Latest PDR SL-TWT Volume-1

PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT
(PDR)
OF
Ku-BAND 140 W
Short Length
SPACE TWT
Design and Development
of
Ku-Band 140W Short
Length Space TWT
VL!"#-1
Microwave Tubes Area
$entral #lectronics #ngineering %esearch
&nstitute
Pilani (Raj) ! """ #"$
Ku-band 140 W Short Length Space TWT
March, 2010
1. Performance Organization`s name and Address:
Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute Pilani !!! 0!1" #Ra$%&" India
2. Title : Design and Development of Ku-band 140W Short Length Space TWT
Sub-Title: Preliminary Design Report
3. Project Team Members: Regular Staff Project Assistants

'r% ( Sri)asta)a" Sc% * +r 'heera$ Ku,ar
'r% RK Shar,a" Sc% EII +r (ishant *ahlaut
Sh% - .era" Sc EI
/
+r 0itin$i Sri)asta)a
Sh% -R Choudhur1" Sc C
/
+r Prashant Shar,a
Sh% S+ Shar,a" T2% C +r -bhishe3 4ain
+s% Suneeta -r1a" 4T- +r Pa5an Paree3
Sh% RK *upta" Sc% * +r Raghbendra Singh

/
Presentl1 -broad on stud1 lea)e
4. Sponsoring Agency:
S-C" -h,adabad
5. Contract Grant No.
Ku-band 140W Short Length Space TWT
6ro, -pril 7008- +arch 7017
6. Project No.:
*-P-!!19
7. Year & Month:
+a1-7010
8. Category:
:nclassi;ied
9. Abstract:
This report presents design o; di;;erent asse,blies o; the Ku-band 140W Short Length Space
TWT% The details o; designing electron gun asse,bl1" heli< SWS asse,bl1" Input and output
coupler asse,blies and periodic-per,anent ,agnet #PP+& ;ocussing s1ste, 5ith integral-pole-
piece #IPP& barrel asse,bl1 5ere presented using indigenousl1 de)eloped as 5ell as
co,,erciall1 a)ailable so;t5ares% -nso;t =6SS and CST-+WS So;t5ares 5ere used ;or
deter,ining dispersion" i,pedance and attenuation characteristics o; heli< SWS loaded 5ith
-P.0 support rods" and ;or designing o; input and output couplers 5ith heli< SWS% The
electron gun has been designed #using E*:0 and +-*6L' so;t5ares& 5ith isolated .6E and
t5o isolated anodes #in addition to ground anode& ;or better control o; bea, trans,ission and
;or protecting cathode ;ro, ion-bo,bard,ent during operation o; TWT and ,aintaining the
desired bea, current 5ithout changing the accelerating potential% The heli< SWS 5as designed
#using S:0R->-1' and S:0R->-!' LS+ along 5ith CST-+WS& in single section to achie)e
electronic e;;icienc1 ,ore than 79? ;or output po5er ,ore than 140W at gain ,ore than 79d.
and I@+ co,ponents less than -10d.c at rated output po5er% - ;our-stage collector has been
designed #using E*:0& 5ith collector e;;icienc1 ,ore than A0? to achie)e an o)erall
e;;icienc1 o; nearl1 99?%
10. Key Words: TWT" TWT-" Short length Space TWT" C-'" =igh e;;icienc1 TWT" Ther,al
B Structural -nal1sis%
11. Report No.
CEERI@+WT@RR-
1@0!
12. Prepared By:
'r RK Shar,a" Sc EII
'r ( Sri)asta)a" Sc *
Approved By:
Director
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani 7
LIST OF CONTENTS
Section/Sub-
section
TITLE Page no.
1%0 PR24ECT .RIE6S
9
1%1 -I+ 26 T=E PR24ECT
9
1%7 PR24ECT SC=E':LES B 6I0-0CI-L *R-0TS
9
1%! C2LL-.2R-TI0* 2R*-0IC-TI20S
9
1%4 +-42R +ILEST20ES PL-00E'
9
1%9 +ILEST20ES C2+PLETE'
9
1%D PRESE0T PR24ECT TE-+ -T CEERI
D
1%E REF:IRE+E0TS 6R2+ S-C
D
1%A 'ESI*0E' R6 SPECI6IC-TI20S 26 K:-.-0' 140W
S=2RT LE0*T= TWT
E
1%8 'I66ERE0T -SSE+.LIES 26 K:-.-0' 140 W S=2RT
LE0*T= TWT
8
1%10 .-R C=-RT
11
LIST 26 6I*:RES
17
LIST 26 T-.LES
14
2.0
ELECTRON GUN & PPM FOCUSING 1D
2.1
ELECTRON GUN 1E
7%1%0
I0TR2':CTI20
1A
7%1%1
'ESI*0 26 ELECTR20 *:0
18
7%1%7
SE0SITI(IT> -0-L>SIS 62R CRITIC-L P-R-+ETERS
77
7%1%!
EL ELCTR2ST-TIC -0-L>SIS :SI0* C2'E EST-T
79
7%1%4
F:-LIT> C20TR2L -0' C=-R-CTERIC-TI20 26
ELECTR20 *:0
7D
7%1%9
C20CL:SI20S
7D
2.2 PERIODIC PERMANENT MAGNET 7E
7%7%0
I0TR2':CTI20
7A
7%7%1
PP+ 'ESI*0
7A
7%7%7
SI+:L-TI20
78
7%7%!
C20CL:SI20S
!0
3.0 SLOW WAVE STRUCTURE !1
!%1
I0TR2':CTI20
!7
!%7
'ESI*0 26 =ELIG SWS
!!
!%!
6I0-L 'ESI*0 26 =ELIG SWS -SSE+.L>
!4
!%4
SI+:L-TI20 26 SWS
!9
!%9
SE0SITI(IT> -0-L>SIS 26 SWS P-R-+ETERS
48
!%D
C20CL:SI20S
9D
4.0
INPUT/OUTPUT COUPLERS
9E
4%1 I0TR2':CTI20 9A
4%7 'ESI*0 26 C2-GI-L WI0'2W 98
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani !
4%! (-LI'-TI20 26 -PPR2-C= WIT= .T: 140W 98
4%4 'ESI*0 26 R6 STEP-TR-0S62R+ER SECTI20 D1
4%9 2:TP:T C2:PLER 'ESI*0 D4
4%D SE0SITI(IT> -0-L>SIS 62R CRITIC-L P-R-+ETERS D9
4%E C20CL:SI20S DE
5.0
MULTISTAGE DEPRESSED COLLECTOR
DA
9%1
I0TR2':CTI20
E0
9%7 'ESI*0 26 4-ST-*E 'EPRESSE' C2LLECT2R E!
9%! 'ESI*0 -0' SI+:L-TI20 26 C2LLECT2R ED
9%4
SE0SITI(IT> -0-L>SIS 26 +'C 62R K: S=2RT
LE0*T= -T 140W
EA
9%9 C20CL:SI20S E8
6.0
THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF
DIFFERENT SUB ASSEMBLIES
A0
D%1
I0TR2':CTI20
A0
D%7
T=ER+-L -0-L>SIS 26 ELECTR20 *:0
A0
D%! T=ER+-L -0-L>SIS 26 SL2W W-(E STR:CT:RE A!
D%4 T=ER+-L -0-L>SIS 26 C2:PLER AD
D%9 T=ER+-L -0-L>SIS 26 C2LLECT2R 80
D%D C20CL:SI20S 8!
E%0 .ILL 26 +-TERI-L 84
1.0 PRO1ECT BRIEFS
Pro$ectH 'esign B 'e)elop,ent o; Ku-.and 140W Short Length SP-CE TWT
1.1 AIM OF THE PRO1ECT
'esign B 'e)elop,ent o; Ku-band 140W Short Length Space TWTs ;or co,,unication
satellites
1.2 PRO1ECT SCHEDULES & FINANCIAL GRANTS

Starting Date: -pril" 7008
Completion Date: +arch" 7017 #total duration ! 1ears&
Bar Chart: Enclosed
Allocated fund to CEERI: Rs% !A0 La3hs #Plus Po5er Suppl1&
Ist Installment Rs 89 La3hs #recei)ed on -pril 7008&
1.3 COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS
i% +icro5a)e Tubes -rea
Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute
Pilani #Ra$asthan& - !!! 0!1%
ii% Satellite -pplication Centre
4odhpur Te3ra" Satellite Road" -h,adabad
1.4 MA1OR MILESTONES PLANNED
i% 'esign o; all asse,blies ;or the Ku-band 140W short length space TWT
ii% Engineering dra5ing o; piece parts and all the asse,blies%
iii% Procure,ent o; i,ported ,aterials including cathode and cera,ics%
i)% 'e)elop,ent B testing o; all asse,blies%
iii% 'e)elop,ent o; design )alidation tubes #'(T&%
)i% 'e)elop,ent o; to good protot1pes%
1.5 MILESTONES COMPLETED
i% Co,pleted design o; all asse,blies including electron gun" heli< SWS"
Input@2utput coupler" Periodic-Per,anent +agnet ;ocusing" 4 stage depressed
collector" to ,eet the desired speci;ications%
ii% Co,pleted engineering dra5ings o; piece parts and asse,blies%
iii% Procured cathodes" cera,ic insulator and necessar1 ,aterial%
1.6 PRESENT PRO1ECT TEAM AT CEERI
'r% (ishnu Sri)asta)a" Sc%* Chie; In)estigator
'r% RK Shar,a" Sc EII Co- Chie; In)estigator
Sh% - .era" Sc%EI
'r% -R Chaudhur1" Sc%C
Sh% S+ Shar,a" T2-C
+s% Suneeta -r1a" 4T-
Sh% RK *upta" Sc%* Co- Chie; In)estigator
PRO1ECT ASSISTANTS

+r% 'heera$ Ku,ar" +r% (ishant *ahlaut" +r% 0itin$i Sri)asta)a" +r% -bhishe3 4ain"
+r% Prashant Shar,a" +r% Pa5an Paree3%
1.7 REQUIREMENTS FROM SAC
i. S-C has to pro)ide TWT ,ulti electrode po5er suppl1 at CEERI%
ii. S-C has to pro)ide ;acilities to characteriIe the co,ponents and the tube ;or
en)iron,ent testing reJuired ;or space Juali;ication%
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani D
1.8 Designed RF Specifications of Ku-band 140W Short length TWT
Sr. No. Parameters Unit Specified values
1%1 Po5er output
-t E%2%L
-t E%2%L
Watt
Watt
140
147
1%7 2perating 6reJuenc1 band *=I 10%8 To 11%7
B
11%4 To 11%E
1%! Channel .and5idth +=I 40
1%4 E;;icienc1 o; TWT ? 99 ,ini,u,
1%9 Po5er Consu,ption
0o dri)e
Sat% dri)e
Watts
Watts
170 ,a<i,u,
710 ,a<i,u,
1%D R6 *ain
-t saturation
-t s,all Signal
'.
d.
79
9 E higher
1%E *ain Response
Saturation
2)er A00 +=I
2)er !D +=I

S,all Signal
2)er A00 +=I
2)er !00 +=I
2)er 40 +=I
d.
d.

d.
d.
d.
0%9 d. P P +a<
0%! d.

