1

7. POWDER METALLURGY
Powder metaurgy s the art and scence of producng ne meta powders and then makng
ob|ects from ndvdua, mxed or aoyed meta powders wth or wthout the ncuson of non-
metac consttuent.
ADVANTAGES OF POWDER METALLURGY PROCESS:
LIMITATIONS of POWDER METALLURGY PROCESS:
APPLICATIONS OF POWDER METALLURGY:
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1. Automotve: (ANSWER FOR SELF LUBRICATED BEARINGS)
Sef-ubrcated bearngs are made by mxng copper (90%), tn (10%) powder
and a sma amount of graphte n correct proportons, cod pressed to the
desred shape and then sntered at about 800 C.
Szng operaton s done n order to get correct dmensona accuracy.
In Impregnaton process the bearngs soak up consderabe quantty of o.
Hence durng servce, these bearngs produce a constant suppy of ubrcant
to the surface due to capary acton and as soon as the shaft stops rotatng,
the o comes back agan and settes down n the pores.
2. Refractory Materas:
Metas wth hgh metng ponts are termed as refractory metas.
These bascay ncude four metas tungsten, moybdenum, tantaum and
nobum. Refractory metas as we as ther aoys are manufactured by powder
metaurgy.
The appcatons are not mted to amp aments and heatng eements, they
aso ncude space technoogy and the heavy meta used n radoactve
shedng.
3. Cemented Carbdes:
These are very mportant products of powder metaurgy and nd wde
appcatons as cuttng toos, wre drawng des and deep drawng des.
These consst of carbdes of tungsten, tantaum, ttanum and moybdenum. The
actua proportons of varous carbdes depend upon ts appcatons; ether
cobat or ncke s used as the bondng agent whe snterng.
4. Aerospace appcaton:
Powder metaurgy pars are used n rockets, msses, satete etc.
Sntered bronze bearng and other bushng are used n exporer satete,
magnetc materas such as Anco.
5. Defense Appcatons:
Powder metaurgy parts and powders are used n rockets, msses, cartrdge
cases, gun powder, frage buets etc.
6. Other Appcatons: (WRITE THIS IF ASKED ONLY FOR 2 MARKS)
Typewrters, cacuators, permanent magnets etc.
Porous ncke eectrodes are used n N-Cd batteres.
POWDER METALLURGY PROCESSES
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A. Producng of meta powders
B. Mxng / Bendng
C. Compactng
D. Snterng
E. Secondary Operatons.
F. Inspecton/Testng.
A. PRODUCTION OF METAL POWDERS:
Varous methods for manufacturng powders are
1. Mechanca Processes
2. Physca Processes
3. Chemca Processes
MECHANICAL PROCESSES: (ANSWER FOR POWDER MAKING PROCESSES)
1. Machnng.
In ths method rst chps are produced by ng, turnng etc. and subsequenty
puverzed by crushng and mng.
The powders produced by ths method are coarse n sze and rreguar n shape.
Hence, ths method s used for speca cases such as producton of magnesum
powder.
2. Crushng.
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Process of passng the meta
powders aganst two roers so
that the meta powders are
crushed to requred sze.
Crushng requres equpment
such as stamp, hammers, |aw
crushers.
3. Mng.
Mng s carred out by usng
equpment such as ba m, rod
m, mpact m, dsk m etc.
In ba mng, matera to be
powdered s coected n a
contaner wth a arge number of
hard stee bas. These bas ht
the matera and break t n
powder form
4. Shottng
The process of pourng moten meta through a seve or orce and coong by
droppng nto water s known as shottng.
Ths process gves spherca or pear shaped powder partces.
5. Atomzaton.
The process of meta sprayng
aganst a stream of compressed
ar or nert gas s Atomzaton.
It s an exceent means of
producng meta powders from
many of the ow temperature
metas such as ead, aumnum,
znc and tn.
PHYSICAL PROCESSES:
1. Condensaton:
1
In ths method, metas are boed to produce meta vapours and then
condensed to obtan meta powders.
Ths process s apped to voate metas such as znc, magnesum and
cadmum.
2. Therma Decomposton:
Fne meta powders of N, Mo, Mg, Co etc are manufactured by ths method.
Ths method s hghy sutabe for manufacturng of Fe and N powders.
CHEMICAL PROCESSES:
1. Reducton
Pure meta s obtaned by reducng ts oxde wth a sutabe reducng gas at
an eevated temperature (beow the metng pont) n a controed furnace.
