 i" is (lear "o anar(&is"s "&a" "&e RTS
e#'erien(e -as i%%ensely val&able G "&e s%all ro$' of 'eo'le -&o -ere doin "&is
2.F
-ere anony%o$sly 'ro'ellin "&e %o!e%en" in"o a &$e '&eno%enon by a''lyin s$(&
an inno!a"i!e and a""ra("i!e (on(e'" of dire(" a("ion -&i(& -as !ery ins'irin and
%eaninf$l0 'oli"i(ised a lare a%o$n" of 'eo'le0 and "oo8 dire(" a("ion and (i!il
disobedien(e !ery s"ronly in"o an $rban se""in7
R
No- "&e fall6ba(8 'osi"ion -o$ld be "o say "&a" -e (an re(onise so%e li%i"a"ions "o
!isibili"y0 s$(& as se($ri"y iss$es0 -i"&o$" i!in i" $' as an ideal7 In!isibili"y0 "&en0
be(o%es a %a""er of $nfor"$na"e ne(essi"y7 Ho-e!er0 -&a" of "&e 'osi"ion "&a"
in!isibili"y is 'osi"i!ely !al$able for o"&er reasons "&an se($ri"yH
Ta8e "&e follo-in s(enario7 E%%a is an a("i!is" -&o li!es in a "o-n -&i(& &as a
s"ron and !ibran" anar(&is" %ilie$7 S&e &as a rea" deal of e#'erien(e and (o%%i"%en"0
is a !ery e%'a"&i( and (arin 'erson0 and &as %any friends7 S&e also re$larly &as %any
$sef$l "&ins "o say abo$" oranisin a("ions or 'ro=e("s7 E%%a also says s&e;s
$n(o%for"able s'ea8in a" lare %ee"ins7 S&e belie!es "&a" "&is is "&e res$l" of dee'6
sea"ed e%o"ional 'a""erns "&a" deri!e fro% &er so(ialisa"ion as a -o%an0 and finds
(onfir%a"ion for "&a" analysis in "&e 'arallel e#'erien(es of %any o"&er -o%an a("i!is"s0
"o "&e e#"en" "&a" -o%en;s -or8s&o's &a!e been oranised "o address "&is iss$e7 T&e
e#'erien(e of s'ea8in in a lare ro$' of 'eo'le is a((o%'anied0 for &er0 by a sense of
$nease or so%e"i%es an#ie"y0 so%e"&in s&e &as no"i(ed "&a" %en do no" s$ffer fro%
nearly as %$(&7 B&en s&e &as so%e"&in "o say s&e "a8es a lo" of "i%e "o "&in8 i"
"&ro$&0 of"en s'ea8in only if s&e sees no6one else is sayin i"0 des'i"e "&e fa(" "&a" s&e
8no-s &er ideas are -or"&-&ile and "&a" "&e o"&ers res'e(" and !al$e &er7 As a res$l"0
R
T&e RTS si"$a"ion0 a %ass e!en"0 is differen" fro% so%e"&in li8e se(re"ly oranisin a n$%ber of
si%$l"aneo$s0 affini"y6ro$' blo(8ades +daisy 311F,7 In "&ese (ases0 ass$%in "&a" 'eo'le are only
endanerin "&e%sel!es0 "&ey are oranisin a$"ono%o$sly and &a!e no res'onsibili"y "o "al8 "o anyone7
2./
E%%a says s&e %$(& 'refers "o offer &er ideas "o 'eo'le infor%ally0 in 'ersonal or s%all
ro$' (on!ersa"ions7 B&en s&e &as a ood idea for an a("ion0 or so%e s"ron o'inion
abo$" &o- so%e reso$r(es s&o$ld be allo(a"ed0 s&e 'refers "o s'ea8 abo$" i" -i"& 'eo'le
s&e "r$s"s0 o!er a ($' of &erbal "ea or "a8in a -al8 in "&e 'ar87 S&e 'refers "o floa" an
idea and see &o- i" rolls alon in "&e lo(al %ilie$ o!er ar$in for i" in "&e (o$rse of a
for%al %ee"in7 Sin(e &er ideas are of"en !ery -ell "&o$&" o$" and sin(e 'eo'le "r$s"
&er0 E%%a &as in fa(" a rea" deal of infl$en(e on "&e (o$rse of e!en"s G s&e e#er(ises
'o-er6-i"&0 and is so%e"i%es (learly in a leaders&i' 'osi"ion7
E%%a;s be&a!io$r (learly does no" fi" in"o -&a" -e -o$ld (onsider as a((o$n"able
e#er(ise of infl$en(e7 None of &er 'o-er6$se is "rans'aren" or !isible "o "&ose s&e does
no" (&oose "o s&o- i"7 On "&e o"&er &and0 anar(&is"s -&o &a!e a s"ron (ri"i*$e of
'a"riar(&y -ill find i" !ery &ard "o (ri"i(ise "&e 'a"& "&a" E%%a &as (&osen in order "o
e%'o-er &erself7 Li8e %any -o%en +and %en0 and *$eers0 and %e%bers of !isible
%inori"ies,0 E%%a is oin "o $se 'o-er in!isibly or no" a" all7 To e#'e(" "&a" s&e s"ri!e
"o 9e" o!er: &er e%o"ional 'a""erns and feel e%'o-ered a" %ee"ins -o$ld be no" only
'a"ronisin0 b$" se#is"0 be(a$se i" bra(8e"s "&e (ondi"ions of 'a"riar(&y "&a" enenders
"&ese 'a""erns7 T&e iss$e &ere is "&a" "&e ideal of !isibili"y 'ri!ilees 9"&e for$%:0 or "&e
'$bli( "&ea"re of 'o-er7 I" %a8es "&e s(o'e of a((e'"ed -ays of %o!in "&ins in"o
%o"ion de'end on "&eir deree of !isibili"y0 be i" on "&e ne"-or86-ide le!el or on "&e
le!el of a lo(al %ilie$7 4$"0 as I &a!e s&o-n0 "&e for$%0 "&e !en$e for !isible -ieldin of
infl$en(e in "&e '$bli( s'&ere0 is !ery 'roble%a"i(7 In "er%s of "&e dis($ssion in "&e
're!io$s 'ar"0 i" s&o$ld be seen "&a" e#er(isin 'o-er6-i"& in "&e (onfines of "&e for$%
re*$ires 're(isely "&ose reso$r(es -&i(& are %os" diffi($l" "o s&are G (onfiden(e0
2.<
ar"i($la"ion0 (&aris%a7 No" only "&a"0 b$" "&ese reso$r(es only be%ome ine*$ali"y6
enera"in ones in for%al and asse%blary !en$es of de(ision6%a8in7 4e(a$se i" is so
diffi($l" "o s&are "&is reso$r(e0 and be(a$se i"s ($rren" dis"rib$"ion s"ronly refle("s
'a""erns of do%ina"ion in so(ie"y0 "&e only -ay "o e*$alise "&e a((ess "o infl$en(e i"
enera"es is to minimise its relevan%e as a reso&r%e0 "o red$(e "&e !ol$%e of ins"an(es in
-&i(& i" %a""ers "o &a!e i"7 4$" "&e real 'oin" is "&a" "&e for$% re'rod$(es 'a"riar(&y7
T&ins li8e '$bli( (onfiden(e are 're(isely -&a" 'a"riar(&y "ends "o deny %any -o%en7
A""a(&in "&e a((e'"able $se of "o "&e for$%0 -i"& i"s !isibili"y0 fi#es "&e oal6'os"s in a
-ay "&a" is disad!an"aeo$s "o %any -o%en7 B&ile anar(&is" ne"-or8s %ay -ell be a
s$''or"i!e en!iron%en" for self6de'rora%%in and e%'o-er%en"0 as %a""ers s"ands i"
is $nfair "o say "o a -o%an :yo$ &a!e "o e" self (onfiden(e: as a (ondi"ion for
'ar"i(i'a"ion7 B&y does s&e &a!e "o %a8e a s'e(ial effor" "o (&ane in order "o
'ar"i(i'a"e on e*$al foo"in =$s" be(a$se s&e is a -o%an li!in $nder 'a"ria"(&yH A" "&e
sa%e "i%e0 'ri!ilein "&e for$% erases and de6lei"i%ises "&e %anifold for%s of %i(ro6
'o-er "&a" -o%en &a!e de!elo'ed in res'onse "o 'a"riar(&y0 and "&e -ays in -&i(&
%any 'eo'le find i" %os" (o%for"able "o e%'o-er "&e%sel!es7
T&is %eans "&a" anar(&is"s are bo$nd "o a(8no-lede "&a" "&is in!isible0
s$b"erranean0 indeed $na((o$n"able 'ro(ess of 'o-er is no" only ine!i"able in so%e
%eas$re +be(a$se of &abi" and se(re(y,0 b$" also needs "o be e%bra(ed0 sin(e i" (o&eres
-i"& "&eir -orld6!ie- in i%'or"an" res'e("s7
Power and #olidarity
2.K
T&e *$es" for a((o$n"abili"y0 "&en0 arri!es a" a dead end7 T&e 'oli"i(al lan$ae
$s&ered in by "&is aenda ine!i"ably end $'s (&allenin "&e s"a"$s of in!isible 'o-er0
-&i(& is no" only a 'ra("i(al ne(essi"y b$" also &as in"rinsi( 'oli"i(al !al$e fro% a
fe%inis" 'ers'e("i!e7 B&ere0 "&en0 does "&is lea!e anar(&is" (on(erns abo$" 'ro(essH I
&a!e no 'res$%'"ions abo$" offerin a f$ll 9resol$"ion: &ere0 b$" so%e of "&e 'ro'er"ies
of any s$(& resol$"ion (an already be des(ribed7 ?irs"0 "&ere are ne(essary 'ro'er"ies "&a"
a resol$"ion -o$ld need "o &a!e in order "o be a("$alised in anar(&is" ne"-or8s G
-i"&o$" -&i(& "&e en"ire dis($ssion is irrele!an"7 B&a" s&o$ld be (lear by no- is "&a"
%o!e%en" 'ro(ess is so%e"&in "&a" (anno" be ar"ifi(ially re6desined a((ordin "o
(er"ain 'rin(i'les0 no %a""er &o- -idely areed7 Aro$nd *$es"ions of 'ro(ess as aro$nd
any o"&er "o'i(0 anar(&is" aendas are no" 9desined0: "&ey e!ol!e in "&e rad$al
fr$i"ion of a (olle("i!e (ons(io$sness0 "&ro$& "&e 'rolifera"ion of s&ared ($l"$ral (odes0
infor%ed by inn$%erable "rial6and6error e#'erien(es0 and "rans%i""ed "&ro$& "&e &i&
in"ensi"y ne"-or8 of !erbal and sy%boli( (o%%$ni(a"ion be"-een a("i!is"s7 Also0
(ir($%s"an"ially0 i" is 're(isely be(a$se any -ides'read (&anes in anar(&is" %o!e%en"
'ro(ess -o$ld have "o be -idely a((e'"ed0 if "&ey -ere "o &a''en0 "&a" "&e s"a8es loo8
!ery bad for "&e ad!o(a"es of for%al s"r$("$res7 ?or "&eir 'ro'osals "o be realised0 "&e
($l"$ral %o%en"$% of a !ery ra'idly de!elo'in ne"-or8ed 'oli"i(s -o$ld &a!e "o be
re!ersed7 T&is is $nli8ely0 be(a$se 'eo'le !al$e infor%al ne"-or8ed oranisa"ion "oo
%$(&0 and i"s in!isible 'o-er as'e("s are i%'ossible "o disen"anle fro% "&e 'a(8ae7
4oo8(&in0 on &is o-n 'rin(i'les0 s&o$ld fall in -i"& "&e %a=ori"yDs (onsidered (&oi(e7
To "&is -e s&o$ld add and s"ress "&a" "&e 'ro%o"ion of any al"era"ion in anar(&is"
2.I
'ro(ess is by itself an a(" of 'o-er0 (er"ainly if i" is an oranised ini"ia"i!e7 S$(& e#er(ises
of oranised infl$en(e aro$nd anar(&is" 'ro(ess already e#is"7 T&e 'rolifera"ion of
(onsens$s %e"&odoloy0 for e#a%'le0 is no" %erely "&e res$l" of &abi" and %o%en"$%7 I"
is also enera"ed in a %a=or -ay by -or8s&o's0 -&i(& are (ons"an"ly on6offer0 for
"rainin 'eo'le "o $se "&e %e"&od0 as -ell as -or8s&o's on (onsens$s in lare ro$'s0
9*$i(8 (onsens$s: d$rin a("ions0 "rainin for fa(ili"a"ors and so on7 S$(& a("i!i"ies are
a("s of delibera"e infl$en(e on %o!e%en" 'ro(ess0 ba(8ed by "&e infor%ed (&oi(es of
"&ose 'ro%o"in (onsens$s7 T&ere is0 "&en0 an abili"y "o infl$en(e s8ilf$lly and
in"en"ionally "&e %o!e%en";s 'ro(essM no" "&ro$& 9in"ernal 'ro'aanda: b$" "&ro$&
a$"ono%o$sly6ini"ia"ed dis($rsi!e enae%en"M in o"&er -ords0 a for% of dire(" a("ion7
Under "&e banner of dire(" a("ion0 'eo'le a$"ono%o$sly e#er(ise 'o-er "o ini"ia"e
(&ane0 only no- i" is 9a" &o%e: in "&e (on"e#" of "&e %o!e%en";s o-n a("i!i"y7 T&is
8ind of 'ro(ess6orien"ed 9dire("6a("ion: is only one e#a%'le of "&e 're!ailin -ay in
-&i(& lare6s(ale infl$en(e is e#er(ised -i"&in ne"-or8ed %o!e%en"s0 -&ereby aendas
are for%ed0 'ar"i($lar iss$es be(o%e (en"ral "o %obilisa"ion0 a("ion re'er"oires are
in!en"ed and "a8en $' else-&ere0 and for%s of 'oli"i(al lan$ae and aes"&e"i( be(o%e
diff$sed a%on so(ial %o!e%en" a("ors7 Ins"in("i!ely sa!!y in "&e 'rolifera"ion of
($l"$ral (odes0 ro$'s of a("i!is"s &a!e been able "o -ield infl$en(e by %o$n"in a("ions
or ini"ia"i!es "&a" dis'lay a (er"ain aenda0 and &o'e "&a" o"&ers are ins'ired and follo-
s$i"7 T&is is 're(isely "&ro$& s$(& a$"ono%o$s a("ion "&a" -ay in -&i(& "&e Ea'a"is"as0
Re(lai% "&e S"ree"s0 "&e early Indy%edia ro$' and %any o"&ers s$((essf$lly %ade "&eir
i%'a(" on "&e e!ol$"ion of "&e %o!e%en"0 of"en on a lobal s(ale7
Differen" 'ra("i(es and &abi"s aro$nd 'ro(ess -ill only (o%e abo$" "&ro$& s$(&
2..
'rolifera"ion7 T&e for% of "&e resol$"ion0 "&en0 (o$ld be des(ribed as "&e 'ro%o"ion of
($l"$ral (odes aro$nd "&e e#er(ise of infl$en(e7 No" a (ode of (ond$("0 b$" !ol$n"arily
&abi"$a"ed ($l"$ral orien"a"ions "&a" -o$ld s&a'e 'oli"i(al be&a!io$r7 4y i"self0 "&e
'ra("i(e of redis"rib$"in a("i!is" reso$r(es so as "o e*$alise a((ess "o infl$en(e re*$ires a
($l"$re of redis"rib$"ion "&a" %a8es i" a %a""er of &abi" ra"&er "&an boo868ee'in7 As a
'rolifera"in ($l"$ral %e%e0 indi!id$als or ro$'s (o$ld "a8e ini"ia"i!e and infor%ally
s$es" reso$r(e6s&arin "o o"&ers7 If "&is 'ra("i(e 9(a"(&es on:0 as (ollo*$ialis%s and
o"&er ($l"$ral ar"efa("s do0 "&en reso$r(e6s&arin -ill &a!e be(o%e so%e"&in "&a"
'eo'le 8ee' in %ind by defa$l"7
Bi"& "&e e#er(ise of 'o-er0 "&e e%'&asis on ($l"$ral (&ane is also i%'or"an"
be(a$se only i" +$nli8e s"r$("$res and 'ro"o(ols, is able "o rea(& beyond -&a" dis$ises
i"self as 9de(ision6%a8in: and in"o "o "&e %i(ro6le!el of infor%al 'o-er7 Of "&e
'ar"i($lar (on"en" of s$(& ($l"$ral orien"a"ions li""le (an be said in ad!an(e0 sin(e by
defini"ion only %ore 'er!asi!e refle("ion and e#'eri%en"a"ion -ill enera"e "&e a("$al
($l"$ral (odes "&a" -o$ld in reali"y be a res'onse "o (on(erns aro$nd 'ro(ess7 T&e
(on(re"e *$es"ions "&a" a("i!is"s as8 "&e%sel!es -&en %a8in de(isions abo$" e#er(isin
infl$en(e are ine!i"ably si"$a"ion6s'e(ifi(0 and "&e ($l"$ral reso$r(es "&a" "&ey -o$ld
%obilise "o deal -i"& "&e% -o$ld be di!erse and lo(a"ion6s'e(ifi(0 as (an be e#'e("ed
fro% freely6e!ol!in 'ra#is in"eral "o anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re7 B&a" (an be said -i"&
rela"i!e (onfiden(e is "&a" s$(& ($l"$ral reso$r(es -o$ld dra- a("i!is"s "o -ield
infl$en(e refle("i!ely ra"&er "&an $n(ri"i(ally e#'erien(in "&e 9'o-er "ri': "&a" of"en
a((o%'anies ea(& ne- e#'erien(e of e%'o-er%en"M "o %a8e a("ions 'ar"i(i'a"ory
and5or easily (o'yable -&ene!er 'ossible0 and "o en(o$rae (onsidera"ion for "&e
311
an"i(i'a"ed needs and desires of "&ose -&o% one;s a("ions -ill ine!i"ably i%'a("
$na((o$n"ably7 Moreo!er0 "&ey -o$ld &a!e "o in"erse(" %eaninf$lly -i"& "&e 'ra("i(es
of reso$r(e6redis"rib$"ion dis($ssed in "&e 're!io$s (&a'"er7 S$(& a resol$"ion is (learly
far fro% 9'erfe(": G infl$en(e -ill al-ays be ab$sed7
Ano"&er0 %ore a%bi"io$s re*$ire%en" (an be %ade of "&e resol$"ion: if any"&in
-ere "o %odify "&e -ay in -&i(& one -ields infl$en(e in anar(&is" oranisin G "&e
9(onsidera"ion: i" is &o'ed one dis'lays0 for e#a%'le G "&e %odifi(a"ion -o$ld &a!e "o
be "&ere no" as a res"ri("ion on freedo%0 b$" as i"s e#"ension7 Any anar(&is" ($l"$ral
orien"a"ion "o 'o-er -o$ld en"ail "&a" 'eo'le feel %ore e%'o-ered0 en(o$raed and
e#(i"ed "o (rea"e0 ini"ia"e0 do0 %a8e0 and enerally (&ane reali"y G "o e#er(ise 'o-er7 If
refle("i!e %odifi(a"ions "o "&e e#er(ise of infl$en(e are "o be freedo%6%a#i%isin
themselves "&ey -o$ld &a!e "o be a("i!ely desired0 as an a("$alisa"ion of "&ins "&a"
a("i!is"s !al$e and -an" "o a("$alise -i"&o$" seein "&e% as (on(essions7 Under "&e %os"
dis"illed (ondi"ions of !ol$n"aris%0 "&en0 "&e rele!an" *$es"ion abo$" s$(& ($l"$ral
orien"a"ions (anno" (on(ern "&eir %oral ro$ndin as a'odei("i( 'ra("i(al la-0 b$" "&eir
motivation as refle("i!e b$" &abi"$al 'ra("i(es7
T&is %o"i!a"ion (an be %os" readily fo$nd in "&e re%ainin %e%ber of "&e "riad of
(on(e'"s "&a" &a!e been a $sef$l referen(e 'oin" for anar(&is"s sin(e "&e ?ren(&
Re!ol$"ion7 Be &a!e already "al8ed abo$" e*$ali"y and freedo%0 no- -e (an as8 abo$"
solidari"y7 No"i(e0 firs" of all0 "&a" $nli8e freedo% -&i(& is0 in all i"s defini"ions in(l$din
"&ose a((e'"able "o anar(&is"s0 "&e property of an indi!id$al or a ro$'0 and $nli8e
e*$ali"y0 -&i(& in all i"s defini"ions des(ribes "&e res$l" of a %omparison be"-een
indi!id$als or ro$'s0 solidari"y is so%e"&in else al"oe"&er: a relationship be"-een
312
'ersons and -i"&in and be"-een ro$'s0 one "&a" is based on a feelin of %$"$al
iden"ifi(a"ion7 In one of "&e rare a""e%'"s "o offer a eneral defini"ion0 Co&en and Ara"o
+2..3, &a!e s$es"ed "&a" solidari"y is 9"&e abili"y of indi!id$als "o res'ond "o and
iden"ify -i"& one ano"&er on "&e basis of %$"$ali"y and re(i'ro(i"y0 -i"&o$" (al($la"in
indi!id$al ad!an"aes0 and abo!e all -i"&o$" (o%'$lsion7 Solidari"y in!ol!es a
-illinness "o s&are "&e fa"e of "&e o"&er0 no" as "&e e#e%'lar of a (a"eory "o -&i(& "&e
self belons b$" as a $ni*$e and differen" 'erson:7 Solidari"y (an be a%'lified and
a("$alised in 'ra("i(e "o !ario$s derees0 for e#a%'le in a("i!is"s; (&oi(es abo$" "&eir $se
of infl$en(e0 and i" (an also be a("i!ely 'ro%o"ed7 4$" inas%$(& as solidari"y %odifies
be&a!io$r0 i" does so as a 'osi"i!e %o"i!a"ion0 no" as a li%i"in d$"y0 and "&is is -&a"
%a8es i" "&e %os" ob!io$s (andida"e for "&e %o"i!a"ion be&ind anar(&is"s; ado'"ion of a
($l"$re of refle("ion and (onsidera"ion7
So%e"&in f$r"&er needs "o be said0 in (losin0 abo$" "&e for% of solidari"y "&a" (an
be seen a" -or8 in s$(& a ($l"$re7 ?ollo-in Seall +311F, b$" e#"endin &is dis"in("ions0
I -o$ld ar$e "&a" solidari"y (an be $nders"ood in "&ree broad -ays7 ?irs"0 as "&e
'ro'er"y of ro$'s0 -&i(& is "&e $s$al (on"e#" for dis($ssion in 'oli"i(al "&eory G e77
so(ial solidari"y in "&e na"ion s"a"e7 B&a" renders "&is for% of solidari"y ina''ro'ria"e for
'resen" '$r'oses is "&a" i" relies on s"able (ri"eria for %e%bers&i' +e77 (o%%on
(i"iCens&i'0 eora'&i(al lo(a"ion or lan$ae ro$',0 and G sin(e i" is $ni!ersally
dis($ssed $nder ass$%'"ions -&i(& do no" (&allene "&e s"a"e G "&a" i" bra(8e"s so(ial
an"aonis% -i"& "&e ass$%'"ion "&a" solidari"y e#'resses so%e for% of (olle("i!e $ni"y
in liberal0 re'$bli(an or na"ionalis" "er%s7 A se(ond "y'e of solidari"y is a rela"ion
be"-een indi!id$als +or ro$'s, and a (olle("i!e "o -&i(& "&ey defini"ely do not belon7
313
Seall sees "&is for% of solidari"y as 9sy%'a"&y "o-ards0 or identifi%ation -i"&0 a ro$'
"&a" one is no" a %e%ber of +a" leas" no" in "&e eyes of "&e o$"side -orld,7 To do
so%e"&in "o (on!ey solidari"y -i"& "&e other is "o (on!ey a %essae of oneness0 or of
%$"$ali"y of fa"e0 -i"& "&e o"&er7 T&erefore0 "o a(" in solidari"y &ere0 is "o a(" as if one -as
in a rela"ions&i' of Nro$'O solidari"y -i"& "&e o"&er:7 T&is0 &o-e!er0 red$(es solidari"y
"o i"s de(lara"i!e or 'erfor%a"i!e as'e("s G inorin "&e 8inds of (on(re"e %$"$al aid
be&a!io$rs0 $' "o self6endanerin G "&a" 9solidari"y: also of"en in(l$des7 T&e "&ird "y'e
of solidari"y is bo"& an"aonis"i(0 and e#is"s in "&e "ension be"-een belonin and no"6
belonin "&a" defies "&e s$''osed di(&o"o%y be"-een "&e firs" "-o for%s7 B&ere "&e
firs" for% losses o!er so(ial an"aonis%0 revol&tionary solidari"y "a8es i" as i"s s"ar"in
'oin"7 Here "&e feelin of iden"ifi(a"ion0 and "&e %$"$ali"y and re(i'ro(i"y i" %o"i!a"es0 is
're%ised on s&ared ($l"$res of resis"an(e and broad !isions for so(ial (&ane0 and
e#'erien(es of (onfron"a"ion -i"& "&e e#is"in order G "&e an"aonis"i( 9o"&er: aains"
-&i(& solidari"y in resis"an(e is ine!i"ably fored7 Tradi"ional %odels of re!ol$"ionary
solidari"y0 &o-e!er0 &a!e "ended "o fo($s on (lass (o%'osi"ion +in "&e %ains"rea%
so(ialis" %o!e%en", or on a((e'"ed e"&ni( or na"ional 'ara%e"ers of (olle("i!e iden"i"y
+in re!ol$"ionary an"i6(olonialis% or 4la(8 Po-er0 e#a%'le,7 T&ese are (learly no" a"
-or8 -i"& anar(&is"s7 A (loser des(ri'"ion is "&a" -&a" -e are -i"nessin is a
'os"%odern for% of tribal solidari"y0 -&i(& is also 'refi$ra"i!e in i"s rela"ion "o an
anar(&is" !ision of a ne"-or8 of diff$se6%e%bers&i' (o%%$ni"ies7
M$(& &as been -ri""en of "&e (on"rib$"ion of "&e In"erne" "o "&e de!elo'%en" of "&e
anar(&is" and broader an"i6(a'i"alis" %o!e%en"s and "&eir res$l"in abili"y "o define a
ne-ly lobal "errain of solidari"y +Clea!er 2..I0 Alein 3111,7 T&is alone0 &o-e!er0 -o$ld
31@
"end "o 'or"ray any %o!e%en" "ribalis% as en"irely dislo(a"ed and !ir"$al0 -&i(& is no"
"&e (ase7 Ho-e!er0 "&e fabri( of anar(&is" "ribal solidari"ies 'ro(eeds %ore i%'or"an"ly
fro% "&e fa(e6"o6fa(e (on"e#" of "&e lo(al affini"y6ro$'s and a("i!is" %ilie$s0 "&e s%all
9bands: and 9e#"ended fa%ilies: -&ere 'ri%ary solidari"y is enera"ed on "&e %os"
in"i%a"e le!el of 'ersonal "r$s" and friends&i'7 Larer6s(ale solidari"ies are enabled
"&ro$& "&e f$r"&er in"erse("ion of "&ese lo(al %ilie$s0 "&a" is0 "&ro$& "&e (o%bined
re'rod$("ion of ne"-or8s of "r$s" and affini"y a%on a("i!is"s fro% di!erse anar(&is"
and non6anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ba(8ro$nds7 T&e s'e(ial dyna%i( a""a(&ed "o "ribal
solidari"y is "&a" beyond "&e le!el of 'ersonal "ies0 "&ere is an ins"in("i!e "enden(y "o
e#"end i" also "o 'er(ei!ed %e%bers of one;s e#"ended fa%ily or "ribe7 T&$s0 "&e "y'e of
in"era("ion "&a" (an be obser!ed be"-een a("i!is"s fro% differen" (o$n"ries -&o %ee" for
"&e firs" "i%e is !ery si%ilar "o "&a" be"-een ne-ly6%e" dis"an" rela"i!es7 T&e sense of
fa%iliari"y0 in "&ese e#(&anes0 is ini"ially based on "&e %$"$al re(oni"ion of !ario$s
indi(a"ors of an 9a("i!is": ($l"$re0 be "&ey "&e 'resen(e in a (er"ain 'la(e +s*$a"0
(o%%$ni"y0 de%ons"ra"ion, or e!en !is$al ($es s$(& as dress and 'oli"i(al sy%bols7 In a
f$r"&er (on!ersa"ional ri"$al0 fa%iliari"y or "ribal affini"y is 'robed "&ro$& a sear(& for
%$"$al a(*$ain"an(es0 'oli"i(al dis($ssion or rela"in s"ories of 'oli"i(al a("ion7 Tribal
solidari"y e#is"s as a 'o"en"iali"y "&a" (an be self6a("$alised in a self6sele("ed %anner0
"&$s des"abilisin "&e bo$ndaries of %e%bers&i' and non6%e%bers&i'7 A%'lified and
a("$alised as solidarity0 "&e 'os"%odern "ribalis% of (on"e%'orary anar(&is"s and "&eir
(o$sins -o$ld lead "&eir (&oi(es aro$nd -ieldin 'o-er "o %a#i%ise in(l$si!i"y0
refle("i!i"y and (onsidera"ion7
CHAPTER <
31F
4EYOND 9DI>ERSITY O? TACTICS:
RE6OPENING THE ANARCHIST DE4ATE ON >IOLENCE
I" is be""er "o be !iolen"0 if "&ere is !iolen(e in o$r &ear"s0 "&an "o '$" on "&e (loa8 of
non6!iolen(e "o (o!er i%'o"en(e7 >iolen(e is any day 'referable "o i%'o"en(e7 T&ere
is &o'e for a !iolen" %an "o be(o%e non6!iolen"7 T&ere is no s$(& &o'e for "&e
i%'o"en"7
M7A7 Gand&i +a""rib$"ed,
J$es"ions of 'oli"i(al !iolen(e &a!e enera"ed an of"en &ea"ed and di!isi!e deba"e
a%on (on"e%'orary anar(&is"s7 T&e '$r'ose of "&is (&a'"er is "o e#'lain -&y "&is
deba"e is so diffi($l"0 and "o disen"anle i" in so%e %eas$re7 T&e firs" se("ion
(on"e#"$alises "&e dis($ssion on !iolen(e in re(en" e!en"s0 $' "o "&e 'resen" fa"i$e6
ind$(ed (o%'ro%ise on 9res'e(" for a di!ersi"y of "a("i(s:7 T&e se(ond a''roa(&es "&e
(on(e'" of !iolen(e0 e%'&asisin "&e ine!i"ably nor%a"i!e na"$re of i"s defini"ion7
?ollo-in a (ri"i*$e of e#is"in li"era"$re0 a re(i'ien"6based defini"ion of !iolen(e is
s$es"ed0 -&ereby an a(" is =$ded !iolen" a((ordin "o i"s e%bodied 'er(e'"ion as an
a""a(8 or delibera"e endaner%en"7 T&e "&ird se("ion loo8s a" =$s"ifyin anar(&is"
!iolen(e7 Here I (onsider a, (on(erns on "&e in(onsis"en(y be"-een !iolen(e and "&e
anar(&is" e"&os of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(sM b, diffi($l"ies -i"& anar(&is" =$s"ifi(a"ory
r&e"ori( on !iolen(eM and (, in&eren" li%i"s "o any en"er'rise of =$s"ifi(a"ion based on "&e
ob!io$s b$" (orre(" r$le0 9a!oid !iolen(e as far as 'ossible:7 I (lose -i"& (o%%en"s on
!iolen" a("i!i"y;s (a'a(i"y "o bo"& e%'o-er and dise%'o-er0 on re!ene0 and on "&e
ne(essary (ondi"ions for any anar(&is" re(onsidera"ion of ar%ed s"r$le7
31/
Conte2tualising the Present De&ate
Anar(&is"s in "&e nine"een"& and early "-en"ie"& (en"$ry (&iefly si"$a"ed "&eir
dis($ssion aro$nd !iolen(e in one of "-o (on"e#"s: ar%ed %ass ins$rre("ion0 or
assassina"ions of &eads of s"a"e0 ind$s"rialis"s and so on +e77 Mos" 2IIF0 4er8%an 2.3.
(&7@20 Mala"es"a 2.32,7 Today0 in (on"ras"0 "&e 'ri%ary (on"e#" in -&i(& 9anar(&is"
!iolen(e: is %en"ioned is !iolen" protest7 T&e e!en"s -&i(& &a!e %os" fre*$en"ly
'ro!o8ed deba"e aro$nd anar(&is" !iolen(e are (onfron"a"ions -i"& 'oli(e and5or
'ro'er"y des"r$("ion0 'ar"i($larly d$rin an"i6(a'i"alis" 'ro"es"s and (o$n"er6s$%%i"s
%obilisa"ions7 T&is (a%e "o '$bli( a""en"ion in "&e lobal an"i6(a'i"alis" %o!e%en";s 2...
9(o%in6o$" 'ar"ies: in London +L$ne 2I, and Sea""le +No!e%ber @1,0 and (on"in$ed in
Pra$e and J$ebe( Ci"y in 31117 T&e e%ble%a"i( e!en" 'or"rayed by "&e %edia as
9anar(&is" !iolen(e:0 &o-e!er0 is "&e s"ree"6fi&"in "&a" "oo8 'la(e in (en"ral Genoa
d$rin "&e -ee8end of an"i6GI 'ro"es"s in L$ly 31120 in -&i(& "&e only dea"& and all 311
or so "ra$%a in=$ries -ere s$s"ained by anar(&is"s and o"&er 'ro"es"ers +On ?ire 31120
B$ Min 3112,7
One of "&e %os" no"able ele%en"s in "&ese e!en"s -as "&e a("i!i"y of bla(8 blo(s7 A
bla(8 blo( is an ad6&o( "a("i(al for%a"ion $nder"a8en d$rin 'ro"es"s or %ass a("ions7
Affini"y ro$'s and indi!id$als (l$s"er "oe"&er0 %os"ly -earin bla(8 "ro$sers and
&ooded s-ea"s&ir"s0 of"en (o!erin "&eir fa(es bo"& "o %ain"ain a sy%bolis% of
anony%i"y of "&e 8ind 'ro%o"ed by "&e EELN +Mar(os 2..I, and "o 'ro"e(" "&e%sel!es
aains" 'oli(e s$r!eillan(e7 T&e "a("i( oriina"es -i"& "&e Ger%an an"i6fas(is" s(ene
+Aa"siafi(as 2..K,0 -&i(& (onsis"s %os" n$%ero$sly of anar(&is"s0 (o%%$nis"s0 s*$a""ers
31<
and o"&ers in "&e 9a$"ono%en: "radi"ion7 4la(8 blo( "a("i(s firs" a''eared in "&e Uni"ed
S"a"es d$rin "&e 'ro"es"s aains" "&e G$lf Bar in 2..20 and &a!e %obilised on and off a"
%a=or 'ro"es"s sin(e Sea""le7 B&ereas in "&e U7S7 bla(8 blo(s &a!e been s%all and
delibera"ely a!oided o$"ri&" fi&"in -i"& 'oli(e +ACME 31110 ?l$enno(8 3111,0
E$ro'ean bla(8 blo(s &a!e "ended "o be %$(& larer and %ore (onfron"a"ional0
in(l$din barri(ades0 s"one6"&ro-in and e!en 'e"rol bo%bs7 Also of no"e is "&e lea(y
of "&e %ili"ary di("a"ors&i' in Gree(e G an es'e(ially (onfron"a"ional 'ro"es"
en!iron%en"0 -&ere s"ree"6fi&"in and 'ro'er"y des"r$("ion are a re$lar fea"$re of
de%ons"ra"ions +Anony%o$sI 3113,7
Ye" e!en "&e &ea!ies" s"ree"6fi&"in does no" in!ol!e anar(&is"s "a8in $' ar%s0 as
"&ey -o$ld and did a &$ndred years ao7 T&is e#'lains "&e differen" (on"o$rs of "&e
deba"e0 as -ell as i"s 'ro%inen(e a%on anar(&is"s and "&eir allies7 T&e %ain differen(e
be"-een "&e (on"e%'orary and &is"ori(al (on"e#"s lies in "&e le!els of !iolen(e $sed0 no"
by anar(&is"s in 'ar"i($lar0 b$" by eali"arian %o!e%en"s in eneral7 In "&e nine"een"&
and early "-en"ie"& (en"$ry0 anar(&is% -as a %o!e%en" fir%ly roo"ed in "&e
ins$rre("ionary (on"e#" of 'easan" and -or8in6(lass o''osi"ion "o "&e 're!ailin so(ial
order0 -&i(& also f$elled "&e re!ol$"ionary as'ira"ions of Mar#0 Lenin and L$#e%bo$r7
T&e b$l8 of 9re!ol$"ionary: so(ialis"s before "&e Borld Bar II &ad !iolen" re!ol$"ion in
%ind7 Tols"oy;s liber"arian C&ris"ian 'a(ifis% -as "&e firs" *$asi6anar(&is" do("rine of
non6!iolen(e +Tols"oy 2.21,0 b$" i" -as &ardly infl$en"ial a%on "&e anar(&is"s of "&e
"i%e7 4y "&e "i%e Gand&i +on -&o% Tols"oy &ad so%e infl$en(e, and Mar"in L$"&er
Ain -ere 'o'$larisin "&e no"ion of 9non6!iolen" a("ion: in '$bli( dis(o$rse0 "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en" &ad ye" "o re(ons"i"$"e i"self on a %eaninf$l s(ale7 A" "&e sa%e
31K
"i%e0 "&e %o!e%en"s a" -&ose in"erse("ion (on"e%'orary anar(&is% rea''eared -ere
so%e"i%es s*$arely roo"ed in "&e "radi"ion of (i!il6ri&"s 'a(ifis% +e77 "&e -o%en;s an"i6
n$(lear %o!e%en", or fo($sed on self6endanerin e(o6defen(e "a("i(s -i"&o$" "oo %$(&
a""en"ion "o *$es"ions of !iolen(e7
D$e "o "&e 're!alen" ($l"$re of non6!iolen" radi(alis% inside -&i(& anar(&is% -as
re(ons"i"$"ed0 a "ension -as ine!i"able7 On "&e one &and "&ere -as anar(&is"s; ob!io$sly
!iolen" 'as" and "&e %inori"y of yo$n a("i!is"s -&o -ere $' for $rban (onfron"a"ion0
and on "&e o"&er &and -as "&e "aboo on 'oli"i(al !iolen(e0 $n*$es"ioned by %os" non6
anar(&is" in "&e 9an"i6lobalisa"ion %o!e%en":0 as -ell as by %any 'eo'le -&o -ere
findin "&eir -ay "o anar(&is% aro$nd "&e "$rn of "&e %illenni$%7 A" "&e sa%e "i%e0 "&e
%ass %edia sensa"ionalised anar(&is" !iolen(e0 'layin on "&e no-6"ren(&an" '$bli(
o'inion "&a" 'ea(ef$l 'ro"es" is "&e only lei"i%a"e for% of 'oli"i(al (on"es"a"ion7 Many
an"i6lobalisa"ion fi$re&eads (&i%ed in0 (o%'lainin "&a" "&e anar(&is"s -ere
9dis"or"in "&e %essae of "&e 'ro"es"s:7
As %any -&o &a!e follo-ed re(en" deba"es o!er !iolen(e in "&e %o!e%en" (an
indi(a"e0 %any anar(&is"s; earlier res'onses "o den$n(ia"ions of "&e 'ro"es" be&a!io$r
of so%e anar(&is"s -ere "o %ini%ise "&e role of 9!iolen(e: in "&e e!en"s7 In Sea""le0 "&e
%ar(&es and si"6do-n obs"r$("ions of BTO delea"es -ere $nder"a8en $nder s"ri("
non6!iolen(e $idelines7 Ho-e!er0 on "&e firs" ni&" of "&e blo(8ades0 ro$'s self6
des(ribed as anar(&is"s and an"i6a$"&ori"arians "ras&ed "&e s"ore6fron"s of a Ni8e"o-n0
a M(Donald;s o$"le" and so on0 "&o$& a!oidin (onfron"a"ion -i"& 'oli(e7 Af"er "&e
'ro"es"s0 "&e %e%bers of one of "&e affini"y ro$'s -&i(& &ad 'ar"i(i'a"ed in "&e bla(8
blo( iss$ed a s"a"e%en" -&i(& in(l$ded "&e follo-in (lai%s:
31I
Be (on"end "&a" 'ro'er"y des"r$("ion is no" a !iolen" a("i!i"y $nless i" des"roys li!es or
(a$ses 'ain in "&e 'ro(ess7 4y "&is defini"ion0 'ri!a"e 'ro'er"y G es'e(ially (or'ora"e 'ri!a"e
'ro'er"y G is i"self infini"ely %ore !iolen" "&an any a("ion "a8en aains" i"777In a so(ie"y based on
'ri!a"e 'ro'er"y ri&"s0 "&ose -&o are able "o a((r$e %ore of -&a" o"&ers need or -an" &a!e
rea"er 'o-er7 4y e#"ension0 "&ey -ield rea"er (on"rol o!er -&a" o"&ers 'er(ei!e as needs and
desires0 $s$ally in "&e in"eres" of in(reasin 'rofi" "o "&e%sel!es777B&en -e s%as& a -indo-0 -e
ai% "o des"roy "&e "&in !eneer of lei"i%a(y "&a" s$rro$nds 'ri!a"e 'ro'er"y ri&"s777Af"er N@10
%any 'eo'le -ill ne!er see a s&o' -indo- or a &a%%er "&e sa%e -ay aain7 T&e 'o"en"ial $ses
of an en"ire (i"ys(a'e &a!e in(reased a "&o$sand6fold7774ro8en -indo-s (an be boarded $' +-i"&
ye" %ore -as"e of o$r fores"s, and e!en"$ally re'la(ed0 b$" "&e s&a""erin of ass$%'"ions -ill
&o'ef$lly 'ersis" for so%e "i%e "o (o%e7 +ACME (olle("i!e 3111,
Pro'er"y des"r$("ion0 "&en0 is 'resen"ed as a for% of 9'ro'aanda by deed: +see
(&7@,7 4$" "&e "er%s in -&i(& "&is ra"ionale is (ons"r$("ed s&o$ld be %ade 'lain: "&e a("
of 'ro'er"y des"r$("ion is (oded as in&eren"ly non6!iolen" +"&o$& i" is said i" (an &a!e
!iolen" by6'rod$("s,0 and "&e 9!iolen": "a is "ransferred "o -&a" "&e ob=e(" of
des"r$("ion sy%bolises7 T&e r&e"ori(al '$r'ose of ACME;s "y'i(ally anar(&is" 'ie(e of
reasonin is "o (as" "&e -ei&" of !iolen" 'ro"aonis% a-ay fro% "&e%sel!es and on"o
(a'i"alis% and "&e s"a"e7 Here -e en(o$n"er a 're!alen" fea"$re of anar(&is" dis(o$rse0
-&i(& is "&e (odin of "&e s"a"e as !iolen"7 A s"a"e%en" fro% Mala"es"a +2.32, is "y'i(al:
Anar(&is"s are o''osed "o e!ery 8ind of !iolen(eM e!eryone 8no-s "&a"7 T&e %ain 'lan8 of
Anar(&is% is "&e re%o!al of !iolen(e fro% &$%an rela"ions7 I" is life based on "&e freedo% of "&e
indi!id$al0 -i"&o$" "&e in"er!en"ion of "&e (endarme7 ?or "&is reason -e are ene%ies of (a'i"alis%
-&i(& de'ends on "&e 'ro"e("ion of "&e (endarme "o oblie -or8ers "o allo- "&e%sel!es "o be
e#'loi"ed G or e!en "o s"ay idle and o &$nry -&en i" is no" in "&e in"eres" of "&e bosses "o e#'loi"
"&e%7 Be are "&erefore ene%ies of "&e S"a"e -&i(& is "&e (oer(i!e0 !iolen" oraniCa"ion of so(ie"y7
T&e s"a"$s of "&e s"a"e as !iolen(e is "anen"ial "o "&e dis($ssion of anar(&is" !iolen(e7
S"ill0 i" s&o$ld be (o%%en"ed "&a" in order "o %a8e "&is ar$%en"0 Mala"es"a &as "o rely
on a !ery si%'lis"i( !ie- of "&e s"a"e as "&e enfor(in ar% of (a'i"alis%M "&e s"a"e6
(a'i"alis" sys"e% 9is: !iolen" be(a$se i" relies on !iolen(e "o se($re (o%'lian(e7 4$"
'eo'le of"en (o%'ly -i"&o$" "&e in"er!en"ion of "&e (endarme ? o$" of &abi"0 "r$s"0 s&or"
31.