1%0 d. pp
0%A d. pp
0%9 d. pp
1%A *ain Slope
Saturation
S,all Signal
d. @ +=I
d.@+=I
K 0%009
K 0%019
1%8 -+@P+ Con)ersion
Coe;;icient at saturation
deg@d. 4%0 ,a<%
1%10 -+@P+ Trans;er coe;;icient
0 d. I.2
! d. I.2
D d. I.2
8 d. I.2
17 d. I.2
14 d. I.2
deg@d.
deg@d.
deg@d.
deg@d.
deg@d.
deg@d.
A%9
E%9
9%0
4%0
!%0
7%0
1%11 Phase Shi;t deg 4A
o
+a<
1%17 -,plitude Linearit1
!d. I.2 each carrier
D d. I.2 each carrier
10 d. I.2 each carrier
1E d. I.2 each carrier
70 d. I.2 each carrier
d.c
d.c
d.c
d.c
d.c
8%9
11
19
79
!0
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani E
1%1! Spectral Purit1
0on-=ar,onic #in-band&
Second =ar,onic
Third =ar,onic
d.c
d.c
d.c
LE9d.c @ 4 K=I d.c
19 ,in
79 ,in
1%14 2)er 'ri)e d. 70
1%19 *roup 'ela1
Linear
Parabolic
Ripple
nano sec@+=I
nano sec@+=I7
nano% sec
0%01
0%009
0%!#p-p&
1%1D (SWR
Input Cold
Input =ot
2utput Cold
2utput =ot
1%9 H 1%0
1%9 H 1%0
7%0 H 1%0
!%0 H 1%0
1%1E Connectors
R6 Input
R6 2utput
1%1A +echanical
+ass
SiIe
gra,s A00 #appro<%&
5ill be 3ept
,ini,u, possible
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani A
1.9 DIFFERENT ASSEMBLIES OF KU-BAND 140 W SHORT
LENGTH TWT
'i;;erent asse,blies" as sho5n in 6igs%1%1 #a& and 1%1 #b&" are as ;ollo5sH
6ig%1%1 #a& Cut-)ie5 o; Ku-.and 140W Short Length TWT 5ith radiator and
base plate
6ig%1%1 #b& Sche,atic o; conduction Cooled Ku-.and 140W Short Length TWT 5ith base
plate
.-R C=-RT
S.
N.
ACTIVITY I YEAR II YEAR III YEAR
Quarter 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
A Design of complete tube
-1
'esign o; co,plete Tube
With engineering dra5ings
o; Piece parts" sub asse,blies and
asse,blies
-7 Characterisation o; co,ponents
including de)elop,ent o; bea,
stic3 tube
.
'e)elop,ent design )alidation
tube #'(T&
.
1
'e)elop,ent o; '(T including
processing and testing
'esign ,odi;ication i; reJuired
-ppro)al o; 'esign
#S-C B CEERI&
Development of Prototypes
'e)elop,ent o; t5o protot1pes
including processing and testing
#,eeting speci;ications&
Approval of the designed and
developed Ku-band short TWTs
Kno5-ho5 preparation and
trans;er to .EL ;or the
de)elop,ent o; 6light ,odels
List of Figures
6ig% 1%1#a& Cut-)ie5 o; Ku-.and 140W Short Length TWT 5ith radiator and base plate
6ig%1%1#b&
Sche,atic o; conduction Cooled Ku-.and 140W Short Length TWT 5ith
base plate
6ig% 7%1%1 Line diagra, o; dual anode electron gun sho5ing di;erent electrodes
6ig% 7%1%7 E*:0 si,ulated gun pro;ile 5ithout ,agnetic ;ield
6ig% 7%1%!
.ea, E,ittance in cathode anode region
6ig% 7%1%4 .ea, e,ittance in cathode bea, 5aist region
6ig% 7%1%9
'ependenc1 o; bea, current 5ith the change in control anode )oltage
6ig% 7%1%D
'ependenc1 o; bea, current on control anode a<ial distance
6ig% 7%1%E E;;ect on bea, current 5ith the change in ion barrier anode )oltage
6ig% 7%1%A
'ependenc1 o; bea, current on ion barrier anode a<ial distance%
6ig% 7%1%8 I
o
(s .6E )e bias
6ig% 7%1%10 EST-T si,ulation o; electron gun ;or electric ;ield distribution
6ig% 7%7%1 Si,ulated bea, pro;ile 5ith ,agnetic circuit and a<ial ,agnetic ;ield
6ig% 7%7%7 Enlarged )ie5 o; the electron bea, near the gun region
6ig% !%7%1#a&
Sho5s 2utput Po5er #d.,& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at di;;erent
;reJuenc1 #*=I&%
6ig% !%7%1#b & Trans;er characteristics o; output po5er#d.,&
6ig%!%7%1#c& E;;ect o; circuit loss on output po5er#d.,&
6ig% !%7%7 #a&
Sho5s Saturated *ain #d.& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at di;;erent
;reJuenc1 #*=I&%
6ig% !%7%7 #b& Trans;er characteristics o; *ain #d.&
6ig% !%7%!
Sho5s Electronics e;;icienc1 #?& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at
di;;erent ;reJuenc1 #*=I&%
6ig% !%7%4 Sho5s spent bea, energ1 distribution cur)e%
6ig% !%7%9 Sho5s -+@P+ ;actor ;or 9%83(@100,-%
6ig% !%7%D sho5s inter,odulation co,ponent 5hen nu,ber o; disc are )ar1
6ig% !%7%E sho5n ;ro, this table !
rd
order I+ product is M -10d.c at saturation
6ig%!%7%A
Sho5n ;ro, this table har,onics po5er le)el at di;;erent dri)e%
6ig%!%7%8
sho5s the e;;ect o; pitch on the ,a<i,u, gain o; the tube" the nor,al pitch
o; the tube
6ig%!%7%10
Sho5s the e;;ect o; pitch on ,a<i,u, bea, bunching" ;ro, this stud1 one
can ;ind the pitch o; the positi)e step%
6ig%!%7%11
Sho5s the e;;ect o; pitch on ,a<i,u, electronics e;;icienc1" ;ro, this
stud1 one can ;ind the pitch o; the negati)e step%
6ig%!%7%17
Sho5s the opti,iIe pitch pro;ile" loss pro;ile in single section tube%
6ig%!%7%
#1!"14"19&
Sho5s the graph o; propagation constant" Interaction I,pedance and phase
)elocit1 throughout the operating band o; the tube
6ig% !%7%1D
Electron tra$ectories in the SWS #at saturation&
6ig%!%7%1E#a"b"c" &
Pout #d.,&"*ain#d.&"E;;icienc1#?& (s 6reJuenc1#*=I& #6or di;;erent
bea, )oltage&
6ig%!%7%1A#a"b"c" &
Pout #d.,&" *ain #d.&" E;;icienc1 #?& (s 6reJuenc1#*=I& #6or di;;erent
bea, current&
6ig%!%7%18#a" b" c&
Pout #d.,&" *ain #d.&" E;;icienc1 #?& (s% 6reJuenc1#*=I& #6or di;;erent
bea, radius&
6ig% 4%1 Input Coupler 5ith heli< SWS
6ig% 4%7 #a& =6SS +odel ;or input coupler 5ith SWS ;or .T:-140W%
6ig% 4%7 #b& CST +odel ;or input coupler 5ith SWS ;or .T:-140W%
6ig% 4%! =6SS +odel ;or output coupler 5ith Wa)eguide ;or .T:-140W%
6ig% 4%4 #a& =6SS generated ,odel o; Input coupler 5ith heli< SWS
6ig% 4%4 #b& *enerated ,odel o; Input coupler 5ith heli< SWS%
6ig% 4%9 Return loss characteristics o; Input coupler using =6SS.
6ig% 4%D 2utput 5a)eguide 5ith coa<ial to 5a)eguide adapter%
6ig% 4%E
=6SS generated +odel o; 2utput coupler 5ith coa<ial to 5a)eguide
adapter%
6ig%4%A Return loss characteristics o; 2utput Coupler%
6ig% 9%1 Incre,ent in collector e;;icienc1 5ith the increase in the nu,ber o; stages
6ig% 9%7 Po5er reco)ered b1 the 4-stage Ku-band +'C
6ig% 9%!
Electron tra$ectories inside the +'C o; the Ku-band 140 W TWT under dc
condition
6ig% 9%4
Pri,ar1 tra$ectories inside the +'C o; the Ku-band 140 W TWT under r;
condition
6ig 9%9 Secondar1 tra$ectories in the Ku short-band 140 W space TWT collector
6ig% D%1 !-' ,odel o; electron gun o; Ku-band short Space TWT
6ig% D%7 Te,perature distribution in electron gun o; Ku-band short Space TWT
6ig%D%! Cross section )ie5 o; SWS
6ig%D%4 6ront )ie5 o; SWS
6ig%D%9 Te,p% distribution o; the SWS ;or 10W heat dissipation
6ig%D%D Te,p% distribution o; the SWS ;or 70W heat dissipation
6ig%D%E 6ull )ie5 o; +'C Collector
6ig%D%A Cross-Section )ie5 o; +'C Collector
6ig%D%8 Te,p% distribution in Collector 5ithout radiator
6ig% D%10 Te,p% distribution in Collector 5ithout radiator
6ig% D%11 !-' ,odel o; R6 coupler
6ig% D%17 Te,p% distribution in coupler asse,bl1
6ig% D%1! Sche,atic 'iagra, o; Ku-Short TWT
List of Tables
Table 7%1%1 'esired bea, para,eters
Table 7%1%7 2pti,iIed electrical and geo,etrical para,eters
Table 7%1%! Electric ;ield distribution in di;;erent region o; electron gun
Table 7%7%1 Electron bea, para,eters
Table 7%7%7 +agnetic ;ield para,eters
Table 7%7%! +agnetic ;ield #.I& )alues o; ;ree ,agnets #gauss&
Table !%7%1 Sho5s the Speci;ication o; the tube%
Table !%7%7 Sho5s 2utput Po5er #d.,& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at di;;erent
;reJuenc1 #*=I&%
Table!%7%! Sho5s Saturated *ain #d.& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at di;;erent
;reJuenc1 #*=I&%
Table !%7%4 Sho5s Electronics e;;icienc1 #?& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at
di;;erent ;reJuenc1 #*=I&%
Table !%7%9

Sho5s -+@P+ ;actor ;or 9%83(@100,-" it is sho5n that ;ro, this table
-+@P+ ;actor is M !
0
@d. at saturation%
Table !%7%D sho5s inter,odulation co,ponent 5hen nu,ber o; disc are )ar1
Table !%7%E sho5n ;ro, this table !
rd
order I+ product is M -10d.c at saturation
Table!%7%A sho5n ;ro, this table har,onics po5er le)el at di;;erent dri)e
Table!%7%
#8"10"11&
Sho5s the )alue o; propagation constant" Interaction I,pedance
and phase )elocit1 throughout the operating band o; the tube%
Table !%7%17
#a& B #b&
Sho5s the input ;ile ;or S:0R->-!'%
Table!%7%1!#a"
b" c&
Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea, )oltage%
Table
!%7%14#a" b"
c&%
Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea, current%
Table!%7%19
#a" b" c&%
Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea, radius
Table!%7%1D
#a" b" c&%
Pout #d.,&" *ain #d.&" E;;icienc1#?& (s 6reJuenc1#*=I& #6or di;;erent
pitch&
Table 4%1 Co,parison bet5een CST@=6SS and E<peri,ental results
Table 4%7 Co,parison bet5een CST@=6SS and E<peri,ental results
Table 4%!
Si,ulated para,eters o; coa<ial input coupler
Table 4%4 Sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; length #L4& o; ;ourth trans;or,er section o; coa<ial
Input coupler
Table 4%9
Sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; length #L!& o; third trans;or,er section o; Coa<ial
input coupler
Table 4%D Sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; dia,eter #d4& o; ;ourth trans;or,er section o; coa<ial
input coupler
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani 1!
Table 4%E
Sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; dia,eter #d!& o; third trans;or,er section o; coa<ial
input coupler
Table 9%1 2pti,iIed electrode potentials
Table 9%7 Collector per;or,ance under r; condition
Table 9%! 'etail si,ulated results o; the collector per;or,ance under r; condition
Table D%1 +aterial properties
Table D%7 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs& ;or electron gun
Table D%! Ther,al -nal1sis in ter,s o; te,perature distribution in Electron gun
Table D%4 Te,perature distribution in electron gun at di;;erent a,bient te,perature
Table D%9 E<pansion in inter-electrode during the operating #hot& condition o;
electron gun
Table D%D 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs& ;or SWS
Table D%E Te,perature distribution on di;;erent parts o; SWS
Table D%A 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs&
Table D%8 Te,perature distribution at )arious a,bient te,p%
Table D%10 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs& ;or collector
Table D%11 Te,perature 'istribution in Collector at )arious a,bient te,peratures
Table D%17 Te,perature 'istribution in Collector 5ith radiator
Table D%1! E<pansion in inter-electrode during the operating #hot&
condition o; Collector
Table D%14 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs& ;or coupler
Table D%19 Te,perature 'istribution in R6 Coupler
Table D%1D E<pansion in inter-electrode during the operating #hot& condition
2.0 Electron
Gun
And
PPM Focusing

2.1 Electron
Gun
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani 1D
2.1.0
1%0 INTRODUCTION
The electron gun generates an electron bea, o; reJuired )elocit1" dia,eter and current
densit1 ;or e;;ecti)e bea,-r; 5a)e interaction% It pla1s a )ital role in deter,ining the essential
characteristic para,eters o; the de)ice such as long li;e" high electronic e;;icienc1" high
linearit1 and high reliabilit1 5hich are ,a$or considerations ;or a space TWT% 6ig%7%1%1 sho5
the line diagra, o; dual anode electron gun designed ;or the Ku short length space TWT%

