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OG8f]–g]kfn ls/fFtL efiffx¿

ljut, ;dsfnLg kl/j]z / ef]lnsf r'gf}tLx¿

Nffn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf s[lt M OG8f]–g]kfn ls/fFtL efiffx¿


kLPr8L,PdP,PdP ljut, ;dsfnLg kl/j]z / ef]lnsf r'gf}tLx¿

;fydf k|sfzsM ls/fFtlj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg


jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f sf7dfG8", g]kfn
PdP,PdP,jLP8
cd/ t'Dofxfª
PdP8 k|yd ;+:s/0f M @))* -!!@(÷@)^%÷on] yf]r] %)^*_
;jf{lwsf/ M n]vsdf
lhNbf snf sG;]K6 / l8hfOgM ofof]Svf Sofn]G8/, nfn /fkrf /
nf]slk|o vgfn
;+:yfg nf]uf] sG;]K6 / l8hfOgM nfn /fkrf, pQd sfltrf / ;dL/ d'lvof
sDKo'6/ 6fOlkª / ;]l6ª M nfn /fkrf / nf]slk|o vgfn
www.lnkhanal.com.np

ISBN: 9789937209946

d'b0| fM d]3f ckm;]6 k|];, k'tnL;8s, sf7dfG8"

c? efiffx¿df cg'jfb nufot of] s[ltsf] ;jf{lwsf/ n]vsdf ;'/lIft ul/Psf]


ls/fFtlj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg 5 . ;fy} lg?k0f / cGo cg';GwgfTds p4/0f afx]s of] k':tssf] s'g} klg efu
n]vssf] cg'dltj]u/ kmf]6f]slk jf k'gMk|sfzg ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
sf7dfG8", g]kfn
g]kfndf k|sflzt
:jLsf/f]QmL Acknowledgements
;j{ky| d of] cg';GwgfTds sfo{sf] yfngL O{=@))% sf] l8;]Da/lt/} z'?
;dk{Gf u/]sf] eP klg ljljw jfwfc8\rgx¿n] ubf{ o;n] la6 dfl/g'sf]nflu O{=@))*
n';f -?S;f_, Plgdf]g, Pl/:6f]rf, gfod -gfOdf_, k';fg, cd'xfª / ;'lDgdfsf vflt/ cS6f]a/sf] z'?;Dd g} s'g{' k/\of] . of] tLg aif]{cjlw cfk\mg} ana'tfdf u'h|g' sd
h;n] of] Ps ls/fFtL hflt, ax'–efiff / ax'–;F:s[ltsf] gf;f]nfO{ ef]ln klg hf]ufO /fVg] r'gf}tLk"g{ lyPg . nueu of] cjlwel/ g} ls/fFtL efiffx¿ tyf ;flxTodf ;fy}
5g\ý ;fy} Ps hflt ls/fFtL ax'–efiff ax'–;F:s[ltsf cfufdL ;x;| ;Gtltx¿df pgLx¿sf] ;dfh–dfgjzf:qLo, P]ltxfl;s, nf]s;flxTo / lrgf/L cflb kS5]x¿df
z'ecflzifsf ;fy dg dl:tisdf /f]kL lbPsf 5f}+ . pgLx¿k|lt g} of] gdcfs'/l\ dbf]vf g]kfn nufPt cGt//fli6«o d'n'sx¿df ePsf] ;"rgf ;+sng sfo{ Hofb} sl7g lyof] .
cg';GwgfTds s[lt ;'Dk]sf 5f}+ . ;+3if{s} bf}8fgdf x'Daf]N6 l:6k\m6'ª÷kmfpG8];g, hd{gLn] h'nfO{ @))* b]lv h'g @))(
;Ddsfnflu cg';Gwfg ljåtj[lQ k|bfg u/\of] . cg';Gwfg k|f]hS] 6 cufl8 a9fpg' /
*************************************************
of] tLg aif]{ cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ la6dfg'{ kg]{ of] ;'gf}nf] cj;/ g} lyof] .
;fy}
ls/fFtL efiff, ;flxTo, Oltxf; / wd{–;F:s[ltsf t]h:jL k'vf{–;f/yLx¿ of] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ kmfpG8]O;g / of] k|flKtnfO{ ;fy–;xof]u ug'{ x'g]
l;l/hªufxfª y]a], nfn;f]/ ;]Gbfª, Odfg P; r]Dhf]ª, cfb/gLo ljåfgx¿ k|f=8f=gf]jn ] lszf]/ /fO{, k|f=lgd{ndfg t'nfwf/, slj–pkGof;sf/
kmfNu'gGb lnªb]g, nf;fxfª, afhxfª lnDa", cd'; cf/jL ?hlrf–d'lvof, tyf ;dfnf]rs 8LjL u'?ª / ;x–k|f=lji0f' P; /fO{ ;fy} o'lgel;{6L cj\ nfOklr;,
gf/d'lg y'nª ' , a'l4sg{ s]afª–/fo, b]jLa|]e h]FMltrf, hd{gLsf cflyTo–k|fWofks k|f=8f=afNyf;f/ las]nk|lt cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .
sg{ae |] h]FMltrf / cyfx ls/fFtL ;lxb k'vf{x¿nfO{ a]|dg] , hd{gLdf hGd]/ aln{gnfO{ sd{ynf] agfpFb} cfPsL clg lxdfnog efiff
;Demgf cf} cfb/ :j?k o;nfO{ kl/of]hgf, b g]b/NofG8;\dfk{mt\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff–Jofs/g cg';Gwfgdf hLjg
ofa|] nuf df r9fPsf 5f}+ . ck]{sL 8f=8f]6{ af]/r
\ ;{n] k'/\ofPsf] ;xof]usf]nflu klg wGojfb glbO /xg ;Sb}gf}+ .
o;} u/L l/;r{ OlG:6Ro'6 km/\ ls/fFtf]nf]hL cyf{t\ ls/fFtlj1fg cWoog
********************************
Books are the windows through which the soul looks outside.
;+:yfg, sf7dfG8"sf ;Dk"g{ cg';Gwftf l6dnfO{ klg of] sfo{ cl3 a9fpg k'/o\ fPsf]
A home without books is a room without windows. ;xof]usf]nflu xfdL wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . t]h gfl5l/ª -xfn Soflnkmf]lg{of,
No man has right to bring up his/her children cd]l/sf_, u0f]z åf¥jf/fªrf–/fO{, jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f, cd/ t'Dofxfª, /fdhL
without surrounding them with books sf]ª/]g, >Ls'df/ k'df, sNkgf of]G8fxfª, lji0f' P; /fO{, dgf]h af]nfgf, sdn
If s/he has no means to buy them,
it is wrong to his/her family. yf]lSnxfª, ljqmd Oªjfaf, of]u]z h]?ª, ;[hgf–nf]lk| d'lnrf–;'gj' f/, ;'s'
?DbfnL, dgf]h lba'/r \ f, t]h lba'/r\ f cflbn] 6Lsfl6KkgLdf tyf :jf8]z 8]O6f
******************************** /]lS6kmfOdf k'/o\ fpg' ePsf] ;xof]u clt sb/of]Uo 5 .
Books are good enough in their own way, but they are a mighty bloodless
substitute for life.
k'df l5Gtfª 8So'dG] 6]Ozg k|f]hS] 6 -;LkL8LkL_, OlG:6Ro'6 km/\
Robert Louis Stevension, Virginibus Puerisque lnªu'Ol:6S;\, o'lgel;{6L cj\ nfOklr; 6Ldsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;fy tyf xf};nf
********************************
cljid/gLo 5 . sf7dfG8"df xfd|f sDKo'6/ k|fljlws ;xofqL nf]slk|o vgfnsf]
xfdL;Fusf] r'gf}tLk"g{ ofqf klg cljid/gLo g} 5 .

# cS6f]a/ @))*, z'qmjf/


ljyf]ljg :6«L6–!%
o'lgel;{6L cj\ nfOklr;
nfOklr; )$!)&
8f]PrnfG8 -hd{gL_
3
ljifo–;"rL @=( ls/fFtL–vflnª !)@–!!%!
@=!) ls/fFtL–ls/fjf -afGtfjf_ !!^–!$#
:jLsf/f]QmL 3 @=!! ls/fFtL–sf]FOr !$$–!((
k|oQ' m cfWogfd, lrGx / ;+If]k ?kx¿ em @=!@ ls/fFtL–s'n'ª @))–@@*
gSzfx¿ `–6 @=!# ls/fFtL–sf]o" @@(–@$!
lkmu;{ 6 @=!$ ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª @$@–@%@
cg';r " Ls ^!^ @=!% ls/fFtL–d]jfxfª @%#–@^# !
cg';r " Lv ^!( @=!^ ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª @^$–@&&
cg';r " Lu ^@# @=!& ls/fFtL–g]jfxfª @&*–@*^
k|fSsyg 7 @=!* ls/fFtL–k'df -/sf]ª_ @*&–#))
n]vsx¿sf] lrgf/L ^)(–^!% @=!( ls/fFtL–/f8' -jfDa'n_] #)!–#@(
;|i6f–;"rLM ;Dkfbs, n]vs tyf lgdf{tfx¿ ^@$–^#& @=@) ls/fFtL–/b' -b'dL_ ##)–#$*
hg{n;"rLM s]xL kqklqsf, a'nl] 6g tyf d'vkq ^#*–^#( @=@! ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' -rflDnª_ #$(–#&#
s]xL xf]dk]h jf j]a ;fO6x¿ ^$) @=@@ ls/fFtL–;fDkfª #&$–#*#
cWofo Ps @=@# ls/fFtL–ltn'ª #*$–#*(
cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld !–!& @=@$ ls/fFtL–y'n'ª #()–$)(
!=) kl/ro ! @=@% ls/fFtL–ofSvf $!)–$@*
!=! ;d:of @ @=@^ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª $@(–$&&
!=!=! ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] klxrfg / juL{s/Gf @ @=@& ls/fFtL–ofDk"m÷k]m $&*–$*%
!=!=@ P]ltxfl;s sfnvG8sf] juL{s/Gf & ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ;fdfGo ljz]iftfx¿ / ;femf lnlk $*^–$**
!=@ p2]Zo & cWofo tLg
!=# dxTj * a]gfd Snfgf]lgdx¿ / ;fd"lxs u|Gy–;"rL $*(–$((
!=$ cWoog l;dfÍg *
!=% ljlw, efiff, z}nL / lxHh] !) #=! a]gfd ls/fFtL Snfgf]lgd kl/ro $*(
;Gbe{–;"rL !! #=@ ckl/xfo{ l6kf]6 $(@
#=# ls/fFtL ;fd"lxs u|Gy–;"rL $(@
cWofo b'O{
ls/fFtL efiffx¿ / ;flxTosf] :jklxrfg !*–$** cWofo rf/
;efg] / bf]efif] ;fdu|Lx¿ %))–%#%
@=! ls/fFtL–cf7k/] !(–##
@=@ ls/fFtL–afo'ª -aflxª_ #$–%) $=! nf]ssyf÷cWoog %))
@=# ls/fFtL–a]nxf/] %!–%( $=@ nf]s;flxTo–dfgjzf:qLo cWoog %)!
@=$ ls/fFtL–l5lnª -5'nª' _ ^)–^% $=# uLltsfJo %)!
@=% ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª ^^–&^ $=$ sljtf;+ux| %)!
@=^ ls/fFtL–b'ªdf-nL_ &&–*@ $=% gf6s %)@
@=& ls/fFtL–xfo' *#–(#! $=^ pkGof; %)@
@=* ls/fFtL–h]?ª ($–!)! $=& efiff–;+:sf/, wd{–;F:s[lt tyf rf8 %)@

ª r
$=* efiff tyf Oltxf; %)$ cWofo ^
$=( ls/fFtL hflt / snf–;+uLt lrgf/L %)% efiffnf]k, ;+/S5]Gf / ;+j4{gsf pkfox¿ efiffgLlt tyf of]hgf %()–^)!
$=!) efiff÷zAb;+ux| %)%
$=!! uLlt Sof;]6 kqklqsf÷hg{nx¿ %)^ ^=) efiffnf]ksf] kl/ro %()
$=!@ kqklqsf÷hg{nx¿ %)^ ^=! ls/fFtL efiffx¿ nf]k x'gs' f sf/Gfx¿ %(#
$=!# cgnfOg ;flxTo %)^ ^=!=! eflifs gLlt / of]hgf %(# !
$=!$ ls/fFtL÷cfhhf efiffx¿sf] ;du| Oltxf;÷cWoog %)& ^=!=@ dft[efifLsf] Go'g ;xeflutf %($
$=!% ls/fFtL÷cfhhfx¿sf] hftLo–eflifs–;fF:s[lts / sfg'gL d'bb\ fx¿ %)( ^=@ efiff ;+/S5]Gf, ;Da4{gsf pkfo / of]hgf %($
$=!^ h}ljs ljljwtf tyf cflbjf;L d'2f %)( ^=@=) efiff, zflGt / ljsf; %($
$=!& cflbjf;L efiff–hg;+Vof cWoog %)( ^=@=! /fi6« efiffx¿sf] klxrfg / lgwf{/g %(%
$=!* lgrf]8 %!) ^=@=@ /fi6«efiffx¿sf] ;+/rgfut of]hgf %(%
;Gbe{;r " L %!) ^=@=# 5]q lj:tf/sf] k|of]ufTds of]hgf %(^
^=@=#=! ;Grf/df dft[efiff %(^
cWofo kfFr ^=# efiff–;flxTo k|lti7fg %(*
cWoogsf] P]ltxfl;s t'ngf %#^–%*( ^=$ lzS5fdf dft[efiffx¿sf] k|of]u %(*
^=% dft[efiff lzS5]sx¿sf] lgo'lQm tyf k|lzS5]g %(*
%=! ;dfgtfsf] vf]hL %#& ^=% cgf}krfl/s lzS5f dft[efiff %((
%=@ cWoog l;dfª\sg %$) ^=^ ls/fFtL tyf cfhhf efiffx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; %((
%=# cWoog ljlw %$! ^=& kfljs]df cfhhf efiffljz]ifUosf] lgo'lQm %((
%=$ t'ngfTds cWoogsf] dxTj %$@ ^=* lgrf]8 ^))
%=%=! ;dWjGofTds cf} ;dcyf{Tds zAbx¿ %$@ ;Gbe{;r " L ^)!
%=%=@ lgs6WjGofTds cf} ;dcyf{Tds zAbx¿ %$$
%=%=# lgs6WjGofTds / ;dcyf{Tds zAbx¿ %$%
%=%=$ wft'–cfUofy{s ;dWjGofTds zAbx¿ %$^ cWofo ;ft
%=%=% Jofs/gLo sf]6L /]l;k|fl] ;6Lsf] t'ngf %$& ;f/–;+5]k / lgrf]8 ^)@–^)*
%=%=^ jfSo ;+/rgf / lqmof ?kfjnLsf] t'ngf %$&
%=^ :jf8]z zJbfjnL / ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] t'ngf %$*
%=& rf/} tYofª\s aLr t'ngf %%@
%=* ljljw cfofdx¿ emNsfpg] zAbfjnLx¿ %%%
%=*=! b'O{ tYofª\s aLr t'ngf %%^
%=*=@ ofSy'ª / /f8' Jofs/gdf ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] :yfg %%&
%=( OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿aLr t'ngf %%(
%=!) wfld{s–;fF:s[lts w/f]x/sf] t'ngf %^*
%=!! nf]s;flxTo kfqx¿sf] t'ngf %^(
%=!@ ls/fFtsf] d"n cf]O/ft %&%
%=!# lgrf]8 %*)
;Gbe{;r " L %*!

5 h
k|oQ
' m cfWwgfd, zAb, lrGx / ;+If]k ?kx¿ zfs'/f = zflGts'df/L /fO{
Acroyms, symbols & abbreviations le;L = leS6f]l/of qm;
;efg] = ;Dks{ efiff v;–g]kfnL
c= = clwjQmf
l;laP; = ;]G6«n Jo'/f] cj\ :6fl6S;\ -s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s
cd'; = cltl/Qm d'Vo ;lrj
ljefu_
cg'= = cg'jfb
ofa|] nuf = ‘lkt[ ;Ddfg :yn’ -cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf
cg'=p= = cg'dflgt pd]/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf] 3/leq_
cfhhf = cflbjf;L hghflt /fefgL;'cfk| = /fli6«o efiff gLlt ;emfj cfof]u k|ltj]bg
cfhp/f k|lti7fg = cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg /]g]5]k|s] = /]l8of] g]kfn If]qLo k|zf/g s]Gb|
Png]8 -LNED_ = lnDa"–g]kfnL–Oªlnz l8S;G/L -Limbu- ;j{ = ;j{gfd
Nepali-English Dictionary_
jf lng]c; = lnDa"–g]kfnL–cªu|]hL zAbsf]z lqlj = lqe'jg ljZjljWofno TU Ö Tribhuvan
@ University
afs'nf]rfgf = -af s'nf]rfgfof_ = afGt-f_jf, afo'ª, s'nª ' , nf]xf]?ª, *÷+
= cke|+z jf unt ?k
rflDnª, gfl5l/ª, ofDk"m
O{= = O{:jL ;Djt\, ;g\ ~ = b'j} ?k k|of]udf, j}slNks ?k

v/fdf] = vDa"jfg /fli6«o df]rf{ < (>) = k|f6] f]–kmd (proto-form) jf cfWo ?k
;LkL8LkL = l5Gtfª ofG8 k'df 8So'dG] 6]O;g k|f]hS] 6 -_ = P]lR5s ?k / zAb ju{
ls/fof = ls/ft /fO{ ofof]Svf c\ ! = sG7\o :k;{ Wjlg (glottal stop)
lsofr' = ls/ft ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª Ú = pRr tfg (high tone)
lsof5' = ls/ft ofSvf 5'Ddf Ac\ " = cGt:kmf]6s Wjlg (implosive stop)
ls/fef tyf ;fk = ls/ft /fO{ efiff tyf ;flxTo kl/ifb -lj_ = ljz]if0f zAb
sf]FOra' = ls/ft–;'gj' f/ ;]jf ;dfh -;j{_ = ;j{gfd zAb
uflj; = ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt lqm = lqmof
lnef tyf ;fuf] = lnDa" efiff tyf ;flxTo uf]i7L lqmlj = lqmof ljz]ifGf
lnN8f = Limbu Literature Development
gSzfx¿ Maps
Association (LiLDA)
ld=g= = ldlt gePsf] n.d. Ö date not gSzf g+= !=! I: k"jL{ g]kfnsf tLg} ls/fFt 5]qx¿ (
mentioned gSzf g+= @=@ II: cf7k/] efiff 5]q @)
;+= = ljqmd ;Djt\ O{= = O{:jL ;Dat\ -b'O{ jLrsf] gSzf g+=@=# III: afo'ª efiff 5]q #^
km/s %& aif{nfO{ lnOPsf]_ gSzf g+=@=$ IV: a]nxf/] efiff 5]q %#
gSzf g+=@=% V: l5lnª efiff 5]q ^!
t'n= = t'ngf ug"{ gSzf g+=@=^ VI: l5Gtfª efiff 5]q ^*
d]/fof = d]jfxfª /fO{ of–vf]Ddf gSzf g+=@=& VII: b'ªdf-nL_ efiff 5]q &*
gdcfs'/\ldbf]vf = ‘dfofsf] sf];n] L’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOr_ gSzf g+=@=* VIII: xfo' efiff 5]q *$
gf = gfd gSzf g+=@=( IX: h]?ª efiff 5]q ($
nf]lk| = nf]slk|o gSzf g+=@=!) X: vflnª efiff 5]q !)#
gf]ls/f = gf]j]nlszf]/ /fO{ gSzf g+=@=!! XI: ls/fjf efiff 5]q !@!