"er% in"eres"s or o"&er reasons7 Hen(e0 "&e so(ial s"r$("$re 9relies: on "&e (endarme only
in "&e las" ins"an(e0 "&a" is0 in "&e fa(e of %anifes" resis"an(e7 Mala"es"a;s o-n ar$%en"
"&$s s$es"s "&a" "&e !iolen(e of "&e (a'i"alis"6ser!in s"a"e is ne(essarily rea("i!e G "&e
s"a"e is only 9!iolen": "o "&e e#"en" "&a" disobedien(e dra-s a !iolen" res'onseM "&e
a(($sa"ion of !iolen" 'ro"aonis% "&$s rebo$nds on "&e rebel7
Bi"& bo"& "&e ACME (olle("i!e and Mala"es"a0 9-e are bein i!en defini"ions
iss$in fro% 'oli"i(al in"en"ion and re*$ired for si%'le t& 3&o3&e ar$%en"0 -&a"e!er i"
%ay be -or"&: +Honderi(& 2.I.:2/1, T&e t& 3&o3&e +L7 9yo$ "oo: or 9loo8 -&o;s
"al8in:, is dire("ed "o-ards any s"a"is" (ri"i( of anar(&is" !iolen(e0 in(l$din one on "&e
9lef":7 Ci"in s"a"e or (a'i"alis" !iolen(e is in"ended "o dra- "&e (ri"i(;s a""en"ion "o &er or
&is o-n belief "&a" "&e s"a"e is lei"i%a"e0 -&i(& ne(essarily in!ol!es a''ro!al for a" leas"
so%e of i"s !iolen" a("s7 T&e (ons"r$("ion of "&e s"a"e as !iolen(e di!er"s "&e dis($ssion
fro% !iolen(e "o "&e lei"i%a(y of "&e s"a"e7 I" %ay be an effi(ien" -ay "o silen(e (ri"i(s0
b$" i" e!ades ra"&er "&an (onfron"s "&e iss$e of anar(&is" !iolen(e7
Re"$rnin "o "&e 'resen"6day (on"e#"0 i" s&o$ld be 'oin"ed o$" "&a" fri("ions aro$nd
!iolen" 'ro"es" -ere "&e las" s"ra- in "&e s'li" be"-een 9&oriCon"als: and 9!er"i(als: in
"&e frail an"i6lobalisa"ion (oali"ions "&a" &ad 'rolifera"ed sin(e Sea""le7 Many rassroo"s
and dire("6a("ion ro$'s0 %os" of "&e% no" self6iden"ified as anar(&is"s0 -ere already
si""in $neasily -i"& "&e NGOs0 $nions and 'oli"i(al 'ar"ies be(a$se of "&eir refor%is"
ai%s0 !er"i(al oranisa"ion and 'oli"i(8in7 B&en an"i6lobalisa"ion fi$re&eads and
(o%%$nis" s'o8es'eo'le a$"o%a"i(ally deno$n(ed "&e 9!iolen" a("i!is"s: af"er e!ery
'ro"es"0 a brea(& of solidari"y -as 'er(ei!ed in %any rassroo"s and dire(" a("ion
ro$'s7 Af"er Genoa in 'ar"i($lar0 %any a("i!is"s sa- "&ese den$n(ia"ions as
321
(on"rib$"in "o "&e 9ood 'ro"es"er 5 bad: 'ro"es"er: a%e 'layed by "&e GI leaders and
(or'ora"e %edia +see e77 Moore 311@:@<I6.,7 Many a("i!is"s -&o -o$ld no" (ondone
!iolen(e 'er(ei!ed "&is as an e#'ression of ross insensi"i!i"y and la(8 of solidari"y -i"&
&$ndreds of "ra$%a"ised and i%'risoned a("i!is"s7 As a res$l"0 "&ey al%os" in!ariably
ref$sed "o deno$n(e anar(&is" !iolen(e be%a&se "&e refor%is" and a$"&ori"arian a("ors &ad
done so7 T&is0 in addi"ion "o "&e s&ared e#'erien(e of re'ression in Genoa and else-&ere0
reinfor(ed ($l"$ral (o&esi!eness and (olle("i!e iden"i"y in "&e dire(" a("ion -in of an"i6
neoliberal (a%'ainin0 %any of -&ose 'ar"i(i'an"s -ere no- 'er(e'"ibly less
$n(o%for"able -i"& bein (alled 9anar(&is"s:7
R
T&e res$l" of "&is re'osi"ionin -as "&a" dire("6a("ion 'ar"i(i'an"s0 %ore $nified in
'ra("i(e b$" s"ill di!ided on *$es"ions of !iolen(e0 ra!i"a"ed "o-ards a (er"ain mod&s
vivendi4 T&is is en(a's$la"ed $nder "&e fre*$en"ly $sed '&rase 9res'e(" for a di!ersi"y of
"a("i(s:7 T&is in!ol!ed re'la(in "&e rela"i!ely s"ri(" non6!iolen(e $idelines "&a" &ad
be(o%e "&e a((e'"ed fra%e-or8 of lare6s(ale %obilisa"ions -i"& a fra%e-or8 in -&i(&
differen" for%s of 'oli"i(al e#'ression and differen" le!els of (onfron"a"ion are a((e'"ed0
and (oordina"ion "a8es 'la(e in order "o allo- "&e% "o "a8e 'la(e no" "o in"erfere -i"&
ea(& o"&er +a %odel "&a" &ad already been $sed -i"& s$bs"an"ial s$((ess "o disr$'" "&e
Pra$e IM?5Borld64an8 %ee"in in Se'"e%ber 3111,7 T&is analysis 'oin"s "o "&e fa(" "&a"
in so(ial %o!e%en"s0 effe("i!e (onsens$s aro$nd an iss$e G and "&$s0 a 'oin" of
ideoloi(al e*$ilibri$% G is of"en s&a'ed by e!en"s0 e%o"ions and solidari"ies as %$(& as
i" is by dis($ssion7 4$" -&ile 9di!ersi"y of "a("i(s: %ay ser!e as a $sef$l res"in6'oin" for
s"ra"ei(al '$r'oses0 i" (an only do so a" "&e 'ri(e of s$s'endin "&e deba"e7
R
S$(& o'inions -ere e#'ressed in %any (on!ersa"ions and in"er!ie-s af"er Genoa0 e77 a" 'ro"es"s aains"
"&e EU s$%%i"s in 4r$ssels and 4ar(elona +23712 and @713, and a" "&e PGA E$ro'ean (onferen(e +.713,
322
S"ar&a-8;s a("ion re'or"s also 'ro!ide a ood ill$s"ra"ion of "&e 'roression fro%
9non6!iolen(e: "o 9di!ersi"y of "a("i(s: in "&e a""i"$des of (on"e%'orary anar(&is"s7
Bri"in af"er "&e In"erna"ional Mone"ary ?$nd5Borld 4an8 blo(8ades in Pra$e +.73111,0
s&e '$"s &erself s*$arely on "&e 'rin(i'led non6!iolen(e side of "&e di(&o"o%y -i"&
s"a"e%en"s s$(& as 9"&is is a !iolen" sys"e% Nb$"O I do no" belie!e i" (an be defea"ed by
!iolen(e: and0 9as soon as yo$ 'i(8 $' a ro(8777yo$;!e a((e'"ed "&e "er%s di("a"ed by a
sys"e% "&a" is al-ays "ellin $s "&a" for(e is "&e only sol$"ion7: 4$" af"er "&e J$ebe( Ci"y
?TAA 'ro"es"s +F73112, "&e 'i("$re is differen"7 In "&e ar"i(le 94eyond >iolen(e and
Non!iolen(e: s&e a(8no-ledes "&e !alidi"y of ar$%en"s for 9&i& (onfron"a"ional:
+"&o$& no loner 9!iolen":, s"r$le0 and %ain"ains "&a" (o$(&in "&e deba"e in "&e
"er%s s&e &erself earlier $sed is (ons"ri("in0 a" a "i%e -&en 9-e;re %o!in on"o
$n%a''ed "erri"ory0 (rea"in a 'oli"i(s "&a" &as no" ye" been defined7: 4y Genoa +K73112,0
S"ar&a-8 is 're'ared "o de(lare &er sis"er&ood -i"& "&e bla(8 blo(6ers0 -&o re'resen"
9rae0 i%'a"ien(e0 %ili"an" fer!or -i"&o$" -&i(& -e de!i"aliCe o$rsel!es: +Sa"r&a-8
3113:/I0 .<0 23@,7 T&e a""e%'" &ere is e#'li(i"ly "o "rans(end "&e $se of "&e -ord
9!iolen(e: G -&i(& is also in!o8ed by "&e '&rase 9non6!iolen(e:7 I" is in"ended0 aain0 "o
silen(e -&a" S"ar&a-8 sees as a 'oli"i(ally6(ri''lin deba"e0 be(a$se of "&e 9loaded:
na"$re of "&e -ord !iolen(e7
T&e -ord !iolen(e -as also effe("i!ely s-e'" $nder "&e (ar'e" by "&e "&ird lobal
(onferen(e of PGA in Co(&aba%ba7 In Se'"e%ber 31120 "&e (onferen(e 'lenary areed "o
s"ri8e "&e '&rase 9non6!iolen": fro% "&e ne"-or8;s fo$r"& &all%ar8 "&a" oriinally
(allin for 9non6!iolen" dire(" a("ion and (i!il disobedien(e:0 inser"in "&e -ordin on
9%a#i%isin res'e(" for life: +see (&72,7 A((ordin "o one 'ar"i(i'an" +El >ie=o 3113,0
323
T&e 'roble% -i"& "&e old for%$la"ion -as firs" "&a" "&e -ord 9Non6!iolen(e: &as !ery
differen" %eanins in India +-&ere i" %eans res'e(" for life, and in "&e Bes" +-&ere i" %eans also
res'e(" for 'ri!a"e 'ro'er"y,7 T&is basi( %is$nders"andin &as 'ro!ed *$i"e i%'ossible "o (orre("
in %edia G or indeed in "&e %o!e%en" i"self7 T&e nor"& A%eri(an %o!e%en" fel" "&a" "&e "er%
(o$ld be $nders"ood "o no" allo- for a di!ersi"y of "a("i(s or e!en (on"rib$"e "o "&e (ri%inalisa"ion
of 'ar" of "&e %o!e%en"7 T&e La"in A%eri(an oranisa"ions &ad also ob=e("ed "o "&e "er% in "&eir
reional (onferen(e0 sayin "&a" a 9(all "o (i!il disobedien(e: -as (lear eno$&0 -&ereas 9non6
!iolen(e: see%ed "o i%'ly a re=e("ion of &$e 'ar"s of "&e &is"ory of resis"an(e of "&ese
'eo'les777A("ions -&i(& are 'erfe("ly lei"i%a"e in one (on"e#" (an be $nne(essarily !iolen"
+(on"rib$"in "o br$"alise so(ial rela"ions, in ano"&er7 And !i(e !ersa7 Pre(isely "o %a8e "&is (lear0
"&e Ea'a"is"a ar%y +EELN, -as in!i"ed "o be a%on "&e firs" enera"ion of (on!enors7
T&is (onferen(e &ad o'ened on Se'"e%ber 2< 31120 -&en i" -as s"ill $n(lear -&a"
-o$ld &a''en af"er "&e a""a(8 on "&e Pen"aon and Borld Trade Cen"er7 B&ile for a
"i%e "&e "ide of defensi!eness and 9'a"rio"is%: see%ed "o %ean "&e end of all for%s of
so(ial 'ro"es"0 "&e -ars in Af&anis"an and Ira* &a!e led "o rene-ed 'ro"es"0 "&is "i%e
aains" "&e ba(8dro' of e#"re%ely !iolen" a("ions by "&e s"a"e7 In s$(& a si"$a"ion0
(o%'lain"s abo$" !iolen" 'ro"es" -ere fel" "o be -earin "&in in "&e '$bli( dis(o$rse0 and
a("i!is"s no loner fel" "&e%sel!es oblied "o defend "&eir a("ions as non6!iolen"7 B&en
as8ed abo$" !iolen(e d$rin Geore B7 4$s&;s $'(o%in !isi" "o Ro%e0 L$(a Cassarini0
a leader of "&e non6anar(&is" disobedienti +for%erly "&e 9B&i"e O!eralls:, re'lied: 9If a
(ri%inal of "&e (alibre of 4$s& is i!en "&e red (ar'e" "rea"%en"0 "&en rae is "&e ri&"
rea("ion: +44C Ne-s 3I7/7311F,0 addin "&a" 9(o%'ared "o a &$ndred "&o$sand (i!ilian
dea"&s in Ira*0 a fe- bro8en -indo-s are &ardly -&a" -ill bo"&er "&e I"alian '$bli(:7 A"
"&e sa%e "i%e0 for(es on "&e %ains"rea% lef" -&o -o$ld deno$n(e anar(&is" !iolen(e
-ere (a$&" in an $n(o%for"able 'osi"ion: &o- (o$ld "&ey do so -&ile s$''or"in
Pales"inian 8ids "&ro-in s"ones and Molo"o!s a" Israeli soldiers0 or e!en 'ar"s of "&e
Ira*i resis"an(e0 -i"&o$" bein 'or"rayed "&e% as 9No" In My 4a(8 Yard: 'a(ifis"sH T&e
only a!ailable res'onse -o$ld be "o ar$e "&a" Pales"inians and Ira*is -ere resis"in an
32@
illeal o(($'a"ion0 and "&a" "&e U7S7 and Israeli ar%ies are no" "&e sa%e as a do%es"i(
'oli(e for(e G -&i(& aain brins "&e dis($ssion ba(8 "o "&e lei"i%a(y of "&e s"a"e7
A" "&is =$n("$re0 "&en0 i" -o$ld a''ear "&a" "&e "aboo o!er !iolen" 'ro"es" &as been
so%e-&a" eroded0 no" so %$(& by anar(&is"s as by "&e fre*$en(y of -arfare7 Bi"& i"0
ar$%en"s li8e "&a" of "&e ACME (olle("i!e -&i(& see8 "o 'reser!e "&e 9non!iolen"
(reden"ials: of anar(&is" a("ions are losin "&eir rele!an(e7
Rele!an(e aside0 s$(& ar$%en"s; (redibili"y &ad by no- already been (&allened in
s"ron "er%s7 In an infl$en"ial 'a%'&le" fro% "&e 'eriod0 As&en R$ins +3113, ar$ed "&a"
-&ile 9!iolen(e %$s" ne!er be ro%an"i(iCed or fe"is&iCed0 and resor"in "o !iolen(e
s&o$ld no" be a (as$al de(ision0 "a("i(ally0 s"ra"ei(ally or 'ersonally:0 anar(&is"s &a!e
fallen $nder "&e s-ay a rhetori% of non!violen%e -&i(& is is rea("ionary0 9(lo$ded by S"a"is"
ass$%'"ions and %iddle (lass fears:7 In "&eir $n(ri"i(al s"an(e "o-ards "&e e"&os of non6
!iolen(e0 anar(&is"s are (oo'era"in -i"& "&e *$ie"is% and res'e(" for "&e so(ial 'ea(e
asso(ia"ed -i"& "&e s"a"is" lef" +bo"& liberal and (o%%$nis", G -&i(& 9%ay as -ell be "&e
N!al$esO of "&e (a'i"alis" and "&e 'oli"i(ian for all "&e differen(e i" %a8es:7 Anar(&is"s0
&o-e!er0 s&o$ld no" be afraid "o ro(8 "&e boa":
Ins"ead of (lai%in "&a" s%as&in a -indo- isn;" !iolen" G a 'oin" "&a" a!erae 'eo'le re=e("
o$" of (o%%on sense +and "&erefore %a8es %e -onder abo$" "&e (o%%on sense of so%e
anar(&is"s, G -&y don;" -e dro' "&e se%an"i(s and ad%i" "&a"0 yes0 i";s !ery (learly !iolen" and
"&en %a8e a (ase for i"H777NIfO s%as&in a -indo- is %erely a sy%boli( a("0 b$" no" !iolen"0 -&a"
%essae are -e "ryin "o sendH Bi"& s%as&in a -indo- "&$s se" as "&e absol$"e li%i" of
a''ro'ria"e dissen"0 aren;" -e really %a8in "&e abs$rdly (on"radi("ory 'oin" "&a" "&is !iolen"
sys"e% %$s" be o''osed "&ro$& a !arie"y of "a("i(s0 $' "o and in(l$din s%as&in a -indo-
+-&i(& is no" !iolen"0 by "&e -ay,7 4$" no f$r"&er7 Is "&is "&e li%i"0 "&en0 of o$r resis"an(eH B&a" a
sad (o%%en" on o$r %o"i!a"ions0 if non6!iolen(e is "&e f$r"&es" fron"ier of o$r rae7
32F
T&e essen(e of "&is res'onse "o "&e ACME (olle("i!e is "&a" in a re!ol$"ionary
fra%e-or80 a (ase %an be %ade for a("ions -&i(& are0 (o%%onsensi(ally0 !iolen"7 T&e
'oin" &ere is "&a" i" is no" eno$& "o (all so%e"&in !iolen" +&o-e!er defined, in order "o
%a8e i" $n=$s"ified7 T&e se'ara"ion be"-een "&e a#es !iolen"5non!iolen" and
=$s"ified5$n=$s"ified is (r$(ial "o "&e dis($ssion of !iolen(e0 sin(e "&e "-o "end "o be
(o%'le"ely en"anled in e!eryday s'ee(&7
As&en R$ins; (ri"i*$e of "&e lef"is" dis(o$rse on !iolen(e0 and anar(&is"s; $n(ri"i(al
a((e'"an(e "&ereof0 is 'ar" of a broader 'oin" (onne("ed "o "&e "rend of anar(&is"
9ins$rre("ionis%:7 T&is "rend re(alls 4a8$nin and Mala"es"a in i"s e%'&asis on an e!er6
'resen" 'o"en"ial for re!ol$"ionary $'risin +(f7 4onanno 2..I0 Anony%o$s. 3112,7 T&e
"y'i(al ar$%en" is "&a" "&ere is a broad6based $nder($rren" of of"en !iolen" +and non6
!iolen", re!ol" in ad!an(ed (a'i"alis" so(ie"ies0 'resen" in "&e 'rison 'o'$la"ion0 in
s'oradi( !iolen(e aains" 'oli(e in 'oor (o%%$ni"ies0 in !andalis%0 9an"i6so(ial
be&a!io$r: and o"&er "y'es of a("i!i"y ra"ionalised as (ri%inali"y0 e"(77 T&e $ns"a"ed
'res$%'"ions of "&is re!ol" are seen as an"i6a$"&ori"arian and resis"an" "o
ins"i"$"ionalised oranisa"ion0 and As&en R$ins (alls anar(&is"s "o res'ond "o i" -i"&
a("i!e solidari"y7 T&e e%ble%a"i( 9lef":0 in "&is o'"i(0 is bo"& afraid of and $nable "o
$nders"and "&is $nder($rren"7 T&is is be(a$se of i"s a""a(&%en" "o a dis(o$rse of !iolen(e
5 non6!iolen(e "&a" a, re=e("s any $se of offensi!e for(e aains" "&e s"a"e and b, (odes
9!iolen(e: in "er%s of a ($l"$ral "aboo0 s"ronly (onne("ed "o fear of "&e $n(on"rollable0
"&e abnor%al and "&e (ri%inal7 T&is (ri"i*$e is i%'or"an"0 b$" i" is only a s"ar"in 'oin"
for a %ore (ons"r$("i!e effor" "o s$''ly $sef$l insi&"s (on(ernin anar(&is" !iolen(e7
32/
'essy Definitions
>iolen(e is a (on(e'" -i"& -&i(& i" fa%o$sly diffi($l" "o (o%e "o "er%s7 As
Aren"inian anar(&is" -ri"er Ed$ardo Colo%bo 'oin"s o$"0 "&e 'roble% arises fro% "&e
e#'anse of "&e -ord;s se%an"i( field:
>iolen(e is no" a $nified (on(e'"$al (a"eory7 T&e %os" eneral (on"en" of "&e -ord refers "o an
e#(essi!e0 $n(on"rolled0 br$"al0 ab$si!e for(e7 T&e !iolen(e of rain0 -ind0 fire7 If one -an"s "o
(oer(e so%eone by for(e0 one does &i% !iolen(e7 4$" one (an (oer(e by o"&er %eans G "&rea"0 bons
sentiments0 de(ei"7 A body or a (ons(ien(e is !iola"ed7 4$" one also does oneself !iolen(e "o
o!er(o%e one;s aner7 One &as a !iolen" and de!o$rin 'assion for a -o%an or for liber"y7
>iolen" are des'o"is% and "yranny:7 +Colo%bo 3111,
B&a" is lef" $nno"i(ed &ere is "&a" in all i"s $ses0 !iolen(e +a" leas" be"-een &$%an
beins, is $ni!ersally a dis!al$e7 I" is "ri!ial "&a"0 o"&er "&ins bein e*$al0 less !iolen(e
is be""er "&an %ore7 E!en -&ere i" is -idely "&o$&" "o be =$s"ified +e77 !iolen" self6
defen(e aains" a life6"&rea"enin a""a(8,0 !iolen(e is in"$i"i!ely seen as so%e"&in bad0
albei" "&a" i" is in"ended "o 're!en" so%e"&in -orse7 Ho-e!er0 "&e (on"ro!ersy o!er "&e
defini"ion of !iolen(e is 're(isely abo$" &o- "&a" nor%a"i!e 9nea"i!i"y: is allo%ated "o
"&e (on(e'"4 B&a" is i" abo&t !iolen(e "&a" is by defini"ion bad0 e!en if =$s"ifiableH
So(iolois" Ey%$n" 4a$%an in"er're"s "&e (ons"r$("ion of "&e (on(e'" of !iolen(e
in (onne("ion "o "&e $n(on"rollable0 "&e abnor%al0 and "&e (ri%inal0 as a fea"$re of "&e
&ee%oni( so(ial dis(o$rse of %oderni"y7 T&is (onne("ion fo($ses a""en"ion "o 'ar"i($lar
areas of "&e se%an"i( field0 -&ile o!ers&ado-in si%ilar be&a!io$rs -&en "&ey are
nor%alised and lei"i%ised7 On &earin "&e -ord 9!iolen(e: %any 'eo'le -o$ld firs"
en"er"ain "&ins li8e "erroris%0 %$rder and rio"in0 and only la"er +if a" all, "&ins li8e
(l$s"er6bo%bin or e#e($"ion7 Peo'le -ill of"en say "&a" a 'oli(e offi(er is 9!iolen": if s&e
32<
$ses 9e#(essi!e for(e:0 b$" no" so if s&e $ses for(e as "&e la- e#'e("s &er "o +-&i(& (an
easily in(l$de "-is"in an ar% or $sin &er ba"on,7 4a$%an "ra(es "&is 'arado# "o a
'ar"i($larly %odern a%bi!alen(e abo$" %i&"0 for(e and (oer(ion7 In "&e 're!ailin
dis(o$rse of %oderni"y0 as 4a$%an sees i"0 "&e &$%anisin 're"en(es of "&e
enli&"en%en" are a" -or8 in 'or"rayin %oderni"y i"self as a 'ro(ess "&a" re%o!es
!iolen(e and br$"ali"y fro% so(ial rela"ions7 4$" "&is belief needs "o be ra"ionalised
aains" "&e fa(" "&a" !iolen(e &as no" been abolis&ed b$" only redis"rib$"ed7 Tor"$re0
'$bli( be&eadin and indis(ri%ina"e !iolen(e by leal ar%ed for(es %ay &a!e been
9abolis&ed: in %odern Bes"ern so(ie"ies0 b$" "&ey (on"in$e "o be e%'loyed by %any of
"&ese so(ie"ies as i%'erialis" 'o-ers7 Bi"&in "&ese so(ie"ies0 "&ey &a!e been re'la(ed by
no less (r$el for%s of !iolen(e +le"&al in=e("ion0 'rison br$"ali"y0 (&e%i(al -ea'ons for
(ro-d dis'ersal,0 so%e %ore sani"ised "&an o"&ers7 To %ain"ain "&e belief "&a" !iolen(e
in so(ial rela"ions is re(edin0 "&e -ord 9!iolen(e: i"self (o%es "o be (oded on one side of
di(&o"o%ies s$(& as leal6illeal0 lei"i%a"e6illei"i%a"e0 nor%al6irre$lar7 T&e for%er is
also a""a(&ed -i"& a 'osi"i!e indi(a"or G e77 '$nis&%en" or "&e enfor(e%en" of la- and
order G -&ile "&e o"&er is (ens$red as !iolen(e0 e#'ressin s&o(80 rea("ion "o "&e
$ne#'e("ed and "&e fear of "&e $n(on"rolled +4a$%an 2..2:2F@6<0 Good%an 2..<:2<1,7
A si%ilar (ri"i*$e is a""a(&ed "o R7 P7 Bolff;s '&iloso'&i(al a""a(8 on "&e 'ossibili"y
of any ade*$a"e (on(e'" of 'oli"i(al !iolen(e7 Bolff +2.<.:<2@, ar$es "&a" "&e (on(e'" of
!iolen(e 9ser!es as a r&e"ori(al de!i(e for 'ros(ribin "&ose 'oli"i(al $ses of for(e -&i(&
one (onsiders ini%i(al "o one;s (en"ral in"eres"s:7 T&e dis'$"e o!er !iolen(e and non6
!iolen(e in 2.<1s A%eri(an 'oli"i(s is said "o be irredee%ably %ired in 9ideoloi(al
r&e"ori(: desined "o ei"&er &al"0 slo- or &as"en (&ane in "&e e#is"in dis"rib$"ion of
32K
'o-er and 'ri!ilee G de'endin on "&e (lass 'osi"ion of "&e obser!er7 Es"ablis&ed
finan(ial and 'oli"i(al in"eres"s iden"ify !iolen(e s*$arely as illeal and (onde%n all
(&allenes "o "&e a$"&ori"y of "&e s"a"e and 'ro'er"y ri&"s7 Middle6(lass liberals
en(o$rae so%e illeal dissen" and disr$'"ion +ren" s"ri8es0 si"6ins,0 b$" only so lon as i"
does no" (&allene "&e e(ono%i( so(ial arrane%en"s on -&i(& "&eir s$((ess is based7 ?or
rea("ionary -&i"e -or8in6(lass (ons"i"$en(ies0 9!iolen(e: is any "&rea" fro% "&e
o$"(lass G s"ree" (ri%e0 &e""o rio"s and (i!il ri&"s %ar(&es7 ?or "&e 4la(8 o$"(lass and
i"s sy%'a"&isers in "&e liberal -in0 "&e a''li(a"ion of 9!iolen(e: is "y'i(ally re!ersed "o
"&e 'oli(e no" rio"ers0 e%'loyers no" s"ri8ers e"(7 G 9"&e o$"(lass na"$rally see8s "o
lei"i%ise "&e rio"s0 &arrass%en"s0 and s"ree" (ri%e -&i(& are i"s only -ea'ons7 E*$ally
na"$rally0 "&e res" of so(ie"y labels s$(& %eans P!iolen"; and s$''resses "&e%: +<2/,7
Bolff f$r"&er ar$es "&a" "&e (on(e'" of !iolen(e0 in -&a" &e sees as i"s 9dis"in("i!e
'oli"i(al sense:0 is nonsensi(al7 Sin(e 9for(e: alone is (learly no" !iolen(e +(onsider a
do("or se""in a dislo(a"ed s&o$lder,0 Bolff defines !iolen(e as 9"&e illei"i%a"e or
$na$"&oriCed $se of for(e "o effe(" de(isions aains" "&e -ill or desire of o"&ers: +Bolff
2.<.:<1<, G for(e 'ros(ribed by a so$r(e of lei"i%a(y7 In Bolff;s narro- "er%s0 "&e only
rele!an" so$r(e for 9'oli"i(al: lei"i%a(y is "&e s"a"e a$"&ori"y7 No- sin(e0 as a
'&iloso'&i(al anar(&is"0 Bolff "&in8s de ;&re 'oli"i(al a$"&ori"y G "&e ri&" "o (o%%and
and i"s (orres'ondin d$"y "o obey G (anno" be in any (ase es"ablis&ed +see (&7F,0 -&a" is
lef" is "&e (on(e'"s of de!fa%to a$"&ori"y and "&e a("ions -&i(& i" 'ros(ribes bein defined
as 9!iolen(e:7 4$" "&is 'ros(ri'"ion (an ne!er (arry any de ;&re %oral -ei&"7 Bolff "&$s
(on(l$des "&a" i" is i%'ossible "o dis"in$is& be"-een lei"i%a"e and illei"i%a"e $ses of
for(e0 and "&a" "&e (on(e'" of 'oli"i(al !iolen(e is i"self nonsensi(al7 As a res$l"0 "&ere is
32I
no !alid politi%al (ri"erion for "&e =$s"ified $se of for(e7 9No (o&eren" ans-ers (o$ld e!er
be i!en N"o fa%iliar *$es"ionsO s$(& as: -&en is i" 'er%issible "o resor" "o !iolen(e in
'oli"i(sM -&e"&er "&e bla(8 %o!e%en" and "&e s"$den" %o!e%en" s&o$ld be non!iolen"M
and -&e"&er any"&in ood in 'oli"i(s is e!er a((o%'lis&ed by !iolen(e:7 +<13,
Bolff;s defini"ion of !iolen(e is indeed nonsensi(al7 On s$(& a defini"ion0 no a(" of
for(e by a lei"i%a"e a$"&ori"y +if s$(& one (o$ld e#is", (an be (onsidered !iolen"7 I"
-o$ld en"ail0 no" only "&a" an e#e($"ion0 $nli8e %$rder0 is si%'ly no" a !iolen" a("
+Bolff;s e#a%'le,0 b$" "&a" in a $nfi&" be"-een $errillas and %ili"ary for(es0 bo"& of
-&o% are doin "&e e#a(" sa%e "&in0 only "&e for%er side of "&e in"er(&ane is !iolen"
-&ile "&e la""er is no"7 Ho-e!er0 Bolff is no"0 as &e (lai%s0 de%olis&in "&e (on(e'" of
'oli"i(al !iolen(e7 He is only doin so "o a "ailor6%ade (on(e'" of !iolen(e in -&i(& i"s
nor%a"i!e dis!al$e is allo(a"ed +only, "o for%e0 and s'e(ifi(ally so be(a$se of "&e la""erDs
politi%al ille(itima%y +a non6(on(e'" "o bein -i"&,7
T&is is also "&e 'la(e "o reis"er "&e (on(ern abo$" '&ysi(al for(e as "&e only a("ion
"&a" (an *$alify as !iolen"7 I" -o$ld %ean0 a" odds -i"& ordinary $sae and belief0 "&a"
illei"i%a"e sys"e%a"i( e%o"ional ab$se is no" !iolen(e7 S(enes of se("arian in"i%ida"ion
o$"side a Ca"&oli( 'ri%ary s(&ool in 4elfas"0 in!ol!in ab$si!e lan$ae0 s'i""in and
s&o!in0 s&o$ld no" be (onsidered 'oli"i(al violen%e7 A defini"ion of !iolen(e -&i(& 'ays
no a""en"ion "o non6'&ysi(al a("ions fails "o address (en"ral senses of "&e "er%7
Poli"i(al "&eoris" Ted Honderi(& +2.I., e#'li(i"ly de(lines "o in(or'ora"e Bolff;s
ar$%en"s0 and see8s a defini"ion "&a" is s$ffi(ien" for dis($ssin "&e %oral dile%%as of
'oli"i(al !iolen(e for "&e 9lef":7 An a(" of !iolen(e0 &e s"i'$la"es0 is 9a $se of (onsiderable
or des"royin for(e aains" 'eo'le or "&ins0 a $se of for(e "&a" offends aains" a nor%7
32.
T&is is no" "o 'res$''ose0 ob!io$sly0 "&a" in one;s final !erdi(" an a(" of !iolen(e %$s" be
-ron:7 Honderi(& sees !al$e in "&a" "&e defini"ion %ar8s off "&e fa("$al and e!al$a"i!e
'ar"s of "&e (on(e'"7 No- "&e fa("$al s"a"e%en" is0 as =$s" de%ons"ra"ed0 arbi"rary in i"s
e#(l$sion of non6'&ysi(al a("s7 B&ereas in "er%s of e!al$a"ion0 "&is defini"ion does no"
allo(a"e "&e dis!al$e of !iolen(e "o any"&in0 only s"a"es "&a" i" e#is"s G a nor% is
offended7 T&e i%%edia"e *$es"ion is0 of (o$rse0 B&ose nor%H 4$" Honderi(& sides"e's
"&is *$es"ion0 s"a"in "&a" 9"&ere -o$ld be0 in o"&er en"er'rises o"&er "&an o$r o-n0 a
need "o i!e a""en"ion "o "&e no"ion of a nor%:7 Ho-e!er0 "&e for%s of !iolen(e &e -an"s
"o (onsider (o!er 9s$(& "&ins as ra(e rio"s0 "&e des"r$("ion by fire and bo%b of '$bs and
s&o's0 8idna''in0 &i=a(8in0 in=$rin0 %ai%in and 8illin:0 as -ell as rio"s 9des'i"e
"&eir non6ra"ional %o%en"$%:7 As a res$l"0 "&e de(idin fa("or for definin 9'oli"i(al
!iolen(e: as a (o%'osi"e "er% +-&e"&er fro% "&e 9lef": or fro% "&e 9ri&":, is "&a" i" is
dire("ed aains" "&e o!ern%en"7 So for all rele!an" '$r'oses0 &e says0 a 9nor%: is
si%'ly s$bs"i"$"able for (ri%inal la-7 T&$s politi%al !iolen(e is a $se of for(e as abo!e0
inas%$(& as i" is 9'ro&ibi"ed by la- and dire("ed "o a (&ane in "&e 'oli(ies0 'ersonnel0
or sys"e% of o!ern%en"0 and &en(e "o (&anes in so(ie"y: +Honderi(& 2.I.:2/2,7
Honderi(& "&$s offers ano"&er "ailor6%ade defini"ion of 'oli"i(al !iolen(e -&i(& is0 a"
"&e end0 iden"i(al "o Bolff;s7 Consider "&e in(l$sion of thin(s in "&e sa%e brea"& -i"&
persons4 T&is -o$ld %ean0 !ery (o$n"er6in"$i"i!ely0 "&a" "o des"roy o'era"ional %ili"ary
-ea'ons in "&e (a$se of disar%a%en" is by defini"ion and in e!ery ins"an(e 9'oli"i(al
!iolen(e:7 T&is is be(a$se0 in "&e ra%%ar of Honderi(&;s defini"ion0 "&e s$bs"i"$"ion of
illeali"y for a nor% +in"rod$(ed "o define an a(" as politi%al, ends $' also bein -&a"
defines i" as violent ? as a ne(essary and s$ffi(ien" (ondi"ion +sin(e "&e $se of (onsiderable
331
or des"royin for(e (anno" be bad as s$(&,4 4$" s$(& s$bs"i"$"ion is $n=$s"ified sin(e
Honderi(&0 li8e Bolff0 does no" "&in8 "&a" s"a"e a$"&ori"y en=oys any inde'enden" %oral
s"a"$s7 As a res$l"0 illeali"y (anno" by i"self be "&e de(idin fa("or on -&e"&er so%e"&in
is violent G a 'rior nor% ine!i"ably needs "o be s"i'$la"ed7
4o"& a$"&ors do so0 b$" only $nder "&eir brea"&7 Honderi(& la"er refers "o "&e (os" of
!iolen(e as 9dis"ress: +2./, G in"$i"i!ely an $n'leasan" feelin or si"$a"ion0 'er&a's
"e%'orary0 and no" ne(essarily '&ysi(al7 B&ile Bolff s"a"es "&a" beyond re=e("in a
nonsensi(al 9dis"in("i!e 'oli"i(al (on(e'" of !iolen(e:0
If !iolen(e is (ons"r$ed in "&e res"ri("ed sense as bodily in"erferen(e or "&e dire(" infli("ion of
'&ysi(al &ar%0 "&en "&e ob!io$s b$" (orre(" r$le is "o resor" "o !iolen(e -&en less harmf&l or %ostly
%eans fail0 'ro!idin al-ays "&a" "&e balan(e of ood and e!il 'rod$(ed is s$'erior "o "&a"
'ro%ised by any a!ailable al"erna"i!e7 +Bolff 2.<.:<1I0 emphasis added,
T&e defini"ion of !iolen(e de'ends on -&ere one allo(a"es "&e "er%;s nea"i!e
nor%a"i!e (&are0 'oin"in "o -&a" %a8es i" a dis!al$e7 In"$i"i!ely0 dis"ress and &ar%
are %$(& be""er (andida"es for "&is allo(a"ion "&an illeali"y7 B&a" %a8es "&e% a""ra("i!e
is "&a" &ar% and dis"ress are (onne("ed "o !iolen(e as an embodied e:perien%e0 in -&i(&
'ersons; (on(e'"s of !iolen(e are $l"i%a"ely roo"ed7 C$rren" "&eories in (oni"i!e s(ien(e
of"en s"ress "&a" (ons(io$sness0 %eanin and ra"ionali"y are ne!er en"irely li"eral0 b$"
9"ied "o o$r bodily orien"a"ions and in"era("ions in and -i"& o$r en!iron%en"7 O$r
e%bodi%en" is essen"ial "o -&o -e are0 "o -&a" %eanin is0 and "o o$r abili"y "o dra-
ra"ional inferen(es and "o be (rea"i!e: +Lo&nson0 2.IK:###!iii,7 On s$(& a "&eory bodily
e#'erien(es enera"e %ore eneral %en"al re'resen"a"ions or ima(e s%hemata in the
brain5%ind, -&i(& are %e"a'&ori(ally 'ro=e("ed "o %ore abs"ra(" s'&eres of %eanin and
$nders"andin7 A res$l"an" (on(l$sion is "&a" "&e (on(e'"s -&i(& "&e &$%an %ind
332
e%'loys "y'i(ally &a!e "&eir (ore in an e%bodied i%ae s(&e%a0 and a 9(on(e'"$al
'eri'&ery: "&a" %e"a'&ori(ally e#"ends o$" of "&is s(&e%a "o (on"ain a so%e"i%es6broad
array of %eanins +Lo&nson 2..@0 La8off 2..F0 La8off and Lo&nson 2...,7 Bi"& s$(&
"&eories in %ind0 i" %a8es sense "o see8 an $nders"andin of !iolen(e "&a" -o$ld
re(onise "&a" "&e (on(e'" i%'or"an"ly "ra(es ba(8 "o for%a"i!e bodily e#'erien(es G
9&ar%: and 9dis"ress: ob!io$sly bein bodily e#'erien(es of "&e re(i'ien" of !iolen(e7
Har% as "&e (en"ral (ri"erion for definin !iolen(e is also a" "&e (en"re of re(en"
li"era"$re in (ri%inoloy7 Pe"er Iadi(ola and Anson S&$'e +2..I:2/, (ri"i(ise "&eories of
!iolen(e -&i(& narro- "&e do%ain of s"$died !iolen(e "o de!ian" be&a!io$r "&a" is
in(iden"al "o "&e so(ial order0 -&ile bra(8e"in !iolen(e "&a" is $sed "o %ain"ain "&a"
order +-&i(& is seen as lei"i%a"e and ne(essary,7 S$(& "radi"ional a''roa(&es "o "&e
s"$dy of !iolen(e0 -&i(& "&e a$"&ors (all 9order: a''roa(&es0 also s"ress ($l"$ral rela"i!e
defini"ions of !iolen(e0 alonside an ass$%'"ion "&a" !iolen(e is in&eren" ra"&er "&an
learned7 On "&e o"&er &and0 "&e 9(onfli(": a''roa(& "&ey s$es" "o !iolen(e is infor%ed
by an e%'&asis on (onfli(" as (en"ral "o "&e analysis of so(ial rela"ions7 Confli(" is seen as
9ende%i(777N"oO "&e (lass0 ender0 and e"&ni( di!isions -i"&in "&e 'o'$la"ions7 T&e (en"ral
*$es"ions for "&e (onfli(" a''roa(& are: B&a" are "&e (ondi"ions "&a" 'ro!o8e
(onfli("s777Nro$'s;O a-areness or (ons(io$sness of "&eir in"eres"s777NandO a("ion "&a"
a""e%'"s "o realiCe "&eir in"eres"s: +2<,7 ?or Harold Pe'ins8y +2..2:2K,0 an a''roa(& "o
!iolen(e infor%ed by "&is 'ers'e("i!e -o$ld bein by re(onisin "&a" "&e dis"in("ion
be"-een !iolen(e as (ri%e or as '$nis&%en" is 'oli"i(ally 'ar"isan0 and "&a" 9as a res$l" is
i" %orally and e'is"e%oloi(ally $na((e'"able for non6'ar"isan (ri%inolois"s "o a((e'"
any of "&ese dis"in("ions:7 Here0 "&en0 "&e dis"in("ion be"-een !iolen(e and illeali"y is
333
de(isi!e G "&$s a!oidin so%e 'roble%s of "&e 're!io$s a((o$n"s7
Iadi(ola and S&$'e +3@, (i"e a (ri%inoloi(al defini"ion infor%ed by "&is 'ers'e("i!e
in -&i(& !iolen(e is 9"&e "&rea"0 a""e%'"0 or $se of '&ysi(al for(e by one or %ore 'ersons
"&a" res$l"s in '&ysi(al or non'&ysi(al &ar% "o one or %ore o"&er 'ersons: +Beiner0
Ea&n and Sai 2..1:#iii,7 T&e 'roble%s -i"& 9"&rea": and 9a""e%'":0 and "&e li%i"a"ion
"o '&ysi(al for(e0 are aain 'resen" &ere7 Iadi(ola and S&$'e0 &o-e!er0 s"ri8e "&ese
'oin"s0 and broaden "&e defini"ion "o 9any a("ion or s"r$("$ral arrane%en" "&a" res$l"s
in '&ysi(al or non'&ysi(al &ar% "o one or %ore 'ersons:7 Here0 "&en0 "&e dis!al$e of
!iolen(e is allo(a"ed "o harm7 T&ey f$r"&er define a, 'ersonal !iolen(e as 9!iolen(e "&a"
o(($rs be"-een 'eo'le a("in o&tside "&e role of aen" or re'resen"a"i!e of a so(ial
ins"i"$"ion: and b, so(ie"al !iolen(e7 T&is is di!ided in"o b2, ins"i"$"ional !iolen(e G
9!iolen(e by indi!id$als -&ose a("ions are o!erned by "&e roles "&a" "&ey are 'layin in
an ins"i"$"ional (on"e#":M and b3, s"r$("$ral !iolen(e G &ar% (a$sed 9in "&e (on"e#" of
es"ablis&in0 %ain"ainin0 e#"endin or red$(in "&e &ierar(&i(al orderin of (a"eories
of 'eo'le in so(ie"y:7 S"r$("$ral !iolen(e (an be e#er(ised0 "&en0 bo"& for and aains"
&ierar(&y0 as -ell as -i"&o$" an aenda ei"&er -ay G as a(*$ired o''ressi!e be&a!io$r
+e77 !iolen" se#is%,7
T&e a$"&ors no"e "&a"0 a((ordin "o "&eir defini"ion0 a("ions or s"r$("$ral
arrane%en"s "&a" (a$se &ar% %$s" be -ilf$lly 'er'e"$a"ed0 re'rod$(ed or (ondoned "o
be (onsidered !iolen" +so &ar%f$l a((iden"s are e#(l$ded,7 Ho-e!er0 !iolen(e o(($rs
-&e"&er or no" &ar% is "&e 'ri%ary in"en"ion of an a("ion or only i"s or forseeable by6
'rod$("7 ?$r"&er%ore0 "&e !iolen(e %ay be =$s"ified or $n=$s"ifiedM &ar% addresses bo"&
'&ysi(al and 'sy(&oloi(al -ell6beinM and &ar% %ay no" be re(oniCed as 9!iolen(e:
33@
by "&e 'er'e"ra"or and5or "&e re(ei!er7 T&e a$"&ors need "&is (la$se in order "o a!oid
($l"$ral rela"i!is%0 -&i(& %eans in(l$din all (ases of ra(is" and se#is" !iolen(e0
&o-e!er nor%alised "&ey %ay be in a so(ie"y7
B&ile "&is defini"ion of !iolen(e alle!ia"es %$(& of "&e (on(erns a""a(&ed "o "&e
earlier0 lei"i%a(y6based defini"ions0 se!eral iss$es re%ain7 ?irs"0 i" s&o$ld be (larified
"&a" -&ile "&e defini"ion %ay a!oid ($l"$ral rela"i!is%0 i" does no" a!oid rela"i!is%
al"oe"&er7 T&is is no" ne(essarily a 'roble%0 b$" i" s&o$ld be a(8no-leded &ere "&a" a
%ore s"ri(" an"i6rela"i!is" s"an(e aro$nd !iolen(e G one "&a" says "&a" "&e fa(" "&a" an a("
&as (a$sed &ar% (an only be es"ablis&ed s$b=e(" "o !erifi(a"ion by a non6'ar"isan
'ar"i(i'an" G is no" s$s"ainable7 A" i"s base0 "&e a$"&ors; referen(e "o "&eir defini"ion as
9$ni!ersal as opposed to rela"i!e: is %is'la(ed be(a$se i" fails "o dis"in$is& be"-een "o"al
and bo$nded rela"i!is%s7 4o$nded rela"i!is% ar$es "&a" i" is i%'ossible for indi!id$als
"o (o%'le"ely s"e' o$"side "&e%sel!es and en"er a ne$"ral !an"ae 'oin"0 or ano"&er
'ersonDs s&oes0 and %a8e f$lly ob=e("i!e obser!a"ions abo$" &$%an e#is"en(e7 Ho-e!er0
"&e 'resen(e of ($l"$rally6 or e!en bioloi(ally6s&ared &$%an (on"e#"s %ar8s o$" "&e
bo$ndaries -i"&in -&i(& "&ere (an be s$(& a "&in as "r$"&0 and "&erefore 'ro"e("s $s
fro% "&e e#"re%es of radi(al rela"i!is%7 S$(& a bo$nded rela"i!is% is (a'able of ran"in
some s$b=e("i!e "r$"&s an inde'enden" s"a"$s0 -&en "&e de%and for e#"ernal !erifi(a"ion
(onfli("s -i"& o"&er0 %ore basi( or i%'or"an" (onsidera"ions7
In "&e 'resen" (ase0 "&e rele!an" (onsidera"ion is "&e el$si!e na"$re of 'sy(&oloi(al
effe("s7 S"$dies on Pos"6Tra$%a"i( S"ress Disorder 'oin" o$" "&a" a 'erson %ay s$s"ain
'sy(&oloi(al &ar%0 and be a-are of i"0 -i"&o$" dis'layin any $na%bi$o$s sy%'"o%s
"&ereof7 Bi"& or -i"&o$" sy%'"o%s0 (onne("in 'sy(&oloi(al &ar% "o a 'ar"i($lar
33F
an"e(eden" a(" is no" al-ays s"rai&"for-ard G a !i("i% %ay &a!e s$''ressed de"ails of a
"ra$%a"i( e!en" in &is or &er o-n %e%ory +He%bree and ?oa 3111,0 so%e"i%es as far as
9erasin: "&e e!en" al"oe"&er0 "&$s re"ainin "&e &ar% -i"&o$" bein able "o "ra(e i" "o a
(a$se7 ?or reasons s$(& as "&ese0 'sy(&oloi(al &ar% by i"s na"$re s"ands a" an $nfair
disad!an"ae "o '&ysi(al in=$ry in "er%s of i"s !erifiabili"y7 Bi"& i"0 "&e obser!er needs "o
'refor% a %ore e#"ended e#er(ise in in"er're"a"ion in order "o s$bs"an"ia"e "&a" !iolen(e
&as o(($rred7
Moreo!er0 "&e (o%'lain" of "&e alleed !i("i% of !iolen(e is of"en -&a" 'ro%'"s "&e
!ery a(" of in"er're"a"ion and0 no less of"en0 is "&e only in'$" on -&i(& "&e in"er're"a"ion
(an be based7 I%aine "&a" $ and / are di!or(ees -&o &a!e =$s" e#(&aned so%e &ars&
-ords7 / says s&e &as s$ffered 'sy(&oloi(al &ar% be(a$se on "-o o((asions $ $sed
lan$ae "&a" s&e 'er(ei!ed as ab$si!e and "&rea"enin7 Ho-e!er0 "&e -ords -ere
ab$si!e only in "&e (on"e#" of so%e !ery idiosyn(ra"i(0 'er&a's e%barrassin sensibili"y0
"&a" only s&e and $ are a-are of +and -&i(& A -as 'roddin on '$r'ose,7 An e#"ernal
obser!er0 "o -&o% /;s sensibili"ies are en"irely alien0 %i&" fail "o $nders"and &o- "&e
-ords (o$ld 'ossibly be ab$si!e7 Here0 Iadi(ola and S&$'e;s defini"ions -o$ld indi(a"e
"&a" "&e only -ay "o de"er%ine "&a" $;s a("ion (a$sed / 'sy(&oloi(al &ar% is "o believe /
that she a%t&ally felt *hat she says she felt4 If "&e de%and for $ni!ersali"y is
$n(o%'ro%isin0 "&en as a s$b=e("i!e $""eran(e /;s (o%'lain" (anno" en=oy any prima
fa%ie (reden(e7
So %$(& for bo$nded rela"i!is%7 T&ere is0 &o-e!er0 ano"&er i%'or"an" ano%aly0
"&a" (alls in"o *$es"ion "&e s"a"$s of 9&ar%: i"self7 I%aine $ "&ro-s a '$n(& a" /0 and
%isses7 No &ar% &as been done0 b$" s$rely "&e a(" is !iolen"7 In (ase 'sy(&oloi(al &ar%
33/
%i&" be s"i'$la"ed0 ass$%e also "&a" / &as been in %any fi&"s before +%aybe $ %issed
be(a$se / doded "&e blo-,7 A" any e!en"0 / (an (on(ei!ably -al8 a-ay fro% s$(& "&e
e#(&ane -i"&o$" any 'sy(&oloi(al da%ae G b$" s"ill "&e e#(&ane (an only &a!e been
!iolen"7 Consider also a s(enes in re(en" foo"ae fro% "&e an"i6GI blo(8ades in S"irlin0
S(o"land +< L$ly 311/,7
R
A ro$' of +'res$%ably anar(&is", 'ro"es"ers is %o!in do-n a
road and a''roa(&in a line of rio" 'oli(e0 offi(ers in 'added ar%o$r and F6foo" "all
"rans'aren" 'las"i( s&ields7 T&e 'ro"es"ers in"end "o brea8 "&ro$& "&e line0 and %a8e for
"&e nearby %o"or-ay7 S&o$"s are &eard0 a fe- ob=e("s are "&ro-n0 %iss0 or &i" "&e
'oli(e%en;s s&ields7 T&en a ro$' of 'ro"es"ers $ses a %a8es&if" ba""erin6ra% %ade of
lare infla"ed "yres "o '$s& "&ro$& "&e (en"re of "&e 'oli(e line7 O"&ers are "&ro-in
%ore ob=e("s0 $sin in"i%ida"in lan$ae0 and (&eerin7 One 'erson s"ri8es an offi(er;s
s&ield -i"& a olf (l$b7 If "&e foo"ae is fai"&f$l "o reali"y0 and inas%$(& as "&e 'oli(e%en
are "rained for s$(& si"$a"ions or &a!e been in "&e% before0 "&en i" is &ard "o see -&ere
any &ar% is bein done "o 'ersons in "&is 'ar"i($lar e#(&ane7 Ne!er"&eless0 "&e
'ro"es"ers are !ery ob!io$sly bein !iolen"7
Re(allin earlier "er%inoloy +see (&7F,0 for%e is (learly a" -or8 -i"& "&e ba""erin6
ra% +"&e 'oli(e%en &a!e no (&oi(e abo$" bein '$s&ed ba(8, G b$" no" so -i"& "&eir
re"rea" a-ay fro% blo-s or "&ro-n ob=e("s des'i"e &a!in s&ields7 Co$ld "&is as'e(" of
"&e !iolen(e be %oer%ionG T&is, i" -ill be re%e%bered0 s&o$ld in!ol!e a (redible "&rea"7
Sin(e "&e 'oli(e (an (learly re'el "&e 'ro"es"ers in an ins"an(e if "&ey only (&oose0 i"
-o$ld see% "&a" no (redible "&rea" is 'resen"7 B&ere is "&e !iolen(eH
B&a" is really &a''enin &ere is "&e ena("%en" of a se"6'ie(e !iolen" e#(&ane in
R
See &""'s:55---F7indy%edia7or7$85en5311/51K5@2K@KK7&"%l G a("ion beins a" F%in 3/se(7
33<
-&i(& bo"& sides 8no- -&a" !ariables are a" -or87 T&e 'ro"es"ers and 'oli(e &a!e bo"&
(onsidered0 and 'robably drilled0 "&is e!en"$ali"y7 B&y did "&e 'oli(e allo- "&e
'ro"es"ers "&ro$&H One (o$ld i%aine "&a" a (o%%andin offi(er -o$ld i!e "&e order
"o s"and do-n in s$(& a si"$a"ion0 follo-in (on"inen(y $idelines iss$ed "o &i% in
ad!an(e7 He is effe("i!ely res'ondin0 in a 're6'res(ribed -ay0 "o "&e (os"6benefi"
(al($l$s i%'osed by "&e 'ro"es"ers; a("ions7 ?or e#a%'le0 &e (o$ld &a!e =$ded "&a" i"
-as i%'ossible "o (on"ain "&e 'ro"es"ers a" "&is 'la(e and "i%e -i"&o$" %o$n"in a
(o$n"er6assa$l"0 -&i(& -o$ld be %ore (os"ly +in "er%s of 'o"en"ial in=$ry "o offi(ers or
e!en "&e 'oli(e;s '$bli( i%ae, "&an "o (all in a larer for(e "&a" -o$ld "ry "o (onfron" "&e
'ro"es"ers else-&ere7 Sin(e in "&e foo"ae one &ears no (o%%and bein iss$ed0 -&a" is
=$s" as li8ely is "&a" "&e 'oli(e%en are a("in of "&e%sel!es0 on "&e basis of "&e sa%e (os"6
benefi" (al($la"ions b$" only inas%$(& as i" is s$bli%a"ed in "&eir "rainin7 T&ey are
enera"in a s'on"aneo$s0 self oranised res'onse "o "&e 'ro"es"ers "&a" (an only end $'
le""in "&e 'ro"es"ers "&ro$&7
In bo"& (ases0 "&e 'ro"es"ers &a!e e#er"ed fro% "&e 'oli(e a be&a!io$r "&a" is aains"
"&eir in"eres"s7 T&is is po*er!over0 b$" no" in i"self !iolen"7 T&e 'ro"es"ers &a!e effe("i!ely
9(on!in(ed: "&e 'oli(e "&a" f$r"&er (onfron"a"ion0 &ere a" "&is 'oin"0 -as no" -or"& i"7
B&ere "&is e#(&ane is !iolen" is in "&e ($rren(y of "&e (on!in(in (o%%$ni(a"ion:
%as8ed fa(es0 offensi!e for(e0 !erbal ab$se7 I" is !iolen(e be(a$se al"&o$& "&e
'oli(e%en %ay be nei"&er &ar%ed nor afraid0 "&ey do feel +a" leas" "o so%e deree,
atta%2ed and5or endan(ered7 T&is is0 "o be s$re0 a $ni*$e si"$a"ion: "&ere *o&ld easily be
bodily &ar% in!ol!ed if "&e 'oli(e -ere no" so 'added and s&ielded7 T&is is no" "&e
"y'i(al si"$a"ion in -&i(& -e for% o$r e%bodied no"ions of !iolen(e7 4$" i" does isola"e
33K
"&e basi( so$r(e of "&ese no"ions0 be(a$se "&ey (o%e 'ri%arily fro% e#'erien(es of
!iolen(e on "&e re(ei!in side7 A defini"ion of !iolen(e "&a" ($"s "o "&e (o%%on
e%bodied e#'erien(e be&ind "&e "er% is ne(essarily re(i'ien"6based7 S$(& a (on(e'" of
!iolen(e (en"rally in!ol!es a sense of %anifes" !$lnerabili"y0 and "&e infrine%en"
+!iola"ion, of one;s i%%edia"e '&ysi(al s'a(e7 T&e &orrible "&in abo$" "or"$re is "&e
for(ed bodily and %en"al in"i%a(y -i"& "&e "or"$rer7
Le" %e s$es"0 "&en0 "&a" an a%t is violent if its re%ipient e:perien%es it as an atta%2 or as
deliberate endan(erment4 T&is defini"ion en(o%'asses all "&e for%s of !iolen(e %en"ioned
by Honderi(& as 9'oli"i(al !iolen(e: +-&i(& are also "&e rele!an" ones for anar(&is"
'reo(($'a"ions,0 as -ell as !iolen(e in "&e 'ersonal6is6'oli"i(al s'&ere7 T&e !as" %a=ori"y
of e%'iri(al (ases -ill also in!ol!e &ar%7 Li8e Iadi(ola and S&$'e;s defini"ion0 "&e
'resen" one %ay be e#"ended "o an a((o$n" of ins"i"$"ional and s"r$("$ral !iolen(e7 As a
defini"ion of !iolen(e "&a" b$ilds on indi!id$als; s&ared e%bodied e#'erien(es0 i" (learly
in(l$des e%o"ional and 'sy(&oloi(al for%s of !iolen(e0 -&i(& -e also e#'erien(e
bodily7 Ta8en alone0 i" %a8es no 'oli"i(al dis"in("ions: i" (o!ers bo"& "&e 'ro"es"er bein
(l$bbed and "&e 'oli(e%an s$b=e("ed "o a !olley of Molo"o!sM "&e 'risoner led "o
e#e($"ion and "&e "yran" dyin -i"& a b$lle" in "&e (&es"7 Unli8e Bolff;s defini"ion0
!iolen(e is no" ne(essarily bo$nd $' -i"& "&e a''li(a"ion of '&ysi(al for(e0 only -i"& "&e
brinin6abo$" of an e%bodied e#'erien(e of !iola"ion ? of"en delibera"ely0 b$"
so%e"i%es -i"&o$" rea" sensi"i!i"y "o -&a" "&e re(i'ien" is e#'erien(in7 I" (an a!oid
($l"$ral rela"i!is% sin(e o$r in"i%a"e e#'erien(es of !iolen(e in e!eryday life are larely
of a (o%%on 'ool7 Differen(es (er"ainly e#is" a%on indi!id$als0 so(ial (lasses and
($l"$res in "er%s of "&e a!erae fre*$en(y and in"ensi"y of !iolen(e in one;s life0 b$" "&e
33I
ra- e#'erien(e of !iola"ion see%s "o be !ery broadly s&ared7 E!en a 'erson -&o &as &ad
a rela"i!ely s&el"ered biora'&y (an dra- "&e (onne("ion be"-een "&eir o-n e#'erien(es
of !iola"ion and "&ose of indi!id$als -&o are s$b=e(" "o i" %ore fre*$en"ly and5or
in"ensely7 On "&is defini"ion prima fa%ie (reden(e is i!en "o "&e alleed !i("i%0 b$" "&a"
an a""a(8 on daner &a!e o(($rred -ill s"ill be $s$ally !erifiable aains" reasonable
in"er're"a"ions of bodily sy%'"o%s and5or 8no-n (ir($%s"an(es7 T&is is s"ill bo$nded
rela"i!is%0 b$" i" is (er"ainly be""er "&an basin one;s defini"ion of !iolen(e on a %a""er of
9s$'ers"i"ion and %y"&: +Bolff 2.<.:<21,7 I" see%s 'referable "o &a!e %a""ers &ine on
s&ared e%bodied e#'erien(e "&an on s$((essf$l brain6-as&in7
B&ile "&e rea" %a=ori"y of a("ions 'er(ei!ed as an a""a(8 or daner also (a$se &ar%0
"&ere are also "y'es of &ar% "&a" are no" 'er(ei!ed and are "&$s no"0 in "&e s"ri(" sense0
!iolen(e7 B&a" I &a!e in %ind is &ar% as a foreseeable by6'rod$(" of an a("ion0 -&ere
"&e 'er'e"ra"or and "&e !i("i% are no" 8no-n "o one ano"&er7 T&is -o$ld %ean "&a" i" is
no" !iolen" if a '&ar%a(e$"i(al (o%'any dis"rib$"es dr$s "&a" i" 8no-s %ay be &ar%f$l
b$" does no" (are0 -&i(& (a$ses (&ildren "o die7 T&is is &ar%f$l0 and (er"ainly $n=$s"0 b$"
i" is only r&e"ori(al or s-ear6-ord !iolen(e0 no" "&e real "&in7 S"r$("$ral in=$s"i(e of "&is
8ind only be(o%es s"r$("$ral !iolen(e if0 af"er "&e ini"ial 'er'e"ra"ion0 i" (on"in$es "o be
enfor%ed aains" %anifes" resis"an(e7 Li8e-ise0 'ro'er"y des"r$("ion "&a" is no" -i"nessed0
and (a$ses nobody "o feel a""a(8ed0 is no" !iolen" even if i" &ar%s so%eone;s li!eli&ood7
T&is0 &o-e!er0 does no" %ean "&a" 'ro'er"y des"r$("ion is ne!er !iolen"7 T&e iss$e is
no" -&e"&er an a(" &as sinifi(an" &ar%f$l by6'rod$("s +ACME;s 9des"roys life or (a$ses
'ain:,0 b$" -&e"&er i" in!ol!es &$%ans e#'erien(in i" as an a""a(8 or an"i(i'a"in i" as
daner *hile it is happenin(7 T&is is "&e !iola"ion "&a" 'eo'le e#'erien(e in "&e %onte:t of
33.