6ig% 7%1%1H Line diagra, o; dual anode electron gun sho5ing di;erent electrodes%
6or the de)elop,ent o; Ku-.and 140W short length space TWT" -n +-t1pe dispenser
cathode 5ith lo5 cathode e,ission loading #N1%0 -,p@c,
7
&" lo5 cathode operating
te,perature N890
o
C at heater po5er around !%0-!%9 W 5ith suitable heat shield and cathode
support has been selected to ensure the desired long li;e o; ,ore than 10 1ears and high
reliabilit1% The control anode #-1& has been e,plo1ed in order to regulate the bea, Per)eance
o; the de)ice 5ithout changing the accelerating ground )oltage% The application o; about
O100 to O790 )olts at the ion barrier anode #-7& 5ith respect to ground anode #-
!
& protects
the cathode sur;ace ;ro, the ion bo,bard,ent and hence enhances the li;e and reliabilit1 o;
the tube% .ea, ;or,ing electrode #.6E& has been electricall1 isolated% -pplication o; .6E
negati)e bias o; the order o; 10 to 70 )olts 5ith respect to the cathode is used to achie)e the
o)erall bea, trans,ission in the tube o; the order o; 88?% Electron gun 5ith abo)e ;eatures
has been designed to achie)e bea, current N 100 ,- at D%03( anode potential #-
7
&" 9%83( at
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani 1E
C20TR2L
-02'E -1
I20 .-RRIER -02'E
-7
.6E
*round anode -!
C-T=2'E
r
-7 r
-1
r
-!
ground anode #-
!
& 5ith respect to cathode" and N 0%7E,, bea, 5aist radius% The potential at
control anode #-1& is 1%E3( 5ith respect to cathode%
2.1.1 DESIGN OF ELECTRON GUN
The desired bea, para,eters such as bea, )oltage" bea, current" and bea, radius" sho5n in
Table 7%1%1" are selected ;or the 140 W output po5er at centre ;reJuenc1 11%! *=I based on
the electronic e;;icienc1 better than 79?P cathode loading M1%0 -,p@c,
7
P bea, Per)eance
M0%79
P
P and design para,eter (b) 0%D%
.ased on the desired bea, para,eters #Table 7%1%1&" initial gun geo,etr1 5ith single
anode has been s1nthesiIed to obtain the initial esti,ation gun geo,etrical para,eters li3e
cathode disc radius" cathode spherical radius" cathode to anode distance etc% This initial gun
geo,etr1 5ith cathode" .6E" control anode" ion barrier anode and sha)er anode opti,iIed
using si,ulation so;t5are E*:0% The appropriate inter-electrode spacing and electrode
shapes ha)e been opti,iIed ;or the desired bea, per;or,ance o; bea, current and bea,
5aist radius at reJuired electrode potentials 5ith desired bea, la,inarit1 and bea, thro5%
The isolated anode 5as 3ept at 100 )olts abo)e the ground anode% The potential at control
anode #-1& has been opti,iIed as 1%E3( 5ith respect to cathode% The ;inal opti,iIed E*:0
si,ulated electron gun is sho5n in 6ig% 7%1%7% This sho5s the desired bea, per)eance and the
bea, 5aist radius 5ith the bea, la,inarit1% The e<panded )ie5 o; si,ulated gun #6ig%7%1%7&
is sho5n in 6ig%7%1%! in order to sho5 the e,ittance Jualit1 o; bea, la,inarit1 in cathode-
anode region% 6ig%7%1%4 sho5s the sa,e be1ond the ion barrier region%
Table 7%1%1H 'esired bea, para,eters
Parameters Value
.ea, )oltage #
)
0
V
" kV 9%80
.ea, current #
0
I
&" mA 100%0
.ea, 5aist radius #
W
r
&
mm 0%7E
Cathode e,ission current densit1 #
c
J
&
2
cm Amp
1%0
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani 1A
0
0.27
0.54
0.81
1.08
1.35
1.62
1.89
2.16
2.43
2.7
2.97
3.24
3.51
3.78
4.05
4.32
4.59
4.86
5.13
5.4
5.67
5.94
0 5 10 15 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Axial Distance(mm)
!ge"m.dat !
!t#a$.dat !
!e%&.dat !
6ig% 7%1%7H E*:0 si,ulated gun pro;ile 5ithout ,agnetic ;ield
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
!ge"m.dat!
!t#a$.dat!
6ig% 7%1%!H .ea, e,ittance in cathode anode region
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
!ge"m.dat!
!t#a$.dat!
6ig% 7%1%4H .ea, e,ittance in cathode bea, 5aist region
Table 7%1%7H 2pti,iIed electrical and geo,etrical para,eters
S.No. Parameters Value
1% Cathode potential 5%r%t bod1 9%80 3(
7% .6E potential 5%r%t bod1 9%80 3(
!% Control anode potential 5%r%t
bod1
4%70 3(
4% Ion barrier anode O100 to 790(
9% Sha)er anode 9%83(
D% .ea, current 100,-
E% .ea, 5aist radius #r5& 0%7E,,
A% .ea, thro5 #CW& 14%1,,
8% Cathode-control anode a<ial
distance #CC-
1
&
7%8,,
10% Cathode ion barrier a<ial
distance #CC-
7
&
4%E9,,
11% Cathode-sha)er anode a<ial
distance #CC-
!
&
A%A,,
17% Cathode .6E a<ial gap #C
C.
& 0%70,,
1!% Cathode .6E radial gap 0%70,,
14% Control anode aperture radius
r
-1
1%49,,
19% Ion barrier aperture radius
r
-7
0%89,,
1D% Sha)er aperture radius -
2.1.2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR CRITICAL PARAMETERS
The e;;ect o; )ariation in )arious designed gun geo,etrical and electrical para,eters on the
bea, current has been studied" using E*:0 code% This stud1 is help;ul in deter,ining
tolerances in the obtained para,eters #Table% 7%1 7&%
The dependenc1 o; bea, current on control anode potential has been studied% -s
sho5n in 6ig% 7%1%9" the bea, current )aries on an a)erage b1 K4 ,- per K90 )olts )ariation
in potential at control anode% This in;or,ation is use;ul in regulating the bea, Per)eance as
and 5hen reJuired% The dependenc1 o; bea, current on )ariation in a<ial distance o; control
anode 5%r%t cathode is highlighted in 6ig% 7%1%D% The dependenc1 o; bea, current on ion
barrier anode potential has also been studied% It has been obser)ed that current )aries on an
a)erage b1 K4,- per 0%09,, )ariation in C
C-1
as sho5n in 6ig% 7%1%E%The dependenc1 o;
bea, current on ion barrier a<ial distance is highlighted in 6ig% 7%1%A%
6ig% 7%1%9H 'ependenc1 o; bea, current 5ith the change in control anode )oltage
6ig% 7%1%DH 'ependenc1 o; bea, current on control anode a<ial distance
6ig% 7%1%EH E;;ect on bea, current 5ith the change in ion barrier anode )oltage%
6ig% 7%1%AH 'ependenc1 o; bea, current on ion barrier anode a<ial distance%
The dependenc1 o; bea, current on .6E negati)e bias is highlighted in 6ig% 7%1%8%
6ig% 7%1%8H I
o
(s .6E )e bias
2.1.3 ELECTROSTATIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRON GUN USING CODE
ESTATE
Electrostatic anal1sis o; ;inall1 designed electron gun asse,bl1 sho5n in 6ig% 7%1%10 has been
carried out using code EST-T% There are t5o ,a$or ;actors ;or the cause o; electrical
brea3do5n%
The applied ;ield le)el and the local ;ield enhance,ent e;;ect%
The brea3do5n ;ield o; the ,ediu,%
In general the brea3do5n ;ield ;or )acuu,H 0%9 to !%0/10
9
(@c,P solidH 0%9 to
1%0/10
9
(@c, and gasH 1%0/ 10
4
(@c, #)ar1 ;ro, gas to gas&% The local ;ield enhance,ent is
the ,a$or cause ;or the brea3do5n in an1 asse,bl1 5hich can e<ist due to se)eral reasons
li3e sharp corners in cera,ic B ,etal parts" i,proper braIing Jualit1" i,proper ,etal-cera,ic
$oints leading to triple $unction e;;ect etc% So the sharp edges" burrs etc ,ust be a)oided%
6ig% 7%1%11 sho5 the EST-T si,ulated plots ;or the electric ;ield distribution in the
di;;erent region 5ith the designed )oltages at di;;erent electrodes in operating condition% The
)alues o; E,a< #(@,,& in di;;erent regions o; the electron gun under operating condition
5ith (
cathode
Q -9%8 3(" (
.6E
Q -9%8 3(" (
-!
Q-4%73("(
-7
Q100 (olts" (
-!
Q0%0 (olts has been
sho5n in Table 7%1%!% This indicates that the gun asse,bl1 designed #including cera,ic
insulators" electrodes B support structures& is 5ell sa;e ;ro, high )oltage brea3do5n point o;
)ie5%
6ig% 7%1%10H EST-T si,ulation o; electron gun ;or electric ;ield distribution
Table 7%1%!H Electric ;ield distribution in di;;erent region o; electron gun
Region Max. Electric field (V/cm)10
5
after
modification
Cathode-.6E 0%097
Cathode--node 0%0A9
Control anode-ion barrier anode 0%1A9
Ion barrier anode-Sha)er anode 0%01A
Ion barrier anode-*un adapter 0%017
2.1.4 QUALITY CONTROL AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
ELECTRON GUN
Fualit1 control starts right ;ro, the piece parts ;abrication and processing% The Parts should
be thoroughl1 chec3ed ;or the di,ensional accurac1 and sur;ace ;inish etc% The di,ensional
accurac1 and braIing Jualit1 etc% should be ,aintained at sub asse,bl1 le)el% Cera,ic sur;ace
,a1 be cleaned b1 sand blasting a;ter the braIe operations and prior to integration o; the
co,plete asse,bl1% 'i,ensional ,easure,ents 5%r%t di;;erent inter-electrode spacing reJuired
to be ,easured and controlled 5ithin speci;ied li,its has been gi)en in Table7%1%4%
Dimension measurement Desired value
-<ial distance bet5een cathode and .6E #CC.& 0%70K0%07,,
Radial gap bet5een cathode and .6E #rC.&
0%70K0%07,,
Cathode-.6E eccentricit1 L0%07,,
Cathode-anode a<ial distance #CC-
7
& 4%E9K0%07,,
The gun asse,bl1 is also sub$ected to the ;ollo5ing ,easure,ents" under the :=(
operating conditionsH
Te,perature characteristic o; cathode-heater asse,bl1 under loaded condition#inside
gun&
E,ission characteristics o; the cathode b1 carr1ing out dip test%
Per)eance ,easure,ent o; the electron gun%
.ea, trans,ission or anode interception%
E;;ect o; .6E negati)e bias on bea, Per)eance and bea, trans,ission through anode%
2.1.5 CONCLUSIONS
'ual anode electron gun" ha)ing control anode in addition to ion barrier and accelerating
ground anode" has been designed to generate electron bea, at D%03( 5ith 100,- bea,
current and 0%7E ,, bea, 5aist radius ha)ing good la,inarit1 in the bea,% 2pti,iIed
electrical and geo,etrical para,eters o; the designed gun ha)e been highlighted in Table
7%1%7% - detailed sensiti)it1 anal1sis has been carried out to ;i< the tolerances in the i,portant
di,ensions during de)elop,ent% - co,pact electron gun asse,bl1 has been designed and
si,ulated ;or high )oltage anal1sis%
2.2 Periodic
Permanent
Magnet
Focusing

2.2.0 INTRODUCTION
Electron bea, ;ocusing s1ste, is an integral part o; an1 ,icro5a)e tube% 'ue to the space
charge ;orces" the bea, tends to di)erge" 5hich are counter balanced b1 the ,agnetic ;ield
produced b1 the ;ocusing s1ste,% Periodic per,anent ,agnet #PP+& ;ocusing s1ste, is the
onl1 choice ;or space applications as it has signi;icant reduced 5eight in co,parison 5ith
other ;ocusing s1ste,% There;ore it is being used ;or the 140W Ku-band short length Space
TWT ;or ;ocusing purpose%
The PP+ structure has been designed ;or con;ined ;lo5 using the ;ollo5ing in-house
de)eloped so;t5are pac3age +-*6L'% The so;t5are has alread1 )alidated against
e<peri,ental data% The PP+ ,agnetic circuit ;or Ku-.and 140W heli< space TWT and G-
Ku-.and A0W +icro TWT ha)e alread1 been design using this so;t5are%
2.2.1 PPM DESIGN
The design o; ,agnetic circuit includes the design o; ,agnetic pole piece" non-,agnetic
spacer" gun end pole piece and per,anent ,agnets along 5ith their ,aterials% PP+ ,agnetic
;ield design para,eters are opti,iIed ;or the bea, para,eter gi)en in Table 7%7%1 and ;or the
,agnetic ;ield para,eters gi)en in Table 7%7%7%

Table 7%7%1H Electron bea, para,eters
Parameters Value
.ea, radius 0%7E ,,
.ea, )oltage 9%80 3(
.ea, current 100%0 ,-
.rillouin ;ield #.
.
& 1111 *auss

Table 7%7%7H +agnetic ;ield para,eters
Parameter
Value
.0 @ #1%414 / ..& 1%7E
Plas,a 5a)elength #&
70%D ,,
.ea, sti;;ness ;actor #@L&
7%8
2.2.2 SIMULATION
The .-;ield pro;ile has been opti,iIed to achie)e ,ini,u, bea, scalloping b1 carr1ing out
a nu,ber o; iterations" continuousl1 )ar1ing the di,ensions o; ,agnetic circuit including
bod1 pole piece" gun end pole piece" ,agnet" and the intensit1 o; ,agnets% To get increased
;lu< lin3age at the cathode region" the gun end pole piece has been ,odi;ied b1 ,a3ing a part
o; it non ,agnetic and the polarit1 o; the t5o ,agnets #;ro, the gun end side& are 3ept sa,e%
The ,agnetic ;ield at cathode is !1 gauss and the pea3 .-6ield #.
0
& is 7090 gauss%
The )alues o; ,agnetic ;ield pea3s ;or ;ree a ,agnet has been gi)en in Table 7%7%!% -
sensiti)it1 anal1sis has been carried out and it is re)ealed that 5ith the )alidation o; K 40
gauss in the .
I
)alue" there is not an1 signi;icant deterioration in bea, ;ocussing%
Table 7%7%!H +agnetic ;ield #.I& )alues o; ;ree ,agnets #gauss&
S.No. Magnetic field (Bz) values of free
magnets (gauss)
6irst A49
Second 1090
Third 17E0
6ourth 17E0
6i;th 17E0
Si<th 17E0
Se)enth 17E0
Eight 17E0
0inth 17E0
Tenth 17E0
Ele)enth 17E0
.ea, pro;ile 5ith the opti,iIed a<ial ,agnetic ;ield pro;ile is sho5n in 6ig 7%7%1% The
si,ulation has been carried out using 7-' si,ulator E*:0% Electron gun geo,etr1" ,agnetic
circuit" ,agnetic ;ield and the electron bea, tra$ectories are sho5n in the sa,e plot% It is
obser)ed ;ro, the ;igure that the inter;ace o; the ,agnetic circuit and the ,agnetic ;ield is
accurate% To obser)e the a,ount o; scalloping in the bea, the geo,etr1 has been enlarged
and plotted in 6ig% 7%7%7% It is obser)ed ;ro, the ;igure that the scalloping in the bea, is Juite
less and the crossing o; the bea, tra$ectories is negligible
%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
'10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
'2500
'2000
'1500
'1000
'500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
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Axial Distance(mm)
!ge"m.dat!
!t#a$.dat!
!e%&.dat!
!magt.egn!
!dm(ld.egn!
6ig% 7%7%1H Si,ulated bea, pro;ile 5ith ,agnetic circuit and a<ial ,agnetic ;ield
0
0.27
0.54
0.81
'10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
'2500
'2000
'1500
'1000
'500
0
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1000
1500
2000
2500
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Axial Distance(mm)
!ge"m.dat!
!t#a$.dat!
!e%&.dat!
!magt.egn!
!dm(ld.egn!

