Chemistry 221 (Quantitative Chemical Analysis)

Cal Poly Pomona, Spring Quarter 2008

Course Instructor !r" #ossein Ahma$%a$eh
&ues$ay ' &hurs$ay 1100 ' 11(0 am
)**ice hours +on$ay ' ,e$nes$ay -00 ' (00 pm .l$g" 8 /oom --0
Phone (101) 82130-14
53mail #ossein"Ahma$%a$eh67mail"com
/ecommen$e$ &e8t9oo:s
13 Quantitative Chemical Analysis 4
th
e$ition 9y #arris
23 ;un$amentals o* Analytical Chemistry 8
th
e$ition 9y S:oog, ,est, #oller,
an$ Crouch
-3 Analytical Chemistry< An Intro$uction 4
th
e$ition 9y S:oog, ,est, #oller,
an$ Crouch
03 Quantitative Analysis 2
th
e$ition 9y /" A" !ay, =/" an$ A" >" ?n$er@oo$
(3 Analytical Chemistry 9y >arry 7" #argis
7ra$ing Proce$ure
1" >ecture The class will meet for two formal lecture periods 50 minutes each on
Tuesdays and Thursday s from 11:00 am to 11:50 am. Readings and Problem sets will be
assigned at the end of each chapter. Although the homework assignments may not be
graded or collected but you are responsible to sol!e A>> the homework assignments and
discuss it with me during the office hours.
Course Contents
"eek Topics disscussed #hapter
1 Re!iew of $eneral #hemistry
The Analytical Process
%easurements
0
1
& Tools of %easurement
'(perimental 'rror
&
)
) *tatistics
#alibration %ethods
+
+ 1
st
hour e(am
#hemical ',uilibrium
5
5 #hemical ',uilibrium
Titration
-
.
- Acti!ity
*ystematic Treatment of ',uilibrium
/
0
. &
nd
hour e(am
%onoprotic Acid12ase ',uilibria 10
/ Polyprotic Acid12ase ',uilibria 11
0 Acid12ase Titrations 1&
10 '3TA Titrations
)
rd
hour e(am
1)
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 1
2" >a9oratory: *ee the 6aboratory $rading Procedure
-" 58ams an$ Aui%%es: There is a 51minute short ,ui5 at the beginning of each lecture.
A66 the ,ui55es start at 11:00 am sharp and end at 11:05 am sharp. The ,ui55es are
either a !ery simple concept that has been emphasi5ed in the pre!ious lecture or a !ery
simple calculation. 7 will use the ,ui55es as your attendance record.
There is a re!iew ,ui5 form $eneral #hemistry in the second week of the lecture
8April /
th
9. The topics that you will be tested includes stoichiometry concentrations the
mole concepts acids and bases titrations e,uilibrium as well as simple mathematical
operations 8:or e(ample: #hapters ) and + from #hemistry 5
th
edition written by
%c%urry :A;. Any other te(tbook in $eneral #hemistry that co!ers similar topics will
be ade,uate for this ,ui59.
03 7ra$ing:
6aboratory ))< 8see the 6ab $rading Procedure9
'(ams and ,ui55es -.<
Qui%%es .<
8=ui55es start at 11:00 am sharp9
7en" Chem" /evie@ Aui% 5<
8April /
th
> 11:00 am sharp)
1
st
#our 58am 15<
8April &&
nd
> 11:00 am sharp)
2
n$
#our 58am 15<
(%ay 15
th
> 11:00 am sharp)
-
r$
#our e8am (Comprehensive) &5<
(?niversity Calen$ar)
Total 100<
Bote: *ince this is an integrated course only one letter grade will be assigned for both
laboratory and lecture.
:inal letter grades will be assigned based on the following percentages:
00 ? 100 A -5 ? -0 #
/.1 /0 A
1
-0 ? -+ #
1
/& ? /- 2
@
5. ? 50 3
@
./ ? /1 2 5+ ? 5- 3
.+1 .. 2
1
50 ? 5) 3
1
.0 ? .) #
@
+0 and lower :
&a:e the *ollo@ing Aui% 9y ne8t time" It is the ?niversity Policy
on Plagiarism"
httpCC@@@"$sa"csupomona"e$uCDu$iciala**airsCplagAui%"asp
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh &
Chemistry 221 >a9oratory (Quantitative Chemical Analysis)
Cal Poly Pomona, Spring Quarter 2008
Course Instructor !r" #ossein Ahma$%a$eh
)**ice hours +on$ay ' ,e$nes$ay -00 ' (00 pm .l$g" 8 /oom --0
Chemistry 221 >a9oratory Program
&he goals o* the Chemistry 221C221> course are:
Technical competence
Anderstandable data collection and presentation
Ability to present reasoned conclusions based on the data
Ability to assess reliability of results
Ability to communicate all of the abo!e in written form
The laboratory work has been chosen in a way that it could be finished and no
e(tra time is re,uired. ;ou ha!e to be punctual because e!ery lab starts with a pre3la9
Aui% at the beginning of each lab. ;ou ha!e to clean your work area and lea!e the lab 10
minutes before the )1hour time of each lab.
%uch of the background information needed to perform successfully in the lab
can be found in the lab manual 8Quantitative Analysis >a9oratory +anual, C#+
221>, ,ritten 9y 7utni:ov, .et3Pera, an$ Scott9 and in the appendi( at the back of
the lab. manual as well as in your lecture notes and in se!eral te(tbooks a!ailable in the
library. 7t is strongly recommended 8both for the lecture and laboratory9 to consult at
least one of the following te(tbooks. These te(tbooks are !ery helpful for pre1lab
preparation writing lab reports and preparing for the lecture ,ui55es and e(ams.
13 Quantitative Chemical Analysis 4
th
e$ition 9y #arris
23 ;un$amentals o* Analytical Chemistry 8
th
e$ition 9y S:oog, ,est, #oller,
an$ Crouch
-3 Analytical Chemistry< An Intro$uction 4
th
e$ition 9y S:oog, ,est, #oller,
an$ Crouch
03 Quantitative Analysis 2
th
e$ition 9y /" A" !ay, =/" an$ A" >" ?n$er@oo$
(3 Analytical Chemistry 9y >arry 7" #argis
S:ills that you have to $evelop in this course
'ffecti!e time1management and multi1tasking 8ie how many things can
you do at one time9. :or e(ample for some e(periments you ha!e to
dissol!e your sample prepare the standards and do the titrations. 7f the
dissol!ing step is slow you could prepare the standards while your sample
is dissol!ing.
The ability to think about se!eral different facts or concepts