'$bli( anar(&is" a("ions of 'ro'er"y des"r$("ion7 If "&e 8id be&ind "&e (o$n"er a" a S&ell
as s"a"ion feels a""a(8ed and in daner -&en anar(&is"s bein s%as&in i" $' d$rin a
de%ons"ra"ion0 "&en "&a" a(" is indeed !iolen"0 e!en "&e anar(&is"s reass$re $s +and "&e
8id be&ind "&e (o$n"er, "&a" nobody -as e!en drea%in of &$r"in &i%7 If a 'asser6by
"&in8s "&a" "&e anar(&is"s are abo$" a""a(8 &i%0 i" is also ine!i"ably a !iolen" si"$a"ion7 In
nei"&er (ase does i" %ean "&a" "&e !iolen(e is $n=$s"ified or $na((e'"able0 only "&a" i" is
"&ere7 4$" if "&e a("ion &a''ens in "&e dead of ni&"0 or a" a %idday 'ro"es" -&en "&e as
s"a"ion is (losed -&ile "&e nei&bo$rs are o$" in "&e s"ree" i!in -a"er "o "&e 'ro"es"ers
and 'ar"a8in of loo"ed food +Anony%o$s< 311@, G "&en i" is no" !iolen"7
So 'ro'er"y des"r$("ion is sometimes !iolen"7 T&e fra%e of "&in8in needs "o be
broadened &ere "o (onsider "&e !iolen(e of "&e si"$a"ion0 no" of any 'ar"i($lar ins"an(e of
an ar% lif"in a (ro-bar7 A si"$a"ion as a -&ole (an be !iolen" -&e"&er !iola"ion is "&e
oal or "&e by6'rod$(" of any 'ar"i($lar a("ion "&a" &a''ens -i"&in i"7 ?or "&ose -&o do
no" e#'erien(e i" as !iolen"0 i" (an be(o%e a libera"in Si"$a"ion +Si"$a"ionis"
In"erna"ional 2./.,7 4$" i" is 're(isely "&e 9(ir($%s"an"ial: *$es"ions of -&o0 -&ere and
&o-0 "&a" -o$ld de"er%ine o$r definition of a si"$a"ion as !iolen"7
.imits to 3ustification
Le" $s re"$rn0 no-0 "o "&e 'aradi%a"i( (ases of anar(&is" !iolen(e0 'as" and 'resen":
fro% (onfron"a"ions li8e "&e one re!ie-ed abo!e0 and on "o (ases -&ere &ar% is
$n*$es"ionable0 $' "o and in(l$din ar%ed ins$rre("ion7 4efore (onsiderin "&e s"a"$s of
9=$s"ifi(a"ion:0 a""en"ion s&o$ld be i!en "o "&e 're!alen" (ri"i(is% "&a" !iolen(e is
3@1
in&eren"ly in(onsis"en" -i"& anar(&is"; o-n !al$es or 'rin(i'les7
A'ril Car"er re!ie-s "-o "y'i(al !ersions of "&is ar$%en"7 Here is "&e firs":
anar(&is" !al$es are in&eren"ly and ne(essarily in(o%'a"ible -i"& "&e $se of !iolen(e0 i!en
anar(&is" res'e(" for "&e so!erein"y of "&e indi!id$al and belief in "&e $n*$alified ri&"s of ea(&
indi!id$al7 No anar(&is" so(ie"y -o$ld san("ion one e#e($"ion0 le" alone %ass e#e($"ions or -ars
on o"&er so(ie"ies777if anar(&is"s dis"r$s" 'oli"i(al fi("ions "&a" =$s"ify "&e denial of a("$al freedo%s0
"&ey %$s" dis"r$s" %ore a s"yle of Nins"r$%en"al0 9Leninis":O "&in8in -&i(& =$s"ifies "&e %os"
final denial of freedo% G dea"&: +Car"er 2.KI:@3K6I,7
T&is one6di%ensional a""e%'" "o s"re"(& 'rin(i'les is no" (on!in(in7 E!en if
anar(&is"s really "&o$&" in "er%s of indi!id$al so!erein"y and ri&"s0 "&ey -o$ld
&ardly belie!e "&e% "o be 9$n*$alified:7 No indi!id$al is "&o$&" "o &a!e e77 "&e
9ri&": "o e#'loi" or ab$se ano"&er 'erson0 and doin so is no" 'ar" of "&e anar(&is"
no"ion of freedo% +-&i(& is so(ialis" and (o%%$ni"arian,7 Moreo!er0 if "&is ar$%en" is
ri&"0 "&en anar(&is"s -o$ld also be s$''osed "o r$le o$" e!en '$rely defensi!e le"&al
!iolen(e aains" life6endanerin assa$l"7 No" only anar(&is"s -o$ld say "&a" e!en "&e
s$'re%e ri&" "o life %ay &a!e "o be !iola"ed by 8illin an o"&er-ise $ns"o''able
&o%i(idal aressor7 A""a(&in anar(&is% "o ne(essary 'a(ifis% on s$(& absol$"is" "er%s
does no" -or87 T&e $n(ri"i(al e#'e("a"ion of '$ris% on be&alf of anar(&is"s also (olo$rs a
se(ond !ersion of "&e ar$%en"7 Anar(&is"s; 'rin(i'les0 i" (an be said0 lead "&e% "o re=e("
(en"ralisa"ion and 'ar"ies0
s&$nnin (on"a%ina"ion -i"& 'oli"i(s in all i"s (on!en"ional for%s0 ref$sin "o endorse e!en
'roressi!e 'ar"ies or "o "a8e 'ar" in ele("ions0 &o-e!er (r$(ial "&e 'ossible o$"(o%e777-&en i"
(o%es "o !iolen(e0 &o-e!er0 %any anar(&is"s are 're'ared "o $se a li""le !iolen(e "o 're!en"
rea"er !iolen(e by "&e s"a"e0 or e!en a lo" of !iolen(e "o "ry "o a(&ie!e "&e anar(&is" !ision of
so(ie"y7 I" -o$ld see% "&a" "&e loi( of "&is a''roa(& is "&a" i" is -orse "o (as" a ballo" "&an "o fire
a b$lle"777"&e $"o'ianis% of anar(&is% loi(ally en"ails also "&e $"o'ianis% of 'a(ifis%0 in "&e
sense of re=e("in all for%s of oraniCed !iolen(e: +Car"er @@@6F,7
3@2
T&is is aain a s"ra- %an7 Anar(&is"s do of"en (oo'era"e -i"& non6anar(&is"
oranisa"ions0 NGOs and e!en 'oli"i(al 'ar"ies s$(& as "&e Greens on 'ar"i($lar
(a%'ains and %obilisa"ions7 In "&e re(en" US ele("ions "&ere -ere so%e anar(&is"s -&o
e!en "oo8 "&e s"ra"ei( de(ision "o (as" a ballo" for Lo&n Aerry0 in (o%'ro%ise of "&eir
'rin(i'les0 and no" for any 'osi"i!e reason b$" only in order "o a!er" -&a" "&ey sa- as
"&e %$(& rea"er e!il of a se(ond 4$s& "er%7 Anar(&is"s0 "&en0 s&o$ld no" be e#'e("ed "o
be '$ris" "o "&e 'oin" of ridi($le G "&ere re%ains a roo% for (o%'ro%ise0 "&e deba"e
bein o!er -&ere "o dra- "&e line7 Sin(e "&ey do no" (lai% "o be f$lly (onsis"en" in "&eir
re=e("ion of s"a"e 'oli"i(s0 "&e 'arallel e#'e("a"ion of '$re non6!iolen(e also falls a-ay7
T&e salien" iss$e -&i(& "&ese "-o ar$%en"s orbi"0 b$" do no" "o$(&0 is "&e one of
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s G "&e deree "o -&i(& !iolen(e does or does no" 9(o&ere: -i"& a
s"ra"ey "&a" is an e%bryoni( re'resen"a"ion of an anar(&is" so(ie"y7 Unli8e o"&er
re!ol$"ionary %o!e%en"s0 anar(&is"s e#'li(i"ly dis"an(e "&e%sel!es fro% "&e 'osi"ion
"&a" "&e end =$s"ifies "&e %eans0 and (onse*$en"ly "&ey (anno" say "&a" !iolen(e0 on
-&a"e!er le!el0 -o$ld be =$s"ified only be(a$se i" &el's a(&ie!e a free so(ie"y7 Ra"&er0
"&ey belie!e "&a" %eans and ends s&o$ld al-ays be of "&e sa%e s$bs"an(e +see (&a'"er @,7
As a res$l"0 "&e ar$%en" "ends "o "a8e "&e follo-in0 s"rai&"for-ard for%: 9Anar(&is"s
-an" a non6!iolen" so(ie"y7 Anar(&is"s also belie!e "&a" "&e re!ol$"ionary %o!e%en"
s&o$ld 'refi$re "&e desired so(ie"y in i"s %eans and -ays7 T&erefore0 anar(&is"s (anno"
$se !iolen(e "o a(&ie!e a non6!iolen" so(ie"y:7 T&is ar$%en" see%s a""ra("i!e0 b$" i" fails
on se!eral (o$n"s7
4einnin -i"& "&e firs" 're%ise0 i" is si%'ly $n"r$e "&a" anar(&is"s desire a 9non6
!iolen" so(ie"y: 'lain and si%'le7 If la(8 of !iolen(e -ere "&e only iss$e0 "&en one %i&"
3@3
e#'e(" anar(&is"s "o e*$ally desire a &y'o"&e"i(al "o"ali"arian s"a"e0 in -&i(& "&e "&rea" of
Dra(onian san("ions is so effe("i!e "&a" all (i"iCens obey "&e la- and "&e s"a"e
(onse*$en"ially does no" need "o e!er a("$ally $se !iolen(e7 T&e 'oin"0 of (o$rse0 is "&a"
anar(&is"s -an" a s"a"eless0 or %ore broadly a !ol$n"arily0 non6!iolen" so(ie"y7 Gi!en
"&is0 i" s&o$ld firs" be e%'&asised "&a" "&e "y'e of !iolen(e anar(&is"s are primarily
(on(erned -i"& abolis&in is !iolen" enfor(e%en" or ins"i"$"ional !iolen(e G an area in
-&i(& (o%'lain"s abo$" 'refi$ra"ion are irrele!an" sin(e anar(&is"s (er"ainly do no"
'ro%o"e or $se "&ese for%s7
As for non6ins"i"$"ional0 s'oradi( and diff$se ins"an(es of !iolen(e: i" is %isleadin
"o say "&a" anar(&is"s -an" a so(ie"y fro% -&i(& "&ey are si%'ly absen"0 b$" one fro%
-&i(& "&ey are absen" vol&ntarily7 If anar(&y -ere "o be '$rely non6!iolen"0 i" (o$ld only
be so be(a$se all indi!id$als (&oose "o a!oid !iolen(e7 4$" 're(isely be(a$se of i"s
!ol$n"ary na"$re0 "&e non6!iolen(e "&a" anar(&is"s 'ro%o"e for "&eir desired so(ie"y (an
only e#is" -i"&in "&e "er%s of an all6sided (on(ord7 As indi(a"ed by "&e dis($ssion of
o'en6endedness in (&a'"er @0 "&e 'ro'osed oal is an el$si!e one and by no %eans fail6
safe: !iolen(e -o$ld s"ill e#is"0 e!en in an -orld -i"&o$" s"a"es and ar%ed ro$'s0 if
so%eone (&ose "o 'er'e"ra"e i"7 T&$s "&e realisa"ion of anar(&is" non6!iolen(e0
9'refi$ra"i!ely: or o"&er-ise0 is (learly i%'ossible -&en so%e 'ar"ies re=e(" s$(& a se"6
$' and (onsis"en"ly resor" "o !iolen(e7 T&e 'resen" 'oli"i(al s'&ere in -&i(& "&e s"a"e is a
do%inan" aen" re'resen"s =$s" s$(& a si"$a"ion7 4e(a$se of "&e s"a"e;s 're'aredness "o
resor" "o !iolen(e0 "&e anar(&is" %odel of non6!iolen(e by %$"$al (onsen" si%'ly (anno"
be ena("ed7
I" (o$ld be ar$ed0 "&en0 "&a" a" leas" -&en i" (o%es "o !iolen(e0 "&e idea of
3@@
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s (an only be ena("ed -i"&in 'resen"6day anar%hist se""ins G "&a" is0
in "&e s"ri!in for so(ial rela"ions free of !iolen(e -i"&in "&e %o!e%en" i"self0
in(or'ora"in 'ea(ef$l (onfli(" resol$"ion0 %edia"ion or se(ession7 ?inally and
(on(l$si!ely0 i" (an be re"or"ed "&a" anar(&is" !iolen(e aains" "&e s"a"e is 're(isely
'refi$ra"i!e of anar(&is" so(ial rela"ions7 T&is is be(a$se anar(&is"s -o$ld al-ays
e#'e(" 'eo'le0 e!en an 9anar(&is" so(ie"y:0 "o defend i" +!iolen"ly so if ne(essary, fro%
any a""e%'" "o re(ons"i"$"e so(ial &ierar(&y or i%'ose i" on o"&ers7 >iolen(e "a8en
aains" "&e +re,'rod$("ion of a &ierar(&i(al so(ial order is a''ro'ria"e no- as i" -ill be in
a s"a"eless so(ie"y7 In s$%0 "&e 'er(ei!ed (oni"i!e dissonan(e aro$nd !iolen(e and
'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s is no" $l"i%a"ely en$ine0 b$" a (onf$sion res"in on $n-arran"ed
$"o'ian and '$ris" asso(ia"ions a""a(&ed "o anar(&is%7
So %$(& for res'ondin "o (lai%s "&a" !iolen(e (an never be =$s"ified by anar(&is"s7
4$" "&e on$s is s"ill on anar(&is"s "o ar$e "&a" !iolen(e %an e!er be =$s"ified0 and "o
s'e(ify -&a" =$s"ifi(a"ion -o$ld en"ail7 B&a" needs "o be (larified firs" is *ho is =$s"ifyin
*hat "o *hom4 Be %ay ass$%e -i"&o$" diffi($l"y "&a" i" is an anar%hist -&o -an"s "o
=$s"ifyin a violent a%tion +as defined abo!e,7 Ass$%e also "&a" "&e =$s"ifi(a"ion is
&a''enin before "&e e!en"0 o"&er-ise i" &as no 'ra("i(al sinifi(an(e7 Bi"& "&e *$es"ion
to *hom "&ere is %ore diffi($l"y7 If "&e re(i'ien" of "&e =$s"ifi(a"ion is ano"&er anar(&is"0
"&en "&e dis($ssion %ay be(o%e "oo de'enden" on "&eir !ery s'e(ifi( !ie-s as
anar(&is"s0 and "&$s self6referen"ial0 'rone "o $n(ri"i(al "&in8in and 'o"en"ially blind "o
"&e (on(erns of 'eo'le o$"side "&e %o!e%en"7 On "&e o"&er &and0 if "&e re(i'ien" does
no" s&are any (on(erns -i"& "&e anar(&is"0 "&en "&e dis($ssion i"self is 'oin"less G if one
"&in8s anar(&is" oals are by "&e%sel!es $n=$s"ified0 "&en no %eans "o a(&ie!e "&ose
3@F
oals (an be =$s"ified0 !iolen" or no"7 In order "o 8ee' "&e dis($ssion -i"&in (on"rollable
'ara%e"ers0 "&en0 le" $s "a8e a %iddle road and ass$%e "&a" an anar(&is" is "ryin "o
=$s"ify a &y'o"&e"i(al or in"ended !iolen" a("ion "o a ally o$"side "&e %o!e%en" G a
'erson -&o %ay iden"ify -i"& "&e eneral oals of "&e anar(&is"0 b$" is no" so iden"ified
"&a" s5&e -ill a((e'" any =$s"ifi(a"ion7
S$(& a 'erson -o$ld &a!e serio$s 'roble%s -i"& se!eral (o%%on anar(&is"
s"a"e%en"s7 T&e (&ief of "&ese is "&e denial "&a" a dis($ssion abo$" =$s"ifi(a"ion is "o be
&ad a" all7 So%e anar(&is"s0 "&o$& no" %any0 %ay ref$se any 8ind of =$s"ifi(a"ory
dis(o$rse0 (i"in a se(ond6&and Nie"Cs(&ean 9re=e("ion of %orali"y: +Cri%e"&In(7
3111:2263@,7 Here0 -ild !iolen(e is !alorised for i"s la(8 of %edia"ion0 $ns$bli%a"ed
realisa"ion of desire0 (onne("ion "o "&e indi!id$al;s ani%ali"y and so on G "er%s "&a" &a!e
no sinifi(an(e $nless one already a((e'"s s$(& anar(&is" aendas7 B&ile anar(&is"s %ay
&a!e ood reasons "o "&in8 "&a" %oral dis(o$rse0 as a "o"ali"y0 is o''ressi!e and
(ons"r$("ed "o "&e benefi" of do%inan" ro$'s0 "&is does no" e#(l$de dis($ssions of
!iolen(e "&a" &a!e an areed (ri"erion for %oral =$s"ifi(a"ion: the prin%iple of %a&sin( as
little violen%e as possible in p&rs&it of ;&st ends7 To bein -i"&0 "&is 'rin(i'le is no"
ne(essarily one of oblia"ory %orali"y G li8e solidari"y0 i" %ay -ell be an e#'ression of
so%e"&in "&a" anar(&is"s -o$ld inde'enden"ly desire7 4$" e!en if i" is a %a""er of %oral
9li%i"a"ions:0 "&is s'e(ifi( 'rin(i'le is no" (o%'re&ensi!e eno$& "o in!i"e in "&e en"ire
baae of %orali"y e"&i(s "&a" "&ese anar(&is"s &a!e a 'roble% -i"&7 So -&ile
=$s"ifi(a"ion is $l"i%a"ely "&e self6=$s"ifi(a"ion of "&e refle("i!e indi!id$al0 i" (o$ld also be
for-arded in "er%s "&a" are (o%'re&ensible "o o"&er indi!id$als7
Mo!in on0 "&en0 "o =$s"ifi(a"ion and i"s o-n in&eren" 'roble%s7 ?irs"0 re(all "&a" in
3@/
order "o alle!ia"e (on(erns aro$nd "&e 9'refi$ra"i!e (o&eren(e: of !iolen(e0 a
*$ali"a"i!e dis"in("ion -as %ade be"-een !iolen(e for or aains" &ierar(&y7 T&e 'oin"
"&ere -as one of in"er're"a"ion0 b$" -&en i" (o%es "o =$s"ifi(a"ion "&e $se of s$(&
dis"in("ions is far %ore d$bio$s7 To (larify: -&en s'ea8in of !iolen(e0 anar(&is"s "end "o
dra-0 d8entree de ;e&0 all %anner of dis"in("ions7 T&ese %ar8 off "&e !iolen(e of
indi!id$als and "&e oranised !iolen(e of ro$'sM $n'ro!o8ed and defensi!e !iolen(eM
!iolen(e as an a(" and !iolen(e as "&e 'ro'er"y of an ins"i"$"ionM and +ob!io$sly, "&e
!iolen(e of "&e s"a"e and re!ol$"ionary !iolen(e7 T&e la""er is said "o be =$s"ifiable
be(a$se i" is *$ali"a"i!ely differen" "o "&a" of "&e s"a"e G in i"s "y'e0 "&e s'iri" in -&i(& i" is
$sed0 i"s e#"en" and "are"s7 Car"er re!ie-s s$(& dis"in("ions be"-een s"a"e !iolen(e and
"&e ar(&e"y'es of le"&al anar(&is" !iolen(e G "&e assassina"ion of an indi!id$al "yran"s
and ins$rre("ionary ar%ed s"r$le7 Anar(&is" !iolen(e in bo"& (ases relies on li%i"ed
"e(&noloy0 is a 9&eroi(: for% of !iolen(e in!ol!in dire(" ris8 "o "&ose -&o "a8e 'ar"
+$nli8e "&e =$de or eneral,0 and (an be li%i"ed in i"s e#"en" and dis(ri%ina"e in i"s
"are"s +$nli8e "&e indis(ri%ina"e 8illin of %os" -arfare,7
T&is0 by i"self0 does no" ($" "o "&e (ore of =$s"ifi(a"ion7 Here0 so%e !iolen(e is
9=$s"ified: by -ay of i"s *$ali"a"i!e serea"ion a-ay fro% for%s "&a" anar(&is"s re=e("0
-i"&o$" s'e(ifyin -&y "&e dis"in("ion is i%'or"an"7 T&a" 'eo'le are o$"n$%bered and
$nder6ar%ed does no" a$"o%a"i(ally =$s"ify "&eir a("ions0 e!en if "&eir ends are =$s"7 S$(&
dis"in("ions are0 a" "&eir base0 si%'lis"i( 9=$s" -ar: r&e"ori( in"ended "o dra- "&e
dis($ssion in dire("ions "&a" are (on!enien" for anar(&is"s7
Consider a !ery (o%%on e#($se for anar(&is" !iolen(e0 self6defen(e7 T&e self6defen(e
ar$%en" is an a""ra("i!e s"ar"in 'oin" be(a$se i" beins fro% a for% of !iolen(e "&a" is
3@<
al%os" $ni!ersally lei"i%a"ed7 Today0 %any anar(&is"s lei"i%ise "&ro-in s"ones0
bo""les and Molo"o!s a" rio" 'oli(e as an a(" of self6defensi!e !iolen(e0 defen(e no" only
of "&eir o-n bodies b$" of a libera"ed $rban s'a(e +-&e"&er a "e%'orary one d$rin a
'ro"es" or a %ore 'er%anen" one li8e a s*$a" fa(in e!i("ion,7 T&is =$s"ifi(a"ion0 &o-e!er0
%ay be "a8en in so%e !ery diffi($l" dire("ions:
T&e sla!e is al-ays in a s"a"e of lei"i%a"e defen(e and (onse*$en"ly0 &is !iolen(e aains" "&e
boss0 aains" "&e o''ressor0 is al-ays %orally =$s"ifiable7 NI"O %$s" be (on"rolled only by s$(&
(onsidera"ions as "&a" "&e bes" and %os" e(ono%i(al $se is bein %ade of &$%an effor" and
&$%an s$fferins +Mala"es"a 2.31,7
Bi"&o$" "&e se(ond (la$se0 "&e firs" -o$ld (learly be $na((e'"able7 T&is s"re"(&in of
"&e (on(e'" of self6defen(e "o =$s"ify any and e!ery 9're6e%'"i!e s"ri8e: s%a(8s of
dis&ones"y7 I" de'ends on 'or"rayin (a'i"alis% as sla!ery0 debasin "&e la""er by erasin
"&e dis"in("ion be"-een s-ear6-ord sla!ery and "&e real "&in0 -&i(& is s"ill &a''enin
in "&e -orld +ASI 311F,7 T&e e#'loi"a"ion of "&e -or8er0 -&o &as no (&oi(e b$" "o sell &er
or &is labo$r 'o-er $nder s"r$("$rally $n=$s" (ondi"ions0 is *$ali"a"i!ely differen" fro%
"&a" of "&e sla!e0 -&o is e#"ended no ri&"s and -&o %ay fa(e dire(" bodily !iolen(e if
s5&e does no" -or8 or "ries "o es(a'e7 Bi"&o$" "&e se(ond (la$se0 i" is also a !ery
danero$s s"a"e%en": s$(& "&in8in in!ol!es "ain any aen" of (a'i"al or "&e s"a"e as a
sla!e6&older0 a (on!enien" -ay "o de&$%anise 9(lass ene%ies: for "&e sole '$r'ose of
%a8in "&e !iola"ion of 'ersons %ore 'ala"able7
T&e !al$able 'oin"0 &o-e!er0 is "&e se(ond (la$se7 S$rely !iolen(e aains" "&e
o''ressor is not %orally =$s"ifiable 9al-ays:0 b$" only if "&ere is an effor" "o %ini%iCe
&$%an effor" and s$fferin +or0 as so%e -o$ld &a!e i"0 "o 9%a#i%ise res'e(" for life:,7 To
3@K
=$s"ify a s'e(ifi( !iolen" a("0 "&en0 -e -o$ld ine!i"ably need "o "&in8 abo$" i"s o!erall
(onse*$en(es7 Here0 i" is 'ossible "o re"$rn "o Bolff +2.<.:<1I,7 Re(all "&a" &e 'ro'oses
"&a" 9%oral '&iloso'&y in eneral: (an deal -i"& =$s"ified and $n=$s"ified !iolen(eM 9"&e
ob!io$s b$" (orre(" r$le is "o resor" "o !iolen(e -&en less &ar%f$l or (os"ly %eans fail0
'ro!idin al-ays "&a" "&e balan(e of ood and e!il 'rod$(ed is s$'erior "o "&a"
'ro%ised by any a!ailable al"erna"i!e:7 Bi"& "&e a''ro'ria"e %odifi(a"ions "o &o-
!iolen(e is defined0 "&is r$le see%s (o%%onsensi(al7 I" see%s $n(on"ro!ersial "&a" i" is
be""er "o "ry and libera"e oneself0 if 'ossible0 by non6!iolen" %e"&ods ra"&er "&an e#al"in
!iolen(e as "&e defa$l" for% of re!ol$"ionary a("ion7
S"ill0 "&is lea!es o'en "-o ra!e diffi($l"ies7
T&e firs" is &o- e#a("ly 9resor"in "o !iolen(e: is fra%ed7 T&is "er% %ay0 on one
readin0 be seen "o in fa(" (o!er al%os" all a!ailable (o$rses of 'oli"i(al a("ion in(l$din0
%os" i%'or"an"ly0 leal ones7 T&is is be(a$se any a''eal "o0 or 'ress$re on0 "&e s"a"e "o
ba(8 ones oals is0 i%'li(i"ly or e#'li(i"ly0 an a""e%'" "o soli(i" i"s !iolen" (a'abili"ies "o
one;s side7 To "a8e a &is"ori(al e#a%'le: -&ile "&e A%eri(an (i!il ri&"s %o!e%en" is
of"en (redi"ed -i"& "&e $se of non6!iolen" %eans0 "&e aboli"ion of lealised serea"ion in
"&e Uni"ed S"a"es -as in fa(" a((o%'lis&ed "&ro$& a series of -&a" -ere (learly !iolen"
s"a"e in"er!en"ions0 %os" no"ably sendin in "&e Na"ional G$ard "o o!ersee "&e
deserea"ion of s(&ools in so$"&ern s"a"es +Meyers 3111,7 Li8e-ise0 in -ilderness
'ro"e("ion0 leal a("ion is (learly a !iolen" %eans: re(ei!in a (o$r" in=$n("ion aains" a
loin (o%'any %eans "&a" "&e la""er is "o -i"&dra- fro% "i%ber &ar!es"in0 o"&er-ise
i" -ill be for(ed "o do so0 or '$nis&ed for no" doin so0 $l"i%a"ely in!ol!in "&e ar%ed
%i&" of "&e o!ern%en"7 S"a"e in"er!en"ion in s$(& (ases %ay no" a("$ally a%o$n" "o
3@I
bodily in"erferen(e or "&e dire(" infli("ion of '&ysi(al &ar%0 b$" "&ese a("s of !iolen(e are
al-ays in 'la(e as a "&rea"0 and (an in 'rin(i'le be ena("ed if "&e "&rea"ened 'ar"y does
no" (o%'ly earlier7 In (&oosin leal %eans -e do no" de"er%ine "&a" !iolen(e -ill no"
be in"rod$(ed in"o "&e si"$a"ion0 -e only en"r$s" "&e de(ision on -&e"&er "&is -ill
&a''en "o "&e s"a"e7 S$(& (onsidera"ions see% "o '$" a !ery s"rinen" li%i"a"ion on -&a"
(an be (onsidered non6!iolen" a("ion0 res"ri("in i" only "o "&e %os" 'assi!e for%s of
in"er!en"ion7
T&e se(ond diffi($l"y (o%es fro% "&e fa(" "&a" a fra%e-or8 of =$s"ifi(a"ion
ne(essarily de'ends on "&e s$((ess of !iolen" a("ions7 >iolen(e %i&" be =$s"ified if i"
a(&ie!es so%e '$r'ose0 b$" i" is (er"ainly no" =$s"ified if i" fails7 A((ordin "o Bolff0 -e
are "o resor" "o !iolen(e only 'ro!ided "&a" "&e balan(e of ood and e!il "&a" (o%es abo$"
as a res$l" is s$'erior "o "&a" (rea"ed by any o"&er (o$rse of a("ion7 T&is so$nds 're""y
s"rai&"for-ard0 b$" "&e 8ind of (al($la"ions i" (alls for are e#"re%ely diffi($l" "o (arry
o$"7 S$((ess is !ery &ard "o =$de0 and (er"ainly "o 'redi("7 To bein -i"&0 i" is i%'ossible
"o foresee -i"& any (er"ain"y "&e res$l"s of a !iolen" a("ion +or any o"&er a("ion for "&a"
%a""er,0 sin(e "&e fa("ors "&a" (o%e in"o 'lay are "oo n$%ero$s and (on"inen"7 A !iolen"
a("ion %ay or %ay no" in!ol!e in=$ry "o 'ersons o"&er "&an "&e in"ended "are"M i" %ay or
%ay no" i!e rise "o in(reased s"a"e re'ressionM and i" %ay or %ay no" a(&ie!e "&e
desired res$l"s7 Sin(e "&ere is s(an" &is"ori(al e!iden(e "o '$" "&e (ase one -ay or "&e
o"&er0 i" is do$b"f$l -&e"&er any s"able (ri"eria (an be es"ablis&ed for =$din -&e"&er a
(er"ain (o$rse of a("ion is %ore &ar%f$l or (os"ly "&an ano"&er7 Dis($ssin fi!e 'ossible
s(enarios of 'oli"i(al !iolen(e %o"i!a"ed by an eali"arian aenda0 -i"& differen" derees
of s$((ess and differen" $'s&o"s of s"a"e re'ression0 Honderi(& +2.I.:2.<6K, (on(l$des
3@.
"&a" "&e 'robabili"ies for a lo-er balan(e of dis"ress af"er "&e e!en" 9-ill be (lose "o "&eir
(ri"i(al le!el777for "&e %os" 'ar" -e (anno" =$de "&e rele!an" 'robabili"ies -i"& "&e
're(ision needed for ra"ional (onfiden(e7 Cer"ainly =$de%en" be"-een al"erna"i!es is
ne(essary0 and al%os" (er"ainly "&ere is a ri&" =$de%en"7 T&a" i" (an be %ade -i"&
ra"ional (onfiden(e is $nli8ely:7
T&is is0 I a% afraid0 as far as "&e dis($ssions of !iolen(e and =$s"ifi(a"ion (an rea(&7
No f$lly se($re ans-er (an be i!en "o 're!alen" anar(&is" dile%%as aro$nd !iolen(e0
s$(& as -&e"&er i" 9sends a radi(al %essae: or 9=$s" aliena"es "&e '$bli(:7 T&e final and
inse($re =$de%en"6(all on -&e"&er "o enae !iolen(e (an only re%ain0 a" "&e end of "&e
day0 in "&e 'ro!in(e of "&e indi!id$al7 Ho-e!er0 "&e fra%e-or8 offered &ere does
disen"anle "&e deba"e0 and offers so%e (lear %ar8ers for s$(& de(isions7 All "&a" (an be
'res(ribed beyond "&is is (lear6&eaded (onsidera"ion0 a!oidan(e of easy r&e"ori( "&a"
only ser!es for self6ass$ran(e0 and a 9di!ersi"y of "a("i(s: $nder -&i(& "&e deba"e o!er
!iolen(e is no" silen(ed0 b$" $nder"a8en in a (ons"r$("i!e and %anner "&a" "a8es f$ll
a((o$n" of "&e ra!i"y of !iola"in &$%an beins7
*mpowerment4 Re(enge and Armed #truggle
In (on(l$sion0 le" %e loo8 a" "&ree %ore i%'or"an" iss$es aro$nd !iolen(e -&i(&
follo- on fro% "&e 're!io$s dis($ssion7
T&e firs" is "&a" 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s %ay be seen "o in"rod$(e a f$r"&er re*$ire%en"
for =$s"ifyin anar(&is" !iolen(e beyond "&e s"ri!in0 &o-e!er i%'erfe("0 "o %ini%ise i"7
T&e s"ron indi!id$alis" as'e(" of 'refi$ra"i!e 'oli"i(s -o$ld also lead "o "&e de%and
3F1
"&a" "&e $se of !iolen(e s&o$ld be a -or"&-&ile e#'erien(e in i"s o-n ri&"7 Be (an as80
s'e(ifi(ally0 -&e"&er "&e e#'erien(e of !iolen(e is by i"self libera"in0 e%'o-erin and
radi(alisin for "&ose in!ol!ed7
T&is aain reards "&e e%o"ional and affe("i!e as'e("s of !iolen" 'ro"aonis%7 In
so%e (ases0 as -i"& "&e libera"ory (lai%s a""a(&ed abo!e "o -ild !iolen(e0 "&ere -o$ld
see% "o be li""le lee-ay for dis($ssion G "&e e#'erien(e of irra"ional0 $n%edia"ed fero(i"y
(an &ardly be enineered or s$%%oned $' a" -ill7 ?or %ore 'edes"rian si"$a"ions of
(olle("i!e !iolen(e0 &o-e!er0 se!eral %ar8ers (an be dra-n7 In &is (o%'arison of "-o
an"i6(a'i"alis" rio"s in 311@0 TadCio M$eller +311F, fo($ses on "&e (on"e#"6de'enden"
(ir($%s"an(es in -&i(& !iolen(e e%eres0 dis"in$is&in be"-een "&e affir%a"i!e
9(olle("i!e effer!es(en(e: of a s'on"aneo$s b$" "a("i(ally6effe("i!e !iolen" %o%en"0 and
"&e s"ale re'rod$("ion of en"ren(&ed 9$s6and6"&e%: di(&o"o%ies -&ere "a("i(s are
s$bs$%ed in a dise%'o-erin0 se"6'ie(e (onfron"a"ion for i"s o-n sa8e7 D$rin "&e
T&essaloni8i EU s$%%i"0
i" -as no" %erely as "&e res$l" of ro"e re'e"i"ion "&a" "&e %ili"an"s in Gree(e 8i(8ed off0 i" -as
a 9ra"ional: res'onse "o "&e s"r$("$re of "&e field of %ili"an" a("i!is%0 e%bodied in a %ili"an"
&abi"$s -&i(& enera"ed a %assi!ely !iolen"0 b$" "&oro$&ly e#'e("ed rio"777"&e rio" ended $'
bein f$lly 9nor%alised:0 i" -as 9&ee%oni(: in so%e sense777in s'i"e of all "&e ni&ilis" raffi"i and
radi(al 'os"$rin on "&e s*$a""ed (a%'$s0 all "&a" &a''ened -as a %ere +re6,ena("%en" and
re'rod$("ion of "radi"ions0 &abi"i0 ri"$als0 and 'o-er s"r$("$res G fro% "&is 'ers'e("i!e0 "&e rio"s
-ere %ore (onser!a"i!e "&an radi(al +I,7
T&is (onne("s "o one 'oin" "&a" &as been e!aded so far in "&e -ide deba"e on bla(8
blo(s +4ray 31110 4la(8 31120 On ?ire 31120 Anony%o$sF5/ 311@0 Gee 311@,7 Anar(&is"s
(on"in$o$sly e%'&asise "&a" 9"&e bla(8 blo(8 is no" an oranisa"ion b$" a "a("i(:0 as an
a""e%'"ed re%edy %edia %is(on(e'"ions7 Ho-e!er0 i" is s"ill obser!able +a" leas" in
3F2
E$ro'e, "&a" "&ere are %any indi!id$als for -&o% $nder"a8in &i&6(onfron"a"ional
"a("i(s -&ile dressed in bla(8 is "&e re'ea"ed0 and of"en e#(l$si!e0 for% of 'oli"i(al
e#'ression d$rin in"erna"ional 'ro"es" e!en"s7 T&ere is0 in o"&er -ords0 a 9bla(8 blo(:
'oli"i(al iden"i"y G an oranisin s'a(e -i"&in "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" "&a" &as a
'ar"i($lar 9fla!o$r: or iden"ifi(a"ion7 I" &as se!eral o"&er dis"in("i!e fea"$res0 s$(& as
($l"$ral a""rib$"es asso(ia"ed -i"& "&e '$n85s*$a" s(ene0 and a dis'ro'or"iona"e
re'resen"a"ion of (er"ain na"ionali"ies7 A rele!an" 9bla(8 blo(: *$es"ion is -&e"&er "&ese
iden"i"ies do no" be(o%e e#(l$si!e and5or (ons"ri("in for "&e 'ar"i(i'an"s7
T&ere are also serio$s fe%inis" iss$es -i"& s$(& e!en"s7 T&ey (an be easily seen "o
s"ren"&en 9'ar"i($lar P&ee%oni( %as($lini"ies;0 i7e7 "&a" !alorise '&ysi(al s"ren"&0
%a(&is%o +in rela"ion "o o"&er %en as -ell as "o -o%en,0 and e%o"ional 'assi!i"y777NandO
'er&a's also enera"es i"s o-n %o%en"$% and 'roble%a"i( G one -&i(& is a8in "o "&a"
also re'resen"ed by "&e %a(&is%o of a %ale do%ina"ed0 body6ar%o$red rio" 'oli(e7
Gi!en re'or"s of se#$al &arass%en" %ade by -o%en a" "&e anar(&is" en(a%'%en" a"
T&essaloni8i777i" indeed is "e%'"in "o see an e%erin dyna%i( in %ili"an" fa("ions
-&ereby P-or"&y; 'oli"i(al !iolen(e is "rans%$"ed and nor%alised Pba(8; in"o "&e banal
and dise%'o-erin !iolen(e of e!eryday se#is%: +S$lli!an 311F:3.6@1,7
On "&e o"&er &and0 M$eller e#a%ines "&e $ne#'e("edly radi(alisin and e%'o-erin
fea"$res of a (onfron"a"ion aro$nd "&e E!ian GI s$%%i" a fe- -ee8s earlier7 T&e
blo(8ade0 near "&e ?ren(& "o-n of Anne%asse -&ere %any of "&e a("i!is"s &ad been
(a%'in0 -as no" s$''osed "o be sy%boli( and non6(onfron"a"ional7 I" -as0 in fa("0 se" "o
"a8e 'la(e on "&e %ain ro$"e in"o E!ian G -&i(& "&e 'oli(e &ad already de(ided0 in
an"i(i'a"ion of 'ro"es"s0 no" "o $se for "rans'or"in any delea"es or s$''or" s"aff +"&ey
3F3
-ere ins"ead dri!en "o La$sanne "o "a8e a ferry a(ross "&e la8e "o "&e s$%%i",7 T&e e!en"
-as oranised0 $nder s"ri(" non6!iolen(e $idelines0 by "&e ATTAC (oali"ion G -&i(&
des'i"e i"s %ili"an"6so$ndin na%e is in fa(" a !ery refor%is" and b$rea$(ra"i(ally
oranised ro$'0 -&i(& lobbies for "a#a"ion of finan(ial "ransa("ions and o"&er %arinal
li%i"a"ions "o neoliberalis% +"&e na%e is an a(rony% for 9LDAsso(ia"ion 'o$r la Ta#a"ion
des Transa("ions finan(i`res e" 'o$r lDAide a$# Ci"oyens:,7 Ho-e!er0 as "&e %ar(&
a''roa(&ed "&e 'oin" of blo(8ade0 i" re(ei!ed an $n'ro!o8ed "ear6as a""a(87 T&en0
af"er ini"ially re"rea"in abo$" /16211 %e"res and re(o!erin fro% "&e ini"ial s&o(80 a n$%ber
of %as8ed a("i!is"s0 no" affilia"ed -i"& ATTAC0 bean b$ildin a barri(ade0 -&ile o"&ers "&re-
s"ones a" "&e 'oli(e7 Soon0 one of "&e a("i!is"s -&o &ad e#'ressed &er an#ie"ies d$rin "&e %ar(&
'assed %e !aryin an ar%f$l of -ood for "&e barri(ade G -&i(& &ad by no- been se" ali&" G
e#&or"in %e "o =oin "&e effor": al%os" "&e -&ole %ar(& 'ar"i(i'a"ed +@6F,7
In "&is si"$a"ion0 a("i!is"s -i"&o$" an e#'erien(e in (onfron"a"ion -ere able "o dra-
on a ne- and alien a("ion re'er"oire7 As a res$l"0 "&ey re'or"ed e#'erien(in a *$ali"a"i!e
brea8 -&ereby (er"ain "&ins -&i(& -ere no" 9'ossible: 'rior "o "&e rio" &ad no-
be(o%e 'ossible7 S$(& effer!es(en" rio"s0 for M$eller0 are e%'o-erin be(a$se "&ey (an
'rod$(e s$dden and r$'"$ral (&anes in "&e es"ablis&ed &abi"$s0 -&i(& las"s beyond "&e
%ere e!en" and &as effe("s beyond "&e (ir(le of i%%edia"e 'ar"i(i'an"s "&ro$& i"s
narra"i!e diff$sion in %o!e%en" ne"-or8s7 T&is is in line -i"& a !ie- "&a" sees
s'on"aneo$s !iolen(e as
a ne(essary and 'osi"i!e 'ar" of re!ol$"ionary libera"ion0 no" =$s" in definin ne-ly6-on
freedo%0 b$" in (rea"in i"777?ro% "&is 'ers'e("i!e !iolen(e is 'ar" of a "o"al 'ro(ess and "&e !al$e
'la(ed on !iolen(e s"e%s %ainly fro% "&e !al$e 'la(ed on "&e 'o'$lar self6e#'ression and self6
oraniCa"ion (&ara("eris"i( of re!ol$"ionary o$"b$rs"s +Car"er 2.KI:@@I6.,7
So !iolen(e %ay indeed be in"rinsi(ally !al$able0 "&ro$& "&e radi(alisin effe(" of
3F@
'ar"i(i'a"ion in i"s effer!es(en" %o%en"s7 I -o$ld o f$r"&er "o s$es" "&a" i" is
're(isely "&e sear(& for "&is 8ind of effer!es(en(e G es'e(ially "&e desire "o re(a'"$re "&e
fo$ndin r$'"$ral %o%en"s of early %obilisa"ions s$(& as Sea""le G "&a" &as 'layed a
sinifi(an" 'ar" in %o"i!a"in (on"in$ed s$%%i" 'ro"es"s7 Ho-e!er0 as is e!iden" fro%
"&e e#a%'le0 "&e 'o"en"ial for r$'"$re s"ands 're(isely in in!erse 'ro'or"ion "o &o-
an"i(i'a"ed i" is7 T&is %a8es i"s 'lanned re'e"i"ion i%'ossible G -&i(& is e!in(ed by "&e
(on"in$in de(line in anar(&is"s; in"eres" in 'redi("able (onfron"a"ion7 T&is is no" "o say0
&o-e!er0 "&a" %o%en"s of r$'"$re (anno" s"ill (o%e aro$nd G as one did in S"irlin0 or
-&en s(&ool(&ildren led disr$'"i!e 'ro"es"s aains" "&e -ar in Ira* +44C 311@,7
A se(ond0 s'e(ial 'oin" reards a %o"i!a"ion for anar(&is" !iolen(e (onsidered %ore
rarely0 "&a" of re!ene7 B&a" 8ind of s"a"$s (an "&a" (on(e'" &a!e in a =$s"ifi(a"ory
fra%e-or8 on !iolen(eH I" is $ndeniable "&a" %any of "&e assassina"ions 'er'e"ra"ed by
anar(&is"s in "&e 'as" -ere %o"i!a"ed by re!ene7 I" (o$ld also be ar$ed "&a" re!ene
-as0 in fa("0 "&e only possible %o"i!a"ion for s$(& 'oli"i(al assassina"ions sin(e i" -as
al-ays &i&ly $nli8ely "&a" "&ese a("ions (o$ld a(&ie!e any las"in so(ial (&ane7 T&e
%$rder of leadin 'oli"i(ians0 b$siness%en or ar%ed 'ersonnel does no" a""a(8 "&e
s"r$("$re of "&e sys"e% in -&i(& "&ey are e%bedded G i" only re%o!es a 'erson fro% a
role0 no" "&e role i"self7 T&e only e#(e'"ion "o "&is is 8illin a "r$e a$"o(ra" on -&ose
'erson "&e edifi(e of o!ern%en" a("$ally de'ends G so%eone li8e Hi"ler7 4$" "&is is a
!ery rare si"$a"ion0 and no" one fa(ed by "&e assassins of ?ren(& 'residen" Carno"0 U7S7
'residen" M(Ainley or 8in U%ber"o I of I"aly7
T&e la""er -as s&o" by "&e anar(&is" Ge"aeno 4res(i in 2.117 4res(i -as an I"alian
i%%iran" "o "&e U7S70 and "&e assassina"ion -as e#'li(i"ly fra%ed as an a(" of re!ene:
3FF
In 2I.I in Milan0 d$rin 'ro"es"s o!er &i& bread 'ri(es0 soldiers o'ened fire and 8illed
&$ndreds of $nar%ed 'ro"es"ers -&o inored "&e order "o dis'erse7 Ain U%ber"o la"er
de(ora"ed "&e eneral -&o a!e "&e order "o s&oo"0 (o%'li%en"in &is 9bra!e defen(e of
"&e royal &o$se:7 ?or "&is sy%boli( a(" 4res(i resol!ed "o 8ill "&e 8in0 (rossed "&e
A"lan"i(0 and s&o" &i%7 E%%a Gold%an dedi(a"ed se!eral ar"i(les "o defendin 4res(i;s
a("ion7 Her (&oi(e of -ords says a lo" abo$" "&e 'roble%a"i( s"a"$s of re!ene for
anar(&is"s +Gold%an 2.2Kb,:
Hi& s"r$n0 li8e a !iolin s"rin0 Nso$lsO -ee' and %oan for life0 so relen"less0 so (r$el0 so
"erribly in&$%an7 In a des'era"e %o%en" "&e s"rin brea8s7 Un"$ned ears &ear no"&in b$"
dis(ord7 4$" "&ose -&o feel "&e aoniCed (ry $nders"and i"s &ar%onyM "&ey &ear in i" "&e
f$lfil%en" of "&e %os" (o%'ellin %o%en" of &$%an na"$re7
Gold%an;s de(ision "o 'or"ray "&e assassin;s a("ions as "&e res$l" of 'sy(&oloi(al
s"rain deri!e fro% "&e diffi($l"y of lei"i%isin an a(" of !iolen(e %o"i!a"ed by re!ene
alone7 4$" "&is ine!i"ably !i("i%ises "&e 'er'e"ra"or of !iolen(e0 seein &is a(" as a
'i"iable res'onse "o "&e !iolen(e of "&e sys"e%0 -i"&o$" fi$rin in "&e assassin;s o-n
aen(y7 As s$(&0 i" 'ro!ides an e#($se "&a" is no" ne(essarily (alled for G 4res(i %ay &a!e
been en"irely (ool6&eaded in &is a("ions7
On "&is s(ore0 and in a (on"e%'orary (on"e#"0 I -o$ld s$es" "&a" -&a" is
dis"$rbin &ere is no" "&e re!ene i"self0 b$" "&e fa(" "&a" i" is le"&al7 Ta8e "&e follo-in
e#a%'le of an a("ion fre*$en"ly "a8en aains" (or'ora"e and o!ern%en" fi$res:
3F/
Dat#: T$e0 3K Lan 311F 23:@<:3< 61I11
4ro-: 4io"i( 4a8in 4riade abbb a" bio"i(ba8inbriade7orb
Ar$,i1#: &""':55bio"e(&7indy%edia7or5or5311F513533/F7s&"%l
S+(5#$t: 4io"e(& 4a8in 4riade Pies 4ayer 4io"e(&ni(ian
On 32s" Lan$ary Pa$l Rylo"" G "o' GM s(ien"is" a" 4ayer Cro's(ien(e deli!ered a s"irrin
s'ee(& on &o- "o %anae (ons$%er res'onse "o bio"e(&noloy0 a" a (onferen(e on Manain
and Predi("in Crisis in "&e ?ood Ind$s"ry7 As &e "oo8 &is 'la(e in "&e *$e$e for &is b$ffe"
dinner a 'oli"e (all of VMr Rylo""HV bro$&" &i% fa(e "o fa(e -i"& a (&o(ola"e f$de (a8e
+s8i''ed and s"ale, (o!ered -i"& "&e s-ea"y ro""in -&i''ed (rea% and "&e s&o$" VT&a";s for
GM\V before "&e assa$l"in 'ar"y fled7
So%e leafle"s -ere i!en o$" "o "&e s$r'rised and i%%obiliCed (ro-d and all "&ose
'ro"es"in lef" before "&e (o's arri!ed7
T&is is 'ar" of a na"ional UA (a%'ain aains" 4ayer and aains" GM (o%%er(ialiCa"ion7
A("ions "a8en 'la(e &a!e in(l$ded =$n8 %ailin0 sabo"ae in(l$din lo(8 l$ein0
s'ray'ain"in0 -indo- brea8in0 olf (o$rses des"royed0 offi(e o(($'a"ions0 noise
de%ons"ra"ions and "res'asses7
On "&e defini"ions 'ro'osed abo!e0 'iein is (er"ainly !iolen" G Rylo"" no do$b"
e#'erien(ed i" as an a""a(80 and 'er&a's -o$ld &a!e already been afraid of so%e"&in
li8e "&is on "&e basis of 're!io$s &arass%en"7 I" is also (lear "&a" "&e anar(&is"s are
%o"i!a"ed in 'ar" by re!ene +9T&a";s for GM\:, and "&a" "&ey deri!e $ndeniable
sa"isfa("ion for% e#a("in i"7 Sin(e "&e a("ion i"self is no"0 "&o$& !iolen"0 in any -ay
more 'roble%a"i( "&an brea8in "&ro$& a 'oli(e line0 -e (an only (on(l$de "&a"
anar(&is"s (an (ondone re!ene as a %o"i!a"ion for !iolen" a("ions G al"&o$& "&e
!iolen(e by no %eans needs "o be le"&al in order "o sa"isfy "&is %o"i!a"ion7 Ho-e!er0
'iein also &as ano"&er aenda0 sin(e i" is only "&e sim&lation of 'oli"i(al assassina"ion7
T&e !i("i% li!es "o 8no- "&a" "&e 'ie %o&ld =$s" as -ell &a!e been a 8nife or a b$lle"7 T&$s0
besides ai%in "o ridi($le and &$%ilia"e "&e !i("i%0 "&e a""a(8 also 'lainly &as "&e
in"en"ion of in"i%ida"ion7 Si%$la"ed assassina"ion as %i(ro6"erroris%0 if yo$ -ill7
T&is leads0 finally0 "o so%e e#'lora"ory re%ar8s on an iss$e "&a" anar(&is"s -ill need
"o (onsider sooner ra"&er "&an la"er G le"&al !iolen(e in "&e (on"e#" of ar%ed ins$rre("ion7
3F<
S$(& a dis($ssion is (learly i%'ossible -i"&o$" i%ainin so%e broader re!ol$"ionary
s(enario0 -&i(& is ine!i"ably s'e($la"i!e7 S"ill0 so%e "&ins (an be said -i"& rela"i!e
(onfiden(e0 a" leas" reardin "&e Nor"&7 Here0 one s&o$ld bein by no"in "&a" "&e
s"a"e;s $""erly dis'ro'or"ional %ili"ary %i&"0 and 'o-ers of s$r!eillan(e and so(ial
(on"rol0 %ean "&a" i" si%'ly (anno" be defea"ed in o$"ri&" ba""le7 Anar(&is"s -ill
'robably ne!er e" "&eir &ands on -&a" i" "a8es "o fi&" aains" "an8s0 %ines0 aero'lanes
and so on7 T&is %eans "&a"0 $nder any foreseeable (ir($%s"an(es0 a 're(ondi"ion for any
re!ol$"ionary so(ial "ransfor%a"ion is "&a" %os" %e%bers of "&e 'oli(e and ar%y for(es
desert or defe%t7 T&is0 f$r"&er0 -o$ld see% "o only be 'la$sible in "&e (on"e#" of an
already6e#is"in 'o'$lar %obilisa"ion "&a" is !ery broad6based and !ery %ili"an"0 and
-&i(& is (a'able of -innin o!er e!en ser!in %e%bers of "&e s"a"e;s ar%ed -in7 So
"&e firs" (on(l$sion is "&a" -&ile %ass ins$rre("ion %ay s"ill be s$((essf$l $nder so%e
(ondi"ions0 i" also re*$ires !ery s$s"ainable fo$nda"ions in "&e 'o'$la"ion0 -&i(& are
'resen"ly la(8in7
On "&ese (onsidera"ions0 ar%ed s"r$le see%s "o be for no- a self6defea"in
'ros'e("7 Ho-e!er0 -&a" anar(&is"s %ay (onsider in "&is s'e($la"i!e (on"e#" is "&e
'ossibili"y of (rea"in "&e a''ro'ria"e (ondi"ions for i"s s$((ess7 T&e ($rren" s-ellin of
anar(&is" ran8s %eans "&a"0 -&ile "&ere -ill (er"ainly (on"in$e "o be a 'resen(e on "&e
s"ree"s0 %ore enery is also be(o%in a!ailable for 'ro6a("i!e e#'loi"s beyond
%ain"ainin "&e '$bli( 'resen(e of dissen" and raisin "&e so(ial (os"s of s"a"e and
(or'ora"e e#(esses7 T&e s"ra"ei( o$"loo8 already 're!alen" a%on anar(&is"s is "&a" "&e
road "o re!ol$"ion in!ol!es "&e 'rolifera"ion of $rban and r$ral 'ro=e("s of s$s"ainable
li!in0 (o%%$ni"y6b$ildin and "&e de!elo'%en" of s8ills and infras"r$("$res7 4$" -&ile
3FK
"&is is $s$ally (o$(&ed in "er%s of 9&ollo-in o$": (a'i"alis%0 i" (an also be (onsidered
as "&e (rea"ion of a s$s"ainable so(ial base for %ore %ili"an" a("i!i"y0 $' "o +'ossibly,
ins$rre("ion7 In s$(& a si"$a"ion0 ar%ed s"r$le -o$ld be $nder"a8en0 no" by isola"ed
ro$'s of des'eradoes0 b$" by (o%%$ni"ies -&i(& &a!e already (ar!ed o$" a sinifi(an"
s'a(e of a$"ono%y -i"&in &ierar(&i(al so(ie"y7 T&is (o$ld &a''en ei"&er in defen(e fro%
a final0 !iolen" a""e%'" of "&e s"a"e "o re($'era"e "&ose libera"ed s'a(esM as 'ar" of a lare6
s(ale s(enario of so(ial (olla'se "&rea"ened by (li%a"e (&aneM or e!en 'ro6a("i!ely if "&e
"i%e is =$ded "o be ri&"7 To be s$re0 none of "&is %ay e!er &a''en a" all G b$" "&e 'oin"
is "&a" "&is is "&e only realis"i( s(enario $nder -&i(& s$((essf$l ar%ed s"r$le is
'la$sible7 So -&ile ar%ed s"r$le %ay no" be an o'"ion in 'resen" "i%es0 i" %ay -ell be
'rofo$ndly en"anled -i"& "&e %os" non6!iolen" and 9(ons"r$("i!e: anar(&is" e#'loi"s7
B&en i" (o%es "o !iolen(e0 "&en0 i" -o$ld see% "&a" in "&e final analysis anar(&is"s (an
do no"&in b$" be res'onsible0 e#'eri%en" and 8ee' "&eir o'"ions o'en7
3FI
CHAPTER K
LUDDITES AND HACAERS
DE?INING A 4ROAD64ASED ANARCHIST POLITICS O? TECHNOLOGY
Many of "&ese 8inless 'eo'le rode &orses and so%e -ielded iron i%'le%en"s0 b$"
"&is did no" %a8e N"&e Hy8sosO any %ore (i!ilised "&an "&e (o''er6$sin an(es"ors of
"&e O=ib-a on "&e Grea" La8esM "&e &orses and iron be(a%e 'rod$("i!e for(es0 "&ey
be(a%e Ci!iliCa"ion;s "e(&noloy0 only af"er "&ey be(a%e 'ar" of Le!ia"&an;s ar%ory7
?redy Perl%an0 $(ainst Fis!story, $(ainst )eviathan6 +De"roi"0 2.I@,
T&is (&a'"er in!es"ia"es anar(&is" a''roa(&es "o "e(&noloy7 B&ereas "&e
%o!e%en";s (on(re"e a("i!i"ies aro$nd "e(&noloy de!elo' as a (olle("i!e "rial and error
'ro(ess0 on "&e basis of diff$se (a%'ainin and dire(" a("ion -&i(& (oales(e in"o a
so%e"i%es (on"radi("ory 'i("$re0 %y '$r'ose &ere is "o "a8e a s"e' ba(8 fro% "&is
orani( 'ro(ess0 and as8 "-o broad *$es"ions7 ?irs"0 (an a (ri"i*$e of "e(&noloy be
ar"i($la"ed "&a" is (o&eren" and "&eore"i(ally s$s"ainable0 -&ile enain -i"& a broad
sele("ion of anar(&is"s; ideas and (on(erns aro$nd "&e "o'i(0 as e#'li(a"ed in "&eir
-ri"ins and oral deba"es and as i%'lied in "&eir s$b%ered dis(o$rses and a("ionsH
Se(ond0 -&a" "y'es of 'oli"i(al a("ion does s$(& a (ri"i*$e 'oin" "o0 on(e -e "a8e in"o
a((o$n" "&e broader s"ra"ei( 'ers'e("i!es "&a" %any anar(&is"s already endorseH
I bein -i"& an o!er!ie- of "&e a%bi!alen(e dis'layed by anar(&is" a("i!i"ies aro$nd
"e(&noloy "oday7 I "&en address "&e firs" *$es"ion0 dra-in on (on"e%'orary non6
anar(&is" "&eories -&i(& &a!e already s$''lied "&e basi( b$ildin6blo(8s for a (ri"i*$e of
"e(&noloy "o -&i(& anar(&is"s s&o$ld be larely sy%'a"&e"i(7 T&e in&eren(e of so(ial
rela"ions in "e(&noloy is "oday a fairly $n(on"ro!ersial %a""er in s(&olarly dis($ssion0
3F.