em `
gSzf g+=@=!@ XII: sf]OF r efiff 5]q !$^ k|fSsyg Preface
gSzf g+=@=!# XIII: s'nª ' efiff 5]q @)%
gSzf g+=@=!$ XIV: sf]o" efiff 5]q @#!
gSzf g+=@=!% XV: nf]xf]?ª efiff 5]q @$$
gSzf g+=@=!^ XVI: d]jfxfª efiff 5]q @%% of] cWoogsf] k[i7e"lddf s]xL lgx'Fx¿ 5g\ . s'/f] O{=@))% sf] l8;]Da/
gSzf g+=@=!& XVII: gfl5l/ª efiff 5]q @^& dlxgfsf] xf] . olt a]nf d]/f] hjfx/nfn g]x¿ o'lgel;{6L -h]Pgo'_ df pRr
gSzf g+=@=!* XVIII: g]jfxfª efiff 5]q @*! cWoogsf] clGtd dlxgf lyof] . d}n] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] tLg ls/fFt 5]qx¿dWo]
gSzf g+=@=!( XIX: k'df efiff 5]q @** cf]Nnf] ls/fFt Onfsfsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr dft[efiffdf ljWofjfl/wLsf] zf]wkq
gSzf g+=@=@) XX: /f8' efiff 5]q #)# n]v/] ;f] ljZjljWofnosf] l;PnO, P;Pndf a'emfO ;s]sf] lyPF . ;f]xL jif{
gSzf g+=@=@! XXI: /b' efiff 5]q ##@ g]kfndf ls/fef tyf ;fkn] ls/ft /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+ux| M :jfb]z
gSzf g+=@=@@ XXII: /f]bª ' efiff 5]q #%) ;o zAbsf] cfwf/df -O{=@))%_ k|sfzgdf Nofof] . t]tL÷oltv]/sf] df};d eg]sf]
gSzf g+=@=@# XXIII: ;fDkfª efiff 5]q #&^
g]kfndf dfq} geP/ ;+;f/e/ ;dfj]zL xf]xNnfsf] xf] . ckm;f]r Ûls/fef;fksf]
gSzf g+=@=@$ XXIV: ltn'ª efiff 5]q #*% ;f] k|sfzgdf cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] Ps d"neflifs ;Dk|bfo ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff g}
gSzf g+=@=@% XXV: y'nª ' efiff 5]q #(@
gSzf g+=@=@^ XXVI: ofSvf efiff 5]q $!$ c;dfj]zLdf k/]5 . d tLg 5Ssdf k/]F 1 . c? klg t]:tf sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\ of]
gSzf g+=@=@& XXVII: ofSy'ª efiff 5]q $#) k|sfzgdf . oxfF t];sf] ;dLS5f x'g] 5}g . of];Fu} g]kfn lalAncf]u|kmL cj\
gSzf g+=@=@* XXVIII: ofDk"m efiff 5]q %() OlG8lhlgc; lkkNh\ -O{=@))^_ n] klg ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ;flxTodf ;+sng
gSzf g+=^=@( XXIX: ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ kmfF;L ug'{ kg]{ hlt ug'{sf] ;f6f] ls/fFtL–/f8'sf] lxHh] g} lauf/]/ ofDa'n] -x'g' kg]{ jfDa'n_]
agfO lbPsf] 5 . h'g t]:tf] xf]Og . oL lgoldt cfsl:dstfx¿ g} of] s[ltsf]
lkmu;{ Figures klxnf] lgx'F eof] . d}n] eg] h]Pgo'sf] ToxL clGtd ;fnd} d]/f] lbdfudf l/;r{
OlG:6Ro'6 km/ ls/fFtf]nf]hL -cyf{t\ ls/fFtlj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg O{=@))%_ sf]
Figure 1: ls/fFtL dft[efiffx¿sf] j+zj[S5] $ lah /f]kL ;s]/ 3/ kms]{sf] lyPF .
Figure 2: The Kir!nti/Rai* languages % d]/f] tLg5Ss] l:yltnfO{ ;N6ofpg d}n] s]xL gu/L gx'g] 7fg]F . d]/f] 7gfO /
lgg{odf dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtnfO{ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL efiffx¿ / ;flxTo
kl/lzi6x¿ Appendices gb]vfO gx'g] eof] . dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtnfO{ dfQ} geP/ of] /fi6«nfO{ g} s]xL
gb]vfO gx'g] eof] cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf af/]df . k]ml/ /fHo k'g;{+/rgfdf efiffnfO{ klg
cg';r " L s Appendix A cfwf/ agfOg' k5{ eGg] :j/sf] ;+3Lo–nf]stflGqs–ugtGqLo Hjf/ef6fx¿ pnL{
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] gd'gf ;+ljwfg @)^% df eflifs Joj:yf ^!^ /x]sf] df};ddf efiff–;flxTo b]vfpg' g} kg]{ lyof] . vf]Hg' g} kg]{ lyof] . l8:se/
cg';r" L v Appendix B ug'{ g} kg]{ lyof] . t/ d PSn} 5f]6f] ofqf ug{ rfxGg lyPF . dnfO{ d]/f ls/fFtL g/–
dft[efiff ljsf; ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt, g]kfnM c;f]h @)^% sf] !& a'Fw] dfux¿ ^!( gf/L / ;Gtltx¿;Fu xft]dfnf] ub}{ nfdf] ;dfj]zL gofF ofqf to ug'{ lyof] / ce}m
cg';r " L u Appendix C 5 . To;f] e’sf]n] g} d]bLa'ª eg'F ;fFu/' L eGh]ª, kNnf] ls/fFtlt/af6 d]/f] ;xf]b/
Sino-T-B family and the Naga languages ^@@
1
tLg 5Sssf] klg tLg 5Ssr}F s[i0f /fO{ -;=@)^#M #)_ sf] n]v ls/ft /fO{ efiffx?sf]
jt{dfg l:ylt / xfd|f] ck]Iff’ eGg] n]vsf] æ;'gj' f/ efiff pknAw gePsf]n] ;dflji6
ug{ ;lsPgÆ eGg] x/kmn] kf¥of] . t/ xfdLn] xfd|f] of] cWoogdf Tof] l:yltnfO{ ;'wfg]{
k|of; u/]sf 5f}+ / ca p;f] hf] sf]xL ls/fFtL efO–j}gL / cg';Gwftfx?n] klg xfd|f]
tYofªsnfO{ ljlwk'¥ofP/ l6kL ln+bf x'G5 . n]vs s[i0f /fO{nfO{ h:tf] kfOPg jf
lrlgPg eGg gk/f];\ .
6 7
dªuf]nf]O8 ofSy'ª -;'Ajf, rf]ª, lnDa"_ nf]j -efO_ ;bf;bf cd/ /xg] cd/ tfklg PsfTds /fHo–Joj:yfn] k|ltWjlgt x'g lbPg . xfd|f] s:t'/L
t'Dofxfª;Fu xft]dfnf]sf] u'O -xft_ dfu]F . d]bLa'ªsf] emG8} j/k/}sf] dlemofaf6 d[udl/lrsfdf of] Joj:yf klg pQ/bfoL 5 .
bf];|f] nf]j pxL dªuf]nf]O8 :6s -j+z_ s} ofSvf -b]jfg, dlemof_ /fdhL PsfTds /fHo–Jo:yfsf] h/f] eg]sf] emG8} @#* jifL{o zfx
sf]ª/]gsf] klg ;xof]uL u'O dfu]F . t/ kl5 pgn] xft yfDg g;s]/ lkmtf{ dfuL pklgj]zjfb g} xf] . lyof] / ca Oltxf; ePsf] 5 . of] pklgj]zjfbL 38Lsf]
nu] . dfem ls/fFt t/]kl5 dfr:vf, /tG5faf6 P]hg :6ss} ls/fFtL tjfdf– O{=!&&) df bz lnDa"jfg ljb|fx] eof] . o;} u/L O{=!&&* df ofSy'ª kfMg -lnDa"
lvofdf tdL -5f]/L_ /f]b'ª -rflDnª_ jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5fsf] ;xof]uL u'O efiff_ k|lt bdg eof] eg] O{= !*)* df vDa" ljb|fx] -ef]hk'/–cf]Nnf] / dfem
klg dfu]F eg] cf]Nnf] ls/fFt lvGrLÅjfªsf] ;Gtlt / P]hg :6ss} tk{maf6 d}n] g} ls/ft h;df @ nfO{ d[To' bG8 / !% sf] ;j{:jx/g_ eof] . n]vfhf]vf ge’sf
k|ltlglwTj u/]F . clg xfdL tLg ls/fFt 5]qs} ls/fFtL ;Gtltx¿ ldn]/ ;dfj]zL xfd|f cGo ls/fFtL k'vf{x¿ t slt lkl;P slt < k]ml/ kl5 O{=!*&) df ofSy'ª
rf/–tLg eof}+ . oxL cg'R5]bsf] clGtd x/kmaf6 db]lv xfdL 2 df kl/jt{g eO{ kfMg nfO{ bdg ub}{ l;/Lhªufxfª y]j]nfO{ b]zlgsfnf ul/of] . bdg /
xfd|f] cgGt ofqf g} of] s[ltb]lv z'? e’sf] xf] . lyrf]ldrf]s} qmddf O{=!(%) df ls/fFtL cfGbf]ngnfO{ t'xfO{of] / O{=!(^$ df tLg}
xfd|f] bf;|f] lgx'F eg]sf] s:t'/L d[udl/lrsf xf] . xfdL Ps k|frLg ls/fFt 5]qx¿df lsk6k|yf pGd"ngsf] lj/f]w -x]g"{ 8f=xs{ u'?ª O{=@))$M $#@
dª\uf]nf]O8 hflt ls/fFtL ax'–efiff ax'–;F:s[ltsf vfgL xf}+ tfklg To;nfO{ klg_ 3 eof] . oL tdfd cf}klgj]lzs r'6fO–nbfOn] xfdL 5]bljR5]b eof}+ . of]
klxrfGg, b]Vg, cg'e"t ug{ / k|ultsf] nfF -ky_ tk{m nDsfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . xfd|f] cWoogsf] t];|f] lgx'F xf] / axfgf klg xf] .
xfd|f] efiff–;flxTo, ;F:s[lt, ;+uLt, snf cflbsf] P]ltxfl;sufyf n]Vg / ufpg of] cf}klgj]lzs rk]6fn] xfd|f] cfk\mgf] :jklxrfgnfO{ 5f8\g afWo kfb}{
klg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . o;} ;Gbe{df xfdL oxfF Ps ls/fFtL ;Gtlt–;|i6f -;lrt nUof] eg] xfdLn] klg xfd|f] eGg] tdfd s'/f e'Nb} uof}+ . 5f]8\b} uof}+ . ltnfGhnL
l;Kt'ªvf–/fO{, ;fOgf] @ sf] ;DkfbsLo, ;=@)^# af6_ sf] k|ZgnfO{ x'–ax' lb+b} uof}+ . xfdLn] nflbPsf] efiff, ;F:s[lt, wd{ / ljrf/ klg j/Gf u¥of}+ . cfkm}+n]
bf]xf]¥ofpg rfxG5f}+– ævfnL /fdfo0f–dxfef/tsf] n]vg–k'gn]{vg To} klg g]kfnL cfkm}+nfO{ kG5fpFb} uof}+ . k/fonfO{ :jLsfg]{ rfxdf Pp6} ls/fFtL hflt klg cfh $
-v;_ efiffdf . vf]O t jiff}{+bl] v k|tfl8t dft[efiffut ;flxTosf] ?k/]vf <Æ of] 6'qmfdf ljeSt 5f}+ . emg} ;'/]nnfO{ klg 5'§} eg]/ 6'qmfO lb+bf xfdL cfqmfGt 5f}+ .
k|Zg ;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf dfQ} geP/ g]kfn wtL{df o'uf}+ou' b]lv ul/b} cfOPsf] xf] cf}klgj]zsf] ljleGg sfnvG8x¿df xfdLn] st} /fo >/fO{ j/Gf u/\of}+ . st} b]jfg
j/Gf u/\of}+ý lhdL, d'lvof -;'gj' f/ >;'gjf/_ / ;'Aaf klg j/Gf u¥of}+ . 4 x'Fbf x'Fbf

2 3
xfdL ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox?df ‘xfdL’ / ‘xfd|f’] sf] efjgf alnof] / xft]dfnf] gx'Fbf 8f=xs{ u'?ªsf] k|:t'tLdf xfdLn] s]xL cfwf/e"t s'/fx?nfO{ k'gn]{vg u/]sf xf}+ / cfk\mg}
w'nf] rf6\g' k/]sf] ljut Oltxf;n] o;/L sxG5– æ===vDa" d'ns ' df aflnª xfª / /+udf 9fn]sf 5f}+ tfklg ;do sfnvG8 eg] pxfFs} xf] eg] of] tYodf t]:tf] s'g} tf]8df]8
plnª xfª /fhfx? lyP . tL b'O{ /fhfx?n] uf]vf{;uF n8fOF u/] . klxn] tf+af sf]zL jf/L ePsf] 5}g . n]vgsf] efiffdf dfQ} s]xL km/s 5 .
4
lsgf/fdf o'4 u/] . t/ uf]vf{nL ;]gfx? w]/} ePsf] x'gfn] pgLx?n] otfsf w]/} dflg;x? of] ;Gbe{nfO{ hf]8\g xfdL l;lSsd /fHo, ef/tsf ;LPd tyf slj kjg rflDnª -
df/] . t/} eP tfklg of] vDa" ls/fFtL j+zn] uf]vf{sf] lj?4 ;ft jif{;Dd o'4 u/L /Åof] . O{=!((^M !%*_ nfO{ ;DemG5f}+– æcfh d]/f] hGdfpg] cfdf d]/} eP klg, d]/f] Gjf/g ug]{
c?gjf/Laf6 lnDa" ls/fFt j+zaf6 s'g} k|sf/sf] d2t cfPg . t;y{, ;ft jif{;Dd n8L dfG5] csf]{ 5===d]/f] 5fQL d]/} z/L/dfly eP klg, of] 5fQLdf :jtGqtf a'e\mg] 9's9'sL /
:je"ld cfqmdgsf/L uf]vf{sf] xftaf6 arfpg] sf]lzz vDa" ls/fFtj+zLn] u/] . t/ d]/f] d'6' d]/f]df 5}g .Æ xf], xfdL g]kfnsf ls/fFtL efifLx?nfO{ klg ePs} ToxL xf] . slj
cGTodf uf]vf{sf cg]sf}+ kmf}hsf] ;fd' ltgLx?sf] s]xL gnfUbf uf]vf{ kmf}hn] vDa" rflDnª;Fu} kf]:6sf]nf]lgon r:dfn] Oltxf;ljb\ 8f=/d]z 9'ªu]n -;=@)^@M ^)–@_
ls/fFt j+zsf] hUuf bvn u/L ljho u/] . aflnª xfª vDa" /fhf efuL d'unfgsf] sf] ljrf/nfO{ klg gx]/L x'Fb}g . pgL eG5g\– æP]ltxfl;s sfnqmddf s'g} 7fpF, hflt,
;'sgfs -;sgfu9L_ gfds hUufdf uO{ a;] . cudl;+x /fo rf}tfl/of klg efuL ;d"x jf /fHo ;d]tsf] klxrfg tyf gfd kl/jt{g ePsf jf ljljwtf ylkPsf pbfx/Gf
d'Unfg k;]Æ -lj/xL sfOFnf ;+=@)$(M #! df Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªsf] ls/fFtsfnLg kfOG5g\ . s'g} hflt jf dfgj ;d'bfosf] klxrfgnfO{ e"uf]n, ;Eotf–;F:s[lt /
ljhok'/sf] Oltxf; af6 p4[t_ . oL xfª cf]Nnf ls/ftsf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr g} lyP rfnrng cflb afx]s zf;g–Aoj:yf / /fHosf gLltn] ;d]t k|efj kf5{ . ufF;–af;,
lsgeg] nf]s;flxTo -x]g"{ /fkrf -;=@)^#M !#–!%=_ / jt{dfg -;=@)%&M ($–(^_ n] cfTd/Iff, ljz]if ;'ljwf–;x'lnot cflbsf] vf]h tyf /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs sf/Gfn]
klg bf]nvfdf a'wxfªsf] /fHo ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 eg] xfnsf] /fd]5fk lhNnfsf] dflg;sf] af;:yndf kl/jt{g x'G5 / To;af6 ;fF:s[lts k/Dk/f, dfGotf tyf ;du|df
c;nL gfd ls/ftL5fk xf] / ce}m klg 5 . of] Oltxf;af6 tLg} ls/fFt 5]qsf cfhsf ;Daf]wg ul/g] gfd / klxrfg ;d]t ablnG5g\ .Æ oxL abnfOsf] qmddf gd{g
ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox?n] kf7 l;Sg' k5{ . sªSj]i6n] cfw'lgs OªNofG8df kf/]sf] k|efj h:t} cfw'lgs g]kfndf uf]vf{

8 9
xfdL ‘k'm6fp / zf;g u/’ sf] rª\un ' df km:b} uof}+ . Ps nf]j n] csf{ nf]j nfO{ ss{Kofl6«s, k|mflG;; aL xofldN6g, la|og xH;g, PrP cf]N8lkmN8, 8\oflgon
glrGg] df]8df cfOk'Uof}+ . of] xfd|fnflu lrgf/Lsf] r'gf}tL g} ag]sf] 5 . /fO6, kl;{jn NofG8g, l;NefF n]eL / k"jL{o ls/fFtL Oltxf;sf/ Odfgl;+x
;dsfnLg qm;/f]8sf] ljno;+3f/df plePsf xfdL ls/fFtLsf] xfd|f] r]Dhf]ª h:t} Oltxf;sf] lzS5fyL{ / k|fWofks ePsLn] klg otflt/ b[li6 gk'us ] f]
cfk\mg} lrgf/L eGg' s]xL 5 eg]/ uf}/j ug]{ xf] eg] Tof] xf] ax'–dft[efiffý h'g xfdL x'g ;S5 . of] :jefles klg xf] . of] klg d]/f] / xfd|fn ] flu of] ofqfsf] clGtd lgx'F
aLr jt{dfgdf w'sw'sLsf] ?kdf dfq} /x]sf] 5 . Tof] w'sw'sL klg sy'+sbflrt\ lyof] . nfU5 g]kfnL ;dfhdf ce}m x'g] u/]sf] æsxfFaf6 lgx'F kfpF slgsf af]sfcf}+Æ
e'TsL uof] eg] xfdL ls/fFtL hflt /xb}gf}+ eg]/ xfdLn] klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] sf] g/fTds geP/ oxfF xfdLn] ;s/fTds kS5]nfO{ klxNofpg] sf]lzz u/]sf 5f}+ .
lgx'Fx¿nfO{ axfgf agfpFb} of] ;fgf] k|of; :j?k tLg} ls/fFt 5]qsf cfk\mgf] ægofF g]kfnÆ egL kmnfSg]x¿sf] eL8 / ;tLsf] ;/fk k/]sf] of] e"lddf of] sbd
dft[efiffx¿nfO{ Pp6} ls/fFtLdfnfdf pg]/ Ps cfk;df Ps} rf}tf/Ldf lrgfkrL{ lgtfGt} gofF gePklg Ps /f}+r}F gofF xf] . lsgeg] xfdLn] ;s/fTds cu|ufdL nfF
u/fpFb} Oltufyf ufpg] hdsf]{ u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] ;femf h/f] vf]tNg] k|of; u/]sf xf}+ . k}NofPsf 5f}+ . g]kfn ;fFRrLs} cy{df slQsf] gofF aG5ý Tof] eljiosf] ue{d} 5 .
efiff To;sf] cfwf/ xf] . of] /fhgLltsf] xltof/ klg xf] . / gofF x'g uO{ /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;To s] xf] eg] xfdL cfk}+m klg o;sf] sf/stTj
x'g5] f}+ . sfnLu9 klg xfdL g} xf}+ . of] cfk}+m gofF aGg] xf]Og . c?n] agfO lbP/ x'g]
ax'–eflifs, ax'–;fF:s[lts / ax'–hftLo g]kfne"ld rLlgof–ef]6– klg xf]Og . Tof] lbzflt/ of] s[lt pGd'v 5 . ;fy} xfd|f] 5ftL of] PSsfO;f}+
ad]{nL kl/jf/sf efiffx¿sf] s[8f:yn xf] egL /xg k/f]Og . ^) eGbf a9L ztfAbLdf klg ljb]zL xftx¿n] g} gfkL /x]sf] avtdf xfd|f] lrgf/L, efiff,
;+Vofdf af]lng] oL rLlgof–ef]6–ad]{nL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿dWo] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] tLg ;flxTo, ;F:s[lt, Oltxf;, dfgj;dfhzf:q cflbsf] prfO, nDjfO / rf}8fO jf
ls/fFt kxf8L Onfsfx¿df af]lng] emG8} b'O{ bh{g eGbf a9L ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ulx/fO slt 5 t egL cfk}+mn] cfk'mnfO{ gfKg' kg]{ cfjZostf 7flgPsf]n] of] sLlt{
of]ubfg eflifs ljljwtfdf ;+;f/d} cb\et" pbfx/g xf] . t/ plxn]bl] v clxn];Dd lgx'F g} lgx'Fdf dfQ} geP/ Tof] gfKg] sfo{ k"/f ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] klg hlGdPsf] xf] .
oL eflifs ;Dk|bfo / efiffx¿n] k'mNg] k"mnjf/L kfPgg\ æ===;femf k"mnaf/LÆ egL
e'mSSofOPsf] of] g]kfn l;?3f/Ldf 5 ;bf ;bf 6\oflS;Psf] 6\oflS;Ps} 5g\ . of] k'5f/df la6 dfg'{ kbf{ tLg} ls/fFt ;]/f]km] /f]sf xfdL tLg} t'Dofxfª,
6\ofS;fO klg xfd|f] of] cWoogsf] bf];|f] clGtd lgx'F xf] . ofn'ª5f / /fkrf klZrdL an]F;Ldf g} lblS5t ePsf xf}+ . cfk\mg}df klg x'GYof}+
xf]nf /fHogLlt ax'n eO{ lbPsf] eP . Tof] klZrdL an]F;Lsf]r}F xfdLnfO{
lgx'FnfO{ g} sf]§ofpg] qmddf xfdL z'enIdL y'n'ª -;=@)%)M @*_ ;Dd zf:qLob]lv cfw'lgs;Dd k|foM s] s] 5 eg]/ ;a} geP klg s]xL sv/f yfxf 5 .
k'U5f} . pgL elG5g\, æk"jL{ g]kfnsf] /fO{x¿ (The Rai of Eastern Nepal: t/ cfk\mg} g]kfn-L_–an];F L To;df klg ls/fFtL an]F;Ldf s] 5 eGg] s'/f xfdLdf
Cultural and Linguistic Grouping 1991) gfds eflifs cg';Gwfg ;fob} Uofg ePsf]n] pQ/cfw'lgsjfb (postmodernism) sf] l8;]G6l/ªn]
zf]wk':ts sLn ljZjljWofno hd{gLsf e]/g/ leG6/ (Werner Winter) n] otflt/ klg ws]nL lbof] . cfk\mg} cg'xf/ P]gfdf x]g]{ z'ed'xt"{ lgsfnL lbof] . ToxL
tof/ kfg'{ (pNn]v x'g' kg]{ Gerd Han"on klg, xfd|f] gf]6 _ ePsf] 5 . pSt z'ed'xt"{ kf/L ax'n–;dfj]zL g]kfnL efiff–;flxTo / o;;Fu ;DjGwLt
k':tsdf g]kfnsf ls/fFtL -x'g' kg]{ ls/fFtL g} xf] t/ ‘/fO{’ n]vL lbgfn] ;+s6 OG6/l8l:Kng/L 5]qx¿nfO{ s]xL cfwf/zLnf yKg ;lsG5 ls eGg] Wo]on] of]
lgDtfPsf], xfd|f] gf]6 _ x¿n] af]lng] efiff ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . t/ xfdL oxL ax'n / cgGt ofqfdf lg:s]sf xf}+ . kf]:6df]8g{ l8;]G6l/ª (postmodernism
b]zsf o; If]qdf a:g] ls/fFtLx¿nfO{ tL s'/fx¿ yfx} 5}g . xfd|f] efiff xfdLaf6 decentering) sf] dfu klg oxL xf] . ;afN6g{ jf ;fgf] dfG5]sf] Oltxf; sf]g]{
6f9f x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 .Æ pgsf] ljrf/df xfdLnfO{ TotL v;v; t nfu]sf] 5}g . a]nf klg oxL xf] . of] ofqfdf xfdLn] vf]hs ] f / e]6s ] f ls/fFtL efiff–;flxTosf
t/ s'/} yfxf gePsf] eg] xf]Og . s]xLnfO{ t cjZo yfxf 5 . efiffr}F ;fdu|Lx¿ clg ;To–tYox¿ g]kfnsf] dfq} geP/ ljZje"dG8nsf ;f/f
6f9f x'Fb} uPsf] huhfx]/} 5 . z'enIdL klZrdf Oltxf;sf/x¿ sg]{n ljlnod kf7sju{ / ef]lnsf cg';Gwftfx¿sf]nflu s]xL dfqfd} eP klg pkof]uL x'g
;Sof] eg] xfd|f] sf]lzz s]xL xb;Dd ;kmn ePsf] 7fGg] 5f}+ .
sªSj]i6n]] kfg{;Ddsf] k|efj kf¥of] . To;f]/L g} xfdL Psf3/sf Ps} ls/fFtL hflt t/ d / xfdLn] sltko jt{dfg lgd]ifx¿df cfk\mg} ls/fFtL ;Gtltx¿af6
ljleGg eflifs ;Dk|bfox?df 6'qmfOPsf xf}+ e"uf]n;Fu} / ;F:s[lt;Fu} . of] kndf xfdL æls/fFtLx¿ of] PSsfO;f}+ zbLdf 9'ªu] o'ult/ kms{b} 5g\Æ eGg] vKsL klg vfg'
kfFr 6'qmfdf ljeflht u/fOPsf 5f}+ / ef]ln ce}m 6'qmfOg] / 6'qmg] ;Defjgfdf 5f}+ .
5 k/\of] . t/ cfh ljZje"dG8nnfO{ ljUofg–k|ljlw / ;"rgf;Fu} 9'ªu] o'usf]
x]g"{ 8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrfsf] lr7L ‘k"mnjf/L, l;?3f/L / g]kfnL’, sflGtk'/ b}lgs,
#! ebf} @)^$ klg . o;af6 cjf{rLg / ;dsfnLg g]kfn-L_sf] oyfl:yltsf] lrq
OlG8lhlgc; Uofg / ljj]ssf] klg vfFrf] eO/x]sf] xfdLn] a'em] sf x'gfn] lagf
b]Vg ;lsG5 . s'g} jfs\ d'7e]8 df}g df}g cfk\mg} uGtJo sfo{lbzflt/ a9\g] qmd hf/L /fVof}+ .

