RESULTS

Table 1: Data measured for the 28 x 1mm Cu pipe (Pipe 1, d=26mm)

Flow rate /m3h-1

Upstream
pressure /m

Downstream
pressure /m

Pressure
difference (=Head
loss due to
friction, Hf)/m

4.0

0.452

0.205

0.247

3.0

0.378

0.230

0.148

2.0

0.322

0.249

0.073

Flow rate /L h-1

Upstream
pressure /m

Downstream
pressure /m

Pressure
difference (=Head
loss due to
friction, Hf)/m

500

0.270

0.264

0.006

250

0.267

0.265

0.002

Table 2: Data measured for the 18 x 1mm Cu pipe (Pipe 2, d=16mm)

Flow rate /m3h-1

Upstream pressure /m

Downstream pressure
/m

Pressure difference
(=Head loss due to
friction, Hf)/m

0.570

0.350

0.220

0.418

0.143

0.275

Flow rate /L h-1

Upstream pressure /m

Downstream pressure
/m

Pressure difference
(=Head loss due to
friction, Hf)/m

500

0.329

0.240

0.089

400

0.300

0.248

0.052

300

0.331

0.271

0.060

100

0.329

0.279

0.050

Table 3: Data measured for the St galvanized pipe (Pipe 3, d=16mm)

Flow rate /L h-1

Upstream pressure /m

Downstream pressure
/m

Pressure difference
(=Head loss due to
friction, Hf)/m

500

0.469

0.224

0.245

400

0.423

0.270

0.153

300

0.396

0.308

0.088

200

0.374

0.335

0.039

Flow rate /m3 h-1

Upstream pressure /m

Downstream pressure
/m

Pressure difference
(=Head loss due to
friction, Hf)/m

0.4

0.504

0.190

0.314

d
Table 4: Results calculated for mean velocity (u) and Reynolds number (Re)
Pipe

Area of pipe/m2

Volumetric Flow
(Q)/m3s-1

Uniform velocity of
flow (u)/ms-1

Reynolds Number

5.31 x 10-4

11.20 x 10-4

2.11

61364.65

8.34 x 10-4

1.57

45659.96

5.56 x 10-4

1.05

30536.91

1.39x 10-4

0.26

7561.52

0.70 x 10 -4

0.13

3780.76

5.56 x 10-4

2.77

49574.94

2.78 x 10-4

1.38

24697.99

1.39 x 10-4

0.69

12348.99

2.01 x 10 -4

2.01 x 10-4

1.11 x 10-4

0.55

9843.40

8.34 x 10-5

0.41

7337.81

2.78 x 10-5

0.14

2505.59

1.11 x 10-4

0.55

9843.40

1.39 x 10-4

0.69

12348.99

1.11 x 10-4

0.55

9843.40

8.34 x 10-5

0.41

7337.81

5.56 x 10-5

0.28

5011.19

Table 5: Results calculated for experimental friction factor, theoretical friction factor and Reynolds
number for each pipe
Pipe

Head loss due

to friction, Hf
/m

Reynolds
Number

Typical
Roughness
Height (k)/m

Theoretical
Friction Factor

Experimental
Friction Factor
(Darcys Friction
Factor)

0.247

61364.65

0.001 x 10-3

0.019904

0.02177

0.148

45659.96

0.021236

0.023561

0.073

30536.91

0.02329

0.025982

0.006

7561.52

0.033433

0.034828

0.002

3780.76

0.04117

0.046438

0.220

49574.94

0.020921

0.006924

0.275

24697.99

0.024545

0.03487

0.089

12348.99

0.029241

0.045141

0.052

9843.40

0.031082

0.04151

0.060

7337.81

0.033743

0.08619

0.050

2505.59

0.047122

0.616013

0.245

9843.40

0.031082

0.195576

0.153

12348.99

0.029241

0.077601

0.088

9843.40

0.031082

0.070248

0.039

7337.81

0.033743

0.056024

0.314

5011.19

0.037746

0.96714

0.1 x 10-3

Table 6: Results calculated to plot a graph of log against log Re for each pipe
Reynolds number,
Re

Log (Re)

61364.65

4.787918

0.019904

-1.70106

45659.96

4.659536

0.021236

-1.67293

30536.91

4.484825

0.02329

-1.63283

7561.52

3.878609

0.033433

-1.47582

3780.76

3.577579

0.04117

-1.38542

49574.94

4.695262

0.020921

-1.67942

24697.99

4.392662

0.024545

-1.61004

12348.99

4.091631

0.029241

-1.53401

9843.40

3.993145

0.031082

-1.50749

7337.81

3.865566

0.033743

-1.47182

2505.59

3.39891

0.047122

-1.32678

9843.40

3.993145

0.031082

-1.50749

Theoretical
friction factor

Log()

Pipe

12348.99

4.091631

0.029241

-1.53401

9843.40

3.993145

0.031082

-1.50749

7337.81

3.865566

0.033743

-1.47182

5011.19

3.699941

0.037746

-1.42313

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Converting Lh-1 to m3h-1

1m3= 1000000 cm3
But 1L = 1000cm3
1m3= 1000L
1L= 10-3m3
If Q= 600 Lh-1,
then Q= (600 x 10-3) =0.6m3h-1
Converting m3h-1 to m3s-1
1 h= 3600s
1h-1=(1/3600)= 2.78 x 10-4
If Q= 0.6m3h-1,
Then Q= 0.6 x (2.78 x 10-4) = 1.67 x 10-4 m3s-1
Calculating uniform velocity of flow (u) in ms-1
Re: Q= u A
u= Q/A
A= r2 = (0.013)2 = 5.31 x 10-4 m2 (For pipe 1)
For Q= 1.67 x 10-4 and A= 5.31 x 10-4 m2,
u= (1.67 x 10-4)/ (5.31 x 10-4)

u= 0.315 ms-1
Calculating Reynolds Number

Re

ud
, where v=0.894 x 10-6 for water at 25oC
v

For u=0.315, d=0.026m and v= 0.894 x 10-6,

Re

(0.315)(0.026)
9161.07
0.894 106

Calculating the Theoretical Friction Factor ( )