-&ile a sinifi(an" n$%ber of -ri"ers are also %indf$l of "&e &ierar(&i(al and (a'i"alis"
na"$re of "&ese so(ial rela"ions7 T&ere is a -ides'read $nders"andin "&a" "e(&noloy is
"o be a''roa(&ed as a 9so(io6"e(&noloi(al (o%'le#:0 in"erlo(8in sys"e%s of &$%an6
%a(&ine in"erfa(es "&a" fi# &$%an be&a!io$r0 s$s"ainin e(ono%i( and 'o-er
ine*$ali"ies and enera"in ne- ones7 Ho-e!er0 -&ere %ains"rea% (ri"i(s $l"i%a"ely fail
fro% an anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e is in "&eir res'e("i!e aendas of "e(&noloi(al
de%o(ra"isa"ion0 and "&eir $l"i%a"e re(on(ilia"ion "o "e(&noloi(al %oderni"y as a
'ro(ess "&a" (an be %anaed and (on"rolled0 b$" no" (on"es"ed in any f$nda%en"al
res'e("7 As a %odifier "o "&ese s&or"(o%ins0 I in!o8e "&e anar(&is" "&eory 'ro'osed by
Ca"alan a("i!is"6&a(8er _abier 4arandiaran0 and e#a%ine "&e a''li(abili"y of "&e
res$l"an" for%$la"ion "o "&e e%erin field of nano"e(&noloy7 ?inally0 "&e dis($ssion is
orien"ed "o-ards "&e a("$alisa"ion of "&e (ri"i*$e in "&ree differen" areas7 ?irs"0 I ar$e
"&a" %any "e(&noloies -&i(& &a!e an in&eren"ly (en"ralisin and 'rofi"6dri!en na"$re
(an only eli(i" an a""i"$de of aboli"ionis" resis"an(e fro% anar(&is"s G a ne- for% of
L$ddis%7 I "&en dis($ss anar(&is"s; a""ra("ion "o "&e In"erne" as a de(en"ralisin and
lo(ally6e%'o-erin "e(&noloi(al 'la"for%0 b$" ar$e for a disill$sioned a''roa(& "&a"
is %indf$l of "&e o''osi"e *$ali"ies of "&e (o%'$"er and (o%%$ni(a"ions infras"r$("$re
enablin i"7 ?inally0 I loo8 "o areas in -&i(& anar(&is"s -o$ld be dra-n "o ado'" and
de!elo' al"erna"i!e a''roa(&es "o %odifyin "&e na"$ral -orld0 e%'&asisin
Per%a($l"$re and lo6"e(& inno!a"ion as 'ar"s of "&e 9(ons"r$("i!e: fa(e" of an anar(&is"
'oli"i(s of "e(&noloy7
As a final 'reli%inary no"e0 I s&o$ld %en"ion "&a" I -ill be %a8in only ($rsory
referen(e "o anar(&is" (ri"i*$es of "e(&noloy asso(ia"ed -i"& -&a" is of"en referred "o as
3/1
"&e 9anar(&o6'ri%i"i!is": ($rren" of (on"e%'orary anar(&is% +Perl%an 2.I@0 EerCan
2..F0 Moore 2..K0 Ba"son 2..IM (f7 Sa&lins 2.K30 Lensen 3111,7 Goin beyond li"era"$re
in"o "er%s of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 I -o$ld !en"$re "o say "&a" anar(&o6'ri%i"i!is%
is0 a" i"s base0 a (er"ain %en"ali"y "&a" en=oys sinifi(an" ($rren(y a%on anar(&is"s0 %os"
no"i(eably a%on "&ose 'ar"s of "&e Enlis&6s'ea8in %o!e%en" "&a" fo($s on
en!iron%en"al dire(" a("ion +'ro%inen" (on"e%'orary &$bs of anar(&o6'ri%i"i!is"
e#'ression are in E$ene0 Oreon and else-&ere in "&e Nor"&-es" U7S7M '$bli(a"ions li8e
Green Anar(&y +U7S7, and Green Anar(&is" +U7A7,0 and -ebsi"es s$(& as
ins$ren"desire7or7$8 and 'ri%i"i!is%7(o%,7 Bi"& ine!i"able o!ersi%'lifi(a"ion0 one
%i&" say "&a" so%e of "&e %os" 'ro%inen" a""i"$des in!ol!ed -i"& "&is %en"ali"y are:
+5, >ery s"ron 'oli"i(al0 e(oloi(al and e%o"ional (on(erns o!er ind$s"rialis%0
"e(&noloy and &y'er6%oderni"y7
+6, Lo!e of "&e -ildM e(o6fe%inis" (ons(io$snessM ear"&6based 5 non6-es"ern s'iri"$ali"y7
+.,(s,P, A 9%a#i%alis": anar(&is" (ri"i*$e of &ierar(&i(al (i!ilisa"ion0 and of i"s His6s"ory
of do%ina"ion and des"r$("ion fro% "&e beinnins of do%es"i(a"ion0 ari($l"$re and "&e
s"a"e7
+P,(s,., A re6a''re(ia"ion of &$n"er6a"&erer and o"&er (o%%$ni"ies as si"es of 'ri%i"i!e
anar(&y G eali"arian0 'ea(eable0 leis$rely0 e(s"a"i( and (onne("ed "o na"$ral (y(les7
Al"&o$& s$(& ideas are i%%ensely in"eres"in0 s'e(ifi(ally anar(&o6'ri%i"i!is"
(ri"i*$es of "e(&noloy are so "&oro$&ly in"era"ed -i"& "&e o"&er ele%en"s =$s"
%en"ioned "&a" i" "a8es a lare %eas$re of (on"e#"$alisa"ion "o a''roa(& "&e% as a
se'ara"e "&read7 Moreo!er0 sin(e anar(&o6'ri%i"i!is" orien"a"ions "end "o enera"e %$(&
(on"ro!ersy -i"&in anar(&is" (ir(les0 i" be(o%es !ery diffi($l" "o $se "&e% as a s"ar"in
'oin" for a %ore broad6based anar(&is" 'oli"i(s of "e(&noloy7 All "&e sa%e0 I "&in8 "&e
3/2
(on(l$sions "&is (&a'"er is dri!in a"0 -&ile addressin -ider anar(&is" aendas0 -ill a"
"&e sa%e "i%e si" -ell -i"& anar(&o6'ri%i"i!is% as far as "e(&noloy is (on(erned7
Anarchists and Technology
On "&e s$rfa(e0 "&ere is a (er"ain a%bi!alen(e in "&e a""i"$des "&a" (on"e%'orary
anar(&is"s dis'lay "&ro$& "&eir a("ions aro$nd "e(&noloy7 Many a 4ri"is& anar(&is"0 for
e#a%'le0 (o$ld '$ll $' ene"i(ally %odified (ro's before da-n0 send e%ails "o
(oordina"e "&e ne#" a("ion in "&e %ornin0 &a!e a na' "&en do a bi" of allo"%en"
ardenin in "&e af"ernoon0 and -or8 'ar"6"i%e as a 'rora%%er in "&e e!enin7 On "&e
one &and0 anar(&is"s "oday are in!ol!ed in a n$%ber of s$s"ained (a%'ains in -&i(&
"&e in"rod$("ion of ne- "e(&noloies is e#'li(i"ly resis"ed0 fro% bio6 and nano6
"e(&noloy "o "e(&noloies of s$r!eillan(e and %ili"ary "e(&noloies7 On "&e o"&er &and0
a%on so(ial %o!e%en"s in "&e Nor"& anar(&is"s &a!e been %a8in 'er&a's "&e %os"
e#"ensi!e and enaed $se of infor%a"ion and (o%%$ni(a"ion "e(&noloies7
On "&e one &and0 "&ere &as been a("i!e anar(&is" in!ol!e%en" in (a%'ainin
aains" "&e in"rod$("ion of a bio%e"ri( Na"ional Iden"ifi(a"ion s(&e%e in "&e UA0 and
?ren(& anar(&is" s*$a""ers &a!e resis"ed "&e (ons"r$("ion of a nano6s(ien(e (en"re in
Grenoble0 "&eir 9rie!an(e: bein "&a" "e(&noloi(al (on!eren(e on "&e nano6s(ale -ill
(onsolida"e s"a"e and (or'ora"e 'o-er and in(rease all "y'es of so(ial ine*$ali"ies7
Loo8in ba(8 a" "-o of anar(&is%;s %ain 9'roeni"or: %o!e%en"s in "&e ei&"ies0 -e
(an no"i(e "&a" "&e dire("6a("ion fe%inis" %o!e%en" -as s"ronly in!ol!ed in resis"an(e
"o n$(lear enery0 "&en n$(lear -ea'ons0 and "&a" "&e dire("6a("ion en!iron%en"al
3/3
%o!e%en" also &ad (lear iss$es -i"& "e(&noloi(al ad!an(e%en" +in ene"i(s0 (&e%i(als0
"rans'or"777,7 Anar(&is" resis"an(e "o GM (ro's "&ro$&o$" "&e nine"ies is a &all%ar8 of
"&is an"i6"e(&noloi(al 'osi"ion7 T&e firs" re(orded "ras&in of a GM (ro' o(($rred in "&e
U7S7 in 2.IK -&en 7arth First6 a("i!is"s '$lled $' 30111 ene"i(ally %odified s"ra-berry
'lan"s +S(&NEBS 311F:2K2,7 T&e firs" E$ro'ean "ras&ins -ere in Holland in 2..27 4y
2..@0 -&en a de%ons"ra"ion of /110111 'easan"s in 4analore ended -i"& "&e '&ysi(al
des"r$("ion of seed %$l"ina"ional Carill;s &ead offi(es in India0 anar(&is"s in "&e Nor"&
-ere -ell a-are of "&e %$(& larer 'i("$re of %ili"an" (a%'ainin aains" GM (ro's by
'easan" %o!e%en"s in La"in A%eri(a and So$"& Asia0 'ro!idin o''or"$ni"ies for
in"erna"ional solidari"y aro$nd "&e iss$e7 Ger%an a$"ono%is"s s*$a""ed fields "o 're!en"
GM (ro' "rials0 leadin "o "&e (an(ella"ion of a "&ird of "&e% and %any %ore bein
des"royed7 In "&e UA0 anar(&is"s &a!e 'layed a lare 'ar" in "&e o!er "&ir"y ro$'s
(o%'risin "&e Gene"i( Enineerin Ne"-or80 enain bo"& in (a%'ainin and in
dire("6a("ion7 O!er se!eral years ro$'s of 9(ro'6b$s"ers: (ond$("ed ni&"ly raids "o
des"roy "rial (ro's of GM %aiCe0 s$ar bee" and oilseed ra'e0 $n"il in 311F "&e 4lair
o!ern%en" dro''ed i"s 'lans for (o%%er(ial ro-in of GM (ro's7 More broadly0
anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re dis'lays a s"ron a""ra("ion a%on %any "o lo-6"e(&0 9si%'le
li!in: lifes"yles0 "&e %os" 'ro%inen" e#a%'les bein "&e 'ro%o"ion of s%all6s(ale
orani( far%in and of (y(lin as an al"erna"i!e "o (ar ($l"$re7
On "&e o"&er &and0 "&ere is a %$l"i"$de of e#a%'les for in"era"ion and e!en
de!elo'%en" of "e(&noloi(al sys"e%s a%on anar(&is"s7 A("i!is"s &a!e assi%ila"ed
e%ail and %obile '&ones in"o "&eir (o%%$ni(a"ion ne"-or8s li8e e!erybody else7
In"erne" -ebsi"es are $sed "o '$bli(ise and (oordina"e e!en"s0 of"en $sin sof"-are "&a"
3/@
enables (ollabora"i!e a$"&ors&i'7 T&e In"erne" is also an i%%ense ar(&i!e for "&e self6
do($%en"a"ion of so(ial s"r$les in "&e 'as" de(ade0 in(l$din "&eir e#'li(i"ly anar(&is"
(ons"i"$en"s7 Ho-e!er0 anar(&is"s &a!e "a8en a s"e' f$r"&er by %ore "&oro$&ly
in"era"in G and e!en de!elo'in G infor%a"ion and (o%%$ni(a"ion "e(&noloies7
Many a("i!is" -ebsi"es &os" a dis($ssion for$% and5or an online (&a" roo%7 T&e
%o!e%en" &as a n$%ber of ele("roni( %edia &$bs0 in(l$din "&e lobal Indy%edia
ne"-or87 T&e la""er of"en &olds -eb6based %ee"ins and &as a f$n("ionin 'ro(ess for
(onsens$s de(ision6%a8in online7 T&ere are also n$%ero$s in"erse("ions be"-een "&e
anar(&is" and "&e o'en so$r(e 5 free sof"-are %o!e%en"s7 Many anar(&is"s are "alen"ed
'rora%%ers0 %os"ly $sin GNU5Lin$# o'era"in sys"e%s and o"&er o'en6so$r(e
a''li(a"ions "o de!elo' sof"-are for $se by so(ial %o!e%en"s7 In E$ro'e s$(& a("i!is"s
($rren"ly o'era"e o!er "&ir"y Ha(8Labs0 (o%%$ni"y s'a(es -i"& (o%'$"ers and In"erne"
a((ess -&i(& also a(" as &$bs for 'oli"i(al oranisin7
His"ori(ally0 anar(&is"s; a""i"$des "o-ards "e(&noloy dis'lay a si%ilar a%bi!alen(e0
os(illa"in be"-een a bi""er (ri"i*$e dri!en by "&e e#'erien(es of ind$s"rialis%0 and an
al%os" naQ!e o'"i%is% aro$nd s(ien"ifi( de!elo'%en" and i"s enablin role in (rea"in a
'os"6(a'i"alis" so(ie"y7 Roo"ed in "&e nine"een"&6(en"$ry -or8in (lass %o!e%en"0
anar(&is" a("i!is"s and -ri"ers -ere -ell a-are of "&e dis'la(e%en" of -or8ers by
%a(&ines0 and of "&e erosion of 'rod$(ers; a$"ono%y as &o$se&old and ar"isan
e(ono%ies -ere dis'la(ed in fa!o$r of a 'rod$("ion 'ro(ess in -&i(& "&e %a(&ines
"&e%sel!es di("a"es "&e 'a(e0 s"aes and o$"(o%es of -or87 T&$s Pro$d&on +2IFK:(&7F,:
B&a"e!er "&e 'a(e of %e(&ani(al 'roressM "&o$& %a(&ines s&o$ld be in!en"ed a &$ndred
"i%es %ore %ar!ello$s "&an "&e %$le6=enny0 "&e 8ni""in6%a(&ine0 or "&e (ylinder 'ressM "&o$&
3/F
for(es s&o$ld be dis(o!ered a &$ndred "i%es %ore 'o-erf$l "&an s"ea%0 c !ery far fro% freein
&$%ani"y0 se($rin i"s leis$re0 and %a8in "&e 'rod$("ion of e!ery"&in ra"$i"o$s0 "&ese "&ins
-o$ld &a!e no o"&er effe(" "&an "o %$l"i'ly labor0 ind$(e an in(rease of 'o'$la"ion0 %a8e "&e
(&ains of serfdo% &ea!ier0 render life %ore and %ore e#'ensi!e0 and dee'en "&e abyss -&i(&
se'ara"es "&e (lass "&a" (o%%ands and en=oys fro% "&e (lass "&a" obeys and s$ffers7
On "&e o"&er &and0 %any anar(&is"s sa- in ind$s"rial 'roress so%e"&in desirable
and benefi(ial0 as lon as so(ial rela"ions -ere al"ered7 T&$s Aro'o"8in0 des'i"e &is i%ae
as a 'ro"o6e(olois" and (ri"i( of ind$s"ry0 (i"ed 9"&e 'roress of %odern "e(&ni(s0 -&i(&
-onderf$lly si%'lifies "&e 'rod$("ion of all "&e ne(essaries of life: as a fa("or reinfor(in
-&a" &e o'"i%is"i(ally sa- as a 're!ailin so(ial "enden(y "o-ards no6o!ern%en"
so(ialis% +Aro'o"8in 2.21,7 His belief in "&e abili"y of "e(&noloy "o i%'ro!e -or8ers;
(ondi"ions led &i% "o s"a"e "&a" af"er "&e re!ol$"ion 9fa("ory0 fore0 and %ine (an be as
&eal"&y and %anifi(en" as "&e fines" labora"ories in %odern $ni!ersi"ies:0 en!isionin a
'rolifera"ion of %e(&ani(al ade"s and a (en"ralised ser!i(e ind$s"ry "&a" -o$ld relie!e
-o%en of "&eir sla!ery "o &o$se-or8 as -ell as %a8in all %anner of re'$nan" "as8s
no loner ne(essary +Aro'o"8in 2.2<:(&721,7 T&is a''roa(&0 s&ared -i"& Mar#0 -as
e(&oed %ore re(en"ly by M$rray 4oo8(&in in &is -ildly "e(&no6o'"i%is"i( 9Pos"6S(ar(i"y
Anar(&is%: +4oo8(&in 2.KF,7
Af"er "&e ?irs" Borld Bar0 -ell68no-n anar(&is"s s$(& as Mala"es"a0 Gold%an and
Ro(8er (on"in$ed "o ad!o(a"e a libera"ed ind$s"rial %oderni"y0 $nder -or8ers; (on"rol
"&ro$& "&eir o-n e(ono%i( and ind$s"rial oraniCa"ions7 In Ro(8er;s for%$la"ion0 9ind$s"ry
is no" an end in i"self0 b$" s&o$ld only be a %eans "o ens$re "o %an &is %a"erial s$bsis"en(e
and "o %a8e a((essible "o &i% "&e blessins of a &i&er in"elle("$al ($l"$re7 B&ere ind$s"ry is
e!ery"&in and %an is no"&in beins "&e real% of a r$"&less e(ono%i( des'o"is%: +Ro(8er
2.@I,7 O!erall0 anar(&is"s sa- %e(&anised ind$s"rial 'ro(esses as do%ina"in $nder
3//
(a'i"alis" (ondi"ions0 b$" no" in&eren"ly so0 and -ere (onfiden" "&a" "&e aboli"ion of "&e (lass
sys"e% -o$ld also free "&e 9%eans of 'rod$("ion: fro% "&eir aliena"in $ses $nder 'ri!a"e
o-ners&i' and (o%'e"i"ion7
Des'i"e "&eir (o%%$nis" or syndi(alis" (o%%i"%en"s0 "&en0 %os" 'as" anar(&is"s
s&ared "&e %yo'ia "&a" (on"in$es "o 'er!ade offi(ial and e!eryday dis($ssions of
"e(&noloy "oday7 T&e idea of 'roress is "a8en for ran"ed0 and "e(&noloy is
$nders"ood 'ie(e%eal0 as an a%ala%a"ion of "e(&noloies "&a" (an be $sed for ood or
bad ends0 b$" are f$nda%en"ally ne$"ral in "&e%sel!es7
Domination and the Technological Comple2
A" "&e %arins of so(ie"y;s 're!ailin "e(&noloi(al o'"i%is%0 "&ere &a!e been
se!eral (ri"i(al !oi(es -&i(& dis($ssed %oderni"y;s in(reasin "e(&noloi(al %edia"ion of
na"$re and "&e aliena"ion enera"ed "&ereby7 In 'e%hni%s and Civilisation, Le-is M$%ford
+2.@F, "ra(ed "&e &is"ori(al de!elo'%en" of "e(&noloy fro% "&e Middle Ae (lo(80
ar$in "&a" %oral0 e(ono%i( and 'oli"i(al (&oi(es &a!e s&a'ed "e(&noloi(al so(ie"y0
endin in a -&a" &e sa- as a s'iri"$ally barren (i!ilisa"ion0 based only on 'rod$("i!i"y7
Aains" "&e no"ion of ine!i"able %a(&ine do%inan(e0 M$%ford s$es"s "&a" "&e
9es"&e"i(: of "&e %a(&ine0 based on obser!a"ion dire("ly fro% na"$re and "&e balan(in
of f$n("ionali"y aains" for%0 (an be absorbed and $sed in a ra"ional0 rassroo"s6
(o%%$nis" so(ie"y eared "o-ards 9Handso%e bodies0 fine %inds0 'lain li!in0 &i&
"&in8in0 8een 'er(e'"ions0 sensi"i!e e%o"ional res'onses and a ro$' life 8eyed "o
%a8e "&ese "&ins 'ossible and "o en&an(e "&e% G "&ese are so%e of "&e ob=e("i!es of a
3/<
nor%aliCed s"andard7: +@..,
T&ree f$r"&er %a=or -or8s a''eared in "&e 2.<1s7 As a (on"in$a"ion of &is
'&iloso'&y of 4ein0 Mar"in Hedeer +2.KK52.<3, ar$ed "&a" "&e essen(e of "e(&noloy
-as no" in de!i(es b$" in "&e 9$n(on(eal%en": "o &$%ans of all beins -&a"soe!er as
ob=e("i!e0 (al($lable0 *$an"ifiable0 dis'osable ra- %a"erial +9s"andin reser!e:,0 -&i(& is
of !al$e only insofar as i" (on"rib$"es "o "&e en&an(e%en" of &$%an 'o-er7 T&$s "&e real
daner of "e(&noloy for Heideer -as "&e 'ro(ess by -&i(& "&e %a(&ines al"er &$%an
e#is"en(e and dra- i" a-ay fro% a dee'er e#'erien(e of 4ein7 9T&e essen(e of
"e(&noloy0 as a des"inin of re!ealin0 is "&e danerST&e r$le of enfra%in "&rea"ens
%an -i"& "&e 'ossibili"y "&a" i" (o$ld be denied "o &i% "o en"er in"o a %ore oriinal
re!ealin and &en(e "o e#'erien(e "&e (all of a %ore 'ri%al "r$"&: +@@@,7
In 'he 'e%hnolo(i%al So%iety, La(*$es Ell$l +2.<F, 'ro'osed a 9so(ioloi(al s"$dy of "&e
'roble% of 'e%hni3&e> ? "&e la""er bein a "er% for "&e s$% of all "e(&ni*$es0 of all %eans
"o $n*$es"ioned ends0 "&e 9ne- %ilie$: of (on"e%'orary so(ie"y7 All indi!id$al
"e(&ni*$es are a%bi!alen"0 in"ended for ood ends b$" also (on"rib$"in "o "&e ense%ble
of Te(&ni*$e7 Unli8e M$%ford0 Ell$l "&ro$& "&a" "&e ar"ifi(ial %ilie$ &ad be(o%e
a$"ono%o$s and $ns"o''able7 A si%ilar fa"alis% -as e#'ressed by Mar($se0 -&o in +ne
-imensional Han +2.<F, ar$ed "&a" "e(&noloi(al ad!an(e%en"0 (on"rary "o "radi"ional
Mar#is" e#'e("a"ions0 &ad (rea"ed affl$en" (a'i"alis" so(ie"ies (&ara("erised by '$bli(
do(ili"y and "&e $nli%i"ed abili"y "o do%es"i(a"e dissen"7 Ea(& of "&ese (ri"i*$es0 i" -ill be
seen0 is 'a(8aed in"o i"s o-n0 !ery s'e(ifi( se" of '&iloso'&i(al (o%%i"%en"s and
biases7 M$%ford;s %y"&oloised &is"ory0 Hedeer;s on"oloy0 Ell$l;s e#is"en"ial
"&eoloy and Mar($se;s ?ran8f$r"6s(&ool Mar#is% G all are inse'arable fro% "&eir
3/K
a$"&ors; "rea"%en" of "e(&noloy7 S$(& (on"ro!ersial 9s$r'l$ses of %eanin: +Ri(^$r
2.K<, disad!an"ae "&ese (ri"i*$es as 'oin"s of de'ar"$re for "&e 'resen" deba"e7
Re(en" (ri"i*$es0 -&i(& ass$%e a %ore s$((in(" analy"i(al a''roa(&0 offer a be""er
'la(e "o s"ar"7 In (on"e%'orary a(ade%i( '&iloso'&y of "e(&noloy0 9li""le needs "o be
said (on(ernin "&e Pne$"rali"y; of "e(&noloy7 Sin(e "&e so(ial6'oli"i(al na"$re of "&e
desin 'ro(ess &as been e#'osed by Landon Binner and o"&ers0 fe- ad&ere "o "&e
ne$"rali"y of "e(&noloy "&esis: +>ea8 3111:33K,7
Con"e%'orary (ri"i(s of "e(&noloy in!ariably s"ress "&a" "&e ne$"rali"y "&esis is
erroneo$s0 sin(e i" disreards &o- "&e "e(&ni(al or fro%6desin s"r$("$re of 'eo'le;s
s$rro$ndins deli%i"s "&eir for%s of (ond$(" and rela"ion7 As Binner +2.I/:22623,
ar$es0 9"e(&noloies are no" %erely aids "o &$%an a("i!i"y0 b$" also 'o-erf$l for(es
a("in "o res&a'e "&a" a("i!i"y and i"s %eanin::
As "e(&noloies are bein b$il" and '$" in"o $se0 sinifi(an" al"era"ions in 'a""erns of &$%an
a("i!i"y and &$%an ins"i"$"ions are already "a8in 'la(e777"&e (ons"r$("ion of a "e(&ni(al sys"e%
"&a" in!ol!es &$%an beins as o'era"in 'ar"s brins a re(ons"r$("ion of so(ial roles and
rela"ions&i's7 Of"en "&is is a res$l" of "&e ne- sys"e%;s o-n o'era"in re*$ire%en"s: i" si%'ly -ill
no" -or8 $nless &$%an be&a!ior (&anes "o s$i" i"s for% and 'ro(ess7 Hen(e0 "&e !ery a(" of
$sin "&e 8inds of %a(&ines0 "e(&ni*$es and sys"e%s a!ailable "o $s enera"es 'a""erns of
a("i!i"ies and e#'e("a"ions "&a" soon be(o%e 9se(ond na"$re:7
T&e 'oin" of s$(& an analysis is "o 'oli"i(ise "&e dis($ssion of "e(&noloy on a basi(
le!el7 In %ains"rea% dis($ssions0 'oli"i(al iss$es aro$nd "e(&noloy are al%os"
e#(l$si!ely fra%ed as %a""ers of o!ern%en" 9'oli(y:0 and bro$&" in only as an
a((essory "o deba"in "&e (os"6benefi" analysis of 'ar"i($lar "e(&noloies0 or "&eir
en!iron%en"al side effe("s7 To 'oli"i(ise "&e deba"e a" i"s base is "o ar$e "&a"
"e(&noloies bo"& e#'ress and re'rod$(e "&e 'a""erns of (olle("i!e oranisa"ion in
3/I
so(ie"y0 and "&a" in %any (ases "&ey are (ons"i"$"i!e of "&ese rela"ions7 I" -o$ld %ean
dra-in a""en"ion 9"o "&e %o%en"$% of lare6s(ale so(io"e(&ni(al sys"e%s0 "o "&e
res'onse of %odern so(ie"ies "o (er"ain "e(&noloi(al i%'era"i!es0 and "o "&e -ays
&$%an ends are 'o-erf$lly "ransfor%ed as "&ey are ada'"ed "o "e(&ni(al %eans: +32,7
Binner (i"es de(ades of 'rofessedly ra(is" "rans'or" 'lannin in Lon Island0 "&e
'os"62IFI Parisian "&oro$&fares b$il" "o disable $rban $erilla0 and 'ne$%a"i( iron
%olders in"rod$(ed as a delibera"e an"i6$nion %eas$re in C&i(ao0 as e#a%'les of
ins"r$%en"ally do%ina"in de'loy%en" of "e(&noloy7 Here0 "&ere is an iden"ifiable
aen" a("in o$" of "&e desire "o (on"rol0 e#'loi" or o!er'o-er o"&ers7 Ho-e!er0 in all
"&ese (ases -e (an also see "e(&ni(al arrane%en"s "&a" 're(ede "&e a("$al &se of
"e(&noloy in "&e de"er%ina"ion of so(ial res$l"s7 T&is %eans "&a" "&ere are 'redi("able
so(ial (onse*$en(es "o de'loyin a i!en "e(&noloy or se" of "e(&noloies7 9T&ere are
ins"an(es in -&i(& "&e !ery 'ro(ess of "e(&ni(al de!elo'%en" is so "&oro$&ly biased in a
'ar"i($lar dire("ion "&a" i" re$larly 'rod$(es N(on"es"edO res$l"s777"&e "e(&noloi(al de(8
&as been s"a(8ed in ad!an(e "o fa!or (er"ain so(ial in"eres"s and so%e 'eo'le -ere
bo$nd "o re(ei!e a be""er &and "&an o"&ers: +3/6<,7 In o"&er -ords0 ne- "e(&noloies
in"rod$(ed in"o an $n=$s" so(ie"y are li8ely "o e#a(erba"e in=$s"i(e7
Le" %e offer a %odified a((o$n" of "&is dyna%i(0 -i"& (on"e%'orary e#a%'les7 Sin(e
ne- "e(&noloies %$s" be in"era"ed in"o "&e e#is"in so(io6"e(&noloi(al (o%'le#0 "&e
la""er;s stron( bias in fa!o$r of (er"ain 'a""erns of &$%an in"era("ion -ill ine!i"ably s&a'e
"&e desi(n of "&ese "e(&noloies and "&e ends "o-ards -&i(& "&ey -ill be de'loyed de6
fa("o7 As anar(&is"s and %any o"&ers see i"0 "&e (ons"rain"s "&a" "&e e#is"in so(io6
"e(&noloi(al (o%'le# already 'la(es on so(ial in"era("ion &a!e a s'e(ifi(ally e#'loi"a"i!e
3/.
and a$"&ori"arian na"$re7 Bor8'la(e "e(&noloies fro% "&e robo"ised asse%bly line "o
"&e (o%'$"erised re"ail o$"le" s$bordina"e -or8ers "o "&e 'a(e and "as8s 'rora%%ed
in"o "&e%0 red$(in "&e -or8ers; o''or"$ni"ies "o e#er(ise a$"ono%o$s =$de%en" and
"o desin and r$n "&e 'rod$("ion 'ro(ess "&e%sel!es7
T&e (a'i"alis" bias of %odern so(ie"y is also ab$ndan"ly 'resen" in "&e %indse"s
s&a'in "e(&noloi(al de!elo'%en"7 Today in e!ery de!elo'ed (o$n"ry0 (or'ora"ions
e#er" a rea" deal of infl$en(e on e!ery s"ae of "&e "e(&noloi(al resear(&0 desin and
i%'le%en"a"ion 'ro(ess7 In ea(& (o$n"ry0 ind$s"ry s'ends 'o$nd billions on resear(&
and de!elo'%en" G -&e"&er i";s done in6&o$se0 "&ro$& f$ndin for $ni!ersi"ies or in
'$bli(6'ri!a"e 'ar"ners&i's7 A(ade%ia is also en(o$raed "o (o%%er(ialise i"s resear(&0
in a (o%bina"ion of f$ndin 'ress$res (rea"ed by 'ri!a"isa"ion and dire(" o!ern%en"
&and6o$"s7 As $ni!ersi"ies loo8 "o enera"in l$(ra"i!e s'in6off (o%'anies0 i" %a8es
'erfe(" sense "o "&e% "o (onsider "&e (o%%er(ial rele!an(e of resear(& 'ara%o$n"7
As for (en"ralised 'oli(y6%a8in on de!elo'%en"0 offi(ial (or'ora"e re'resen"a"i!es
of"en si" in (o%%i""ees of bodies s$(& as "&e UA a(ade%i( Resear(& Co$n(ils -&i(&
allo(a"e &$e a%o$n"s of f$ndin7 Unoffi(ially0 "&ere are ind$s"ry6f$nded lobby ro$'s
+"&e Royal So(ie"y;s re(en" donors in(l$ded 4P +d27F %illion,0 Esso UA0 As"raEene(a0 and
Rolls6Roy(e,0 as -ell as a (lear re!ol!in door be"-een "&e (or'ora"e -orld and senior
a(ade%i( and o!ern%en" 'os"s rele!an" "o s(ien(e and "e(&noloy 'oli(y +Goe""li(&
31110 ?errara 2..I,7 4ri"is& for%er s(ien(e %inis"er0 Lord Sainsb$ry0 &as s$bs"an"ial
in!es"%en" in"eres"s in (o%'anies "&a" &old 8ey 'a"en"s in bio"e(&noloy7 T&e 311/ Rei"&
Le("$rer -as nano"e(&noloy 'ioneer Lord +Ale(, 4roers0 -&o is Presiden" of "&e Royal
A(ade%y of Enineerin0 C&air%an of "&e Ho$se of Lords S(ien(e and Te(&noloy
3<1
Co%%i""ee0 for%er >i(e6C&an(ellor of Ca%bride Uni!ersi"y and for 2. years a senior
resear(& %anaer a" I4M7 Under s$(& (ondi"ions i" is no" s$r'risin "&a" "&e de(ision on
"&e !iabili"y of a "e(&noloi(al desin 9is no" si%'ly a "e(&ni(al or e!en e(ono%i(
e!al$a"ion b$" ra"&er a 'oli"i(al one7 A "e(&noloy is dee%ed !iable if i" (onfor%s "o "&e
e#is"in rela"ions of 'o-er: +Noble 2..@:<@7 See also Noble 2.KK0 Di(8son 2.KF,7
As for ends0 i" s&o$ld no" be s$r'risin "&a" a so(ie"y biased "o-ards &ierar(&y and
(a'i"alis% enera"es "&e en"irely ra"ional i%'e"$s for "&e s$r!eillan(e of ene%ies0
(i"iCens0 i%%iran"s and e(ono%i( (o%'e"i"ors7 In s$(& a se""in0 "e(&noloies s$(& as
s"ron %i(ro'ro(essors0 broadband (o%%$ni(a"ion0 bio%e"ri( da"a renderin0 fa(e6
and !oi(e6re(oni"ion sof"-are &a!e ine!i"ably fo$nd "&eir -ay in"o "oday;s
9ne"-or8ed0 'oly(en"ri(0 and %$l"idi%ensional: -eb of s"a"e6 and (or'ora"e
s$r!eillan(e +Lyon 311@:2KF,7 ?or anar(&is"s0 "&e &y'o"&e"i(al *$es"ion abo$" -&e"&er
"e(&noloy (an e!er be in "&e 9ri&": &ands is "r$%'ed by "&e ob!io$s 'oin" "&a" i" is0
in fa(" and beyond ref$"e0 ob!io$sly in "&e -ron &ands7 Te(&noloi(al de!elo'%en"0
"&en0 s"r$("$rally en(o$raes "&e (on"in$a"ion and e#"ension of Bes"ern so(ie"y;s
already6'er!asi!e (en"ralisa"ion0 ra"ionalisa"ion and (o%'e"i"ion0 "&e s"a"e and
(a'i"alis%7 On "&is readin0 "&ere is 9an onoin so(ial 'ro(ess in -&i(& s(ien"ifi(
8no-lede0 "e(&noloi(al in!en"ion0 and (or'ora"e 'rofi" reinfor(e ea(& o"&er in dee'ly
en"ren(&ed 'a""erns0 'a""erns "&a" bear "&e $n%is"a8able s"a%' of 'oli"i(al and
e(ono%i( 'o-er: +Binner 2.I/:3K,7
Te(&noloies no" only en(o$rae (en"ralisa"ion0 b$" "end "o fi# i" in"o 'la(e7 T&is (an
be seen in &o- %odern so(ie"y &as (o%e "o de'end %a"erially on "&e 'er!asi!e s"abili"y
of lare6s(ale infras"r$("$res0 -&ose di%ensions are fo$nd in 9sys"e%i(0 so(ie"y6-ide
3<2
(on"rol o!er "&e !ariabili"y in&eren" in "&e na"$ral en!iron%en": +Ed-ards 311@:2II,7
S$(& an en!iron%en" re*$ires a &i& le!el of 9"e(&noloi(al fl$en(y: in order "o f$n("ion
in all so(ial in"era("ions0 fro% "&e &abi"$al "o "&e s'e(ialised G effe("i!ely %a8in i" a
'rere*$isi"e "o %e%bers&i' in so(ie"y7 Infras"r$("$res0 for Pa$l Ed-ards0 9a(" li8e la-s:
T&ey (rea"e bo"& o''or"$ni"ies and li%i"sM "&ey 'ro%o"e so%e in"eres"s a" "&e e#'ense of
o"&ers7 To li!e -i"&in "&e %$l"i'le0 in"erlo(8in infras"r$("$res of %odern so(ie"ies is "o
8no- one;s 'la(e in ian"i( sys"e%s "&a" bo"& enable and (ons"rain $s: +2.2,7 B&ile
infras"r$("$re brea8do-ns are "rea"ed ei"&er as &$%an error or as "e(&noloi(al fail$re0
fe- 9*$es"ion o$r so(ie"y;s (ons"r$("ion aro$nd "&e% and o$r de'enden(e on
"&e%777infras"r$("$re in fa(" f$n("ions by sea%lessly bindin &ard-are and in"ernal
so(ial oranisa"ion "o -ider so(ial s"r$("$res: +2.1,7
Ano"&er i%'or"an" 'ers'e("i!e "o be added "o "&is so(ial (ri"i*$e of "e(&noloy is
deri!ed fro% a &is"ori(al analysis of "e(&noloi(al -a!es0 in fa(" an a((elera"in series of
-a!es "&a" (on"in$es "o "&e 'resen" day7 T&e "&eory of "&e -a!e6%o"ion of "&e lobal
e(ono%y led by "e(&noloi(al de!elo'%en" +Aondra"ieff 2.33, is a %a""er of (o%%on
($rren(y7 Con"e%'orary s(&olars (&ar" a &is"ory of (ons(io$sly6%an$fa("$red
"e(&noloi(al -a!es se'ara"ed by narro-in "i%e6la'ses0 beinnin -i"& Por"$$ese
and S'anis& na!ia"ion ad!an(es in "&e fif"een"& (en"$ry0 follo-ed by "&e -a!e led by
'rin"in in "&e se!en"een"&0 s"ea% and iron aro$nd 2I110 s"eel and ele("ri(i"y la"er "&a"
(en"$ry0 &ea!y ind$s"ry a" "&e beinnin of "&e "-en"ie"& (en"$ry0 "&e s$((essi!e -a!es
of a$"o%obile0 a"o%i( and se%i(ond$("or "e(&noloies "&ro$&o$" "&a" (en"$ry0 "&e
%os" re(en" bio"e(&noloi(al -a!e0 and "&e (o%in -a!e of nano6"e(&noloies +S'ar
31120 PereC 3113,7 Re!ie-in "&e i%'a("s of s$((essi!e -a!es0 Pa" Mooney (on(l$des:
3<3
His"ory s&o-s "&a"0 a" leas" ini"ially0 e!ery ne- "e(&noloi(al -a!e f$r"&er des"abiliCes "&e
're(ario$s li!es of "&e !$lnerable777T&ose -i"& -eal"& and 'o-er are $s$ally able "o see +and
%o$ld, "&e "e(&noloi(al -a!e a''roa(&in and 're'are "&e%sel!es "o ride i"s (res"7 T&ey &a!e
"&e e(ono%i( fle#ibili"y "o s$r!i!e0 as -ell as "&e 'ro"e("ion afforded by "&eir (lass7 4$" a 'eriod of
ins"abili"y +(rea"ed by "&e "e(&noloi(al -a!e, -as&es a-ay so%e 'ar"s of "&e 9old: e(ono%y
-&ile (rea"in o"&er e(ono%i( o''or"$ni"ies777Ea(& ar"ifi(ial "e(&noloy -a!e beins -i"& "&e
de'ression or erosion of "&e en!iron%en" and "&e %arinaliCed -&o are draed $nder7 As "&e
-a!e (res"s0 i" raises $' a ne- (or'ora"e eli"e +Mooney 311<:2F, 7
T&e obser!a"ion (o$ld also be e#"ended ba(8 "o ari($l"$re and "&e a*$ad$("7 A" any
ra"e0 =$s" as (a'i"al a(($%$la"ed i"self in "&e firs" ind$s"rial re!ol$"ion "&ro$& 'o'$lar
i%%isera"ion0 so do anar(&is"s &a!e e!ery reason "o e#'e(" (on"e%'orary -a!es of
"e(&noloy "o e#'and s"a"e (on"rol and (or'ora"e -eal"& by %assi!e dislo(a"ion0
des8illin0 and $ne%'loy%en"7 One does no" &a!e "o be an anar(&is" "o be a
"e(&noloi(al 'essi%is"0 b$" for (on"e%'orary anar(&is"s i" -o$ld see% "&a"
"e(&noloi(al o'"i%is% is defini"ely no" on "&e (ards7
B&ile "&e ar$%en" so far dra-s a""en"ion "o "&e e#is"in so(io6"e(&noloi(al
(o%'le# in"o -&i(& ne- "e(&noloies are inser"ed0 (ri"i(s ar$e "&a" %any "e(&noloies
&a!e an inherent 'oli"i(al na"$re0 -&ereby a i!en "e(&ni(al sys"e% by i"self (o%%ands
or ind$(es s'e(ifi( 'a""erns of &$%an rela"ions&i's7 Binner +2.I/:3.6@K, analyses
ar$%en"s of "&is "y'e in"o fo$r !ersions7 Co%binin "&e%0 -e (an say "&a" "&e (lai%
&ere is "&a" "&e ado'"ion of a i!en "e(&ni(al sys"e% a%t&ally re3&ires (or, is stron(ly
%ompatible *ith "&e (rea"ion and %ain"enan(e of a 'ar"i($lar se" of so(ial (ondi"ions0 in the
operatin( environment of that system +and5or, in so%iety at lar(e7 In so%e (ases "&is is
e%inen"ly (lear G "&e 'ossession of a n$(lear -ea'on de%ands "&e in"rod$("ion of a
(en"ralised0 riidly &ierar(&i(al (&ain of (o%%and "o re$la"e -&o %ay (o%e any-&ere
near i"0 $nder -&a" (ondi"ions and for -&a" '$r'oses7 I" -o$ld be insane "o do
3<@
o"&er-ise7 More %$ndanely0 "&e daily infras"r$("$res of o$r lare6s(ale e(ono%ies G
fro% railroads and oil refineries "o (as& (ro's and %i(ro(&i's G also in"rod$(e
re*$ire%en"s "o-ards (en"ralisa"ion in "&eir 'rod$("ion and %ain"enan(e7 On "&e o"&er
&and0 &o-e!er0 solar and -ind enery are ar$ed by en!iron%en"alis"s "o be &i&ly
(o%'a"ible -i"& a de(en"ralised so(ie"y "&a" enenders lo(al enery self6relian(e7 T&is is
be(a$se of "&eir a!ailabili"y for de'loy%en" a" a s%all s(ale0 and be(a$se "&eir
'rod$("ion and5or %ain"enan(e re*$ire only %odera"e s'e(ialisa"ion7 On "&e "&ird &and0
4P no- o'era"es -ind6far%s7 And des'i"e e#a%'les of -or8er self6%anae%en"0
Binner (on(l$des "&a" 9"&e a!ailable e!iden(e "ends "o s&o- "&a" %any lare0
so'&is"i(a"ed "e(&noloi(al sys"e%s are in fa(" &i&ly (o%'a"ible -i"& (en"raliCed0
&ierar(&i(al %anaerial (on"rol: +@/,7
B&e"&er "&is is a''li(able "o any 'ar"i($lar "e(&noloy is a %a""er "&a" Binner lea!es
o'en "o deba"e0 bo"& fa("$al and 'oli"i(al7 Ho-e!er0 &e ar$es "&a" "&e s"r$("$res of
Bes"ern so(ie"y (learly in(or'ora"e a se(ond0 9"e(&ni(al Cons"i"$"ion: G dee'ly6en"ren(&ed
as'e("s of so(ie"y "&a" o &and in &and -i"& "&e de!elo'%en" of %odern ind$s"rial and
'os"6ind$s"rial "e(&noloy0 9rei%es of ins"r$%en"ali"y: $nder -&i(& -e are oblied "o
li!e in ea(& area of "e(&ni(al5f$n("ional oranisa"ion7 T&ese rei%es (onsis" in a
de'enden(y on &i&ly (en"ralised oranisa"ionsM a "enden(y "o-ards "&e in(reased siCe of
oraniCed &$%an asso(ia"ions +9ian"is%:,M dis"in("i!e for%s of &ierar(&i(al a$"&ori"y
de!elo'ed by "&e ra"ional arrane%en" of so(io6"e(&ni(al sys"e%sM a 'roressi!e
eli%ina"ion of !arie"ies of &$%an a("i!i"y "&a" are a" odds -i"& "&is %odelM and "&e e#'li(i"
'o-er of so(io6"e(&ni(al oranisa"ions o!er "&e 9offi(ial: 'oli"i(al s'&ere +FK6FI, 7
Anarchist Concerns
3<F
B&ile "&e (ri"i*$e of "e(&noloy offered by non6anar(&is" -ri"ers already 'ro!ides
$sef$l %ar8ers for anar(&is"s on an as6is basis0 "&ere are so%e re%ainin iss$es "o be
s&ar'ened0 'ar"i($larly aro$nd "&e a$"&ors; (on(re"e 'ro'osals for (&ane and "&e
're!ailin 'oli"i(al ass$%'"ions $nderlyin "&e%7
?or Binner0 (&ane is 'ro'osed on "&e basis of a de%o(ra"i( aenda7 As &e ar$es
else-&ere0 ne- "e(&noloi(al for%s s&o$ld be de!elo'ed 9"&ro$& "&e dire("
'ar"i(i'a"ion of "&ose (on(erned -i"& "&eir e!eryday e%'loy%en" and effe("s: +Binner
3113:<1<,7 As eneral %a#i%s Binner 'ro'oses "&a": "e(&noloies be i!en a s(ale and
s"r$("$re of "&e sor" "&a" -o$ld be i%%edia"ely in"elliible "o non6e#'er"sM be b$il" -i"&
a &i&er deree of fle#ibili"y and %$"abili"yM and be =$ded a((ordin "o "&e deree of
de'enden(y "&ey "end "o fos"er0 "&ose (rea"in a rea"er de'enden(y bein &eld inferior
+ibid7,7 In"$i"i!ely0 i" -o$ld a''ear "&a" "&oro$&oin de(en"ralisa"ion is "&e %os" li8ely
s"ra"ey for deli!erin &$%an6s(ale "e(&noloies and de(ision6%a8in 'ro(esses abo$"
"&e%7 Ho-e!er0 "&is is so%e"&in "&a" Binner +2.I/:.<, &as already re=e("ed:
i!en "&e dee'ly en"ren(&ed 'a""erns of o$r so(ie"y0 any sinifi(an" a""e%'" "o de(en"raliCe
%a=or 'oli"i(al and "e(&noloi(al ins"i"$"ions -o$ld re*$ire "&a" -e (&ane %any of "&e r$les0
'$bli( roles0and ins"i"$"ional rela"ions&i's of o!ern%en"7 I" -o$ld %ean "&a" so(ie"y %o!e "o
in(rease "&e n$%ber0 a((essibili"y0 rela"i!e 'o-er0 !i"ali"y and di!ersi"y of lo(al (en"ers of
de(ision %a8in and '$bli( ad%inis"ra"ion7 T&is (o$ld only &a''en by o!er(o%in -&a" -o$ld
s$rely be 'o-erf$l resis"an(e "o any s$(& 'oli(y7 I" -o$ld re*$ire so%e"&in of a re!ol$"ion7
Si%ilarly0 "o de(en"raliCe "e(&noloy -o$ld %ean redesinin and re'la(in %$(& of o$r e#is"in
&ard-are and refor%in "&e -ays o$" "e(&noloies are %anaed777Nin bo"& areasO0 any sinifi(an"
%o!e "o de(en"raliCe -o$ld a%o$n" "o re"ro6fi""in o$r -&ole so(ie"y0 sin(e (en"raliCed
ins"i"$"ions &a!e be(o%e "&e nor%7
Ins"ead0 Binner s$es"s i%'le%en"in &is 'rora% "&ro$& 9a 'ro(ess of
"e(&noloi(al (&ane dis(i'lined by "&e 'oli"i(al -isdo% of de%o(ra(y777(i"iCens or "&eir
3</
re'resen"a"i!es -o$ld e#a%ine "&e so(ial (on"ra(" i%'lied by b$ildin Nany ne-
"e(&noloi(alO sys"e%777Nin ne-O ins"i"$"ions in -&i(& "&e (lai%s of "e(&ni(al e#'er"ise
and "&ose of a de%o(ra"i( (i"iCenry -o$ld re$larly %ee" fa(e "o fa(e:G 'res$%ably on
e*$al foo"in7 B&a" all "&is a%o$n"s "o is 'la(in 9%oral li%i"s on "e(&noloi(al
(i!iliCa"ion: by (ons"r$("in a differen" "e(&noloi(al (ons"i"$"ion0 9a ne- rei%e of
ins"r$%en"ali"y: "&a" -ill define so(io6"e(&noloi(al rela"ions +//6K and 2//,7 4y "&is
Binner (anno" b$" %ean a (on"ra("arian resol$"ion %ain"ainin o!er "&e en"ire so(ial
body G in o"&er -ords0 o!ern%en"7 T&is is (learly $na((e'"able0 !al$able as "&e
're(edin (ri"i*$e %ay be7 Anar(&is"s are bo$nd "o re=e(" s$es"ions for a $ni"ary0
so(ie"y6-ide 'oli(y on anythin( ? no" only "e(&noloies G sin(e s$(& s$es"ions
$l"i%a"ely res" on "&e ass$%'"ion "&a" 'oli(y is "o be a$"&ori"a"i!ely i%'le%en"ed7
On a %ore i%%edia"e le!el0 anar(&is"s -o$ld be e#"re%ely do$b"f$l abo$" any
'ros'e(" of so(ial refor% "&ro$& dialo$e be"-een (i"iCens and o!ern%en"s0 abo$" "&e
e#"en" of "&e (on(essions "&a" (an be e#'e("ed fro% "&e s"a"es and (or'ora"ions "&a"
define 'resen" so(io6"e(&ni(al de!elo'%en"0 and abo$" -&e"&er any aenda 'ro%o"ed
"&ro$& lobbyin or ele("ions (an res$l" in any"&in b$" i"s absor'"ion in"o a larely6
$n(&aned "ra=e("ory of "&e sys"e%;s %o%en"$%7 In addi"ion0 "oday "&ere is *$i"e
ar$ably a eneral "rend a*ay fro% de%o(ra(y aro$nd "&e -orld0 %os" %ar8edly in
ad!an(ed (a'i"alis" so(ie"ies0 %a8in "&e 'ros'e("s for i"s in"rod$("ion in"o a -&olly ne-
s'&ere see% $nli8ely7
4$" "&e disaree%en" r$ns dee'er7 Binner;s re=e("ion of de(en"ralis" 'ers'e("i!es is
no" only d$e "o i%%edia"e 'oli"i(al diffi($l"ies7 Ul"i%a"ely0 &e falls in"o only a sli&"ly
%odified !ersion of "&e $n*$es"ionin a((e'"an(e of 'roress and ind$s"rial %oderni"y
3<<
-&i(& &e a""a(8s earlier7 Today0 &e says0 $nli8e $nder "&e i%%a"$re ind$s"rialis% "&a"
(onfron"ed fi$res li8e Aro'o"8in or G7 D7 H7 Cole0 i" is i%'ossible "o 9i%aine an en"ire
%odern so(ial order based $'on s%all6s(ale0 dire("ly de%o(ra"i(0 -idely dis'ersed
(en"res of a$"&ori"y:0 $n"&in8able "&a" 9de(en"ralis" al"erna"i!es %i&" be feasible
al"erna"i!es on a broad s(ale: +.<, and0 as a res$l"0 ne(essary "o re=e(" de(en"ralisa"ion7 I
-o$ld s$es" "&a"0 for anar(&is"s0 "&e sinifi(an" 'oin" abo$" "&is (lai% is "&a" "&ey
-o$ld be %o!ed "o aree -i"& i"4 T&e (&oi(e is indeed one be"-een de(en"ralisa"ion and
lare6s(ale ind$s"rial %oderni"y G and anar(&is"s are oin "o &a!e "o finally bi"e "&e
b$lle" and ad%i" "&a" "&ey -o$ld o for "&e for%er7 Indeed de(en"ralisa"ion (anno"
s$s"ain %odern ind$s"rial so(ie"y as -e 8no- i"7 As a res$l"0 anar(&is"s %$s" ad%i" "&a"
"&eir 'oli"i(al aendas i%'ly a re"ro6fi""in 'ro(ess of de(en"ralisa"ion "&a" (arries -i"& i"
*$i"e a sinifi(an" roll6ba(8 in"o lo-6"e(& li!in7
Considera"ions of 'ra("i(ali"y are &ardly "&e r$b &ere G "&ere is no reason "o "&in8
"&a" "e(&noloi(al de(en"ralisa"ion is any less 'ra("i(al "&an "&e res" of "&e s-ee'in
so(ial (&anes anar(&is"s 'ro'oseM "&ey are0 af"er all0 're(isely in"eres"ed in 9so%e"&in
of a re!ol$"ion:7 And sin(e "&ey -an" (onsis"en"ly "o %ain"ain "&e de(en"ralised0
!ol$n"aris" %odel for "&e 'ro(ess of re!ol$"ionary (&ane i"self0 "&ey %$s" aree "&a"
-&a"e!er one;s s'e($la"ions abo$" "&e (ir($%s"an(es of anar(&is" so(ial "ransfor%a"ion0
i" -ill ine!i"ably in(l$de a rea" deree of di!ersi"y0 -i"& (o%%$ni"ies %a8in "&eir o-n
(&oi(es abo$" "&eir desired le!el of "e(&noloy G in(l$din0 lei"i%a"ely0 lo- ones7
Ano"&er an"i6(a'i"alis" (ri"i( of "e(&noloy0 Andre- ?eenber0 "a8es a (learly Mar#is"
'osi"ion by loo8in "o s"r$les o!er "e(&noloy;s desin and i%'le%en"a"ion for
(o$n"er6&ee%oni( sinifi(an(e7 In &is fra%e-or80 "e(&noloies are 9a%bi!alen": sin(e
3<K
"&e &ee%oni( order needs "o a("i!ely 9bind a''li(a"ions "o &ee%oni( '$r'oses sin(e
s(ien(e and "e(&ni*$e (an be in"era"ed in"o se!eral differen" &ee%oni( orders7 T&a" is
also -&y ne- "e(&noloy (an "&rea"en "&e &ee%ony of "&e r$lin ro$'s $n"il i" &as
been s"ra"ei(ally en(oded777%odern "e(&noloy o'ens a s'a(e -i"&in -&i(& a("ion (an
be f$n("ionaliCed in ei"&er one of "-o so(ial sys"e%s0 (a'i"alis% or so(ialis%0 i" is an
a%bi!alen" or P%$"able; sys"e% "&a" (an be oraniCed aro$nd a" leas" "-o &ee%onies0
"-o 'oles of 'o-er be"-een -&i(& i" (an P"il";: +?eenber 3113:K.0 (f7 ?eenber 2...,7
?eenber;s so(ialis% -ill 'ro%o"e 9a""rib$"es of "e(&noloy (o%'a"ible -i"& a -ider
dis"rib$"ion of ($l"$ral *$alifi(a"ion and 'o-ers: in(l$din 9"&e !o(a"ional in!es"%en"
of "e(&ni(al s$b=e("s Nsi%6O in "&eir -or80 (olleial for%s of self6oraniCa"ion0 and "&e
"e(&ni(al in"era"ion of a -ide rane of life6en&an(in !al$es0 beyond "&e '$rs$i" of
'o-er and 'rofi": +3113:@/,7 S$r!eyin 9resis"an(es of a ne- "y'e i%%anen" "o "&e one6
di%ensional "e(&ni(al sys"e%:0 ?eenber (alls for "&e 9de%o(ra"i( ra"ionalisa"ion: of
"e(&noloy0 'ro!idin 9ne- for%s of (on"rol fro% belo-9 "&a" -o$ld 'ri!ilee "&e
in"eres"s and !al$es of -or8ers and (o%%$ni"ies ($rren"ly e#(l$ded fro% "e(&ni(al
de(ision6%a8in7 T&$s "&e "ransi"ion "o so(ialis% is 9(on(ei!ed as an e#"ended 'eriod of
demo%rati% str&((le over te%hnolo(y and administration -i"& "&e ai% of brinin "&e s"ra"a
lo(a"ed in "&e 'os" of (a'i"al $nder so(ial (on"rol777So(ialis% -o$ld rad$ally red$(e "&e
o'era"ional a$"ono%y of %anaerial and e#'er" 'ersonnel and re(ons"r$(" "&e di!ided
and des8illed labor 'ro(ess "&ey (o%%and7 T&is re(ons"r$("ion -o$ld be "&e essen"ial
(on"en" of "&e "ransi"ion0 no" a dis"an" $"o'ia: +<2,7
Here aain0 be(a$se of "&e (en"ral 'la(e of !ol$n"aris% and di!ersi"y in anar(&is"s;
'i("$re of "&e 'ro(ess of so(ial "ransfor%a"ion0 "&ey -ill be resis"an" "o any (o$n"er6
3<I
&ee%oni( aenda7 I lea!e aside &ere "&e "anled e!ol$"ion of "&e (on(e'" of &ee%ony0
fro% i"s oriins -i"& An"onio Gra%s(i;s defini"ion "&ereof as 9"&e so(ial basis of "&e
'role"arian di("a"ors&i' and Bor8er;s S"a"e: +Gra%s(i 2.3<:2I1, "o i"s re(en" $se "o
lei"i%a"e "&e realisa"ion and s$''ression of so(ialis% $nder "&e banner of liberal
de%o(ra(y +La(la$ and Mo$ffe 2.I<0 Mo$ffe 2..3,7 4eyond "&ese 'ar"i($lars0 "&e 'oin" is
"&a" anar(&is"s are no" in"eres"ed in ar"i($la"in a (o$n"er6&ee%oni( 'ers'e("i!e b$" an
anti6&ee%oni( one7 As indi(a"ed by "&e dis($ssion of anar(&is%;s o'en6ended
di%ension in (&a'"er @0 -&a" is a" iss$e is a bif$r(a"ion of "&e 'resen"6day %ono($l"$re
of so(ial rela"ions in fa!o$r of a se%en"ary0 'oly(en"ri( and li"erally $n(on"rolled
de!elo'%en" of lo(al reali"ies7
?inally0 and 'er&a's %os" f$nda%en"ally0 -e s&o$ld address "&e dis(re'an(y of
'oli"i(al e'is"e%oloies G "&e ine!i"ably differen" (oordina"es alon -&i(& "&e 'oli"i(al
-orld is (ons"r$("ed G a%on "&e re!ie-ed (ri"i*$es and an anar(&is" o$"loo87 Al"&o$&
"&ey offer s$bs"an"ial (ri"i*$es of 'o-er0 so%e"&in f$r"&er needs "o be said "o e#'ress
"&e (ons"i"$"i!e and e%bedded role "&a" anar(&is"s a""rib$"e "o do%ina"ion and &ierar(&y
in 'resen" so(ial s"r$("$res G no" only in "er%s of %a(ro6le!el so(ial ins"i"$"ions b$" also
in "&ose of "&e %i(ro6'oli"i(s of e!eryday life7
In an e#'li(i"ly anar(&is" a((o$n" (o%in fro% "&e Ha(8Lab %ilie$0 _abier
4arandiaran s$es"s a (ore dis"in("ion be"-een te%hni3&e as 9"&e 'ar"i($lar a''li(a"ion
of a 'ie(e of 8no-lede "o a 'rede"er%ined 'roble%:0 and te%hnolo(y as 9"&e re($rsi!e
a''li(a"ion of a series of "e(&ni*$es and %e(&anis%s "o a s'a(e of reali"y: +4arandiaran
311@0 %y "ransla"ion,7 As o''osed "o "e(&ni*$e +-&i(& in(l$des "ool $se,0 "e(&noloy
9enera"es0 deli%i"s and s"r$("$re a real s'a(e +ele("roni(0 s(ien"ifi(0 so(ial777, sin(e i" is a
3<.