0f t
clg olt;Dd pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;Sof}+ . cfh xfdL;Fu s/fpg]sf] eGbf ug]{ (Be u'?ª, xs{= O{=@))$= ‘/fli6««otf / hghflt’= df d]/L 8];g] / k|To'if jGt -;Dkf=_,
a Doer not a Talker) / u/fpg]x¿sf] vfFrf] 5 . slj e"kL ;]/rgn] b]vs ] f] / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhzf:qLo lrGtg= nlntk'/M ;f];n ;fOG; axfM=
cg'e"t u/]sf] of] xNn}xNnfsf] b]z g]kfnnfO{ pGglt g} pGgltsf] :ju{åf/Ldf kfgf $!*–$$^=
?kfGt/ jf 6«fG;kmf]d{ (transform) ug]{–u/fpg] sd{7 xftx¿ rflxPsf] 5 . xfdL Gurung, Harka. 2004. ‘Rastriyata ra janajati’. In Merry Deschene
klg of] e"ldsf] e"ldk'q-L_ e’sf] gftfn] of] z'esfo{df ;dfj]zL÷;xefuL x'g & Pratyush Onta (eds.), Nepalko Sandarvama
rflx/x]sf 5f}+ . / egL xfNof}+ xfd|f] eGg' efiff–;flxTo, snf, ;+uLt wd{, ;F:s[lt, Samajshastriya Chintan. Lalitpur: Social Science Baha.
Oltxf;, OlG8lhlgc; Uofg / ljj]s cflb OToflb h] hlt 5g\ tL tdfd\ j}rfl/s, Pp.418-446.
tfls{s / cGTodf /fhg}lts xltof/ x'g\ / dfWod klg x'g\ . oL geP xfdL xfdL sfOFnf, lj/xL= ;=@)$(= lnDa" efiff / ;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro= sf7dfG8"M
x'gs
' f] ;f/tTj /xb}g . g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg=
/ oxfF xfdL tLg} ls/fFt 5]qsf cWo]tf ls/fFtL ;Gtltx¿ ;dfj]z eP Ka#la, Birahi. 1992 [VS 2049]. Limbu Bhasha ra Sahityako
klg of] cWoogdf ePsf ;f/f sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿sf] g}lts tyf jf}l4s lhDd]jf/L Sankshipta Parichaya. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy.
cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] cWo]tfsf] g} xf] . lsgls of] of]hgfsf] sflnu9 jf l8hfOg/ pm /fO{, s[i0f= ;=@)^#= ‘ls/ft /fO{ efiffx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt / xfd|f] ck]Iff’,
g} xf] / d'Von]vg sfo{ klg p;}sf] xf] . d d]/f] of] lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5Gg . cfufdL lgK;'ª, @%, !#M @%–#!=
lbgx¿df xfdL o;nfO{ ce}m k"gt{ flt/ n}hfg] jfrf afG5f}+ / tf]nfsf] jf]nL Rai, Krishna. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Kirat Rai bhashaharuko vartaman
vf]nfdf kmfNg] 5}gf}+ . To;sf]nflu ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / 6Lsfl6KkgL xfd|f] On]S6«fl] gs sthiti ra hamro apeksha’, Nipsung, 25, 13: 25-31.
d]n jf x'nfsdfk{mt k7fpg' xf]nf . /fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n'= ;=@)^$= ‘k"mnaf/L, l;?3f/L / g]kfnL’, sflGtk'/, #!
ebf} @)^$
nf–ZofF /f kiranti.rapachalal@gmail.com x'nfsaf6 lnlvt=== Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Phuulbari, sirughari ra
jf–cf of pakucha2002@yahoo.com lhkLcf] aS; %%^( Nepali’, Kantipur, 17 September 2007.
c t' amartumyahang@yahoo.co.uk sf7dfG8" , g]kfn
-----. ;=@)^#M ‘ls/fFtL nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+/rgfut t'ngf’, dw'ks{ -nf]s;flxTo
ljz]iffª\s_, #(, $, $&$M !#–!%=
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
-----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Kiranti lokkathaharuko samrachanagat
jt{dfg -gj/fh sf]o–" /fO{_= ;=@)%&= x]5fs'KkfM ls/ft nf]ssyf= sf7dfG8"M tulana’, Madhupark (Loksahitya visheshank), 39, 4, 474: 13-
g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg= 15.
Bartaman (Nawaraj Koyu-Rai). 2000 [VS 2057]. Hechhakuppa: y'nª
' , z'enIdL= !((# -;=@)%)_= ‘ls/fFtx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ jt{dfg
Kirat Lokkatha. Kathmandu: Nepal Royal Academy. cj:yfM Ps cWoog’, l;l/h+uf, !, !, !M @#–@*=
rflDnª, kjg= O{=!((^= efifg–5nkmn k|fl] ;l8ª;\ cj\ b l;lSsd Thulung, Shubhalaxmi. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Kirantharuko Aitihasik
n]lh:n]l6e P;]DAnL -efu !, !@–@* l;tDa/, O{=!((^_ lkmk\my ebam bartaman awastha: Ek addhyan’, Sirijunga, 1,1,1: 23-28.
P;]DAnL, l;lSsd n]lh:n]l6e P;]DAnL, ufGtf]s, l;lSsd=
9'Ín
] , /d]z= ;=@)^@= ‘lnDa"sf ‘;+kl[ t’ / ‘lglt’ ;d"xM uf]vf{ zf;gsf] b]g’,
lxdfn vj/klqsf -!^–@( kmfu'g_, !%, @@, !^^M ^)–^@= **************************
Dhungel, Ramesh. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Limbuka ‘sanpriti’ ra ‘niti’
samuha: Gorkha shasanko den’, Himal Khabarpatrika, 15,
22: 60-62, 16-29 Phagun.

y b
cWofo excellent soldiers, and the prejudice which existed against them
Ps would seem rightly to be dying out rapidly.” of] jL/ uf]v{] sxnfOg'df
klg kS5]kft ePsf] tYo v'nf;fkl5 xfd|f] dfgzf:qLo lrgf/Ldf klg s]xL hfgL
/fVg' kg]{ x'G5 .
t/ oxfF ODk]l/on lj|l6z uf]/f clkm;/ geP/ Ps xf]gxf/ o'/f]lkog
-hd{g_ efiffljb\ u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!M %%_ nfO{ ;Demg rfxG5f}+ / xfdLn]
cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld k|fSsygdf z'enIdL y'nª ' sf] lgx'F lems]sf] cg';Gwftf klg log} x'g\ . pgL
eG5g\– “The label of Khambu seems to pertain to a fourfold
subdivision of the Kiranti tribes, viz. Limbu (Yakthungba),
Yakkha, Khambu and Sunwar, with different names for the
!=) kl/ro headmen among each of them: Subba (Limbu), Dewan (Yakkha
ljZjdfglrqdf cf“vfsf] gfgL hqf] g]kfn h}ljsljljwtfdf dfq geP/ and associated tribes), Rai (Khambong~ba>Khambu) and
Mukhiya (Sunwar).” o;/L xfdL Ps hflt ls/fFtL ;dosf] ljleGg
eflifs ljljwtfdf klg TolQs} wgL b]z xf] . of] ljljwtfdf klg k"jL{ g]kfnsf]
cf]Nnf], dfem / kNnf] ls/f“t 5]qx¿df af]lng] b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L ls/f“tL sfnvG8x¿df cldaf h:t} 6'qmb} 5'l§Psf eg'F 6'qmfOPsf -x]g"[{ cWofo % klg_
efiffx¿sf] ljz]if :yfg 5 eGbf cltzof]lSt x'“b}g . tL efiffx¿df ls/fFtL– lyof}+ . /fhg}lts s'l6ntfsf ;fy} efiffn], ;F:s[lt / e"uf]nn] xfdLnfO{ kbf{ nufO
ofSy'ª-af_ jf -lnDa", rf]ª_, ls/fFtL–afGt-f_jf -c6f]OYgf]lgd ‘ls/fjf’, lbPsf] xf] . ÅofG;f]gsf] of] lgrf]8 efiffsf] a[xQ/ cWoogkl5 cfPsf] xf] / o:tf]
OUhf]lgd ‘/fO{’_ / ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' -rflDnª, OUhf]lgd ‘/fO{’_ efiffx¿ k|dv
' x'g\ . cWoog ce}m x'g' kb{5 .
oL tLg k|dv ' efiffx¿ Affx]s k|foM c? ls/fFtL dft[efiffx¿ h:t}}M xfo', sf]“Or !=! ;d:of
-eflifsf ;'/]n, OUhf]lgd ‘;'g'jf/÷d'lvof÷/fO{’_, afc\oª
' -/ kl/jlt{t ?kx¿ ls/fFtL efiffx¿df lxhf]b]lv cfh;Ddsf] l:yltdf sd yfxf x'g,'
afo'ª ~aflxª klg_, h]?ª, jfDa'n] -/f8'÷9'_, ltn'ª, vflnª, s'n'ª, y'nª ' , juL{s/gdf hlxn] klg hl6ntf / xr'jfkg b]vf kg'{, ePsf] ;femf P]ltxfl;s
b'dL -/b'_, gfl5l/ª, d]jfxfª, g]jfxfª -dWo]sf] Ps Snfgf]lgd ‘Snfgf]lgd÷y/’ h/f] cb]vf x'g' jf kf]ltg', ;flxTo ;[hgfsf] ;fd"lxs cfFsng gx'g' / ltgLx¿
?k a'ªn \ fjf / ;fd klg elgg], d]jfxfª zAbsf]zsf] kl/rodf d]jfxfªnfO{ jLr k|z:t} P]ltxfl;s t'ngfTds cWoogsf] vfFrf] g} of] vf]hsf] d"n ;d:ofx¿
g]jfxfª klg elgG5 egL pNn]v ePsf] eP klg cWofo @ sf] pk–cWofo @=!& x'g\ .
df lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbPsf 5f}+ / ;fd jf a'ªnfjfsf] ;§f g]jfxfªnfO{ g} eflifs
;Dk|bfo v'§ofPsf 5f}+ x]g"{ cWofo @=!&_, ofSvf, ofDkm" -ofSvfaf_, ;fDkfª -< !=!=! ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] klxrfg / juL{s/Gf
;fªkfª_, sf]O -sf]o," sf]xL_, cf7k/] -cf7kxl/of, cf7k|]_, a]nxf/] -a]nxfl/of_, xfdLn] tn pk–cWofo !=!=@ df ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] cWoog Oltxf;
k'df -/f]sf]ª_, l5Gtfª, nf]xf]?ª, cflb ls/f“tL dft[efiffx¿ eg] nf]kf]Gd'v klxNofP/ juL{s/g ubf{ k|fu–P]ltxfl;s jf cGw o'u eg]/ O{=!*$&–!*%)
cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ . oxf“ oL k|To]s ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ;+lIfKt eflifs– lt/÷cufl8sf] sfnvG8 egL ls6fg u/]sf 5f}+ . Tof] o'ub]lv of] o'u;Dd ls/fFtL
;flxlTos–P]ltxfl;s klxrfg lbg] hdsf]{ u/]sf 5f}+ . efiffx¿sf] s]xL g s]xL ?kdf cWoog eO{ g} /x]sf] 5 . tyflk, cWoog jf
b'O{ ;o jif{sf] cjf{rLg Oltxf;df xfdLn] xfd|f] hftLo lrgf/Lsf] lrgf] zf]wstf{x¿df eg] klZrdf efiffljb\ / ;dfhzf:qLx¿sf] gfd g} n:s/ nfU5 .
jL/ uf]/v] dfQ} kfPsf 5f}+ . To;}n] ODk]l/on lj|l6z lSjG; u'/v \ f clkm;/ O{=!(() sf] bzssf] z'?n] eg] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df g} kl/jt{g NofO
EfflG;6f6{ -O{=!((@M %* k|yd ;+:s/g !*(^_ sf] egfOnfO{ x'–ax' oxfF ptf5f}{+ . lbof] k|yd hgcfGbf]ngsf] sn]j/df . o;nfO{ cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Pp6f eLdsfo
pgL n]V5g\– “There are also a few Limbus, Rais, and Sunwars to ;fdflhs km8\sf] g} dfGg' kb{5 . oxL km8\sf];Fu} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] k|fylds
be found in most of our Gurkha regiments, and numbers of them
lzS5fsf]nflu lzS5fnosf] ls6fg ug]{ sfo{sf] km8\sf] tfTsfnLg vDa'jfg
are yearly enlisted into the various Military Police Battalions of /fli6««o df]rf{ -v/fdf]_ n] u/]sf] xfd|f] cWoogn] e]6]sf] 5 . v/fdf]sf] of] sfo{ g}
Assam and Burma. Experience gained in Sikkim, Burma, and ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] cWoogdf o:tf] sfo{ dfGg ;lsG5ý h;n] Olds k/\:k]lS6e
elsewhere, would prove Limbus, Rais, and Sunwars to be
|| 1 || || 2 ||
(emic perspective) cyf{t\ OG;fO8;{ kf]OG6 cj\ Eo' (insider's point of
view) af6 cfk\mgf] efiffx¿sf] ls6fg klxrfg ug]{ sf]lzz u/]sf] lyof] / 5 .
ljz]if]tM ævDa"x¿sf] ;du| :yfgLo s]Gb|x¿sf] :ynut cWoog u/]/Æ
elgPsf] of] cWoog -@)%) c;f]h !) ut]af6 5nkmn z'? ePsf] / % dlxgfsf]
cjlwdf tof/ ePsf] k|ltj]bg elgPsf]_ n] ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿leq s]xL
OUhf]lgd (exonym) jf afÅogfd ‘/fO{’ n]Vg]x¿sf] efiff eg]/ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª
afx]s hDdfhDdL ;+Vof !& -;q_ dfQ} tf]ss ] f] 5 / ;'/]n -< xfd|f] k|Zg_ , lh/]n
-< xfd|f] k|Zg_, xfo', yfªdL -< xfd|f] k|Zg_ / bg'jf/ -;'gj' f/ < xfd|f] k|Zg_ u/L
;a} vDa" efiffx¿ eg]/ @@ -afO;_ ls6fg -uf]kfn vDa" ;=@)%& jf O{=@)))_
u/L lbPsf] 5 . of] Olds l/kf]6{sf] ;an / sDhf]/ kS5]x¿ of] cWoogsf ljleGg
cWofo / pk–cWofox¿df ul/Psf] 5 .
ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] klxn]sf] ;+Vof @* / #^ -gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{,
;'Pof]zL tf]af / of]zL lgzL_ nfO{ of] cWoog l/kf]6{n] unt k|of; eGb}
ævDa'x¿df ;fFk|fdfly lk+8n ' f yk]sf] ;d:of yf]kl/Psf]Æ eGg] ts{ lbPsf] 5 . of]
ts{ ljz'4 efiffljUofgsf lzS5fSyL{sf]nflu r'gf}tL eP tfklg xfd|f] cWoogdf
efiffljUofg, /fhgLltzf:q, hfltzf:q / jt{dfgdf klxrfgsfnflu n8\g] cflb
OToflb kS5]x¿sf] lrQ a'em\ g] vfnsf] -jf e]l6Psf] ;To–tYo a9fO–r9fO a]u/
b"wsf]bw" kfgLsf]kfgL_ cWoog glthfx¿nfO{ ;–k|dfg k|sfzdf Nofpg]
;Tk|ofz u/]sf 5f}+ . oxL k|of; :j?k tn Figure 1: ls/fFtL dft[efiffx¿sf]
j+zj[S5] / Figure 2: The Kir!nti/Rai* languages -cf]Nnf], dfem /
kNnf] ls/fFt 5]qx¿_ df xfd|f] lrgf/L klxrfgsf] dfWod ls/fFtL efiffx¿ -/fkrf
O{=@))% af6_ nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ý h;df xfdLn] ljleGg b]vfOPsf ;|ft] x¿af6
kfb l6KkgL / efiffx¿s] bflxg] 5]pdf ljz]if hfgsf/Lx¿ klg /fv]sf 5f}+ .