simultaneously and to !iew a method as a whole not as a collection of
recipe steps. This is the most important take1home message for each
e(periment.
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh )
The ability to critically reflect on data collected recogni5e and correct
problems in the lab.
Bbser!ation of all aspects of your e(periment.
Brgani5ation of information. This will be reflected in your la9oratory
note9oo:
Brgani5ation of your work space and e,uipment. 7t means how effecti!ely
you use your space and e,uipments.
5**ective reporting. %ost of your work will be graded based on your
report.
Preparation
Ade,uate preparation is essential for efficient work. At the beginning of each lab
the instructor will e(amine your pre1lab assignment for completion of the first three items
below and collect the pre1lab ,uestions" Eour pre3la9 assignment must 9e complete$
or you @ill not 9e allo@e$ to $o the e8periment. 'ach pre1lab includes:
An e(periment *lo@ chart 8in your notebook9.
Prela9 calculations including all dilutions and sample preparation
information 8in your notebook9. There will be a short discussion on the
calculation part at the beginning of each lab. 7f you are late the instructor
will not re!iew the calculation indi!idually. 7f you are working on the
prelab preparation before the day that you are doing the e(periment you
ha!e the chance of discussing the lab with your instructor.
+S!S the chemicals that will be used and their associated ha5ards
including a reference to where the information was found. 7f you are in
doubt about the safety of a #hemical consider it to(ic and carcinogen and
follow all the precautions.
;ou will hand in the flow chart ha5ards table and calculations with your
data sheets at the end of the lab.
Important Bote: There is a Aui% 8from your prelab preparation9 at
the 9eginning o* each la9" That ,ui5 will be considered as
your attendance proof. 7t means if you are late you are considered
CAbsentD for that day. 7f you are late once you may be allowed to work
on your e(periment and only your superb prelab preparation your skills
and an e(cellent report could change the CAbsenceD grade of the missing
pre1lab ,ui5.
Sample Preparation
Prepare most standards and samples at your own work space.
Any procedures in!ol!ing mineral acids the e!olution of corrosi!e or to(ic gases
or !olatile substances must be done in the fume hood.
"hen analy5ing your sample if possible a!oid using the entire sample. *ample
dilutions may be necessary to get the concentration in the same range as the
standard solutions used for calibration of an instrument. *ufficient sample should
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh +
be retained to perform such dilutions. &he instructor @ill give you the
un:no@ns only once" It is your responsi9ility to use it properly"
>a9oratory &echniAues
7n all chemistry laboratories ti$iness is important and particularly so in an
analytical laboratory.
Eeep all your apparatus clean and your bench tidy. "hen you ha!e finished
checking your e,uipment against the locker list wipe down the bench and have
your $ata signe$ 9y your instructor.
'!ery student must use the reAuire$ la9oratory note9oo: to record data and
obser!ations.
Stu$ents @ho *ail to pro$uce original $ata in their la9oratory note9oo: @hen
reAueste$ may receive a mar: o* %ero *or their report"
The laboratory is scheduled as a three hour la9. 7t is the responsibility of the
student to complete all e(perimental work within the time allotted. A penalty may
be applied to the lab mark for work done after three hours depending on the cause
of the delay.
At the end of each e(periment your instructor will check your work area. Antil it
is clean your data will not be !erified. "hen your area is acceptable the
instructor will sign and date your laboratory notebook.
Quality Control (QC) an$ +etho$ Fali$ation Program
A method of analysis needs to be e!aluated in order to pro!e that any results are
reliable. 2oth precision and accuracy need to be e!aluated.
Precision: 7n this course e(perimental uncertainty is calculated from triplicate 8or more9
samples. Ancertainty is not propagated from and through indi!idual steps but rather is
calculated as a whole 8from all steps9 from the final !alues of three repeated e(periments.
The only distinction that is sometimes made is to separate the contribution to uncertainty
from the instrument and from the other sources in the procedure. 84ow can you do thisF
"hat should you plan for in terms of data collection to make sure you can calculate thisF
#onsult your lecture notes.9
Accuracy: 7n this course your reported results for the unknown will be graded for the
Accuracy which is defined as how close your e(perimental results is to the real !alues.
Please note that poor method precision can also results in poor accuracy but this will be
ob!ious from the e!aluation of the method uncertainty.
58periment Sche$ule
The #hemistry &&1 laboratory program consists of about ten weeks of
e(perimental and related work. The e(act e(periments and dates for each student are
determined by the lab schedule which you ha!e already registered for. "hen you sign
up write down your locker number and the combination for the locker.
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 5
58periments Bo" o*
>a9
Perio$s
Points #ompletion
3ate
%1"
#ompletion
3ate
T1Th
I. *tatistical Analysis 1 &5 April &
nd
April 1
st