6ig% 7%7%7H Enlarged )ie5 o; the electron bea, near the gun region

2.2.3 CONCLUSIONS
PP+ ;ocusing has been designed using S,
7
Co
1E
high densit1 and high energ1 ,agnets% PP+
structure 5ith opti,u, ;ield pro;ile has been obtained in order to achie)e an e<cellent bea,
la,inarit1 and bea, ripples #5ithin !?& #6ig% 7%7%7&%
3.0 Slow
Wave
Structure
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani !0
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The R6 per;or,ance o; a ,ediu, po5er space TWT is decided b1 the design o; the heli<
slo5 5a)e structure% The heli< slo5 5a)e structure should allo5 propagation o; the r; 5a)e
5ith desired phase )elocit1" ,ini,u, r; loss and ,a<i,u, possible r; ;ield across the
electron bea, #high interaction i,pedance&% The heli< SWS is the ,ain deciding ;actor o; the
r; per;or,ance o; a TWT" e%g%" output po5er" gain" e;;icienc1" operating band5idth" and
linearit1% 6or high gain and high electronic e;;icienc1" I,pedance o; the heli< SWS is
opti,iIed b1 using initial considerations ;or the ;ollo5ing para,etersH
#i& =eli< tape o; thic3ness #0%190,,&"
#ii& Ratio o; tape 5idth to heli< pitch 0%49N 0%D"
#iii& =igh )oltage operation #a R 1& to a)oid high" har,onic le)el 5here ST is radial
propagation constant B SaT is heli< ,ean radius
#i)& Ratio o; bea, radius to heli< radius #bea, ;ill ;actor& should be ,a<i,u, 5ith
,ini,u, bea, interception #;ill ;actor 0%9 N 0%D&
#)& Lo5 loss heli< b1 electro-polishing and Cu@-u electroplating at the output"
#)i& Step-in-T shape -P.0 support rods
#)ii& Large ratio o; barrel to heli< #up to !%9& and the heli< barrel dia,eter to be chosen
not to support an1 co,peting ,odes #TE
11
,odes& in the operating band
#)iii& -Point ;reJuenc1 5ell abo)e the operating band
#i<& Length o; each section to be chosen so that start oscillation current is 5ell abo)e
the operating current%
2ther i,portant aspects o; opti,iIing the SWS ;or high electronic e;;icienc1" linearit1 and
stabilit1 are:
Profiling phase velocity for efficient beam-wave interaction
The phase )elocit1 pro;ile #taper& is opti,iIed 5ith double )elocit1 taper 5hich both positi)e
steps has ;ollo5ed b1 a negati)e taper% This t1pe o; phase )elocit1 pro;ile pro)ides not onl1
high e;;icienc1 but also high linearit1" better stabilit1 against bac35ard 5a)e" and 5ell
bunched spent bea, ;or high collector e;;icienc1%
Optimizing of loss profile
-s the desired gain o; the short length TWT is onl1 79d."the SWS can be designed in single
section o; about 89,, in order to ensure good stabilit1 in the tube" distributed loss o; around
D0d. ,a1 be used ;or opti,iIation length in SWS%
Stability of TWT performance
6or good stabilit1 against 5a)e oscillation and ;or -,ode oscillation there should be a
su;;icient ,argin in selecting the bea, current and bea, )oltage% The bea, current should be
chosen at least 70 percent less than the bea, current o; bac35ard 5a)e oscillation at the
no,inal operating )oltage% Si,ilarl1" bea, )oltage should be chosen at least 10 percent than
the bea, )oltage o; -,ode oscillation" at no,inal operating current%
Efficient heat dissipation
The heli< 5ith support rods is ;itted inside the barrel asse,bl1 using the shrin3-;orce ;itting to
,ini,iIe r; dissipation and to achie)e good ther,al and electrical conducti)it1" 5hich
i,pro)es both the circuit and electronic e;;iciencies% .ecause" this ;acilit1 is not a)ailable at
.EL and CEERI" in the initial tube cold stu;;ing can be used% =o5e)er" parallel e;;orts are
being put to establish hot stu;;ing techniJue at CEERI 5ith the help o; C+ERI" 'urgapur%
3.2 DESIGN OF HELIX SWS
6or the design o; heli< SWS" so;t5are codesH SUNRAY-1D B SUNRAY-3D, CST-MWS ha)e
been used%
SWS has been designed ;or electron bea, at bea, )oltage 9%83( and bea, current
100,- 5ith bea, ;ill ;actor 0%9% The design para,eters to be decided are the ,ean heli<
radius" barrel radius" tungsten tape" -P.0 support rods" heli< pitch pro;ile" nu,ber o;
sections B their length" and a,ount B length o; the tip loss%
#i& Initial )alue o; ,ean heli< radius #a& is ;ound ;ro, aP a is chosen 1at 11%!
*=I at 9%8 3( and 100 ,-%
#ii& Initial )alue o; heli< pitch is deter,ined ;ro, p 0%!UP this gi)es p 0%D0,,%
#iii& Initial )alue o; barrel radius is selected 1%E,, ;or barrel to heli< radius #c@a& !
;or opti,u, i,pedance and cuto;; ;reJuenc1 o; the c1lindrical 5a)eguide #5ell
abo)e the operating band&% 6or 1%E0,," this is nearl1 eJual to !7 *=I%
#i)& Selected T shape -P.0 support rods o; thic3ness 0%!,, at heli< inter;ace and
0%D,, at second step%
#)& Selected tungsten tape o; 5idth 0%!0 ,, and thic3ness 0%19 ,, ;or heli< inner
radius 0%99,, and outer radius 0%E0 ,, a;ter electro-polishing%
#)i& :sed R6 circuit loss at 11%! *=IH 7db@inch #5ithout Cu-plating&
po5er and e;;icienc1 5ill i,pro)e 5ith Cu-plating on heli<%
#)ii& :sed Return loss at input B output portsH 10d.
#)iii& :sing the abo)e initial para,eters" the )alue o; Sa is ;inaliIed b1 stud1ing the
e;;ect o; a on saturated output po5er ta3ing pitch o; ,a<i,u, s,all signal gain
#*
,a<
& o; heli< is selected 0%D0,, ;or ,a<i,u, saturated output po5er%
#i<& 'ecide three pitches o; the heli< pitch pro;ile as ;ollo5H
Standard circuitH 6or ,a<i,u, s,all-signal gain
Positi)e stepH 6or ,a<i,u, bea, bunching
6inal negati)e stepH 6or ,a<i,u, e;;icienc1 #saturated output po5er&
Studied the )ariation o; s,all-signal gain" saturated output po5er and ,a<i,u,
bea, bunching )ersus heli< pitch ;or ;i<ed heli< ,ean radius 0%D!,,% .ased on these
results" pitch o; the standard tapered circuit is selected 0%D0,, ;or ,a<i,u, s,all signal
gain" pitch o; positi)e tapered circuit is selected 0%D!,, ;or ,a<i,u, bea, bunching"
and the ;inal pitch o; the tapered circuit is selected 0%97,, ;or ,a<i,u, saturated output
po5er% -point ;reJuenc1 #!7*=I& is calculated ;ro, CST-+WS ,odel 5hich is 5ell
abo)e the operating band%
3.3 FINAL DESIGN OF HELIX SWS ASSEMBLY
SWS asse,bl1 is designed in single-sectionsH
Table !%7%1 2pti,iIed para,eters ;or SWS and bea, asse,bl1
S. No. Parameter Value
1%
7%
!%
Pitch ProfileH
0or,al Input section #length&
Positi)e step output section
0egati)e tapering" Transition section length
#Pitch )ar1ing 0%D!,, to 0%97,,&
Loss Profile:
Input Length 5ith circuit loss 7d.@inch
Centre Loss D0d. #length&
2utput length 5ith circuit loss 7d.@inch
Beam parametersH-
.ea, )oltage
.ea, current
.ea, radius
Tunnel #,ean heli<& radius
.ea, ;illing ;actor
0%D0,, #79%0,,&
0%D!,, #4A%9,,&
0%97,, #1D%0,,&
#D%0 ,,&
10%0,,
79%0,,
D0%9,,
9%80 3(
100%0 ,-
0%!7 ,,
0%D! ,,
0%9
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani !!
Table !%7%7H Speci;ication o; the tube
1% 6reJuenc1 band 10%8-11%E *=I
7% Instantaneous band 5idth A0+=I
!% Po5er output 140 Watts" CW
4% *ain at rated po5er 79d.
9% 2)erall e;;icienc1 at rated po5er 99?
D% -+@P+ 6actor 4 deg@d. +a<
E% Inter,odulation le)el -10 d.c +a<
A% Li;e o; TWT 10 >ears
8% 0oise 6ig% !0 d.
10% R6 Input connector 7H1 +a<
11% R6 2utput Connector 7H1 +a<
17% 6ocusing PP+
1!% Cooling Conduction
14% Construction Cera,ic to +etal
3.4 SIMULATION OF SWS
S:0R->-1' B !' si,ulated results ;or Po5er" *ain and E;;icienc1 are sho5n in 6igure
belo5%
Table !%7%7H 2utput Po5er #d.,& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at di;;erent 6reJuenc1 #*=I&
Frequency (GHz) Power (sunray-1d) Power (sunray-3d)
10%8 91%4EE 91%D01
11%! 91%E14 91%EEA
11%E 91%A04 91%D98
6ig% !%7%1#a&H Saturated po5er #d.,& )s% 6reJuenc1 #*=I&
6ig% !%7%1#b&H Trans;er characteristics o; output po5er #d.,&
6ig% !%7%1#c&H E;;ect o; circuit loss on output po5er #d.,&
Table !%7%!H *ain #d.& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at di;;erent 6reJuenc1 #*=I&

Frequency (GHz) Gain (sunray-1d) Gain (sunray-3d)
10%8 74%8EE 79%D07
11%! 79%714 79%EE
11%E 79%!04 79%DD
6ig% !%7%7#a&H Saturated *ain #d.& )s% 6reJuenc1 #*=I&
6ig% !%7%7#b&H Trans;er characteristics o; *ain
Table !%7%4H Electronics e;;icienc1 #?& o; 140W tube ;or 9%83(@100,- at di;;erent ;reJuenc1
#*=I&
Frequency (GHz) Efficiency (sunray-1d) Efficiency (sunray-3d)
10%8 7!%E!A 74%44
11%! 79%0E4 79%4D7
11%E 79%D0! 74%EE
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani !D
6ig% !%7%!H Electronics e;;icienc1 #?& )s% 6reJuenc1 #*=I&
Spent Beam Energy Distribution curve
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
!a"s&.dat! 1)2
6ig% !%7%4H Spent .ea, Energ1 'istribution cur)e
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani !E
AM/PM Factor for SWS of Ku-band 140W Short Length TWT
Table !%7%9H -+@P+ ;actor ;or 9%83(@100,-
Frequency (GHz) Drive Power (dBm) AM/PM factor (
0
/db)
10%8
Saturation 0%E9
-! db ;ro, saturation 1%E9
-D db ;ro, saturation 1%E9
-8 db ;ro, saturation 1%E9
11%!
Saturation 1
-! db ;ro, saturation 7
-D db ;ro, saturation 7%9
-8 db ;ro, saturation 7%9
11%E
Saturation 0%E9
-! db ;ro, saturation 1
-D db ;ro, saturation 1
-8 db ;ro, saturation 1
6ig% !%7%9H -+@P+ )s% Pin #d.,& at 11%!*=I
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani !A
Intermodulation
Table !%7%DH (ariation o; disc 5ith inter,odulation co,ponent
No. of Discs f1 (11.2GHz) f2(11.3GHz) 2f1-f2(11.1GHz) 2f2-f1(11.4GHz)
8D 70%!0E 70%A94 4%9!! E%AE7
170 18%AE! 1A%79 !%001 -!%!!8
740 7D%1!E 7D%!8E 1E%!0E 1E%D91
!D0 !7%7D !7%4E8 7!%087 7!%94A
E70 !A%A84 !8%7!8 79%78A 7D%491
1440 47%108 47%448 79%8!! 7E%!4!
7AA0 4!%7D! 4!%9A! 7D%909 7E%AAE
9ED0 4!%9EA 4!%A81 7D%EE4 7A%114
17000 4!%DD7 4!%8E7 7D%A9! 7A%1E8
6ig% !%7%DH Pout #d.,& )s% 0o% o; 'iscs
Table !%7%EH !
rd
order Inter,odulation product
Pin (dBm) Intermodulation level (dBc)
-t saturation -10d.c
-!d. 2.2 -1!d.c
-Dd. 2.2 -1Dd.c
-10d. 2.2 -70d.c
6ig% !%7%EH Pout #d.,& )s% Pin #d.,&" Phase shi;t )s% Pin #d.,&
Harmonics power level
Table !%7%AH Input po5er #d.,& )s% har,onics ;reJuenc1 #*=I&
Pin (dBm) Pout (dBm) at 11.3GHz Pout (dBm) at 22.6GHz
70 48%997 70%E0!
71 90%14E 11%0E
77 90%D08 1E%8E9
7! 90%8!8 7E%4A
74 91%19D !7%9!D
79 91%7D! !9%88!
7D 91%7D! !A%!4A
7E 91%18D !8%4EE
7A 91%0!E 40%778
78 90%EDD 40%A0D
!0 90%7A! 41%978
6ig% !%7%AH Pout #d.,& )s% Pin #d.,& ;or har,onics at saturation 79d.,
Optimization of different SWS parameters
6ig% !%7%8H 2pti,iIation o; pitch ;or ,a<% *ain #d.&
6ig% !%7%10H 2pti,iIation o; pitch ;or ,a< bunching current
6ig% !%7%11H 2pti,iIation o; pitch ;or ,a< electronic e;;icienc1 #?&
Optimized helix pitch and loss profile
6ig% !%7%17H =eli< Pitch and loss Pro;ile
Values of propagation constant (), Impedance (K) and phase velocity (Vp)
over the frequency band (10.9 to 11.7 GHz)
Table !%7%8H sho5s )alue o; propagation constant at di;;erent pitches
Frequency (GHz)
at pitch (0.60) at pitch (0.63) at pitch (0.52)
10%8 1977%8 144D%DE 1EA9%A
11%1 199D%1 14EA%17 1A74%E
11%7 19E7 148!%A 1A44%4
11%! 19A8%9 1908%9 1AD4%7
11%4 1D0D%E 1979%A 1AA!%8
11%9 1D7!%A 1947%1 180!%E
11%E 1D9A%1 19E4%D 184!%7
6ig% !%7%1!H .eta )s% 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or ;unda,ental ;reJuencies&
Table !%7%10H sho5s )alue o; interaction i,pedance at di;;erent pitches
Frequency (GHz) K at pitch (0.60) K at pitch (0.63) K at pitch (0.52)
10%8 198%99 1D0%E7 1!A%!
11%1 194%E7 19D%!E 1!7%8D
11%7 197%! 194%18 1!0%78
11%! 148%8 197%01 17E%D
11%4 14E%4A 148%A! 174%89
11%9 149%0E 14E%D9 177%7E
11%E 140%79 14!%! 11D%8
6ig% !%7%14H K )s% 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or ;unda,ental ;reJuencies&
Table !%7%11H sho5s )alue o; phase )elocit1 at di;;erent pitches
Frequency (GHz) Vp at pitch (0.60) Vp at pitch (0.63) Vp at pitch (0.52)
10%8 0%1901 0%19A 0%17E8
11%1 0%1489 0%19E4 0%17E4
11%7 0%1487 0%19E1 0%17E7
11%! 0%14A8 0%19DA 0%17E
11%4 0%14AE 0%19DD 0%17DA
11%9 0%14A9 0%19D! 0%17DD
11%E 0%14A 0%199A 0%17D7
6ig% !%7%19H Phase )elocit1 )s% 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or ;unda,ental ;reJuencies&
Table !%7%17 #a&H Input ;ile ;or S:0R->-!' #-I!%'-T&
9%8" 0%1" 0%D7E" 0%!7" 0" 1
74" 0" 4" ! V lst ! ;or !-' assu,ption" and 1;or 1-' assu,ption
1" 0

78" 0
!%!Ee-A" 78/0%18AA" 109%09
7" E" 1"D" E"E" 1" D" 1
0%9" 0%9
0%!" 0%!"0%!" 0%!
10" 0%D7E" 1D" 0" 0
1 7 7
19" 0%D7E" 1D" 1 0
1 D0 80
10" 0%D7E" 1D" !" 0
7 D0 80
!A%9" 0%D7E" 1D" 0 0
7 7 7
1D" 0%D7E" 1D" 0 1
! 7 7
D" 0%D7E" 1D" 0 0
! 7 7
8%99 "0%D7E" 1D" 10 0
0" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1
1 1 V1 ;or dri)e in d.,
7D" -!!!
0" 0" 0
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
Table !%7%17#b&H Input ;ile ;or S:0R->-!' #CKT!%'-T&
1" !
1 11%! 11%!
0%D0
11%! 19A8%9 148%8
0%D!
11%! 1908%9 197%01
0%97
11%! 1AD4%7 17E%D
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ0%99
1" !
1 11%E 11%E
0%D0
11%E 1D9A%1 140%7A
0%D!
11%E 19E4%D 14!%!
0%97
11%E 184!%7 11D%8
1" !
1 10%8 10%8
0%D0
10%8 1977%8 198%99
0%D!
10%8 144D%DE 1D0%E7
0%97
10%8 1EA9%A 1!A%!
Electron trajectories in the SWS (at saturation)
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
*
e
a
m