Source: after Matisoff (1991: 47G and 481), Bickel (1996: 22) LNED
(2002: 10) and Rapacha (2003: 2); also cf. Shafer (1953 and 1966),
Benedict (1972), Bright (ed. 1992: 277), Thurgood (2003), Bradley
(1997), Hale (1982), Vogelin & Vogelin (1977), Grierson (ed.1909),
Egerod (1973), Nishi (1992) DeLancey (1990: 801-802))
|| 3 || || 4 ||
x 177 [orig. 1896]) [If the meaning of ‘Rai’ is ‘chief or headman’, it cannot
gfuf efiffx¿ cg';r
" L u df x]gx'{ f];\ .
represent and signify ‘ethnonym’ (also cf. Leewine 2004: 67) at any
:
Figure 2 The Kir!nti/Rai* languages degree. Another synonym for the same term is Jimdar (Konow (in
Grierson (ed.) 1990 and 1994: 58 [orig. 1909]) My comment added].
Under the term Rai the following languages and dialects are included (to
name the more representative ones): Athpare, Bahing (Rumdali), Bantawa,
Chamling, Khaling (Dumi), Kulung (Sotang), Lohorong, Thulung, and
Yamphu (Ketra). This is a traditional grouping; however, from a linguistic
standpoint, Sunwar has to be included with the Rai langages also (Glover
1974)‘ Some Tibeto-Burmanists use the term ‘Kir!nti’ as a cover term to
include Rai as well as Limbu and some other languages in the area. I
decided against the use of this term because it is used both by historians
and anthropologists in a very broad and general sense to refer to the
mountain people, so that it would be misleading in the framework of this
thesis.” Contrary to Toba’s framework, I preferably have used the generic
hyphenated specific nomenclature ‘Kir!nti-Kõits’ in order to specify the
Tibeto-Burman tribe (ethnonym) and language (glossonym) of Wallo
‘near/hither’ Kirat, eastern Nepal along with the majority of Tibeto-
Burman linguists (e.g. Bradley 2003: 122, 2002: 81-82; Driem 2004: 413-
416, 2001, 1997, 1992; Thurgood 2003: 15-16; Ebert 2003: 505-532),
historians and anthropologists (cf. Gaenszle 2000: 2-15) use this
ethnonym ‘Kir!nti’ particularly for the tribes of the eastern hills of Wallo
[N] ‘Near/Hither’ Kirat, Majh [N] ‘Mid/Central’ Kirat and Pallo [N] ‘Far’
Kirat, Nepal and also taking the post-90’s movement of the indigenous
peoples of Nepal into consideration. During the survey period of Grierson
(1909), the traditional term ‘Khambu’ also was in use, where 16 dialects
have been mentioned or listed.
of] ljz]if gf]6n] xfd|f] vfF§L klxrfgsf] c6f]OYgf]lgd (autoethnonym)
x¿ s] s] x'g\ eGg] tYosf] :ki6} cjwf/gf / gSzf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . c?
cWofox¿ b'O{, tLg / kfFrdf klg lj:t[t ljZn]ifg ul/Psf] 5 . gofF g]kfnsf]
cjwf/gfdf ca xfdLn] xfd|f] kSsf klxrfgnfO{ s;/L klxNofpg] eGg] 5gf}6 /
:jtGqtfr}F k|t]s ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] xf] . xfdLn] jfl:tjstfnfO{ dfQ}
ls/fFtL efifLx¿ / ;f/f g]kfnjf;Lsf] ;fy} ljZje"dG8nsf cg';Gwftfx¿ jLr
nfOdnfO6 (limelight) df NofO lbg] ;Tk|ofz u/]sf 5f}+ / xf}+ . of] xfd|f]
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6M of] j+zj[S5] klg /fkrf -@))%M#–$_ n] a|f8nL -!((& M cg';Gwfgsf] wd{ 6 kfngfsf] OdfGbf/L sbd klg xf] .
!^ x]/k]m/ ePsf]_ / c? ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 7"nf] sf]i7 [ ] df cltl/Qm ;"rgf ykL
/fv]sf x'g\ . pgsf] cGo ljleGg cg';GwgfTds sfo{kqx¿ klg x]gx'{ f];\ . d'gL 6
of:6l/:s -tf/f lrGx_ df p4[t ul/Psf] ;"rgf klg pg}sf] xf] . of] ;Gbe{df xfdLn] oxfF nfn /fkrsf] cg';GwgfTds sfo{kq?sf] s'g} Ps sfo{kqsf] kfb
l6KkgLnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . pgL eG5g\– æd}n] oxfF sf]FOr -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof, /fO{ klg_ s;/L
*Toba (1983: 11) regarding the terms ‘Rai’ and ‘Kir!nti’ writes thus, “The ls/fFtL efiff eof] / slt ;dfgtf 5 egL k|dfg h'6fpg' eGbf klxn] l6a]6f]–ad{g efifflj1fgsf
name ‘Rai’ is given to a number of tribes or clans in the area as a generic gfd'b efiffljb\x?dWo]sf Ps efiffljb\ a|f8\nL -O{=@))@M *!_ sf] egfOnfO{ oxfF h:tfsf] t:t}
term. ‘Rai’ means ‘chief’ or ‘headman’ (Bista 1982: 32, Vansittart (1992: pb\wt[ u/]sf] 5'– “Apart from the Limbu and Yakkha in the east and Sunwar
|| 5 || || 6 ||
!=!=@ P]ltxfl;s sfnvG8sf] juL{s/Gf Kofn]cf]G6f]nflhsn (linguistic paleontological) cWoog klg xf] . oxfF Pp6}
ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] cg';Gwfg / l:ylt cfFsng u/L P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vf ls/fFtL hfltsf] efiff, ;F:s[lt, Oltxf; / e"uf]n s;/L s'g s'g sfnvG8x¿df
cfPsf] cfh;Dd klg xfd|f] hfgsf/Ldf t]tL 5}g . ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ljutsf lr/flr/f k/L 6'lqmof] t egL 7Dofpg' klg xf] . cfk"mn] cfk\mg} cg'xf/ P]gfdf x]g'{
cWoox¿nfO{ x]bf{ /fkrf -O{=@))#jL_ n] lgDg kfFr P]ltxfl;s sfnvG8df klg xf] . ;dfj]zL / nf]stflGqs x'g' klg xf] . gofF o'u;Fu} xfd|f] gofF k|:yfg
ljefhg cf} juL{s/g u/]sf 5g\– ljGb'sf] z'?cft klg xf] . clg ls/fFtL uf]v]{ 5ftL of] slyt PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf
s=k|fu–P]ltxfl;s jf cGw o'u -O{=!*$& jf !*%) lt/÷s]xL cufl8_ klg ljb]zL xftx¿n] gfkL g} /x]sf] ;Gbe{df xfd|f] lrgf/L, efiff, ;flxTo, ;F:s[lt,
v=t'ngfTds jf cfljisf/ o'u -O{=!*%) b]lv !()) ;Dd_ Oltxf;, dfgj;dfhzf:q cflbsf] prfO, nDjfO / rf}8fO jf ulx/fO slt 5 t
u=Jof/sg, kf7 / juL{/sg o'u -O{=!()) b]lv !(^) ;Dd_ egL cfk}+mn] cfk'mnfO{ gfKg' klg xf] .
3=ljZjf;kl/jt{g jf k|f; ] n6fOh]O;g o'u -O{=!(^) sf] cGTob]lv @)))_ !=# dxTj
ª=nf]k / jt{dfg o'u -O{=@))) p;f]_ 7
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf klZrdf Oltxf;sf/x¿ sg]{n ljlnod of] cWoogaf6 cf]Nnf], dfem / kNnf] ls/fFt 5]q u/L tLg} ls/fFt
h] ss{Kofl6«s, k|mflG;; aL xofldN6g, la|og xH;g, PrP cf]N8lkmN8, Onfsfsf] eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿ jLr eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, ;flxlTos, P]ltxfl;s,
8\oflgon /fO6, kl;{jn NofG8g, l;NefF n]eL cflbn] n]vs ] f] k|frLg, dfgjzf:qLo / ;dfhzf:qLo cflb 5]qdf Ps csf{ jLrsf eflifs, ;flxlTos,
dWosfnLg / cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] ;]/f]km] /f]nfO{ lgxfNbf /fkrfsf] P]ltxfl;s, dfgjzf:qLo / ;dfhzf:qLo aGwgx¿nfO{ s]nfOPsf]n] / ca tL
juL{s/gdf xfd|f] t]tL ljdlt 5}g / k"jL{o ls/fFtL Oltxf;sf/ Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªn] cWoog 5]qlt/ nfUg' kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf]n] klg o;sf] cxd\ dxTj 5 .
jf:tjd} xfdL x'gs ' f] cfwf/ 5f8]/ uPsf x'g\ . / xfdLn] cWofo @=@^ df pNn]v casf gofF k':tfx¿n] cfk\mgf] cg';Gwfgsf] ;"rLdf lgtfGt km/s ljifo 5fGg
u/]sf] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiff–;flxTosf rf/ ;f/yLx¿ l;l/hªuf y]a,] nfn;f]/ kfpg] ePsf]n] klg of] cfjZos 5 / ljz]if dxTjsf] klg 5 . ls/fFtL efiff–
;]Gbfª / kmfNu'gGb lnªb]gdWo] hfHjNodfg ;f/yL Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªsf] ;flxTodf cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg]x¿n] p7fg / a}7fg ug]{ ljGb' klg of] cWoogaf6
of]ubfgsf] sfn–vG8x¿nfO{ s]nfpFbf klg dflysf kfFr P]ltxfl;s sfn– kfpg] g} 5g\ .
vG8x¿ t]tLsf] cg'lrt 7xnf{ h:tf] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5}g . ls/fFt lnlksf] !=$ cWoog l;dfËg
cl:tTj 5}6f}+ ztfAbLlt/} ePsf] eP klg Tof] kf6f] Oltxf;s} ue{df ePsf]n] oxfF of] cg';Gwfgd'ns k':tsdf ;dsfnLg sfnvG8df cfk"mnfO{ æxfdL
t];nfO{ pKsfOPsf 5}gf} . o;sf]nflu csf]{ cWoog of]hgf rflxG5 . ls/fFt-L_ xf}+Æ egL lrgf/L lbnfpg rfxg] d"ntM rf/ ls/fFt ;+:yfx¿df cfj4
!=@ p2]Zo cf]Nnf] ls/fFtaf6 sf]FOra' cyf{t\ ls/fFt–;'gj' f/ ;dfh ;]jf -;'/]n / glhssf]
d"ntM oxfF ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] v]tL slt / s'g ?kdf ePsf] 5 egL xfo';lxtý cWofo @=& / @=!! klg x]g_"{ , dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtaf6 ls/fof
P]ltxfl;s ?kdf P]ltxfl;s jGwgsf] lrof]rrf]{, vf]htnf;, n]vfhf]vf / -afs'nf]rfgf cfGbf]ng;lxt_, kNnf] ls/fFt -x]g"{ gSzf !=! I_ af6 lsofr' /
lrgf/L u/fpg' g} xf] . o;sf] cnjf P]ltxfl;s t'ngfTds / lnªu'Ol:6s kNnf] ls/fFtaf6} lsof5'sf eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . klZrdf
/ s]xL k"jL{of efiffzf:qLx¿n] eGg] u/]sf] dxf–ls/fFtLsf yfªdL, g]jfM /
lwdfnnfO{ eg] oxfF ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g lsgeg] w]/} 6f9fsf] b"/L / a9L
in the west, these languages are also grouped in the ethnic category Rai, c;dfgtf g} xf] .
also known as Kiranti (or Kirat) from the former kingdom of this
area…Linguistically Sunwar, Yakkha and Limbu also form part of the
core Kiranti group.” oL b'j} k|Zgstf{x? efifflj1fg tyf ;flxTosf] lzIffyL{ cf} ls/fFtL
jStfx? ePsf]n] a|f8\nLsf] egfOdf c÷;xdt x'g ;S5g\ . t/ oxfF d a|f8\nLsf] s'/fdf s;L
nufpg of] n]vsf] ljleGg vG8x?df efiffsf] k|dfg;lxt e/dUb'/ k|ofz ug]{5' .Æ o;sf] k|dfg
cWofo kfFrdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .
7
o;sf] lj:t[t cWoog ljj/g /fkrf -O{=@))#jL_ df lbOPsf] 5 / of] sfo{kq O{= @))# df g}
l;lSsd csfbdLsf] hg{n ;]ldgf/ cg\ k|f]And;\ ofG8 k|f:] k]S6;\ cj\ On]eg :6]6
Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ l;lSsd sf] kfgf &)–*@ df k|sflzt eO{;s]sf] 5 .
|| 7 || || 8 ||
klg dªuf]nf]O8 j+z (stock) sf hfltx¿df w]/} nfdf] P]ltxfl;s, eflifs,
;fF:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns b"/Lx¿ 5g\ . o;df y]Krf] gfs / 5fnfsf] /+usf] cfwf/
dfQ} ln+bf ljUofg;Ddt x'Fb}g .
t];}n] r]kfª, u'?ª, dªu/, sf]r,] d]r,] lwdfn, yf?, bg'jf/, z]kf{ /
tfdfª cflb lxdfnL dªuf]nf]O8 j+z (stock) sf hfltx¿ -cfh sltko t/fO{df
klg 5g\_ nfO{ ls/fFtLsf] 6fFrf nufOPsf] 5}g . t];f] e’sf]n] ;Ltf/fd tfdfªx¿n]
eGg] u/]sf] ls/fFtLs/gsf] 6fpsf]] b'vfOnfO{ klg k/ cnUu} /flvPsf] 5 . cfh
xfdL;Fu xfd|f] lrgf/Lsf] afFsL cfwf/ eg]sf] efiff dfQ} Pp6f t]:tf] k|dfg xf]
h;sf] dfWodåf/f ;fWo;Dd k'Ug d2t ldN5 . ca xfd|f] ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf]
ulx/f] efiffj}Uoflgs t'ngfTds cWoog gu/Lsg /fhgLlt, Oltxf;, ;dfhzf:q,
dfgjzf:q / k'/ftTjzf:q (archaeology) e'Tt] g} x'G5g\ . of] qmddf
lnªu'Ol:6s Kofn]cf]G6f]nf]hL (linguistic paleontology) nfO{ k|flS6;
gu/Lsg lbzf kQf nufpg} ;lsb}g .
t;y{, of] cWoogdf d'Votof efiffsf] Wjlg, ?lkd, kb,
-gSzf g+= !=! I: k"jL{ g]kfnsf tLg} ls/fFt 5]qx¿, ;|ft] M dUb'un O{=!(&(, Jofs/gsf]6Lx¿, ljz]iftfx¿, hfltsf] c6f]OYgf]lgd (autoethnonym),
;Gbe{sf]nflu x]g"{ cWofo @=!@_ OYgf]Snfgf]lgd (ethnoclanonym), 6f]kf]lgd (toponym) jf nf]sf]lgd
(loconym), wd{–;F:s[ltsf] nf]sJojxf/, nf]s;flxTosf] kfq, gfd–rl/q /
;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g efiff;d"xdf kg]{ g]kfn efiff jf g]jfM cfk}+mdf
dxf;fu/ xf] / of] cWoogn] To;df kf}8L v]Ng] nS5] /fv]sf] 5}g . eflifs, 36gf cflbnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] of] cWoogdf ‘ls/fFt’ eGgfn] j;f]jf;
wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts ?kn] klg w]/} b"/L /x]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . yfªdLsf] 5]q / ‘ls/fFtL’ eGgfn] efiff, hflt / ;F:s[ltnfO{ dfg]sf 5f}+ . gfl;So jf
xsdf klg dfs{ 6'l/gsf] cWoogn] To:t} b"/L b]vfPsf] x'Fbf / b'j}n] ls/fFtL g} xf}+ rGb|ljGb' Wjlgn] ;QfO;} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] WjlgljUofgsf] k|ltlglwTj gu/]
egL cufl8 gcfO ;s]sf] kl/l:yltdf To;f] ePsf] xf] . csf]{ Ps gofF cflbjf;L klg cf]Nnf]bl] v dfem ls/fFt;Ddsf] ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ePsf]n]
hflt ;d"x lh/]nsf] af/]df eg] cWofo b'Os { f] pk–cWofo @=!! df ls/fFtL– tL zAbx¿df tf] Wjlgsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5f}+ .
sf]FOrsf] jf/]df ljZn]]ifg ubf{ OlÍt ul/Psf] 5 . / oxfF 8f=:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{ -pk{m !=% ljlw, efiff, z}nL / lxHh]
sfn] /f]b'ª_ sf] h:tf] a[xQ/ ls/fFt 5]lqosf] cy{nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/g -x]g"{ /fkrf O{= of] cWoog / n]vg sfo{ ubf{ xfdLn] d"ntM u'gfTds wf/fnfO{ kq]msf
@))@ ‘xt'jfhf]ªsf] pkdf’ klg_ sfd klg oxfF u/]sf 5}gf}+ . en} Oltxf;sf] 5f}+ tfklg ;+VofTdsnfO{ klg s]xL ?kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}+ . o;sf]nflu tYo
ljleGg sfnvG8x¿df /Qm;DdL;|g -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ g} lsg gePsf] xf];\ . ;+sng ubf{ k|foM h;f] ;]sG] 8«L ;f];{ jf pknAw ;flxTo ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ g} cfwf/
Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ª -O{=!(^&_ sf] h:tf] lxdfnog a]N68 sf ;f/f agfPsf 5f}+ . o;f] lsg ug'{ k/]sf] xf] eg] of] cWoog ædfdfsf] 3f]8f d]/f] lxxLÆ
dªuf]nf]O8 j+z (stock) sf hfltx¿nfO{ ls/fFtsf] 6fFrf / lwdfn hfltsf] geP/ xfd|f] cfk\mg} kl;gf, cfwf–k]6 / cfwf–w/f]{df cfwfl/t 5 . xfd|f] bf}8fg
cg';l|' t -t'n;L lbj; ;=@)#(_ df cfwfl/t dªuf]nf]O8 hfltsf] j+zfjnLnfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o ljleGg k':tsfnox¿, ;+3 ;+:yfx¿lt/ /Åof] . sltko
oxfF :yfg lbOPsf] 5}g . lsgeg] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog jf k|dfgn] Tof] s'/fx¿df eg] OG6/g]6nfO{ klg xfdLn] k|r/' dfqfdf pkof]udf NofPsf 5f}+ . xfd|f
juL{s/gnfO{ :jLsfb}{g . xf8{sf]/ ;fOG;s} h]gf]d l/;r{sf] k|dfg le8fpg] xf] eg] cu|hx¿, cg';Gwftf, ljUo / k|flS6;g/ cflb;Fusf] JolQmut tyf cgf}krfl/s
s'/fsfgL / 5nkmn klg xfd|f ;"rgf ;+sngsf cfwf/ x'g\ . o;/L ;+sng u/]sf]
8
;"rgfnfO{ Psflt/ k|zfwg ubf{ xfdLn] d"ntM efiffsf] ljZn]ifg txx¿ Wjlgd,
r]Dhf]ªsf] nfkrf–g]kfnL–cª\u|]hL zAbsf]z -;=@)@^M s_ sf] e"ldsfdf n]lvPsf] æO{zf kmf]lgd, ?lkd, n]lS;d, u|fldd / l;G6oflUdd jf jfSo;+/rgf ;d]tnfO{ s]nfP/
d;Lxsf] rf}yf] ztfAbLdf cf;fdb]lv sfa'n;Dd ls/ftLx?sf] zf;g lyof]Æ eGg] ts{sf] xfd|f] jGwg, h/f] / lrgf/L k}Nofpg] sfd u/]sf 5f}+ eg] csf]{tk{m xfdL;Fu s] slt
cy{nfO{ klg xfdLn] oxfF ;dfj]z u/]sf 5}gf}+ .
|| 9 || || 10 ||
/x]5 xfd|f] ef]ln aGg] cyf{t\ agfpg nfu]sf] gofF /fi6«sf] cfwf/ eg]/ (Monumenta Serindica No. 10). Tokyo: Institute for the
clen]lvs/g ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf 5f}+ . of] sfo{ljlwn] xfd|f] ef]lnsf]nflu efiff– Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
;flxTo, ;F:s[lt, wd{, Oltxf;, dfgjzf:q, ;dfhzf:q cflb OToflbnfO{ s]xL g a|f8nL, 8]le8= O{=@))#= l/Eo' cg\ lxdfnog :k];M sNr/n xf]/fOhGh\ ofG8
s]xL ?kdf cu|ufdL lbzf ;d]t lgb]{zg u/f];\ eGg] rfxgf 5 . k|flS6l;h\= Pl8l68 afO afNyf;f/ ljs]n ofG8 dfl6{g u]G;n] Og\
cWoogsf] P]ltxfl;s t'ngf ubf{ xfdLn] Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ klg ofGy|fk] f]nf]lhsn lnªu'Ol:6S;\, $%, !M !@@–!@#=
cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnPsf 5f}+ . o;df xfdLn] Snfgf]lgdsf] –rf ?lkd ofg] df]/lkmd, Bradley, David. 2003. Review on Himalayan Space: Cultural
Åjfª >xfª n]lS;d (lexeme) jf kb / ÷ª÷ Wjlgsf] k|r/' tfnfO{ lnP/ k|f6] f]– Horizons and Practices. Edited by Balthasar Bickel and
l6a]6f]–ad{g cfWo?k (proto-form) / To;sf] l;dflG6S;\ jf cy{ljUofgnfO{ Martin Gaenszle in Anthropological Linguistics, 45, 1: 122-
;d]t s]nfO bfFhs ] f 5f}+ . o;sf] ;j} hfgsf/L xfdLn] dflysf] pk–cWofo !=$ df 123.
klg cWoog l;dfªsg ubf{ k|:6ofO ;s]sf 5f}+ . of] k':ts k"gt{ of -----. O{=@))@= ‘b ;A–u'|lkª cj\ l6a]6f]–ad{g’= df An]h/, x]ª\s / c? -;Dkf=_=
cg';GwgfTds xf] tkflg xfdLn] n]vgsf] dfWodnfO{ klG8TofOFsf] ;§f ls/fFtL d]l8oen l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ [la|nh\ l6a]6g :6l8h\ nfOa]|/L,
;efg] nf]saf]nL jf efiff / nf]slxHh]nfO{ clg z}nLdf k|yd ax'–k'?if ‘xfdL’ / ef]No'd @÷^]= n]O8g cflbM la|n=
ldl;|t–;Dafb cf} Gof/]l6enfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbPsf 5f}+ . lxHh] n]]vfOdf
-----. 2002. ‘The sub-grouping of Tibeto-Burman’. In Blezer, Henk
nf]sefiff k|of]u ubf{ / o;sf] sG6]G6df sltko 7fdx¿df ;[hgzLn c/fhstf
et al. (eds.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages [Brill’s
cfGbf]ng (Movement of Creative Anarchism) sf] ;'uGw cfpg'nfO{ Tibetan Studies Library, Vol. 2/6]. Leiden et al: Brill.
xfdLn] :jfefljs ?kdf lnPsf 5f}+ .
-----. !((&= ‘b l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 Snfl;lkms]O;g’, k]k/;{ Og\
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography ;fpy Plhog lnªu'Ol:6S; g+= !$M [l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ ] !–
&@=
a]gl] 8S6, kpn s]= O{=!(&@= ;fOgf]l6a]6gM c sG:k]S6;= slG6«Jo'l6ª Pl86/ -----. 1997. ‘Tibeto-Burman Languages and classification’. Papers
h]D; P dl6;f]km= s]lDa|hM s]lDa|h o'lgel;{6L k]|;= in Southeast Asian linguistics No.14: [Tibeto-Burman
Benedict, Paul K. 1972a. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus. Cambridge: Languages of the Himalayas] 1-72.
Cambridge University Press. a|fO6, ljlnod -;Dkf=_= O{=!((@= OG6/Gof;gn OG;fOSnf]lkl8of cj\
afNyf;f/, ljs]n= O{=!((^= of:k]S6, d'8 ofG8 6fOd Og\ a]Nxf/]M :6l8h\ Og\ b lnªu'Ol:6S;\= s]lDa|hM s]lDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];=
l;dflG6s–k|fUdfl6S;\ OG6/k]m; cj\ c lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh= PP;PP;, Bright, William (ed.) 1992. International Encyclopaedia of
h'l/vM o'lglel;{6]6 h'l/v= Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bickel, Balthasar. 1996. Aspect, Mood and Time in Belhare: r]Dhf]ª, Odfg P;= ;=@)@^= nfkrf–g]kfnL–cª\uh
|] L zAbsf]z= sf7dfG8"M
Studies in the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface of a g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg=
Himalayan Language. ASAS, Zurich: Universität Zürich.
Chemjong, Iman S. 1969 [VS 2026]. Lapcha-Nepali-English
lji6, 8f]/axfb'/= O{=!(*@= ‘b k|f];;] cj\ g]kfnfOh]O;g’, ofGy|f]kf]nf]lhsn ofG8 Dictionary. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy.
lnªu'Ol:6s :6l8h\ cj\ b uG8sL Pl/of Og\ g]kfn -dg'dG] 6f ;]l/lG8sf -----. O{=!(^&= lx:6«L ofG8 sNr/ cj\ ls/fFt lkkn= sf7dfG8"M lsofr' -@))#_=
g+= !)_= 6f]lsof]M OlG:66\o6' km/\ b :68L cj\ Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 sNr;{
cj\ Plhof ofG8 oflk|msf= -----. 1967. History and Culture of Kirat People. Kathmandu:
Kiyachu (2003).
Bista, Bor B. 1982. ‘The process of Nepalization’, Anthropological
and Linguistic Studies of the Gandaki Area in Nepal

