10-50 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

Silo
The silo holds preserved green feed for the stock. A silo is a cylindrical
tank, usually 20 feet to 40 feet high, with an attached chute containing a
ladder. A 100-watt incandescent lamp, mounted at the top of the chute,
will supply illumination both in the silo and on the ladder. If mounted at
the top of the chute, it should be tilted slightly toward the side of the silo
so that it provides some light in the interior of the tank.
Farm Shops
Farms usually have a small workshop, a larger work shop for rough work
on large machinery, and a machinery shed. The lighting of the small shop
in which a work bench, forge, anvil, grindstone, and similar tools are
located should follow industrial-lighting practice, with special care taken
to see that individual machines located against the wall are supplied with
light by local luminaires. The large shop and machinery shed should be
lighted as storage spaces, unless the fanner performs difficult visual tasks
in these rooms.
OFFICE LIGHTING
Seeing tasks in an office include the exacting ones of reading fine print,
faint and blurred typing, and pencilled stenographic notes. Furthermore,
many office workers use their eyes continuously throughout the working
hours for these critical seeing tasks. Many factors in addition to the kind,
arrangement, and number of light sources contribute to the seeing con-
ditions. These include color and size of the paper used and the characters
on it ; contrast between paper and characters ; and the reflectance and color
of desk tops, office machines, furniture, walls, ceiling, and floor.
Seeing conditions should be appropriate not only for workers having
normal vision but also for those having defective vision. In many cases
there is a possibility that the work or seeing task may be simplified. Type
sizes encountered in offices range from 6-point to 12-point. The latter
(larger size) is preferable. Paper of high reflectance and dull (mat) finish
provides the best contrast with dark characters. The physical proportions
of certain forms, ledgers, and books may affect the visual task; the use of
ink rather than pencil for notes and order forms usually is helpful. The use
of convenient furniture which permits and encourages good posture may
simplify the lighting problem. One difficult seeing task results from the
use of large numbers of carbon copies prepared from worn-out carbon
paper on low-reflectance copy paper.
Quantity of Illumination
In general, the more exacting the visual task, the higher the quality
and the quantity of illumination must be supplied for the same ease of
seeing. The illumination levels provided for tasks such as encountered in
drafting, designing, bookkeeping, and office-machine operation (i.e., long
periods of work on fine detail) should be higher than those provided for