re($rsi!e a''li(a"ion in -&i(& "&e res$l" of "&e a''li(a"ion re"$rns "o be +re,$"iliCed on
"&e sa%e s'a(eM -&i(& in "$rn is s$b%i""ed "o "&ose "e(&ni*$es and %e(&anis%s0 e"(:7
4arandiaran differen"ia"es fo$r si%$l"aneo$s %o!e%en"s of "e(&no6so(ial
s"r$("$ra"ion7 T&ese are no" "o be $nders"ood as a linear 'roressionM ra"&er0
"e(&noloi(al s"r$("$ra"ion is a 9%e"a%a(&ine: -&erein "&e o$"'$" (onne("s -i"& "&e
in'$" in a s'iral or re"roa("i!e 'ro(ess7 All %o%en"s in"errela"ed and '$" "oe"&er
(ons"i"$"e a "e(&noloi(al sys"e%:
27 A $o# i& g#n#rat#: T&is is "&e s(ien"ifi( %o%en" and rela"es "o 8no-lede and "o "&e
(rea"ion of $nders"andin and dis(o$rse7 T&e enera"ion of a (ode in!ol!es dii"iCa"ion
+se'ara"ion of (on"i%$$%s in"o dis(ree" $ni"s G %any of "&e% binary and nor%a"i!e G
ood5ad0 (orre("5in(orre(" e"(7,0 "&e sele("ion of ele%en"s or (o%'onen"s0 "a#ono%ies
+(lassifi(a"ions, of "&ose ele%en"s0 (rea"ion of (on=oined 'ro(ed$res for (on"rol0 analysis and
%ani'$la"ion +dianosis0 %eas$res0 e"(7, and "&e abs"ra("ion of a series of rela"ions and r$les
of (al($l$s a%on "&e sins "&a" define "&e (ode +%a"&e%a"i(al e*$a"ions0 s"r$("$ral (a$sals0
enera"i!e r$les0 ins"r$("ions for %ani'$la"ion e"(7,7 T&e (ode orders and o'era"ionalises
+'er%i"s an oranised o'era"ion of, a do%ain of "&e real +so(ial or %a"erial, for "&e
(ons"r$("ion of %a(&ines in "&a" do%ain7
37 Ma$,in#& (a&# on t,# $o# ar# (+i)t7 On(e (rea"ed0 "&e (ode +or 'ie(e of 8no-lede,
'er%i"s "&e desin of %a(&ines "&a" 'rod$(e order0 (on"rol0 ob=e("s0 or di!erse (&anes G
so(ial0 bioloi(al0 '&ysi(al e"(7 T&e (odes are also $"iliCed for ob=e("ifyin or "o (odifyin
di!erse '&eno%ena +oranis%s0 %a"erial0 %inds0 (olle("i!es0 %ar8e"s0 e!en"s0 e"(7, in "&e for%
of %a(&ines and s$b%i""in "&e% "o %ani'$la"ion0 (on"rol and order7 A %a(&ine is "&e
abs"ra("ion in a (ode of "&e "ransfor%a"ions "&a" a $ser e#er(ises on an o'erand +for(es on "&e
%o!e%en" of a -&eel0 (as"ia"ion or soo"&in on "&e (ond$(" of an indi!id$al0 or a fil"ra"ion
sys"e% on "&e flo- of infor%a"ion on "&e -eb,7
@7 T,# -a$,in#& ar# r#a)i&#6i-')#-#nt#: T&ese %a(&ines are realised or i%'le%en"ed in
ar"efa("s0 ins"i"$"ions0 de!i(es0 sy%bols0 'rod$("s0 fa("ories0 e"(7 B&en "&e sys"e% or
'&eno%enon is an"erior "o "&e %a(&ine +"o i"s des(ri'"ion in a (odified do%ain,0 "&e %a(&ine
is $"iliCed "o 're6de(ide i"s o'era"ion0 (on"rol i" or %ani'$la"e i"7 In "&is -ay '&eno%ena
(o%e "o be %a(&ines already -&en -e bein "o in"era(" -i"& "&e% on "&e basis of "&eir
(o%'ression in"o %a(&ines7
F7 T,# -a$,in#& ar# in&#rt# into a t#$,no)ogi$a) $o-')#7: Re(en"ly (rea"ed %a(&ines are
inser"ed in"o a (o%'le# (on"e#" of o"&er %a(&ines and so(ial 'ro(esses: in "&e (on=$n("ion of
so(ial ins"i"$"ions0 in "&e %ar8e"0 in *$o"idian life0 e"(777"ransfor%in "&a" en!iron%en" b$" a"
"&e sa%e "i%e bein "ransfor%ed and re6$"ilised for "&a" (o%'le# e(osys"e% of %a(&ines and
(odes0 of de!i(es and 'ra("i(es0 "&a" are te%hnolo(i%al systems7 In %any (ases "&e final
"e(&noloi(al (o%'le# reinfor(es "&e 8no-ledes and "&e (odes on -&i(& i" is s$''or"ed0
3K1
sin(e i" 'er%i"s a %ore effe("i!e %ani'$la"ion of "&a" do%ain +red$(in i"0 as %any "i%es as i"
is 'ossible "o (on"rol0 -i"& "&a" (ode,7 So%e %a(&ines &a!e been o'era"in in reali"y for so
lon "&a" "&a" &a!e 'rod$(ed orders and s"r$("$res "&a" -e (onsider nor%al and nor%alised0
o"&ers irr$'" !iolen"ly in "&ose (on"e#"s 'rod$(in ref$sal or ill$sions aro$nd "&e (&anes
"&ey brin abo$"7 In any (ase -e li!e s$rro$nded by %a(&ines0 -i"& %$l"i'le "e(&noloi(al
sys"e%s in o$r -ay "&a" define and deli%i" -&a" -e are and -&a" -e (an do +-&i(& is no" "o
say "&a" "&ey determine o$r 'ossibili"ies,7
4arandiaran s$es"s $nders"andin '&eno%ena s$(& as bio"e(&noloy as
"e(&noloi(al 'ro(esses -&i(& 9es"ablis& or dis(o!er a (ode +"&e ene"i( one, and a series
of %ani'$la"ion6 and (on"rol 'ro(ed$res "o b$ild %a(&ines for "&e 'rod$("ion of
ene"i(ally %odified food0 for (on"rol of ene"i( illnesses0 ene"i( ban8s0 e"(7 Ma(&ines
"&a" ada'" and so(ialiCe "&e%sel!es "&ro$& "&e in"erfa(es of "&e %ar8e" and o"&er leal
%a(&ineries +s$(& as bio"e(& 'a"en"s, s$s"ain and ass$re a rela"ion of for(es in "&a"
"e(&noloi(al do%inion: +4arandiaran 311@,7 T&ro$& "&is s(&e%a 4arandiaran offers an
anar(&is" (ri"i*$e of 'o-er6rela"ions in so(ie"y0 -&i(& 9"e(&noloises: a re(onisably
'os"6s"r$("$ralis" fra%e-or87 Do%ain +dominio# is in&eren" no" only in "e(&noloi(al
desin and i%'le%en"a"ion b$" in "&e a("i!i"y of (odifyin "&a" s$s"ains "&e en"ire
re($rsi!e 'ro(ess7 T&e (on=$n("ion be"-een 'o-er and 8no-lede re(alls ?o$(a$l"0 in
-&ose dire("ed s"$dies of so(ial 'ro(esses 4arandiaran reads an e#'ression of &o-
9di!erse for%s of 8no-lede +'sy(&ia"ry0 "ea(&in0 (ri%inoloy, de!elo' a series of
(odes -i"& -&i(& "o (lassify and ob=e("ify &$%an beins and "&eir (ond$(" +%ad5sane0
s$((essf$l5failin0 (ri%inal5non6(ri%inal,:7 On "&e basis of "&ese (odes are de!elo'ed
9de!i(es or dis(i'linary P%a(&ines; of (a$"ion0 nor%alisin san("ion and s(r$"iny
+s$r!eillan(e as -ell as %edi(al0 'edaoi(al0 and leal e#a%ina"ions, and ins"i"$"ions
"&a" a''ly "&e% +"&e 'sy(&ia"ri( &os'i"al0 "&e s(&ool0 "&e 'rison,:7 A "e(&noloi(al
3K2
dis(i'linary rei%e is "&$s (ons"i"$"ed0 enera"in 'o-er rela"ions "&a" s"r$("$re "&e
'er%i""ed and $n6'er%i""ed and 'rod$(e for%s of s$b=e("i!i"y and indi!id$ali"y7
So %$(& for "&e s$bs"an(e of "&e (ri"i*$e7 As a so$ndboard and de%ons"ra"ion of i"s
sinifi(an(e0 I -o$ld li8e briefly "o "$rn "o -&a" is e#'e("ed "o be "&e lares"
"e(&noloi(al -a!e in &is"ory G one dri!en by %$l"i6"e(&noloi(al (on!eren(e on "&e
a"o%i( s(ale7
The Case of anotechnology
T&e "er% nano"e(&noloy +or 9nano"e(&:, refers "o a "e(&noloi(al 'la"for%
in!ol!in "&e %ani'$la"ion of %a""er a" "&e a"o%i( and %ole($lar s(ale +2 billion
nano%e"res e 2 %e"re, G li"erally %o!in a"o%s aro$nd and (rea"in ne- %ole($les +all
fa("$al infor%a"ion in "&is se("ion is based on 4&$s&an 311F and ETC Gro$' 311@,7 On
"&e nano6s(ale0 %a""er (&anes i"s 'ro'er"ies +(olo$r0 s"ren"&0 rea("i!i"y0 (ond$("i!i"y,
as "&e r$les of *$an"$% %e(&ani(s (o%e in"o effe("7 A" 'resen"0 %os" (o%%er(ial
nano"e(& in!ol!es nano6'ar"i(les G no!el %a"erials $sed in a !arie"y of 'rod$("s: 'ain"s0
(os%e"i(s0 "yres0 (lo"&in0 lass and (o%'$"ers a%on o"&ers7 Ti"ani$% dio#ide +TO
3
,0
-idely $sed in s$nblo(8 be(a$se of i"s abili"y "o s(a""er U> li&"0 is -&i"e a" "&e
(on!en"ional s(ale7 Ar"ifi(ial0 31n% -ide 'ar"i(les of TO
3
re"ain "&eir s(a""erin
'ro'er"ies b$" are "rans'aren"0 'ro!idin "&e basis for see6"&ro$& s$nblo(87 Ano"&er
'ar"i(le a" "&e (en"re of (o%%er(ial &y'e is a ne- (arbon %ole($le (alled "&e (arbon
nano6"$be0 a (ylindri(al %es& of (arbon a"o%s +ill$s"ra"ed ne#" 'ae G (f7 S%alley e"7al
311F,7 Meas$rin only a fe- nano%e"ers a(ross0 nano6"$bes are ro$&ly one &$ndred
"i%es s"roner "&an s"eel and one si#"& "&e -ei&"0 -i"& be""er (ond$("i!i"y "&an (o''er
3K3
and a &$e n$%ber of (o%%er(ial a''li(a"ions +fro%
"yre fibres "&ro$& ele("ri( (ond$("ors and on "o
re(e'"a(les for "are"ed deli!ery of '&ar%a(e$"i(als
in"o "&e body,7
4e(a$se ne- nano'ar"i(les; siCe (rea"es '&ysi(al
'ro'er"ies "o -&i(& "&e na"$ral -orld is no" ada'"ed0 "&ey &a!e $ne#'lored "o#i(i"ies
and en!iron%en"al effe("s7 Mos" nano6'ar"i(les are s%all eno$& "o 'ass "&ro$& "&e
blood6brain barrier0 le" alone "&e s8in7 Iss$es li8e "o#i(i"y0 &o-e!er0 enera"e (on(erns
"&a" ind$s"ry easily (odes as 9ris8:0 and of"en s$((essf$lly 'la(a"es -i"& re$la"ion G on
-&i(& i" &as s"ron infl$en(e7 A" any ra"e0 as of s$%%er 311/ "&ere is e#a("ly Cero
re$la"ion of nano6'rod$("s7 T&e (ri"i*$e of "e(&noloy e#'lored abo!e0 &o-e!er0
enables $s "o o beyond ris8 and e#a%ine "&e 'oli"i(al (onse*$en(es of s$(&
"e(&noloi(al ad!an(e7 One is "&e disr$'"ion of -ea8er e(ono%ies0 as %a=or so$r(es of
e#'or" in(o%e for 9de!elo'in: (o$n"ries0 fro% iron and (o''er "o r$bber and (o""on0
be(o%e re'la(ed by "&ins li8e nano6"$bes and nano6fibres7 ?or e#a%'le0 "&e $se of
(arbon nano6"$bes in "&e ele("roni(s ind$s"ry loo8s se" "o render (o''er obsole"e7 T&e
%os" &ars& i%'a("s of "&ese (&anes -ill be fel" no" by lare (or'ora"ions dealin in
(o''er +-&o (an di!ersify, b$" by lo(al (o%%$ni"ies -&o de'end on (o''er %inin7
T&is is no" "o say "&a" (o''er %ines are s$s"ainable or ni(e 'la(es "o -or8 G b$" "&eir
abandon%en" o$&" "o be "&e res$l" of so(ial (&oi(e7
4eyond s'e(ifi( a''li(a"ions0 a no!el se" of (on(erns is in"rod$(ed by "&e 'ros'e(" of
"e(&noloi(al (on!eren(e G "&e idea "&a" nano"e(& -ill enable "&e e!en"$al %erer of
%a"erials "e(&noloy0 bio"e(&noloy0 infor%a"ion "e(&noloy and (oni"i!e
3K@
ne$ros(ien(e7 B&ere ene"i( enineerin brea8s "&ro$& "&e s'e(ies barrier +e77 s'li(in
a fis& or a rabbi" -i"& a =ellyfis& ene "o %a8e "&e% lo- fl$ores(en" reen,0 nano"e(&
brea8s "&e "&ro$& life5non6life barrier +e77 a fif"& DNA 9le""er: "&a" &as been
enineered a" "&e S(ri''s Ins"i"$"e in California G (f7 4ardi 311/,7 Nano6enabled
(on!eren(e a""ra("s %assi!e in"eres" and in!es"%en" fro% all %a=or (or'ora"ions0
in(l$din al%os" all ?or"$ne/11 (o%'anies7 T&is is no" s$r'risin sin(e (on!erin
"e(&noloies &a!e a &$e 'o"en"ial for en&an(in (or'ora"e (on(en"ra"ion7 L$s" as "&e
bio"e(&noloy re!ol$"ion res$l"ed in "&e (on!eren(e of (&e%i(al0 '&ar%a(e$"i(al0 seed
and %a"erials in"eres"s in"o 9life s(ien(es: (o%'anies s$(& as 4ayer and 4AS?0
nano"e(&noloy is li8ely "o res$l" in e!en %ore e#"ensi!e (ross6se("or %ono'olies G a
ne- e(ono%i( '&eno%enon -&i(& "&e la- is a" 'resen" $ne*$i''ed "o deal -i"&7 ?or
e#a%'le0 I4M and NEC are ($rren"ly (o%'e"in o!er -&o &as "&e 8ey 'a"en"s "o (arbon
nano6"$bes7 B&i(&e!er (o%'any -ins o$" -ill no loner be only a (o%'$"er (o%'any
b$" also one in!ol!ed in %a"erials0 '&ar%a(e$"i(als e"(7 Te(&noloi(al (on!eren(e on
"&e nano6s(ale is "&$s an ob!io$s 'o-er6%$l"i'lier for (or'ora"ions7
Alonside (or'ora"ions0 one of "&e lares" sinle f$nders of nano"e(& resear(& is "&e
US de'ar"%en" of defen(e0 -&i(& is a("i!ely '$rs$in nano"e(&noloy as a 'la"for% for
%ili"ary and s$r!eillan(e "e(&noloies +"&ere is a Cen"re for Soldier Nano"e(&noloy a"
MIT,7 ?or e#a%'le0 "&e US o!ern%en";s Defense Ad!an(ed Resear(& Pro=e("s Aen(y
+DARPA, &as se" $' "&e DARPA5MEMS 'rora% "o 9de!elo' "&e "e(&noloy "o %ere
sensin0 a("$a"in0 and (o%'$"in in order "o realiCe ne- sys"e%s "&a" brin en&an(ed
le!els of 'er(e'"ion0 (on"rol0 and 'erfor%an(e "o -ea'ons sys"e%s and ba""lefield
en!iron%en"s: +DARPA 311/,7 One of "&ese is 8no-n as 9S%ar" D$s": G "iny sensors
3KF
-&i(& -o$ld 'i(8 $' a !arie"y of infor%a"ion fro% en!iron%en"al (ondi"ions s$(& as
%o!e%en" and li&" "o 'ersons; DNA sina"$re7 En"irely self6s$s"ainin on solar enery0
"&ese sensors -o$ld be able "o "$rn "&e%sel!es on0 re(onise o"&er sensors in "&e
!i(ini"y0 and (rea"e a -ireless ne"-or8 a%on "&e%sel!es7 T&is -o$ld enable "o s'read a
ne" of sensors on a ba""lefield0 or an $rban en!iron%en"0 and "&en send (o%'re&ensi!e
infor%a"ion ba(8 "o a (en"ral (o%%and -i"& eno$&
(o%'$"in 'o-er "o (r$n(& "&e da"a7 T&e "are" siCe for
S%ar" D$s" 9%o"es: is 2%% ($be0 in(reasinly
a''ro#i%a"ed by e#is"in de!elo'%en"s +ill$s"ra"ed lef"
on a 2f (oin G (f7 Barne8e 311F,0 and i" is a safe be" "&a"
f$r"&er red$("ion and (o%'re&ensi!e sensin (a'abili"ies are only a %a""er of "i%e7
Here0 a 'oin" needs "o be %ade abo$" "&e 're!io$sly6$n"&in8able le!els of so(ial
(on"rol "&a" (on!erin "e(&noloies enable7 Nano"e(&6enabled de!i(es li8e S%ar" D$s"
raise "&e serio$s 'ossibili"y of a f$ll6blo-n Pano'"i(on so(ie"y +4en"&a% 2../52KIK0
?o$(a$l" 2.KK:2./, G "&e s"a"e bein able "o li"erally 8no- -&o is doin -&a"0 -&ere0 all
"&e "i%e7 4$" a bi" of f$r"&er s'e($la"ion raises an e!en %ore dis"$rbin 'ossibili"y7
Earlier -e loo8ed a" &o- %odern infras"r$("$res fi# (en"ralisa"ion in"o 'la(e7 No- -e
(an "a8e a f$r"&er s"e' and obser!e &o- "&e "e(&noloies -e are no- dis($ssin are able
"o a("$ally "ransfor% 9s$'ers"r$("$re: in"o 9base: by "e(&noloi(ally en(odin 'ro'er"y
and (ri%inal la- in"o %a"erial reali"y7 Already0 9Ter%ina"or: seeds are ene"i(ally
enineered "o 're!en" re6er%ina"ion fro% "&eir (ro'0 renderin seed6sa!in no" only
illeal b$" '&ysi(ally i%'ossible7 T&$s Monsan"o;s 'a"en" is no loner a leal (&i%era
relyin on "&e ba(8in of s"a"e (oer(ion0 b$" a self6(on"ained leal5(oer(i!e (o%'le#
3K/
en(oded in"o "&e seed i"self7 Nano"e(&noloy (an 'ro!ide e!en %ore so'&is"i(a"ed
%e(&anis%s s$(& as %onditional "er%ina"ion0 e77 seeds (on"ainin a "o#i( layer
en(a's$la"ed in a 9s%ar": %e%brane0 "&a" -ill release "&e% in res'onse "o a s'e(ifi(
re%o"ely6broad(as" %i(ro-a!e sinal +(f7 C&oi e"7al7 3113,7 In a si%ilar -ay0 'er!asi!e
s$r!eillan(e (o%bined -i"& nano6%a"erials and lo-6le!el ar"ifi(ial in"ellien(e %ay -ell
(rea"e 9s%ar": en!iron%en"s in -&i(& brea8in "&e la- is li"erally i%'ossible G -&ere
%a"erials and ob=e("s are 'rora%%ed "o be&a!e in a (er"ain -ay if an offen(e is
de"e("ed7 S$(& s'e($la"ions need "o be "rea"ed -i"& (are7 I" (an be 'oin"ed o$"0 for
e#a%'le0 "&a" e!en if s$(& "e(&noloies "r$ly enabled "o e#"end "&e dis(i'linary loi( of
"&e 'rison "o so(ie"y as a -&ole0 doin so -o$ld no" ne(essarily be in "&e in"eres" of "&e
s"a"e7 ?$ll (los$re of s$b=e("s; a$"ono%y -o$ld be self6defea"in0 sin(e "&eir sani"y and0
as a res$l"0 "&eir 'rod$("i!i"y0 de'end on "&e e#is"en(e of 9s'a(es of "ransression: +(f7
4a"aille 2.I<, -&erein "&ey 8no- "&ey (an e" a-ay -i"& 'e""y illeali"ies +e77 (y(lin
"&ro$& a red li&"0 s&o'lif"in0 "res'assin,7 T&e s"a"e0 "&en0 (o$ld be e#'e("ed "o re"ain
s$(& s'a(es0 b$" de'loy "e(&noloies of so(ial (on"rol "&a" -o$ld enable i" "o
(o%'re&ensi!ely sele(" and ad%inis"er "&e%7 T&is -o$ld fi$ra"i!ely a""a(& a "&ro""le "o
so(ial (on"rol0 "o be -ren(&ed $' or do-n as desired7
Actualising the Criti/ue
4eyond "&e de!elo'%en"0 in"era"ion and a''li(a"ion of (ri"i*$e0 "&eore"i(al
refle("ion on an anar(&is" 'oli"i(s of "e(&noloy %$s" needs in!ol!e a dire(" refle("ion on
a("i!is"s; (on(erns7 Gi!en -&a" is a" s"a8e abo$" "e(&noloy fro% an anar(&is"
3K<
'ers'e("i!e0 and i!en "&e "y'es of 'oli"i(al enae%en" "&a" anar(&is"s -o$ld be dra-n
"o0 -&a" 8ind of 'ra("i(al =$de%en"s -o$ld anar(&is"s be li8ely "o %a8e abo$"
"e(&noloiesH And -&a" 8ind of s"ra"eies -o$ld follo- on fro% "&ese =$de%en"sH In
"&e final se("ion0 I -o$ld li8e "o s$es" "&ree s"rands "&a" (o$ld be in"era"ed in"o an
e#'eri%en"al anar(&is" 'oli"i(s of "e(&noloy7 B&ile all "&ree are already 'resen" "o so%e
deree in anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 %y oal &ere is "o ro$nd "&e% in "&e (ri"i*$e of
"e(&noloy 'resen"ed abo!e0 and "o e#a%ine "&e 'ossibili"ies and li%i"a"ions of ea(&7
Anar(&is"s -&o e#'ress (ri"i(al 'osi"ions on "e(&noloy of"en find "&e%sel!es on "&e
defensi!e aains" "&e (ari(a"$re of -an"in "o o 9ba(8 "o "&e (a!es:0 res$l"in in
s"a"e%en"s s$(& as "&is:
Be are no" 'osin "&e S"one Ae a %odel for o$r U"o'ia0 nor are -e s$es"in a re"$rn "o
a"&erin and &$n"in as a %eans for o$r li!eli&ood777Red$(ed "o i"s %os" basi( ele%en"s0
dis($ssion abo$" "&e f$"$re sensibly s&o$ld be 'redi(a"ed on -&a" -e desire so(ially and fro%
"&a" de"er%ine -&a" "e(&noloy is 'ossible7 All of $s desire (en"ral &ea"in0 fl$s& "oile"s0 and
ele("ri( li&"in0 b$" no" a" "&e e#'ense of o$r &$%ani"y7 Maybe "&ey are 'ossible "oe"&er0 b$"
%aybe no"7 +Fifth 7state 2.I<:21,
T&e a$"&ors; $se of a 9(i!ilised a%eni"ies !s7 &$%ani"y: a#is (anno" be $nders"ood
o$"side "&e s'e(ifi(s of "&eir early anar(&o6'ri%i"i!is" orien"a"ion +Mille" 311F,7 Ho-e!er0
s'ea8in of "e(&noloy in s$(& "er%s really %isses "&e 'oin"7 B&ile "&e =$ry %ay s"ill be
o$" on fl$s& "oile"s0 i" is (lear "&a" a((ordin "o "&e Fifth 7state;s r$le6of6"&$%b "&ere are
a" leas" so%e "e(&noloies "&a" are (learly not 9'ossible: i!en -&a" all anar(&is"s 9desire
so(ially:7 B&a"e!er one;s !ision of anar(&is" r5e!ol$"ion or a free so(ie"y0 i" -o$ld see%
beyond (on"ro!ersy "&a" anar(&is"s (anno" b$" a''roa(& so%e "e(&noloi(al sys"e%s
-i"& $n*$alified aboli"ionis%7 L$s" "o "a8e "&e %os" ob!io$s e#a%'les0 anar(&is"s &a!e
no in"eres" -&a"soe!er in ad!an(ed %ili"ary "e(&noloies0 or in "e(&noloi(al sys"e%s
3KK
s'e(ifi( "o i%'rison%en"0 s$r!eillan(e and in"erroa"ion G "&e s"$ff of "&e s"a"e +(f7
Ra''er" 2...,7 Addi"ionally0 anar(&is"s -ill 'robably be $nified in =$din so%e
"e(&noloi(al sys"e%s s$(& as n$(lear 'o-er or "&e oil ind$s"ry "o be so &o'elessly
$ns$s"ainable fro% an en!iron%en"al 'oin" of !ie- "&a" "&ey0 "oo0 (o$ld be safely
e#(l$ded fro% "&eir desires for so(ie"y7 As a res$l"0 i" s&o$ld be a(8no-leded "&a" on
"&e basis of "&e (ri"i*$e for%$la"ed abo!e0 a" leas" so%e %eas$re of "e(&noloi(al
aboli"ionis% %$s" be bro$&" in"o "&e &oriCon of anar(&is" 'oli"i(s7 Ho- e#"ensi!e a
"e(&noloi(al roll6ba(8 is en!isioned is beside "&e 'oin": "&e rele!an" *$es"ion fro% an
anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e is no" -&ere "o "o s"o'0 b$" -&ere "o s"ar"7
Clearly0 as far as e#is"in "e(&noloies are (on(erned anar(&is"s fa(e (er"ain
li%i"a"ions7 Te(&noloi(al sys"e%s %ono'olised by "&e s"a"e are %os"ly o$" of rea(& a"
"&e %o%en"0 and o"&ers +"&e %o"or-ay sys"e% or "&e (oal5oil5n$(lear6'o-ered enery
rid, are so dee'ly en"ren(&ed in e!eryday life "&a" dis%an"lin "&e% -o$ld re*$ire a
%$(& larer (onsens$s "&an is a!ailable a" "&e %o%en"7 Ho-e!er0 "&ere are %any ne*
"e(&noloies "&a" anar(&is"s -o$ld (learly re=e(" and -&i(& are s"ill in "&e 'ro(ess of
bein de!elo'ed and i%'le%en"ed0 and are "&$s %ore !$lnerable "o a""a(87 Here0 "&en0
-e en(o$n"er "&e firs" ele%en" of an anar(&is" 'oli"i(s of "e(&noloy7
)&ddism
T&e oriinal L$ddi"e (a%'ain of sabo"ae aains" ne- %a(&inery in "&e &osiery
"rade bean in No""in&a%s&ire in 2I220 s'readin in "&a" and "&e follo-in year "o
Lan(as&ire0 Yor8s&ire0 Lei(es"ers&ire and Derbys&ire $n"il i" -as br$"ally re'ressed on
dire(" orders fro% Parlia%en" and "&e Cro-n7 ?or "&e L$ddi"es0 "&e ob=e(" of resis"an(e
3KI
-as no" fra%ed as %ere "e(&ni(al ad!an(e0 b$" as "e(&ni(al ad!an(e 'ro%o"in e(ono%i(
des"abilisa"ion and "&e erosion of li!eli&oods7 T&eir de(lara"ion of -ar &ad as i"s "are"
ne- fra%es and enines -&ereby0 in "&eir o-n -ords0 9!illaino$s and i%'osin 'ersons
are enabled "o %a8e fra$d$len" and de(ei"f$l %an$fa("$res "o "&e dis(redi" and $""er
r$in of o$r "rade:M brea8in in"o fa("ories a" ni&"0 "&ey des"royed fra%es "&a" "&ey
a(($sed of %a8in 9s'$rio$s ar"i(les777and all fra%es -&a"soe!er "&a" do no" 'ay "&e
re$lar 'ri(es &ere"ofore areed "o NbyO "&e %as"ers and -or8%en: +Anony%o$s2
2I23:/@2,7 As Sale +2..<:3<263, (larifies0
I" -asn;" all %a(&inery "&a" "&e L$ddi"es o''osed0 b$" 9all Ma(&inery &$r"f$l "o "&e
Co%%onali"y:777"o -&i(& "&eir (o%%onali"y did no" i!e a''ro!al0 o!er -&i(& i" &ad no (on"rol0
and "&e $se of -&i(& -as de"ri%en"al "o i"s in"eres"s0 (onsidered ei"&er as a body of -or8ers or as
a body of fa%ilies and nei&bors and (i"iCens7 I" -as %a(&inery0 in o"&er -ords0 "&a" -as
'rod$(ed -i"& only e(ono%i( (onse$*$en(es in %ind0 and "&ose of benefi" "o only a fe-0 -&ile
"&e %yriad so(ial and en!iron%en"al and ($l"$ral ones -ere dee%ed irrele!an"7
Bri"in se!eral de(ades la"er0 Mar# "rea"ed "&e L$ddi"es -i"& s$%%ary dis%issal0
seein "&eir s"r$le as an in(o&eren" res'onse "o "&e in"rod$("ion of %a(&inery0 -&ile
'ro!idin "&e 're"e#" for s"a"e re'ression aains" "&e -or8in (lass as a -&ole7 9I" "oo8
bo"& "i%e and e#'erien(e:0 &e says0 9before "&e -or8'eo'le learn" "o dis"in$is&
be"-een %a(&inery and i"s e%'loy%en" by (a'i"al0 and "o dire(" "&eir a""a(8s0 no"
aains" "&e %a"erial ins"r$%en"s of 'rod$("ion0 b$" aains" "&e %ode in -&i(& "&ey are
$sed: +Mar# 2I<K,7 Ho-e!er0 "&e -&ole 'oin" of "&e (ri"i*$e offered abo!e is "&a" i" is
no" 'ossible "o dis"in$is& be"-een %a(&inery and i"s e%'loy%en" by (a'i"al0 sin(e i"
already &as "&e needs of (a'i"al en(oded in"o i" fro% "&e s"ar"7 In re"ros'e("0 Mar# +alon
-i"& "&e anar(&o6syndi(alis"s, -ere %yo'i( "o "&e fa(" "&a" %a(&inery (on"in$es "o 'a(e
"&e -or8ers and (ir($%s(ribe "&eir a$"ono%y e!en if "&ey 9o-n: i" alon -i"& i"s
3K.
'rod$("7 On s$(& a readin0 "&e L$ddi"es; $'risin a("$ally re'resen"s a (o&eren" 'ro"es"
aains" des"r$("i!e ind$s"rialisa"ion ad!an(ed $nder "&e banner of "e(&noloi(al
ne(essi"y +(f7 Robins and Bebs"er 2.I@0 Noble 2..@:2FF6/,7
T&e (onne("ion "o (on"e%'orary anar(&is" 'oli"i(s of "e(&noloy be(o%es (lear
-&en i" is realised "&a" "&e L$ddi"es did no" (onfron" dislo(a"ed ins"an(es of "e(&ni(al
(&ane0 b$" a "e(&noloi(al -a!e "&a" "&ey0 $nli8e "&e ri(&0 (o$ld no" foresee0 s&a'e "o
"&eir in"eres"s and 9ride:7 More "&an %ere %a(&ine6brea8in0 "&en0 (on"e%'orary
anar(&is" L$ddis% is "o be $nders"ood as a &eadin for all for%s of aboli"ionis"
resis"an(e "o ne* "e(&noloi(al -a!es -&i(& en&an(e 'o-er6(en"ralisa"ion and so(ial
(on"rol0 ine*$ali"y and en!iron%en"al des"r$("ion7 Resis"an(e "o ne- "e(&noloies (an
in!ol!e a di!erse array of dire(" a("ion "a("i(s G fro% '&ysi(al des"r$("ion of 'rod$("s
li8e GM (ro's "&ro$& "&e sabo"ae of %an$fa("$rin fa(ili"ies and labora"ories and on
"o "&e disr$'"ion of "&e e!eryday e(ono%i( a("i!i"ies of "&e (or'ora"ions in!ol!ed in "&e
de!elo'%en" of ne- "e(&noloies G all ba(8ed by '$bli( (a%'ainin "o e#'ose0 no" only
"&e 'o"en"ial ris8s and a("$al da%ae already (a$sed by ne- "e(&noloies0 b$" "&e -ay
in -&i(& "&ey (onsolida"e s"a"e6 and (or'ora"e 'o-er "o "&e de"ri%en" of li!eli&oods and
-&a" re%ains of lo(al (on"rol o!er 'rod$("ion and (ons$%'"ion7 In "&eir i%%edia"e
"are"0 "&en0 neo6L$ddi"e s"r$les are by "&eir na"$re defensi!e or 're!en"a"i!e7 4$"
"&ey also (on"ain "&e o''or"$ni"y for findin allies and '$""in a radi(al 'osi"ion
for-ard "&ro$& "&e a""a(&%en" of a "&oro$&oin (ri"i*$e of do%ina"ion "o L$ddi"e
a("ions7 A rea" %any of "&ese "a("i(s &a!e already been re&earsed in "&e s"r$les
aains" bio"e(&noloy and GM (ro's0 -&i(& are no- =oined by nano"e(&noloy a" "&e
(en"re of anar(&is"s; L$ddi"e aendas7 No"e "&a" "&is 'osi"ion is en"irely se'ara"e fro%
3I1
any e"&i(al aboli"ionis" ar$%en"s0 s$(& as "&ose referrin "o "&e Pro%e"&ean &$bris of
ene"i( enineerin7 A neo6L$ddi"e resis"an(e "o ne- "e(&noloies is a se(ond6order
politi%al resis"an(e "o (a'i"al;s s"ra"eies of (onsolida"ion and f$r"&er self6!alorisa"ion7
Le" %e se""le "&e a''aren" (onfli(" be"-een "&e aboli"ionis" a""i"$de "o so%e
"e(&noloies and anar(&is%;s an"i6&ee%oni( 'ers'e("i!e in!o8ed abo!e7 S'ea8in
dire("ly abo$" "&e "e(&noloi(al as'e("s of an anar(&is" "ra=e("ory0 Ha8i% 4ey +2.I/b,
relies on an an"i6&ee%oni( s"an(e "o ar$e "&a" no "y'e of li%i"a"ion or e#(l$sion (an be
(o$n"enan(ed7 As &e '$"s i"0
T&e s*$abblin ideolo$es of anar(&is% ) liber"arianis% ea(& 'res(ribe so%e $"o'ia
(onenial "o "&eir !ario$s brands of "$nnel6!ision0 ranin fro% "&e 'easan" (o%%$ne "o "&e L6/
S'a(e Ci"y7 Be say0 le" a "&o$sand flo-ers bloo% G -i"& no ardener "o lo' off -eeds and s'or"s
a((ordin "o so%e %oraliCin or e$eni(al s(&e%e7 T&e only "r$e (onfli(" is "&a" be"-een "&e
a$"&ori"y of "&e "yran" and "&e a$"&ori"y of "&e realiCed self G all else is ill$sion0 'sy(&oloi(al
'ro=e("ion0 -as"ed !erbiae7
S$(& an a''roa(& dis'lays a %ains"ay of anar(&is" a""i"$des: radi(al o'en6endedness
and 're'ara"ion "o e%bra(e a "&oro$&oin di!ersi"y7 Ho-e!er0 i" re%ains insensi"i!e
"o -&a" s&o$ld by no- be (lear0 na%ely "&a" la$n(&in and %ain"ainin a s'a(e s"a"ion
-o$ld be i%'ossible in a de(en"ralised so(ie"y s"ri!in "o-ards a liber"arian and
eali"arian asy%'"o"e7 Si%ilarly0 i" is e#"re%ely &ard "o i%aine &o- "&e le!els of
(oordina"ion and 're(ision needed for nano"e(&noloy de!elo'%en" and o"&er &i&
"e(&noloi(al en"er'rises (o$ld e!er be a(&ie!ed -i"&o$" "&e s"r$("$re of %o"i!a"ions
s$''lied by a 'rofi" e(ono%y and "&e ar%s ra(e7
Fa%2in(, Cra%2in( and 7!Pira%y
So %$(& for "&e L$ddi"e di%ension7 Be no- arri!e a" "&e a%bi!alen(e (onsidered a"
3I2
"&e o$"se": if anar(&is"s are "o "a8e s$(& a s"ron an"i6"e(&noloi(al s"an(e0 -&a" of "&e
fa(" "&a" one of "oday;s %os" ad!an(ed &i&6"e(&noloi(al 'la"for%s G (o%'$"er sof"-are
and "&e In"erne" G dra-s s$(& en"&$sias"i( s$''or" fro% anar(&is"sH And "&is0 no" only in
"er%s of in"ensi!e $se0 b$" also "o "&e deree "&a" so%e of "&e% 'ar"i(i'a"e in i"s !ery
de!elo'%en" as 'rora%%ersH
On "&e basis of "&e analysis of "e(&noloy es'o$sed &ere0 i" is easy "o see "&e so$r(e
of s$(& s$''or"7 T&o$& i" is an ano%aly in (o%'arison "o %os" "e(&noloi(al sys"e%s0
"&ere is indeed so%e"&in "o be said for 9liber"arian and (o%%$ni"arian !isions based on
"&e In"erne";s "e(&noloy0 'ar"i($larly i"s non&ierar(&i(al s"r$("$re0 lo- "ransa("ion (os"s0
lobal rea(&0 s(alabili"y0 ra'id res'onse "i%e0 and disr$'"ion6o!er(o%in +&en(e
(ensors&i'6foilin, al"erna"i!e ro$"in: +H$r-i"C 2...,7 T&o$& "&ere is ano"&er side "o
"&is (oin +e6(ons$%eris%0 s$r!eillan(e0 isola"ion,0 i" (an a" leas" be said "&a" "&e s"r$("$re
and loi( of "&e In"erne" as a "e(&noloy are also &i&ly (o%'a"ible -i"& de(en"ralisa"ion
and lo(al e%'o-er%en"7 T&e basi( 'la"for% "&a" "&e In"erne" is based on G "&e TCP5IP
+Trans%ission Con"rol Pro"o(ol 5 In"erne" Pro"o(ol, G is "&oro$&ly de(en"ralised fro%
"&e s"ar" sin(e i" is (o%'$"ed lo(ally in ea(& (lien" node7 T&is enables a dis"rib$"ed
ne"-or8 of (o%'$"ers "o e#(&ane 'a(8e"s of infor%a"ion -i"& no (en"ralised &$b7
Ironi(ally0 "&is is one of "&e rare (ases -&ere a "e(&noloy es(a'es "&e in"en"ions of
i"s 'roeni"ors7 As is -ell 8no-n0 "&e In"erne" -as (rea"ed by ARPA +Ad!an(ed
Resear(& Pro=e("s Aen(y,0 're($rsor "o !ery sa%e DARPA -&i(& is no- -or8in on
nano"e(& 'ro=e("s7 T&e 'er($rsor and ba(8bone of "oday;s In"erne"0 ARPANe"0 -as
(rea"ed in "&e la"e 2.<1s -i"& "&e i%%edia"e ob=e("i!e of enablin (o%%$ni(a"ion
be"-een a(ade%i(s0 b$" %ore broadly as 'ar" of a s"ra"ey "o enable U7S7 %ili"ary
3I3
(o%%$ni(a"ions "o s$r!i!e in "&e e!en" of n$(lear -ar7 De(en"ralisa"ion -as in"rod$(ed
"o 're!en" de(a'i"a"ion7 Ho-e!er0 "&e end$rin res$l" of ARPANe" -as "&e
de(en"ralised 'eer6"o6'eer ne"-or8 i" (rea"ed7 I" -as TCP5IP;s reliabili"y0 easy
ada'"abili"y "o a -ide rane of sys"e%s0 and la(8 of &ierar(&y "&a" %ade i" a''ealin for
(i!ilian $se +Maslen 2..<,7 T&e &ard6-irin of de(en"ralisa"ion in"o "&e In"erne";s
"e(&noloi(al 'la"for% (rea"ed $nin"ended (onse*$en(es for "&e U7S7 o!ern%en" G as
far as enablin ro$'s "&a" "&rea"en i" also "o en=oy (o%%$ni(a"ion ne"-or8s "&a" (anno"
be de(a'i"a"ed7
Ano"&er as'e(" of "&e In"erne" "&a" is a""ra("i!e "o anar(&is"s is "&e o'en0 non6
(o%%er(ial e#(&ane of infor%a"ion "&a" i" enables G a %odified for% of a if" e(ono%y7
In "radi"ional if" e(ono%ies0 a("ors i!e oods or ser!i(es "o one ano"&er -i"&o$"
i%%edia"ely re(ei!in any"&in in re"$rn7 D$e "o so(ial nor%s and ($s"o%s0 &o-e!er0
a("ors (an e#'e(" "&e re(i'ien" of "&eir if" "o re(i'ro(a"e0 e!en if in an $ns'e(ified
%anner and a" an $ns'e(ified f$"$re da"e7 Gif" e(ono%ies &a!e been e#"ensi!ely s"$died
by an"&ro'olois"s in "&e (on"e#" of "ribal and "radi"ional so(ie"ies0 b$" "&ey (an easily be
dis(erned -i"&in any e#"ended fa%ily or friends&i' ne"-or8 +Ma$ss 2.@/0 Carrier 2..2,7
B&ereas "radi"ional if"6i!in is seen "o "a8e 'la(e be"-een s'e(ifi( and %$"$ally6
fa%iliar a("ors0 ada'"in "&e loi( of "&e if" "o "&e In"erne" re*$ires a fe- %odifi(a"ions
+Aollo(8 2...,7 On e%ail lis"s or ne-sro$'s0 -&ere "&ere is dire(" in"era("ion be"-een a
(losed ro$' of indi!id$als0 I %ay e#'e(" re(i'ro(a"ion for %y if"0 no" fro% "&e
indi!id$al -&o re(ei!ed i"0 b$" fro% a "&ird 'ar"y7 B&en I res'ond "o ano"&er $ser;s
re*$es" for infor%a"ion on an e%ail lis"0 for e#a%'le0 I re'rod$(e "&e so(ial (ode of if"6
i!in -i"&in "&a" ro$'7 4e(a$se of "&is I (an e#'e(" "&a" so%eone ? $s$ally no" "&e
3I@
sa%e indi!id$al G -ill %a8e %e a si%ilar if" in res'onse "o a s$bse*$en" re*$es" on %y
be&alf7 ?$r"&er%ore0 infor%a"ion (on"rib$"ed "&ro$& an e%ail lis" of"en &as a re(i'ien"
abo$" -&o% no"&in is 8no-n "o "&e i!er +sa!e "&eir e%ail address,7 In"erne" if"s are
of"en e!en %ade -i"&o$" any s'e(ifi( re(i'ien" in %ind G 'os"in infor%a"ion on "o a
-eb 'ae effe("i!ely %a8es a if" of i" "o anyone -i"& In"erne" a((ess7 Bi"& -eb6'os"in0
no s'e(ifi( aen" (an be 'oin"ed "o as ei"&er "&e re(i'ien" or "&e 'o"en"ial re(i'ro(a"or7 As
a res$l"0 ra"&er "&an a if" e(ono%y "&e In"erne" is 'er&a's be""er des(ribed as enablin a
sys"e% of 9ro$' eneralised e#(&ane: +E8e& 2.KF0 Ya%ais&i and Coo8 2..@,7 In s$(&
a sys"e%0 ro$' %e%bers 'ool "&eir reso$r(es and re(ei!e "&e benefi"s "&a" "&e 'oolin
i"self enera"es G effe("i!ely %a8in lare 'ar"s of "&e In"erne" in"o an 9ele("roni(
(o%%ons: +Ny%an 3112,7 T&e in(en"i!e "o (on"rib$"e "o s$(& a '$bli( oods6based
sys"e% G as bo"& (a%'ainers and (ode6&a(8ers (ons"an"ly do G (an be %o"i!a"ed by
al"r$is%0 "&e an"i(i'a"ion of re(i'ro(i"y0 "&e 'oli"i(al -ill "o disse%ina"e (er"ain
infor%a"ion0 and5or "&e in"rinsi( en=oy%en" of a("i!i"ies li8e 'rora%%in7
T&e free sof"-are %o!e%en"0 larely self6defined as 9a6'oli"i(al:0 needs "o be briefly
%en"ioned in "&is (on"e#"7 T&o$& i" does no" ne(essarily in!ol!e In"erne" a''li(a"ions0
"&e ne"-or8s of 'rora%%ers "&a" =oin"ly de!elo' free sof"-are rely on i" for e#(&anin
(ode7 ?ree sof"-are (o$ld &ardly &a!e be(o%e s$(& an e#"ensi!e en"er'rise if "&is (o$ld
only be done on flo''ies or CDs7 No- -&a" is $s$ally %ean" by "&e no"ion "&a" "&e
sof"-are is 9free: is "&a" i"s so$r(e (ode is non6(o'yri&"ed0 and "&a" i" is dis"rib$"ed
$nder a General P$bli( Li(ense or ano"&er !ersion of 9(o'ylef": leal (ode "&a" i!es
e!eryone "&e sa%e ri&" "o $se0 s"$dy and %odify i"0 as lon as "&ey 8ee' "&e so$r(e6(ode
a!ailable "o o"&ers and do no" res"ri(" i"s f$r"&er redis"rib$"ion7 Many free sof"-are
3IF
s'o8es'eo'le re'ea"edly disso(ia"e "&eir en"er'rise fro% any non6'rofi" (onno"a"ions7
?ollo-in "&e ?ree Sof"-are ?o$nda"ion +2..<,0 i" is of"en s"a"ed "&a" free sof"-are is
9free as in free s'ee(&0 no" as in free beer:7 T&e for%er0 -e are "old0 en"ails "&e liberty "o
do one;s -ill -i"& "&e sof"-are 'ro!ided "&is sa%e ri&" is no" res"ri("ed "o o"&ers7 T&e
la""er a''lies "o sof"-are dis"rib$"ed (ratis4 T&$s0 %$(& sof"-are "&a" is a!ailable for
ra"is do-nload is s"ill (o'yri&"ed7 I" is also0 i%'or"an"ly0 'ossible "o sell free sof"-are0
or "o as8 for 'ay%en" for i"s de!elo'%en"7 Hen(e liber"y is absol$"ely dis"in(" fro%
%a""ers of 'ri(e7
T&is is '$re fan"asy7 Sin(e liber"y in(l$des "&e liber"y "o redis"rib$"e a 'ie(e of
sof"-are for free0 "&en af"er any ini"ial 'ay%en" for 'rora%%in "&e (lien" (an
dis"rib$"e "&e sof"-are for free0 and if "&ey do no"0 "&e 'rora%%er ine!i"ably -ill7 T&e
reali"y is si%'ly "&a" "&e o!er-&el%in b$l8 of free sof"-are 'a(8aes are a!ailable for
do-nload on "&e In"erne"0 for free as in 9free beer:7 Sin(e li(ensin ri&"s are o$" of "&e
'i("$re0 "&e only re!en$e "&a" (an be %ade on free sof"-are is "&e ini"ial 'ay%en"7 T&ere
(an be deri!a"i!e re!en$es for "&e de!elo'ers0 "&ro$& sellin $ser s$''or" ser!i(es and
"&e li8e0 b$" "&e sof"-are i"self0 on(e i" en"ers (ir($la"ion0 is fro% "&a" 'oin" on effe("i!ely
ra"is7 T&is is be(a$se ea(& a("or;s liber"y is realised in a (on"e#" "&a" s"r$("$rally
en(o$raes ro$' eneralised e#(&aneM "&e (on"e#" of "&e In"erne" i%'oses (er"ain
(oordina"es $nder -&i(& 'eo'le;s ra"ionali"y (o%es in"o 'lay7
T&e ideoloi(al "r$"& be&ind "&e s'ee(&5beer %anoe$!re is "&a" free sof"-are
s'o8es'eo'le -an" "o (on!in(e (o%'anies "&a" "&ey (o$ld %a8e %oney 'rod$(in free
sof"-are7 Neo"ia"in i"s "ense 'osi"ion as an al"erna"i!e -i"&in "&e (a'i"alis" e(ono%y0
"&e %ains"rea% of "&e free sof"-are %o!e%en" "a8es rea" 'ains "o e%'&asise "&a" i" is
3I/
no" (&allenin 'rofi" +>i("or 311@,7 T&$s "&e ?S? +ibid7, res'onsibly -arns "&a" 9B&en
"al8in abo$" free sof"-are0 i" is bes" "o a!oid $sin "er%s li8e Pi!e a-ay; or Pfor free;0
be(a$se "&ose "er%s i%'ly "&a" "&e iss$e is abo$" 'ri(e0 no" freedo%7 So%e (o%%on
"er%s s$(& as P'ira(y; e%body o'inions -e &o'e yo$ -on;" endorse:7
?or anar(&is"s0 "&o$&0 free sof"-are is a""ra("i!e no" be(a$se of "&e leal 'ro!isions
of i"s 'rod$("ion 'ro(ess0 b$" 'ri%arily be(a$se i" (on"ains ra"is0 &i&6*$ali"y
al"erna"i!es "o "&e 'ro'rie"ary and %ono'olis" sof"-are e(ono%y7 T&e la""er0 already on
an early (ri"i*$e0 re'resen"s 9a s'e(ial for% of "&e (o%%odifi(a"ion of 8no-lede777"&e
s'e(ial 'ro'er"ies of 8no-lede +i"s la(8 of %a"erial s$bs"an(eM "&e ease -i"& -&i(& i" (an
be (o'ied and "rans%i""ed, %ean "&a" i" (an only a(*$ire e#(&ane !al$e -&ere
ins"i"$"ional arrane%en"s (onfer a deree of %ono'oly 'o-er on i"s o-ner: +Morris6
S$C$8i 2.IF, G i7e7 in"elle("$al 'ro'er"y ri&"s7 One %ay add "&a" "&ese are %ore "&an
%ere 9ins"i"$"ional arrane%en"s:0 sin(e "&ey (an be en(oded in"o "&e "e(&noloy i"self
as a((ess6(odes for sof"-are 'a(8aes or online (on"en"7 On s$(& an o'"i(0 "&e
(ollabora"i!e de!elo'%en" of free sof"-are li8e "&e Lin$# o'era"in sys"e% and
a''li(a"ions s$(& as O'enOffi(e (learly a''ro#i%a"e an infor%a"ional anar(&is"
(o%%$nis%7 Moreo!er0 for anar(&is"s i" is 're(isely "&e loi( of e#'ro'ria"ion and
ele("roni( 'ira(y "&a" enables a radi(al 'oli"i(al e#"ension of "&e ($l"$ral ideals of "&e free
%ani'$la"ion0 (ir($la"ion and $se of infor%a"ion asso(ia"ed -i"& "&e 9&a(8er e"&i(:
+Hi%anen 3112,7 T&e s'a(e of illeali"y (rea"ed by P3P +'eer6"o6'eer, file6s&arin o'ens
$' "&e 'ossibili"y0 no" only of "&e o'en (ir($la"ion of freely6i!en infor%a"ion and
sof"-are as i" is on "&e In"erne" "oday0 b$" also of (ons(io$s (o'yri&" !iola"ion7 T&e
In"erne"0 "&en0 enables no" only (o%%$nis" rela"ions aro$nd infor%a"ion0 b$" also "&e
3I<
%ili"an" (on"a%ina"ion and erosion of non6(o%%$nis" rei%es of 8no-lede G a
"e(&noloi(al 9-ea'on: "o e*$alise a((ess "o infor%a"ion0 ea"in a-ay a" in"elle("$al
'ro'er"y ri&"s by renderin "&e% $nenfor(eable7
Do "&ese reali"ies of "&e In"erne" no" "&ro- a den" in"o "&e s"ron "e(&no6s(e'"i(is%
offered abo!eH One is "e%'"ed "o "&in8 "&a" 'er&a's "&e de(en"ralised0 libera"ory loi( of
"&e In"erne" (o$ld be e#"ended "o o"&er &i& "e(&noloies0 enablin anar(&is"s "o re"ain
an endorse%en" of "e(&noloi(al ad!an(e as 'ar" of "&eir 'oli"i(al o$"loo87 T&e ans-er is
nea"i!e G and for a %ore f$nda%en"al reason "&an li%i"a"ions s$(& as "&e ine*$ali"ies of
a((ess and "&e 9dii"al di!ide: +Bins"anley 311F,7 B&a" e"s %issed in "&ese dis($ssions
is "&a" al"&o$& "&e In"erne" i"self %ay be in&eren"ly de(en"ralised0 and "&o$& i" %ay
en(o$rae liber"y and ra"$i"y0 i"s enablin infras"r$("$res &a!e "&e %ore $s$al
(&ara("eris"i(s of %odern "e(&noloi(al sys"e%s7 I" is0 af"er all0 (o%'$"ers0 o(ean6floor
(ables and0 %os" s"ar8ly0 sa"elli"es "&a" s"and a" "&e ba(8ro$nd of In"erne"
(o%%$ni(a"ion7 And "&ese are &i&ly (en"ralisin "e(&noloies0 re*$irin an enor%o$s
le!el of 're(ision and a$"&ori"a"i!e (oordina"ion for 'rod$("ion0 %ain"enan(e and
f$r"&er de!elo'%en"7 T&e (o%'$"er ind$s"ry is also one of "&e %os" reso$r(e6(os"ly0
'oll$"in and e#'loi"a"i!e ind$s"ries in e#is"en(e7 T&e 'rod$("ion of a sinle si#6in(&
sili(on -afer +one of aro$nd @1 %illion 'rod$(ed e!ery year, re*$ires "&e follo-in
reso$r(es: @0311 ($bi( fee" of b$l8 ases0 33 ($bi( fee" of &aCardo$s ases0 303K/ allons of
deioniCed -a"er0 31 'o$nds of (&e%i(als0 and 3I/ 8ilo-a"" &o$rs of ele("ri(al 'o-er7
And for e!ery sinle si#6in(& sili(on -afer %an$fa("$red0 "&e follo-in -as"es are
'rod$(ed: 3/ 'o$nds of sodi$% &ydro#ide0 30IF1 allons of -as"e -a"er0 and K 'o$nds
of %is(ellaneo$s &aCardo$s -as"es +Sili(on >alley To#i(s Coali"ion 311/,7 Sendin a
3IK
sa"elli"e in"o s'a(e on a s"andard siCed6ro(8e" li8e "&e Eeni"6@SL e%i"s 2I2 "onnes of
(arbon dio#ide +?AA 2..., G fif"een "i%es "&e ($rren" yearly e%issions of an a!erae
4ri"is& 'erson +UNDP 311@,7 T&e a''allin (ondi"ions of e%'loyees in (o%'$"er
fa("ories in Me#i(o0 C&ina and T&ailand are -ell do($%en"ed +CA?OD 311F,7
I" %ay -ell be "&a" a lare differen(e (an be %ade -i"& re(y(lin and inno!a"i!e
%eans of -ireless (o%'$"er (o%%$ni(a"ion0 b$" -&a" is (lear is "&a" "e(&noloi(al
de(en"ralisa"ion and "&e la(8 of a (a'i"alis" sys"e% of in(en"i!es -o$ld ine!i"ably slo-
do-n "&e %an$fa("$re and dis"rib$"ion of ne- (o%'$"ers in a %a=or -ay0 and (er"ainly
&al" "&e ($rren" s'eed of %i(roele("roni(s de!elo'%en" "&a" rolls o$" ne- %odels ea(&
year7 B&a" "&is s$es"s is "&a" -i"&in an anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e "&ere is 'la(e for a
disill$sioned a""i"$de "o-ards ICTs0 -&i(& -o$ld a!oid (as"in "&e "e(&noloy i"self in
an $n'roble%a"i(ally enablin role as far as al"erna"i!e so(ial rela"ions are (on(erned7
Ho-e!er0 as 4arandiaran +311@, no"es0 "&is does no" e#(l$de a(8no-ledin "&e
"e(&noloy;s e%an(i'a"ory 'o"en"ial -i"&in "&e (onfines of (a'i"alis% and e#"endin "&e
&a(8er e"&i( "o a 9s$b!ersi!e %i(ro'oli"i(s of "e(&no6so(ial e%'o-er%en"::7
Be belie!e "&a" i" is f$nda%en"al "o -or8 e#'li(i"ly on "&e 'oli"i(al di%ension of infor%a"ion
and (o%%$ni(a"ion "e(&noloies7 Be (anno" b$" (onsider o$rsel!es as o'en s$b=e("s of
"e(&no'oli"i(al e#'eri%en"a"ion777Naffir%inO "&e "e(&noloi(al s'a(e as a 'oli"i(al s'a(e0 and "&e
&a(8er e"&i( as a -ay "o e#'erien(e +(olle("i!ely, "&e li%i"s of "&e (odes and %a(&ines "&a"
s$rro$nd $s0 "o re6a''ro'ria"e "&eir 'ossible so(io6'oli"i(ally rele!an" $sesM inser"in "&e% in"o
"&e a$"ono%o$s so(ial 'ro(esses in -&i(& -e si"$a"e o$r "e(no'oli"i(al 'ra("i(e +self6oranised
o((($'ied so(ial (en"res and rassroo"s so(ial %o!e%en"s,777(ons"r$("in and de(ons"r$("in "&e
in"erfa(es0 "&e ne"-or8s and "&e da"a 'ro(essin "ools for libera"ed (o%%$ni(a"ion and
in"era("ion0 e#'erien(in "&e%0 in a o'en and 'ar"i(i'a"ory 'ro(ess "&a" see8s so(ial (onfli(" and
"e(&ni(al diffi($l"y as s'a(es in -&i(& "o (ons"r$(" o$rsel!es for o$rsel!es7
,evivin( Creativity, )o!'e%h
?inally0 i" is 'ossible "o address "&e dee'er (ore of "&e a%bi!alen(e fra%ed a" "&e
3II
o$"se"7 B&a" is i" "&a" %a8es "e(&noloy so 'o'$lar as a ($l"$ral ideal0 one in"o -&i(&
anar(&is"s &a!e also been so(ialisedH A" leas" 'ar" of i" is0 *$i"e ob!io$sly0 "&e sense of
-onder a" &$%an (rea"i!i"y7 Te(&noloy sy%bolises "&e !al$e 'eo'le 'la(e on "&e
$ni*$ely &$%an -ays of infl$en(in "&e %a"erial -orld0 $nders"andin "&e na"$ral
en!iron%en" and fi""in i" "o &$%an desires7 Tol8ien +2.<F:3/, "ra(es "&is i%'$lse "o "&e
%edia"ion of na"$re "&ro$& lan$ae0 -&a" &e (alls Mai(7
T&e &$%an %ind0 endo-ed -i"& "&e 'o-ers of eneralisa"ion and abs"ra("ion0 sees no" only
(reen!(rass0 dis(ri%ina"in i" fro% o"&er "&ins +and findin i" fair "o loo8 $'on,0 b$" also sees "&a"
i" is (reen as -ell as bein (rass7 4$" &o- 'o-erf$l0 &o- s"i%$la"in "o "&e !ery fa($l"y "&a"
'rod$(ed i"0 -as "&e in!en"ion of "&e ad=e("i!e: no s'ell or in(an"a"ion in ?agrie is %ore 'o"en"7
And "&a" is no" s$r'risin: s$(& in(an"a"ions %i&" indeed be said "o be only ano"&er !ie- of
ad=e("i!es7 A 'ar" of s'ee(& in a %y"&i(al ra%%ar7
T&e !al$e of "&is (a'a(i"y0 "&ro$& -&i(& &$%an beins a(*$ire a sense of abili"y
and %as"ery +effe("i!ely "&e a("$alisa"ion of -&a" -as (alled 9'o-er6"o: in (&a'"er <,0 is
!ery &ard "o (&allene7 T&e iss$e &ere0 &o-e!er0 is "&a" "&e ($l"$ral ideal of "e(&noloy0
as i" in(reasinly %ono'olises fas(ina"ion -i"& &$%an (rea"i!e 'o-er0 does so -&ile
sea%lessly a''ro'ria"in i" in"o a &$%anis" enli&"en%en" narra"i!e of 'roress7 B&a" is
a("$ally "&e so$r(e of fas(ina"ion is te%hni3&e0 as defined abo!e7 4$" "e(&noloy as a
($l"$ral ideal obs($res "&is so$r(e0 =$s" as "e(&ni*$e is %a"erially s$bli%a"ed in"o a so%ial
pro;e%t of rationalised s&rpl&s! and %apa%ity!b&ildin( +M$%ford 2.@F0 Ell$l 2.<F,7 I" "&e
i%'$lse "o e#"ra(" "e(&ni*$e fro% i"s s$bli%a"ion in 'roress0 and "o !alorise i" as an
e#'erien(e ra"&er "&an a basis for $nele("ed0 re($rsi!e so(ial a''li(a"ion0 "&a" for%s "&e
basis for "&e 9'osi"i!e: as'e(" of an anar(&is" 'oli"i(s of "e(&noloy7 B&en i" (o%es "o
"e(&ni*$e0 and e!en "o i"s re($rsi!e a''li(a"ion in a lo(alised (on"e#"0 i" is (er"ainly
'ossible "o realise in!en"i!e5(rea"i!e (a'abili"ies in a de(en"ralised0 libera"ory and
3I.