|| 11 || || 12 ||
l8NofG;L, :s6= O{=!(()= ‘;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofªu'Olhh\’= Og\ agf{8 sf]D/L Pa6{, s/]g Pr= O{=@))#= ‘ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\M ofg\ cf]e/Eo'’= Og u|fxfd yu{'8
-;Dkf=_ b jN8{;\ d]h/ Nofªu'Olhh\ = Go" of]s{ ofG8 cS:kmf]8M{ cS:kmf]8{ ofG8 /fG8L h]= nfkf]nf -;Dkf=_ b ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofªu'Olhh\ -?6n]h
o'lgel;{6L k|];= Nofªu'Oh kmofldnL l;l/h_M nG8g ofG8 Go" of]sM{ ?6n]h=
DeLancey, Scott. 1990. ‘Sino-Tibetan languages’. In Bernard Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Kir!nti languages: An overview’. In
Comrie (ed.). The World’s Major Languages. New York and Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla (eds.) The Sino-
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tibetan Languages [Routledge Language Family Series].
lbj;, t'n;L= ;=@)#(= lwdfn nf]swd{ / ;F:s[lt= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn /fhsLo London and New York: Routledge.
k|1f k|lti7fg= Ou]/f]8, ;f]/]g= O{=!(&#= l/Eo' cj\ kpn a]gl] 8S6;\ ;fOgf]–l6a]6gM c sG:k]S6;=
Diwas, Tulasi. 1982 [VS 2039]. Dhimal Lokdharma ra Sanskriti.
Og\ hg{n cj\ rfOlgh lnªu'Ol:6S;\, !, #M $(*–%)%=
Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. Egerod, Søren. 1973. Review of Paul Benedict’s Sino-Tibetan: A
l8«cd, hf]h{ Eofg= O{=@))$= ‘g]jfl/s ofG8 dxfls/fFtL’= Og\ cGh' ;S;]gf Conspectus. In Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1, 3: 498-
505.
-;Dkf=_ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\M kf:6 ofG8 lk|h]G6 [6]«Gh\ Og\
lnªu'Ol:6S;\, :6lkh\ ofG8 dfgf]uf| km\ !$(]= aln{g ofG8 Go" of]sM{ d'tf]F= u]G:n], dfl6{g= O{=@)))= cf]l/lhG;\ ofG8 dfOu|];Gh\M lslG;k, ldyf]nf]hL ofG8
OlYgs cfO8]lG66L cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ cj\ O:6 g]kfn -6«fG:n]Ol68 k|md
Driem, George van. 2004. ‘Newaric and MahaKir!nti’. In Anju
hd{g OG6' Oª\lnz afO{ lkmlnk lkc;{ ofG8 lb Oª\lnz 6«fG:n]O;g
Saxena (ed.) Himalayan Languages: Past and Present
[Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 149]. Berlin
Pl8l68 afO{ Kofl6«l;of /f]af]6;{\_= sf7dfG8"M dG8nf as kf]OG6 ofG8 b
and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. dfpG6]g OlG:66\o6' =
-----. O{=@))!= Nofªu'Olhh\M cj\ b lxdfnoh\M ofg OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s Gaenszle, M. 2000. Origins and Migrations: Kinship, Mythology
and Ethnic Identity among the Mewahang Rai of East
xofG8a's cj\ b u|]6/ lxdfnog l/hg sG6]lgª ofg\ OG6«f]8S;g 6' b Nepal [Translated from German into English by Philip Peirce
l;lDacf]l6s lycf]/L cj\ Nofªu'Oh= [@ ef]Nh\]= n]O8g of6 cnM la|n= and the English translation edited by Patricia Roberts].
-----. 2001. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point and The Mountain
Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region containing an Institute.
Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language [2 Unf]e/, jf/]g 8ANo'= O{=!(&$= l;dflG6s ofG8 u|Dofl6sn :6«Sr;{ Og\ u'?ª
Vols.]. Leiden et al.: Brill. -g]kfn_ -;d/ OlG:66\o6' cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ klSns]O;Gh\ Og\
-----. O{=!((&= ‘;fOgf]–af]l8s’, a'nl] 6g cj\ b :s'n cj\ cf]l/oG6n ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\ ofG8 l/n]l68 lkmN8;\, klAns]O;g g+= $(, c klAns]O;g
clk|msg :6l8h, ^), #M $%%–$**= cj\ b P;cfOPn cj\ b o'lgel;{6L cj\ cSnf]xf]df_= sf7dfG8"M
-----. 1997. ‘Sino-Bodic’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and P;cfOPn, o'lgel;{6L k|];, 6Lo'=
African Studies, 60, 3: 455- 488. Glover, WW. 1974. Semantic and Grammatical Structures in
-----. O{=!((@= ‘Og\ Sj]:6 cj\ dxfls/fFtL [u|6/] ls/fFtL]’, slG6«Jo';Gh\ 6' g]lKnh Gurung (Nepal) [Summer Institute of Linguistics
:6l8h, !(, @M @$!–@$&= Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields, Publication
Number 49, A publication of the SIL of the University of
-----. 1992. ‘In quest of MahaKir!nti [Greater Kir!nti]’, Oklahoma]. Kathmandu: SIL, University Press, Tribhuvan
Contributions to Nepalese Studies, 19, 2: 241-247. University.
x]n, P= O{=!(*@= l/;r{ cg b l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofu'Olhh\= b x]uM d'tf]F=
|| 13 || || 14 ||
Hale, A. 1982. Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages. lgzL, of]zL= O{=!((@= ‘c ;e]{ cj\ b lk|hG] 6 :6]6 cj\ cfj/ gn]h cafp6 b
The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\\’= 6\jG6Llkmk\my OG6/Gof;gn sGkm/]G; cg\
ÅofG;f]g, u8{= O{=!((!= b /fO{ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfnM OlYgs ofG8 lnª\uO' l:6s ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\, as{n=]
u|'lkª= -Pl8l68 ofG8 OG6«8o':6 afO e]]g/ leG6/_= sf7dfG8"M Nishi, Yoshi. 1992. ‘A survey of the present state of our knowledge
lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ g]kfn ofG8 l;gf;= about the Himalayan languages’. 25th International
Han"on, Gerd. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics,
Linguistic Grouping (Edited and introduced by Werner Berkeley.
Winter). Kathmandu: Linguistic Survey of Nepal and CNAS. /fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n'= O{=@))%= c 8]l:qmlK6e u|ofd/ cj\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr=
sf]gf], P;= !()(= Og\ hf]h{ P= lu|c/;g -;Dkf=_= ‘l6a]6f] ad{g k\mofldnLM kLPr8L l8;=, ;]G6/ cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S; ofG8 Oªlnz, :s'n cj\
lxdfnog 8fon]S6;\, gy{ cf;fd u'|k’= Og\ lu|c/;g -;Dkf=_ lnªu'Ol6s ln6/]r/, Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 sNr;{, hjfx/nfn g]x¿ o'lgel;{6L, Go"
;e]{ cj\ OlG8of= Go" 8]nLM ?kf ofG8 sf]= kfgf @$(–@%@ -SofNsf6fM 8]nL=
;'kl/G6]G8]G6 cj\ uDeG6 lk|lG6ª k|];= #M != kfgf @*#–#)$ ofG8 nf] k|fO; Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu. 2005. A Descriptive Grammar of
klAns]O;Gh\ ofG8 df]ltnfn agf/;Lbf; l/lk|G6 !(^&_= Kiranti-Kõits. PhD Diss., Centre of Linguistics & English,
School of Literature, Languages and Cultures, Jawaharlal
Konow, S. 1909. In George A. Grierson (ed.). ‘Tibeto-Burman
Nehru University, New Delhi.
family: Himalayan dialects, North Assam Group’. In
Grierson (ed.) Linguistic Survey of India. New Delhi: Rupa -----. O{=@))#jL= ‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr~;'gj
' f/M kf:6, lk|hG] 6 ofG8 k\mo'r/’= k]k/
and Co. Pp. 249-252 (Calcutta: Superintendent of lk|hl] G68 Og\ c 6' 8] ;]ldgf/ cg\ ;]sG] 8÷l/hgn Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\
Government Printing Press. 3: 1. pp. 283-304 and Low Price l;lSsd, ufGtf]s, (–!) h'nfO{= -l;lSsd csfbdLsf] hg{n @))# df
Publications and Motilal Banarasidass (reprint 1967)). k|sflzt_=
lnjfOg, GofG;L O= ;=@)^! -O{@))$_= ‘Gf]kfndf hft, /fHo / hghftLo -----. 2003b. ‘Kir!nti-Kõits~Sunuwar: Past, present and future’.
;Ldf/]vf’, axfM hg{n !, !M ^#–*#= Paper presented at a two day Seminar on Second/Regional
Leewine, Nancy E. 2004. ‘Nepalma jat, rajya ra janajatiya Languages of Sikkim, Gangtok, 9-10 July.
simarekha’, Baha: Journal, 1, 1: 63-83. -----. ;=@)%*= ‘xt'jfhf]ªsf] pkdf’, ;'gr/L ;dfrf/, /ljaf/, @% r}t @)%*
Png]8= ;=@)%(= -lnDa"–g]kfnL–Oªlnz l8S;G/L, bf];|f] ;+:s/g_ :j= cyf{t\ & clk|n @))@, l;nu8L=
Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ª / c?åf/f ;Dkflbt= sf7dfG8"M /f]on g]kfn cSof8]dL= -----. 2002 [VS 2058]. ‘Hatuwadzongko upama’, Sunchari
LNED. 2002 (VS 2059). [Limbu-Nepali-English Dictionary, 2nd Samachar, Sunday, 7 April 2002.
edition] edited by the late Imansing Chemjong et al. ?6h;{, /f]nG8= O{=!((*= ofDk"mM u|ofd/, 6]S:6 ofG8 n]lS;sf]g= n]O8g, b
Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. g]b/NofGh\M l/;r{ :s'n, l;Pg8ANo'P;=
dl6;f]km, h]P= O{=!((!= ‘;fOgf]–l6a]6g lnªu'Ol:6S;\M lk|hG] 6 :6]6 ofG8 k\mo'r/ Rutgers, Roland. 1998. Yamphu: Grammar, Text and Lexicon.
k|f:] k]S6;\’, ofg'cn l/Eo' cj\ ofGy|fk] f]nf]hL, @)M $^(–%)$= Leiden, The Netherlands: Research School, CNWS.
Matisoff, JA. 1991. ‘Sino-Tibetan linguistics: present state and ;]km/, cf/= O{=!(^^= OG6«f8] S;g 6' ;fOgf]–l6a]6g= ljP:af8]gM cf]6f] xf/f;f]ljh=
future prospects’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 20: 469-
504. Shafer, Robert. 1966-74. Introduction to Sino-Tibetan [IV
parts]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

|| 15 || || 16 ||
cWofo
-----. 1953. ‘East Himalayish’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental
and African Studies, 15, 2: 356-374.
y/u'8, hL= O{=@))#= ‘c ;au|'lkª cj\ b ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofªu'Olhh\M b OG6/
b'O{
ofS;g la6ljg Nofªu'Oh sG6ofs, r]Gh, ofG8 OGx]l/6]G;’= Og\ u|ofxfd
y/u'8 ofG8 /\ofG8L h]= nfkf]nf -;Dkf=_= b ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofª\u'Olhh\
[?6n]h Nofª\uO' h k\mofldnL l;l/h]= nG8g / Go" of]sM{ ?6n]h=
Thurgood, G. 2003. ‘A sub-grouping of the Sino-Tibetan
languages: The interaction between language contact, ls/fFtL efiffx¿ / ;flxTosf] :jklxrfg
change, and inheritance’. In Graham Thurgood and Randy J.
LaPolla (eds.) The Sino-Tibetan Languages [Routledge
Language Family Series]. London/New York: Routledge. @=) kl/ro
tf]af, ;'Pof]zL= O{=!(*#= c kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l/sG:6«S;g cj\ k|f6] f]–gf]b{g /fO{= ls/fFtL efiffx¿ / ;flxTosf] P]ltxfl;s :jklxrfg eGgfn] xfdLn] oxfF
PdP lyl;;, o"lgel;{6L cj\ 6]S;;\ of6 cln{ª6\ g, h'nfO{ !(*#= cl3 cWofo Pssf] pk–cWofo !=!=! df juL{st[ ax'–ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] Ps}
Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. ‘A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto- dGr jf eflifs kf]v/L eGg] a'em\ g'' kb{5 . xfdL Ps eP/ klg ;x;| 5f}+ / ;x;|
Northern Rai’. MA Thesis, The University of Texas at eP/ klg Ps xf}+ . Tof] g} ls/fFtL hflt / efiff ;Dk|bfox¿sf] cfk\mgf] ;femf
Arlington. ljz]iftf xf] . o;/L ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ Ps} dGrdf e]nf u/fO lbg] klxnf]
EfflG;6f6{, O8]g= !((@ -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !*(^_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -ljy ofg\ z'?cft eg] klZrdf efiffljb\x¿ ÅofG;f]g -O{= !((!_ / Pa6{ -O{= !(($_ n] g}
OG6««f8] S;g afO Pr=Pr= l/:n]_= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M Plhog Ph's;
] gn u/]sf x'g\ .
;le{;];=\ ofof]Svfn] ;=@)^@ df cfk\mgf] klxnf] /fli6«o k|of; :j?k ljleGg
Vansittart, Eden. 1992 [orig.1896]. Notes on Nepal (with an ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;+sngsf] u/]sf] eP klg cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf
introduction by H.H. Risley). New Delhi and Madras: Asian sltko dxTjk"g{ efiffx¿ c;dfj]zLdf k/]sf 5g\ . / To;sf] af/]df k|fSsygdf
Educational Services. g} pNn]v u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . cfhsf] ax'n / ;dfj]zL wf/df aUg'sf] cnjf ls/fFtL
ef]ul] ng, rfN;{ Pkm / PkmPdcf/ ef]u]lng= !(&&= Snfl;lkms]O;g ofG8 efiffx¿ / ;flxTosf] Pp6} ;femf rf}tf/L geO{ gePsf]n] xfdLn] cfk\mgf] an, a'tf,
OG8]S; cj\ b jN8{;\ Nofªu'Olhh\= Go" of]s{ of6 ofnM ON;]lec/ gf]y{– ;do, kl;gf, Uofg / ljj]s cflb OToflb vr]{/ xfdLn] ax'efifL ls/fFtLx¿sf]
xnG8, OGskf]{/O] ;g= gf8L 5fDg] sfd u/]sf 5f}+ .
Voegelin, Charles F. and F.M.R. Voegelin. 1977. Classification of] cWofonfO{ xfdLn] ax'–pk–cWofox¿df lr/f kf/]/ pgLx¿sf jf xfd|f
and Index of the World’s Languages. New York et al.: efiffx¿ / ;flxTosf] ;j]{S5]g u/]]sf 5f}+ . o;f]/L oL pk–cWofox¿df juL{st[
Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. ubf{ qmdfªssf] cfwf/ eg] jg{qmdnfO{ /f]hs ] f 5f}+ . ;j]{S5]g / ;+sngdf ;a}
ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ plQs} cfTd;ft\ cf} cf]hk"g{ dfof u/]sf 5f}+ / ;dfj]zL /
;xefuL ofqfsf] z+sgfb u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] vf]h / ljZn]ifgaf6 lg:s]sf
******************************** lgrf]8x¿ xfdL]n] cWofo ^ / ;ftdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ eg] k|t]s pk–cWofosf]
clGtd vG8df pk–lgrf]8 klg lbPsf 5f}+ . xfdLn] oL efiffx¿df cfh;Dd
pknAw lnlvt ;flxTo / ;o :jf8]z zAbsf] cfwf/df l8:se/ (discover)
u/]sf ls/fFtL efiffx¿ / ltgsf] ;flxTo lgDgfg';f/ 5g\–

|| 17 || || 18 ||
@=! ls/fFtL–cf7k/] (Kiranti-Athpare)
cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 eGg] bfjL efiffljb\x¿sf] 5 . t/ a]nxf/f -a]nxf/] efiff_ /
cf7kxl/ofsf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ 6+sk|;fb g]pkfg] / uf]ljGb t'Dafxfªn] t
ljb]zLx¿sf] cWoognfO{ efiff–hflt k'm6fpg] k|of; ;d]t eg]sf 5g\ .
@=!=) kl/ro (Introduction) xfn ;LkL8LkLsf] cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ljåfg k|f=8f=gf]ls/fsf cg';f/
ls/fFtL–cf7k/] jStfx¿sf] cfk\mgf] :jOYgf]lgd (Auto-ethnonym) wgs'6fsf k|foM h;f] ls/fFtLx¿ cfk"m cf7kxl/of ePtf klg cfk"mnfO{ cGodf
vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) xf] . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn]
lrgf/L lbg] dgf]–;fdflhs k|jl[ Qsf] xfjL ePsf] 5 . 10 ls/fFtL–cf7k/]sf]
dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf] of] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª -;=@)^#_ n] cjnf]sg ubf{ wgs'6], eL/ufpFn] / a]nxf/] u/L
xf] eG5 . uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª -;=@)^#_ n]r}F ofSvfaf xf] eg]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ tLg d'Vo eflifsfx¿ b]vs ] f /x]5g\ . ofSy'ª d'Gw'd tyf j+zfjnLn] cf7k/] /
cGonfO{ cfk\mgf]df ;dfj]z ubf{ yDaf]ªaf gfdfs/Gf u5{g\ . P]ltxfl;s ofSvfnfO{ ;xuf]qL eG5 .
efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' @=!=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
(Khambu) xf] eG5 . pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf
ls/fFtL–cf7k/]sf] d"n ynf]df kNnf] ls/fFt wgs'6fsf] ofQm], 5f/f
zf;sx¿n] klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F ;a} 7fn' aGg] xf]8df
-nf]sf]lgd, Snfgf]lgd / Pkf]lgd ;d]t, ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªdf klg_, l;KtLg, ;fGg],
j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] cf7kxl/of (Athapariya), cf7k|] (Athpre) / /fO{ (Rai)
ltNs]rf}/, dfemufpF, 8fF8fufpF, r'nLjg, ;fG6fª, cFw/] L, cf]Sdfn'ª, n'ªwfª,
klg xf] . of] /fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg >/fof ‘/fhf’ df 5 . clg
lrt'jfvs{, 6]sn ' fnf, u}/LufpF, hfa|], lsGtfª, dfªb]g, k]n]skfª, gfd]Gtf,
csf]{ v;Ls/gaf6 kfPsf] klxrfg hldGbf/ klg xf] . ls/fFtL–cf7k/] jStfx¿
lrbfk, 6]sg' fnf, eL/ufpF, kGrsGof, a}/], lkKn], tNnf] sf]Kr], xftLvs{, 5y/,
cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ ;fgfªuf] 9 l/ª eGb5g\ . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL a]nxf/f, vfN;f, ;fq], d"lt{9ª ' uf, n]u'jf, emnx/f -x]g"{ efiff:yfg gSzf @=@ II_
(synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfpg] ;To–
cflb g} d'Vo x'g\ . o;sf glhssf elugL efiffx¿df a]nxf/] -a]nxfl/of /
jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ kmfª\bj' fnL_, l5lnª, l5Gtfª -d'ufnL_, 5'nª ' -l5lnª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_ /
:jLsfb{5g\ . ofSvf -n'Daf, ofSvfsf] Snfgf]lgd / :yfgLo zAbfjnL km/s_ g} x'g\ .
cf}klgj]lzs Oltxf; sfndf wgs'6fsf] xfQLvs{ ufpFaf6 v]jf/
-lnDa", -ofSy'ª÷rf]ª_ xfd|f] yk zAbfjnL_ /fhfn] gfuf -efiffx¿ cg';r " L u df
x]g_"{ ;/bf/ 5f]ªb]g xfªnfO{ k/flht u/]sf]n] To;} j+zaf6 cf7kxl/of /fO{ /
k[gfzfsf] kfnfdf lgzfgyfgsf] kx/f u/]jfkt\ cf7kl/of kb\jL kfPsf] eGg]
nLnfjNne l3ld/] -;=@)%%_ sf] cledt 5 .
tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))M#(_ n] ls/fFtL–cf7k/]df
k|fylds lzS5fsf] nflu a]nxf/f ufpF, wgs'6fnfO{ k|:tfljt u/]sf lyP . pgsf
cg';f/ -O{=@)))M $)_ a]nxfl/of ufpF g} cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿sf] afx'Notf /x]sf]
:yfgdWo] Ps xf] . pgn] a]nxf/f 7fpFdf af]lng] efiff cf7kxl/of efiff g} xf] eg]
tfklg efiffzf:qLx¿ k|f=8f=ljs]n / k|f=8f=Pa{6sf cWoogx¿ klg a]nxf/]df
x]gx'{ f];\ . b'O{ efiff jLr ;dfgtf kfOP klg Jofs/g leGg ePsf] efiffzf:qLo