The reduced product s then crushed and med to a powder.
Sponge ron powder s produced ths way
Fe3O4 + 4C = 3Fe + 4CO
Fe3O4 + 4CO = 3Fe + 4CO2
Copper powder by
Cu2O + H2 = 2Cu + H2O
Tungsten, Moybdenum, N and Cobat are made by ths method.
2. Eectroyss.
Ths method s commony used for producng ron and copper powders. Ths process
s smar to eectropatng.
For makng copper powder, copper pates are paced as anodes n the tank of
eectroyte, whereas the aumnum pates are paced nto eectroyte to act as
anode.
When D. C. current s passed
through the eectroyte, the copper
gets deposted on cathode. The
cathode pates are taken out from
eectroyte tank and the deposted
powder s scrapped oh. The powder
s washed, dred and puverzed to
produce powder of the desred
gran sze. The powder s further
sub|ected to heat treatment to
remove work hardness ehect.
The cost of manufacturng s hgh.
B. MIXING / BLENDING of meta powders
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Bendng: mxng powder of the same chemca
composton but dherent szes
Mxng: combnng powders of dherent chemstres.
The above gure shows the contaner n whch the
powder to be mxed s added
The bade contnuousy rotates and mxes the powder.
Fgure (b) shows a rotatng drum n whch powder s ed
and the drum keeps on rotatng and smutaneousy
mxng the powders.
Wet or dry mxng s generay empoyed.
For wet mxng water or dry sovent s used to obtan
better mxng.
Bendng and mxng s necessary for
Addton of ubrcants coats the powders and reduces de
wear and owers pressure requred for pressng of powders.
Mxng powders of dherent materas
Obtanng unform dstrbuton of partce szes.
C. COMPACTING / PRESSING of meta powders.
Compactng: Pressng the powders nto desred part shape as cosey as possbe
to na dmensons.
Powders are compacted usng hgh pressure.
The na product s known as "Green Compact"
Degree of pressure requred depends upon:
Requred densty of na product
Ease wth whch powder partces w wed together.
Compactng processes are:
1. De pressng
2. Ro pressng
3. Extruson.
1. De pressng.
1
It conssts of upper punch and ower punch as shown n gure.
Powder s ed on the space above ower punch.
Upper punch appes hgh pressure to the powder.
Fnay the green compact powder s receved as shown n gure.
2. Ro pressng.
Two ros of approprate szes are
used.
Stream of powder s guded, so that
the ros are abe to appy the
necessary compactng pressure n
a contnuous sequence.
3. Extruson method.
Ram s used for appyng
force.
Two des are used for
achevng proper
thckness.
As seen n the gure the
green compact s
extracted whch s
further sent for snterng
process.
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D. SINTERING
Snterng s the Heat treatment process, to bond the metac partces, thereby
ncreasng strength and hardness.
Snterng conssts of heatng pressed meta compacts n batch or contnuous
furnaces to a temperature beow the metng pont of matera.
It conssts of three steps: Surface Dhuson, Denscaton, Gran Growth
Most metas are sntered at 70% to 80% of metng temperature.
Ehect of snterng on the propertes of matera:
1. Densty - Increases
2. Strength & Hardness - Increases
3. Porosty - Decreases
Types:
A) Sod Phase Snterng: Here, the compact s heated above the
recrystazaton temp of ow metng meta powder.
B) Lqud Phase Snterng: Here, the green compact s heated above the metng
pont of one of the aoyng eement
C/D. HOT COMPACTING:
Hot pressng nvoves appyng pressure and temperature smutaneousy, so
that the compactng and snterng of the powder takes pace at the same tme
n a de.
Its appcaton s mted and can be used for compactng.
Fe and Brass powders at much ower pressure than conventona pressng and
snterng operatons.
E. SECONDARY /FINISHING operatons:
These are secondary operatons ntended to provde dmensona toerances,
physca and better
surface nsh. A number of secondary and nshng operatons can be apped after
snterng, some of them are:
1. Szng 5. Intraton
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2. Conng 6. Heat treatment
3. Machnng 7. Patng
4. Impregnaton
1. Szng: It s repressng the sntered component n the de to acheve the requred
accuracy.
2. Conng: It s repressng the sntered components n the de to ncrease densty,
acheve the requred accuracy and to gve addtona strength.