s$s"ainable -ay7 T&is is be(a$se "&ere are a" leas" so%e -ays of in"er!en"ion in "&e
%a"erial -orld -&i(& anar(&is"s *o&ld -an" "o 'ro%o"e7
As -e &a!e said0 "e(&noloi(al de(en"ralisa"ion is a (lear as'e(" of any
re(ons"r$("ion a-ay fro% (a'i"alis% and "&e s"a"e7 Alon -i"& "&e %o!e "o %ore6or6less
lo(al self6relian(e0 any e(oloi(ally 'osi"i!e s(enario for anar(&is"s %$s" ad%i" "&a" &i&6
"e(&noloi(al inno!a"ion -o$ld ne(essarily slo- do-n7 I" is e!en 'ossible "o ad%i" "&a"
"&is o'"i( i%'lies "&a" anar(&is"s are 9aains" (i!ilisa"ion:0 a" leas" as a 'lane"ary
ins"i"$"ional and ($l"$ral 'ro=e(" of a((elera"in &y'er6ind$s"rialis%7 As for 9forfei"in
"&e benefi"s: of (on(er"ed resear(& and de!elo'%en"0 Mooney +311<, 'oin"s o$" "&a" -i"&
"&e %os" 'erennial boey6%an0 &$%an lone!i"y0 %a=or ad!an(es &a!e (o%e fro%
dra%a"i( de(lines in infan" %or"ali"y7 T&ese de(lines are o!er-&el%inly (redi"ed "o
lo-6"e(& i%'ro!e%en"s in '$bli( &eal"& ser!i(es s$(& as a((ess "o (lean -a"er and
oraniCed -as"e dis'osal sys"e%s G -&i(& are also "&e 8ey "o dealin -i"& "oday;s bi
8iller diseases G %alaria0 (&olera and dysen"ery7 Sani"a"ion is &ardly an inno!a"ion0
-&i(& e%'&asises "&e li8eli&ood "&a" &eal"& benefi"s %ay be d$e %ore "o i%'ro!ed
so(ial oraniCa"ion "&an "o "&e '$rs$i" of ne- "e(&noloies7
4$" s$(& a slo-6do-n -o$ld also o'en a s'a(e for %anifold for%s of lo-6"e(&
inno!a"ion in areas li8e enery0 b$ildin and food 'rod$("ion7 T&is is rele!an" no" only
in "er%s of a 9f$"$re so(ie"y:0 b$" indi(a"i!e of "&e (o$rse "&a" "e(&no6(ri"i(al anar(&is"s
-o$ld be en(o$raed "o "a8e in "&eir (rea"ion of %a"erial al"erna"i!es in "&e 'resen"
"ense7 A %o!e "o lo(al self relian(e -o$ld %ean "&a" so(ial "ransfor%a"ion in!ol!es0 in i"s
%a"erial di%ension0 "&e s$s"ained re(y(lin or (rea"i!e des"r$("ion of ar"ifi(ial %a"erial
en!iron%en"s s&a'ed by (a'i"alis% and "&e s"a"e7 Bi"& "&e la(8 of (en"ralised 'lannin0
3.1
e(oloi(al a''roa(&es asso(ia"ed -i"& 'er%a($l"$re (o%e "o "&e fore7 Per%a($l"$re0
deri!ed fro% 9'er%anen" ($l"$re:0 is narro-ly defined as "&e desin and %ain"enan(e
of ($l"i!a"ed e(osys"e%s -&i(& &a!e "&e di!ersi"y0 s"abili"y and resilien(e of na"$ral
e(osys"e%s +Mollison 2.II0 4ell 2..3,7 As a &olis"i( a''roa(& "o land $se0 'er%a($l"$re
ai%s for in"era"ion of lands(a'e0 'eo'le and 9a''ro'ria"e "e(&noloies: "o 'ro!ide
food0 s&el"er0 enery and o"&er needs7 A 'er%a($l"$re desin in(or'ora"es a di!ersi"y of
s'e(ies and in"errela"ions be"-een s'e(ies0 -ea!in "oe"&er "&e ele%en"s of
%i(ro(li%a"e0 ann$al and 'erennial 'lan"s0 ani%als0 -a"er and soil %anae%en"0 and
&$%an needs "o enera"e s$s"ainable lifes"yles based on si"e6s'e(ifi( e(oloi(al
(ondi"ions7 S$(& an a''roa(& ai%s "o -or8 -i"& ra"&er "&an aains" na"$ral r&y"&%s and
'a""erns0 'ro%o"in a""i"$des of 'ro"ra("ed and "&o$&"f$l obser!a"ion ra"&er "&an
'ro"ra("ed and "&o$&"less a("ionM of loo8in a" sys"e%s in all "&eir f$n("ions ra"&er "&an
as8in only one yield of "&e%0 and of le""in "&e% de%ons"ra"e "&eir o-n e!ol$"ions7
Per%a($l"$re is also0 in i"s %ore 'oli"i(ised se("ion0 a -orld6-ide %o!e%en" of
desiners0 "ea(&ers and rassroo"s a("i!is"s -or8in "o res"ore da%aed e(osys"e%s and
&$%an (o%%$ni"ies7 T&e 'oli"i(al (onne("ion "o anar(&is% beins fro% 'er%a($l"$re;s
e%'&asis on allo-in e(osys"e%s "o follo- "&eir o-n0 in"rinsi(ally de"er%ined (o$rse of
de!elo'%en"7 T&e 'er%a($l"$re e"&i( of 9(are for "&e land and "&e 'eo'le:0 "rans'osed
in"o broader ($l"$ral "er%s0 -o$ld in!ol!e fa(ili"a"in "&a" self6de!elo'%en" of "&e 'lan"
or "&e 'erson0 "&e arden or "&e (o%%$ni"y0 ea(& a((ordin "o i"s o-n (on"e#" G -or8in
-i"&0 ra"&er "&an aains"0 "&e orani( %o%en"$% of "&e en"i"y (ared for7 B&ereas in
%ono($l"$re +or ind$s"ry0 or e#is"in so(ial rela"ions, -&a" is so$&" af"er is "&e o''osi"e
G %a#i%al (on"rol and &arnessin of na"$ral 'ro(esses and labo$r 'o-er7 T$rnin a-ay
3.2
fro% (on"rol as a so(ial 'ro=e(" vis "&e na"$ral en!iron%en" easily (onne("s "o "&e sa%e
nea"ion vis so(ie"y i"self7
?inally0 an i%'or"an" so$r(e for re!i!in de(en"ralised0 lo-6"e(& di!ersi"y are "&e
re!i!al of "radi"ional and a'o(ry'&al s(ien(e and lo6"e(&7 Me#i(an 'easan" %o!e%en"s0
in 'lannin "&eir 'ro=e(" of ene"i(ally %odified (ro' de(on"a%ina"ion0 a!oided "&e
a''eal for e#'ansi!e and e#'ensi!e s(ien"ifi( "es"in by "&e s"a"e7 Ins"ead0 "&eir de(ision
-as "o (onser!e safe s'e(ies -&i(& are 8no-n no" "o be (on"a%ina"ed0 and "o ini"ia"e
e#'eri%en"a"ion in"ended "o see if "&ere are non6"e(&noloi(al -ays "o dis(ern -&e"&er a
'lan" is ene"i(ally %odified G obser!in i"s be&a!io$r0 (y(les e"(7 +Ribiero 311@0 >era
Herrera 311F,7 More 'ro6a("i!ely0 "&e -&ole array of "radi"ional 'lan"68no-lede0
ar"isans&i' and (raf"0 (o$ld be re!i!ed for any n$%ber of e!eryday life a''li(a"ions7 So
(o$ld a'o(ry'&al "e(&noloies G s%all6s(ale in!en"ions "&a" 'rolifera"ed in "&e early
"-en"ie"& (en"$ry b$" -ere sidelined by 'a"en"s and %ono'olies7 B&ile i" is li8ely "&a"
'eo'le -ill s"ill (&oose "o &a!e0 on &o-e!er lo(alised a le!el0 9"e(&noloy: as "&e
re($rsi!e a''li(a"ion of "e(&ni*$e and "&e %a(&ines "&a" are 'ar" of i"0 (o%%$ni"ies -ill
"r$ly be able "o =$de -&e"&er "&ey are a''ro'ria"e on (ondi"ions s$(& as s$s"ainabili"y0
non6s'e(ialis%0 and a &$%an s(ale of o'era"ion and %ain"enan(e "&a" en(o$raes
(rea"i!i"y0 (on!i!iali"y and (o6o'era"ion
3.3
CHAPTER I
UNHOLY LAND
ANARCHISM0 NATIONALISM AND ISRAELIGPALESTINIAN PEACE
T&e Le-is& %asses in e!ery (o$n"ry777&a!e i!en $ns"in"inly o$" of "&eir earnins in
"&e &o'e "&a" Pales"ine %ay 'ro!e an asyl$% for "&eir bro"&ers0 (r$elly 'erse($"ed in
nearly e!ery E$ro'ean (o$n"ry7 T&e fa(" "&a" "&ere are %any non6Eionis" (o%%$nes
in Pales"ine oes "o 'ro!e "&a" "&e Le-is& -or8ers -&o &a!e &el'ed "&e 'erse($"ed
and &o$nded Le-s &a!e done so no" be(a$se "&ey are Eionis"s0 b$" Nso "&a" Le-sO
%i&" be lef" in 'ea(e in Pales"ine "o "a8e roo" and li!e "&eir o-n li!es777Per&a's %y
re!ol$"ionary ed$(a"ion &as been sadly nele("ed0 b$" I &a!e been "a$&" "&a" "&e
land s&o$ld belon "o "&ose -&o "ill "&e soil7
E%%a Gold%an0 le""er "o Spain and the @orld +London0 2.@I,
T&is final (&a'"er differs fro% i"s 'rede(essors in o'enin $' a rela"i!ely ne- and
$ne#'lored "o'i( for anar(&is"s G "&eir a""i"$de "o an"i6i%'erialis" s"r$les abroad7 In
"&is deba"e0 "&e 'ris% of "&e Israeli6Pales"inian (onfli(" is offered as a (ase s"$dy in -&i(&
so%e of "&e %os" in"eres"in "&eore"i(al iss$es "&a" anar(&is"s (onfron" are refra("$red7
T&is (&a'"er as8s -&i(& a''roa(&es -o$ld %a8e sense for anar(&is"s reardin s$(&
s"r$les0 -i"& -&i(& "&ey of"en e#'ress solidari"y des'i"e "&eir 9na"ionalis": o!er"ones7
In "&is (&a'"er I also e%'loy a s'ea8in !oi(e "&a" is no- do$bly enaed G as an Israeli
anar(&is" a("i!is"5s(&olar7 I bein -i"& a (ri"i*$e of "&e s(an" anar(&is" 'ole%i(al -ri"in
on Pales"ine5Israel0
R
-&i(& is o!er-&el%inly 9old s(&ool:0 and (ri"i(ise "&e a$"&ors; la(8
of an a("ion6orien"ed a''roa(& and ad&eren(e "o an"i*$a"ed for%$la"ions7 Re!ie-in "&e
"radi"ional anar(&is" (ri"i*$e of na"ionalis%0 I "&en "a(8le -&a" see%s "o be "&e
o!erridin anar(&is" dile%%a in "&e 'resen" (on"e#" G "&e *$es"ion of a""i"$des "o-ards
s"a"e&ood0 -&i(& &as no" re(ei!ed %$(& a""en"ion in anar(&is" -ri"in7 Here0 I e#a%ine
R
T&e "er%s Israel5Pales"ine and Pales"ine5Israel in"er(&aneably refer "o "&e land -es" of "&e Lordan ri!er7
3.@
fo$r reasons -&y anar(&is"s (an0 -i"&o$" (on"radi("ion0 be seen "o 9s$''or": "&e s"a"is"
inde'enden(e (lai%s of an o(($'ied 'eo'le7 I "&en analyse "&ree 9"&reads of
in"er!en"ion: in "&e so(ial %o!e%en" a("i!i"y of anar(&is"s and "&eir allies in
Israel5Pales"ine G lin8in iss$es0 dire(" a("ion and rassroo"s 'ea(e%a8in G -&i(& (an
indi(a"e dire("ions for an anar(&is" s"ra"ey in "&e reion7
Anarchism and ationalism
Bi"& "&e (onfli(" in Pales"ine5Israel so &i& on "&e '$bli( aenda0 and -i"&
sinifi(an" do%es"i( and in"erna"ional anar(&is" in!ol!e%en" in Pales"ine solidari"y
(a%'ains +see la"er,0 i" is s$r'risin "&a" "&e s(an" '$blis&ed anar(&is" (on"rib$"ions on
"&e "o'i( re%ain0 a" "&eir bes"0 irrele!an" "o "&e (on(re"e e#'erien(es and dile%%as of
%o!e%en"s in "&e reion7 A" "&eir -ors"0 "&ey de'ar" fro% anar(&is% all "oe"&er7 T&$s
"&e A%eri(an Pla"for%is" anar(&is" Bayne Pri(e +3112, des(ends in"o !ery (r$de "er%s
-&en 'ro(lai%in:
In "&e s%o8e and blood of Israel5Pales"ine "&ese days0 one 'oin" s&o$ld be (lear0 "&a" Israel is
"&e o''ressor and "&e Pales"inian Arabs are "&e o''ressed7 T&erefore anar(&is"s0 and all de(en"
'eo'le0 s&o$ld be on "&e side of "&e Pales"inians7 Cri"i(is%s of "&eir leaders&i's or "&eir %e"&ods
of fi&"in are all se(ondaryM so is re(oni"ion "&a" "&e Israeli Le-s are also 'eo'le and also &a!e
(er"ain (olle("i!e ri&"s7 T&e firs" s"e'0 al-ays0 is "o s"and -i"& "&e o''ressed as "&ey fi&" for
"&eir freedo%7
As8in all de(en" 'eo'le "o see so%eone else;s &$%ani"y and (olle("i!e ri&"s as
se(ondary "o any"&in G -&a"e!er "&is is0 i" is no" anar(&is%7 B&y is Pri(e;s re(oni"ion
of o''ression no" e#"ended "o o''ressed Israelis0 -&o are a-are of "&eir o''ression by
"&e o(($'a"ion and (onfli(" and fi&" "o end i"H I" s&o$ld be 'oin"ed o$" "&a" no Israelis
3.F
do so be(a$se "&ey are 9sidin -i"& "&e Pales"inians:0 b$" %ore li8ely o$" of a sense of
in=$s"i(e0 res'onsibili"y and solidari"y7 ?or so%e of "&e% -&o are anar(&is"s0 i" is also in
order "o libera"e themselves fro% li!in in -&a" "&ey see as a %ili"aris"i(0 ra(is"0 se#is" and
o"&er-ise $ne*$al so(ie"y7 B&y is no dis"in("ion bein %ade be"-een Pales"inian
o''ressed and o''ressors0 or be"-een "&e Pales"inian 'o'$la"ion and "&e Pales"inian
s"a"e6in6-ai"inH T&is is es'e(ially s"rane sin(e Pri(e is a-are "&a" 9on bo"& sides of "&e
Israeli5Pales"inian di!ide0 "&ere are (onfli("s -i"&in ea(& na"ion: be"-een r$lers and
r$led0 be"-een (a'i"alis"s and -or8ers0 be"-een 'a"riar(&y and -o%en: and so on7
Ho-e!er0 &e i%%edia"ely fore(loses "&e dis($ssion by asser"in0 'a"ronisinly0 "&a"
9blind na"ionalis% leads ea(& na"ion "o "&in8 of i"self as a blo( and "o see "&e o"&er side
as a blo(: "&e Arabs0 "&e Le-s G inorin "&e s'li"s inside ea(& na"ion:7 Aain0 all
%e%bers of "&ese na"ions 9blind na"ionalis"s:0 e!en "&ose -&o (ons(io$sly "a8e sides in
%$l"i'le so(ial (onfli("s *ithin Israeli and Pales"inian so(ie"iesH I" is only Pri(e -&o is
inorin "&ese (onfli("s0 failin "o see8 &is 'o"en"ial allies -i"&in "&e%7 I" is -orryin "o
no"e "&a" s$(& (rass insensi"i!i"ies +and -orse, are -ides'read in "&e broader Pales"ine
solidari"y %o!e%en" in "&e Nor"&0 %$(& %ore "&an a%on Pales"inians7 T&is is a sa%'le
of -&a" anar(&is" (ri"i(s &a!e re(en"ly 'oin"ed "o as "&e reali"y of an"i6Se%i"is% in "&e
Lef" +A$s"rian and Gold%an 311@0 Mi(&aels 311F0 S&o" by bo"& sides 311/,7
Mean-&ile0 Pri(e is so (onfiden" abo$" &a!in a((ess "o "&e =$s" and a''ro'ria"e
resol$"ion "&a" &e 'er%i"s &i%self "o iss$e elabora"e 'rora%s and de%ands0 do-n "o
"&e finer de"ails of "&e si"$a"ion:
O$r Nsi%6O i%%edia"e de%and is for "&e Israeli s"a"e "o $nila"erally -i"&dra- fro% "&e
o(($'ied Bes" 4an80 GaCa0and Eas" Ler$sale%777Any se""lers -&o re%ain %$s" a((e'" "&a" "&ey
3./
li!e in an Arab (o$n"ry777T&e Israelis s&o$ld anno$n(e "&a" "&ey -ill re(oniCe any o!ern%en"
+or o"&er arrane%en", se" $' by "&e Pales"inians0 and -ill neo"ia"e "&e re"$rn of Pales"inian
ref$ees "o Israel 'ro'er or arrane =$s" (o%'ensa"ion for 'ro'er"y s"olen777
Ul"i%a"ely "&ere -ill &a!e "o be so%e sor" of 9se($lar6de%o(ra"i(: or 9bina"ional: (o%%$nal
federa"ion7 And i" -ill &a!e "o &a!e so%e sor" of self6%anaed non6(a'i"alis"
e(ono%y777Mean-&ile -e %$s" s$''or" "&e resis"an(e of "&e Pales"inian 'eo'le7 T&ey &a!e "&e
ri&" "o self6de"er%ina"ion0 "&a" is0 "o (&ose "&eir leaders0 "&eir 'rora%s0 and "&eir %e"&ods of
s"r$le0 -&a"e!er -e "&in87
A blan8 (&e*$e0 "&en0 "o any and e!ery Pales"inian eli"e $nder "&e banner of
de%o(ra(y7 T&e s"a"e%en";s i%'era"i!e "one also bes "&e *$es"ion7 To -&o%0 're(isely0
are Pri(e;s 9-e: s$''osed "o be iss$in s$(& elabora"e de%andsH To "&e Israeli s"a"e0
ba(8ed 'er&a's by "&e 'o"en" "&rea" of e%bassy o(($'a"ions and boy(o""s on oranes
and sof"-areH Or %aybe "o "&e in"erna"ional (o%%$ni"y0 or "o "&e A%eri(an s"a"e for
"&a" %a""erH In all (ases "&is -o$ld be a 9'oli"i(s of de%and: -&i(& e#"ends s"a"e 'o-er
$nd$e re(oni"ion and lei"i%a"ion "&ro$& "&e a(" of de%and i"self G an a''roa(& far
re%o!ed fro% (en"ral anar(&is" (on(erns and s"ra"eies7
In a reb$""al "o Pri(e0 Ryan C&ian M(Car"&y +3113, "a8es iss$e -i"& "&e la(8 of
dis"in("ion be"-een 'eo'les and "&eir r$lers0 and %a8es ano"&er en(o$rain s"e' in
(allin for solidari"y -i"& liber"arian for(es on "&e ro$nd7 Unfor"$na"ely0 &e e#"ends
s$(& solidari"y only "o s"r$les -&i(& fall -i"&in &is 're=$di(ed syndi(alis" aCe:
9a$"ono%o$s labor %o!e%en"s of Pales"inian and Israeli -or8ers777A -or8ers;
%o!e%en" "&a" by'asses "&e narro- lines of s"r$le777and fi&"s for "&e $n%edia"ed
de%ands of -or8ers:7 4esides bein en"irely de"a(&ed fro% reali"y G "&e 'ros'e("s for
a$"ono%o$s labo$r %o!e%en"s are as blea8 in Israel5Pales"ine as "&ey are in "&e res" of
"&e de!elo'ed -orld G s$(& a -or8eris" %yo'ia +or fe"is&, is also dire("ly &ar%f$l7 I"
re'rod$(es "&e in!isibili"y of "&e %any i%'or"an" s"r$les in Pales"ine5Israel "&a" do no"
3.<
re!ol!e aro$nd -or80 and in -&i(& %os" anar(&is"s &a''en "o be 'ar"i(i'a"in +see
belo-,7 Mean-&ile0 s"$bborn (lass red$("ionis% de%ar(a"es no less narro- lines of
s"r$le "&an "&e ones -&i(& i" (ri"i(ises0 and does "&e 'ro"aonis"s !iolen(e by for(in
"&eir a("ions in"o ar"ifi(ial fra%e-or8s7 T&$s Pales"inians and Israelis are firs" and
fore%os" 9-or8ers777%ani'$la"ed by "&eir r$lers "o %assa(re one ano"&er:M ar%y ref$sal
is a 9s'ar8lin Na("O of (lass solidari"y (arried o$" a(ross na"ional lines: +%os" ref$seni8s
are %iddle6(lass and self6de(lared Eionis"s,M -&ile 9"&e na"ionalis" 'oison777dri!es
Pales"inian 'role"arian yo$"& "o des"roy "&e%sel!es and Israeli fello- -or8ers in s$i(ide
bo%bins:7 T&is %ay be anar(&is%0 b$" i" is of a fossilised !arie"y7
T&e roo" of "&e 'roble%0 i" -o$ld see%0 is "&a" "&e Pales"inian6Israeli (onfli("
in"rod$(es (o%'le#i"ies "&a" are no" easily addressed fro% a "radi"ional anar(&is"
s"and'oin"7 T&e "ension be"-een anar(&is"s; an"i6i%'erialis" (o%%i"%en"s on "&e one
&and0 and "&eir "radi"ional reb$""al of "&e s"a"e and na"ionalis% on "&e o"&er0 -o$ld see%
"o lea!e "&e% a" an i%'asse fro% -&i(& "&ey (an only fall ba(8 on "&e one6siCe6fi"s6all
for%$lae of (lass s"r$le0 or o"&er-ise disenae fro% "&e deba"e al"oe"&er7 In order "o
$nders"and -&y "&is is so0 le" %e loo8 a" anar(&is" (ri"i*$es of na"ionalis%7
Pre!alen" in anar(&is" li"era"$re is an e'is"e%oloi(al dis"in("ion be"-een "&e s"a"e
and "&e na"ion +'eo'le0 fol8,0 "&e for%er $nders"ood as an ar"ifi(ial ins"i"$"ion and "&e
la""er a na"$ral ro$'in arisin fro% s&ared e"&ni(0 lin$is"i( and5or ($l"$ral
(&ara("eris"i(s7 elabora"e s"a"e%en" of "&is dis"in("ion -as %ade by G$s"a! Landa$er0
-&o sa- in "&e fol8 an orani( en"i"y based on "&e $ni*$ely s&ared s'iri" +Geist, G
feelins0 ideals0 !al$es0 lan$ae0 and beliefs G "&a" $nifies indi!id$als in"o a (o%%$ni"y7
?or Landa$er0 "&e fol8 s'iri" is "&e basis for (o%%$ni"y0 e#is"ed before "&e s"a"e and
3.K
-o$ld re"$rn "o do so in a free so(ie"y7 T&e 'resen(e of "&e s"a"e is -&a" 're!en"s s$(&
s'iri" fro% realisin i"self as 9an e*$ali"y of indi!id$als G a feelin and reali"y G -&i(& is
bro$&" abo$" in free s'iri" "o $ni"y and $nion: +Landa$er 2.1K,7 Landa$er also
(onsidered i" 'ossible "o &a!e se!eral iden"i"ies G &e sa- &i%self as a Le-0 a Ger%an and
a so&thern Ger%an7 Else-&ere &e -ro"e0
I a% &a''y abo$" e!ery i%'onderable and ineffable "&in "&a" brins abo$" e#(l$si!e bonds0
$ni"ies0 and also differen"ia"ions -i"&in &$%ani"y7 If I -an" "o "ransfor% 'a"rio"is% "&en I do no"
'ro(eed in "&e sli&"es" aains" "&e fine fa(" of "&e na"ion777b$" aains" "&e %i#in $' of "&e na"ion
and "&e s"a"e0 aains" "&e (onf$sion of differen"ia"ion and o''osi"ion +in L$nn 2.K@:3<@,7
Mi(&ael 4a8$nin +2IK2:@3F, &ad earlier ar$ed "&a" "&e 9fa"&erland: N'a"riaO
re'resen"s a 9%anner of li!in and feelin: G "&a" is0 a lo(al ($l"$re G -&i(& is 9al-ays
an in(on"es"able res$l" of a lon &is"ori( de!elo'%en":7 As s$(&0 "&e dee' lo!e of
fa"&erland a%on "&e 9(o%%on 'eo'le777is a na"$ral0 real lo!e:7 B&ile "&e feelin of
(o%%on belonin0 %os" "y'i(ally "o a land0 -as in no -ay re=e("ed by 4a8$nin +or by
%any o"&er anar(&is"s,0 i" -as i"s 9(orr$'"ion: $nder s"a"is" ins"i"$"ions "&a" "&ey
re=e("ed as 9na"ionalis%: G a 'ri%ary loyal"y "o one;s nation!state4 T&$s for 4a8$nin
9'oli"i(al 'a"rio"is%0 or lo!e of "&e S"a"e0 is no" "&e fai"&f$l e#'ression: of &o- "&e
(o%%on 'eo'le lo!e "&e fa"&erland0 b$" ra"&er an e#'ression 9dis"or"ed by %eans of
false abs"ra("ion0 al-ays for "&e benefi" of an e#'loi"in %inori"y:7
R$dolf Ro(8er ado'"ed Landa$er;s dis"in("ion in &is 0ationalism and C&lt&re4 A fol8
is defined as 9"&e na"$ral res$l" of so(ial $nion0 a %$"$al asso(ia"ion of %en bro$&"
abo$" by a (er"ain si%ilari"y of e#"ernal (ondi"ions of li!in0 a (o%%on lan$ae0 and
s'e(ial (&ara("eris"i(s d$e "o (li%a"e and eora'&i( en!iron%en" +Ro(8er 2.@K:31162,7
3.I
Ho-e!er0 Ro(8er (larifies "&a" i" is only 'ossible "o s'ea8 of "&e fol80 as an en"i"y0 in
"er%s "&a" are lo(a"ion6 and "i%e6s'e(ifi(7 T&is is be(a$se0 o!er "i%e0 9($l"$ral
re(ons"r$("ions and so(ial s"i%$la"ion al-ays o(($r -&en differen" 'eo'les and ra(es
(o%e in"o (loser $nion7 E!ery ne- ($l"$re is be$n by s$(& a f$sion of differen" fol8
ele%en"s and "a8es i"s s'e(ial s&a'e fro% "&is: +@F<,7 B&a" Ro(8er (alls "&e 9na"ion:0 on
"&e o"&er &and0 is "&e essen"ialis" idea of a $nified (o%%$ni"y of in"eres"0 s'iri" or ra(e7
T&is &e sees as a (rea"ion of "&e s"a"e7 T&$s0 li8e Landa$er and 4a8$nin0 i" -as "&e
'ri%ary loyal"y "o one;s na"ion s"a"e "&a" Ro(8er san("ioned as 9na"ionalis%:7 A" "&e
sa%e "i%e0 "&e "radi"ional anar(&is" 'osi"ion e#'e("ed "&a"0 $nen($%bered by "&e s"a"e0 a
s'a(e -o$ld be o'en for "&e self6de"er%ina"ion and %$"$ally6fer"ilisin de!elo'%en" of
lo(al fol8 ($l"$res7
T&ese a""i"$des "o na"ionalis%0 &o-e!er0 &ad as "&eir 'ri%ary referen(e 'oin" "&e
E$ro'ean na"ionalis%s asso(ia"ed -i"& e#is"in s"a"es7 T&e iss$e of na"ionalis% in "&e
na"ional libera"ion s"r$les of s"a"eless 'eo'les re(ei!ed less a""en"ion7 Aro'o"8in0 for
e#a%'le0 sa- na"ional libera"ion %o!e%en"s 'osi"i!ely0 ar$in "&e re%o!al of forein
do%ina"ion -as a 're(ondi"ion "o "&e -or8ers; realisin "&eir so(ial (ons(io$sness +in
Gra$er 2..F,7 Ho-e!er0 -&a" %ay be a ne(essary (ondi"ion is by no %eans a s$ffi(ien"
one0 and i" (o$ld e*$ally be ar$ed "&a" na"ional libera"ion effor"s (an only end $'
(rea"in ne- s"a"e6s'onsored na"ionalis%s7
Bi"& "&e (ase of Israel5Pales"ine "&e dile%%a is essen"ially "&e sa%e7 T&e
o!er-&el%in %a=ori"y of Pales"inians -an" a s"a"e of "&eir o-n alonside Israel +(f7
re(en" 'olls by "&e Pales"inian Cen"re for Poli(y and S$r!ey Resear(& G a!ailable online
a" &""':55---7'('sr7or5s$r!ey5,7 4$" &o- (an anar(&is"s -&o s$''or" "&e Pales"inian
3..
s"r$le re(on(ile "&is -i"& "&eir an"i6s"a"is" 'rin(i'lesH Ho- (an "&ey s$''or" "&e
(rea"ion of ye" ano"&er s"a"e in "&e na%e of 9na"ional libera"ion:0 -&i(& is "&e e#'li(i" or
i%'li(i" aenda of al%os" all Pales"iniansH B&a" is a" -or8 &ere is anar(&is"s; (ri"i*$e
"&a" in "&eir na"ional libera"ion effor"s0 Pales"inians are bo-in "o "&e idea "&a" "&e s"a"e
is a desirable ins"i"$"ion0 and lendin "&e%sel!es "o na"ionalis" ill$sions fos"ered by
Pales"inian eli"es0 -&o -ill only be(o%e "&e so$r(e of "&eir f$"$re o''ression7 T&is is "&e
loi( be&ind M(Car"&y;s s"an(e0 as -ell as by o"&er anar(&is"s -&o s"a"e "&a" 9-e
s$''or" "&e fi&" of "&e Pales"inian 'eo'le777NandO s"and -i"& "&ose Israelis -&o 'ro"es"
aains" "&e ra(is" o!ern%en"777B&a" -e (anno" do is s$''or" "&e (rea"ion of ye" ano"&er
s"a"e in "&e na%e of Pna"ional libera"ion;: +Solidari"y ?edera"ion 3113,7
4$" "&ere are "-o 'roble%s -i"& s$(& an a""i"$de7 ?irs"0 i" in!i"es "&e (&are of
'a"ernalis%0 -&ereby anar(&is"s are 're"endin "o be be""er "&an Pales"inians a"
dis(ernin "&eir 9real in"eres"s:0 -&ile =e""isonin "&e need for solidari"y "o &a''en on
"&e "er%s ar"i($la"ed by "&e o''ressed7 Se(ond0 and %ore i%'or"an"ly0 i" lea!es
anar(&is"s -i"& no"&in b$" e%'"y de(lara"ions "o "&e effe(" "&a" "&a" 9-e s"and -i"& and
s$''or" all "&ose -&o are bein o''ressed by "&ose -&o &a!e "&e 'o-er "o do so:
+ibid7,0 or "&a" 9i" is no" abo$" for(in "&e Israeli s"a"e "o res'e(" "&e ri&"s of Pales"inians0
nor s$''or"in "&e for%a"ion of a ne- Pales"inian s"a"e7 Ra"&er i" is a *$es"ion of s"ar"in
"o 'ra("i(e deser"ion0 ref$sal0 sabo"ae0 a""a(80 des"r$("ion aains" e!ery (ons"i"$"ed
a$"&ori"y0 all 'o-er0 e!ery s"a"e: +?riends of Al6Hallad= 3113,7 Aain0 -&ile s$(&
sen"i%en"s are (er"ainly in "$ne -i"& loner6"er% anar(&is" as'ira"ions0 "&ey also (onsin
anar(&is"s "o a 'osi"ion of irrele!an(e in "&e 'resen" "ense7 On "&e one &and0 anar(&is"s
(o$ld (er"ainly aree "&a" "&e es"ablis&%en" of a (a'i"alis" Pales"inian s"a"e "&ro$&
@11
neo"ia"ions a%on e#is"in and -o$ld6be o!ern%en"s -o$ld only %ean
"&e s$b%ission of "&e In"ifada "o a (o%'rador Pales"inian leaders&i' "&a" -ill ser!e
Israel777NT&is isO rela"ed "o 'ro(esses o(($rrin all o!er "&e -orld $nder "&e label of lobaliCa"ion0
and "o ini"ia"i!es for reional "rade (oo'era"ion desined "o ($l%ina"e in a Pfree "rade reion of all
Medi"erranean (o$n"ries;777e(ono%i( &ards&i' and so(ial a's -ill in(rease0 "&e ref$ee 'roble%
-ill re%ain $nsol!ed: +Anar(&is" Co%%$nis" Ini"ia"i!e 311/,7
On "&e o"&er &and0 by disenain fro% (on(re"e Pales"inian de%ands for a s"a"e0
"&ese Israeli old6s(&ool anar(&is"s &a!e no"&in "o 'ro'ose e#(e'" 9an en"irely differen"
-ay of life and e*$ali"y for all "&e in&abi"an"s of "&e reion777a (lassless anar(&is"6
(o%%$nis" so(ie"y: +ibid7,7 T&is is all -ell and ood0 b$" -&a" &a''ens in "&e %ean"i%eH
0#upporting- #tatehood7
B&ile anar(&is"s (an s$rely do so%e"&in %ore s'e(ifi( in solidari"y -i"&
Pales"inians "&an =$s" sayin "&a" 9-e need a re!ol$"ion:0 any s$(& a("ion -o$ld a''ear
&o'elessly 9(on"a%ina"ed: -i"& a s"a"is" aenda7 T&e fa(" "&a" anar(&is"s ne!er"&eless
enae in on6"&e6ro$nd a("ions of solidari"y -i"& Pales"inian (o%%$ni"ies and ro$'s
re*$ires $s "o ri' "&is 'ar"i($lar b$ll by i"s &orns7 Here0 I belie!e "&ere are a" leas" fo$r
(o&eren" -ays in -&i(& anar(&is"s (an deal -i"& "&e ($rren" dile%%a7
T&e firs" and %os" 'ra%a"i( res'onse is "o a(8no-lede "&a" "&ere is indeed a
(on"radi("ion &ere0 b$" "o insis" "&a" in a li%inal0 i%'erfe(" si"$a"ion0 solidari"y is s"ill
-or"&-&ile e!en if i" (o%es a" "&e 'ri(e of in(onsis"en(y7 Endorse%en" of Pales"inian
s"a"e&ood by anar(&is"s (an be seen as a 'ra%a"i( 'osi"ion based on an"i6i%'erialis"
(o%%i"%en"s or e!en basi( &$%ani"arian (on(ern7 I" does nobody any ood "o say "o "&e
@12
Pales"inians0 9sorry0 -e;ll le" yo$ re%ain non6(i"iCens of a br$"al o(($'a"ion $n"il af"er
-e;re done abolis&in (a'i"alis%:7 ?or "&is reason0 one (an see so%e 8ind of
re'resen"a"i!e s"a"e&ood for "&e Pales"inians as "&e only s&or" "er% sol$"ion0 &o-e!er
i%'erfe("0 "o "&eir ($rren" o''ression7 Here anar(&is"s re(onise an $nresol!ed "ension
in "&eir 'oli"i(s0 b$" a s'e(ifi( !al$e =$de%en" is %ade -&ereby one;s an"i6i%'erialis" or
&$%ani"arian (o%%i"%en"s are seen "o "a8e 're(eden(e o!er an o"&er-ise f$lly
$n(o%'ro%isin an"i6s"a"is%7 A""a(&ed "o "&is is an in"er're"a"ion of solidari"y -&i(& is
9no" abo$" s$''or"in "&ose -&o s&are yo$r 're(ise 'oli"i(s7 I";s abo$" s$''or"in "&ose
-&o s"r$le aains" in=$s"i(e G e!en if "&eir ass$%'"ions0 %e"&ods0 'oli"i(s0 and oals
differ fro% o$r o-n: +ISM Canada 311F,7
A se(ond and se'ara"e res'onse is "o say "&a" in fa(" anar(&is"s (an0 -i"&o$"
(on"radi("ion0 s$''or" "&e es"ablis&%en" of a ne- Pales"inian s"a"e7 T&is is for "&e si%'le
reason "&a" Pales"inians are already li!in $nder a s"a"e G Israel G and "&a" "&e for%a"ion
of a ne- Pales"inian s"a"e (rea"es only a *$an"i"a"i!e (&ane0 no" a *$ali"a"i!e one7
Anar(&is"s ob=e(" "o "&e s"a"e as a eneral s(&e%e of so(ial rela"ions G no" "o "&is or "&e
o"&er s"a"e0 b$" "o "&e 'rin(i'le be&ind "&e% all7 I" is a %is$nders"andin "o red$(e "&is
ob=e("ion "o *$an"i"a"i!e "er%s G "&e n$%ber of s"a"es in "&e -orld adds or s$b"ra("s
no"&in fro% anar(&is"s; assess%en" of &o- (losely "&e -orld (orres'onds "o "&eir
ideals7 Ha!in one sinle -orld s"a"e0 for e#a%'le0 -o$ld be as 'roble%a"i( for
anar(&is"s as "&e 'resen" si"$a"ion +if no" %ore so,0 al"&o$& "&e 'ro(ess of (rea"in i"
-o$ld &a!e abolis&ed so%e 2.1 s"a"es7 So fro% a '$rely an"i6s"a"is" anar(&is"
'ers'e("i!e0 for Pales"inians "o li!e $nder a Pales"inian s"a"e ra"&er "&an an Israeli s"a"e
-o$ld be0 a" -ors"0 =$s" as ob=e("ionable7 In s$(& a si"$a"ion0 "&e 'ra%a"i(
@13
(onsidera"ions %en"ioned in "&e firs" res'onse abo!e are no loner !ie-ed as a "rade6off0
b$" as an en"irely 'osi"i!e de!elo'%en"7 If "&e (&oi(e is be"-een an Israeli or a
Pales"inian s"a"e (on"rollin "&e Bes" 4an8 and GaCa0 -&ile "&e basi( ob=e("ionable so(ial
rela"ions re%ain s"a"i(0 "&en (learly "&e la""er o'"ion is '$rely 'referable7 A f$"$re
Pales"inian s"a"e0 des'i"e %ain"ainin "&e basi( s(&e%e of s"a"is" so(ial rela"ions0 and no
%a""er &o- (orr$'" or a$"&ori"arian0 -o$ld in any e!en" be less br$"al "&an "&e Israeli
s"a"e is ($rren"ly be&a!in "o-ards "&e Pales"inian 'o'$la"ion7 Con"rol by a (i!ilian
a$"&ori"y0 "&o$& far -orse "&an anar(&y0 is s"ill far be""er "&an %ili"ary o(($'a"ion -i"&
i"s relen"less &$%ilia"ion and (on"rol o!er %$(& of Pales"inians; e!eryday li!es7
One 'oin" "o re(oniCe in "&is dis($ssion is "&a" s"a"es +'ar"i($larly na"ion6s"a"es, are
(onsis"en"ly &os"ile "o s"a"eless 'eo'les +and no%ads,7 T&e Le-s in 're6BBII E$ro'e and
"&e Pales"inians are "-o a%on %any e#a%'les of o''ressed s"a"eless 'eo'les in "&e
%odern era7 No"e "&a" -&ile %any Le-s -ere (i"iCens +of"en se(ond6(lass (i"iCens, of
E$ro'ean (o$n"ries a" "&e beinnin of "&e "-en"ie"& (en"$ry0 an i%'or"an" 're(ondi"ion
for "&e Holo(a$s" -as "&e de'ri!a"ion of Le-s; (i"iCens&i's0 renderin "&e% s"a"eless7 So
&ere -e %ay 'er&a's rei"era"e "&e f$nda%en"al anar(&is" dile%%a aro$nd s"a"e&ood G
-&y do "&e o''ressed al-ays see8 af"er "&eir o-n %ini6Le!ia"&anH +Perl%an 2.I@a,
A "&ird res'onse0 infor%ed by Aro'o"8in;s no"e abo!e0 is "a8en in referen(e "o "&e
need "o "rans(end "&is (y(le7 I" is "o say "&a" anar(&is"s (an s$''or" a Pales"inian s"a"e as
a s"ra"ei( (&oi(e0 a desirable s"ae in a loner6"er% s"r$le7 No6one (an sin(erely
e#'e(" "&a" "&e si"$a"ion in Israel5Pales"ine -ill %o!e fro% "&e 'resen" one "o anar(&y in
one s%oo"&0 $nin"err$'"ed 'ro(ess7 Hen(e0 "&e es"ablis&%en" of a Pales"inian s"a"e
"&ro$& a 'ea(e "rea"y -i"& "&e Israeli s"a"e0 al"&o$& far fro% a 9sol$"ion:0 %ay "$rn o$"
@1@
"o be a 'osi"i!e de!elo'%en" on "&e -ay "o %ore "&oro$&oin re!ol$"ionary "are"s7
T&e red$("ion of e!eryday !iolen(e on bo"& sides (o$ld do a rea" deal "o o'en "&e
ne(essary 'oli"i(al s'a(e for f$r"&er s"r$les0 and -o$ld "&$s (ons"i"$"e a 'osi"i!e
de!elo'%en" fro% a s"ra"ei( 'oin" of !ie-7 In "&e reion a" 'resen"0 all o"&er anar(&is"
aendas +an"i6(a'i"alis%0 fe%inis%0 e(oloy e"(7, are s$bs$%ed $nder "&e onoin
(onfli("7 B&ile "&e fi&"in (on"in$es0 i" is i%'ossible "o e!en enae -i"& 'eo'le on
broader iss$es and so(ial s"r$les sin(e "&e (onfli(" silen(es "&e% o$"7 T&$s0 "&e
es"ablis&%en" of a Pales"inian s"a"e -o$ld for% a bride&ead "o-ards "&e flo-erin of
o"&er %yriad so(ial s"r$les0 in Israel and in -&a"e!er en(la!e6'oli"y e%eres $nder "&e
Pales"inian r$lin eli"e7 ?or anar(&is"s0 s$(& a 'ro(ess -o$ld be a sinifi(an" s"e'
for-ard in a loner6"er% s"ra"ey for "&e des"r$("ion of "&e Israeli0 Pales"inian0 and all
o"&er s"a"es alon -i"& (a'i"alis%0 'a"riar(&y and so on7
A fo$r"& res'onse -o$ld be "o al"er "&e "er%s of dis($ssion al"oe"&er0 by ar$in
"&a" -&e"&er or no" anar(&is"s s$''or" a Pales"inian s"a"e is an en"irely insinifi(an"
%a""er0 and "&$s (ons"i"$"es -&a" %any a("i!is"s -o$ld (all a 9false deba"e:7 B&a"
e#a("ly are anar(&is"s s$''osed "o do -i"& "&is s$''or"H If "&e deba"e is "o resol!e i"self
in a %eaninf$l dire("ion0 "&en "&e $l"i%a"e *$es"ion is -&e"&er anar(&is"s (an and
s&o$ld ta2e a%tion in s$''or" of a Pales"inian s"a"e7 4$" -&a" (o$ld s$(& a("ion 'ossibly
be0 s&or" of 'e"i"ions0 de%ons"ra"ions0 and o"&er ele%en"s of "&e 9'oli"i(s of de%and:
"&a" anar(&is"s see8 "o "rans(endH One (an &ardly es"ablis& a s"a"e "&ro$& dire(" a("ion0
and "&e 'oli"i(ians -&o a("$ally e" "o de(ide -&e"&er or no" a Pales"inian s"a"e is finally
es"ablis&ed are no" e#a("ly as8in anar(&is"s "&eir o'inion7 Seen in "&is li&"0 deba"es
abo$" -&e"&er anar(&is"s s&o$ld i!e "&eir s&or"6"er% 9s$''or": "o a Pales"inian s"a"e
@1F
so$nd in(reasinly ridi($lo$s0 sin(e "&e only %eri" of s$(& dis($ssion -o$ld be "o (o%e
$' -i"& a (o%%on 'la"for%7 T&$s0 i" (an be ar$ed0 anar(&is"s %ay "a8e a("ions of
solidari"y -i"& Pales"inians +as -ell as Tibe"an0 Bes" Pa'$an and Sa&ra-i 'eo'le,
-i"&o$" referen(e "o "&e *$es"ion of s"a"e&ood7 T&e e!eryday a("s of resis"an(e "&a"
anar(&is"s =oin and defend in Pales"ine and Israel are i%%edia"e s"e's "o &el' 'reser!e
'eo'le;s li!eli&oods and dini"y0 -&i(& are in no -ay ne(essarily (onne("ed "o a s"a"is"
'ro=e("7 I" is do$b"f$l -&e"&er "&e Pales"inians -&o% anar(&is"s =oin in re%o!in a
roadblo(80 or in &ar!es"in "&eir oli!es -&ile "&rea"ened by se""lers0 are doin so -&ile
(ons(io$sly seein i" as a s"e' "o-ards s"a"e&ood7 T&e 'oin" is "&a"0 on(e !ie-ed fro% a
loner6"er% s"ra"ei( 'ers'e("i!e0 anar(&is"s; a("ions &a!e -or"&-&ile i%'li(a"ions
-&e"&er or no" "&ey are a""a(&ed "o a s"a"is" aenda of inde'enden(e7
Bi"& "&is a''roa(& in %ind0 i" -o$ld see% "&a" "&e %os" fr$i"f$l a!en$e for f$r"&er
in*$iry -o$ld be "o analyse -&a" anar(&is"s and "&eir allies are already doin on "&e
ro$nd7 T&en "&e 8ey *$es"ions be(o%e: B&i(& for%s of in!ol!e%en" in "&e s"r$les in
Pales"ine5Israel 'oin" %os" (learly "o-ards relevant anar(&is" s"ra"eies and a''roa(&esH
Three Threads of !nter(ention
In loo8in a" "&e lands(a'e of s"r$le aains" "&e o(($'a"ion0 one s&o$ld be a-are
"&a" "&e anar(&is" 'resen(e on "&e ro$nd is s(ar(e and $ne!enly dis"rib$"ed7 On a
reasonable es"i%a"ion0 "&ere are $' "o @11 'eo'le in Israel -&o are 'oli"i(ally a("i!e and
-&o -o$ld no" %ind (allin "&e%sel!es anar(&is"s G %os" of "&e% Le-is& -o%en and
@1/
%en be"-een "&e aes of 2<6@/7
R
A%on Pales"inians "&ere are a fe- 8indred so$ls and
%any allies0 b$" no a("i!e anar(&is" %o!e%en"7 To "&is is added "&e 'resen(e of so%e
anar(&is"s in in"erna"ional solidari"y effor"s on "&e ro$nd0 'ri%arily "&o$& "&e
Pales"inian6led In"erna"ional Solidari"y Mo!e%en" +ISM,7 Des'i"e "&eir s%all n$%bers0
&o-e!er0 anar(&is"s and "&eir i%%edia"e allies &a!e &ad a rea" deal of i%'a("7 Here0
"&ree in"er-o!en "&reads of in"er!en"ion s"and o$"0 in -&i(& fa(e" of anar(&is" 'oli"i(s
e%ere in a $ni*$e lo(al en!iron%en"7
)in2in( 1ss&es
Per&a's "&e %os" ob!io$s s"ren"& of "&e ne- anar(&is%0 lobally s'ea8in0 is i"s
%$l"i6iss$e 'la"for%0 a (ons(io$s aenda of in"era"in di!erse s"r$les7 In enealoi(al
"er%s0 "&is 'la"for% deri!es fro% "&e roo"edness of "&e (on"e%'orary %o!e%en" in "&e
in"erse("ion of differen" so(ial s"r$les7 In "&eore"i(al "er%s0 "&is in"erse("ion is
ro$nded in anar(&is"s; s"ress on do%ina"ion and &ierar(&y as "&e basis of %$l"i'le
in=$s"i(es7 4y (rea"in ne"-or8s "&a" in"era"e "&e differen" %o!e%en"s and
R
T&o$& no" no%inally anar(&is"0 and la(8in lin8s "o "&e !as" Yiddis&6s'ea8in anar(&is" %o!e%en" in
E$ro'e and A%eri(a +Co&n 311/,0 a rea" %any of "&e (7F10111 Eas" E$ro'ean Le-is& se""lers in "&e se(ond
-a!e of e%ira"ion "o Pales"ine +2.1F62.2F, -ere (o%%i""ed "o a liber"arian and so(ialis" e"&os and -ay of
life7 T&is -as e#'ressed in "&e f$lly !ol$n"aris"0 s"a"eless (o%%$ni"ies "&a" -ere "&e early 8!$"Co"
+'rede(essors of "&e 8ibb$"C,7 Anar(&is" li"era"$re 9-as *$i"e (o%%on: a%on 8ibb$"C fo$nders sin(e
before "&e ?irs" Borld Bar0 s'e(ifi(ally Aro'o"8in;s ideas +O!ed 3111,7 T&ese -ere 'ro'aa"ed a%on
o"&ers by Lose'& Tr$%'eldor0 -&o iden"ified as an 9anar(&o6(o%%$nis" and a Eionis":7 A self6'rofessed
anar(&is"0 A&aron S&idlo!s8y0 -as one of "&e fo$nders of 8!$"Ca" Ainnere"7 A&aron Da!id Gordon0 "&e
9$r$: of 8!$"Ca" Deania0 ob=e("ed "o !ol$n"eerin for "&e 4ri"is& ar%y d$rin BB20 did no" %en"ion a
Le-is& s"a"e e!en on(e in &is doCens of ar"i(les0 and an"i(i'a"ed (on"e%'orary e(o6anar(&is" "&in8in in &is
an"i6Mar#is"0 an"i6ro%an"i( (ri"i*$e of %oderni"y +Gordon 2./<,7 Anar(&is" "rends 'rolifera"ed in "&e Ha'oel
HaTCair +9T&e Yo$n Labo$rer:, %o!e%en"0 for -&ose %aaCine Gordon %os"ly -ro"e7 T&e %o!e%en"
'$blis&ed Aro'o"8in in Hebre- and (a%e in"o (on"a("0 "&ro$& Mar"in 4$ber0 -i"& "&e ideas of G$s"a!