9
d;Fusf] 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ -#) sflQs @)^$ jf !^ gf]e]Da/ @))& z'qmaf/ ljxfg_ df -gSzf g+= @=@ II: cf7k/] efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M l8«cd @))!M &)(_
l8s lsD8fª–/fO{ -hf] cf7kxl/of x'g_\ n] cf7k|]r}F hflt / ;fgfªuf]r}F Unf]6f]lgd
10
(glotonym) jf efiffsf] gfd xf] egL atfP . pgL b'j} efiffsf] jStf / cGj]ifs klg of] ;"rgf pxfF;uF @@ ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
x'g\ . pgn] a]nxf/] jStfx? klg cf7k|] g} x'g eGg] tYo v'nf;f u/] .
|| 19 || || 20 ||
@=!=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms, k9\bf of] efiffk|ltsf] Kof; d]l6G5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}+ . clxn]nfO{ oxfFr}F
moities) yf]/}df klg of] dft[efiffsf] pknAw / ;DefJo :j/ / JoGhg jg{x¿ k|:t't u/]sf
lnªlvd -x]g"{ @=!$ klg_ dft[efiffsf] jStf (& eg]/ pNn]v ug{ EofPsf] 5f}+ . tL lgDgfg';f/ 5g\–
O{=@))! sf] hguggfn] ls/fFtL–cf7k|]sf] cfh jStf ;+Vof slt eGg] af/]df df}g
g} 5 . OYgf]nu n] s/]g Pa6{ -O{=!((%_ sf] ;|ft] pNn]v ub}{ b'O{ xhf/ jStfx¿ :j/x¿ cf O p P cf]
5g\ eg]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] jStf ;+Vofkl5 oxfF xfdLn] ls/fFtL–cf7k/]sf] cfk\mgf] JoGhgx¿ s\ v\ u\ -3\_ ª\
pknAw / ;Defljt Snfgf]lgd jf y/gfd (clanonym, moities) x¿sf] k|:t't r\ 5\ h\ e\m
u/]sf 5f}+ . oL Snfgf]lgdx¿sf] k|t]S5] ?kdf dfgjzf:qLo, efiffzf:qLo / 6\ 7\ 8\ 9\
P]ltxfl;s dxTj 5 . / o; lbzftk{msf] cWoogsf] cfwf/ g} oL Snfgf]lgdx¿ x'g\ . k\ k\m a\ e\ d\
tL o; k|sf/ 5g\– 5f/f -;fjf]Skf / ;fnf]SkfM ;fDd]t jfKdfof]ªaf -k'_ / o\ /\ n\ j\ ;\
jfKdfof]ªdf -d__, l5lnª-u]_ -;fodf5f / cl;df5fý l5lnª eflifs ;d"x -<_ x\
xfd|f] k|Zg_ 5f]ªb]g, l5jfTkfª -l5jf6\kfª_, l5u]af -jlny/ / ltufyf]/_, r- -;|ft] M /fhs'df/L l56\lnª\u] ;=@)^#M #_
f_l/ªd], vfaf]ªjf -dfªa'ª, kmf]lSvd, 5f/f, vfjf8's, kfª;'ª, xf]Daf/-f_s pgsf] of] k|:t'tLnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ x]bf{ cf7k|] l/ªdf dfq} kfFr :j/ jg{
-vfDaf]ªaf, sfzL uf]q / Nxf;f uf]q <__, n]ª;'xfª, kfT/], /f]bj' f, vfjfb's, 5g\ / tju{sf s'g} klg JoGhg cNkmfa]6sf] pkl:ylt kfOGg . k|foM ;j} ls/fFtL
sf]lsd -x]g"{ vltj8f ;=@)^#_, lsDbfª -;fKnf / jfa'g h:t}M l8saxfb'/ /fO{_, efiffx¿sf] jg{ljUofgdf gfl;So g Wjlg–jg{ kfOP klg cf7k|] l/ªdf of] gb]lvg'
rNn] -x]g"{ sGbªjf @)%)M ! / /fhs'df/ lbSkfn ;=@)^#M (^_, 5f]ªb]g, cgf}7f] ljz]iftf xf] . t/ uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª -;=@)^#_ n]r}F ^ :j/ / @^ JoGhg
rfl/ªd], l5jfTkfª, l5lnª-u]_, l56\-t\_lnªu], ;fGtfª -x]g"{ vltj8f ;=@)^#_, jg{x¿ eg]sf 5g\ . c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg /
n]ª;'jf, bf]ªb]g, jfDa'n] -cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] eflifs ;d"x xfd|f] gf]6_, ofvf ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf 5 . Pj6{ -O{=!((&M !#–!%_ cg';f/ % :j/ / @$
-eflifs ;d"x xfd|f] gf]6_ cflb / pk–y/x¿ ;a}df ;fDd]t -OG8f]–cfo{g uf]q :j/x¿ 5g\ eg] Unf]6n :6k / /\x nfO{ ;Djg{ jf P]lR5s Wjlg jg{df /flvPsf]
h:t}_ x'G5 . oL Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ EfflG;6f6{ -!*(^ / !()(_ ;Fu klg t'ngf u/L 5 . ;fdfGotof efiffljb\x¿n] ;fgfªuf] l/ª sf] ljz]iftfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ atfPsf
x]bf{ x'G5 . 5g\–
@=!=# efiffjuL{s/Gf (Linguistic classification) SOV; postpositions; genitives, adjectives, numerals before noun
heads; polar questions marked with a suffix attached to the verb
efiffj}Uoflgs juL{s/Gf cg'';f/ of] dft[efiff lrlgof–ltAatL dxf–
sentence final; content questions can have the same word order as
kl/jf/sf] ltAatL–ad]{nL kl/jf/df kg]{ lxdfnL zfvf cGtu{t ls/fFtL assertive sentences, or the question word occurs directly before the
;d"xdWo]sf] Ps xf] . ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ k"jL{ g]kfn -d]rL, sf]zL, ;u/dfyf / verb; maximum number of suffixes 9; affixes indicate case of noun
hgsk'/ c+rnsf] kxf8L Onfsf / s]xL t/fO{ If]q_ sf] k"jL{, dWo / klZrdL u/L phrase; verb affixes mark person, number, object—obligatory; split
tLg If]qx¿df ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf glhsdf elugL efiffx¿df a]nxf/] ergative; comparatives with Nepali 'Bhanda'; CV, CVC, CVCC;
-a]nxfl/of, kmfª\b'jfnL_, l5lnª, l5Gtfª -d'ufnL_, 5'nª ' -l5lnª <_, ofSvf nontonal oL ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ xfdLn] u'undfk{mt OYgf]nu sf] xf]dk]haf6 tfg]sf
-n'Daf, ofSvfsf] Snfgf]lgd / :yfgLo zAbfjnL km/s_ g} x'g\ . juL{s/gsf] xf}+ .
efiffj[S5] cl3 g} cWofo ! sf] pk–cWofo !=!=! df k|:t't ul/;s]sf 5f}+ .
@=!=% kqklqsf (Magazines)
@=!=$ eflifs ljz]iftfx¿ (Linguistic features) of] ls/fFtL dft[efiffdf cl:tTj / ljsf;sfnflu kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ h:t}M
ls/fFtL–cf7k/] jf vfDaf]ªafx¿sf] ;fgfªuf] l/ª sf] eflifs ljz]iftf k':ts, kqklqsf cflb k|sfzgx¿sf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . ;+of]ujz g]kfn
s]nfpg' of] pk–cWofosf] Wo]o xf]Og / lbg klg ;lsb}g . / cf7k|] l/ªsf] kmf]snf]/ ;f];fO6Lsf] cWoog;"rLdf ls/fFtL–cf7k/] klg k/]kl5 eg] klxnf]
cflwsfl/s efiffljb\x¿ eg]sf k|f=8f=s/]g Pj6{ / 8f=6+sk|;fb g]pkfg] g} x'g\ . klqsf vfjf;] k'mª ‘ljxfgLsf] km"n’ -x]g"{ g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, !^ ;fpg )^#
o;sf]nflu xfd|f kf7sju{n] tnsf pk–cWofox¿df k|:t't ul/Psf] ;flxTo
|| 21 || || 22 ||
[!cu:t )^ ]_ / k'mª lgª -å}dfl;s, ;Dkf= OGb| 5f]ªb]g c? ;=@)^#_ z'ef/De ;Dkbf -zDe'k; | fb vltj8f ;=@)^# l/kf]6{_, %=‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf]
eof] . o;/L g} uf]/vfkq b}lgssf] ‘gofF g]kfn’ 11 k[i7df klg k|jz
] eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . jf8fª\dL kj{’ -/fhs'df/ /fO{ ld=g=<_, ^=‘nf]k x'g] l:yltdf 5 cf7kxl/of /fO{
hflt’ -nLnfjNne l3ld/] ;=@)%%_, &=‘cf7kxl/of /fO{M OlYgl;6L ofG8 b]c/
@=!=^ pkGof; (Fiction)
ofS;]; Og\ kf]lnl6sn kfj/’ -lkDkf r]Dhf]ª ;=@)^# g]kfn ;]G6/ km/
clxn];Dd pgLx¿sf] ;F:s[ltdf cfwfl/t vu]Gb|sd' f/ k|wfgfÍs[t sG6]Dkf]//L :68Lh\sf] xf]dk]haf6 kx'Fr ldlt @) l8;]Dj/ @))^_, *=‘cf7kxl/of
pkGof; xf/L -vu]Gb|sd' f/ k|wfgfªu ;=@)%)_ pknJw 5 eg] dft[efiffdf g} /fO{x¿n] ug]{ k"hfcfhf / To;sf] ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s dxTj’ -l8s cf7k|]–/fO{
s[ltx¿ eg] b'n{e 5g\ . 5g\ eg] klg of] s[lt tof/ kf?Gh]n xfd|f] b[li6df kg{ ;=@)^#_, (=‘Snfg cuf{gfOh]O;g ofG8 cf]/n lx:6«L cj\ cf7kxl/of lkkn cj\
gcfPsf] ;xif{ :jLsf5f}{+ . wgs'6f’ -n'O;fª jfOaf ;=@)^#_, !)=‘cf7kxl/of nf]s;F:s[ltsf] :ynut
@=!=& cgnfOg ;flxTo (Online Literature) cg';Gwfgdf cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;fdgf u/]sf r'gf}ltx¿nfO{ klg r''gf}lt’ -cd[t
of]Ghg ;=@)^#_, !!=‘e"dLlxg e"ldk'q cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿’ -/fhs'df/ lbSkfn
cgnfOg g]kfnL ln6«]r/ kmf]/dsf xf]dk]h www.shaitya.com.np df ;=@)%(M #*–#(_, !@=‘cf7fk|] /fO{sf] jf8fªdL rf8sf] lrgf/L’ -/fhs'df/ /fO{
pknAw Oltxf;, ;flxTo / ;F:s[lt cGtu{t s]xL n]vx¿ pknAw 5g\ . xfdLn] ;=@)^#M !$#–!$&_, !#=‘cgf}7f] Pj+ cfsif{s ;+:sf/ ePsf cf7kxl/of /fO{’
e|dg u/]sf] n]v ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{sf] Oi6 b]jtf–df/uf’ -cGhgf tfDnL, )^=!!=#), -cGhgf tfDnL / cg'hf cfªa'xfª ;=@)^)M #)–#!, x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, & r}t
j]a e|dGf ldltM & l;tDa/ )^÷@! ebf} ^#, kmf]6f]r}F cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL– )^), zlgjf/ klg_, !$=‘5f]ªnf/fªdf cyf{t\ cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿sf] 7"nf] kj{’
sf]FOrx¿n] k\mofgf/]Nk'm 12 nufP/ gfRt} u/]sf] /fv]sf] /x]5_ g} d'Vo xf] . lg/fhg -/fhs'df/ lbSkfn ;=@)%(M *–(, x]g"{ lnAh''–e'Dh' k"gf{ªs \ === klg_,
/fhflndsf] dft[efiffd} n]lvPsf] ‘cf7kxl/of rfg'rf jf9fªgL’ / ‘af/fª\uLcf] !%=cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] kfZj{lrq ‘c k|fk] mfOn cj\ b cf7kxl/of /fO{
cgª\ jfqL o'ªftf’ -j]a e|dGf ldltM !$ Ho'g )*÷#@ h]7 ^%_ klg pknAw 5 . sDo'lg6L’ -n]vg÷;Dkfbg zDe'k; | fb vltj8f ;=@)^!_, !^=‘wgs'6fsf
@=!=* efiff–hfltzf:qLo / ;fF:s[lts cWoog (Ethno-linguistic and cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿’ -lzjs'df/ >]i7 ;=@)$%M @–$_, !&=‘;]6NdG6 Kof6g{ cj\
cultural studies) cf7kxl/of /fO{h\ Og\ wgs'6f cj{g lk|mGh Pl/of’ -zDe'k; | fb vltj8f O{=@)))_,
efiff, hflt / ;F:s[ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ cWoog u/]sf s]xL ;flxTo klg pknAw !*=‘6fOK;\ cj\ b xfplhh\ cf7kxl/of /fO{ Og\ wgs'6f cj{g lk|mGh Pl/of’
5g\ . ltgdf ‘cflg 5f]ª,\ cfgL efiff, cflg ;F:s[lt’ -/fhs'df/L l56\lnª\u] -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%*_, !(=‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] kl/ro’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^@_,
;=@)^#M #_, ‘cf7k/] /fO{sf] rrf{’ -uf]ljGbaxfb'/ t'Dafxfª ;=@)^#P_, ‘cf7k/] @)=‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yfM Ps ;dfhzf:qLo
/fO{ / 6ª\s bfO’ ;=@)^#jLM *!–*^_, ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ / a/fxIf]q’ -/fhs'df/ cWoog’ -uhdl;+ l3l;ª ;=@)%*_, @!=ofg OYgf]ul| kms :68L cj\ ;f];n r]Gh
lbSkfn ;=@)^#M (^–((_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . cdª lb cf7kxl/of /fO{h cj\ wgs'6f -l8NnL cf/ bfxfn O{=!(*%_, @@=‘b
sG;]K6 cj\ Osf]gf]dL Og\ c lkhG6 ;f];fO6LM c s]; :68L cj\ b cf7kxl/of
;fF:s[lts ?kdf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªx¿sf] k|efj a9L / cGo ;d"x¿sf] sd /fO{h\ Og\ O:6 g]kfn’ -l8NnL cf/ bfxfn O{=!(*!_, @#=‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf]
/x]sf] 5 . jf8fªdL -x]g"{ /fh]z /fO{ ;=@)^@M *@–*%_ rf8 ls/fFtL–cf7k|]x¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf, wgkfsf] Ps cWoog’ -hgfb{g l3ld/] ;=@)$%_,
kof{o g} xf] . o:tf cGo cWoogx¿df !=cf7kxl/of hfltsf] lbgrof{ -sfhLdfg @$=‘cf7kxl/of hflt s] xf]<’ afNyf;f/ las]n / n]v /fO{ -;=@)%!M #–$_,
sGbªjf ;=@)%)_, @=‘cf7kxl/of hflt / pgLx¿sf] hLjgrof{’ -sfhLdfg @%=‘cf7kxl/of /fO{sf] ;F:s[lt ;+/Ifgsf r'gf}tL / cj;/x¿’ -Wofgaxfb'/ /fO{
sGbªjf ;=@)%)_, #=‘b cf7kxl/ofh\ ofG8 b]c/ l6lksn 8«];’ -dgf]h /fO{ ;=@)^$_ / cf7kxl/of ;+:sf/ / ;F:s[lt -wgaxfb'/ /fO{ ;=@)^%ý !^ c;f/
;=@)^)M @*–@(_, $=cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] ef}lts nf]s;F:s[lt / ;fF:s[lts @)^% sf] sflGtk'/ cg';f/_ cflb kfOPsf 5g\ .

11 @=!=( 5fDnf]df÷uLt (Songs)


x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @^ c;f]h @)^$ zlgjf/ -!# cS6f]j/ @))& k[i7 (_ . ;f]
b}lgssf] gofF g]kfn k[i7 ! c;f]haf6 z'? ePb]lv ls/fFtL–cf7k]|sf] of] ldlt k|yd hgcfGbf]ng b'Ok{ l5sf] eflifs, ;fF:s[lts / /fhg}lts r]tgfn]
k6ssf] ;dfj]zLs/g xf] . dft[efifLx¿df s]xL hfFu/ rn]sf] k|:6} 5 . To;}sf] kl/gfd :j?k ls/fFtL–cf7k/]
12
of] zAb cf]Nnf ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr dft[efiff jStfx?sf] xf] . o;sf] zAbfg'jfb jStfx¿n] Klg snd ;dfTg yfn]sf] kfOof] . cfh;Dd xfdLn] e]6]sf 5fDnf]dfx¿
pgLx?sf] ;fF:s[lts e]ife'iffdf k|of]u ul/g] ljz]if lsl;dsf] hfnL?dfn eGg] x'G5 . ‘vfN;fl/ 5fDnf]df’ -;? l5jf6\kfª ;=@)^#M @_ / ‘xfOofl/ 5fDnf]’ -cfO?dfof
|| 23 || || 24 ||
rfl/ª\d] ;=@)^#M @_ g} x'g\ . xfdLn] gb]vs
] f / ge]6]sf To:tf 5fDnf]dfx¿ cGo ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL #, kmfªb'jfnL #, ls/fFtL–ofSvf * 5g\ eg] ls/fFtL–
;+:s/g / cWoogx¿df kg]{ g} 5g] eGg] cfzf /fv]sf 5f}+ . ofSy'ªsf] ljj/g eg] pgsf] n]vdf k/]sf] 5}g .
@=!=!) k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems) @=!=!# ls/fFtL–cf7k|] gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Athpre sample
efiff ;jlns/g / ljsf;sfnflu geO{ gx'g] ;t{ jf v'6l\ snf] eg]sf] wordlist)
;[gfTds n]vg klg xf] . / To;df klg sljtf ljwfsf] ljz]if dxTj /lxcfPsf] xfdLn] k|fSsygdf eg]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] cfk\mgf]
x'G5 . o;tk{m klg ls/fFtL–cf7k/] jStfx¿ ;hu /x]sf] kfof}+ . pgLx¿sf tL kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . ;f] k|sfzg
;[hgfx¿df ‘l5jfs\’ -v]afZj/L xf]Daf/fs\ ;=@)^#M $_, ‘;fDdfª’ -?b| -;=@)^@M &(–*!_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z :jf8]z 9fFrfdf
dfªa'ª–/fO{ ;=@)%&M #%_, ‘6'KGofTgL’ ->fj0fnfn /fO{ ;=@)))M %_ / ‘cfgL k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF ;f] k|sfzgdf h:tf] geP/ klxnf] k|fyldstf eg]
kf/fs ªLa:;L, nfDaf]O nfDtLoL’ -?b| dfa'xfª–cf7kxl/of ;=@)%^_ x'g\ . dft[efiffnfO{ g} lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
@=!=!! efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies) !=;fAa} -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=yfa'6 -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogn] klg efiff ljsf; / pTyfgsf] lbzfnfO{ lgb]{z #=xf]Sjf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=kmf]s -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
u/]sf] x'G5 / of] cWoogn] g} efiffsf] cl:tTj klg /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o %=7]ggf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=gf]jf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
hutdf b]vf k5{ . t;y{, s'g} klg efiffsf] hLjgdf o;n] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x &=xfd -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfSgf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
u/]sf] x'G5 eGbf Tolt w]/} km/s kb}{g . of] dft[efiffsf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog ug]{ (=xflns -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=;?Sjf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljåfgx¿df !=‘OGe;{ PG8 :o'8f]OGe;{ lk|lkmlS;h\ Og\ ls/fFtL !!=;fb'dfl/s -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@= *xfTt] -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
Nofªu'Olhh\M Ole8]G; k|md a]Nxf/], cf7k/] PG8 b'ªdfnL’ -s/]g Pj6{ O{=!((!_, !#=lvlddf -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=lrgf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
@=c u|fd/ cj\ cf7k/] -s/]g Pr Pj6{ !((&P_, #=‘OlSjEofn]G6;\ cj\ !%= *cfaf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
sGh'sl] 6e kfl6{l;kNh\ Og ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\’ -OGSn'8;\ cf7k/] OUHofDkN;\ !&=sf]5j' f -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*= *y'ªjf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
s/]g Pr Pj6{ O{=@))#_, $=cf7kxl/of /fO{sf] eflifs cWoog -lkPr8L ly;;, !(=l;ofgf -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=g'es ] -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
6+sk|;fb g]pkfg] O{=@))!_, %=wgs'6fsf] cf7k/] /fO{sf] eflifs cWoog -PdP @!=vfdgfd -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=*rfd\ -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
ly;;, 6+sk|;fb g]pkfg] !(*$_, ^=‘cf7k/] /fO{ / 6ª\s bfO’ -uf]ljGbaxfb'/ @#=jflwg -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=lds -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
t'Dafxfª ;=@)^#la_, &=‘cf7k/] /fO{sf] rrf{’ -uf]ljGbaxfb'/ t'Dafxfª @%=nfK6fª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
;=@)^#P_, *=‘6]G;\–of:k]S6 OGskf]{/];g Og\ cf7kxl/ofM c l/OG6/lk|6; ] g’ @&=ªf;f -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
-6+sk|;fb g]pkfg] O{=@))@M (–!^_, (=‘s/]g Pj6{sf] c u|ofd/ cj\ cf7k|] ’ @(=k]df -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
-6+sk|;fb g]pkfg] ;=@)%^M !#^–!#(_, !)= u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!_ / c #!=6]Kgf -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
l;gf]lK6s Unf];/L cj\ cf7k/], a]Nxf/] / ofSvf -;Dkf= ÅofG;f]g O{=!((^_ g} x'g\ . ##=r]Tg'gf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=cf]5f]df -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
xfdLn] e]6]sf ;flxTo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL of] eGbf klg a9L g} x'g ;Sg] #%=lkªgf -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=k\mofs\ -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
;DefjgfnfO{ xfdLn] lgxfnL /x]5f}+ . #&=d's -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=6]xo] s\ -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
#(=v]Ddf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=v]s -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
@=!=!@ ;|Ao Sof;]6 (Audio tapes/cassettes) $!=6fª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=sf]gf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ -;=@)^#M #@_ cg';f/ /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6faf6 $#=cfªf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]6d\ f -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
ls/fFtL–cf7k|]df & j6f uLtx¿ /]s8{df cfO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . o:t} c? ls/fFtL $%=6'De'6 -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=lgdf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
efiffx¿ h:t} ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf $%, ls/fFtL–k'df @, ls/fFtL–s'nª ' !), $&=nfej -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=n]ªdf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
ls/fFtL–a]nxf/] #, ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª %, ls/fFtL–l5lnª #, ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªdf %, $(=n'Sdf -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=s]gf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
ls/fFtL–vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, ls/fFtL–y'nª ' $, ls/fFtL–b'dL @,