3. Machnng: Machnng operaton s carred out on sntered part to provde under
cuts, hoes, threads etc. whch cannot be removed on the part n the powder
metaurgy process.
4. Impregnaton:
It s ng of o, grease or other ubrcants n a sntered component such as
bearng.
Sntered parts may be mpregnated wth o,
grease, wax or other ubrcatng materas s
sef-ubrcatng propertes are requred.
Parts are mmersed n ubrcants and are
heated upto approx. 93 C. The porous structure
gets competey mpregnated n 10-20 mns.
The ubrcant s retaned n the part by capary
acton.
It s done n order to:
a. Improve corroson resstance
b. Sea pror to patng
c. Improve machnabty
d. Introduce pressure tghtness
e. Reduce the frcton between parts.
5. Intraton:
It s ng of pores of sntered product wth moten meta to mprove physca
propertes.
Once the part s sntered, t has about 77% theoretca densty.
Then an ntraton pank of Copper or Brass s paced over the part whch s
sent through the furnace. The ntraton mets and soaks through the porous
part, producng hgh densty product.
It provdes hgh strength, hardness and densty whch straght snterng
cannot.
6. Heat Treatment: The processes of heatng and coong sntered parts are to
mprove
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Wear Resstance
Gran Structure
Strength
7. Patng: Patng s carred out n order to:
Import a peasng appearance (Cr patng)
Protect from corroson (N patng)
Improve eectrca conductvty (Cu and Ag patng)
F. INSPECTION / TESTING:
Before the component s put to the servce, t shoud be tested for any
naccuracy or defect.
The varous tests to be conducted are comp. & tense strength, porosty,
densty, hardness.
Non-Destructve Testng methods can aso be used to nd defects.
Once the component satses the propertes, t s ready for use.
CHARACTERISTICS OF METAL POWDERS / POWDER TESTING:
Powders can be dened as a ney dvded partcuate sod.
Engneerng powders ncude metas and ceramcs.
The man purpose of powder testng s to ensure whether or not the powder s
sutabe for further processng.
Prncpe characterstcs of meta powders are:
1. Chemca composton. (Purty)
It s the term to understand the type and percentage of mpurtes that the powder
contans.
2. Partce sze and ts dstrbuton.
The partce sze s dened by the mesh count
Mesh count refers to the number of openngs per near nch of mesh.
3. Partce shape.
Varous shapes of meta powders observed accordng to the method of producton.
4. Partce porosty :-
Rato of the voume of the pores (empty spaces) n the powder to the buk voume
(ed space).
Porosty ncreases stress n the part so t s not desrabe.
Dherence between destructve and non destructve testng
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6. NON METALLIC MATERIALS
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1. Polymer:
The word poymer s derved from two Greek words Poy and
Meros. Poy means mutpe and meros means parts. Poymers are organc
materas havng carbon as common eement nked wth other eements.
The process of nkng the monomers together to form a poymer s caed as
poymersaton.
2. Plastics:
Characterstcs/Propertes Uses/Appcatons
1. These are havng ow
densty.
1. Water pot, mugs,
Buckets.
2. Corroson resstance s hgh.
2. Drums, Contaner for
storage.
3. These are havng good
moud abty.
3. Bottes, contaners for
storng food stuhs or
ktchen tems.
4. They can be used as
transparent or wth coours.
4. Decoratve artces ke
show pece, artca
owers.
5. They have exceent surface
nsh.
5. Ar-tght boxes.
6. They are economca.
6. Insuators, eectrc shock
proof grps and heat proof
grps.
7. They are havng poor
strength.
7. Tabes, chars, cupboards.
8. They are havng poor temp.
resstance.
9. They are bad conductors of
heat and eectrcty.
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3. Types of Plastics:
Thermopastcs:
Thermopastcs are those whch soften on heatng, can be heated any
number of tme and then subsequenty cooed for obtanng desred shape.
3 a. Types of Thermoplastics:
Names
Characterstcs/Properte
s
Uses/Appcatons
1. Acryontr
e
butaden
e styrene
1. Hgh tense strength.
2. Hgh wear and tear, abrason
resstance.
3. Hgh mpact oad resstance.
1. Resstance to acds and
akaes.
1. Used n automobe
ndustry for pane
work.
2. Used for teevson
and camera back
bodes.
3. ABS wth Chromum
patng can be used
n
Radator grs.

