CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
AGR 358
ESTATE LAND SURVEY
Relative
position
of points
Art
[Cartography]
Science
[Measurement science]
Technology
Definitions
NHW
Science, art and technology of making
measurement on the relative position of
the natural and man made features on
the earth surface and presentation of
this information either graphically or
numerically.
Definition
Survey classes
Aim of survey
i. Plane Survey
ii. Geodetic Survey

Use of survey equipment
i. Prismatic Compass
ii. Automatic Level
iii. Total Station
iv. GPS
Types of Survey
Engineering Survey
Topographic Survey
Cadastral survey
Hydrographic Survey
Astronomy
Global Positioning System
Photogrammetry survey
Remote Sensing
Mining survey
Geological survey

o Engineering Survey

Basic requirements before any design and
engineering works begins.(Architects and
Engineers)
Survey measurements are link to survey
marks such as boundary marks, control
survey marks, bench marks, triangulation
and GPS monuments and etc which have
horizontal and vertical control(X,Y,Z)


o Cadastral Survey
Survey for land administration
For the issue of land titles that includes
strata and stratum titles.


Hydrographic Survey
Uses production of nautical and
bathymetry charts, construction and port
maintenance.



Topographic Survey
Measuring the relief, roughness, or 3-D
earth's surface.
Locations of man-made and natural
features.
Entire information is plotted, called
topographic maps
Geodetic Survey
Survey to determine the shape of the earth
with the use of precise equipment



Astronomy
Use to determine azimuth, for control
purpose.
Photogrammetry
Use of aerial photographs to produce maps
Basic Principles of Land Surveying
i. To determine the position of points on the
surface of the earth.
ii. To determine the quantity such as distances,
areas and volume.


Taking a general view
To obtain an overall picture of what is
required before measurements.
The Process of Surveying
Observation and Measurement
To determine the relative position and sizes of
artificial and natural features.
The Process of Surveying
Presentation
Data presented in a form which allows the
information to be clearly interpreted and
understood by others.

A plan shows all details reduced proportionally
and is used mostly for development purposes.

A map is drawn to a
much smaller scale
at which it is
impossible to show
all detail clearly at
the same scale.

Land Survey Equipments

MEASUREMENTS
The application of a device or
apparatus for the purpose of
ascertaining an unknown quantity.

An observation made to determine
an unknown quantity.
Characteristics of Measurements:

No measurements are exact.
A measurement is always subject to error.

Kinds of Measurements:
Direct use instruments
Indirect by calculations
Direct Linear Measurement

Scale represents the amount of reduction

compared to the distances represented on
the earth's surface. Without a scale, a map is
not a map, it is a diagram.
The scale of a map is usually represented in
one of three ways:
Representative Fraction (RF)
Word Scale
Graphic Scale
Representative Fraction (RF)
To display a scale as a representative
fraction, identical units must be used.
A RF scale of 1:24000 means:
One inch on the map equals 24000 inches on the
ground, OR
One centimeter on the map equals 24000
centimeters on the ground.

A word scale equates units measured on the
map with some larger unit of measure on the
ground.
One Inch to Five Miles or
One Centimeter to Three Kilometers
Easier to perceive than the RF scale
Harder to convert units of measure
400 miles
Conversion between a statement and
a representative fraction
You must get each side of the scale into
same units, for example:
Convert 1 cm to 1 km into RF
1 cm = 1000m = 100,000 cm
RF = 1:100,000

Convert 1:250,000
1 cm to 250,000 cm = 2500m = 2.5 km
Scale is 1 cm to 2.5 km

Large > 1:70,000
Medium = 70,000 to 400,000
Small < 1:400,000
PRECISION VERSUS ACCURACY
The objective of the surveyor is to make
measurements that are both precise and
accurate.
Precision refers to the degree of
consistency between measurements
and is based on the size of the
discrepancies in a data set.
Accuracy is a measure of the absolute
nearness of the measured quantity to
its true value.
Definition
An error is a difference from a true value
caused by the imperfection of a persons
senses, equipment, or weather effects.

Errors cannot be eliminated but can be
minimized by careful work, combined with
the application of certain numerical
corrections.
Definition
A mistake (blunder) is a difference from a
true value caused by the inattention of the
surveyor.
For example, misreading (6 or 9),
misrecording (6 or 8), miscalculate or
erroneous in booking.
This carelessness can be eliminated by
careful checking
Instrumental errors
Caused by imperfections in instrument
construction or adjustment.
Natural errors
Caused by changing conditions in the
surrounding environment.
Personal errors
Caused by limitations in human senses and
manual dexterity.