II" $ra!imetric 3etermination of
#alcium
& 100 April 0
th
April /
th

III" Acid. 2ase '(p. 3etermination
of pEa and :ormula "eight
1 100 April 1-
th
April 15
th

IF. p4 titration of %i(ed Alkali
(;ormal /eport)
) 100 @
50
April &/
th
April &5
th

F. 7odometric 3etermination of
Ascorbic Acid
& 100 %ay 5
th
%ay 1
st

FI" *pectrophotometric
3etermination of %n in *teel
& 100 %ay 1&
th
%ay /
th

6ab Practical *olution Preparation 1G) .5 %ay 1+
th
%ay 1)
th

FII" 7on '(change *eparation and
'3TA Titration of #o H :e (;ormal
/eport)
) 100 @
50
%ay &-
th
%ay &&
nd

FIII. 3etermination of "ater
4ardness using Atomic Absorption
& 100 Iune &
nd
%ay )0
th

IG" $as #hromatographic *eparation
of Alcohols
& 100 Iune 0
th
Iune 5
th

7>P 8$ood 6aboratory Practice9
e!aluation of the lab notebooks and
sign out
1 100 Iune 0
th
Iune 5
th

The lowest grade drops 8'(cept '(p.
7J and J779
1100
Total Possible Points 1000
A9senteeism
Registration in the lab re,uires your attendance for all the scheduled e(periments.
*tudents are normally only permitted to do e(periments in the section that they are
registered in at the times scheduledK all e(ceptions must be arranged through the 6ab
7nstructor. A student who anticipates missing a lab or a deadline is to contact the 6ab
7nstructor as far in ad!ance as possible. 7f there are appropriate grounds then re,uests to
wai!e late penalties or missed labs may be considered only once. 7f a lab or deadline is
missed for unforeseen circumstances contact the 6ab 7nstructor as soon as possible
afterwards. &here is no ma:eup la9s but the lowest grade from on e(periment 8e(cept
those e(periments with :ormal Report Re,uirements9 will be dropped.
All problems resulting from medical conditions must be supported by appropriate
documentations such that the nature and dates of the illness can be !erified 1 if you are
sick enough to miss a lab or deadline then you are sick enough to warrant e(amination
by a physician. *tudents must book makeup e(periments with the 6ab 7nstructor within a
week of the missed laboratory. 7ncomplete or missed e(periments usually result in a mark
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh -
of 5ero. '(periments not completed because of student error in the lab may be made up
with the permission of the 6ab 7nstructor if con!enient and subLect to the a!ailability of
the lab and e,uipment.
)ther 5ssential In*ormation
;ou are e(pected to read the laboratory manuals and be familiar with them
especially as it reflects on your lab techni,ue and report calculations. ;ou will lose many
marks if you choose not to read the lab manual carefully before coming to the lab.
>a9oratory Bote9oo:
The purpose of the lab notebook is to pro!ide a permanent record of the work
done. 7t must be sufficiently complete and clear that others shoul$ 9e a9le to repro$uce
your results solely *rom your la9 note9oo: and any references contained therein. "hen
lea!ing a Lob your lab notebook is the only thing you will lea!e behind. 7t doesnMt matter
how brilliant your work was if the people who are there after you 8or the lab instructor
marking you9 canMt decipher what you did or what results were obtained. 6ab notebooks
are also increasingly being used as legal documents in court cases. The lab notebook need
not be a work of art but must be complete clear comprehensible and easy to follow.
&he *ollo@ing in*ormation is to 9e recor$e$ in your note9oo: 9e*ore the la9 9egins
1" ;lo@chart o* the e8periment
2" Pre3la9 calculations
-" +S!S ta9le
Any other notes answers data or obser!ations should be also recorded in your lab
notebook during the time that you are in the lab and it should be initiali5ed by your
instructor. Any scrap paper in the lab will also be thrown in the garbage.
The notebook re,uired for #4%&&16 should be numbered carbonless1copy paper for
recording results and is a!ailable in the Ani!ersity 2ookstore. There are se!eral
!ariations out 8i.e. spiral side bound flip1up etc.9 and any is acceptable as long as it
is numbered carbonless copy paper. Clearly in$icate C#+ 221>", your name, course,
an$ sectionCla9 $ay on the cover o* the note9oo:"
3ate and initial pages as they are used. :ill in A66 of the information re,uired in
the headerGfooter bo(es of each page. Ase the table pro!ided on the inside co!er to record
your table of contents 1 which must be kept up to date. Title each e(periment and enter
the e(periment title in the table of contents. 'ach e(periment must pro!ide a reference for
the procedure used. Any additions andGor de!iations from the referenced procedure must
be noted under procedure.
Bote At the en$ o* the Auarter, you have to han$ in your la9oratory note9oo: to the
instructor" &he note9oo: @ill 9e gra$e$ *or 7>P (7oo$ >a9oratory Practice)" It @ill
not 9e given 9ac: to you, 9ut you coul$ chec: @ith the instructor to get some
*ee$9ac: on your 7>P s:ills"
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh .
!) !)BH&
5ntries 'nter all data legibly
3irectly record data into
the notebook in in:
3onNt record data etc. on scrap pieces of
paperK
lab instructors will confiscate scrap paper
5rrors 3raw a single line
through a mistake
1 you may later decide to
use it.
%ake a note as to why
the !alue is
being reLected.
3onNt erase scribble out or li,uid
paper any lab book entries.
3onNt obliterate or remo!e a lab book
entry in any manner. This will
reduce your e(periment mark to 5ero
!ata Record your data with
units in tabular form.
Tabulate number and
title all information
'nter data from spectra
chromatograms etc. in
tables in notebookK
submit originals with the
lab report.
3onNt reLect data without a !alid
reason.
"here data is suspect without a !alid
reason the =1test may be used
Ludiciously.
3onNt lea!e any page containing
data without 3ate and signature.
Calculations Prelab calculations
should be recorded in
your lab notebook.
Report calculations
should be recorded in the
resultsGdiscussion
sections of your lab
notebook.
Bote: "hen you report the results of your
e(periment you are allowed to recalculate if
you think the poor grade may be the result of
wrong calculations. ;our new grade will be
a!eraged with the old grade. ;ou ha!e to
submit your old report and the new report for
recalculation.
)9servations
Record your obser!ations during the e(periment at the time the o9servation is
ma$e. Bbser!ations are e(tremely important in interpreting your results and their
reliability and in troubleshooting any difficulties encountered. Record your obser!ations
in point form e(actly and concisely. 7f you follow all of the procedures in the $ood
6aboratory Practice 8$6P9 it is sufficient to state in your obser!ations that $6P was
followed. Any e8ceptions to $6P must be noted. #omment on all e,uipment used
including glassware 8did you use a pipet or graduated cylinderF "hat is an automatic