2. Acrycs-
Poymeth
y Metha
cryate
(PMMA)
1. Hgh nsuaton propertes.
2. Hgh ndex of refracton.
3. Lght n weght, tough but
not scratch-proof.
1. Santary ware.
2. Contact enses.
3. Snks, Wash Basns,
other bathroom
ttngs.
4. Hospta Equpment
for patents hygene
and heath care.
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3. Nyons
(Poyamd
es)
1. Aong wth beng tough and
strong, these are exbe too.
2. Hgh mpact resstance.
3. Poor resstance to hot water,
acoho and utra voet rays.
1. Nyon ropes have
wde domestc and
commerca uses.
2. Tooth-brush and
other washng brush
brstes.
4. Poy Vny
chorde
(PVC)
1. Good dmensona stabty.
2. Water resstant.
3. It s sef-extngushng when
gnted.
Becomes soft above 80
o
C.
1. Water ppes,
chemca tubng.
2. Cabe |ackets.
3. Lead wre nsuaton.
Thermosettng Pastcs:
1
Thermosettng pastcs are those whch become soft durng ther rst
heatng and become permanenty hard when cooed thus cannot be
recyced.
3 b. Types of Thermosetting Plastics:
Names
Characterstcs/Propert
es
Uses/Appcatons
1. Epoxd
es
1. These are ght and
transparent n coour.
2. Exceent chemca
resstant.
3. Good eectrca
nsuatng propertes.
4. Extremey hgh bondng
strength.
1. In automobe panes and
ght covers.
2. Insuatng materas n
cabes, transformers.
3. Used as adhesve for
|onng and repar work.
2. Meam
ne
Formad
eh-yde
(M.F.)
1. They have hgh resstance
to chemcas, heat and
mosture.
2. Better eectrca resstance
3. Lghty ahected by sunght.
1. Used n pants, surface
coatng.
2. Used as gues, adhesve
for |onng.
3. Pugs, swtches, buttons
are made from M.F.
3. Baket
e
1. It s Back and Brown n
coour.
2. Strong, rgd and
dmensonay stabe.
3. It gets dscooured on
ageng by sunght.
1. Used n non-conductng
parts of rados and bases
& sockets for ght bubs
& vacuum tubes.
2. Automobe dstrbutor
caps and other nsuators,
brake pads and reated
automotve components.
3. Ktchenware such as
cansters and tabeware.
Rubbers:
1
Rubbers are hghy eastc and resent poymerc materas,
they are organc poymers those are capabe of beng sub|ected to
arge eastc strans wthout pastc yedng natura and synthetc
rubbers are caed as eastomers.
4. Types of Rubbers:
Names Characterstcs/Propertes Uses/Appcatons
1. Neopren
e
1. It s resstant to os,
chemcas, sunght, ozone,
etc.
2. It retans propertes up to
120
o
C.
3. Exceent resstance to
permeabty by gases.
4. It s havng mechanca
propertes smar to those of
natura rubber.
1. Heavy duty conveys
or bets.
2. V-bets, horse covers.
3. Foot wears, shoe
soes.
4. Brake daphragms,
gaskets.
2. Styrene
Butade
ne
Rubber
(Buna S)
1. Low o and chemca
resstance.
2. Hgh mpact and abrason
resstance.
3. Low tense strength and
resence than natura
rubber.
1. Vehce tyres are
made of Buna S.
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3. Ntre
Butade
ne
Rubber
(Buna
N)
1. Good resstance to o, fue,
other chemcas.
2. Low n mechanca
propertes.
3. Low n tense strength.
4. Good resstance to
weatherng.
1. Used n exbe
coupngs, prntng
bankets, rubber
roers.
2. Washng machne
parts.
5. SILICO!S:
There are unque poymers whch are Scon based nstead of carbon
based. They have -SI-O-SI- bondng, are wdey used s n organc poymer.
Propertes:
1. Exceent resstance to hgh & ow temperature.
2. Exceent resstance to os & chemcas.
3. Poor tense strength.
4. Exceent eectrca propertes.
5. Poor physca propertes.
". OT#!R !$I!!RI$ %&T!RI&LS:
Names Characterstcs/Propertes Uses/Appcatons
1. CERAMIC
S
1. They are very hard, strong and
dense.
2. They have a very hgh
resstance to the acton of
chemcas & weatherng.
3. They have a very hgh
resstance to hgh
temperature creep.