#
a
d
i
s
(
m
m
)
lengt+ al"ng t+e t,e(mm)
!a"#".dat! 1)2
6ig%!%7%1DH Electron tra$ectories in the SWS #at saturation&
3.5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Effect of variation of beam voltage (Keeping beam current constant)
Table !%7%1!#a&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea,
(oltage at ;reJuenc1 10%8*=I #loss 7d.@inch&
Beam voltage (kV) Power (dBm) Gain (dB) Efficiency ()
9%E 48%4A9 77%8A9 19%909
9%A 90%D88 74%188 70%1E!
5.9 51.477 24.977 23.738
D%0 91%897 79%497 7D%048
D%1 97%71E 79%E1E 7E%740
D%7 97%!!E 79%A!E 7E%991
D%! 97%!DD 79%ADD 7E%!01
Table !%7%1!#b&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea,
(oltage at ;reJuenc1 11%!*=I
9%E
90%180 7!%D80 1A%748
9%A
91%1!0 74%D!0 77%7AE
5.9
51.714 25.214 25.074
D%0
97%041 79%941 7D%9AA
D%1
97%1AD 79%DAD 7E%049
D%7
97%708 79%E08 7D%E94
D%!
97%700 79%E00 7D%1E!
Table !%7%1!#c&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea,
(oltage at ;reJuenc1 11%E*=I
9%E
91%1!A 71%1!A 77%D7!
9%A
91%D11 71%98E 74%A11
5.9
51.859 21.859 25.832
D%0
91%874 71%874 79%EAE
D%1
91%AD9 71%A91 79%018
D%7
91%8DD 71%89! 79%70!
D%!
97%0AD 71%811 79%48A
6ig% !%7%1E#a&H Pout #d.,& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or di;;erent bea, )oltage&
6ig% !%7%1E#b&H *ain #d.& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or di;;erent bea, )oltage&
6ig% !%7%1E#c&H E;;icienc1 #?& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or di;;erent bea, )oltage&
Effect of variation of beam current (keeping beam voltage constant)
Table !%7%14#a&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea, current at
;reJuenc1 10%8*=I
Beam current (mA) Power (dBm) Gain (dB) Efficiency
()
Phase shift
E0 48%E7E 18%D09 77%4AA !7%ED9
A0 90%E47 70%E47 74%871 !4%808
80 91%4DD 71%7D9 7D%18A !D%717
100 51.986 21.986 26.604
35.607
110 97%407 77%!!4 7D%D!!
!4%94A
170 97%E49 77%E1A 7D%4!!
!9%D8!
1!0 9!%04A 7!%04A 7D%1E4
!D%DAD
Table !%7%14#b&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea, current at
;reJuenc1 11%!*=I
Beam current
(mA)
Power (dBm) Gain (dB) Efficiency
()
Phase shift
E0 48%AEE 18%AEE 7!%784 40%090
A0 90%A9A 70%A0! 79%98E 4!0!7
80 91%907 71%44A 7D%47D 4!%AA!
100 52.002 21.974 26.703
43.654
110 97%!4D 77%!4D 7D%7871
4!%D84
170 97%D77 77%D77 79%D8!
44%91E
1!0 97%AD4 77%AD4 79%0A4
49%EE1
Table !%7%14#c&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea, current at
;reJuenc1 11%E*=I
Beam current
(mA)
()
Phase shift
E0 48%879 18%879 7!%99E 48%780
A0 90%A44 70%A44 79%970 97%E11
80 91%479 71%!E0 79%89! 94%0!0
100 51.859 21.859 25.832
53.524
110 97%197 77%197 79%1!E
9!%901
170 97%!4E 77%!4E 74%10E
94%7D0
1!0 97%9A4 77%9A4 7!%908
99%EEA
6ig% !%7%1A#a&H Pout #d.,& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or di;;erent bea, current&
6ig% !%7%1A#b&H *ain #d.& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or di;;erent bea, current&
6ig% !%7%1A#c&H E;;icienc1 #?& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or di;;erent bea, current&
Effect of variation of beam radius (beam voltage & beam current constant)
Table !%7%19#a&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating bea,
Radius at ;reJuenc1 10%8*=I
Beam radius (mm) Power (dBm) Gain (dB) Efficiency ()
0%7A 48%477 77%877 14%ED1
0%78 90%019 7!%919 1D%8!1
0%!0 90%9D1 74%0D1 18%717
0%!1 91%090 74%990 71%910
0.32 51.477 24.977 23.738
0%!! 91%A!4 79%!!4 79%EA7
0%!4 97%11E 79%D1E 7E%970
0%!9 97%!1A 79%A1A 7A%A78
0%!D 97%47A 79%87A 78%9E1
Table !%7%19#b&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating
.ea, radius at ;reJuenc1 11%!*=I
Beam radius
(mm)
()
0%7A 90047 7!%947 1E%0!8
0%78 90%9!1 74%0!1 18%0ED
0%!0 90%8E7 74%4E7 71%17!
0%!1 91%!E1 74%AE1 7!%1D7
0.32 51.714 25.214 25.074
0%!! 91%887 79%487 7D%E!A
0%!4 97%184 79%D84 7A%017
0%!9 97%!0D 79%A0D 7A%E4D
0%!D 97%!70 79%A70 7A%A47
Table !%7%19#c&H Co,puted per;or,ance o; 140W tube ;or di;;erent operating
.ea, radius at ;reJuenc1 11%E*=I
Beam radius
(mm)
()
0%7A 90%9!7 74%0!7 18%0A0
0%78 90%A89 74%!84 70%E91
0%!0 91%790 74%E90 77%979
0%!1 9194E 79%04E 74%17D
0.32 51.804 25.304 25.603
0%!! 91%884 79%484 7D%E97
0%!4 97%088 79%988 7E%40A
0%!9 97%089 79%989 7E%!A4
0%!D 91%880 79%480 7D%E7!
6ig% !%7%18#a&H Pout #d.,& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or )arious bea, radius&
6ig% !%7%18#b&H *ain #d.& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or di;;erent bea, radius&
6igH- !%7%18#c&H E;;icienc1#?& (s 6reJuenc1 #*=I& #6or di;;erent bea, radius&
Effect of change of pitches on the tube performance
Table !%7%1D#a&H sho5s e;;ect o; )ariation in ;irst pitch
Frequency Pitch Power Gain Phase shift Efficiency
10%8
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.986 21.966 35.655 26.609
0%D0"0%D!9"0%97 91%901 71%7!4 79%DD! 7!%ED4
0%D0"0%D79"0%97 97%0E9 77%0E9 47%A49 7E%1D0

11%!
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.759 21.704 48.391 25.240
0%D0"0%D!9"0%97 91%71E 71%710 !D%1D1 77%7D!
0%D0"0%D79"0%97 91%87! 71%808 9D%8AE 7D%770

11%E
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.859 21.859 53.524 25.832
0%D0"0%D!9"0%97 91%D87 71%D87 41%1A0 74%A9D
0%D0"0%D79"0%97 91%E9E 71%E90 D7%E!! 79%778
Table !%7%1D#b&H Sho5s e;;ect o; )ariation in second pitch
10%8
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.986 21.966 35.655 26.609
0%D0"0%D!9"0%97 91%901 71%7!4 79%DD! 7!%ED4
0%D0"0%D79"0%97 97%0E9 77%0E9 47%A49 7E%1D0

11%!
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.759 21.704 48.391 25.240
0%D0"0%D!9"0%97 91%71E 71%710 !D%1D1 77%7D!
0%D0"0%D79"0%97 91%87! 71%808 9D%8AE 7D%770

11%E
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.859 21.859 53.524 25.832
0%D0"0%D!9"0%97 91%D87 71%D87 41%1A0 74%A9D
0%D0"0%D79"0%97 91%E9E 71%E90 D7%E!! 79%778
Table !%7%1D#c&H Sho5s e;;ect o; )ariation in Third pitch
10%8
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.986 21.966 35.655 26.609
0%D0"0%D!"0%979 91%819 71%819 !!%A0E 7D%1E1
0%D0"0%D!"0%919 97%0!A 77%01A !E%917 7D%8!0

11%!
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.759 21.704 48.391 25.240
0%D0"0%D!"0%979 91%897 71%8!A 41%E9A 7D%!89
0%D0"0%D!"0%919 97%07E 77%00 49%9EE 7D%AD0

11%E
0.60,0.63,0.52 51.858 21.858 53.516 25.827
0%D0"0%D!"0%979 91%A0E 71%A0E 91%4A9 79%97A
0%D0"0%D!"0%919 91%AEE 71%AEE 99%9D4 79%849
3.6 CONCLUSIONS
Slo5 5a)e structure has been designed in single section o; about 8D ,, long using CST-
+WS" S:0R->-!' and S:0R->-1' so;t5ares% The SWS para,eters li3e heli< pitches"
length" loss pro;ile" tape di,ensions ha)e been opti,iIed #Table !%7%1& in order to achie)e
desired output po5er 140W" gain 79d. and electronics e;;icienc1 ,ore than 79?% The T-
shaped support rods 5ere designed to reduce loading e;;ects% Co,,unication para,eters li3e
-+@P+ ;actor" inter-,odulation" har,onic po5er 5ere co,puted and achie)ed as per
speci;ications% - detailed sensiti)it1 anal1sis has been carried out in order to ascertain the
di,ensional tolerances%
4.0
n!ut"#ut!ut
$ou!lers
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The input and output couplers pla1 an i,portant role in e;;icientl1 coupling the ,icro5a)e
po5er in and out ;ro, the helical SWS o; a TWT 5ith ,ini,u, re;lection and trans,ission
loss% It is reJuired to ha)e coupler 5ith return loss M -10 d. ;or ;ull ;reJuenc1 band o;
operation% Coa<ial couplers are e<tensi)el1 used in space TWTs o; ,oderate output po5er up
to 190 Watt because o; their large band5idth and s,all siIe%
The input coa<ial coupler" as sho5n in 6ig% 4%1" consists o; coa<ial R6 5indo5
asse,bl1 and an i,pedance R6 trans;or,er asse,bl1% The 5indo5 asse,bl1 consists o; a
,etallic slee)e housing a cera,ic disc 5ith a central hole ;or the inner conductor% The R6
trans;or,er asse,bl1 is a ,ulti-section coa<ial trans,ission line% The 5indo5 asse,bl1 is
connected to a standard 90-oh, connector at the input 5hile the trans;or,er is ter,inated on
the heli< SWS through laser 5elding the inner conductor o; the coa<ial line 5ith the heli<
SWS% The heli< SWS is supported inside the ,etallic barrel asse,bl1 using three proper siIed
and shaped dielectric rods at 170 degrees% The characteristic i,pedance o; the heli< SWS act
as the load i,pedance ;or the input and output couplers%
6ig% 4%1H Input Coupler 5ith heli< SWS
The design 5as done using -0S26T =6SS #=igh 6reJuenc1 Structure Si,ulator& so;t5are
pac3age and CST +W ST:'I2P both are !-'i,ensional Electro,agnetic ;ield si,ulator%
R6 Windo5
R6 trans;or,er
=eli<
SWS
4.2 DESIGN OF COAXIAL WINDOW
Coa<ial 5indo5 5as designed ;or trans,itting the output po5er ,ore than 190 Watts 5ith
,ini,u, absorption and re;lection" o)er 5ide ;reJuenc1 band%
Since the cera,ic co,es in the path o; propagating ,icro5a)e" dielectric properties o;
the cera,ic ,aterial ha)e strong in;luence on the electrical design o; the R6 5indo5% In
design o; the coa<ial 5indo5" the dielectric loss 5as 3ept lo5 b1 selecting the 5all thic3ness
o; the R6 5indo5 ,ini,u, possible as per the ,echanical and R6 po5er reJuire,ents% -
cera,ic ,aterial ;or high po5er 5indo5 applications should ha)e high ther,al conducti)it1
#K& B ,echanical strength" lo5 loss tangent" lo5 ,odulus o; elasticit1 and lo5 per,itti)it1
#
r
&% The cera,ic ,aterial should be stress resistant because o; its relati)el1 lo5 ther,al
e<pansion coe;;icient co,pared to ,etallic housing% Eas1 ,etalliIation and braIing ;or
)acuu,-tight cera,ic-,etal sealing is a pri,ar1 reJuire,ent
4.3 VALIDATION OF APPROACH WITH BTU140
.e;ore starting the design o; I@p B 2@p coa<ial coupler ;or Ku-.and 140W short length heli<
TWT% The -pproach used 5as )alidated against the theoretical and e<peri,ental results
obtained in earlier designed and de)eloped coa<ial coupler ;or .T: 140W heli< TWT%
Input coupler o; .T:-140 has been =6SS and CST-+WS% The =6SS and CST ,odel
o; .T:-140 has been sho5n in 6ig% 4%7#a& and 4%7#b&% The co,parisons o; si,ulated and
e<peri,ental results are sho5n in Table 4%7% The =6SS B CST si,ulated results are
co,parable 5ith the e<peri,ental results" hence )alidation the approach used to design o;
coupler ;or Ku-band 140W short length heli< TWT%

6ig% 4%7 #a& =6SS +odel ;or input coupler 5ith SWS ;or .T:-140W%

6ig% 4%7 #b& CST +odel ;or input coupler 5ith SWS ;or .T:-140W%
Table 4%1H Co,parison bet5een CST@=6SS and E<peri,ental results
Frequency
(GHz)
Return Loss (dB)
CST =6SS E<peri,ental
10%8 -1E%99 -1A%4A -7!%E!
11%1 -!9%11 -!A%94 -70%7!
11%! -1D%D1 -70%7! -14%1D
11%9 -11%08 -1!%8D -1!%19
11%E -10%10 -10%D7 -17%01
The output coupler has also been si,ulated 5ith WR-E9 5a)eguide on the top o; the coa<ial
coupler #6ig 4%!& %- co,parison o; =6SS Si,ulated and e<peri,ental results are listed in
table #4%!&%The agree,ent bet5een si,ulated and e<peri,ental results are ;air enough to
)alidate the design approach%
6ig% 4%! =6SS +odel ;or output coupler 5ith Wa)eguide ;or .T:-140W%
Table 4%7H Co,parison bet5een CST@=6SS and E<peri,ental results
Frequency
(GHz)
Return loss(dB)
=6SS E<peri,ental
10%8 -1E%17 -19%01
11%1 -74%1E -1A%91
11%! -79%DE -1D%7
11%9 -1A%9E -7!%8
11%E -1!%EE -70%07
4.4 DESIGN OF INPUT COUPLER
'esign is initiated b1 ta3ing the total length #L& o; the coupler greater than Juarter-
5a)elength #W@4& and less than hal;-5a)elength #W@7&" bet5een 5indo5 cera,ic and barrel
inner dia,eter" at the ,id ;reJuenc1 o; 11%!*=I as sho5n in 6ig%4%4% T5o steps in the
dia,eter o; the central conductor are introduced and their lengths are ad$usted #;or ;i<ed total
length& to get the best possible (SWR at ,id ;reJuenc1% The per;or,ance is e)aluated at end
;reJuencies and the di,ensions #length o; each section o; central conductor& are ad$usted
accordingl1 ;or opti,u, (SWR #1%7& o)er the desired ;reJuenc1 range o; 10%8 to 11%E *=I%
The ;reJuenc1 dependent characteristic i,pedance o; heli< SWS is ta3en as load and it is
trans;or,ed to i,pedance close to the line i,pedance #90 oh, in this case& through
i,pedance trans;or,ation section% Then the re;lection coe;;icient is calculated ;or the
trans;or,ed i,pedance and source i,pedance%
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani D0
Table 4%!H Si,ulated para,eters o; coa<ial input coupler

6ig% 4%4 #a& =6SS generated ,odel o; Input coupler 5ith heli< SWS
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani
Section Inner dia. (mm) Outer dia. (mm) Length (mm)
r
1 1%07 D%7 0%8 8%!
7 1%07 D%7 0%E 1%0
! 1%07 1%A 9%D 1%0
4 0%D7 1%A 9%0 1%0
D1
Section 7
Section !
Section 4
Section 1
Section 1
Section 1

6ig% 4%4 #b& CST generated ,odel o; Input coupler 5ith heli< SWS%
Return loss characteristics o; input coupler 5ith the para,eter #Table 4%!& is obtained using
=6SS and CST are sho5n in 6ig% 4%9 %It sho5s Return loss better than -10d. 5as obtained
throughout the desired ;reJuenc1 band #10%8-11%E*=I&%
6ig% 4%9 Return loss characteristics o; Input coupler using =6SS%
R6 Windo5
R6 trans;or,er
=eli<
SWS
4.5 OUTPUT COUPLER DESIGN
2utput coupler consists ,ainl1 o; the ;ollo5ing three partsH- Coa<ial to 5a)e guide adapter"
R6 5indo5 and R6 trans;or,er section%
2utput coupler is used to e<tract the R6 po5er ;ro, the TWT% -s this po5er is high" a
coa<ial to 5a)eguide transition is designed to couple the po5er out o; the tube% The design
principle used here is the sa,e as used ;or the input coupler e<cept that ther,al design o; this
coupler assu,es i,portance% The center conductor o; the coa<ial line e<tends into the
5a)eguide to ;or, an electric probe% The length and dia,eter o; the central conductor and its
distance ;ro, the 5a)eguide 5all is opti,iIed to ha)e better ,atching bet5een the coupler
and the output 5a)eguide section as sho5n in 6ig% 4%E%
Standard rectangular 5a)eguide #WR-E9& o; the shape sho5n in 6ig% 4%D" ,eeting
;reJuenc1 and po5er reJuire,ents o; the intended application is selected ha)ing the
para,etersH
Wide di,ension SaT H 18%09 ,,
0arro5 di,ension SbT H 8%9! ,,
Cut o;; ;reJuenc1 ScT H E%A8 *=I
6ig% 4%D 2utput 5a)eguide 5ith coa<ial to 5a)eguide adapter%
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani D!
6ig% 4%E =6SS generated +odel o; 2utput coupler 5ith coa<ial to 5a)eguide adapter%
6ig%4%A Return loss characteristics o; 2utput Coupler%
R6 5indo5 and trans;or,er sections are designed as e<plained in 4%4% The 5indo5 cera,ic
o; -lu,ina disc 5as selected o; dia,eter D%70 ,," thic3ness 0%8 ,, and dia,eter o; central
conductor 1%00 ,, so as to handle po5er ,ore than 190 W%
4.6 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR CRITICAL PARAMETERS
- stud1 has been carried out to see the e;;ect o; )ariation in coupler designed para,eters
#Table 4%4&% The Return Loss characteristics ha)e been obser)ed using =6SS code% This stud1
is use;ul in deter,ining the tolerances in )arious critical coupler para,eters%
Sensitivity Analysis of length of fourth transformer section (L4)
Length o; ;ourth trans;or,er section is 9,, #Table 4%4&% E;;ect o; )ariation o; this length on
Return loss )alues is done" 3eeping all other para,eters ;i<ed as gi)en in Table 4%4% It 5as
;ound that 0%09,, change in length doesnTt a;;ect the Return loss )alues signi;icantl1 as seen
;ro, Table 4%9%
Table 4%4H Sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; length #L4& o; ;ourth trans;or,er section o; coa<ial Input
coupler
Frequency
(GHz)
Return Loss (dB)
L4Q4%80,, L4Q4%89,, L4Q9%00,, L4Q9%09,, L4Q9%10,
10%8 -08%!4 -8%D4 -10%0A -08%AE -10%44
11%1 -17%0A -17%!A -17%81 -17%9E -1!%71
11%! -1D%04 -1D%0E -1D%D8 -1D%04 -1D%94
11%9 -70%EE -18%44 -18%A8 -1A%8! -1A%E0
11%E -70%AA -1A%84 -18%1A -1A%D4 -1A%0!