pipet or a !olumetric pipetF ;our notebook should tell the story9 balances and the actual
analytical instrument.
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh /
Item )9servations
Reagents
unknown
The unknown number or reagent name including physical state
color luster particle si5e !iscosity and odor 8record odor only i*
you happen to notice itK if in doubt consult your lab instructor9
2rand purity and lot number of all reagents date of preparation and
initials of manufacturer 8if labeled9
Reactions The effect when one substanceGsolution is added to another.
The fact that no reaction is obser!ed may be important.
An obser!ation that seems tri!ial or irrele!ant may later be
significant. 7t is better to record too many obser!ations than too few.
',uipment #ondition and ,uality of the apparatus used
7nstrument settingsGresponses
:or e(ample:
#urrent stability of the $# detector consistency of mercury flow
appearance of flame or furnace during operation any unusual noises
associated with the e,uipment
$lassware obser!ed to be clean or dirty 8if not perfectly clean then
clean itO9 7f you canNt for any reason e(plain whyK then estimate the
likely change 8i.e. come up with a number9 in precisionGaccuracy for
that solution.
Accidental spillage that may affect your results: as for glasswareK fi(
it if possible e(plain why if you canNt fi( it and estimate the likely
change in precisionGaccuracy accuracy of pipetting and dilutions
and estimated error reagent condition and possibility of
contamination
Sign3out
"hen the e(periment is complete and all work areas and apparatus ha!e been
cleaned then sign your data pages and ha!e your lab instructor initial the data and
obser!ations in your lab notebook as well as any spectra chromatograms etc. obtained
during the e(periment. ;ailure to have your signature an$ the initials o* the la9
instructor on all such material @ill result in a mar: o* %ero *or that e8periment"
"hen all the documentation and signing is complete then tear out the car9on
copies 8the sheets that ha!e #BP; printed across them9 of the data staple them together
and hand them in with your report.
;ormat o* a Chemistry 221 >a9oratory /eport
There are many different format and presentation re,uirements listed in this
section. These are designed to pro!ide ade,uate identification and e(planation of your
data and calculations. "rite #4% &&16 introduction to a hypothetical chemically literate
reader 8ie donNt assume that this reader has any e(perience with the e(periment or the
instrumentation used9. The reader must be able to understand your method the data your
calculations and your e(planationsGconclusions by accessing only the information and
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 0
references containe$ in the report. The full laboratory report outlined here is re,uired
whene!er the reporting section of an e(periment asks for a full laboratory report.
The carbon1copy of your data and obser!ations should be combined with your report.
Eou $o not nee$ to re3@rite your $ata an$ o9servations< ra@ $ata an$
o9servations @ill 9e mar:e$ 9ase$ on the car9on copy" ;ollo@ all gui$elines
regar$ing ta9le num9ers an$ titles in your ra@ $ataI The use of a word processor is
recommended howe!er e,uations can be written out by hand. ;ou must be able to write
reports to a specified format. :ormats differ from Lournal to Lournal and may also !ary
depending on the type of report written. The re,uired format is based on that re,uired by
the American Chemical Society 8e.g. for the Lournal of Analytical Chemistry9.
1. Pumber all pages consecuti!ely.
&. The report may be type$ or @ritten in in:. Po pencil is permitted e(cept for
diagrams and graphs.
). Ase pre!iously unused &1.5 ( &/.0 cm 8standard paper si5e9 paper. "rite on one
side only.
+. The pages must be securely bound together.
5. %ake sure that all recordings and other data sheets from instruments are labeled
as figures and are folded to fit the &1.5 ( &/.0 cm format. 3o not staple tape or
roll up recordings that are part of a report.
-. "hene!er such recordings are smaller than &1.5 ( &/.0 cm mount them on a
white unlined sheet of &1.5 ( &/.0 cm paper.
.. 'nsure that no information is obscured when recordings etc. are folded andGor
fastened into your report.
/. Peatness of presentation helps in attaining top marks.
Although the :ormat is only assigned a 5110< weighting this may be increased
where the report is so poorly written that it is incomprehensible. 7f the report is e(cellent
e(cept for the grammar and spelling 8but is still comprehensible9 it will still recei!e an
e(cellentG!ery good mark.
/eport sections
A9stract
7n two or three sentences sum up the essentials of the e(periment: what analytes
are being in!estigated by what method and in what sample using which instrument.
7nclude any chemical reactions sample preparation etc. in!ol!ed in the process. 7t is
!ery important to report on your *inal results in the abstract. :or e(ample #alcium ion
8#a
&@
9 was analy5ed using AA and the results for the unknown was (( ppm calcium.
Intro$uction
7n this section you ha!e to gi!e the readers thorough background information
related to the e(periment that you are doing. 7t is recommended to start the introduction
with a short paragraph e(plaining why the analysis of !itamin # for e(ample is
important. Then you may refer to #hemistry literature and introduce the analytical
techni,ues that could be used for the analysis. 7n the last two or three paragraphs at the
end of the introduction you ha!e to specifically discuss the method that is used for the
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 10
analysis. 7t is strongly recommended that you go to the library and print one article from
Analytical #hemistry Lournal and use it as an e(ample.
Proce$ure
Reference the laboratory manual properly and record de!iations from the
procedure in the laboratory manual using the past passi!e !erb form 8summari5ed from
your e(perimental notes and obser!ations9.
)9servations an$ !ata
;our instructor has the copy of your raw data and obser!ations 8;ou also ha!e a
copy in your notebook9. "hen you discuss your raw data refer to page numbers and table
numbers for crossreferenceGidentification. 7n addition to raw data you may also ha!e
spectra chromatograms etc.K include the original copy of these printouts in the report.
Clearly la9el spectra and chromatograms as figures. *ummari5e information in
appropriately labeled tables where!er possible. 3o not list all instrumental parameters on
e!ery spectrum chromatogram etc. 7t is sufficient to refer to the lab manual in the
procedure and note any de!iations. 7dentify the indi!idual spectra chromatograms etc.
according to the particular instrumental or e(perimental parameter8s9 being !aried. :or
e(ample the label Q:igure ) 1 #hromatogram for 1.0 R6 of unknown at 10 m6Gmin