|| 25 || || 26 ||
%!=l;s\ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=o]Da]5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man ;Dk|bfodf j9L cWoog ePsf] 5]q eg]sf] efiff–hfltzf:qLo / ;fF:s[lts
%#=hf]d\ -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nflnKdfª -gf_‘rGb|df’ moon kS5]sf] cWoog g} b]lvof] . xfdLn] ;"rLs[t u/]sf cWoogx¿df @$ j6f b]lvP
%%=;dnªdf -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=of;L -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth eg] of] eGbf klg j9L g} x'g' k5{ eg] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog of] kl5 bf];|f] qmddf
%&=5f]Sdfl;s -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=lgª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name k/]sf] 5 h;df !) j6f ;"rLs[t eP klg of] g} clGtd eg] xf]Og . :jf8]z ;o
%(=6f]jf/L -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=cf]5f]ªft -lj_ ‘gofF’ new zAb ;"rLdf eg] ;o k|ltzt g} zAbx¿ efiffdf df}hb' /x]5g\ . Wjlgj}Uoflgs
^!=o';f -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@= gfe' -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose ljz]iftfdf t ju{ / o;} ju{sf] gfl;So g Wjlg–jg{ eg] b]vf k/]gg\ . ;flxTo
^#=jfOgf -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=l6s -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one ;[hgfdf s]xL uLt tyf sljtfdf dfQ} ;Lldt /x]sf] kfOof] . of] dft[efiffsf] s'g}
^%=nfDaf] -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ofKdL -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person klg zAbsf]z xfd|f] b[li6df b]vf k/]g . o;f]esf]n] efiff ljsf; / ;flxTo
^&=j]t -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=kmfgf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red lgdf{gdf nfd} ofqf to ug{ kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . Snfgf]lgdx¿df eg] l5lnª-
^(=l;+cf]nfª -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=sf]lSns -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round u]_ klg cf7k|]d} kg{ cfPsf]n] l5lnª efiff ;Dk|bfosf] cl:tjTj / klxrfgdf
&!= vfd\ -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=df6\df -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say 9nkmn b]lvof] .
&#=k'df -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=nlns\ -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
&%=o'ªdf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=cxf]Tjf -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=gfl6pgf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
&(=ldv'df -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=*d]af -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand cf7k|]–/fO{, l8s= ;=@)^#= ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿n] ug]{ k"hfcfhf / To;sf]
*!=rf]lSrªu]6 -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'Ífjf -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s dxTj’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b k|m:6 g];gn kmf]snf]/
*#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=*jfhSdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim sªu|]; cu{gfOH8 jfO g]lKnh kmf]snf]/ ;f];fO6L, sdnfbL, sf7dfG8",
*%=df]nf -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=xf]gf -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that !%–!^ l8;]Dj/=
*&=gf -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=vfg -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you Athpre-Rai, Dik. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Athpahariya Raiharule garne
*(=n]Skmf -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sf]ª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth pujaaja ra tyesko samajik tatha dharmik mahatwa’. Paper
presented in the First National Folklore Congress organized
(!=l;ªe'ªdf -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=Okf]s -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
by Nepalese Folklore Society, Kamaladi, Kathmandu, 15-16
(#=nflDtdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=rp -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water December.
(%=cfgL -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=kfs\ -;j{_ ‘s]’ what las]n, afNyf;f/ / n]v /fO{= ;=@)%!= ‘cf7kxl/of hflt s] xf]<’, hgljZjf;,
(&=k'm6\gf -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;fuf] -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who @, @#M #–$=
((=d]5df -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=xf8]{ -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow Bickel, Balthasar & Lekh Rai. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Athpahariya jati
------------ ke ho?’, Janavishwas, 2, 23: 2.
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= !@, !%, !*, @@, *) / *$ sf] lqmof ?k –df jf –af s[bGt l56\lnª\u], /fhs'df/L= ;=@)^#= ‘cflg 5f]ª,\ cfgL efiff, cflg ;F:s[lt’,
?lkdx¿ Ps csf{df c;dfg b]lvG5 . cl3 xfdLn] kfbl6KkgL ( df k"mªlgª, !, !M #=
pNn]v u/]sf] l8s lsD8fª–/fO{, kfljs], eQmk'/df sfo{/t eP klg Chitlinge, Rajkumari. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Ani chhong, ani bhasha,
Jo:ttfsf sf/g ofof]Svfsf] of] 8]O6fnfO{ xfdLn] /]lS6kmfO a]u/ g} oyfjt ani sanskriti’, Phungning, 1, 1: 3.
/fVg jfWo eof}+ . cfufdL lbgx¿df pgn] kfbl6KKgL ( df u/]sf] bfjL / l5jf6kfª\, ;?= ;=@)^#= ‘vfN;fl/ 5fDnf]df’, k"mªlgª, !, !M @=
of] cWoognfO{ gofF k':tfsf cg';Gwftfx¿n] cufl8 a9fpg] 5g\ eGg] Chiwatpang, Saru. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Khalsari chhamloma’,
cfzf lnPsf 5f}+ . Phungning, 1, 1: 2.
rfl/ª\d,] cfO?dfof= ;=@)^#= ‘xfOofl/ 5fDnf]’, k"mªlgª, !, !M @=
@=!=!$ lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
Charingme, Airumaya. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Haiyari chhamlo’,
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs Psdf k/]sf] ls/fFtL– Phungning, 1, 1: 2.
cf7k|] dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfPsf 5f}+ . of] dft[efifL
|| 27 || || 28 ||
bfxfn, l8NnL cf/= O{=!(*%= ofg OYgf]ul| kms :68L cj\ ;f];n r]Gh cdª lb -----. 1997a. A Grammar of Athpare. Müchen-Newcastle: Lincom
cf7kxl/of /fO{h cj\ wgs'6f= sLlt{k/' M l;gf;, lqlj= Europa.
Dahal, Dilli R. 1985. An ethnographic study of social change -----. !((!= ‘OGe;{ PG8 :o'8f]OGe;{ lk|lkmlS;h\ Og ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\M
among the Athpahariya Rais of Dhankuta. Kirtipur: CNAS, Ole8]G; k|md a]Nxf/], cf7k/] PG8 b'ªdfnL’, lnªu'Oli6S;\ cj\ b
TU. l6a]6f]ad{g Pl/of, !$, !M &#–(@=
-----. O{=!(*!= ‘b sG;]K6 cj\ Osf]gf]dL Og\ c lkhG6 ;f];fO6LM c s]; :68L -----. 1991. ‘Inverse and pseudoinverse prefixes in Kiranti
cj\ b cf7kxl/of /fOh Og\ O:6 g]kfn’, slG6««Jo';Gh 6' g]lKnh :6l8h\ , Languages: Evidence from Belhare, Athpare and Dungmali’,
VIII @M %%–&!= Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 14, 1: 73-92.
-----. 1981. ‘The concept of economy in a peasant society: a case l3ld/], hgfb{g= ;=@)$%= ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] z}lIfs cj:yf, wgkfsf] Ps
study of the Athpahariya Rais in East Nepal’, Contributions cWoog’= PdP lyl;;= e"uf]n lzIff ljefu, lzIffzf:q ;+sfo, lqlj=
to Nepalese Studies, VIII, 2: 55-71. Ghimire, Janardan. 1988 [VS 2045]. 'Athpariya Rai jatiko
lbSkfn, /fhs'df/= ;=@)^#= ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ / a/fxIf]q’, ul/df -;flxlTos shaikshik awastha, Dhanapako ek addhyan'. Masters Thesis.
dfl;s_, @$, !@, @**M (^–((= Department of Geography Education, Faculty of Education,
Dikpal, Rajkumar. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Athpahariya Rai ra TU.
barahakshetra’, Garima (Literary monthly), 24, 12, 288: 96- l3ld/], nLnfjNne= ;=@)%%= ‘nf]k x'g] l:yltdf 5 cf7kxl/of /fO{ hflt’,
99. sflGtk'/, !& df3 @)%%=
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘e"dLlxg e"ldk'q cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿’, lnAh'–e'Dh' , !!, !, @!M Ghimire, Lilaballav. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Lop hune sthitima chha
#*–#(= Athpahariya Rai jati’, Kantipur, Magh 17.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Bhumihin bhumiputra Athpahariya l3l;ª, uhdl;+= ;=@)%*= ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s
Raiharu’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 1, 21: 38-39. cj:yfM Ps ;dfhzf:qLo cWoog’, PdP lyl;;= l8kf6{dG6 cj\
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘5f]ªnf/fªdf cyf{t\ cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿sf] 7"nf] kj{’, lgK;'ª, ;f]l;cf]nf]hL÷ofGy|fk] f]nf]hL, kf6g ax'dv
' L SofDk;, lqlj=
(, !&M *–(= Ghising, Gajamsing. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Athpahariya Rai
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Chhonglarangma arthat Athpahariya samudayako samajik ra arthik awastha: ek samajshastriya
Raiharuko thulo parba’, Nipsung, 9, 17: 8-9. addhyan’, Masters Thesis, Department of
b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{, Zofd/fh= ;=@)^#= ‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’, Sociology/Anthropology, Patan Multiple Campus, TU.
lgK;'ª, !#, @%M #@= ÅofG;f]g, u8{ -;Dkf=_= O{=!((^= c l;gf]lK6s Unf];/L cj\ cf7k/], a]Nxf/] /
Dubdenghang-Rai, Shyamraj. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Bantawa Rai ofSvf= pG6/:nfO:xfOdM lnGsf]d o'/f]kf=
bhashama samacharko 13 barsha’, Nipsung, 13, 25: 32. Hansson, Gerd (ed.). 1996. A Synoptic Glossary of Athpare,
Pa6{, s/]g Pr= O{=@))#= ‘OlSjEofn]G6;\ cj\ sGh'sl] 6e kfl6{l;kNh\ Og\ ls/fFtL Belhare, and Yakkha. Unterschleisheim: LINCOM Europa.
Nofªu'Olhh\’ -OGSn'8;\ cf7k/] OUHofDkN;\_= Og t]h cf/ sG;fsf/ PG8 xf]Daf/fs\, v]afZj/L= ;=@)^#= ‘l5jfs\’, k"mªlgª, !, !M $=
dfs{ 6'l/g -;Dkf=_ lyDh\ Og lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ PG8 lnªu'Oli6S;=\ Hombarak, Khebashwori. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Chhiwak’,
sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG66o'6, xfO8]nju{ / lqlj= Phungning, 1, 1: 4.
Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in sGbªjf, sfhLdfg= ;=@)%)= cf7kxl/of hfltsf] lbgrof{= sf7df8f}+M g]kfn
Kiranti languages’ (includes Athpare examples). In Tej R /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg=
Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan Kandangwa, Kajiman. 1993 [VS 2050]. Athpahariya Rai Jatiko
Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia Dircharya. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy.
Institute, Heidelberg and TU. -----=;=@)%)= ‘cf7kxl/of hflt / pgLx¿sf] hLjgrof{’, k|1f, *@sM !#&–
-----. !((&P= c u|fd/ cj\ cf7k/] = d'rg] –Go"Sof;nM lnªsf]d o'/f]kf= !^)=
|| 29 || || 30 ||
-----. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Athpahariya Rai jati ra uniharuko jiwan- dfªa'ª–/fO{, ?b|= ;=@)%&= ‘;fDdfª’, lgK;'ª, !!M #%=
charya’, Pragya, 82a: 137-160. Mabuhang-Rai Rudra=2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Sammang’, Nipsung, 11:
vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !, !M 35.
#(–$@= g]pkfg], 6+sk|;fb= O{=@))@= ‘6]G;\–of:k]S6 OGskf]{/];g Og\ cf7kxl/ofM c
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha l/OG6/lk|6];g’, g]lKnh\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, !(M (–!^=
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42. Neupane, Tanka P. 2002. ‘Tense-aspect incorporation in
vltj8f, zDe'k;| fb= ;=@)^#= cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] ef}lts nf]s;F:s[lt / Athpahariya: A reinterpretation’, Nepalese Linguistics, 19:
;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf= ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg, g]kfnL nf]sjftf{ tyf ;F:s[lt 9-16.
;dfh, sflQs @)^#= -----= O{=@))!= cf7kxl/of /fO{sf] eflifs cWoog=kLPr8L lyl;;, lqe'jg
Khatiwada, Shambhu P. 2006 [VS 2063]. Athpahariya Rai Jatiko ljZjljWofno=
Bhautik Loksanskriti ra Sanskritik Sampada. Unpublished -----= 2001 [VS 2058]. Athpahariya Raiko Bhashik Addhyen. PhD
report, Nepalese Folklore Society, Kartik 2063. Thesis, Thribuvan University.
-----= ;=@)^@= ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] kl/ro’, === -----= ;=@)%^= ‘s/]g Pj6{sf] c u|ofd/ cj\ cf7k|]’, ;okqL, %, !M !#^–!#(=
-----=2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Athpahariya Rai jatiko parichaya’, ‘ -----= 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Karen Ebertko A Grammar of Athpare’ ,
-----= -n]vg÷;Dkfbg_= ;=@)^!=cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] kfZj{lrq = wgs'6fM Sayapatri, 5, 1: 136-139.
x';f8]s, g]kfn= -----= O{=!(*$= wgs'6fsf] cf7k/] /fO{sf] eflifs cWoog= PdP ly;;, lqe'jg
-----=2004 [VS 2061]. A Profile of the Athpahariya Rai ljZjljWofno=
Community. Dhankuta: Husadek, Nepal. -----. 1984 [VS 2041]. Dhankutako Athpare Raiko bhasik
-----= ;=@)%*= ‘6fOK;\ cj\ b xfplhh\ cf7kxl/of /fO{ Og\ wgs'6f cj{g lk|mGh adhyayan. Master’s Thesis. TU.
Pl/of’, lrGtg wf/f, !)= Koyu-Rai, Shivaraj. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Ninima nin Golme’
-----=2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Types of houses Athpariya Rai in Dhankuta (‘Ninima ra Golme’ text trans. from Vartaman) , Sayapatri,
urban fringe area’, Chintan Dhara, 10. 5, 1: 104-107.
-----= O{=@)))= ‘;]6NdG6 Kof6g{ cj\ cf7kxl/of /fO{h\ Og\ wgs'6f cj{g lk|mGh /fO{, Wofgaxfb'/= ;=@)^$= ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{sf] ;F:s[lt ;+/Ifgsf r'gf}tL /
Pl/of’= ck|sflzt n3' cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg -kl5 lrGtg wf/f !) df cj;/x¿’, g'nfd, %M #(–$)=
k|sflzt_= sf7dfG8"M o'lgel;{6L u|fG6\;\ sld;g= Rai, Dhyan B. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Athpahariya Raiko sanskriti
-----=2000. ‘Settlement patterns of Athpariya Rai in Dhankuta urban sanrakhanka chunauti ra awasarharu’, Nulam, 5: 39-40.
fringe area’. Unpublished Research Report (later published in /fO{, dgf]h= ;=@)^)= ‘b cf7kxl/ofh\ ofG8 b]c/ l6lksn 8«];’, kf?xfª , !M
Chintan Dhara 10). Kathmandu: University Grants @*–@(=
Commission. Rai, Manoj. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘The Athpariyas and their typical
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x= dress’, Paruhang, 1: 28-29.
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf= /fO{, /fhs'df/= ;= @)%&= ‘cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] jf8fª\dL kj{’===
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka Rai, Rajkumar. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Athpahariya Rai jatiko wadangmi
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai parba’‘
Yayokkha. -----= ;=@)^#= ‘cf7fk|] /fO{sf] jf8fªdL rf8sf] lrgf/L’= wgs'6fsf] cfjfh
dfa'xfª–cf7kxl/of, ?b|= ;=@)%^= ‘cfgL kf/fs ªLa:;L, nfDaf]O nfDtLoL’, dL -k|wfg ;Dkf= ch'{g /fO{_= sf7dfG8"M sflnGrf]s lk|lG6ª k|];= kfgf !$#–
-kflIfs, sflQs_= !$&=
Mabuhang-Athpariya Rudra=1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Aani parak ngibassi,
lamboi lamtiyi’, Mi (Quarterly, Kattik).
|| 31 || || 32 ||
-----= 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Athapre Raiko Wadangmi chadko chinari’.
Dhankuta Awaj (Editor-in-Chief Arjun Rai). Kathmandu:
@=@ ls/fFtL–afo'ª (Kiranti-Bayung)

Kalinchok Printing Press. Pp.143-147.