Sensitivity Analysis of length of third transformer section (L3):
Length o; third trans;or,er section is 9%D0,, #Table 4%4&% E;;ect o; )ariation o; this length on
Return loss )alues is done" 3eeping all other para,eters ;i<ed as gi)en in Table 4%4 It 5as
;ound that up to 0%09,, change in length doesnTt a;;ect the Return loss )alues signi;icantl1
as seen ;ro, Table 4%D%
Table 4%9H Sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; length #L!& o; third trans;or,er section o; Coa<ial input
coupler
Sensitivity Analysis of Diameter of fourth transformer section (D4)
'ia,eter o; ;ourth trans;or,er section is 0%D7,, #Table 4%4&% E;;ect o; )ariation o; this
dia,eter on Return loss )alues is tabulated in Table 4%E% It 5as ;ound that dia,eter is )er1
sensiti)e para,eter as the i,pedance o; the trans;or,er section depends on this dia,eter
onl1% 0%07,, increase in dia,eter increases the return loss )alues at all ;reJuencies and a
decrease b1 sa,e a,ount degrade the return loss )alues%
Table 4%DH Sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; dia,eter #'4& o; ;ourth trans;or,er section o; coa<ial input
coupler
Frequency
(GHz)
Return Loss (dB)
L!Q9%9,, L!Q9%99,, L!Q9%D,, L!Q9%D9,, L!Q9%E,,
10%8 -10%08 -10%01 -10%0A -10%!! -10%98
11%1 -17%A8 -17%A4 -17%81 -1!%!! -1!%D8
11%! -1D%98 -1D%44 -1D%D8 -1E%47 -1E%E
11%9 -18%D7 -1A%81 -18%A8 -70%EE -70%14
11%E -1A%AA -1E%A! -18%1A -18%47 -1A%4A
D9
Sensitivity Analysis of Diameter of third transformer section (D3):
'ia,eter o; third trans;or,er section is 1%07,, #Table 4%4&% E;;ect o; )ariation o; this
dia,eter on Return loss )alues is gi)en in Table 4%A% It 5as ;ound that this dia,eter is also a
)er1 sensiti)e para,eter% 0%07,, increase in dia,eter degrades the return loss )alues at all
;reJuencies and a decrease b1 sa,e a,ount i,pro)es the return loss )alues%
Table 4%EH Sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; dia,eter #d!& o; third trans;or,er section o; coa<ial input
coupler
Frequency
(GHz)
Return Loss (dB)
'!Q0%8A,, '!Q1%00,, '!Q1%07,, '!Q1%04,, '!Q1%0D,,
10%8 -A%D8 -8%!0 -10%0A -8%4! -11%4E
11%1 -10%AE -11%ED -17%81 -10%89 -19%!7
11%! -1!%84 -19%71 -1D%D8 -1!%11 -18%!1
11%9 -1A%10 -18%4A -18%A8 -1D%47 -1A%71
11%E -77%10 -71%DE -18%1A -1E%7D -19%!D
4.7 CONCLUSION
The design o; input and output coupler ;or 140W short length TWT has been acco,plished
5ith !' code =6SS B CST-+W ST:'I2% The output coupler used in .T: 140 W 5as
;ound opti,u, 5ith Ku-.and 140W Short length TWT 5ith slight retuning in R6 ar, and in
trans;or,er section% Engineering dra5ings o; input and output coupler asse,blies along 5ith
their piece parts ha)e been designed and gi)en in -nne<ure -4%
Frequency
(GHz)
Return Loss (dB)
'4Q0%9A,, '4Q0%D0,, '4Q0%D7,, '4Q0%D4,, '4Q0%DD,,
10%8 -8%9E -11%0A -10%0A -8%14 -A%D!
11%1 -11%9A -14%18 -17%81 -11%E4 -11%1E
11%! -14%9E -1E%D7 -1D%D8 -19%!4 -19%08
11%9 -18%D0 -1A%97 -18%A8 -18%A4 -71%A0
11%E -19%7! -1D%E8 -18%1A -70%A7 -78%D7
DD
%.0 Multistage
&e!ressed
$ollector
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani DE
5.1 INTRODUCTION
+ultistage depressed collector #+'C&" a ,a$or co,ponent o; the an1 space TWT" is used to
enhance the o)erall e;;icienc1 and to reduce the cooling reJuire,ents o; the tube% The r; 5a)e
in the tube interacts 5ith a dc bea, produced b1 an electron gun and e<tracts so,e energ1
;ro, it% Rest o; the energ1 re,ains 5ithin the spent bea,% The +'C e,plo1s )elocit1-sorting
techniJues to direct the high )elocit1 electrons to the stage ha)ing greatest depression and
slo5 electrons to the stages ha)ing least depression% 'ue to this principle the +'C reco)ers
,ost o; the po5er ;ro, the spent bea, and thereb1 increases the collector and the o)erall
tube e;;icienc1% 6or the present tube a ;our-stage depressed collector is designed to reco)er
,a<i,u, possible 3inetic energ1 o; the spent bea," 5hich has a large )ariation in electron
)elocities% Each successi)e electrode in the collector is being depressed #5%r%t%" bod1 potential&
,ore than the preceding one%
The basic tube e;;icienc1" co,,onl1 3no5n as the electronic e;;icienc1" is de;ined as
the e;;icienc1 5ith 5hich the dc bea, po5er is con)erted to r; po5er during the interaction
process% In ,athe,atical ter,s" the basic tube e;;icienc1"
e
, can be e<pressed as

dc
out
e
P
P
=
#9-1&
5here P
out
is the R6 output po5er and P
dc
is the input dc po5er%
The per;or,ance o; a collector is e)aluated b1 deter,ining its e;;icienc1 to reco)er the po5er
;ro, the spent bea,% .1 de;inition" e;;icienc1 is the ratio o; the po5er reco)ered ;ro, the
spent bea, to the po5er entering the collector% The collector e;;icienc1"
coll,
is e<pressed as
spent
rec
coll
P
P
=
#9-7&
5here P
rec
is the po5er reco)ered ;ro, spent bea," P
spent
is the total spent
bea, po5er
I; the losses in the circuit #circuit loss" heater loss" interception loss etc%& are assu,ed to be
negligible" then the o)erall e;;icienc1 can be e<pressed onl1 in ter,s o; the collector and
basic tube e;;icienc1% The o)erall e;;icienc1" , is
& 1 # 1
e coll
e

=
#9-!&
5here
coll
and
e
are as de;ined abo)e
E*:0 so;t5are has been used in collaboration 5ith the ;ollo5ing in house de)eloped pre
processor and post processor #so;t5are& ;or the design and anal1sis o; ,ulti stage depressed
collector
6ollo5ing codes 5ere used ;or the design purposeH
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani DA
SELP2T (in-house deeloped!
:sed to opti,iIe the electrode potentials and co,pute the ,a<i,u, possible
theoretical e;;icienc1 o; the collector% Sensiti)it1 anal1sis can also be carried out using
this code%
S:0+'C (in-house deeloped!
It includes the ;ollo5ing ,odulesH

#a& pre-processor ;or E*:0
- Con)erts the geo,etr1 data ;ro, ,, unit to ,esh unit suitable ;or use b1
pol1gon
- Con)erts the tra$ector1 data starting conditions #generated b1 S:0R->
!'& into a ;or,at suitable ;or use b1 E*:0
#b& post-processors ;or E*:0
- Includes a secondar1 electron e,ission ,odel that generates the starting
conditions o; the secondar1 electrons
- Includes an anal1sis progra, that anal1ses the per;or,ance o; the collector
- Includes a colored graphics pac3age to plot both pri,ar1 and secondar1
tra$ectories ;or di;;erent user speci;ied conditions to anal1Ie the si,ulated
results in an i,pro)ed 5a1
5.2 DESIGN OF 4-STAGE DEPRESSED COLLECTOR
'esign o; +'C has been carried out in three steps% In the ;irst step the nu,ber o; stages is
decided% 2nce it is done the opti,u, electrode potentials are chosen that gi)e the ,a<i,u,
theoretical e;;icienc1% 6inall1 the electrode geo,etr1 is opti,iIed to achie)e ,a<i,u,
collector e;;icienc1
.ased on the spent bea, distribution cur)e generated b1 the in-house de)eloped code
S:0R-> !' the electrode nu,ber is opti,iIed% The 6ig% 9%1 sho5s the +'C e;;icienc1 ;or
di;;erent nu,ber o; stages% It is obser)ed ;ro, 6ig% 9%1 that an opti,u, choice o; the nu,ber
o; stages is ;our ;or 5hich the ,a<i,u, theoretical collector e;;icienc1 is A4%7?% .e1ond this
point the change in collector e;;icienc1 is negligible 5ith the change in the nu,ber o; stages%
.ased on the spent bea, distribution cur)e #as ,entioned earlier& the electrode
potentials ha)e been opti,iIed% The spent bea, distribution cur)e is sho5n in 6ig%%9%7 5here
the nor,aliIed )oltage and current are plotted along horiIontal and )ertical a<is respecti)el1%
There;ore area under the cur)e represents the spent bea, po5er% 6or a ;our-stage collector the
electrode potentials ha)e been opti,iIed and sho5n in the 6igure 9%1% The shaded area in the
cur)e represents the po5er that can be reco)ered b1 a ;our-stage collector% The collector
e;;icienc1 is de;ined as the ratio o; the po5er reco)ered to the total spent bea, po5er% In
another 5a1" the collector e;;icienc1 is the ratio o; the shaded area to that o; the total area
under the spent bea, cur)e% There;ore it is the target to ,a<i,iIe the shaded area b1
opti,iIing the electrode potentials% The opti,iIed electrode potentials ;or the +'C are
sho5n in Table 9%1%
There are di;;erent para,eters in the collector geo,etr1" 5hich need to be opti,iIed
;or the opti,iIation o; the collector per;or,ance% The aperture o; the electrodes is decided
;ro, the uni)ersal bea, spread cur)e% Electrodes o; the collector are to be 3ept slanted so that
the electron tra$ectories land on the bac3-side o; the electrodes% Secondar1 electrons generated
on the bac3 o; electrode and ;ace a decelerating electric ;ield due to the lo5er potential o; the
ad$acent electrode 5hich ;orces the, bac3 to5ards the electrode 5here the1 5ere generated%
.ut i; the electrons generated on the ;ront o; electrode ;ace an accelerating ;ield ;ro, higher
potential o; the ad$acent electrode% -s a result o; this" the secondaries generated 5ill be
strea,ing bac3 to5ards the interaction region and introduce noise and instabilit1 to the signal%
There;ore the tra$ectories should land on the bac3side o; the electrodes" 5hich 5ill reduce the
bac3-strea,ing o; the secondaries%
6ig% 9%1H Incre,ent in collector e;;icienc1 5ith the increase in the nu,ber o; stages

Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani E0
6ig% 9%7H Po5er reco)ered b1 the 4-stage Ku-band +'C
Table 9%1H 2pti,iIed electrode potentials
Electrode Number Potential (V)
.od1 0
1 -7!90
7 -!000
! -!A00
4 -9000
5.3 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF COLLECTOR