carrier gas flow rateQ is sufficient when all other instrumental andGor e(perimental
parameters are unchanged.
Calculations
Pro!ide a sample calculation for each different calculation that was used in the
e(periment. The point here is that the marker must be able to follow how you
arri!ed at the numerical answers that you ha!e got. :or simple computer and
spreadsheet calculations pro!ide a sample calculation and summari%e the results
in a ta9le. 8A!oid printing in landscape format ...9.
2e e(plicit: *tate the ,uantity you are calculating and the data used.
*how symbolic e,uations for all calculations used define all terms and symbols
and al@ays inclu$e the correct units.
3onMt make assumptions about the definitions of symbols or terminology.
3o not include your rough work.
Proper statistical analysis is re,uired for each e(periment 8see *tatistics section in
#4%&&1 lecture notes9. Pote that to a certain e(tent this section may also be
partially combined with the !ata. 7t is usually con!enient to include the results of
some of the calculations in the same table as the data although sample
calculations must still be shown.
*how all calculations for error analysis 8for e(ample the s.d. of the instrument
signal e(pressed in concentration units9.
#alibration cur!es should be generated using '(cel or any other software that
you are familiar with and must be presented with no gridlines or shading in the
plot area. A regression analysis is not re,uired with the report but the e,uation
and R
&
!alue of the regression line should be included on your graph.
!iscussion
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 11
As a chemical professional your work may be used to help make decisions which
affect peopleMs li!es. 7n these days of watchdog and special interest groups litigation and
paranoia about science in general and chemistry in particular it is important to learn the
techni,ue of creating a comprehensi!e scientifically1sound case for the reliability 8or
lack thereof9 of your results. Therefore in the 3iscussion you must demonstrate your
ability to interpret data and e**ectively communicate your findings. 'ffecti!e
communication re,uires the pro!ision of sufficient facts and data in conte(t with logical
connections and conclusions. Always substantiate statements and conclusions. Pote that
you #APPBT discuss factors which were not obser!edOO References theory data
obser!ations etc. as needed to e(plainGsupport your statements. Page numbers and table
numbers are the easiest ways to refer to information.
To assess the reliability of your data and results you must apply your obser!ations and
your knowledge of the theory in proper interpretation of the data and thus arri!e at your
conclusions. #omplete an error analysis. #alculate or estimate the si%e and li:elihoo$ of
each potential error. Also note that your discussion of sources of error and reliability of
results must relate to your *inal calculate$ result. 7t is useless to discuss errors in
absorbance measurements without assessing the effect on the final calculated
concentration.
Pote that a conclusion *ollo@s the presentation of the e!idenceK donNt start with
the conclusion 8CThe results were accurateD9 but rather with the proof 8CThe calculations
from the *tudent t1test for the ,uality control sample showed that at the 05< confidence
le!el tcalc S ( is less 8greater than9 than ttab S y. Therefore the results from the
e(periment are statistically confirmed to be accurate.D9 "hen writing the discussion try
to tell a storyK separate the factors which affect precision from those that affect accuracy
and discuss them separately.
Questions that your $iscussion shoul$ a$$ress
'ach lab e(periment in #4% &&16 has a problem outlined at the beginning of the
e(periment. ;our report discussion must answer the ,uestions posed at the end of
each e(periment and should also reflect your solution to the problem presented.
2e aware that because of the problem1based nature of the labs each lab now has a
defined application based conte(t. Therefore your discussions should be presented
in a way that reflects that conte(t. :eel free to be a little creati!e as long as all
,uestions are answered completely and all other re,uired sections are present and
formatted correctly.
;our discussion will need to address se!eral key issues. '!ery written report will
be an attempt to con!ince a reader what your results were how significant and
what they mean.
"ith this in mind you will be addressing the following broad topics:
1. Information on the Instrumental Analysis. This information should come
from a reliable reference and should include ad!antages and disad!antages of the
analysis as well as discussion of some analytical figures of merit 1 numbers that gi!e an
idea of the typical sensiti!ity linear range and precision that you would e(pect from the
analysis.
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 1&
&. Reliability of Experimental Results. 7nclude comments on the precision and
accuracy of your ,uantitati!e results for the unknown sample8s9 you analy5ed as well as
your =# results and any spikes if you ha!e done it. ;our statements should be backed up
by appropriate numbers from your data processing and calculations. Precision should be
discussed in general as well as the relati!e magnitude from the preparation of the
samples !ersus the instrumental precision 8how might this be accomplishedF9. Accuracy
discussion can be collated from different sources such as the =# and the spike8s9. :or the
=# it can be determined if there is a statistical difference between the true
and e(perimental !alues. 3o your results agree with the e(pected results based on the
theory you used for sectionF
). Sources and Effects of Errors. "hat were the maLor sources of error obser!edF
'!en if your precision and accuracy are acceptable you can still comment on the maLor
sources of error in the e(periment. Remember nearly e!ery error that has a conse,uence
can be obser!ed so make sure you ha!e recorded obser!ations in your notebook that
back up this discussion. And in nearly e!ery e(periment there will be some error so make
sure you write down lots of obser!ations when you are in the labO 4ow did the !arious
sources of error affect your results both indi!idually and collecti!elyF i.e. did they cause
your results to be high or low and by how muchF 3id they affect precisionF 3oes any of
this agree with the magnitude and type of error you obser!edF "hat are possible
interferences in the analysisF 4ow does the method pre!ent or reduce the possibility of
interferenceF
Bote: Points number & and ) are the most hea!ily weighted for the discussion marks as
they deal with your interpretation of your actual e(perimental work. There is no set limit
for how long a 3iscussion should be as it can !ary from e(periment to e(periment.