Recall Haalands Relationship:

6.9 k 1.11
1.8 log

Re 3.71d

where is the friction factor for the pipe

k is the typical roughness height (m)
Re is Reynolds number
d is the diameter of the pipe
For Cu pipe of diameter 0.026 m, k=0.001 x 10-3, Re=9161.07

= -1.8 log {[6.9/9161.07]+[0.001 x 10-3/3.71(0.026)]1.11}

= -1.8 log {(0.000753) + (0.000010366)1.11}
= -1.8 log (0.000753 + 0.000002933)
=-1.8(-3.12)
=5.616

= 1/(5.616) = 0.178
= (0.178)2= 0.0317

Calculating the Experimental Friction Factor()

Recall Equation to calculate Darcy Friction Factor:

h f 2 gd
Lu 2

where L is the length of the pipes under study= 1.3m

hf is head loss due to friction
g is acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m2s-1
d is diameter of the pipe
u is the uniform velocity of flow

For hf = 0.025, d= 0.026m, u=0.315 ms-1

= [(0.025)x2(9.81)(0.026)] /[(1.35)(0.315)2]
= (0.012753)/(0.13396)
=0.0952

Calculating for the Cu (28x1mm) pipe

Average Re= (7619.69 + 9161.07 + 15239.37 + 30536.91 + 45659.96)/ 5

= 21643.4
Using the Haaland Equation,

= -1.8 log {(6.9/21643.4) + [(0.001x10-3)/ (3.71)(0.026)]1.11}

= -1.8 log [(3.19x10-4)+ (2.933x10-6)
=-1.8 log (3.22x10-4)
=-1.8(-3.492)
=6.286
= [1/ (6.286)]2
= (0.159)2
= 0.0253
Average hf=(0.005+ 0.025+ 0.043 + 0.10+ 0.175)/5
=0.0786
Average U= (0.262+ 0.315+ 0.524+ 1.05 +1.57)/5
= 0.744 ms-1
Using equation for the Darcy Friction Factor,
= {(0.0786)(2)(9.81)(0.026)/[(1.35)(0.744)2]}

= (0.0401)/(0.747)
=0.0537

Calculating for the Cu (18 x 1mm) pipe

Average Re= (4957.49 + 7409.40 + 9879.19 + 14872.48 + 49574.94)/ 5

= 17338.7
Using the Haaland Equation,

= -1.8 log{(6.9/17338.7) + [(0.001X10-3)/(3.71x 0.016)]1.11}

= -1.8 log[(3.98x10-4) + (5.028x10-6)]
= -1.8 log(4.03x10-4)
= -1.8(-3.395)
=6.111
= [(1/6.111)2]
= (0.164)2
= 0.0269
Average hf= (0.008+ 0.002 +0.031 +0.085 +0.233)/5
= 0.0718
Average U= (0.277 +0.414 +0.552 +0.831 +2.77)/5
= 0.969 ms-1
Using the equation for Darcy Friction Factor,
= {[(0.0718)(2)(9.81)(0.016)]/[(1.35)(0.969)2]}
= (0.0225)/(1.27)
= 0.0177

Calculating for the St galvanized pipe

Average Re= (2469.80 + 4957.49+ 7409.40+ 9879.19 +14872.48)/5

= 7917.7
Using the Haaland Equation,

= -1.8 log{(6.9/7917.7) + [(0.1x10-3)/(3.71 x 0.016)]1.11}

= -1.8 log[(8.71x10-4) + (8.344x10-4)]

= -1.8 log(1.71x10-3)
=-1.8(-2.768)
=4.982
= [(1/4.982)2]
= (0.201)2
=0.0404

Using the equation for Darcy Friction Factor,

Average hf= (0.008+ 0.023+ 0.058+ 0.107+ 0.355)/5
= 0.110
Average U= (0.138+ 0.277+ 0.414 + 0.552+ 0.831)/5
= 0.442 ms-1
= {*(0.110)(2)(9.81)(0.016)]/[(1.35)(0.442)2]}
= [(0.0345)/(0.264)]
=0.131

Graph 1 showing log vs log Re for all three pipes

-1.2
0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

-1.3

log()

-1.4
Cu pipe (18x1)
-1.5

Cu pipe(28x1)
1/2'' St galvanized pipe

-1.6

-1.7

-1.8

log (Re)

Graph 1 showing log vs log Re for Cu pipe (18x1)

-1.2
0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

-1.3

log()

-1.4

-1.5

Cu pipe (18x1)

-1.6

-1.7

-1.8

log (Re)

Graph 1 showing log vs log Re for Cu pipe (28x1)

-1.2
0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

-1.3

log()

-1.4

-1.5

Cu pipe(28x1)

-1.6

-1.7

-1.8

log (Re)

Graph 1 showing log vs log Re for all three pipes

-1.2
0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

-1.25
-1.3

log()

-1.35
-1.4

1/2'' St galvanized pipe

-1.45
-1.5
-1.55
-1.6

log (Re)