Landa$er7 Ho-e!er0 fro% "&e la"e "-en"ies "&e 'eriod of %o!e%en" and 'ar"y ins"i"$"ionaliCa"ion in
Pales"ine b$ried "&ese anar(&is" infl$en(es +O!ed 3111,7 As "&e (en"ral ins"i"$"ions of "&e Eionis" s"a"e6in6
-ai"in es"ablis&ed "&eir %ono'oly o!er "&e (ir($la"ion of seed and 'rod$(e0 "&e 8ibb$"Ci% los" "&eir s"a"$s
as a$"ono%o$s (o%%$nes0 and -ere la"er f$lly (o6o'"ed in"o "&e lo(al (a'i"alis" e(ono%y +%any of "&e% are
"oday 'ri!a"ised,7 T&ere is "&$s no dire(" (on"in$i"y be"-een "&is 're(eden" and Israeli anar(&is% "oday7
@1<
(ons"i"$en(ies in -&i(& "&ey are a("i!e0 anar(&is"s (an fa(ili"a"e re(oni"ion and %$"$al
aid a%on s"r$les7
T&is s"rand is (learly 'resen" in "&e a("i!i"ies of anar(&is" and o"&er radi(al
%o!e%en"s in Israel5Pales"ine0 -&ere i" (o%es in"o $ni*$e lo(al (onfi$ra"ions7 As a
res$l" of "&eir a("i!i"y0 %ore 'rofo$nd and a-are (onne("ions are bein %ade be"-een
"&e o(($'a"ion0 "&e -idenin so(ial a' be"-een ri(& and 'oor0 "&e e#'loi"a"ion of
forein and do%es"i( -or8ers0 "&e s"a"$s of -o%en0 ra(is% and e"&ni( dis(ri%ina"ion0
&o%o'&obia0 'oll$"ion and (ons$%eris%7
One e#a%'le of lin8in "&e s"r$le aains" "&e o(($'a"ion "o a differen" libera"ory
aenda is "&e a("i!i"y of A!isa S&(&ora +4la(8 La$ndry, G a dire(" a("ion ro$' of
lesbians0 ays0 bise#$als0 "ransenders and o"&ers aains" "&e o(($'a"ion and for so(ial
=$s"i(e7 I" -as (rea"ed for "&e Pride Day 'arade in Tel6A!i! in 31120 a fe- %on"&s af"er
"&e se(ond In"ifada bean7 La%%in "&e by6no- de'oli"i(ised and (o%%er(ialised
(elebra"ion0 abo$" 3/1 radi(al *$eers in bla(8 =oined "&e %ar(& $nder "&e banner 9No
Pride in "&e O(($'a"ion:7 Sin(e "&en0 "&e ro$' &as $nder"a8en a("ions and o$"rea(&
-i"& a s"ronly an"i6a$"&ori"arian orien"a"ion0 -&i(& s"ress "&e (onne("ion be"-een
differen" for%s of o''ression:
T&e o''ression of differen" %inori"ies in "&e s"a"e of Israel feeds on "&e sa%e ra(is%0 "&e
sa%e (&a$!inis%0 and "&e sa%e %ili"aris% "&a" $'&old "&e o''ression and o(($'a"ion of "&e
Pales"inian 'eo'le7 T&ere (anno" be "r$e freedo% in an o''ressi!e0 o(($'yin so(ie"y7 In a
%ili"ary so(ie"y "&ere is no 'la(e for "&e differen" and -ea8M lesbians0 Gay %en0 dra *$eens0
"ransse#$als0 forein -or8ers0 -o%en0 MiCra&i Israelis Nof Middle Eas"ern or Nor"& Afri(an
des(en"O0 Arabs0 Pales"inians0 "&e 'oor0 "&e disabled and o"&ers: +4la(8 La$ndry 3112,7
A!isa S&(&ora;s %$l"i6iss$e 'oli"i(s 'la(es i" in a d$al role: on "&e one &and
'ro%o"in solidari"y -i"& Pales"inians0 as -ell as an"i6(a'i"alis% and an"aonis"i(
@1K
'oli"i(s0 in "&e %ains"rea% LG4T (o%%$ni"yM and on "&e o"&er &and s"ressin *$eer
libera"ion in "&e %o!e%en" aains" "&e o(($'a"ion7 A((ordin "o one %e%ber0 -&ile
%any a("i!is"s did no" ini"ially $nders"and "&e sinifi(an(e of *$eers de%ons"ra"in as
*$eers aains" "&e o(($'a"ion0 9af"er %any a("ions and dis($ssions o$r !isibili"y is no-
a((e'"ed and -el(o%e7 T&is0 I (an;" really say abo$" o$r Pales"inian 'ar"ners0 so in "&e
"erri"ories -e $s$ally o ba(8 "o "&e (lose": +Ayalon 311F,7 T&e la""er reali"y &as also led
A!isa "o enae in dire(" solidari"y and s$''or" for Pales"inian *$eers0 -&o find e!en
less a((e'"an(e in "&eir so(ie"y "&an Israeli *$eers do7
Ma;a!a8 E&ad +One S"r$le, is an affini"y ro$' (o%binin e#'li(i" anar(&is% and
an ani%al libera"ion aenda0 -&ose %e%bers are also !ery a("i!e in an"i6o(($'a"ion
s"r$les7 Aain "&is (o%bina"ion of aendas is "&ere -i"& "&e e#'li(i" oal of
9&i&li&"in "&e (onne("ion be"-een all differen" for%s of o''ression0 and &en(e also of
"&e !ario$s s"r$les aains" "&e%: +One S"r$le 3113,7 Ma;a!a8 E&ad;s e#'li(i" an"i6
(a'i"alis" and e(oloi(al aenda also adds a rare radi(al (ri"i*$e of "&e rela"ions&i'
be"-een (a'i"alis% and "&e Israeli6Pales"inian (onfli("7 B&ile "&e la""er is -ell resear(&ed
on "&e e(ono%i( le!el +Ni"Can and 4i(&ler 3113,0 a-areness of "&ese (onne("ions is far
fro% -ides'read in '$bli( dis(o$rse0 oin only as far as 'oli"i(al r&e"ori( li8e 9%oney
for so(ial ser!i(es0 no" for "&e se""le%en"s\:7 T&e ro$';s e%'&asis on ani%al libera"ion
aain (rea"es a (ri"i(al bride: (allin a""en"ion "o ani%al ri&"s -i"&in 'ea(e and so(ial
=$s"i(e %o!e%en"s0 b$" also en(o$rain resis"an(e "o "&e o(($'a"ion in "&e !ee"arian
and !ean (o%%$ni"y7 4y o'era"in ?ood No" 4o%bs s"alls0 "&e ro$' (rea"es
%eaninf$l (onne("ions be"-een 'o!er"y0 %ili"aris% and ani%al e#'loi"a"ion0 are &i&ly
'oinan" in an Israeli (on"e#"7 In addi"ion0 %e%bers of "&is ro$' be(a%e "&e (ore of "&e
@1I
dire("6a("ion ro$' 9Anar(&is"s Aains" "&e Ball: +see belo-,7
A "&ird e#a%'le in "&is "&read is Ne- Profile0 a fe%inis" oraniCa"ion "&a" (&allenes
Israel;s %ili"arised so(ial order7 I"s a("i!i"ies fall in"o "-o (a"eories7 ?irs"0 i" does
ed$(a"ional -or8 aro$nd "&e (onne("ions be"-een %ili"aris% in Israeli so(ie"y and
'a"riar(&y0 ine*$ali"ies and so(ial !iolen(e0 and a("s "o 9disse%ina"e and realiCe
fe%inis"6de%o(ra"i( 'rin(i'les in Israeli ed$(a"ion by (&anin a sys"e% "&a" 'ro%o"es
$n*$es"ionin obedien(e and lorifi(a"ion of %ili"ary ser!i(e: +A!ira% 311@,7 A("i!i"ies
in "&is area in(l$de deba"es in s(&ools "&a" 'ro%o"e (ri"i(al0 non6&ierar(&i(al "&in8in
and -or8s&o's on (onsens$s0 (onfli(" resol$"ion and de%o(ra"i( 'ro(ess for ro$'s7 In
i"s se(ond role0 Ne- Profile is "&e %os" radi(al a%on "&e fo$r Israeli ref$seni8 ro$'s0
and "&e one "&ro$& -&i(& anar(&is"s ref$sin %ili"ary ser!i(e 'redo%inan"ly oranise7
T&e ro$' (a%'ains for "&e ri&" "o (ons(ien"io$s ob=e("ion0 and i"s -ebsi"e &as f$ll
$ides "o ref$sal for bo"& %en and -o%en7 I" o'era"es a ne"-or8 of s$''or" 9b$ddies:
for ref$seni8s before0 d$rin and af"er =ail0 and arranes se%inars for yo$"& -&o are s"ill
d-ellin on -&e"&er or no" "o ref$se or e!ade ser!i(e7 C$rren"ly "&ere is a (a%'ainin
dri!e "o s$''or" and re(onise "&e s"r$le of -o%en ref$seni8s7 T&e ro$';s radi(al
fe%inis"5an"i6%ili"aris" s"an(e0 besides bein an i%'or"an" %essae "o so(ie"y0 also
(rea"es a %eaninf$l bride be"-een fe%inis"s and "&e ref$seni8 %o!e%en"7 T&is bride
is also (ri"i(al0 sin(e i" (&allenes "&e (ore narra"i!es "o -&i(& %os" ref$seni8s G
'redo%inan"ly %ains"rea% lef"6Eionis" %ales G (on"in$e "o ad&ere7
0on!violent -ire%t $%tion
A se(ond "&read of in"er!en"ion in Pales"ine5Israel "&a" is of 'ar"i($lar in"eres" "o
@1.
anar(&is"s is (i!il disobedien(e and non6!iolen" dire(" a("ion0 -&i(& en=oy an in(reasin
'resen(e in an"i6o(($'a"ion s"r$les7 S$(& "a("i(s are (learly (en"ral "o "&e anar(&is"
'oli"i(al re'er"oire0 -i"& "&eir e%'&asis on $n%edia"ed a("ion "o (&ane reali"y G be i" "o
des"roy and 're!en" or "o (rea"e and enable G ra"&er "&an a''ealin "o an e#"ernal aen"
"o -ield 'o-er on one;s be&alf7 Ho-e!er0 "&is "&read is %ore 8no""ed "&an "&e 're!io$s
one0 and re*$ires so%e ba(8ro$nd7
T&e %os" 'ro%inen" si"e of anar(&is" in!ol!e%en" in (i!il disobedien(e and dire("
a("ion in Israel5Pales"ine is e!eryday s$''or" for Pales"inian non6!iolen" resis"an(e7 T&e
(en"ral oran for "&ese a("i!i"ies &as been "&e Pales"inian6led ISM0 -&i(& larely be(a%e
a("i!e before "&e &ei&" of "&e Israeli s"a"e;s in!asions and a""a(8s on Pales"inian
'o'$la"ion (en"res +Sander(o(8 e"7al 311F,7 I"s firs" (a%'ain0 in A$$s" 31120 in(l$ded
for%in &$%an (&ains "o blo(8 soldiers fro% in"erferin -&ile Pales"inians "ore do-n
%ili"ary roadblo(8s0 &eld %ass de%ons"ra"ions0 or (olle("i!ely bro8e ($rfe-s "o o "o
s(&ool or &ar!es" oli!es or 'lay so((er7 As "&e !iolen(e es(ala"ed0 "&e ISM -as dri!en "o
fo($s %ore and %ore on a((o%'ani%en" and &$%an6s&ieldin -&ile a" "&e sa%e "i%e
dra-in -orld a""en"ion "o "&e re'ression of Pales"inians "&ro$& "&e 9li!e: 'resen(e of
in"erna"ional -i"nesses7 D$rin "&e s'rin 3113 in!asions0 a" a "i%e -&ere %ore
'roa("i!e in!ol!e%en" -o$ld ine!i"ably be s$''ressed -i"& deadly for(e0 ISM a("i!is"s
s"ayed in Pales"inian &o%es fa(in de%oli"ion0 rode -i"& a%b$lan(es0 es(or"ed
%$ni(i'al -or8ers "o fi# infras"r$("$re0 and deli!ered food and %edi(ine "o besieed
(o%%$ni"ies7 In -&a" -as 'er&a's "&e %os" -idely6broad(as" dra%a of "&is '&ase0
in"erna"ionals -ere &oled6$' for -ee8s days in "&e besieed C&$r(& of "&e Na"i!i"y in
4e"&le&e% -i"& residen"s0 (lery%en and ar%ed %ili"an"s7 ?or a -&ile0 -&a"
@21
in"erna"ionals did -as di("a"ed by -&en0 -&ere0 and &o- "&e Israeli ar%y -o$ld a""a(87
As "&e !iolen(e ebbed0 &o-e!er0 "&e e%'&asis on defensi!e o'era"ions di%inis&ed
+"&o$& (on"in$in ar%y in($rsions s$(& as "&e one d$rin -&i(& Ra(&el Corrie -as
8illed in Mar(& 311@ s"ill %ain"ain "&e need for "&e%,7 T&e ISM no- "$rned 'roa("i!e
aain0 -i"& de%ons"ra"ions "o brea8 ($rfe-s and an in"erna"ional day of a("ion in
s$%%er 31130 s$bse*$en" -or8 in oli!e &ar!es"s0 and0 sin(e "&e end of "&a" year0 a("ions
aro$nd "&e Israeli 9Se'ara"ion 4arrier: +(f7 PENGON 311@,7 ISM oranisers es"i%a"e "&a"
be"-een a *$ar"er and a "&ird of !ol$n"eers &a!e been Le-is& +Saif Ab$6Aes&e8 and Eiad
?ayed0 'ersonal (on!ersa"ion0 K7.73113,7
No- -&ile (learly "&e ISM and si%ilar solidari"y ro$'s are no" no%inally anar(&is"0
and in(l$de a lare and di!eren" array of 'ar"i(i'an"s fro% a -ide rane of
ba(8ro$nds0 "-o (lear (onne("ions "o anar(&is% (an ne!er"&eless be %ade7 ?irs"0 in
"er%s of "&e iden"i"y of 'ar"i(i'an"s0 in"erna"ional solidari"y a("i!i"ies in Pales"ine &a!e
seen a %a=or and s$s"ained 'resen(e of anar(&is"s0 -&o &ad earlier ($" "&eir "ee"& on
an"i6(a'i"alis" %obilisa"ions and lo(al rassroo"s oranisin in Nor"& A%eri(a and
E$ro'e7 T&$s0 "&ese ne"-or8s (ons"i"$"e "&e fore%os" !e&i(le for on6"&e6ro$nd
in!ol!e%en" of in"erna"ional anar(&is"s in Pales"ine7 Se(ond0 and %ore s$bs"an"ially0 i"
%ay be ar$ed "&a" "&e %ain so$r(e of anar(&is" affini"ies -i"& "&e ISM is "&a" i"
'ro%inen"ly dis'lays %any of "&e &all%ar8s of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al ($l"$re: "&e la(8 of
for%al %e%bers&i'0 (o%'re&ensi!e 9'oli(y: and offi(ial leaders&i' ro$'sM a
de(en"ralised oranisin %odel based on a$"ono%o$s affini"y ro$'s0 s'o8es(o$n(ils
and (onsens$s de(ision6%a8inM and a s"ra"ei( fo($s on s&or"6"er% (a%'ains and
(rea"i!e "a("i(s "&a" s"ress dire(" a("ion and rassroo"s e%'o-er%en"7 T&ese affini"ies are
@22
e!in(ed by a s"a"e%en" fro% ISM Canada +ibid7, on "&e need "o %o!e 9fro% an arroan"
Psa!io$r; %odel of a("i!is%0 "o a real Psolidari"y; %odel of a("i!is%:7 T&e e%'&asis on
dire(" a("ion (on"ains %any 8ey-ords of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al lan$ae:
Solidari"y %eans %ore "&an 9(&ari"y: -or8 "o ease o$r (ons(ien(e7 I" %$s" also do %ore "&an
si%'ly *itness or do%&ment a"ro(i"ies G "&o$& "&ese "as8s are also (ri"i(al "o o$r -or87 T&e ISM
!ie-s solidari"y as an i%'era"i!e "o a%tively en(a(e in resis"an(e "o "&e O(($'a"ion0 "o "a8e sides0 "o
'$" o$r bodies on "&e line0 and "o $se "&e rela"i!e 'ri!ilee of o$r 'ass'or"s and0 in so%e (ases0
(olo$r G firs" and fore%os"0 in -ays "&a" Pales"inians a("$ally re*$es"0 b$" also in -ays -&i(& &el'
b$ild "r$s" and e#'and ne"-or8s of %$"$al aid7
I" s&o$ld be e%'&asised0 &o-e!er0 "&a" "&ese anar(&is" affini"ies are no" "&e res$l" of
any dire(" infl$en(e on 'ar" of "&e Bes"ern anar(&is" %o!e%en"7 Ra"&er0 "&ey are a 'oin"
of (on!eren(e be"-een anar(&is% and "&e ende%i( Pales"inian "radi"ion of 'o'$lar
resis"an(e7 Pales"inians &a!e a lon6s"andin orien"a"ion "o-ards (i!il disobedien(e and
non6!iolen" a("ion0 -&i(& &a!e (on"in$ed sin(e "&e firs" In"ifada G an $'risin oranised
"&ro$& 'o'$lar (o%%i""ees and larely in de"a(&%en" fro% "&e PLO leaders&i'0
in!ol!in %assi!e de%ons"ra"ions0 eneral s"ri8es0 "a# ref$sal0 boy(o""s of Israeli
'rod$("s0 'oli"i(al raffi"i and "&e es"ablis&%en" of $nderro$nd s(&ools and rassroo"s
%$"$al aid 'ro=e("s7
Hen(e0 "&e firs" 'oin" "o be %ade abo$" "&e 'ar"i($lars of anar(&is" in!ol!e%en" in
dire(" a("ion in Pales"ine rela"es "o i"s s"ron dis'lay of an"i6!an$ardis%7 In all of "&ese
a("ions0 anar(&is"s and "&eir allies &a!e delibera"ely 'ar"i(i'a"ed as follo-ers and
s$''or"ers ra"&er "&an e*$als7 T&e e"&os of "&e ISM and o"&er solidari"y ro$'s s"resses
"a8in "&e lead fro% Pales"inian (o%%$ni"y %e%bers or re'resen"a"i!es0 based on "&e
'rin(i'le "&a" de(ision6%a8in and (on"rol of a("ions s&o$ld be in 'ro'or"ion "o "&e
deree "o -&i(& one is affe("ed by "&e 'o"en"ial o$"(o%e7 As a res$l"0 ISMers &a!e been
@23
(aref$l "o e%'&asise "&a" 9in"erna"ionals (anno" be&a!e as if "&ey are (o%in "o "ea(&
Pales"inians anythin( abo$" P'ea(e; or Pnon6!iolen(e; or P%orali"y; or Pde%o(ra(y0; or
any"&in else "&a" %any in "&e Bes" "y'i(ally +and arroan"ly and %is"a8enly, !ie- as
"&e e#(l$si!e real% of Bes"ern a("i!is% and !al$es: +ibid7,7 T&e sa%e loi( &as been
a''lied "o "&e ideas of disobedien(e and dire(" a("ion7 In s$(& a se""in0 any a""e%'" a" a
definin( (on"rib$"ion in "er%s of dire(" a("ion G say0 by -ay of i%'lan"in "a("i(s
arnered fro% Bes"ern %odels G -o$ld s"ri8e anar(&is"s as an arroan" in"er!en"ion7 So
in "&is (ase "&e anar(&is" (onne("ion &a''ens %ore in "er%s of s$''or" for for%s of
'o'$lar resis"an(e "o-ards -&i(& anar(&is"s e#'erien(e an i%%edia"e affini"y0 ra"&er
"&an in "er%s of anar(&is"s e#'li(i"ly 9in"rod$(in: "&eir o-n 'oli"i(s in"o a ne- arena7
A se(ond 'oin" reards "&e s'e(ial in"erse("ion0 in "&e ($rren" (on"e#"0 be"-een
dire(" a("ion and *$es"ions of 'oli"i(al !iolen(e7 B&ile re(onisin "&e lei"i%a(y of
oraniCed0 ar%ed ins$rre("ion +"&o$& no" of "are"in (i!ilians,0 "&e ISM i"self
'ar"i(i'a"es only in already e#is"in non6!iolen" a("s resis"an(e by Pales"inians7 T&is &as
"&e oal of i!in !isibili"y "o "&e non6!iolen" as'e("s of Pales"inian s"r$le0 -&i(& in
fa(" (ons"i"$"e "&e b$l8 "&eir a("i!i"y aains" "&e o(($'a"ion0 and -i"& -&i(& Bes"ern
a$dien(es (an %ore easily iden"ify7 No- "&is 'osi"ion 'ro!ides an in"eres"in
(o$n"er'oin" "o "&e deba"es aro$nd !iolen(e in E$ro'ean and Nor"& A%eri(an anar(&is"
(ir(les7 As I %en"ioned in (&a'"er <0 "&e r&e"ori(al %o!e "o-ards a 9di!ersi"y of "a("i(s:
'la(es anar(&is"s in a %ore (o%for"able 'osi"ion "&an s"ri("ly non6!iolen" a("i!is"s
reardin "&e lands(a'e of s"r$le in Pales"ine5Israel7 Here0 &o-e!er0 "&e non6!iolen"
as'e(" of dire(" a("ion 'lays an en"irely differen" role0 sin(e i" "a8es 'la(e aains" "&e
ba(8dro' of a &i&ly violent (onfli("0 in -&i(& ar%ed s"r$le is "&e nor% ra"&er "&an "&e
@2@
e#(e'"ion +e!en "&e firs" In"ifada0 in addi"ion "o "&e non6!iolen" %eans %en"ioned abo!e0
also in!ol!ed s"one "&ro-in0 Molo"o! (o(8"ails and "&e ere("ion of barri(ades "o i%'ede
"&e %o!e%en" of "&e Israeli ar%y,7 4y enain only in non6!iolen" for%s of a("ion -&ile
no" deno$n(in ar%ed resis"an(e0 "&e ISM &as0 af"er i"s o-n fas&ion0 also ado'"ed a
di!ersi"y of "a("i(s 'osi"ion7 B&ere s$''or"ers of a %ore s"ri("0 ideoloi(al !ersion of
non6!iolen(e +e77 in "&e Gand&ian "radi"ion, %i&" e#'erien(e a dee' (onfli(" -i"& s$(&
a 'osi"ion0 Bes"ern anar(&is"s -&o &a!e dis"an(ed "&e%sel!es fro% s"ri(" non6!iolen(e
(an %ore (o%for"ably a((e'" i" G al"&o$& in "&is (ase i" is they -&o "a8e on "&e non6
!iolen" o'"ion7 In Pales"ine0 "&en0 anar(&is"s &a!e fo$nd "&e%sel!es in&abi"in "&e o"&er
side of "&e 9di!ersi"y of "a("i(s: e*$a"ion0 (o$n"era("in "&e (&are "&a" "&is for%$la"ion
is %erely a e$'&e%is% for !iolen(e +La8ey 3113, by s&o-in "&a" "&ey "oo are
(o%%i""ed "o enae in '$rely non6!iolen" a("ions $nder so%e (ondi"ions7
T&e de!elo'%en" of s$(& an aenda is an area in -&i(& "&e e#'erien(es of Israeli
anar(&is"s are es'e(ially i%'or"an"7 Many Israelis &a!e been enaed in Pales"inian
solidari"y a("i!i"ies for de(ades0 in(l$din in (i!il disobedien(e and non6!iolen" dire("
a("ion d$rin "&e ($rren" intifada7 T&e a''earan(e of Israelis "a8in dire(" a("ion alon
-i"& Pales"inians &as0 o!er "i%e0 des"abilised "&e $n*$es"ioned lei"i%a(y i%'a("ed "&e
'$bli( sensibili"ies in Israel "o a deree -&i(& in"erna"ional a("i!is"s (o$ld ne!er &ad
%anaed7 T&is is no" so %$(& d$e "o "&e "y'e of a("ions G -&i(& are essen"ially "&e sa%e
G as "o "&e iden"i"y of "&e 'ar"i(i'an"s7 S$(& a("ions "a8en by Israelis are far %ore
"ransressi!e and 'ro!o(a"i!e in "&e eyes of "&e Israeli '$bli(0 -&i(& is no" a(($s"o%ed
"o seein i"s o-n (i"iCens '$" "&eir bodies on "&e line in s$''or" of Pales"inian ri&"s7
Grassroo"s Pales"inian leaders are in"eres"ed in f$r"&erin s$(& (oo'era"ion in order "o
@2F
infl$en(e '$bli( o'inion in Israel0 and %ore es'e(ially be(a$se "&e 'resen(e of Israelis0
"&ey &o'e0 -ill %odera"e "&e rea("ions of "&e soldiers7
T-o years in"o "&e ne- In"ifada0 so%e Israelis -&o -ere (oo'era"in on dire(" a("ion
-i"& ISM affini"y ro$'s and -i"& o"&er in"erna"ionals in(reasinly fel" "&e need "o i!e
%ore !isibili"y "o "&eir o-n resis"an(e as Israelis0 by (rea"in an a$"ono%o$s ro$'
-or8in "oe"&er -i"& Pales"inians and in"erna"ionals +Ayalon 311F,7 Af"er a fe- a("ions
aains" "&e Ball in Israel and Pales"ine0 a s%all ro$' s"ar"ed "o (o%e "oe"&er and b$ild
a "r$s"ed re'$"a"ion of Israeli dire("6a("ion a("i!is"s -illin "o s"r$le "oe"&er -i"&
lo(al Pales"inians aains" "&e Ball7 In Mar(& 311@ "&e !illae of Mas;&a in!i"ed "&e ro$'
"o b$ild a 'ro"es" "en" on !illae land "&a" -as bein (onfis(a"ed for "&e Ball +.Ih of
Mas;&a land -as "a8en,7 T&e 'ro"es" (a%' -as (rea"ed and be(a%e a (en"re of s"r$le
and infor%a"ion aains" "&e 'lanned (ons"r$("ion in "&a" area and in "&e -&ole Bes"
4an87 O!er "&e fo$r %on"&s of "&e (a%' %ore "&an a "&o$sand in"erna"ionals and
Israelis (a%e "o learn abo$" "&e si"$a"ion and =oin "&e s"r$le7 D$rin "&e (a%' a dire("6
a("ion ro$' (allin i"self VAnar(&is"s Aains" "&e BallV +also 8no-n as VLe-s Aains"
G&e""osV, -as (rea"ed7 Af"er "&e e!i("ion of "&e Mas;&a (a%' in s$%%er 311@ a%id
nine"y arres"s0 "&e ro$' (on"in$ed "o 'ar"i(i'a"e in %any =oin" a("ions a(ross "&e
"erri"ories7 9Me%bers: of "&e ro$'0 -i"& abo$" one &$ndred a("i!e 'ar"i(i'an"s o!erall
+Anony%o$sK 311F,0 -ere 'resen" a" de%ons"ra"ions and a("ions on a -ee8ly basis in
311F0 for e#a%'le in Sale% +L$ly,0 Anin and Aafr Eei"a +A$$s", and Eab$be +.
No!e%ber,7 T&e la""er a("ion -as "a8en on an in"erna"ional day of a("ion aains" "&e
Ball +also "&e anni!ersary of "&e fall of "&e 4erlin Ball,7 So%e "&ir"y Israeli anar(&is"s
=oined "&e Pales"inian !illaers in "earin do-n abo$" "-en"y %e"ers of "&e ne-
@2/
se'ara"ion fen(e7 In o"&er a("ions0 a"es alon "&e barrier &a!e been bro8en "&ro$&7
Ironi(ally0 "&ese a("ions re%ained larely in!isible "o "&e Israeli '$bli( $n"il "&e ar%y
es(ala"ed i"s "a("i(s7 On De(e%ber 3<0 311@ an Israeli anar(&is" de%ons"ra"in aains" "&e
fen(e0 Gil Na;a%a"i0 -as s&o" in "&e "&i& by Israeli soldiers a" Mas;&a and s$s"ained
serio$s blood loss7 A" "-o s$bse*$en" e!en"s0 an anar(&is" -as s&o" !ery near "&e eye by
a r$bber6(oa"ed %e"al b$lle"0 and ano"&er -as "&ro-n for a /18'& ride on "&e &ood of an
ar%y =ee' +La!ie 311F,7 T&e Israeli s"a"e;s $se of le"&al !iolen(e aains" i"s o-n (i"iCens
%ade Israeli resis"an(e "o "&e Ball dra%a"i(ally !isible0 and re- in"o a fier(e deba"e
abo$" "&e ar%y;s $se of deadly for(e aains" $nar%ed 'ro"es"ers7 T&e (o%%ander of "&e
soldiers -&o o'ened fire only f$elled "&e ar$%en" "&a" raed in Israel;s 'ress by "ellin
a lo(al re'or"er: VT&e "roo's didn;" 8no- "&ey -ere IsraelisV G raisin "&e iss$e of a
'er(ei!ed do$ble s"andard on &o- "&e ar%y deals -i"& "&e Pales"inians and i"s o-n
(i"iCens7 Al"&o$& "&e (or'ora"e %edia f$nnelled "&e deba"e in"o one o!er "&e ar%y;s
"a("i(s0 %ore s'a(e for '$bli( deba"e -as o'ened $' aro$nd "&e Ball0 -&ile "&e Israeli
ar%y;s already -ell6s&a8en 're"ensions "o be 9"&e %os" %oral ar%y in "&e -orld:
s$ffered ano"&er blo-7
B&ile "&e %a=ori"y of "&e '$bli( (er"ainly !ie-s Israeli anar(&is"s as %is$ided0
naQ!e yo$"& a" bes" and as "rai"ors a" -ors"0 i" is i%'ossible "o deny "&a" "&eir dire("
a("ions &a!e &ad an $n're(eden"ed i%'a(" on "&e dis(o$rse of -ider Israeli so(ie"y0
es'e(ially aro$nd "&e Ball7 Israeli6Pales"inian (oo'era"ion in %ili"an" a("ion is in&eren"ly
"ransressi!e be(a$se i" ena("s a dra%a"i(0 .16deree fli' of 'ers'e("i!e +fro% &oriCon"al
"o !er"i(al,7 B&en bo"& Pales"inians and Israelis =oin in (onfron"in "&e s"a"e0 "&e
&oriCon"al i%aery of na"ional (onfli(" is dis'la(ed by "&e !er"i(al one of so(ial s"r$le0
@2<
9"&e 'eo'le;s side aains" "&e o!ern%en"s; side:7
Grassroots Pea%e!ma2in(
T&is leads $s "o "&e "&ird and 'ossibly %os" i%'or"an" "&read of in"er!en"ion0
E$ro'ean and Nor"& A%eri(an anar(&is"s &a!e lon been a-are of "&e need "o
(o%'le%en" des"r$("i!e5're!en"a"i!e dire(" a("ion -i"& (ons"r$("i!e5enablin for%s of
"&e sa%e7 Ho-e!er0 "&e (on"e#" in -&i(& "&e la""er are dis($ssed and $sed &as been
'redo%inan"ly so(ial and e(ono%i(0 -i"& e#a%'les ranin fro% s*$a"s and so(ial
(en"res "&ro$& $rban food6ardenin and self6&el' ro$'s and on "o (oo'era"i!es and
LETS sys"e%s7 T&e $ni*$e si"$a"ion in Israel5Pales"ine allo-s $s "o li%'se "&e f$r"&er
'o"en"iali"ies of "&is loi( in a se""in of 9na"ional (onfli(":7 Here0 a "&ird "&read of
anar(&is" in"er!en"ion %ay be s'o8en of0 -&ereby "&e dire(" a("ion loi( on i"s
(ons"r$("i!e %ode is e#"ended "o-ards 'ro=e("s of rassroo"s 'ea(e%a8in7
Israeli (i"iCens (anno" leally en"er "&e Bes" 4an8 or GaCa7 Ci"iCens of "&e Bes" 4an8
and GaCa (anno" leally en"er Israel7 T&e only Israelis "&a" %any Pales"inians e" "o see
are "&e ar%y7 T&e only Pales"inians "&a" %any Israelis e" "o see are on T>7 T&is reali"y
ob!io$sly fos"ers %$"$al inoran(e0 fear and &a"red on bo"& sides7 Parado#i(ally0
&o-e!er0 for %os" Le-is& Israelis0 "&e no"ion of 'ea(e is s"ronly asso(ia"ed -i"& "&e
no"ion of se'ara"ion7 E&$d 4ara8;s (en"ral sloan in &is 2... ele("ion (a%'ain -as
9'&ysi(al se'ara"ion fro% "&e Pales"inians G $s &ere0 "&e% "&ere:7 T&$s "&e ref$sal "o
reinfor(e se'ara"ion -or8s aains" "&e rain of %ains"rea% dis(o$rse7 I" s&o$ld be
a''re(ia"ed "&a" "&e Israeli o!ern%en";s na%e for "&e barrier0 "&e 9se'ara"ion: fen(e or
-all0 sinifies so%e"&in positive for %any Israelis7 Mos" of "&e Israeli 9'ea(e (a%': &as
@2K
a 'roble% -i"& "&e -all0 b$" -o$ld be sa"isfied if i"s ro$"e -ere "o o!erla' 'erfe("ly -i"&
"&e Green Line0 say0 as a border be"-een "-o s"a"es7 Possibly %any Pales"inians -o$ld
aree7 Ho-e!er0 "&is idea "oo needs "o be (&allened by anar(&is"s and o"&ers -&o
s$''or" a en$ine 'ea(e in "&e reion7 T&is is be(a$se (ondi"ions of '&ysi(al se'ara"ion
(anno" %a8e for "&e "r$e re(on(ilia"ion "&a" is re*$ired by a %ore "&oro$&oin no"ion
of 'ea(e7 T&e la""er -o$ld o beyond a 9'er%anen" ar%is"i(e: and sinify "&e f$ll
nor%alisa"ion of rela"ions be"-een Pales"inians and Israelis0 -&ere (oe#is"en(e is a
rela"ions&i' free of all fear0 s$s'i(ion and dis"an(e7
Many rassroo"s 'ea(e%a8in effor"s are orien"ed in "&is dire("ion7 One e#a%'le is
"&e oranisa"ion Ta;ay$s& +Arab6Le-is& Par"ners&i',0 (rea"ed af"er "&e beinnin of "&e
3nd In"ifada7 T&a" %on"& -as one of "&e only (ases -&en Pales"inians -&o li!e in Israel
a("i!ely resis"ed and raised "&eir !oi(es in solidari"y -i"& "&ose in "&e o(($'ied
"erri"ories7 Ta;ay$s& &as a lare %e%bers&i' of Le-s and Pales"inian Arabs of Israeli
(i"iCens&i'0 in(l$din %any s"$den"s0 and $nder"a8es %any a("ions in "&e "erri"ories G
brinin food "o "&e "o-ns and &el'in far%ers "o -or8 "&eir land7 A %ore (o%%$nal
e#a%'le is Ne!e S&alo% 5 Ba&a" al6Salaa%0 a (oo'era"i!e !illae of Le-is& and
Pales"inian Israelis0 si"$a"ed e*$idis"an" be"-een Ler$sale% and Tel A!i!6Laffa7 ?o$nded
in 2.K30 "&e !illae no- &o$ses abo$" /1 fa%ilies and o'era"es Israel;s firs" f$lly bilin$al
reional s(&ool0 -i"& 3.1 Le-is& and Arab (&ildren7 T&e residen"s also &a!e been
oraniCin 'ro=e("s "o &el' Pales"inians in "&e Bes" 4an8 -i"& dis"rib$"ion of food and
%edi(al a""en"ion7 O!erall0 "&e ne"-or8 of oranisa"ions for Le-is&6Arab (oe#is"en(e in
Israel already lis"s o!er one &$ndred ro$'s0 fro% lobbyin and ad!o(a(y ro$'s
"&ro$& ed$(a"ional and ar"is"i( 'ro=e("s and on "o lo(al (i"iCens; fora in %i#ed (i"ies and
@2I
reions7 Ho-e!er0 $nli8e Ta;ay$s&0 %any of "&ese ini"ia"i!es e#'li(i"ly desina"e
"&e%sel!es as 9a6'oli"i(al:0 sides"e''in "&e oblia"ion "o (onfron" so(ial ine*$ali"ies in
Pales"ine5Israel0 seein "&e%sel!es as 9(i!il so(ie"y: ini"ia"i!es -&i(& s$''le%en" ra"&er
"&an (&allene basi( 'oli"i(al and so(ial s"r$("$res7
A s'e(ifi( anar(&is" (on"rib$"ion "o "&is "&read of in"er!en"ion0 "&en0 is "o inf$se i"
-i"& a %ore (learly an"aonis"i( di%ension7 B&a" anar(&is"s es'e(ially (on"rib$"e "o
rassroo"s 'ea(e%a8in is "o $nder"a8e 'ro=e("s -i"&in i"s fold0 on "&eir o-n or in
(oo'era"ion -i"& o"&ers0 -&ile %ain"ainin a s"an(e of ref$sal "o-ards s"a"e 'o-er7 T&$s
(o%%$ni"y 'ea(e%a8in0 as a for% of 'oli"i(ian6by'assin dire(" a("ion0 a" leas" &as "&e
'o"en"ial for enera"in f$r"&er =oin" s"r$les and a dee'er a-areness of &o- (olle("i!e
o''ression and "ra$%a are a" -or8 on bo"& sides7
In a &i&ly6e!o(a"i!e ar"i(le0 A%eri(an6Israeli anar(&is" 4ill Te%'ler +311@, 'oin"s "o
one !ersion of -&a" "&is (o$ld loo8 li8e0 $sin %any 8ey-ords "&a" -ill be -ell fa%iliar
by no-:
Rein!en"in 'oli"i(s in Israel and Pales"ine %eans layin "&e ro$nd-or8 no* for a 8ind of
Le-is&6Pales"inian Ea'a"is%o0 a rassroo"s effor" "o 9re(lai% "&e (o%%ons:7 T&is -o$ld %ean
%o!in "o-ards dire(" de%o(ra(y0 a 'ar"i(i'a"ory e(ono%y and a en$ine a$"ono%y for "&e
'eo'leM "o-ards Mar"in 4$ber;s !ision of 9an orani( (o%%on-eal"&777"&a" is a (o%%$ni"y of
(o%%$ni"ies: +2./I: 2@<,7 Be %i&" (all i" "&e 9no6s"a"e sol$"ion:7
Te%'ler;s o'"i%is% for s$(& a 'ro=e(" res"s on "&e 'er(e'"ion of a -ides'read (risis
of fai"& in 9neoliberal o!ern%en"ali"y:0 %a8in Israel5Pales"ine 9a %i(ro(os% of "&e
'er!asi!e !a($i"y of o$r re(ei!ed 'oli"i(al i%ainaries and "&e r$lin eli"es "&a"
ad%inis"er "&e%777Nb$" -&i(&O offers a $ni*$e %i(rolabora"ory for e#'eri%en"in -i"&
ano"&er 8ind of 'oli"y:7 B&ile a(8no-ledin "&e ine!i"abili"y of a "-o6s"a"e se""le%en"
@2.
in "&e s&or" "er%0 &e "ra(es ele%en"s -&i(& are already "$rnin Pales"ine5Israel in"o 9an
in($ba"or for (rea"in Pd$al 'o-er; o!er "&e %iddle "er%0 P&ollo-in o$"; (a'i"alis"
s"r$("$res and "o'6do-n b$rea$(ra(ies:7 Te%'ler;s s'e($la"ions on a 9s"aed
"ransfor%a"ion:0 a 8ind of "-o s"a"es G one s"a"e G no s"a"es "ransi"ion0 are 'er&a's oin
a bi" "oo far7 As far as loner6"er% "ransi"ions o0 anar(&is"s %i&" 'refer "o do -i"&o$"
"&e one6s"a"is" "ransi"ion 'eriod0 en!isionin "&e de(o%'osi"ion of all Eas" Medi""eranean
s"a"es and (a'i"alis%s in"o ne"-or8s of a$"ono%o$s (o%%$ni"ies7
T&e 'oin"0 &o-e!er0 is "&e rassroo"s ro$ndin of "&e 'ro(ess i"self7 Realis"i(ally
s'ea8in0 "&en0 -e are loo8in "o "&e a("i!i"ies of ro$'s and (o%%$ni"ies "&a" (an
(on"a%ina"e "&e "-o6s"a"is" 'ea(e 'ro(ess -i"& a %ore "&oro$&oin aenda of so(ial
"ransfor%a"ion7 B&a" ro$nds s$(& an aenda0 fro% an anar(&is" 'ers'e("i!e0 is "&e
ar$%en" "&a" "&e (rea"ion of en$ine 'ea(e re*$ires "&e (rea"ion and fos"erin of
'oli"i(al s'a(es -&i(& fa(ili"a"e !ol$n"ary (oo'era"ion and %$"$al aid be"-een Israelis
and Pales"inians7 T&is &olds e!en in "&e fa(e of "&e resis"an(e of "&e Israeli o!ern%en"0
and beyond any 9aree%en": bro8ered by 'oli"i(al ra(8e"s7 Indeed0 e!en if "&e Israeli
o!ern%en" s$ddenly allo-ed for 'ea(e and nor%alisa"ion be"-een "&e "-o 'eo'les0
s$(& 'ea(e and nor%alisa"ion -o$ld s"ill only e#is" "o "&e e#"en" "&a" 'eo'le 'ra("ised i"M
i" -o$ld no" s'rin in"o bein by e#e($"i!e fia"7
T&e Mas;&a (a%' &as already reis"ered a 'o-erf$l e#a%'le of "&e 'o"en"ials of
s$(& endea!o$rs7 T&e en(o$n"er be"-een Israelis and Pales"inians enain in a =oin"
s"r$le aains" "&e (ons"r$("ion of "&e Ball in "&e !illae be(a%e a 'ro"ra("ed fa(e6"o6
fa(e en(o$n"er0 -&ere %e%bers of bo"& (o%%$ni"ies (o$ld -or8 "oe"&er on a daily0
o!er(o%in "&e in!isible -alls of isola"ion and s"ereo"y'es (rea"ed by "&e o(($'a"ion7
@31
?or bo"& sides0 "&e (a%' -as an in"ense e#'erien(e of e*$ali"y and "oe"&erness0 -&i(&
by e#"ension (o$ld (rea"e a %odel for f$"$re effor"s G as "&ese *$o"es fro% a Pales"inian
and an Israeli 'ar"i(i'an" de%ons"ra"e +S&alabi and Medi(8s 311@,:
Na8##,: Be -an"ed "o s&o- "&a" "&e Israeli 'eo'le are no" o$r ene%iesM "o 'ro!ide an
o''or"$ni"y for Israelis "o (oo'era"e -i"& $s as ood nei&bors and s$''or" o$r s"r$le777O$r
(a%' s&o-ed "&a" 'ea(e -ill no" be b$il" by -alls and se'ara"ion0 b$" by (oo'era"ion and
(o%%$ni(a"ion be"-een "&e "-o 'eo'les li!in in "&is land7 A" Mas;&a Ca%' -e li!ed "oe"&er0
a"e "oe"&er0 and "al8ed "oe"&er 3F &o$rs a day for fo$r %on"&s7 O$r fear -as ne!er fro% ea(&
o"&er0 b$" only fro% "&e Israeli soldiers and se""lers7
Or#n: T&e yo$n Israeli enera"ion realiCes "&a" "&e -orld &as (&aned7 T&ey sa- "&e 4erlin
-all (o%e do-n7 T&ey 8no- "&a" se($ri"y be&ind -alls is ill$sionary7 S'endin so%e "i%e
"oe"&er in "&e (a%'0 &as 'ro!en "o $s all "&a" real se($ri"y lies in "&e a((e'"an(e of one ano"&er as
e*$als0 in res'e("in ea(& o"&er;s ri&" "o li!e a f$ll0 free life777N-e s"r$leO "o "o''le -alls and
barriers be"-een 'eo'les and na"ions0 (rea"in a -orld -&i(& s'ea8s one lan$ae G "&e
lan$ae of e*$al ri&"s and freedo%7
T&e i%aery of resis"an(e "o fen(es0 -alls and borders already &as a !ery s"ron
($rren(y in anar(&is" and broader an"i6(a'i"alis" (ir(les7 T&e fen(es ere("ed aro$nd
s$%%i"s0 i%%iran" de"en"ion (en"res0 affl$en" s$b$rbs and 'risons G all &a!e been $sed
as sy%bols for broader so(ial 'ro(esses s$(& as border rei%es0 "&e en(los$re of
(o%%ons0 res"ri("ions on freedo% of %o!e%en"0 "&e 9de%o(ra"i( defi(i": in lobal
ins"i"$"ions and "&e s"iflin of dissen" +Alein 3113,7 Mean-&ile0 a series of No 4order
'ro"es"6(a%'s &a!e been "a8in 'la(e in E$ro'e and "&e U7S76Me#i(o 4order0 $nder "&e
sloan 9No H$%an is Illeal: G and e#'ressin an e#'li(i" re=e("ion no" only of
i%%ira"ion (on"rols0 b$" of all border rei%es as s$(& +&en(e0 by -ay of !eiled
i%'li(a"ion0 of "&e s"a"e,7 In s$(& a dis($rsi!e en!iron%en"0 "&e Se'ara"ion Ball -as =$s"
as8in for i"7 T&e (&allene0 &o-e!er0 is "o e#"end "&is loi( "o "&e %$l"i'le fen(es G real
and 'oli"i(al G "&a" serea"e "&e Israeli and Pales"inian (o%%$ni"ies on "&e le!el of
@32
e!eryday life7
A" "&e (rossroads of i%'erial (onfli(" sin(e Ey'" and Assyria0 and -i"& a (en"ral
'la(e in "&e ($l"$ral lea(ies of "&e "&ree Abra&a%i( reliions0 "&e land be"-een "&e
Lordan ri!er and "&e Medi"erranean (on"in$es "o be an i%'or"an" 9a($'$n("$re 'oin": in
"&e s'e("a(le of eo'oli"i(s7 L$s" as "&e re(e'"ion of "&e Oslo aree%en"s -as e%ble%a"i(
of "&e 9o'"i%is"i(: a""i"$de "o lobalisa"ion of "&e .1s0 so i"s (olla'se in"o rene-ed
!iolen(e 'arallels "&e la""er;s "ransfor%a"ion in"o a barefa(ed 'er%anen" lobal -ar7 T&e
Clas& of Ci!ilisa"ions ideoloy0 "o$"ed in s$''or" of "&is -ar0 (on"in$es "o feeds off "&e
si"$a"ion -es" of "&e Lordan and is "&$s !$lnerable "o a lare s(ale 'rolifera"ion of radi(al
'ea(e%a8in7 T&is %ay so$nd li8e fan"asy0 b$" "&e deree "o -&i(& "&e %ains"rea%
dis(o$rse aro$nd "&e Israeli6Pales"inian (onfli(" &as been radi(alised in re(en" years
s&o$ld no" be $nderes"i%a"ed7 T&e s$((ess of "&ese %o!e%en"s %ay %ean "&a" "&e
(o%in 'ea(e aree%en" %ay no" enera"e *$ie"$de0 b$" a flood of (o6o'era"in0
disobedien" '$bli(s G a bi60 %$l"i6 or 'os"6na"ional 9(o%%$ni"y of (o%%$ni"ies: -&i(&
s"r$les "o realise i"self7
@33
CONCLUSION
T&is "&esis &as e#'lored "&e rise of (on"e%'orary anar(&is% in re(en" years0
analysed i" as a so(ial %o!e%en"0 and %ade "&eore"i(al in"er!en"ions in so%e of "&e
(en"ral dile%%as and areas of (on"ro!ersy "&a" 'reo(($'y a("i!is"s in "&e 'resen" day7 I"
&as ar$ed for a 'ri%ary $nders"andin of anar(&is% as a 'oli"i(al ($l"$re0 "ra(ed "&e
%o!e%en";s re(en" enealoy0 and dis($ssed "&e 8ey-ords of anar(&is" 'oli"i(al
lan$ae7 T&e 'ar"i(i'a"ory resear(& %e"&ods ado'"ed in "&is "&esis &a!e 'ro!en
in!al$able in yieldin a %eaninf$l fra%e-or8 of e#'lana"ion "&a" -o$ld no" &a!e been
a!ailable -i"&o$" "&e in"i%a"e (onne("ion -i"& "&e life6-orld of a("i!is"s7
R
In dis($ssin
*$es"ions of 'o-er0 !iolen(e0 "e(&noloy and na"ionalis%0 "&is "&esis &as a""e%'"ed "o
dis'lay -&a" anar(&is" "&eory (an loo8 li8e0 on(e i" resol!es "o re%ain in (lose (ri"i(al
enae%en" -i"& (on"e%'orary anar(&is" li"era"$re and oral deba"e0 -&ile a" "&e sa%e
"i%e brinin in"o 'lay "&e (on(e'"$al "ools of 'oli"i(al "&eory0 as -ell as a(ade%i(
dis($ssions and ar$%en"s -&i(&0 -&ile $nfa%iliar "o anar(&is"s0 afford 8ey insi&"s
in"o "&e !ery deba"es in -&i(& "&ey (ons"an"ly enae7
T&ere are "-o %ain %essaes "&a" "&is "&esis -o$ld dri!e &o%e "o a(ade%i(
a$dien(es7 T&e firs" and %os" ob!io$s one is "&a" (on"e%'orary anar(&is% is "o be "a8en
e#"re%ely serio$sly0 by so(ial s(ien"is"s and 'oli"i(al "&eoris"s ali8e7 T&e re6(on!eren(e
of anar(&is" 'oli"i(s &as i!en rise "o -&a" is ar$ably "&e lares" and %os" (o&eren"0
R
I" s&o$ld be no"ed "&a" -eb6based sear(& enines s$(& as Goole &a!e 'ro!ed "o be entirely &nreliable in
"&eir re'resen"a"ion of "&e rela"i!e i%'or"an(e of anar(&is" nodes on "&e -eb7 T&e firs" fo$r 'oin"s of (all I
-o$ld re(o%%end for f$r"&er resear(& on anar(&is% are indy%edia7or0 infos&o'7or0 a'7or and
slas&7a$"ono%edia7or7 A re(o%%ended sear(&6enine is &""':55---7a("i!is"a7or5
@3@
!ibran" and ra'idly6e!ol!in re!ol$"ionary %o!e%en" in ad!an(ed (a'i"alis" (o$n"ries7
As s$(&0 i" deser!es (lose a""en"ion fro% resear(&ers -&o -is& "o $nlo(8 'ro(esses of
'oli"i(al e#'ression0 aenda se""in0 iden"i"y for%a"ion and ideoloi(al de!elo'%en" in
so(ial %o!e%en"s0 as -ell as fro% so(ially6%inded 'oli"i(al "&eoris"s -&o -an" "o rela"e
"&eir (on(e'"$al endea!o$rs "o a broader and %ore in"era"ed array of so(ial (ri"i(is%
and 'ro'osals for (&ane7 As indi(a"ed in 'ar"i($lar by "&e dis($ssions of 'o-er0
!iolen(e and "e(&noloy0 so%e radi(al a(ade%i( '&iloso'&ers are dis'layin orien"a"ions
-&i(& are s$r'risinly &ar%onio$s -i"& anar(&is%7 An e#a%ina"ion of "&e 'ossible
(onne("ion be"-een s'e(ifi( "&eore"i(al aendas and "&e anar(&is" 'oli"i(al 'ro=e(" %ay
'ro!ide %eaninf$l insi&"s and a 'la"for% for %$l"i6iss$e "&in8in7
T&e se(ond %essae0 %ore s'e(ifi(ally dire("ed a" so(ially6%inded 'oli"i(al "&eoris"s0
is "o en(o$rae an $na'oloe"i( a""i"$de "o one;s so(ial aendas as a '&iloso'&er0 and a
s"ron (onne("ion be"-een 'res(ri'"i!e en"er'rises and "&e in!es"ia"i!e enae%en"
-i"& "&e needs of so(ial %o!e%en"s7 B&ile "&ere are fairly radi(al i%'li(a"ions in %$(&
of re(en" 'oli"i(al "&eory0 es'e(ially in i"s eali"arian and de%o(ra"i( !eins0 s$(& -or8
s"ill re%ains &i&ly a%bi$o$s abo$" i"s o-n (lai% "o rele!an(e and 'ossible
(on"rib$"ion "o so(ial (&ane7 B&a" is of"en ass$%ed is "&a" a(ade%i( '&iloso'&i(al
"&in8in is ine!i"ably (onfined "o "&e i!ory "o-er and (an &a!e0 a" bes"0 an a((iden"al
infl$en(e on so(ie"y "&ro$& i"s s$bli%inal 'er(ola"ion in"o "&e "&in8in of 'oli(y6
%a8ers7 A %ore %ili"an" a''roa(& "o 'oli"i(al "&eory -o$ld s&if" "&e in"ended a$dien(e
"o so(ial %o!e%en" 'ar"i(i'an"s0 e%'&asise "&e so(ial role of "&e '&iloso'&er as a
fa(ili"a"or for "&eir "&in8in0 and s"ronly en(o$rae an a''re(ia"ion of 'oli"i(al ($l"$re
in order "o %a8e "&eore"i(al in"er!en"ions rele!an" "o "&e a("i!i"y of "&ose -&o are "a8in
@3F
a s"and for so(ial "ransfor%a"ion7
In 'ro'osin a!en$es for f$r"&er resear(&0 "-o "o'i(s i%%edia"ely s$es"
"&e%sel!es7 T&e firs" and %ore narro- one is "&e rela"ions&i' be"-een "&e anar(&is" and
ani%al libera"ion %o!e%en"s and aendas0 'ar"i($larly in 4ri"ain and "&e U7S7 B&ile
(ross6'ar"i(i'a"ion in "&e "-o %o!e%en"s re%ains !ery s%all0 'ossibly d$e "o differen"
(lass ba(8ro$nds0 "&ey also (learly &a!e s&ared a""rib$"es +a (onfron"a"ional s"an(e0 $se
of dire(" a("ion0 e#"re%e de(en"ralisa"ion0 roo"s in "&e '$n8 s$b($l"$re,7 More re(en"ly0
ani%al libera"ion ro$'s s$(& as SHAC &a!e be$n "o "are" "&e (or'ora"e infras"r$("$re
of ani%al "es"in7 B&ile re%ainin a "a("i(al (&oi(e0 "&is also i%'lies a dee'er analysis of
"&e (onne("ion be"-een ani%al e#'loi"a"ion and o"&er for%s of do%ina"ion G a dire("ion
e#'lored in -ri"in0 -i"& in(reasin in"ensi"y0 in re(en" years +Do%ini(8 2../0
Anony%o$s21 2...0 &o%efries 311F,7 Re(en" "rends in s"a"e re'ression0 in(l$din "&e
narro-in of de%ons"ra"ion ri&"s and leisla"ion aains" e(ono%i( sabo"ae0 are
beinnin "o enera"e %eaninf$l solidari"y and (oo'era"ion be"-een "&e "-o
%o!e%en"s7 Addi"ionally0 indi!id$al a("i!is"s fro% "&e ani%al ri&"s %o!e%en" &a!e
re(en"ly been %a8in delibera"e (on"a("s -i"& anar(&is"s0 a 'ro(ess -&i(& is beinnin "o
(rea"e in"eres"in (ross6fer"ilisa"ions "&a" %eri" f$r"&er s"$dy7
A se(ond0 broader "o'i( for f$"$re resear(& is "&e e(ono%i( as'e("s of (on"e%'orary
anar(&is%7 T&is is no" abo$" abs"ra(" %odellin or ar$%en"s be"-een %$"$alis"0
(o%%$nis"0 syndi(alis" or e!en free6%ar8e" anar(&is%s G &is"ori(al (onfi$ra"ions "&a"
do no" (orres'ond "o any di!isions in "&e (on"e%'orary %o!e%en"7 Ra"&er0 and in line
-i"& "&e %e"&odoloy s$es"ed in "&is "&esis0 a dis($ssion of "&e e(ono%i( as'e("s of
anar(&is% (o$ld do "&ree "&ins7 ?irs"0 i" (o$ld dra- on "&e (on(re"e e#'erien(e of
@3/
anar(&is" ne"-or8s in "&eir al"erna"i!e6b$ildin (a'a(i"y0 in order "o (ons"r$(" a -or8in
$nders"andin of anar(&is" e%onomi% %&lt&re4 T&is -o$ld in!es"ia"e "&e orien"a"ions
"o-ards 'rod$("ion0 e#(&ane and labo$r %anae%en" -i"& -&i(& anar(&is"s are
e#'eri%en"in in "&eir onoin a("i!i"ies0 fro% "&e (olle("i!e e(ono%i( be&a!io$r of
e#is"in $rban and r$ral anar(&is" (o%%$ni"ies "o "&e (ir($la"ion of oods and %oney in
dire(" a("ion ne"-or8s7 Sin(e i" ine!i"ably o'era"es -i"&in and as6aains" an o!erall
(a'i"alis" en!iron%en"0 anar(&is" e(ono%i( be&a!io$r (o$ld also be s"$died -i"& "&e ai%
of e#'lainin d$al6'o-er s"ra"eies %ore broadly0 es'e(ially reardin "&e 'ro(esses of
%$"$al (on"a%ina"ion be"-een do%inan" and an"aonis"i( so(io6e(ono%i( reali"ies7
Se(ond0 i" (o$ld 'oin" "o ne- anar(&is" (ri"i*$es of (a'i"alis% and -or80 'ar"i($larly
"&ose fo($sed on 're(ario$s and fle#i"i%e labo$r +?o"i and Ro%ano 311F0 Mi"ro'o$los
e"7al7 311/, and on "&e elabora"ion of Cero6-or8 aendas +Eero-or8 Colle("i!e 2.K/0 4la(8
2.I<0 4ro-n 2../,7 T&ird0 i" (o$ld dra- a""en"ion "o "&eore"i(al reso$r(es o$"side "&e
anar(&is" %o!e%en"0 es'e(ially in (on"e%'orary (ri"i(al Mar#is%0 -&i(& anar(&is"s
-o$ld benefi" fro% 9'ira"in: in"o "&eir o-n fra%e of "&in8in +Pos"one 2..@0 Hollo-ay
31130 Ni"Can and 4i(&ler 311/,7
As "&e anar(&is" %o!e%en" re6a-a8ens in"o "&e "-en"y firs" (en"$ry0 re!ol$"ionary
'oli"i(s fa(es %any %ore *$es"ions "&an ans-ers7 T&e s&if"in lands(a'e of so(ial
s"r$le0 e(ono%i( and en!iron%en"al ins"abili"y0 and a !ola"ile lobal eo'oli"i(s0 all
'ro%ise "o 8ee' anar(&is"s on "&eir fee" for years "o (o%e0 and "o in"rod$(e %any f$r"&er
re6(onfi$ra"ions in "&eir 'oli"i(al re'er"oires and "&eories7 Ne!er"&eless0 a (er"ain le!el
of s"abili"y and (lari"y see%s "o &a!e been rea(&ed in "&e %o!e%en";s o!erall aendas for
so(ial (&ane7 A (o%bina"ion of effor"s "o erode "&e lei"i%a(y of "&e sys"e%0
@3<
(ons"r$("ion of rassroo"s al"erna"i!es0 and solidaris"i( ne"-or8in and (oo'era"ion
be"-een a$"ono%o$s s"r$les0 is by no- a broadly s&ared s"ra"ei(al 'ers'e("i!e
a%on anar(&is"s and "&eir allies7
T&e re(en" years &a!e also seen "&e (redibili"y of ar$%en"s for 9ood o!ern%en":
-earin in(reasinly "&in7 Par"i(i'a"ion in ele("ions (on"in$es "o fall aro$nd "&e -orld0
lare '$bli(s see "&eir %anifes" de%ands bein inored +(onsider "&e 'ro"es"s aains"
-ar in Ira*,0 and "&e (oll$sion be"-een 'oli"i(al and (or'ora"e in"eres"s is a %a""er of
(o%%on 8no-lede7 Under "&ese (ondi"ions0 "&e ar$%en" for 9no o!ern%en": %ay
finally re(ei!e a fair &earin7 Anar(&is% &as no" ye" &ad i"s final -ord7
"2ford4 8999-899:
@3K
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7 +2.KF, Post!s%ar%ity $nar%hism +Mon"real: 4la(8 Rose,
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7 -i"& 4r$(e S"inebri(8ner +311@, Hodern politi%al analysis4 <"& ed7 +U''er Saddle Ri!er0
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)an(&a(e, and $nalysis +Ne- Yor8: Col$%bia Uni!ersi"y Press,
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E8e&0 Pe"er +2.KF, So%ial 7:%han(e 'heory9 'he t*o traditions +Ca%bride0 MA: Har!ard U7 Press,
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+London: Ele'&an" edi"ions,0 ''7I16.K
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?if"& Es"a"e +2.I<, 9Rene- "&e Ear"&ly Paradise7: Fifth 7state @33 +Bin"er5S'rin,M
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?o"i0 Ale# and Eoe Ro%ano +eds7 311F, Pre%arity4 T&e%a"i( iss$e0 Greenpepper ma(aPine +s$%%er,M
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?S? G ?ree Sof"-are ?o$nda"ion +2..<, -efinitionM &""':55---7n$7or5'&iloso'&y5free6s-7&"%l
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sin%e the Si:ties +Lan&a%0 MD: Ro-%an and Li""lefield,
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Gallie0 Bal"er 47 +2.//6<, 9Essen"ially Con"es"ed Con(e'"s:0 Pro%eedin(s of the $ristotelian So%iety
/<0 ''72<I6.I
Ga%son0 Billia% +2..3, 9T&e So(ial Psy(&oloy of Colle("i!e A("ion:0 in Morris and M$eller0
Frontiers in So%ial Hovement 'heory
Gand&i0 Mo&andas A7 +2.2/, 9In Ano"&er;s Land:0 in Colle%ted @or2s +Ne- Del&i: P$bli(a"ions
Di!ision0 Minis"ry of Infor%a"ion and 4road(as"in0 Go!"7 of India, !ol73<
Gee0 T&eo%an +311@, Hilitan%y /eyond /la%2 /lo%s +'a%'&le", +Innsbr$(8: Al'ine Anar(&is"
Prod$("ions,
Geer"C Clifford +2.K/, 9T&i(8 Des(ri'"ion: "o-ards an in"er're"a"i!e "&eory of ($l"$re:0 in 'he
1nterpretation of C&lt&re +London: H$"(&inson,
Gerla(&0 L$"&er +3112, 9T&e S"r$("$re of So(ial Mo!e%en"s: En!iron%en"al a("i!is% and i"s
o''onen"s:7 In Ar*$illa and Ronfeld"0 0et*or2s and 0et*ars, (&7.