4owe!er it is unlikely that you will be able to co!er all of the re,uirements in less
than two pages. The 3iscussion is complete when you ha!e included all necessary
information 8as listed in the ,uestions at the end of each e(periment9.
Conclusion
Remember that the #onclusion relates to the point of the e(periment. 'nd each
report with a #onclusion section that states clearly and concisely the unknown number
the results obtained 8@ith proper units, an$ to the correct num9er o* signi*icant
*igures9 and the uncertainty both absolute and relati!e. :or e(ample: The concentration
of %anganese in the *teel sample T(y5 was found to be 0.0/< R*3 S 5<.
Also include brief comments a$$ressing the relia9ility o* the results.
/e*erences
All information from e(ternal sources must be referenced. A guideline for the
style to be used is pro!ided on the Analytical #hemistry Iournal website. #orrectly
reference all material used including the lab manual and your notebook. References are
to be consecuti!ely numbered in the report with the actual references in this section at the
endK do not footnote references in the report. A software such as U'ndnoteD is
recommended but not re,uired for this course.
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 1)
/esults /eport Sheets
#omplete the report sheet for each e(periment and attach it to the lab report that
you hand in. A66 /5P)/&5! /5S?>&S +?S& .5 C)BSIS&5B&. The numbers on
your results sheet must be the same as those recorded in your lab notebook and the
written report. 'nsure that all the re,uired information is present on the results report
sheet. 7t is this sheet that is used for the determination of marks for accuracy and
precision. %arks will be deducted for missing information incorrect units and significant
figures etc. *ince these results report sheets account for a substantial portion of your lab
mark take care that they are correctly filled out.
Su9mission o* C#+ 221>a9 /eports
'ach report is due at the beginning of the lab period of the week following its
completion. The penalty for a late report is &5< off the total mark of the e(periment
including results. 7f the report is more than one week late a mark of 5ero will be gi!en
for the report. Any material not recei!ed after the final submission dates gi!en abo!e will
be counted as a 5ero in calculating the lab grade.
/esults Quality
;our e(perimental results will be marked for ,uality accuracy and precision
9ase$ primarily on the in*ormation recor$e$ in the results report *orm. The results
for most e(periments are worth &0 percent of the report mark. The e(ceptions include the
'(periment + 8Potentiometric Titration of %i(ed Alkali9 '(periment . 87on1'(chnage
#hromatographic *eparation of #obalt and 7ron9 where the results are worth +0< of the
report mark.
5valuation o* 7>P: were all areas of $6P followed during the e(periment
accuracy and precision of ,uality control results
accuracy and precision of unknown results
Per*ormance 5valuation (P5)
;our report marks will count for 00< of your final ,uarter grade. The other 10<
will come from a performance e!aluation gi!en by your 7nstructor. 4alf way through the
,uarter you will recei!e some feedback P' 8Preliminary '!aluation9 letting you know
what grade you are heading for and where any potential problems might lie. This should
gi!e you time and direction to impro!e if you desire.
&he P5 gra$es @ill 9e 9ase$ on the *ollo@ing chart"
) 5 . 10
A
Prelab work Pot done Poor effort $oodGBE Jery goodG'(cellent
2
Brgani5edF %ore planning needed "orking to
the
minimum
le!el too
often
:ollows
se,uentially
through
procedure
#onscientious
organi5ed and
attenti!e
#
#ommunicating
with the
Asks irrele!ant
,uestions BR ne!er
Asks lots of
,uestions
Asks reasonable
and
Always asks
thoughtful
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 1+
7nstructorF asks ,uestions but
needs to.
1 some of
them
superficial
BR doesnNt
ask enough
,uestions.
rele!ant
,uestions
,uestions
3
*kill le!el in
the labF
6ow skill le!el and
3oesnNt seek help
6ow skill
le!el but
seeks
ad!ice
%oderately
skilled
Technically e(tremely
competent
'
Anderstanding
directionsF
#annot follow !erbal
or written directions
ade,uately
4as
difficulty
following
written
directions
but BE
with !erbal
support
#ompetent at
following
directions
most of the time
#an follow directions
precisely
:
6ab
cleanlinessF
',uipment left on or
out in the lab.
*amplesGsolutions left
in lab after end of
e(periment
$lassware
cleaned but
still left out
samples
not stored
properly
"aste treated
and
disposed of
properly
samples stored
properly but not
labeled
completely
All waste treated and
disposed of properly
glassware cleaned
and put away
samples treated and
disposed of
by the end of each
e(periment
$
*afety
awarenessF
Po clue no safety
glassesO
%essy but
getting
there
$enerally
diligent but
innocent of the
specific nastiesO
:ully aware of the
%*3* information
and
concerned for those
working close by.
4
Recepti!e to
new ideasF
Anrecepti!e to
suggestions for
impro!ements
Reluctant to
consider
other ways
Bpen minded
but not
discriminating
Bpen minded and
discerning
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 15
Ani!ersity "riting #enter #al Poly Pomona
,hat Is JPlagiarismKL
Americans belie!e that ideas and written e(pressions of ideas can be owned.
Thus to use words and ideas without gi!ing the author credit is to steal them.
Americans also belie!e that writing is a !isible concrete demonstration of a writerNs
knowledge insight and academic skill and that to represent another personNs writing as
your own is to misrepresent your own accomplishments. This is a type of fraud or
deception. :or these reasons most uni!ersities ha!e !ery specific policies about
plagiarism. #al Poly PomonaNs policy is typical:
Plagiarism is intentionally or knowingly presenting words ideas or work of others
as oneNs own work. Plagiarism includes copying homework copying lab reports
copying computer programs using a work or portion of a work written or created by
another but not crediting the source using oneNs own work completed in a pre!ious class
for credit in another class without permission paraphrasing anotherNs work without
gi!ing credit and borrowing or using ideas without gi!ing credit. 8#atalog #al Poly
Pomona &00110& p. 509.
7nstances of suspected plagiarism are reported to the Bffice of Iudicial Affairs.
$enerally in the first instance the student is put on probation for one year. 7n the second
instance the student is suspended for at least two ,uarters not Lust from #al Poly
Pomona but from all #*A campuses and his or her name is placed in a permanent file
for Academic 3ishonesty. The third instance ends the studentNs career at #al Poly
Pomona 8and any other campus in the #*A system9. 4owe!er there are a number of
different types and degrees of plagiarism.