4. They have a very hgh
strength, both n tenson as
we as compresson.
1. Glassware, Windows, Pottery,
Dinner ware.
2. Catalytic converters, Ceramic
filters, Air bag sensors, Spark
plug.
3. rt!opaedic "oint replacement,
Dental restoration, #one
implants.
4. $efractory bricks, %ab
e&uipment's, cutting tools.
2. GLASSES
1. No dente crystane
structure.
2. It absorbs, refracts or
1. In eectrc amps &
eectrons tubes.
2. In wndows gass,
1
transmts ght.
3. It can be made avaabe n
beautfu coours.
4. It s capabe of beng worked
n severa ways.
doors and other
decoratve artces.
3. Laboratory
equpments and
apparatus resstant
to acds and other
chemcas.
3. GLASS -
WOOL
1. It usuay conssts of soda me
gass bres.
2. It provdes exceent nsuator
aganst heat and cod.
3. It has a very hgh tense as
we as we as compressve
strength.
4. It s havng a unform as we
as dente formuaton not
there n mnera woo.
1. It s wdey used n
exteror was and n
cengs of houses.
2. Extremey ow
densty woo s used
as therma as we as
sound nsuator n
aeropanes.
3. Used as nsuators n
refrgerators and
freezng.
4. LAMINAT
ED
COMPOSI
TE
1. They are havng two or more
ayers of dherent materas
bonded physcay to each
other.
2. Hgh corroson resstance,
eectrca and magnetc
propertes can be obtaned.
3. Hgh sthness and hgh
strength.
1. Cadded aumnum
aoy s used for
varous automotve
appcatons.
2. Cadded staness
stee wth md stee
wth md stee s
used for heat
exchangers.
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5.REINFORC
ED

COMPOSITE
S
1. Fber renforced pastc have
exceent strength toughness
and corroson resstance.
2. Meta matrx ber compostes
(MMFC) have exceent
resstance to hgh
temperature creep and mpact
strength.
3. Renforced cement concrete
(RCC) have hgh tense
strength of stee as we as
hgh compressve strength of
concrete.
1. Water as we as
chemca storage
tanks, uggage bags,
hemets, fans bades
of wnd turbnes.
2. Marne and wnd
aerospace
components.
3. Used n coumns and
beams of varous
structures, such as
brdges and
budngs.
6. NANO
MATERIALS
1. Partce sze ranges from
0.1mm to 100mm whch are
extremey sma.
2. At ow temperatures hardness
and strength of Nano matera
ncreases wth reducton n
partce sze.
3. Wth decrease n partce sze
even non-magnetc propertes.
4. The use of Nano-materas
reduces the sze of a
component by more than
50%.
1. Cuttng toos ke
tungsten carbde are
Nano-technoogy
made; mcro drs of
har sze can aso be
made.
2. Zrcona s a ceramc
based matera Nano
made used for
sprngs, ba bearngs
and other automotve
appcatons.
3. Nano crystas ke
znc suphde are
used for at pane
eectronc dspay n
T.V and computer
screens.
4. Nano materas are
aso used for hgh
power magnets used
n MRI and other
1
dagnostc purpose.
Applications of Polyester: (2 MARKS)
Pants, Bnders for gass bers, Safety hemets, Fber gass boats, |onng and repar
works, Caddng panes, Automobe body components, Fans, Chars.
Applications of Asbestos: (2 MARKS)
Fre proof textes, Fre proof theatre curtan, Boer nsuaton, Brake shoes, Ppe
nsuaton, gaskets, Protectve pads.