Gerla(&0 L$"&er and >irinia Hine +2.K1, People, Po*er, Chan(e9 Hovements of So%ial 'ransformation
+Indiana'olis: 4obbs6Merrill Co7,
Gi%li +311F, 9T&e ?eral ?$ry Unleas&ed:0 Green $nar%hy 2<M
&""':55reenanar(&y7or5Cine5'df5GA2<ire-ildin7'df
Gla!in0 Pa$l +311F, 9Po-er0 S$b=e("i!i"y0 Resis"an(e: T&ree -or8s on 'os"%odern anar(&is%:0
0e* Form&lation 373, &""':55---7ne-for%$la"ion7or5Fla!in7&"%
Goe""li(&0 Pa$l +3111, 9T&e Re!ol!in Door:0 in 'he Green ,evol&tion9 $ Criti%al )oo2 (*ebsite#
&""':55---7%indf$lly7or5?ar%5Green6Re!ol$"ion6Re!ol!in7&"%
Gold%an0 E%%a +2.2Ka, 9Anar(&is%: B&a" i" really s"ands for:0 in $nar%hism and +ther 7ssays
+Ne- Yor8: Mo"&er Ear"&,M in 'he $nar%hy $r%hivesU
&""':55d-ard%a(7'i"Cer7ed$5Anar(&is"iAr(&i!es5old%an5aando5anar(&is%7&"%l
7 +2.2Kb, 9T&e 'sy(&oloy of 'oli"i(al !iolen(e:0 in $nar%hism and +ther 7ssays
+Edinb$r&: AA Press,M &""':55d-ard%a(7'i"Cer7ed$5Anar(&is"iAr(&i!es5old%an5aando5
'sy(&of'ol!io7&"%l
7 +2.3/, 9Af"er-ord: "o Hy -isill&sionment in ,&ssia +London: C7 B7 Daniel Co%'any,M
&""':55d-ard%a(7'i"Cer7ed$5anar(&is"iar(&i!es5old%an5f$r"&er5%fdri237&"%l
7 +2.K152.@2, )ivin( Hy )ife +Ne- Yor8: Do!er,
@@<
7 +2.I.52.@I, 9E%%a Gold%an;s >ie-s:0 Spain and the @orld +A$$s",7 Re'rin"ed in
>ernon Ri(&ards0 ed70 /ritish 1mperialism and the Palestine Crisis9 Sele%tions from the anar%hist
;o&rnal ?reedo%, 19IN!19QN +London: ?reedo% Press,0 ''73F6K
Golds"ein0 E%%an$el +2..I52.F., 'heory of Fierar%hi%al So%iety4 Con"ainin (&a'"ers 2 and @ of
9T&e T&eory and Pra("i(e of Oliar(&i(al Colle("i!is%: '$blis&ed in Geore Or-ell;s 2.IF7
+Ne- Yor8: No" 4ored,M &""':55---7no"bored7or5olds"ein7&"%l
Go%[C Casas0 L$an +2.I<, $narh%ist +r(aniPation9 'he history of the F$1 +Mon"real: 4la(8 Rose,
Gon(&aro80 Mos&e +2..K, 'P& der (eshi2te f&n der anar2histisher prese oyf yidish (Ler$sale%:
Proble%en,
Good%an0 C&ris +2..<, 9Ni&ilis% and "&e P&iloso'&y of >iolen(e: in Colin S$%ner0 ed70 .iolen%e,
C&lt&re and Cens&re +Ne- Yor8: Taylor K ?ran(is,
Gordon0 A&aron Da!id +2./<, @or2s4 Hebre-0 @!7 +Haifa: Haifa Bor8ers; Co$n(il,
Gordon0 Uri +3113, =Consens$s Ga%es:0 in Colin 4ar8er and Mi8e Tyldesley0 eds70 Nth
1nternational Conferen%e on $lternative F&t&res and Pop&lar Protest0 >ol7 II +Man(&es"er: Man(&es"er
Me"ro'oli"an Uni!ersi"y,
Go$ld0 Carol +2.II, ,ethin2in( -emo%ra%y9 Freedom and so%ial %ooperation in politi%s, e%onomi%s and
so%iety +Ca%bride: Ca%bride Uni!ersi"y Press,
Graeber0 Da!id +3113, 9T&e Ne- Anar(&is"s:0 0e* )eft ,evie* 2@U
&""':55---7ne-lef"re!ie-7(o%5NLR3FK1F7s&"%l
7 +311F, Fra(ments of an $nar%hist $nthropolo(y +C&i(ao: Pri(8ly Paradi% Press,
Gra%s(i0 An"onio +2.K252.3<, 9T&e In"elle("$als:0 in Sele%tions from the Prison 0oteboo2s +Ne-
Yor8: In"erna"ional P$blis&ers,0 ''7@63@M in "&e Har:ists 1nternet $r%hive
&""':55---7%ar#is"s7or5ar(&i!e5ra%s(i5edi"ions5s'n5 'roble%s5in"elle("$als7&"%
Gra$er0 Mina +2..F, 9Anar(&o6Na"ionalis%: Anar(&is" a""i"$des "o-ards Le-is& na"ionalis% and
Eionis%:0 Hodern J&daism 2F72
7 +2..K, $n $nar%hist ,abbi9 'he )ife and 'ea%hin(s of ,&dolf ,o%2er +Ler$sale%: Manes
Press,
Green Mo$n"ain Anar(&is" Colle("i!e +3113, 'he /la%2 /lo% Papers +Edinb$r&: AA dis"rib$"ion,
Greoire0 Roer and ?redy Perl%an +2.K1, @or2er!St&dent $%tion Committees, Fran%e Hay XTN
+De"roi": 4la(8 K Red,M &""':55---7eo(i"ies7(o%5j=o&nray5'era("il7&"%
G$erin0 Daniel +2.K1, $nar%hism9 from theory to pra%ti%e +Ne- Yor8: Mon"&ly Re!ie- Press,
G$lles"ad0 Marianne +2..., 9T&e 'oli"i(s of 8no-lede:0 a" $dvan%in( C&lt&ral St&dies
1nternational @or2shop0 S"o(8&ol%M
&""':55($l"$re%a(&ine7"ees7a(7$85C%a(&54a(8iss$es5=1125AD>CS5a(si$ll7&"%
Ha8i% 4ey +2.I/a, 9Pira"e U"o'ias:0 in 'he 'emporary $&tonomo&s Zone +Ne- Yor8:
A$"ono%edia,M &""':55---7sa(red6"e#"s7(o%5eso5"aC7&"%
7 +2.I/b, 9Psy(&i( Paleoli"&is% and Hi& Te(&noloy: A Posi"ion Pa'er:M in 'he
'emporary $&tonomo&s Zone
7 +2..2, 9T&e Billi%an"i(5Rensselaer J$es"ions:0 in Mi8e G$nderloy and Mi(&ael
Eiesin0 $nar%hy and the 7nd of Fistory +San ?ran(is(o: ?a("s&ee" ?i!e 4oo8s,
@@K
Heideer0 Mar"in +2.KKN2.<3O, PT&e J$es"ion Con(ernin Te(&noloy;0 in /asi% @ritin(s +San
?ran(is(o: Har'erCollins,7
He%bree E7 and E747 ?oa +3111, 9Pos""ra$%a"i( s"ress disorder: Psy(&oloi(al fa("ors and
'sy(&oso(ial in"er!en"ions:0 Jo&rnal of Clini%al Psy%hiatry <2:@@6@. S$''l7K
Hendron0 S&eri +3112, 9My"&s abo$" Consens$s De(ision6%a8in: +IMC e6lis" %essae,M
&""':55lis"s7indy%edia7or5%ail%an5'$bli(5i%(6'ro(ess531126?ebr$ary5111F<@7&"%l
He"&erin"on Ae!in +2..I, 7:pressions of 1dentity9 Spa%e, Performan%e, Politi%s +London: sae,
Hi%anen0 Pe88a +3112, 'he Fa%2er 7thi% and the Spirit of the 1nformation $(e +Ne- Yor80 Rando%
Ho$se,
Hobson0 C&ris"o'&er E70 Bayne Pri(e and Ma""&e- J$es" +3112, 9Ne- In"ifada: +deba"e, 'he
5topian 3M &""':55---7$"o'ian%a7(o%5o"&er'$bli(a"ions5in"ifada5in"ifada21i117&"%l
Hodson0 Terren(e +$nda"ed, 9To-ards Anar(&y:M
&""':55ro$'s7%sn7(o%5Anar(&is"Allian(e5"o-ardsanar(&y7%sn-
Hollo-ay0 Lo&n and Elokna Pel]eC +eds70 2..I, Zapatista6 ,einventin( ,evol&tion in He:i%o +London0
Pl$"o Press,
Hollo-ay0 Lo&n +3113, Chan(e the @orld @itho&t 'a2in( Po*er +London: Pl$"o Press,
7 +311@, 9Is "&e Ea'a"is"a S"r$le an An"i6Ca'i"alis" S"r$leH:0 'he Commoner <M
&""':55---7(o%%oner7or7$85&ollo-ay1<7do(
&o%efries +ed70 311F, A Libera"ion Reader: Bri"ins and o"&er %edia (onne("in ani%al libera"ion
and so(ial =$s"i(eM &""':55---7libera"ionreader7blos'o"7(o%5
Honderi(& 0 Ted +2.I., .iolen%e for 73&ality +London: Ro$"lede,
H$%e0 Lynne and Lane M$l(o(8 +311F, 9In"rod$("ion: A-8-ard S'a(es0 Prod$("i!e Pla(es:0 in
H$%e and M$l(o(80 eds70 $nthropolo(ists in the Field9 Cases in Parti%ipant +bservation +Ne- Yor8:
Col$%bia Uni!ersi"y Press,
H$r-i"C0 Roer +2..., 9B&o Needs Poli"i(sH B&o Needs Peo'leH T&e Ironies of De%o(ra(y in
Cybers'a(e:0 Contemporary So%iolo(y 3I7<0 ''7 <//6<<2
Iadi(ola0 Pe"er and Anson S&$'e +311@, >iolen(e0 Ine*$ali"y0 and H$%an ?reedo% +Lan&a%:
Ro-%an K Li""lefield,
ILS G In"erna"ional Liber"arian Solidari"y +3112, 9De(lara"ion of "&e In"erna"ional Liber"arian
Mee"in:M &""':55---7ils6sil7or5en5de(lara"ion7&"%
I%aris&a0 Balida& and No"FPro'&e" +311F, 9T&e Bar of Ar": A Con!ersa"ion:0 in As&an"i Als"on70
ed0 +&r C&lt&re, +&r ,esistan%e9 People of %olor spea2 o&t on anar%hism, ra%e, %lass and (ender
&""':55---7illeal!oi(es7or5boo8s&elf5o$ri($l"$re0io$riresis"an(e5"&ei-ariofiar"7&"%l
IMC G Inde'enden" Media Cen"re ne"-or8 +3112, Prin%iples of 5nity0
&""':55do(s7indy%edia7or5!ie-5Global5Prin(i'lesOfUni"y
ISM G In"erna"ional Solidari"y Mo!e%en" G Canada +311F, 9His"ory0 S"r$("$re K P&iloso'&y:0
&""':55---7is%(anada7or5en5&is"ory7s&"%l
Lensen0 Derri(8 +3111, $ )an(&a(e +lder than @ords +Ne- Yor8: Con"e#" 4oo8s,
Le''esen0 Sandra +311Fa, 9Seein Pas" "&e O$"'os" of Pos"6Anar(&is%:0 Insis"$"e of Anar(&is"
S"$dies 'heory K Politi%s (ol$%nMM &""':55---7anar(&is"s"$dies7or5ar"i(le5ar"i(le!ie-5//5@525
@@I
7 +311Fb, 9B&ere Does Anar(&is" T&eory Co%e ?ro%H:0 Insis"$"e of Anar(&is" S"$dies
'heory K Politi%s (ol$%nM &""':55---7anar(&is"6s"$dies7or5ar"i(le5ar"i(le!ie-5/2525K5
Lo&nson0 Mar8 +2.IK, 'he /ody in the Hind +C&i(ao: C&i(ao Uni!ersi"y Press,
7 +2..@, Horal 1ma(ination +C&i(ao: Uni!ersi"y Press,7
Lo&nson0 Sa%$el +2.KK52KK/, 9Ta#a"ion no" Tyranny:0 in 'he @or2s of Sam&el Johnson +Ne- Ha!en:
Yale Uni!ersi"y Press,0 !ol7210 ''7:F/F
Lordan0 Lo&n +2..I, 9T&e Ar" of Ne(essi"y: T&e s$b!ersi!e i%aina"ion of an"i6road 'ro"es"s and
Re(lai% "&e S"ree"s:0 in M(Aay0 -iY C&lt&re
L$ris0 Leff +311F, -i(ital $(e $%tivism9 $nti!%orporate (lobaliPation and the %&lt&ral politi%s of
transnational net*or2in(M P&D "&esis0 Uni!ersi"y of California a" 4er8eley
7 +311/, 9T&e London ES? and "&e Poli"i(s of A$"ono%o$s S'a(e: in Reyes e"7al70
7&ropean So%ial For&m
Aa'lan0 Te%%a +2..K, CraPy for -emo%ra%y9 @omen in Grassroots Hovements +London: Ro$"lede,
Aa"siafi(as0 Geore +2..K, 'he S&bversion of Politi%s9 7&ropean a&tonomo&s so%ial movements and the
de%oloniPation of everyday life +A"lan"i( Hi&lands0 N7L7 : H$%ani"ies Press,
Aa$f%an0 Mara +311/, 9A Ha(8er;s Pers'e("i!e on "&e So(ial ?or$%s:0
&""':55info7in"era("i!is"7ne"5ar"i(le7'lHside1/51353@52/3.33.
Ain0 Mar"in L$"&er +2.<@, 9Le""er for% 4ir%in&a% Lail:M 0obel PriPe 1nternet $r%hive,
&""':55---7nobel'riCes7(o%5nobel5'ea(e5MLA6=ail7&"%l
Ainsnor"&0 Pa$l +311@, +ne 0o, Hany Yesses9 $ ;o&rney to the heart of the (lobal resistan%e movement
+London: ?ree Press,
7 +311/, 9Ti%e "o e" serio$s:0 in Reyes e"7al70 7&ropean So%ial For&m
Airby0 Mar8 +3112, 9An In"er!ie- -i"& Eri8 Olin Bri&":0 First PressM
&""':55---7"&elobalsi"e7a(7$85'ress521/-ri&"7&"%
Alein0 Nao%i +3111, 0o )o(o9 'a2in( aim at the brand b&llies +London: Har'erCollins, '73I2
7 +3113, Fen%es and @indo*s9 -ispat%hes from the front lines of the (lobalisation debate
+London: ?la%ino,M Prefa(e a" &""':55---7fen(esf$nd7or5'refa(e7'&'
Aollo(80 Pe"er +2..., 9T&e E(ono%ies of Online Coo'era"ion: Gif"s and '$bli( oods in
Cybers'a(e:0 in S%i"&0 Mar( and Pe"er Aollo(80 eds70 Comm&nities in Cyberspa%e (London:
Ro$"lede,
Aondra"ieff0 Ni8olai +2.IF52.33, 'he )on( @ave Cy%le +Ne- Yor8: Ri(&ardson K Snyder,
Aornbl$"&0 Loy(e L7 +2.<F, ,ebel .oi%es9 $n 1@@ $ntholo(y +Ann Arbor: U7 of Mi(&ian Press,
Aorneer Pey +2.K/53111, 9Anar(&is%: "&e ?e%inis" Conne("ion:0 in Dar8 S"ar0 eds70 V&iet
,&mors9 $n $nar%ha!Feminist ,eader +Edinb$r&: AA Press,M
&""':55---7anar(&a7or5sallydari"y5PeyAorneer7&"%
Aro'o"8in0 Pe"r +2.II52I.., Hemoirs of a ,evol&tionist +Ne- Yor8: Do!er,
7 +2.21, 9Anar(&is%:0 7n%y%lopaedia /ritanni%aU in 'he $nar%hy $r%hivesM
&""':55d-ard%a(7'i"Cer7ed$5Anar(&is"iAr(&i!es58ro'o"8in5bri"anniaanar(&y7&"%l
7 +2.2<, 'he Con3&est of /read +London: G7 P7 P$"na%;s Sons,
La(la$0 Ernes"o and C&an"alle Mo$ffe +2.I/, Fe(emony and So%ialist Strate(y +London: >erso,
@@.
La8ey0 Geore +3113, 9Di!ersi"y of Ta("i(s and De%o(ra(y:0 Clamor Ha(aPine +Mar(&5A'ril,
La8off0 Geore and Mar8 Lo&nson +2..., Philosophy in the Flesh +Ne- Yor8: 4asi( 4oo8s,
Landa$er0 G$s"a! +2.1K, 9>ol8 $nd Land: Dreini soCialis"is(&e T&esen:0 -ie Z&2&nft +Lan7 23,
7 +2.K@52.21, 9S(&-a(&e S"a""s%onner0 S(&-a(&eres >ol8\:0 -er SoPialist +L$ne 21,7
Trans7 in E$ene L$nn0 Prophet of Comm&nity9 the ,omanti% So%ialism of G&stav )anda&er
+4er8eley: Uni!ersi"y of California Press,
7 +2.KI52.22, For So%ialism +S"7 Lo$is: Telos Press,
Lands"rei(&er0 Bolfi +3112, 9In"rod$("ion:0 in @illf&l -isobedien%e9 $nalysis and 'heory 372
+'a%'&le",M &""':55---7o%ni'resen(e7%a&os"7or5-d6!36n26<7&"%
7 +3113, 9?ro% Poli"i(s "o Life: Riddin Anar(&y of "&e Lef"is" Mills"one:0 $nar%hy9 a
Jo&rnal of -esire $rmed "QM
La!ie0 A!i! +311F, 9Pi(8in "&eir 4a""les:0 FaaretP +A'r7 2<,
Le G$in0 Urs$la +311352.KF, 'he -ispossessed +Lodnon: Gollan(C,
Lenin0 >ladi%ir Ilyi(& +2./352.2I, State and ,evol&tionM in "&e Har:ists 1nternet $r%hiveU
&""':55---7%ar#is"s7or5ar(&i!e5lenin5-or8s52.2K5s"a"ere!5(&1/7&"%
Le!ine0 Ca"&y +$nda"ed, 'he 'yranny of 'yrannyM &""':55---7anrynerds7(o%5"o"7&"%l
Le!y0 Carl +2.I., 9I"alian Anar(&is%0 2IK162.3<: in Da!id Good-ay0 ed70 For $nar%hism9 Fistory,
'heory, and Pra%ti%e +London: Ro$"lede,
Le-is0 Linda and Sally 4aide%e +2.K3, 9T&e Bo%en;s Libera"ion Mo!e%en":0 in Ly%an T7
Saren"0 ed70 0e* )eft 'ho&(ht9 $n 1ntrod&%tion0 +Ho%e-ood0 Ill: Dorsey Press,
Linder0 Bolf +2..I, S*iss -emo%ra%y +4asins"o8e: Ma(%illan, Lo-y0 Mi(&ael +2..3, ,edemption
and 5topia9 Je*ish libertarian tho&(ht in Central 7&rope +S"anford0 CA: S"anford Uniersi"y Press,
L$8](s0 Geor +2.<K52.31, 9Reifi(a"ion and "&e Cons(io$sness of "&e Prole"aria":0 in Fistory K
Class Cons%io&sness +London: Merlin Press,M Har:ists 1nternet $r%hiveU
http:55---7%ar#is"s7or5ar(&i!e5l$8a(s5-or8s5&is"ory5&((1/7&"%
L$8es0 S"e'&en +311/, Po*er9 $ ,adi%al .ie* +3nd edi"ion, +4asins"o8e: Palra!e Ma(%illan,
Lyon0 Da!id +311@, 9S$r!eillan(e Te(&noloy and S$r!eillan(e So(ie"y:0 in Misa0 Hodernity and
'e%hnolo(y, ''72<262IF
Ma(Si%Zin0 Alan +2..@, Syndi%alism, "al8 a" BSM D$blin bran(& %ee"inM
&""':55fla7bla(8ened7ne"5re!ol"5-s%5"al8s5syndi(alis%7&"%l
Ma8&no0 Nes"or0 Pio"r Ars&ino! e"7 al7 +2.3<, +r(anisational Platform of the )ibertarian Comm&nistsM
&""':55---7nes"or%a8&no7info5enlis&5'la"for%5ori'la"7&"%
Ma8&no0 Nes"or +2..<52.3K, 9T&e Ma8&no!s(&ina and An"i6Se%i"is%:0 in 'he Str&((le a(ainst the
State and +ther 7ssays +Edinb$r&: AA Press,
Mala"es"a0 Erri(o +2.31, 9T&e Poli"i(al6E(ono%i( Re!ol$"ion:0 5manitY 0ova, . Se'"e%berM
&""':55---7radioFall7or5redbla(85boo8s5ai!iolen"7&"%l
7 +2.32, 9Self Defen(e:0 5manitY 0ova0 3/ A$$s"M &""':55777 as abo!e
7 +2.33, 9?$r"&er T&o$&"s on Re!ol$"ion in Pra("i(e:0 5manitY 0ova, 2F O("oberM
&""':55---7%ar#is"s7or5ar(&i!e5%ala"es"a52.335215re!ol$"ion37&"%
7 +2.3K, 9A Pro=e(" of Anar(&is" Oranisa"ion:0 1l ,isve(lio +Gene!a,0 O("ober7
@F1
7 +2.</, )ife and 1deas4 Ed7 >ernon Ri(&ards +London: ?reedo% Press,
7 +2.</, 'he $nar%hist ,evol&tion4 Ed7 >ernon Ri(&ards +London: ?reedo% Press,
Mar(os0 S$b(o%andan"e Ins$ren"e +2..I, 9Abo!e and 4elo-: Mas8s and Silen(es:M
&""':55---7eCln7or5do($%en"os52..I52..I1K2K7en7&"%
7 +3112, +&r @ord is +&r @eapon9 Sele%ted *ritin(s +London: Ser'en";s Tail,
Mar($s0 Geore and Mi(&ael ?is(&er +2..., $nthropolo(y as C&lt&ral Criti3&e +C&i(ao: C&i(ao
Uni!ersi"y Press,
Mar($se0 Herber" +2.<F, +ne -imensional Han +4os"on: 4ea(on,
7 +2.<., $n 7ssay on )iberation +London: Pen$in5Peli(an,
Mars&all0 Pe"er +2..3, -emandin( the 1mpossible9 $ history of anar%hism +London: ?on"ana,
Mar"el0 ?r[d[ri( +2..., 'he Pin2 and the /la%29 Fomose:&als in Fran%e sin%e 19TN +S"anford0 CA:
S"anford Uni!ersi"y Press,
Mar"in0 Gre +3111, 9Ne- Ae Tra!ellers:0 So%iolo(y ,evie* .7F
Mar"ineC0 EliCabe"& +3111, 9B&ere -as "&e Color in Sea""leH:0 in Ae!in Dana&er and Roer
4$rba(&0 eds70 GlobaliPe 'his6 +Monroe: MN: Co%%on Co$rae Press,
Mar#0 Aarl +2I<K, 9T&e s"rife be"-een -or8%an and %a(&ine:0 in Capital !720 (&7_>0 T/M in "&e
Har:ists 1nternet $r%hiveM &""':55%ar#is"s7or5 ar(&i!e5%ar#5-or8s52I<K6 25(&2/7&"%:S/
7 +2.K@, Gr&ndrisse +London: Pen$in,M
&""':55---7%ar#is"s7or5ar(&i!e5%ar#5-or8s52I/K5r$ndrisse5(&1/7&"%
Maslen0 Pa"ri(8 +2..<, Control, Chan(e and the 1nternetM Honors "&esis0 $n8no-n ins"i"$"ion7
&""':55&o%e7!i(ne"7ne"7a$5j*bird5((i6in"r7&"%
Ma$ss0 Mar(el +2.@/52.<., 'he Gift +London: Ro$"lede K Aean Pa$l,
Ma#i%off0 Griorii Pe"ro!i(& +2.F1, 'he G&illotine at @or2 +C&i(ao: Ale#ander 4er8%an ?$nd,
May0 Todd +2..F, 'he Politi%al 'heory of Post!str&%t&ralist anar%hism +P&iladel'&ia: Uni!ersi"y of
Pennsyl!ania 'ress,
Mba&0 Sa% and I7E7 Iari-ey +3112, $fri%an $nar%hism9 'he history of a movement (T$(son0 AE: See
S&ar' Press,M &""':55---7CabalaCa7ne"5"e#"s5afri(anianar(&is%5(on"en"s7&"%
M(Car"&y 0 Ryan C&ian +3113, 9Anar(&is"s and Pales"ine: Class S"r$le or Po'$lar ?ron"H:0
07F$C *ebsiteM &""':55%a8&no7nefa(7ne"5&"%l5dr$'al5H*enode5!ie-52/I
M(Aay0 Geore +2..<, Senseless a%ts of /ea&ty9 C&lt&res of ,esistan%e sin%e the Si:ties +London: >erso,
7 +ed70 2..I, -iY C&lt&re9 Party and Protest in 0ineties /ritain +London: >erso,
M(Aay0 Iain e"7al7 +311@, $n $nar%hist F$V (Fre3&ently $s2ed V&estions#U
&""':55---7anar(&is"fa*7or5
M(J$inn0 Lason +3113, 9T&e Tyranny of S"r$("$relessness: An oraniCa"ionalis" re'$dia"ion of
anar(&is%:0 $nar%hy9 $ Jo&rnal of -esire $rmed /FU
&""':55---7anar(&y%a7or5/F5"yranny7&"%l
7 +311@, 9E!asion of Ra"ional Dis($ssion in "&e Radi(al Milie$:0 $nar%hy9 $ Jo&rnal of
-esire $rmed /<M &""':55---7anar(&y%a7or5
@F2
7 +311F, 9Pos"6lef" Anar(&y: Lea!in "&e Lef" 4e&ind:0 $nar%hy9 $ Jo&rnal of -esire $rmed
/KM &""':55---7anar(&is"6s"$dies7or5ar"i(le5ar"i(le!ie-5F@5252
Mendel0 Ar"&$r P7 +2.I2, Hi%hael /a2&nin9 ,oots of $po%alypse +Ne- Yor8: Praeer,
Mendelso&n0 Ma""&e- and Andre- Par8in +eds70 3112, ,eferend&m -emo%ra%y +4asins"o8e:
Palra!e,
Meyers0 Billia% +3111, 0onviolen%e and 1ts .iolent Conse3&en%es +'a%'&le",M
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Mi(&aels0 L$(y +311F, 9?ear and Loa"&in:0 0e* 1nternationalist @K3 +O("ober,M
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Mi(&els0 Rober"o +2...52.22, Politi%al parties +London: Transa("ion,
Midni&" No"es +2.I/, Stran(e .i%tories9 'he $nti!n&%lear movement in the 5S and 7&rope +London:
Ele'&an" Edi"ions,
7 +3112, $&roras of the Zapatistas9 )o%al and Global Str&((les in the Fo&rth @orld @ar +Ne-
Yor8: A$"ono%edia,
Mille"0 S"e!e +311F, 9Fifth 7state;s (ri"i*$e of "&e %ea%a(&ine:0 in Lona"&an P$r8is and Da!id
Morland0 eds70 Chan(in( $nar%hism9 $nar%hist theory and pra%ti%e in a (lobal a(e +Man(&es"er:
Man(&es"er Uni!ersi"y Press,
Mills0 C7 Bri&" +2./<, 'he Po*er 7lite +Ne- Yor8: O#ford Uni!ersi"y Press,
Mils"ein0 Cindy +3111, 9Re(lai% "&e Ci"ies: fro% Pro"es" "o Po'$lar Po-er:0 Perpe%tives on
$nar%hist 'heory F730 onilne a" &""':55'ers'e("i!es7anar(&is"6s"$dies7or5IMils"ein7&"%
7 +3112, 9So%e"&in Did S"ar" in J$ebe( Ci"y:0 'he 0ortheastern $nar%hist 3
Misa0 T&o%as0 P&ili' 4rey and Andre- ?eenber +eds70 311@, Hodernity and 'e%hnolo(y
+Ca%bride0 MA7: MIT Press,
Mi"ro'o$los0 Anela0 Marina >is&%id"0 Lo&n 4ar8er0 La$ra S$lli!an e"7al7 +311/, 7:plorin(
Pre%ario&sness4 S'e(ial se("ion0 H&te 3.M &""':55---7%e"a%$"e7(o%5
Mollison0 4ill +2.II, Perma%&lt&re9 $ desi(ners8 man&al +Tyal$%: Taari,
Mooney0 Pa" +311<, /rea2in( @aves9 'e%hnolo(y 's&namis, Globalisation and -ismemberment
+U''sala: Da Ha%%ars8=Uld ?o$nda"ion,
Moore0 Lo&n +2..K, 9A Pri%i"i!is" Pri%er:0 Green $nar%hist FK6FI0 ''72I62.M
&""':55le%%in7%a&os"7or5=o&n%oore5
7 +2..I, 9Ma#i%alis" Anar(&is%5Anar(&is" Ma#i%alis%:0 So%ial $nar%hism 3/M
&""':55---7s'$n87or5"e#"s5%is(5s'112IIK7&"%l
Moore0 Ri(&ard +311@, 9Bill A Dea"& in "&e ?a%ily 4rea"&e Life in"o "&e Mo!e%en"H:0 in No"es
fro% No-&ere0 eds70 @e $re 7very*here
Morris0 Aldon and Carol M(Cl$r M$eller +eds70 2..3, Frontiers in So%ial Hovement 'heory +Ne-
Ha!en0 CT: Yale Uni!ersi"y Press,
Morris6S$C$8i0Tessa +2.IF, 9Robo"s and Ca'i"alis%:0 0e* )eft ,evie* I52FK
Mos"0 Lo&ann +2IIF, 9A""a(8 Is T&e 4es" ?or% Of Defense:0 Freiheit +Se'"e%ber 2@,M in 'he
$nar%hy $r%hives0 &""':55d-ard%a(7'i"Cer7ed$5Anar(&is"iAr(&i!es5bri&"5%os"5a""a(87&"%l
Mo$ffe0 C&an"al +ed70 2..3, -imensions of ,adi%al -emo%ra%y +London: >erso,
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M$eller0 TadCio +311F, 9;Bill "&e des"r$("ion be (ons"r$("i!eH;: An"i(a'i"alis" rio"s in sear(& of "&e
radi(al:7 Pa'er a" "&e (onferen(e Global Civil So%iety> and )o%al $%tivism9 Poststr&%t&ralism and
Pra:is0 SOAS0 Uni!ersi"y of London
M$%ford0 Le-is +2.@F, 'e%hni%s and CiviliPation +London: Ro$"lede,
Ne""la$0 Ma# +2I.<62.11, Hi%hael /a2&nin7 @ !ols7 +Milan : ?el"rinelli,
7 +2.3F, 7rri%o Halatesta 94erlin : >erla 9Der Syndi8alis":,
Ne-%an0 Sa$l +3112, From /a2&nin to )a%an9 $nti!a&thoritarianism and the dislo%ation of po*er
+Lan&a%: Le#in"on 4oo8s,
Ni"Can0 Lona"&an and S&i%s&on 4i(&ler +3113, 'he Global Politi%al 7%onomy of 1srael +London: Pl$"o,
7 +311/, 0e* 1mperialism or 0e* Capitalism +Mon"real and Ler$sale%: 4NAr(&i!es,M
&""':55bnar(&i!es7yor8$7(a523F51251F232FN4iNe-I%'erialis%Ne-Ca'i"alis%+>er3,7'df
Noble0 Da!id ?7 +2.KK, $meri%a /y -esi(n9 S%ien%e, te%hnolo(y and the rise of %orporate %apitalism
+Ne- Yor8: Alfred A7 Ano'f,
7 +2..@, Pro(ress @itho&t People9 1n defense of )&ddism +C&i(ao: C&arles H7 Aerr,
Non6Ne"-or8 Sans Ti"re +3113, 9O'en Le""er "o PGA:M &""':55rise$'7ne"5'a5o'enle""er7&"%l
No"es fro% No-&ere +eds70 311@, @e $re 7very*here9 'he irresistible rise of (lobal anti%apitalism
+London: >erso,
N$Xes0 Rodrio0 9Terri"ory and De"erri"ory: Inside and O$"side "&e ES? 311F:0 in Reyes e"7al70
7&opean So%ial For&m
Ny%an0 Ira +3112, 9T&e Gif" of GeneraliCed E#(&ane:0 Spar2 2KM &""':55---7s'ar8online7
(o%5febr$ary125%edia5nay%an7&"%l
O;Connor0 Alan +311@, 9Anar(&o6P$n8: Lo(al S(enes and In"erna"ional Ne"-or8s:0 $nar%hist
St&dies 22:3
O;Connor0 Pa$l +3112, 9Good e!enin0 &ere is "&e real ne-s:0 'he G&ardian0 A$$s" 31
On ?ire +3112, +n Fire9 'he battle of Genoa and the anti!%apitalist movement +UA: One6off Press,
One S"r$le +3113, 9Abo$" Us:M &""':55---7ones"r$le7or5enlis&ifra%ese"37&"%
Or-ell0 Geore +2.@I, Foma(e to Catal&nya +LondonM Pen$in,
O!ed0 Yaa(o! +3111, 9Anar(&is% in "&e Aibb$"C Mo!e%en":0 Oibb&tP 'rends @I +S$%%er,
P7M7 +2.I/, bolo8bolo +Ne- Yor8: A$"ono%edia,
Passe""i0 Edson +2..<, 9?o$(a$l" Liber"]rio:0 ,evista Har(em7 Te%'oralidades ?a($ldade de
Cipn(ias So(iais da PUC6SP7 Sqo Pa$lo: Ed$(6SP
Peira"s0 Lose +2.KK, $nar%hists in the Spanish ,evol&tion +London: ?reedo% Press,
PENGON G Pales"inian En!iron%en"al NGOs Ne"-or8 +311@, 'he @all in Palestine9 Fa%ts,
'estimonies, $nalysis and Call to $%tion ? &""':55---7'enon7or5-all5'$bli(a"ion7&"%l
PGA G Peo'les; Global A("ion ne"-or8 +2..K, Se%ond 1nter%ontinental 7n%&entro For F&manity and
$(ainst 0eoliberalismM &""':55---7eo(i"ies7(o%5Ca'i"olHill5@IF.5en(o$n"er3d#7&"%l
7 +2..I, First 1nternational PG$ %onferen%e, GenevaM
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7 +2..., Se%ond 1nternational PG$ %onferen%e, /an(aloreM
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7 +3113, Fallmar2sM &""':55---7nadir7or5nadir5ini"ia"i!5a'5free5'a5&all%7&"%
Pe'ins8y0 Harold and Ri(&ard J$inney +eds70 2..2, Criminolo(y $s Pea%ema2in( +4loo%in"on0 IA:
Indiana Uni!ersi"y Press,
PereC0 Carlo"a +3113, 'e%hnolo(i%al ,evol&tions and Finan%ial Capital9 'he dynami%s of /&bbles and
Golden $(es C&el"en&a%: Ed-ard Elar,
Perl%an0 ?redy +2.<., 9T&e Re'rod$("ion of E!eryday Life:M &""':55---7s'$n87or5library5
-ri"ers5'erl%an5s'112K135re'ro7&"%l
7 +2.I@a, 9An"i6se%i"is% and "&e 4eir$" Poro%:0 Fifth 7state @21M
&""':55---7%ar#is"s7or5referen(e5ar(&i!e5'erl%an6fredy52.I@5an"ise%i"is%7&"%
7 +2.I@b, $(ainst Fis!story, $(ainst )eviathan6 +De"roi": 4la(8 and Red,M e#"ra(":
&""':55---7'ri%i"i!is%7(o%5le!ia"&an7&"%
P&illi's0 Bendell +2I/3, 9S'ee(& in 4os"on0 Massa(&$se""s0 Lan$ary 3I:M in Spee%hes /efore the
Hassa%h&setts $nti!Slavery So%ietM &""':55---7bar"leby7(o%5K@521K@7&"%l
Plo-s0 Ale# +2..I, Pra%ti%s and Pra:is9 'he *hat, ho* and *hy of the 5O environmental dire%t a%tion
movement in the 199s7 P&D "&esis0 Uni!ersi"y of Bales0 4anorM
&""':55---7iol7ie5j%aCColdi5"oolsfor(&ane5af''5'lo-s'&d7r"f
Pos"one0 Mois&e +2..@, 'ime, )abor and So%ial -om&nation9 $ reinterpretation of Har:8s %riti%al theory
+Ca%bride: Ca%bride Uni!ersi"y Press,
Pri(e0 Bayne +3112, 9Anar(&is% and "&e Israeli6Pales"inian Bar:0 /arri%ada 2K4
Prole Ca" +311F, 9To-ards %ore effe("i!e 'oli"i(al oraniCa"ions: T&e role of leaders&i' in
anar(&is" so(ie"y:0 'he -a*n FM &""':55---7"&e6da-n7or5311F5215leaders&i'7&"%l
Pro$d&on0 Pierre Lose'& +2IFK, 'he Philosophy of Poverty +4os"on: 4en=a%in T$(8er,
7 +2.<., Sele%ted @ritin(s4 Ed7 S"e-ar" Ed-ards +Garden Ci"y0 NY: An(&or,
7 +2.K.52IK/, 9Porno(ra(y0 or Bo%en of Modern Ti%es:M $n'$blis&ed fra%en"0 in
Ed-ard Hya%s0 ed70 Pro&dhon9 Fis revol&tionary life, mind and *or2s +London: Lo&n M$rray,
P$r8is0 Lona"&an +3112, 9Leaderless C$l"$res: T&e 'roble% of a$"&ori"y in a radi(al en!iron%en"al
ro$':0 in Colin 4ar8er e"7al0 eds70 )eadership and So%ial Hovements +Man(&es"er: Man(&es"er
Me"ro'oli"an Uni!ersi"y,
Ra(&leff0 Pe"er +2..<, 9OraniCin WBall "o Ball;: T&e Inde'enden" Union of All Bor8ers0 2.@@6
@K:0 in S"a$&"on Lynd0 ed70 9@e $re $ll )eaders>9 'he $lternative 5nionism of the 7arly 19Is
+Urbana: Uni!ersi"y of Illinois Press,
Ra%sey Tos&0 Nan(y +3112, 9Mirror I%aes: Bi((a fro% "&e Inside O$" and O$"side In:0 in
Da!id G7 4ro%ley and Le-is ?7 Car"er0 eds70 'o*ard ,efle:ive 7thno(raphy9 Parti%ipatin(,
+bservin(4, 0arratin( +O#ford: LAI Press,
4ro%ley and Car"er0 'o*ard ,efle:ive 7thno(raphy
Ra''er"0 4rian +2..., 9Assessin "e(&noloies of 'oli"i(al (on"rol:0 Jo&rnal of Pea%e ,esear%h @<7<
RaC0 Lose'& +2.II, 'he Horality of Freedom +O#ford: O#ford Uni!ersi"y Press,
7 +2..1, 9In"rod$("ion: and 9A$"&ori"y and L$s"ifi(a"ion:0 in $&thority (Ne- Yor8: NYU
Press,
@FF
Reason0 Pe"er and Lo&n Heron +2..., $ )ayperson8s G&ide to Co!operative 1n3&iry +4a"&: Cen"re for
A("ion Resear(& in Professional Pra("i(e,M ---7ba"&7a(7$85(ar''5lay$ide7&"%
Reason0 Pe"er and Hilary 4radb$ry +3112, Fandboo2 of $%tion ,esear%h +London: SAGE,
Reyes0 Os(ar0 Hilary Bain-ri&"0 Mayo ?$s"er i Morrell and Mar(o 4erlin$er +311/, 7&ropean
So%ial For&m9 -ebatin( the %hallen(es for its f&t&reM Pro=e(" ne-sle""er0 9G$ide for so(ial
"ransfor%a"ion in E$ro'e: ES? and s$rro$ndins:M
&""':55---7e$ro%o!e%en"s7info5ne-sle""er5
Ribeiro0 Sil!ia +311@, 9T&e Day "&e S$n Dies: Con"a%ina"ion and resis"an(e in Me#i(o: Seedlin(
(s$%%er,M &""':55---7rain7or5seedlin5Hide3.3M
Ri(oe$r0 Pa$l +2.K<, 1nterpretation 'heory9 -is%o&rse and the s&rpl&s of meanin( +?or" Bor"&: Te#as
C&ris"ian Uni!ersi"y Press,
Ri""er0 Alan +2.I1, $nar%hism 9 $ theoreti%al analysis +Ca%bride: Ca%bride Uni!ersi"y Press,
Roberson0 C&ris"o'&er +2..I, 9T&e S"a"e as Ra"ional A$"&ori"y: An anar(&is" =$s"ifi(a"ion of
o!ern%en":0 +:ford Jo&rnal of )e(al St&dies 2I7F0 ''7 <2K6<@1
Robins0 Ae!in and ?ran8 Bebs"er +2.I@, 9L$ddis%: Ne- Te(&noloy and "&e Cri"i*$e of Poli"i(al
E(ono%y0: in Les Le!ido- and 4ob Yo$n0 eds70 S%ien%e, 'e%hnolo(y and the )abo&r Pro%ess9
Har:ist st&dies +London: ?ree Asso(ia"ion 4oo8s, !ol730 ''7.6FI7
Ro(8er0 R$dolf +2.@K, 0ationalism and C&lt&re +Ne- Yor8 : Co!i(i0 ?riede,
7 +2.I.52.@I, $nar%ho!Syndi%alism +London: Pl$"o,
7 +2./<, 'he )ondon Years +London: Rober" Ans(o%be,
Rosaldo0 Rena"o +2.I., C&lt&re and 'r&th9 'he rema2in( of so%ial analysis +4os"on: 4ea(on Press,
Ro"&0 4eni"a +311F, Separate ,oads to Feminism9 /la%2, %hi%ana, and *hite feminist movements in
$meri%a8s Se%ond @ave +Ne- Yor8: Ca%bride Uni!ersi"y Press,
Ro$"lede0 Pa$l +2..<, 9T&e "&ird s'a(e as (ri"i(al enae%en":0 $ntipode 3I
R$ssell0 4er"rand +2.2I, ,oads to Freedom9 So%ialism, anar%hism, and syndi%alism +London: Allen K
Un-in,
7 +2.@I, Po*er9 $ 0e* so%ial analysis +London: Allen K Un-in,
Sa&lins0 Mars&all +2.K3, Stone $(e 7%onomi%s +Ne- Yor8: Bal"er De Gr$y"er,
Sale0 Air8'a"ri(8 +2..<, ,ebels $(ainst the F&t&re9 'he )&ddites and their *ar on the ind&strial
revol&tion +London: J$ar"e" 4oo8s,
Sander(o(80 Losie e"7al7 +eds70 311F, Pea%e 5nder Fire9 1sraelWPalestine and the 1nternational Solidarity
Hovement +London: >erso,
S(&NEBS +3112, Honopolise ,esistan%e +'a%'&le",M &""':55---7s(&ne-s7or7$85%r7&"%
7 +311F, 9S&or" S&ar' Cro': Ho- GM (ro' far%in -as 8illed in 4ri"ain:0 in S%h07@S
$t 'en +4ri&"on: S(&NEBS, ''72K262K<
Seall0 S&lo%i +311F, C&ltivatin( So%ial Solidarity4 DP&il "&esis0 Uni!ersi"y of O#ford7
Sell-ood0 Ma""&e- +311/, 'he ideolo(i%al and histori%al roots of the anti!a&thoritarian left in early
19Ms /ritain4 Hono$rs "&esis0 Uni!ersi"y of O#ford
Sen0 A%ar"ya +2.I3, 9E*$ali"y of B&a"H:0 in Choi%e, @elfare and Heas&rement +Ca%bride:
Ca%bride Uni!ersi"y Press,
@F/
S&a;alabi0 NaCee& and Oren Medi(8s +311@, 9T&e (a%' in "&e eyes of a Pales"inian a("i!is": and
9T&e (a%' in "&e eyes of an Israeli a("i!is":M &""':55s"o'"&e-all7or7il5%as&a(a%'5
S&ee&an0 Sean +311@, $nar%hism +London: Rea8"ion 4oo8s,
S&eller0 Mi%i +3111, 9?ro% So(ial Ne"-or8s "o So(ial ?lo-s: Re6"&in8in "&e Mo!e%en" in So(ial
Mo!e%en"s:7 Pa'er in "&e (onferen(e So%ial Hovement $nalysis9 'he 0et*or2 Perspe%tive
(onferen(eM &""':55---7nd7ed$5jd%yers5lo%ond5s&eller37'df
S&e'ard0 4en=a%in and Ronald Hayd$8 +eds70 3113, From $C' 5P to the @'+9 5rban Protest and
Comm&nity /&ildin( in the 7ra of GlobaliPation +London: >erso,
S&o" by bo"& sides +311/, 9An"i se%i"is% and "&e Lef":0 Melbo$rne Indy%ediaM
&""':55---7%elbo$rne7indy%edia7or5ne-s5311/5135IK./27'&'
S&$l%an0 Ali# Aa"e +2.K2, 'o 'he /arri%ades9 'he $nar%hist )ife of 7mma Goldman +Ne- Yor8:
Cro-ell,
Sili(on >alley To#i(s Coali"ion +311/, Fi(h!te%h Prod&%tion +-eb'ae,M
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Sil!ers"ein0 Mar( +3113, 94rea8in ?ree of "&e Pro"es" Men"ali"y:M
&""':55si"e7---7$%b7ed$5fa($l"y5salC%ani5S"ra"e5Dis($s5311361F63/Sil!ers"ein7&"%
Si%'son0 L$lia +2..F, 9Ar(&aeoloy and Poli"i(is%: ?o$(a$l";s E'is"e%i( Anar(&is%: Han
and@orld 3K720 ''73@6@/7
Si"$a"ionis" In"erna"ional +2./I, 9Defini"ions:0 S1 19"NM
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S8irda0 Ale#andre +311F, 0estor Ha2hno ? $nar%hy8s Cossa%2 +Edinb$r&: AA Press,
S%alley0 Ri(&ard E7 e"7 al7 +31126311F, >ario$s s(ien"ifi( '$bli(a"ions on nano"e(&noloyM
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MobiliCa"ion:0 in 4er" Alander%ans e"7al70 eds70 From Str&%t&re to $%tion9 Comparin( so%ial
movements resear%h a%ross %&lt&res +Green-i(&0 CT: LAI Press,
Solidari"y ?edera"ion +3113, 9H$%an Ri&"s: Yes G S"a"e of Pales"ine: No:0 -ire%t $%tion 3@M
&""':55---7dire("a7for(e.7(o7$85ba(8 iss$es5DA 3@5re$lars37&"%
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1nternet +Ne- Yor8: Har(o$r",
S'inoCa0 4ar$(& +311152<KK, Politi%al 'reatise4 Trans7 S7 S&irley +Ca%bride: Ha(8e"",
7 +2..K52<KK, 7thi%s7 Trans7 R7H7M7 El-esM online edi"ionM
&""':55---7%"s$7ed$5jrbo%bard5R45S'inoCa5e"&i(a6fron"7&"%l
S*$irrellife +311F, 9London0 UA G Dea"& S'as%s of an Ins$rre("ionary Mo!e%en":M in Confessions
of $ ,iot 'o&ristU &""':55s*$irrellife7diaryland7(o%51F122@iF27&"%l
S"ar&a-8 +2.IK, 'r&th or -are9 7n%o&nters *ith po*er, a&thority and mystery +San ?ran(is(o:
Har'erCollins,
7 +3113, @ebs of Po*er9 0otes from the (lobal &prisin( +Gabriola Island0 4C: Ne- So(ie"y
P$blis&ers,
@F<
7 +311F, 9RNC U'da"e N$%ber T-o: Po-er and Anar(&y:M
&""':55---7s"ar&a-87or5a("i!is%5a("i!is%6-ri"ins5RNCi$'da"e37&"%l
S"a"e-a"(& Ne-s +3113, 9NATO se($ri"y (onferen(e 'ro"es"s *$as&ed by 'oli(e: +Mar(&,M
&""':55---7s"a"e-a"(&7or5ne-s531135%ar512%$ni(&7&"%
S$lli!an0 Sian +311@, 9PAner is a Gif"\; Or is i"H Enain -i"& >iolen(e in "&e +An"i6,
Globalisa"ion Mo!e%en"+s,: CSG, 0e*sletter 21M &""':55---37-ar-i(87a(7$85fa(5so(5(sr5
ne-sle""ers5nl217'df5
7 +311F, 9PBe are &ear"bro8en and f$rio$s; +:3,: >iolen(e and "&e +an"i6,lobalisa"ion
%o!e%en"+s,:0 CSG, @or2in( Paper 2@@51FU &""':55---37-ar-i(87a(7$85fa(5
so(5(sr5resear(&5-or8in'a'ers5311F5-'2@@1F7'df5
Tarro-0 Sidney +2..3, 9Men"ali"ies0 Poli"i(al C$l"$res and Colle("i!e A("ion ?ra%es:0 in Morris
and M$eller0 Frontiers in So%ial Hovement 'heory
Taylor0 4ron +3113, 9Diers0 Bolfs0 En"s0 El!es and E#'andin Uni!erses: Global 4ri(olae and
"&e J$es"ion of >iolen(e -i"&in "&e S$b($l"$res of Radi(al En!iron%en"alis% :0 in Leffrey
Aa'lan and Hel[ne LUU-0 eds70 'he C&lti% Hilie&9 +ppositional S&b%&lt&res in an $(e of
GlobaliPation +Baln$" Cree80 CA: Al"a Mira Press,
Taylor0 Mi(&ael +2.K<, $nar%hy and Cooperation +London: Biley,
7 +2.I3, Comm&nity, $nar%hy and )iberty +Ca%bride: Ca%bride Uni!ersi"y Press,
Taylor0 >er"a and Nan(y E7 B&i""ier +2..3, 9Colle("i!e iden"i"y in so(ial %o!e%en" (o%%$ni"ies:
Lesbian fe%inis" %obiliCa"ion:0 in Morris and M$eller0 Frontiers in So%ial Hovement 'heory
Te%'ler0 4ill +311@, 9?ro% M$"$al S"r$le "o M$"$al Aid: Mo!in beyond "&e s"a"is" i%'asse in
Israel5Pales"ine:0 /orderlands 37@M
&""':55---7borderlandse=o$rnal7adelaide7ed$7a$5!ol3no@i311@5 "e%'lerii%'asse7&"%
T&o%'son0 ?red B7 and Pa"ri(8 M$rfin +2.K<, 'he 14@4@49 1ts First Seventy Years, 19"!19M"
+C&i(ao: Ind$s"rial Bor8ers of "&e Borld,
T&orea$0 Henry Da!id +2.@K52IF., 9Ci!il Disobedien(e:0 in @alden and other *ritin(s +Ne- Yor8:
Modern Library,
Tof"0 A%os&a$n +3112, PPrefi$ra"i!e Poli"i(s in "&e Pre6De%o(ra(y Mo!e%en";0 Farbin(er 372M
&""':55---7so(ial6e(oloy7or5&arbiner5!ol3no25'refi$ra"i!e7&"%l
To8ar0 4rian +311@, Re!ie- of Loel Ao!el +3113, 'he 7nemy of 0at&re +London: Eed, 'i22&n 2I72M
&""':55---7"i88$n7or5%aaCine5inde#7(f%5a("ion5"i88$n5iss$e5"i81@125ar"i(le5 1@12/<7&"%l
Tol8ien0 L7 R7 R7 +2.<F, 9On ?airy S"ories:0 in 'ree and )eaf +London: Allen K Un-in,
Tols"oy0 Le! +2..1, Government is .iolen%e9 7ssays on $nar%hism and Pa%ifism +London: P&oeni#,
To$raine0 Alain e"7al7 +2.I@a, Solidarity9 'he analysis of a so%ial movement +Ca%bride: Ca%bride
Uni!ersi"y Press,
7 +2.I@b, $nti!n&%lear Protest9 'he opposition to n&%lear ener(y in Fran%e +Ca%bride:
Ca%bride Uni!ersi"y Press,
Unbo$nd0 C&i(ao anar(&is" boo8s"ore +$nda"ed, $nti!mission StatementM
&""':55---7$nbo$ndboo8s7or5abo$"7&"%l
Uni"ed Na"ions De!elo'%en" Prora% +311@, 9H$%an De!elo'%en" Indi(a"ors 2.: Enery and
"&e en!iron%en"90 &""':55---7$nd'7or5&dr311@5indi(a"or5indi(i2I3i2i27&"%l
@FK
>a$e0 To% +2..K, $nar%hy in the 5O9 'he $n(ry /ri(ade +Edinb$r&: AA Press,
>aneie%0 Rao$l +311252.<K, 'he ,evol&tion of 7veryday )ife +London: Rebel Press,
>ea80 Tyler +3111, 9B&ose Te(&noloyH B&ose Moderni"yH:0 S%ien%e, 'e%hnolo(y and F&man
.al&es 3/73
>era Herrera0 Ra%Zn +311F, 9En defensa del %akC +y el f$"$ro, G $na a$"oes"iZn in!isible:7
$%%iAn Ci&dadana en las $m<ri%as 2@M &""':55---7a%eri(as'oli(y7or5(i"iCena("ion5series5s'6
2@%aiC7&"%l
>i("or0 Rao$l +311@, 9?ree Sof"-are and Mar8e" Rela"ions:M Pro;e%t +e2on&: 'a'erM
&""':55---7oe8on$#7or5"e#"s5%ar8e"rela"ions7&"%l
>oline G a787a7 >se!olod Mi8ailo!i(& Ei(&enba$% +2.KF, 'he 5n2no*n ,evol&tion0 191M!1921
+De"roi": 4la(8 and Red,
Ball0 Dere8 +2..., 7arth First6 and the $nti!,oads Hovement9 ,adi%al environmentalism and
%omparative so%ial movements +London: Ro$"lede,
Bard0 Colin +2.K@, $nar%hy in $%tion +London: Geore Allan K Un-in,
7 +311/, $nar%hism9 $ very short introd&%tion +O#ford: O#ford Uni!ersi"y Press,
Barne8e0 4re"" +311/, Smart -&st +ill$s"ra"ed -eb'ae, Uni!ersi"y of California a" 4er8eleyM
&""':55---6bsa(7ee(s7ber8eley7ed$5ar(&i!e5$sers5-arne8e6bre""5S%ar"D$s"5inde#7&"%l
Ba"son0 Da!id +2..I, $(ainst the He(ama%hine +Ne- Yor8: A$"ono%edia,
Beber0 Ma# +2.FK, 'he 'heory of So%ial and 7%onomi% +r(anisation4 Trans7 A7 M7 Henderson and
Tal(o"" Parsons +Ne- Yor8: T&e ?ree Press,
7 +2./F, Ha: @eber on )a* in 7%onomy and So%iety4 Ed7 M7 R&eins"ein +Ne- Yor8: Si%on
K S(&$s"er,
7 +2./I,7 9T&e T&ree Ty'es of Lei"i%a"e R$le:7 /er2eley P&bli%ations in So%iety and
1nstit&tions F720 ''72622
Beiner0 Neil0 Marare" Ea&n and Ri"a Sai +eds70 2..1, .iolen%e9 Patterns, %a&ses, p&bli% poli%y +San
Dieo0 CA: Har(o$r" 4ra(e,
Bels&0 Ian +3112, 9An"i6n$(lear %o!e%en"s: failed 'ro=e("s or &eralds of a dire(" a("ion %ilie$H:
@or2in( Paper Series 22 +Cardiff Uni!ersi"y: S(&ool of So(ial S(ien(es,
Bes"0 Da!id +2..1, $&thenti%ity and 7mpo*erment +London: Har!es"er B&ea"s&eaf,
Be#ler0 Ali(e +2.IF, 7mma Godman9 $n 1ntimate )ife +London: >irao,
Billia%s0 Ray%ond +2.K<, Oey*ords9 $ vo%ab&lary of %&lt&re and so%iety +London: ?on"ana,
7 +2.KI, 9U"o'ia and S(ien(e ?i("ion:0 S F St&dies /7@M &""':55---7de'a$-7ed$5sfs5
ba(8iss$es52<5-illia%s2<ar"7&"%
Binner0 Landon +2.I/, 'he @hale and the ,ea%tor9 $ sear%h for limits in an a(e of hi(h te%hnolo(y
+C&i(ao: C&i(ao Uni!ersi"y Press,
7 +3113, :L$ddis% as E'is"e%oloy:0 in Rober" S(&arff and >al D$se80 eds70 Philosophy
of 'e%hnolo(y9 'he te%hnolo(i%al %ondition +O#ford: 4la(8-ell,
Bins"anley0 Asa +311F, 9T&e Li%i"s of ?ree Sof"-are:0 'an(enit&m 27@0 $nar%hism, $%tivism and 1'M
&""':55---7"anen"i$%7or5%ay1F5fea"$re2'rin"7&"%l
Bi""ens"ein0 L$d-i +311352./@, Philosophi%al 1nvesti(ations +O#ford: 4la(8-ell,
@FI
Boe&rle0 Lynne M7 +2..3, So%ial Constr&%tions of Po*er and 7mpo*erment9 'ho&(hts from feminist
approa%hes to pea%e resear%h and pea%e!ma2in( +Syra($se: Syra($se Uni!ersi"y Press,
Bolff0 Rober" Pa$l +2.<., 9On >iolen(e:0 'he Jo&rnal of Philosophy <<72.0 ''7<126<2<
7 +2.K2, 1n -efense of $nar%hism +Ne- Yor8: Har'er and Ro-,
Bood(o(80 Geore +2.<3, $nar%hism +Har%onds-or"&: Pen$in,
Bood(o(80 Geore and I!an A!a8$%o!i( +2.K2, 'he $nar%hist Prin%e9 $ bio(raphi%al st&dy of Peter
Oropot2in +Ne- Yor8: S(&o(8en,
B$ Min +3112, 9T&e Mai(al Mys"ery To$r of "&e ?a8e 4la(8 4lo( in Genoa:0 Giap -i(est +33
L$ly,M &""':55---7-$%info$nda"ion7(o%5enlis&5ia'5%ys"ery"o$r7&"%l
Ya%ais&i0 Tos&io and Aaren Coo8 +2..@, 9GeneraliCed E#(&ane and So(ial Dile%%as: So%ial
Psy%holo(y V&arterly /<7F0 ''73@/6FI7
Eero-or8 Colle("i!e +2.K/, 9In"rod$("ion:0 Zero*or2 2
EerCan0 Lo&n +2.II, 7lements of ,ef&sal +Sea""le: Lef" 4an8 4oo8s,
7 +2..F, F&t&re Primitive and other essays +Ne- Yor8: A$"ono%edia,
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