&ype I Plagiarism ;rau$ulently &a:ing Cre$it *or Someone 5lseHs ,or:
Action: A student puts his or her name on a paper that was written by someone else and
turns it in to the professor.
*ome students download a paper from the internet. Bthers buy a paper from a
Cresearch ser!ice.D *ome get a paper from a friend who took the course before.
These students are committing fraud.
Academic fraud hurts e!eryone in!ol!ed including the other students in the
course who didnNt plagiari5e.
7t is easy for professors to catch internet plagiarism through search engines and
anti1plagiarism ser!ices such as CTurnitin.com.D
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 1-
/esult: 7f a student does this and gets caught he or she will probably get an C:D for the
paper or the course and will be reported to the Bffice of Iudicial Affairs for in!estigation
and disciplinary proceedings.

&ype II Plagiarism &he JPasticheK
Action: A student copies paragraphs from different sources and puts them together in one
paper creating a Cpastiche.D
A CpasticheD is a written composition made up of selections of other works.
The internet makes it easy to assemble a CpasticheD by grabbing an electronic
paragraph here and another paragraph there and pasting the whole collection of
paragraphs together in a word processor.
7n many cases the styles clash and it is easy for a reader to detect that different
writers wrote different paragraphs.
Although the CwriterD has done some searches read some articles and selected
some material such a paper is more like research notes than a research paper.
Although ,uotation marks block ,uotes and accurate documentation will pre!ent
accusations of plagiarism to produce a good paper the writer needs to take the
research process a step farther by synthesi5ing the material and paraphrasing
much of it in his or her own words.
7t is easy for the professor to find the sources of the different passages by using
internet search engines.
/esult: 7f the sources are documented the instructor may ask the student to rewrite the
paper and resubmit it. Btherwise the student may be sent to the Bffice of Iudicial
Affairs.