Collector under dc condition: Initiall1 the collector per;or,ance 5as e)aluated under dc
condition% The output tra$ector1 o; the Ku-band TWT electron gun 5as directl1 ;ed into the
collector% Si,ulated dc electron tra$ectories and the collector geo,etr1 are sho5n in 6ig% 9%!%
It is obser)ed that all the tra$ectories are landing on the ;ourth stage% In an ideal case all
tra$ectories should land on the ;ourth stage under dc condition due to its high energ1%
Electrode PotentialsH 0 (" -7!90 (" -!000 (" -!A00 (" -9000 (
6ig% 9%!H Electron tra$ectories inside the +'C o; the Ku-band 140 W TWT under dc condition
Collector under Rf condition (Primary only): Later on the collector per;or,ance is
obser)ed under the r; condition% - large signal ,odel S:0R-> !' has been used to generate
the tra$ector1 data starting conditions ;or the si,ulation o; the +'C% The pre-processor
con)erts the tra$ector1 data into a ;or,at suitable to be used ;or E*:0% Total 8D tra$ectories
ha)e been considered here% -ll pri,ar1 tra$ectories" the collector geo,etr1 and the electrode
potentials are sho5n in 6ig% 9%4% It is obser)ed ;ro, the ;igure that ,ostl1 all the tra$ectories
are landing on the bac3side o; the electrodes% This 5ill reduce the bac3-strea,ing
signi;icantl1 b1 recapturing the secondaries%
6ig% 9%4H Pri,ar1 tra$ectories inside the +'C o; the Ku-band 140 W TWT under r; condition
The collector per;or,ance has been e)aluated using the post processor o; S:0+'C% Table
9%7 sho5s the detail result% It can be obser)ed here that there is no bac3 strea,ing o; pri,aries
;ro, the collector% The opti,iIed collector e;;icienc1 is A4%7?% In this case the e;;ect o;
secondar1 electron e,ission has not been considered%
Table 9%7H Collector per;or,ance under r;
condition
Total 0o% o; Tra$ectories Q 8D
.ac3-strea,ing Tra$ectories Q 0
Total Po5er Entering the Collector Q !A7%19E W
.ea, Current Q 100%0 ,-
.ac3 strea,ing Current Q 0%0 ,-
Po5er Reco)ered b1 the Collector Q !71%AE7 W
Po5er Loss in the Collector Q D0%7A9 W
.ac3-strea,ing Po5er Q 0%0 W
Collector E;;icienc1 Q A4%7 ?
In Table 9%! the current and po5er reco)ered b1 each electrode is sho5n% It is obser)ed ;ro,
the table that energ1 balance #total po5er entering the collector is eJual to the su, o; total
po5er reco)ered and total po5er loss& is achie)ed%
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani E!
Table 9%!H 'etail si,ulated results o; the collector per;or,ance under r;
condition
Electrodes Voltage
(V)
No. of Traj. Current
(mA)
Pow. Rec.
(W)
Pow. Loss
(W)
.od1 0 0 0%0 0%0 0%0
Electrode 1 -7!90 E E%! 1!%E 9%A
Electrode 7 -!000 !D !E%9 8E%9 18%1
Electrode ! -!A00 !7 !!%! 111%! 14%1
Electrode 4 -9000 71 71%8 88%4 71%!
Effect of secondary electron emission: 6ig 9%4 sho5s the plots o; secondar1
tra$ectories% The starting conditions i%e%" position" energ1" current and angle o; e,ergence 5ere
generated b1 the post-processor o; S:0+'C% It can be obser)ed ;ro, the plot that a large
nu,ber o; secondaries are either bac3-strea,ing or the1 are re-captured at an electrode 5ith
higher depression% This detoriates the per;or,ance o; the collector% This situation can be
a)oided to so,e e<tent b1 the ;ollo5ing 5a1sH
In the present si,ulation it 5as assu,ed that the secondar1 e,ission coe;;icient Q0%D
is anal1Ied% Collector electrodes are ,ade o; 26=C copper and the1 are coated 5ith Tic% The
collector e;;icienc1 including the secondar1 electron e,ission is nearl1 ED%4?% With the use
o; *raphite electrode" ho5e)er e;;icienc1 can be i,pro)ed to EA%4?% This can be ;urther
i,pro)ed i; 5e use te<ture graphite ,aterial and nearl1 A0? e;;icienc1 is achie)ed% This is
gi)en in tabulated ;or, in Table 9%4%
Table 9%4H E;;ect o; electrode ,aterials on +'C per;or,ance #including secondaries
electrons e;;ect&
+aterial Secondar1 electron e,ission
co-e;;icient
4-stage collector e;;icienc1
26=C Copper 1%! E!%D?
TiC coated Copper 0%8 E9%A?
*raphite 0%D EA%4?
*raphite Te<ture 0%4 E8%D?
6ig 9%9H Secondar1 tra$ectories in the Ku short-band 140 W space TWT collector
Performance of collector at different output power levels: Per;or,ance o;
collector at di;;erent output po5er le)els is gi)en in Table 9%9
Table 9%9H Ku short-band 4-stage graphite Collector e;;icienc1 at di;;erent po5er le)els
'ri)e )alue Collector E;;icienc1
Without secondar1 electron
e;;ect
Collector E;;icienc1 5ith Secondar1
electron e;;ect #Q0%D&
0 W #'C& EE%0? ED%4?
40 W EE%8? E0%A?
E9W EA%8? E0%D?
109W E8%1? E!%!?
140 W A4%7? EA%4?
The per;or,ance o; the collector has been anal1Ied ;or di;;erent po5er output le)el% It sho5s
good result ;or di;;erent 'ri)e )alue%
5.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MDC FOR KU SHORT LENGTH
AT 140W
The dependenc1 o; collector e;;icienc1 and bac3 strea,ing current on )arious geo,etr1
para,eter and electrode depressed potential has been studied
Table 9%DH 'etail o; sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; the collector change in a<ial siIe%
Electrode Axial
Distance(mm)
w.r.t body
Back
streaming
current(mA)
Collector
Efficiency
()
Deviation in
back
streaming
current(mA)
Deviation
in
Efficiency
()
Elcetrode1 1.52 0%E08 EA%4 0%000 0%0
1%9! 0%E4! ED%7 O0%0!4 -2.2
1%94 0%407 EE%0 -0%!0E -1.4
1%91 0%EA9 EA%1 -0%0ED -0%!
1%90 0%8E8 EE%A O0%7E0 -0%D
Electrode2 7.02 0%E08 EA%4 0%000 0%0
E%0! 0%E04 EE%0 -0%009 -1.4
E%04 0%E09 EE%0 -0%004 -1.4
E%01 0%A17 EA%1 O0%10! -0%!
E%00 0%9DE EE%1 -0%147 -1.3
Electrode3 15.82 0%E08 EA%4 0%000 0%0
19%A! 0%404 EE%7 -0%!09 -1.2
19%A4 0%711 ED%9 -0.498 -1.9
19%A1 0%109 EE%8 -0.604 -0%9
19%A0 0%71A E9%8 -0%481 -2.5
Electrode4 26.52 0%E08 EA%4 0%000 0%0
7D%9! 0%E09 EE%8 -0%004 -0%9
7D%94 0%404 EE%7 0%!09 -1.2
7D%91 0%91A EA%7 -0%181 -0%7
7D%90 0%91E ED%E -0%187 -1.7
Table 9%EH 'etail o; sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; the collector change in radial siIe%
Electrode Radial
Position(mm)
w.r.t body
Back
streaming
current(mA)
Collector
Efficiency
()
Deviation in
back
streaming
current(mA)
Deviation
in
Efficiency
()
Elcetrode1 1.52 0%E08 EA%4 0%00 0%00
1%9! 0%A18 EE%0 O0%11 -01%4
1%94 0%40! ED%8 -0%!!D -1%9
1%91 0%409 EE%4 -0%!04 -1
1%90 0%97! EE%9 -0%1AD -0%8
Electrode2 4.02 0%E08 EA%4 0%00 0%00
4%0! 0%40! EE%8 -0%!0D -0%9
4%04 0%917 EE%8 -0%18E -0%9
4%01 0%409 ED%D -0%!04 -1.8
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani ED
4%00 0%!AD EE%D -0%!7! -0%A
Electrode3 4.52 0%E08 EA%4 0%00 0%00
4%9! 0%E!A EE%D O0%078 -0%A
4%94 0%E4! EE%4 O0%0!4 -1.0
4%91 0%404 EA%4 -0%!09 0%00
4%90 0%970 EA%4 -0%1A8 0%0
Electrode4 5.62 0%E08 EA%4 0%00 0%00
9%D! 0%109 EE%!% -0%D04 -1.1
9%D4 0%E14 EE%9 O0%009 -0%E
9%D1 0%409 EE%E -0%!04 -0%E
9%D0 0%71A ED%8 -0%481 -1.5
Table 9%AH 'etail o; sensiti)it1 anal1sis o; the collector change in electrode potential siIe%
Electrode Electrode
potential(V)
Back
streaming
current(mA)
Collector
Efficiency
()
Deviation in
back
streaming
current(mA)
Deviation
in
Efficiency
()
Elcetrode1 3550 0%E08 EA%4 0%00 0%00
!9E9 0%D18 EE%1 -0%08 -1.3
!979 0%840 EE%A O0%7!1 -0%D
Electrode2 2900 0%E08 EA%4 0%00 0%00
7879 0%949 EE%8 -0%1D4 -0%9
7DE9 0%E!4 ED%D O0%079 -1.8
Electrode3 2100 0%E08 EA%4 0%00 0%00
7179 0%AED EA%1 O0%1DE -0%!
70E9 1%A8! EE%1 O0%1A4 -1.3
Electrode4 900 0%E08 EA%4 0%00 0%00
879 0%E!8 EE%1 O0%! -1.3
AE9 0%409 EA%7 -0%!04 -0%7
5.5 CONCLUSIONS
4-Stage 'epressed collector has been designed% The electrodes used in collector ,a1 be
;abricated ;ro, 26=C copper and then the1 can be either TIC coated or carbon sputtered
coated% 2ptions are open ;or the use o; graphite electrode to ha)e ,ini,u, secondar1
electron e,ission in collector in order to ha)e enhanced collector e;;icienc1% Collector
e;;icienc1 around A0? has been esti,ated using graphite electrode ;or 4 stage opti,u,
depression% Sensiti)it1 anal1sis has been carried out 5ith re;erence to geo,etrical and
electrical para,eters 5hich re)eal that the proposed design is rugged enough%
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani EE
'.0 ()ermal and
Structural
Anal*sis o+
&i,erent Su-
.assem-lies
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani EA

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Ther,al and structural anal1sis o; the )arious asse,blies o; the TWT is an i,portant aspect
o; the design in order to esti,ate the te,perature distributions in di;;erent regions and
locations due to di;;erent source o; heat generation under the hot operating conditions%
Ther,al aspects are the critical aspects in tube per;or,ance and its reliabilit1% 'ue ther,al
and structural considerations need to be gi)en in designing the )arious asse,blies o; TWT%
6or e<a,ple" in electron gun asse,bl1" the heat source is heater po5er as the ther,ionic
cathodes are e,plo1ed as electron source% Su;;icient care need to be ta3en in designing the
cathode and its support" heat shield" .6E and their support to ,ini,iIe the heat drain so that
desired cathode operating te,perature can be achie)ed at the ,ini,u, heater po5er to
ensure the long li;e operation% In SWS asse,bl1 the source o; heat generation is bea,
interception as 5ell as R6 ;lo5 on the circuit% In collector asse,bl1" the source o; heat is high
energ1 electron bea,% In asse,blies li3e SWS" R6 Coupler and collector" su;;icient care is
ta3en to dissipate a5a1 the heat generated as Juic3l1 as possible%
6.2 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRON GUN
Ther,al anal1sis o; the electron gun asse,bl1 ;or Ku-band short Space TWT #6ig% D%1& has
been carried out using 6E- code C2S+2S #!-'& integrated 5ith C-' tool Solid Wor3s%
+aterial properties used in ther,al anal1sis are gi)en in Table D%1% Inputs and necessar1
boundar1 condition are sho5n in Table D%7% Source te,perature at heater in the cathode
asse,bl1 is ta3en as 1700XC and a,bient te,perature o; 79XC used as an inputs% The
te,perature distribution at )arious electrodes in gun asse,bl1 #6ig D%7& has been co,puted%
The te,perature distribution is also sho5n in Table D%!% In addition to abo)e the te,perature
distribution at di;;erent a,bient te,perature has also been sol)ed and co,parati)e
te,perature distribution sho5n in Table D%4% The di,ensional de;or,ation corresponding to
the te,perature has been presented in Table D%9%
Table D%1H +aterial properties
Material Density
(Kg/m
3
)
Thermal
Conductivit
y
(W/m
0
K)
Specifi
c
Heat
(1/Kg
0
K)
Emissivi
ty
Young's
Modulus
(Gpa)
`10
9
Thermal
expansion
(10
-6
/
0
C)
Poison's
ratio
Tungsten 18!00 1E! 1!! 0%79 411 4%9 0%7A
Moly 10770 1!A 791 0%70 !74%A 9%1 0%78!
Soft Iron EAE8 A0%4 444 0%0E 71%4 17%1 0%78!
Kovar A!D0 74%9 D48 0%19 14%1 4%A1 0%!0
Monel A800 18%9 400 0%4! 1D7 14%8 0%!0
Tantalum 1DD00 9E%9 140 0%11 1A9%E D%9 0%!47
Nickel A800 80%8 444 0%77 188%9 1!%! 0%!17
OFHC
Copper
A8D0 401 !A9 0%79 178%A 1E%0 0%!4!
Alumina !800 7A-!9 AA0 0%4 !00 A%7 0%71
6ig% D%1H !-' ,odel o; electron gun o; Ku-band short Space TWT
Table D%7H 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs&-
Te,perature 1700
0
C at heater #source&
-,bient te,p% 79
0
C
Radiation -t all open sur;aces 5ith e,issi)it1 according
to ,aterial%
Con)ection at outer sur;ace o; Electron *un 5ith
con)ection coe;;icient !0 #W@,
7
K&
Ther,al Resistance 4%0e-009 #K- ,
7
@W& at braIe $oints
B 1%0e-004 #K- ,
7
@W& at TI* 5elding points

Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani A0
6ig% D%7H Te,perature distribution in electron gun o; Ku-band short Space TWT
Table D%!H Ther,al -nal1sis in ter,s o; te,perature distribution is gi)en belo5-
Table D%4H Te,perature distribution in electron gun at di;;erent a,bient te,perature -

Ambient temp. -25
0
C +25
0
C +65
0
C
Heater (source) 1700
0
C 1700
0
C 1700
0
C
Cathode 8A1
0
C 8AE
0
C 1007
0
C
BFE 1D0
0
C 771
0
C 7A0
0
C
Anode 8!
0
C 104
0
C 1AE
0
C
Table D%9H E<pansion in electrodes during the operating #hot& condition o; electron gun%

=eater #source& 1700
0
C
Cathode 8AE
0
C
.6E 771
0
C
-node 8D
0
C
A1
Electrodes E<pansion
#in ,,&
Cathode Yradiall1Z [r
Ya<iall1Z [I
0%008
0%040
.6E Yradiall1Z [r
Ya<iall1Z [I
0%004
0%010
6.3 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF SWS
The stead1 state ther,al anal1sis o; SWS #6igs% D%! B D%4& is done b1 using C2S+2S ;inite
ele,ent co,puter code% The ,aterial properties )iI% densit1" speci;ic heat" ther,al
conducti)it1 and e,issi)it1 applied as sho5n in Table D%1% Inputs and essential boundar1
conditions are gi)en in Table D%D% The te,perature reaches at )arious crucial locations #6ig%
D%9& at )ar1ing heat load corresponding to 10W" 70W and 5orst case 40W on inner sur;ace o;
heli< tape are sho5n in Table D%E% In addition to abo)e the ther,al stud1 at di;;erent #6ig% D%D&
a,bient te,peratures #li3e -79
0
C" O79
0
C and OD9
0
C& also has been sol)ed% The a,bient
te,perature chosen ;or the anal1sis is corresponding to the te,perature )ariations enclosed
during the actual operation in satellite% The co,parati)e te,perature distribution sho5n in
Table D%8%

6ig%D%!H Cross section )ie5 o; SWS 6ig%D%4H 6ront )ie5 o; SWS
Table D%DH 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs&
=eat po5er 10W@ 70W@ !0W
-,bient te,p% 79
0
C
to ,aterial%
con)ection coe;;icient 90 #W@,
7
K& 5%r%t% air cooling
Ther,al Resistance 4%0 e-009 #K- ,
7
@W& at braIe $oints

6ig%D%9 H Te,p% distribution o; the SWS ;or 10W heat dissipation
Table H D%EH Te,perature distribution on di;;erent parts o; SWS

Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani A!
Heat power 10 W 20 W 40 W
Helix Tape EE
0
C 17D
0
C 774
0
C
APBN Rod-Helix
1oint
E!
0
C 170
0
C 71!
0
C
APBN Rod-
Barrel 1oint E1%D
0
C 11A
0
C 708
0
C
Outer Barrel E1%4
0
C 11E
0
C 70A
0
C

Table D%AH 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs&
=eat Po5er 70W
-,bient te,p% 79
0
C
to ,aterial%
7
K&
Ther,al Resistance 0%0001 #K- ,
7
@W& at =eli<--P.0 $oint
B 0%00004 #K- ,
7
@W& at braIe $oint

6ig%D%DH Te,p% distribution in the SWS ;or 70W heat dissipation
TableH D%8H Te,perature distribution at )arious a,bient te,perature%