Classifcation of polymer materials: (2 MARKS)
1. ACCORDING TO ORIGIN
a. Natura Poymer b. Synthetc or artca Poymer
2. ACCORDING THERMAL BEHAVIOUR
a. Thermopastc poymer b. Thermosettng pastc poymer
3. ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
a. Lnk poymer. b. Branched poymer c. Crossed nk poymer
4. ACCORDING TO FORM
a. Pastc b. Eastomers c. Fber and resns
Properties of composite materials: (EACH POINT MARK)
1
NON FERROUS METALS
COPPER
PROPERTES APPLCATON
Reatvey soft gears
Maeabty Automobes,
utenss
Ducte Wres
Hgh toughness Gears
Eectrc conductvty Wres
Therma conductvty Utenss
Corroson resstance Ppng
Machnbty Bots and nuts
COPPER!"NC!TN ALLO#S
NAME COMPOSON PROPERTES APPLCATON
1
BRASS Znc-50%
Copper-50%
1. Ducte
2. Hgh tense
strength
3. Non
corrosve
4. Power
eectrcty
conductor
1 Ppes
2 Bearngs
3 Bushes
NAVEL METAL COPPER-60%
ZINC-39%
TIN- 1%
1 Corroson
resstance
2 Hgh tense
strength
3 Good
hardness
1 Nave
constructo
n
2 Pston rods
3 Bushes
4 Ornament
MUNTZ
METAL
COPPER-60%
ZINC-40%
1 REDDISH IN
COLOUR
2 HIGH
TENSILE
STRENGTH
3 HOT
WORKBALIT
Y
4 CORROSION
RESISTANCE
1 Utenss
2 Bushes
,bots
3 Marne
BRONZE 1 ZINC
2 COPPER
3 TIN
1 Corroson
resstance
2 Ant frcton
3 Hgh
hardness
4 maeabe
5 ducte
1 cons
2 shp
budng
3 bushes
4 cutch dsk

1
PHOSPHORUS
BRONZE
COPPER-97.7%
PHOSPHOURUS
-0.3%
TIN-0.6%
1 hgh tense
strength
2 corroson
resstance
3 hgh
hardness
4 can be
forged,
ducte&
meeabe
1 dsk of
cutch
2 marne,
worm&
worm
whee
3 ppes
4 foundry
SILICON
BRONZE
COPPER-97%
SILICON-3%
MAGNESIUM-
1%
1 hgh tense
strength
2 corroson
resstance
3 hgh
hardness
4 can be
forged,
ducte&
maeabe
5 good castng
6 conductvty
1 marne
ppes
2 bots, nuts
3 foundry
4 tanks
ALUMINIUM
BRONZE
COPPER-88%
A-8%
Fe-3%
Tn-0.5%
1 hgh tense
strength
2 hgh
hardness
3 corroson
resstance
4 dmcut to
cast
5 magnetc
1 marne
2 bots
3 wndng
GUN METAL COPPER-88%
TIN-10%
ZINC-2%
1 hgh tense
strength
2 very strong
3 resstance to
corroson
4 castabe
5 machnabe
6 can be
forged
1 bushes
2 nuts
3 marne
4 ppng
5 gears
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ALLUMNUM
PROPERTES APPLCATON
HIGH HEAT CONDUCTIVITY CABLES
GOOD CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY AIRCRAFTS
RESISTANCE TO CORROSION UTENSILS
DUCTILE AND HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH CONTAINERS
LIGHT WEIGHT Arcraft
EASILY MACHINED
NON TOXIC Vesse
ALLO# COMPOSTON PROPERTES APPLCATON
DURALUMIN A- 94%
Cu-4%
Mg-0.5%
Mn-0.6%
Scon-0.4%
1. Lght wegh
2. Hgh tense
strength
3. Hgh eectrc
conductor
4. Good
machnng
5. Shock
resstance
1 cabe
2 automobe
3 rvets
4 arcraft
Y-ALLOY Cu-4%
Mg-1.5%
N-2%
A-92.5%
1. hgh tense
strength
2. shock
resstance
3. hgh heat
conductor
4. easy
machned
1 engne parts
2 Pston and
cynder
heads.
HINDALIUM Aumnum
Magnesum
Manganese
Chromum
Scon
1 easy
machned
2 non toxc
3 hgh tense
strength
4 corroson
resstance
1 contaner
2 automobe
1
$EARN% MATERALS
Materas used to manufacture bearngs are caed as bearng materas.
BEARING MATERIALS:
1 COPPER RED ALLOY
2 SILVER BEARING
3 ALLUMINIUM ALLOY.
PROPERTES OF $EARN% MATERALS:
1 Hgh tense strength
2 Good corroson resstance
3 Good compresson resstance
4 Hard and wear resstance
5 Low cost and easy avaabe
6 Hgh hardness
7 Low coemcent of frcton
8 Shock resstance and ducte
POROUS SELF LU$RCATN% $EARN%:
& PRODUCED BY POWEDER METULLERGY
' IT CONSIST 40-50% POROSITY
( PORES ARE SATURATED WITH OIL AN ON APPLYING PRESSURE OIL COMES OUT OF
PORES .THUS NO EXTERNAL LUBRICATION IS NOT REOUIRED.
1