&ype III Plagiarism Improper Paraphrasing
Action: A student submits a paper that does not copy the original sources but is !ery
close to the sources in style and word choice.
*ome students copy the passage and then try to substitute new words in the same
sentence structure. The result has the same grammatical structure as the original
with some of the words changed.
Bthers will keep the same words but reorgani5e the sentence structure perhaps
re1ordering the sentences at the same time.
Peither of these approaches same structure but different words or same words
but different structure is sufficient to a!oid plagiarism but each is a step in the
right direction.
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 1.
The best way to paraphrase material is to read it carefully put it aside so you canNt
look at it and try to write down the ideas in your own words. 7f you canNt do that
you probably donNt really understand the ideas.
/esult: 7f the writer is trying to make these sorts of transformations and documents the
sources it is unlikely that the instructor will accuse him or her of plagiarism although the
instructor may suggest that the writer is too dependent on the sources for language and
sentence structure.
Avoi$ing All &ypes o* Plagiarism
4ere are some key points for a!oiding plagiarism:
*tart early so you ha!e plenty of time to do the research and write the paper.
:ind out what documentation system your instructor wants and use it to inform
your reader of the sources of all of your information. %6A and APA are the most
common documentation styles. 3ocumentation is the key to a!oiding accusations
of plagiarism.
7f an idea or fact is not common knowledge it must be documented.
Eeep accurate notes on all sources of information including internet sources.
Ase ,uotation marks around any passages that are in the e(act words of the
source.
"hen you paraphrase a source change both the sentence structure and the words.
7f you follow these guidelines you wonNt ha!e to worry about plagiarism.
#4% &&1 3r. 4ossein Ahmad5adeh 1/