6.4 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF COLLECTOR
Ther,al anal1sis o; ,ulti stage depressed collector #+'C& #6ig%D%E B D%A& ;or Ku-band short
space TWT has been done using 6E- code C2S+2S integrated 5ith C-' tool SolidWor3s%
The ,aterial properties )iI% densit1" speci;ic heat" ther,al conducti)it1 and e,issi)it1 are
sho5n in Table D%1%The Inputs boundar1 conditions" as sho5n in Table D%10 are applied% The
te,perature reaches at )arious electrodes #6ig%D%8& at )ar1ing heat load on di;;erent electrodes
sho5n in Table D%11% In addition to abo)e the ther,al stud1 at di;;erent a,bient te,perature
also has been sol)ed and co,parati)e te,perature distribution sho5n in Table D%11% Ther,al
anal1sis o; collector 5ith radiator #6ig% D%10& also has been done using C2S+2S%
Co,parati)e stud1 bet5een 5ith radiator or 5ithout radiator o; te,perature distribution in
Ambient Temp. -25
0
C 25
0
C +65
0
C
Helix Tape 40%D
0
C 8E%8
0
C 1!1%8
0
C
APBN Rod-Helix
1oint
1E%7
0
C DE%4
0
C 10D%A
0
C
APBN Rod-Barrel
1oint
19%E
0
C D9%4
0
C 109
0
C
Outer Barrel 11%9
0
C D7
0
C 101%!
0
C
A9
di;;erent electrodes is sho5n in Table D%17% The di,ensional de;or,ation corresponding to the
te,perature has been presented in Table D%1!%

6ig%D%EH !-' ,odel o; +'C Collector 6ig%D%AH Cross-Section )ie5 o;
+'C
Collector

STUDY 1:- Ther,al anal1sis o; Ku-short collector 5ithout radiator

6ig%D%8H Te,p% distribution in Collector 5ithout radiator
Table D%10H 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs&
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani AD
=eat Po5er -t electrode 1st Q 1!%9 W
-t electrode 1st Q 7!%1 W
-t electrode 1st Q 18%! W
-t electrode 1st Q 79%8 W
-,bient te,p% 79
0
C
to ,aterial%
7
K& 5%r%t% air cooling
7
@W& at braIe $oints

Table D%11H Te,perature 'istribution in Collector at )arious a,bient te,peratures
Electrodes

Heat Power
(Watt)
Temp.
(at -25
0
C
ambient temp.)
Temp.
(at +25
0
C
ambient temp.)
Temp.
(at +65
0
C
ambient temp.)
1st 1!%9 E4%7
0
C 17!%4
0
C 1D7%!
0
C
7nd 7!%1 EE%E
0
C 17D%E
0
C 1D9%A
0
C
!
rd
18%! A1%!
0
C 178%A
0
C 1D8%!
0
C
4
th
79%8 E7%E
0
C 171%E
0
C 1D0%8
0
C
Ther,al anal1sis o; Ku-short collector 5ith radiator
Short Length Space TWT@ET-@CEERI@Pilani AE
6ig%D%10 Te,p% distribution in Collector 5ithout radiator

Table D%17H Te,perature 'istribution in Collector 5ith radiator

Electrodes

Heat Power
(Watt)
Temp. with
Radiator
Temp. without
Radiator
1st 1!%9 88%4
0
C 17!%4
0
C
7nd 7!%1 107%7
0
C 17D%E
0
C
!
rd
18%! 10D%4
0
C 178%A
0
C
4
th
79%8 88%1
0
C 171%E
0
C
AA
Table D%1H E<pansion in electrode during the operating #hot&
condition o; Collector%
Electrodes Expansion (in mm)
1st Yradiall1Z [r
Ya<iall1Z [I
0%0077
0%09A
7nd Yradiall1Z [r
Ya<iall1Z [I
0%0094
0%09!
!rd Yradiall1Z [r
Ya<iall1Z [I
0%008
0%0!A
4th Yradiall1Z [r
Ya<iall1Z [I
0%00A4
0%01A
6.5 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF COUPLER

The stead1 state ther,al anal1sis o; R6 coupler #6ig% D%11& is done b1 using C2S+2S ;inite
ele,ent co,puter code% The ,aterial properties )iI% densit1" speci;ic heat" ther,al
conducti)it1 and e,issi)it1 applied as sho5n in Table D%1% Inputs and essential boundar1
conditions are gi)en in Table D%14% The te,perature reaches at )arious crucial locations#6ig%
D%17& at )ar1ing heat load on inner sur;ace o; heli< tape and b1 insertion loss on 5indo5 are
sho5n in Table D%19% The di,ensional de;or,ation corresponding to the te,perature has been
presented in Table D%1D%

Table D%14H 0ecessar1 boundar1 conditions #Inputs&
=eat Po5er -t 5indo5 1%DW
te,perature
790
0
C at output heli< tape
-,bient te,p% 79
0
C
Radiation at all open sur;aces 5ith e,issi)it1 according
to ,aterial%
con)ection coe;;icient !00 #W@,
7
K& 5%r%t% ;orced air
cooling
7
@W& at braIe $oints
6ig% D%11H !-' ,odel o; R6 coupler o; Ku-band short Space TWT
Table D%19H Te,perature 'istribution in R6 Coupler
Location Temperature (in
0
C)
Center conductor 1A1
0
C - 790
0
C
Windo5 cera,ic 107
0
C - 110
0
C
2utput R6 -r, 9D
0
C - DE%9
0
C
Tubing 11E
0
C - 1A4
0
C
Windo5 cup A7
0
C - 104
0
C

6ig%D%17H Te,perature 'istribution in coupler asse,bl1
Table D%1DH E<pansion in di;;erent parts during the operating #hot& conditions o;
Coupler
Parts Expansion
(in mm)
Windo5 cup Yradiall1Z[r
Ya<iall1Z [I
1%!8Ee-004
A%9Ae-004
R6 -r, post Yradiall1Z[r
Ya<iall1Z [I
4%0DAe-004
!%A9e-00!
Cera,ic Yradiall1Z[r
5indo5 Ya<iall1Z [I
7%4De-004
!%1A!e-004
Center pin Yradiall1Z[r
Ya<iall1Z [I
1%08De-00!
A%419e-004
81
6ig% D%11 Sche,atic diagra, o; Ku-Short TWT
6.6 CONCLUSIONS
Ther,al and structural anal1sis o; di;;erent asse,blies #li3e electron gun" slo5 5a)e
structure" R6 coupler and ;our stage depressed collector& o; Ku-.and 140W Short length
space TWT ha)e been carried% Te,perature distribution due to di;;erent sources o; heat
generation in di;;erent asse,blies ha)e been si,ulated !-' using C2S+2S and
corresponding di,ensional de;or,ations ha)e been co,puted% This anal1sis helps in
esti,ating the ,a<i,u, te,perature reached at di;;erent locations o; the tubes under
operating conditions and corresponding di,ensional de;or,ations% The esti,ation o;
di,ensional de;or,ations in critical sensiti)e di,ensions helps in 3eeping the proper
di,ensions in cold conditions so that desired di,ensions are achie)ed in the operating hot
conditions%
/.0 0ill o+
Materials
1
/
The bill o; ,aterial is attached belo5% It 5as prepared earlier and sent to IS-C ;or their co,,ents% .ased on the co,,ents" it is no5 being
,odi;ied% The 5or3 is under progress%
Ku-band Short Length 140W Space TWT
S.No. Parts Name Materials Material Properties Value Drawing Number
1 *round
-node
#Se)er
-node&
+ol1bdenu,
#Rod&
(apour Pressure #at 70
0
C& M10
-A
#torr& Ku-short@*un@P@01
+elting Point 7D1E #
0
C&
Ther,al Conducti)it1 #\0-100
0
C#W,
-1
K
-1
&& 1!A
E,issi)it1 0%7
7 *un Seal
Cup
Cu-0i (apour Pressure #at 70
0
C& M10
-A
#torr& Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 07 - -
0
C&
Tensile Strength D70-D80 #+Pa&
! *un Seal
Cup
Cu-0i (apour Pressure #at 70
0
C& M10
-A
#torr& Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 07 - .
0
C&
Tensile Strength D70-D80 #+Pa&
4 -node End
Seal Cup
Ko)ar +elting Point 1100-1149 #
0
C& Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 0!
0
C& M10
-A
#torr&
Cera,ic $oint co,patibilit1
9 Ion .arrier
-node
+ol1 (apour Pressure #at 70
0
C& M10
-A
#torr& Ku-short @ *un @ P@ 04
0
C&
D Ion .arrier
-node
Connection
6lange
Ko)ar +elting Point 1100-1149 #
0
C& Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 09 - .
0
C& M10
-A
#torr&
Space TWT@+WT@CEERI@Pilani 89
E Control
-node
+ol1 Re;er S% 0o% 1 Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 0D
A Control
-node
Connection
6lange
Ko)ar Re;er S% 0o% 4 Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 0E - .
8 .6E +ol1bdenu, Re;er S% 0o% 1 Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 0A

10 .6E
Connection
6lange
Ko)ar Re;er S% 0o% 4 Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 08 - .

11 'ispenser
Cathode
#+-T1pe&
+anu;acturerT
s choice
Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 10
Space TWT@+WT@CEERI@Pilani 8D
17 Cathode
Connection
6lange
Ko)ar Re;er S% 0o% 4 Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 11 - .

1! =eater
Connection
6lange
Ko)ar Re;er S% 0o% 4
Ku-short @ *un @ P@ 17-.
14 6ila,ent
Connection
Plate
Cu-0i
Re;er S% 0o% 7 Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 1!

19 *un
Insulator 1 -lu,ina-84?
Electrical Resisti)it1 1070#]^-c,& Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 19
Ther,al Conducti)it1 1AW@,K
Tensile strength 7A3psi
1D *un
Insulator 7 -lu,ina-84?
-sa,e- Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 1D
Space TWT@+WT@CEERI@Pilani 8E
1E *un
Insulator - !
-lu,ina-84? -sa,e- Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 1E
1A *un Closing
Cup
Ko)ar Re;er S% 0o% 4 Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 1A
18 E<haust
tube
26=C
Copper
(apour presure at#70
0
C& M10
-A
#torr& Ku-short @ *un@ P@ 18
Ther,al Conducti)it1 #\0-100
0
C 77D#W,
-1
K
-1
&
Seacondar1 e,,ision coe;;icient 0%E#at !3(&
70 Pole piece So;t Iron 'ensit1#3g@,
!
& EAE8 Ku-short@SWS@P@01
Ther,al Conducti)it1 A0%4#W,
-1
K
-1
&
E,issi)it1 0%0E
Ther,al e<pansion#10
-D
@
0
C& 17%10
71 .od1
Spacer
Cu-0i Re;er S% 0o% 7 Ku-short@SWS@P@07
77 Coupler
Spacer
Cu-0i Re;er S% 0o% 7 Ku-short @SWS@P@0!
7! So;t iron Re;er S% 0o% 70 Ku-short @SWS@P@04
Space TWT@+WT@CEERI@Pilani 8A
+agnetic
Part
74 0on-
+agnetic
Part
Cu-0i Re;er S% 0o% 7 Ku-short @SWS@P@09#.&
79 =eli<
Support Rod
-P.0
#-nisotropic
P1rol1tic .oron
0itride&
0
C& M10
-A
#torr& Ku-short @SWS@P@0D
'ielectric Constant )alueQ_
Ther,al
Conducti)it1
#a& `aa direction \ 79
0
C 104%D9 #W,
-1
K
-1
&
#a& `ca direction \ 79
0
C 1%DE44 #W,
-1
K
-1
&
7D =eli< W-Re Ku-short @SWS@P@E
7E Collector
-daptor
+onal404 (apour Pressure #at 70
0
C& M10
-A
#torr& Ku-short @SWS@P@A
+elting Point 1788 #
0
C&
0on +agnetic (alueQ_
7A =eli<
+andrel
+ol1 Re;er S% 0o% 1 Ku-short @SWS@P@8
78 .od1
+agnet
S,7-Co1E 'ensit1#3g@,
!
& A400 Ku-short @SWS@P@10
Ther,al Conducti)it1 17#W,
-1
K
-1
&
Tensile strength 174+Pa
-D
@
0
C& 17-1!
!0 S,7-Co1E Re;er S% 0o% 78 Ku-short @SWS@P@11
Space TWT@+WT@CEERI@Pilani 88
Coupler
+agnet
!1 +agnet
Cla,ps
Cu-.e Ther,al Conducti)it1 \RTP D0-170 #W,
-1
K
-1
& Ku-short @SWS@P@17
!7 Windo5
cera,ic
-l-84? Re;er S% 0o% 19 Ku-short @Coupler@P@1!
!! Windo5 cup Cu-0i Re;er S% 0o% 7 Ku-short @Coupler@P@14
!4 Tubing
nic3el
0ic3el 'ensit1 A800#3g@,
!
& Ku-short @Coupler@P@19
Ther,al Conducti)it1 80%8#W,
-1
K
-1
&
E,issi)it1 0%14-0%77
-D
@
0
C& 1!%!
!9 Input centre
conductor
+ol1 Re;er S% 0o% 1 Ku-short @Coupler@P@1D
!D 2utput R6
-r,
+onel Re;er S% 0o% 7E Ku-short@Coupler@P@1E
Space TWT@+WT@CEERI@Pilani100
!E Collector
Electrode -
1
26=C Copper Re;er S% 0o% 18 Ku-short@+'C@P@01
!A Collec
tor
Electr
ode - 7
26=C Copper
Re;er S% 0o% 18 Ku-short@+'C@P@ 7
!8 Collector
Electrode -
!
26=C Copper Re;er S% 0o% 18 Ku-short@+'C@P@ !
40 Collector
Electrode -
4#step-1&
26=C Copper Re;er S% 0o% 18 Ku-short@+'C@P@ 4
41 Collector
Electrode
4
#step-7&
26=C Copper Re;er S% 0o% 18 Ku-short@+'C@P@ 9
47 -lu,ina 88? Ku-short@+'C@P@ D
Collector
S,all
Insulator
4! Collector
.ig
Insulator
-lu,ina 88?
Ku-short@+'C@P@ E
44 Collector
C1linder +onal 404
Re;er S% 0o% 7E
Ku-short@+'C@P@ A
49 Collector
Seal Ring
+onal 404 -sa,e- Ku-short@+'C@P@ 8
4D Collector
Lead
#;or,ed&
0ic3el 5ire 'ensit1 A800 Ku-short@+'C@P@ 10
=ardness #(ic3ers& DD0 #3g@,
!
&
0
C& M10
-A
#torr&
4E Collector
Lead 4
# ;or,ed&
0ic3el 5ire Re;er S% 0o% 4D Ku-short@+'C@P@ 11
4A Collector
6eed
Through
Cera,ic
-lu,ina 88? Ku-short@+'C@P@ 17
48 Collector
6eed
Through
.ase
+onal 404 Re;er S% 0o% 7E Ku-short@+'C@P@ 1!
90 Collector
6eed
Through
.otto, Cup
+onal 404

Re;er S% 0o% 7E Ku-short@+'C@P@ 14
91 Collector
6eed
Through
:pper Cup
+onal 404 Re;er S% 0o% 7E Ku-short@+'C@P@ 19
Space TWT@+WT@CEERI@Pilani10!

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Latest PDR SL-TWT Volume-1

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PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT

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