/fO{, /fh]z= ;=@)^@= ls/fFtL nf]ssyf ;+u|x= wgs'6fM k|f=8f=gf]ls/f=
Rai, Rajesh. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirati Lokkatha Sangra. Dhankuta: @=@=) kl/ro (Introduction)
Prof Dr Noki Rai.
/fO{, >fj0fnfn= O{=@)))= ‘6'KGofTgL’, dgsf] s'/f -k|yf du/sf] sljtf cg'_M %= ls/fFtL–afo'ª jStfx¿sf] cfk\mgf] cfWo :jOYgf]lgd (autoethnonym)
Rai, Shrawanlal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Tupnyatni’, Manko Kura afc\oª ' (Ba!yung) xf] eg] afo'ªr}F sG7\o :kzL{ Wjlgnf]kkl5sf] ;/n ?k xf] .
(Pratha Magar Kavita trans): 5. o;sf] csf]{ gfd aflxª (Bahing) klg xf] . sf]xL jStfx¿n] ?dbfnL klg egL
>]i7, lzjs'df/= ;=@)$%= ‘wgs'6fsf cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿’, lrGtg wf/f, #M @–$= lrgf/L lbg] rng 5 . pgLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] uf] sf]FOr gª eg]em}+
Shrestha, Shivakumar. 1988 [VS 2045]. ‘Dhankutaka Athpahariya u'÷uf] afc\o'ª egL lrgfpF5g\ . yfdf{nª ' –yfl;{nª
' sf] pTklQ syf ;'gfpg]
Raiharu’, Chintan Dhara, 3: 2-4. ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' x¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba)
t'Dafxfª, uf]ljGb= ;=@)^#P= ‘cf7k/] /fO{sf] rrf{’, uf]/vfkq -b}lgs_, !& ebf}= leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf]
Tumbahang, Govinda. 2006a [VS 2063]. ‘Athpare Raiko charcha’, 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . pgLx¿sf] kfFr k|d'v Snfgf]–eflifs
Gorkhapatra (Daily), 17 Bhadau. ;d"xx¿ ?Dbf-nL_, kfO÷l/gfD;f-f]_rf, g]rf-nL_, xª\u-' rf_ / /f]s-] rf_ 5g\ .
-----. ;=@)^#jL= ‘cf7k/] /fO{ / 6ª\s bfO’, ul/df -;flxlTos dfl;s, c;f]h_,
@$, !), @*^M *!–*^= pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
-----. 2006b [VS 2063]. 'Athpare Rai ra Tanka dai', Garima
klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf]
(Sahityik Masik, Asoj), 24, 10, 286: 81-86.
gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . of] zAbsf] d"n h/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df
jfOaf, n'O;fª= ;=@)^#= ‘Snfg cuf{gfOh]O;g ofG8 cf]/n lx:6«L cj\ 5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of]
cf7kxl/of lkkn cj\ wgs'6f’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b k|m:6 g];gn P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–
kmf]snf]/ sªu|]; cu{gfOH8 afO g]lKnh kmf]snf]/ ;f];fO6L, sdnfbL, ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . pgLx¿
sf7dfG8", !%–!^ l8;]Dj/= klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqsf g} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s
Waiba, Luisang. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Clan organization and oral efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa'
history of Athpahariya people of Dhankuta’. Paper presented (Khambu) xf] eG5 .
in the First National Folklore Congress organized by ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' jStfx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n]em}+
Nepalese Folklore Society, Kamaladi, Kathmandu, 15-16 Njf]÷nf]-M_ eGb5g\ eg] cfk\mgf] ;+:yf d'nl' vddf cfj¢ eP/ aflxªs] ldDvf
December.
gfdsf] :dfl/sf k|sfzgdf NofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;n] d"ntM efiff ;flxTosf]
of]Ghg, cd[t= ;=@)^#= ‘cf7kxl/of nf]s;F:s[ltsf] :ynut cg';Gwfgdf
;]jf u/]sf] 5 .
cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;fdgf u/]sf r'gf}ltx¿nfO{ klg r''gf}lt’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68
Og\ b k|m:6 g];gn kmf]snf]/ sªu|]; cu{gfOH8 afO g]lKnh kmf]snf]/ afc\oª' ÷aflxª jf ?Dbf-nL_ dft[efifLx¿nfO{ b]jG] b| e§/fO{ -x]g"{ sflGtk'/
;f];fO6L, sdnfbL, sf7dfG8", !%–!^ l8;]Dj/= !* c;f/ @)^@_ n] !‘?DhfnL aflxg’ n]vL lxHh]df cke|+z u/L lbPsf 5g\ý
Yonjan, Amrit. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Athpahariya loksanskritiko h;nfO{ kf7sju{n] ;'wf/L k9\g' / n]Vg' -x'g' kg]{ ?Dbf-nL_ aflxª_ k5{ . g;'wfg]{
sthalgat anusandhanma anusandhankartale samana gareka xf] eg] s]xL ;dokZrft\ pgLxsf] Oltxf; g} lju|G5 . hutaxfb' l;+x -;=@)@$M
chunautiharulai pani chunauti’. Paper presented in the First &*–*&_ n] klg t];/L g} ‘a]xª, af]Oª / Zj'nª ' ’ unt lxHh] n]vL lbPsf 5g\
National Folklore Congress organized by Nepalese Folklore h'g s'g} ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ;d"x / OYgf]–Snfgf]lgd xf]Og . o;/L
Society, Kamaladi, Kathmandu, 15-16 December.
ls/fFtLOt/ cg';Gwftfx¿n] gfdsf] lxHh] ljuf/]/ uf]ndfn u/L lbPsf] k|dfgx¿
****************************
|| 33 || || 34 ||
w]/} 5g\ . of] uf]ndfnn] xfd|f] cl:tTjdf g} ;+s6 NofOlbPsf] 5 . of] clt g}
uDeL/ ljifo -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ / ;/f]sf/ klg xf] .
t'ngfTds efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogn] ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' sf] glhssf]
elugL efiff (sister language) ls/fFtL–sf]FOr xf] eGg] b]vfpF5 . To;kl5
ls/fFtL–/f9' -jfDa'n_] , h]?ª / y'nª
' ;Fu b]lvG5 . cWofo kfFrdf o;sf] :ki6
;dfgtf–gSzf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+Ý h'g gSzfn] s] atfpF5 eg] pgLx¿ b'O{ km/s
hfltx¿ xf]Ogg\ . u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!M %_ n] t emg\ cf7k|] / lnDa" eGbf klg
sf]FOr / afc\o'ª a9L glhs ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . df}lvs Oltxf; (oral
history) n] klg To;} eG5 eg]sf 5g\ h;sf] k|dflgt tYosf] k|:t't xfdLn]
cWofo kfFrdf u/]sf 5f}+ . of] ls/fFtL dft[efiff uf]/vfkqsf] gofF g]kfn,
;dfj]zLs/gsf] k[i7df c;f]h @)^$ b]lv ;dfj]z eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
@=@=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
of] dft[efiff ljz]if u/]/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFt k"j{ # gDa/ cf]vn9'Íf
lhNnfsf] xs{k/' , b]p;Da' -/f“uflbk_, ;/;]k' -lau'6f/_, bfD;]k' -a?Gf]Zj/_, ;f]a'? -gSzf g+=@=# III: afo'ª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M ((_
-cf]vn9'Íf_, df]Anf]bofn -gf/foGf:yfg–c“w/] L_, r'Kn' -a/gfn'_, dfDvf, e';'g,]
d;]k' -ebf}/_] , lbofn] -cf““k:jf/f_, kmfs' -n]vs{_, sf]ªsf]bofn, ;]/gf, df]nL, @=@=@ eflifs ljz]iftfx¿ (Linguistic features)
s]t's] / ;f]n'vD' a'df g]rf–g-f_Dnf], atf;] / l;Kn'ª -x]g"{ efiff:yfg gSzf g+=@=# cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf af]lng] tLg 7"nf ls/fFtL efiffx¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr,
III_ cflb 5]qx¿df af]lnG5 . ls/fFtL–afc\oª' / ls/fFtL–/f9'df ODKnf]l;e Wjlgx¿ df}hb' 5g\ . o;f] esf]n]
efiffj}Uoflgs juL{s/Gf cg'';f/ of] dft[efiff lrlgof–ltAatL dxf–kl/jf/sf] cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] blVvgL–klZrdL efu cGt:kmf]6s jf ODKnf]l;e (implosive)
ltAatL–ad]{nL kl/jf/df kg]{ lxdfnL zfvf cGtu{t ls/f“tL ;d"xdWo]sf] Ps xf] . Wjlg cNkmfa]6sf] Plk;]G6/ (epicentre) g} xf] . t/ ;f] Wjlg ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdfr}F
ls/f“tL efiffx¿nfO{ k"jL{ g]kfn -d]rL, sf]zL, ;u/dfyf / hgsk'/ c+rnsf] P]ltxfl;s rf]O6f] dfq} xf] eGg] ts{ / tYo /fkrf -O{=@))%_ 13 n] lgsfn] 5g\ .
kxf8L Onfsf / s]xL t/fO{ If]q_ sf] k"jL{, dWo / klZrdL u/L tLg If]qx¿df sltko k'/fgf jStfx¿n] ce}m ;f] Wjlg pRrf/g u/] klg gofF k':tfdf eg]
ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 . ls/f“tL–afc\oª ' sf] l5d]sL elugL efiffx¿df ls/f“tL– k':tf/gsf] l:ylt ;'Go k|foM g} 5 . o;f]/L g} ls/fFtL–afc\oª' sf] gofF k':tf /
sf]“Or -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof÷/fO{ klg_, jfDa'n] / ls/f“tL–h]/f]ª g} d'Vo x'g\ . oL rf/} cWoogx¿df klg xfdLn] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] h:t} l:ylt cjnf]sg u/]sf 5f}+ .
ls/f“tL efiffx¿ klZrdL ls/f“tL ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ x'g\ . juL{s/gsf] efiffj[S5 c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf
cWofo Pssf] pk–vG8 !=!=! k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . leGgtf 5 .
@=@=# jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
moities)
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ sf cg';f/ ls/f“tL–afc\oª ' dft[efiff jStf;+Vof @
xhf/ & ;o ^@ 5 . cNk;+Vos jStf ePsf] of] efiff d'ntM % afc\o'ª
;AOYgf];d"x h:t}M ?Dbf-nL_, kfO÷l/gfD;f-f]_rf, g]rf-nL_, xfª\u-' rf_ / /f]s-] rf_
n] af]Nb5g\ . oL OYgf];d"xx¿sf] cfkm\g} dft[efiffdf OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿

13
o;sf] lj:t[t ;Gbe{sf] nflu o;} cWofosf] pk–cWofo @=!! / ;To–tYosf]nflu pgsf]
kLPr8L lyl;; x]gx'{ f];\ .
|| 35 || || 36 ||
-bf]rf÷kf5f_ h:t}}M vf/fo'Nrf -eL;L k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' y/ý @=@=^ ;flxTo tyf n]Vo k/Dk/f (Literature and written record)
>vf/fONrf t'n= PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M #(_, lblnªkfrf, yfD/f]rf
ls/f“tL–afc\oª
' efiff cfh;Dd klg sYo ?kd} 5 tfklg jfD/f;
-rf]df]nf]ªdf cf/f]xGf ug]{ klxnf] ls/fFtL–afc\o'ª y/_, b]a*, u]nf/rf, gGb];/*,
k|sfzg lnAh'–e'Dh' sf] ljleGg cª\sx¿df km'6s/ sljtfx¿ eg] k|sflzt 5g\ .
/n]rf, /GbfnL*, ;]rfrf -x]g"{ EfflG;6f6{ !*(^M !&#_ xh'kfrf, lba'/rf, tf]nf]rf, kf?xfª -;=@)^@_ df of] efiffsf] n]v klg k|sflzt 5 . t/ xfn;Dd k|sflzt
df]Anf]rf, l/kf-f]_rf, gfDa]/;frf -EfflG;6f6{sf] lxHh] ‘gfd]/;f’_, /-f_Nnfrf, /fli6«o efiffsf sljtf ;+ufnf] -;=@)%^ / @)^)_ df eg] Pp6} /rgf klg
/Nbf]rf, n'ltrf, o'Dkfrf, o'Ga'rf ->o'Da'rf_, vf/flba'/rf, d'kr ' f -t'n= vDa" k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5}g . aflxª -;=@)^!M @@_ sf] ‘¥jflb nf]nfª :jfnª’ Pp6f
O{=@))) / EfflG;6f6{ O{=!*(^ / O{=!()( klg_ cflb x'G5g\ . of] Snfgf]lgdx¿df n3' sljtf eg] k|sflzt 5 . ls/fFt–aflxª d'n'lvd -btf{ g+ !)$).)^).)^!_
e'mlG8Psf] ?lkd –rf sf] cy{ /fkrfsf] cg';Gwfg n]v tyf cWofo kfFrdf k|:t't sf] ultljlw / efiff;+/S5]Gf tyf ljsf;sf]nflu :yfkgf ePsf] aflxª efiff–
u/]sf 5f}+ . of:6]l/:s (asterisk) nfu]sf Snfgf]lgd? cy{xLg 5g\ . ;F:s[lt pTyfg ;+3sf] ;dLS5f x'g eg] af“sL g} 5 .
@=@=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary) afc\oª' Ps ls/f“tL efiff ePsf]n] ls/f“tL–l;/Lh+uf lnlk k|of]u u/L
of] cWoogsf] clGtd kn;Dd ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' df s'g} To:tf] zAbsf]z cfkm\gf] dft[efiff cfn]vg ug{ ;s] ;'gdf ;'uGw x'g5] . t/ ls/f“tL–afc\oª '
k|sfzgdf cfPsf] ;"rgf ldn]sf] 5}g . s]Gb|Lo efifflj1fg ljefu, lqlj / efiffdf ODKnf]l;e Wjlg df}hb" /x]sf]n] ls/f“tL–l;/Lh+uf lnlksf] ;+:s/Gf eg]
cfhp/f k|lti7fgsf] ;xsfo{df emG8} tLg xhf/ eGbfdflysf] zAb ;+sng ePsf] cfjZos b]lvG5 / kNnf]bl] v cf]Nnf] ls/fFt;Ddsf ;a} b'O{ bh{g eGbf a9L
5 eGg]r}+ ;'O{+sf];Dd 5 . t/ xfdLn] ;f] ;+sng xft kfg{ eg] ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . xfn ls/f“tL–efiffx¿sf] n]vgsf] nflu of] sfo{ ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . b]jgfu/L
;fOgf]–l;ªuf]dl] /sg efiffljb\ 8f=df]l/g nL klg of] efiffsf] zf]w tyf zAbsf]z lnlkdf g} cfn]vg ubf{ ls/f“tL–jfDa'nn ] ] h:t} jGf{ljGof; ;DaGwL ljleGg
lgdf{gsfo{df sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sL 5g\ . s]xL ;+slnt pknAw ePsf ;d:ofx¿ em]Ng' kg]{ 5 / efiffsf] ;xL cfn]vg x'“bg} lsgeg] g]kfndf af]lng]
zAbfjnLdf ‘aflxª efiffdf z/L/sf cªux¿’ -;Dkf= dx]z aflxª / lbks ;a} ^) eGbf a9L ltAatL–ad]{nL efiffx¿sf] cfn]vgdf b]jgfu/L lnlknfO{ klg
o'Da'rf–aflxª ;=@)^#M @$_, ‘aflxª efiff ;+:sf/ -bflK;lgª_ / g]kfnL ;+:s/Gf gu/L cfn]vg ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . o;af/] xfdLn] ;ftf}+ cWofodf
efiffdf j:t'x¿sf] gfdx¿’ -dfGb' h' ;=@)^#M @!–@@_ dfQ} 5g\ . ;xdltdf rNg ;Sg] lgrf]8 / ;Nnfx k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .
@=@=% efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies) @=@=& k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems)
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdfr}F of] ls/fFtL efiff klg cWofo Pssf] pk– cl3sf] pk–cWofo @=@=^ df ;Lldt ;flxTo 5 elgP tfklg xfn}sf]
vG8 !=!=@ df P]ltxfl;s sfnvG8 k|:t't u/]sf]em}+ Ps k|fu–P]ltxfl;s jf cGw gofF k|sfzg aflxªs] ldDvf :dfl/sfaf6 ;+sng ug{ EofPsf k'm6s/ sljtfx¿
o'usf] 7x5{ . / of] efiffsf] cWoog ug]{ efiffljb\x¿df !=xH;g -O{=!*%&, x'g–\ !=‘b\ofn lbd\ ldDtf’ -lw/]g vf6fnL–/fO{ ;=@)%^M #$_, @=‘:jfnfª’
!*%*_, @=sf]gf] -lu|c/;g ;Dkf= O{=!()(_, #=ldvfOnf]:sL -O{=!(&% / -x]d/fh ?DbfnL ;=@)%^M #$_, #=‘aflxª :jfnfª’ -/flhj /fO{ ;=@)%^M #$_,
O{=!(**_, $=Eofg l8«cd -O{=!((!_, %=u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!_, ^=aflxª– $=‘k9O kfrf]d’\ -;'b]z /f]s] ;=@)%^M #$_, %=‘jf bofn\’ -lw/]Gb| ?DbfnL
;'gj' f/ ‘lrq’ -O{=!((%_, &=/fkrf -O{=@))@;L_, *=nL -O{=@))%_, (=yf]s/ ;=@)%^M $&_, ^=‘¥jflb nf]nfª :jfnª’ -Pds'df/L aflxª, ;=@)^!_,
-O{=@))%, O{=@))%_, !)=‘k|fg] f]ldgfnfOh];g Og\ aflxª’ -/fh]Gb| yf]s/ O{=@))^_, &=‘xfOnfd u/] tf]Stf;f]’ -6]shLt aflxª ;=@)$#_, *=‘u]vf]d dl/åf’ -b}j /fO{
!!=‘ofg\ OGkm/DofG6;]G68{ ck|f]rM ;d k|flS6sn of:k]S6;\ cj\ j8{ln:6 ;=@)%)M !#_, (=‘OSs] nf] vf]of’ -/g'zf aflxª ;=@)^#M %_, !)=‘tfdLs]
Plnl;6];g km/ k|fg] fpG; ofG8 8fO/]S;gn ej{;\ -OUhfDkN;\ k|md ls/fFtL– /fd;fd’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^#M #)_, !!=‘a|:;f]nfcf tfjfs] lgjf’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^# M
afc\oª ' ’ -df]l/g nL O{=@))#_, !@=‘afc\oª' sf] ;dfhefiffj}Uoflgs ;j]{If0f’ $*_, !@=‘x/]xfDaf WofAnf] df]jf’ -k'0f{ ?DbfnL–aflxª ;=@)^#M *_, !#=‘ca
-jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f ;=@)^!M #@–##_, !#=‘gf]ldgn df]kmf]{nf]hL Og\ b aflxª, Sjfª b'Drf]b'd’\ -/fh' aflxª ;=@)^#M !@_, !$=‘vfpdf a"hN] df OgLnfO’
aflxª Nofªu'Oh -ofh\ :kf]sg Og\ cf]vn9ª\uf_’ -lxdk|;fb k'mofn O{=@))^_ / -dfGb' h' ;=@)^#M *#_, !%=‘lk|mlKbd ofd] OSs] d'n'lvd’ -kla d'gf/L–aflxª
!$=‘b kmf]/u|fplG8ª, l8kmfOlgª, ofG8 6lksfnfOlhª kmª;Gh\ cj\ b kf]hl] ;e ;=@)^# M *#_, !^=‘jf bofn lbbf xO kmf]jf’ -k|]d/fh /fO{ ;=@)%(M ^@_, !&‘cf
k|fg] f]ldgn lSnl6s cf– Og\ aflxª /fO{’ -df]l/g nL O{=@))@_ cflb d'Vo 5g\ . dfO;fd\ ldDtf’ -lw/]g vf6fnL–/fO{ ;=@)%(M %^_, !*=‘h]/] b\ofn’ -zf]ef /fO{
;=@)^)M #*_, !(=‘gfun]lb’ -k|]d/fh /fO{ ;=@)^)M $)_, @)=‘c;f/ b'ª ;fpg s]
|| 37 || || 38 ||
ldDvf’ -k':tdfg /fO{ ;=@)^@M @#_, / @!=‘cf]sv
] f]d\ b'Mvrf’ -;'bz
] s'df/ /f]s] t];sf] cu'jfO e"k" tyf sfo{afxs k|d an tf]nf]rf -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf yf]nf]rf_
;=@)%%M @%_, @@=‘sª b'Dof’ -;Grf /fO{ ;=@)^$M ##_ cflb 5g\ . n] klg ug'{ ePsf] xf] .
@=@=* uLt÷sljtf (Songs/poems) @=@=!@ efiffsf] eljio (Future of the mother tongue)
ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' df uLt / sljtf ldl;|t ;[hgfTds n]vg klg kfOPsf nLsf] ;fydf ofn'ª5f / cGo -O{=@))%_ sf] ;dfhefiffj}Uoflgs
5g\ h:t}M !=‘ªfdf] lb’ -lw/]g vf6fnL–/fO{ ;=@)%^M $&_, @=‘afo'ª -aflxª_ /fO{ cWoog -O{=@))!–@))#_ n] ^#& jStfx¿df u/]sf] ;j]{S5]Gfn] ls/f“tL–afc\oª '
;dfhdf ufOg] uLt’ -h:t}M ucTofFGrf] ;nª, Uofnf u]ª]d,] t'Dnf] ;nª, lsdf], efiffsf] k|of]uIf]q / ;hLjtf dha't b]vfPsf] eP klg casf] nueu Ps–b'O{
bf]nf]sd' , xfªl;lndf, xf]Sof cflb nf]s /fO{ ;=@)^#M @*–#)_, #=‘cf]S;f]ª’ k':tfkl5 of] cNk;+Vos efiffsf] eljio Tolt pHofnf] eg] b]lv+b}g . ls/f“tL–
-dfGb' h' ;=@)^# M &$_, $=‘ªfs' lbd]Kjfcs'===’ -/f]lx0fL/fh aflxª–/fO{ afc\oª' efiff nufotsf efiffx¿sf] of] b'/fj:yfsf] cfFsng xfdLn] 5}6f}+
;=@)%@M @)_, %=‘:jfnfª’ -x]d/fh ?DbfnL ;=@)%^M #$_, / ^=r08L sf];n ] LM cWofodf u/]sf 5f}+ .
sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x -lzjxl/ /fO{ ;=@)^@M &#_ df x:t /fO{sf] a"9f ;'Aafaf6 ;fef/
u/L * x/kmsf] uLt /flvPsf] 5 .
@=@=!# ;|Ao–b[Zo÷8s'dG] 6«L (Audio-visual tapes/documentary)
ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' dft[efifLx¿sf] ;F:s[ltsf] ;+/S5Gfvflt/ lhdL–/fO{
@=@=( ljB'tLo ;Grf/df sljtf (Poems on air) pTyfg ;dfhsf] tTjfjwfgdf ;]u|f] l;nL /fhwfgLdf k|b{zg -a'wjf/, @* c;f/
ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' dft[efiffsf] Oltxf;d} klxnf] kN6 ljB'tLo ;+rf/ )^#_ ePsf] lyof] . ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] g]rf ufpFdf, s[lif o'usf] cf/Dedf k|sl[ t
dfWodaf6 ‘cflbjf;L u'Ghg’ sfo{qmddf ljlxaf/ ljxfg * b]lv *M#) ah];Dd k'Hg ;'? ul/Psf] ;]u|f] l;nL clxn] eg] bL3f{o' / lkt[ k"hfdf ablnPsf] -x]g"{
k|;f/Gf x'g] 6fOD;\ PkmPd ()=^ sf7df8f}+n] @( ebf} @)^# -!$ ;]K6]Da/ )^_ sflGtk'/, #! c;f/ )^# jf !% h'nfO{ )^]_ 5 . pgLx¿df xfn pknAw ;|Aob[Zo
dft[efiffdf æaf]Mrf] a kf]cr
\ f] a===Æ sljtf k|;f/Gf u/]sf] lyof] . of] ldlt eGbfkl5 jf 8s'dG] 6«L h] eg]klg oxL Ps ;]u|f] l;nL -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf ZoLn_ g} xf] .
xfdLn] of] Pkm Pd ;'Gg] cj;/ u'dfpFb} cfPsf]n] cGo sltko ljB'tLo
sljtfx¿ 5'6fPsf x'g ;S5f}+ . o; 5]qdf sfd ug]{ / cg';Gwfg ug]{ ef]lnsf
@=@=!$ efiff–hfltzf:q, wd{ tyf ;F:s[lt (Language/ethnology,
religion and culture)
cg';Gwftfx¿n] otflt/ klg b[li6 k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 .
ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' sf] efiff–hfltzf:q, wd{ / ;F:s[lt;Fu Ps cfk;df
@=@=!) nf]ssyf÷cWoog (Folktales/studies) ;DjGwLt n]vx¿ klg kfOPsf 5g\ . tL o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\– !=‘aflxª /fO{dWo]
xfdLn] cfh;Dd e]6s ] f nf]ssyf / ;f] ;DjGwL cWoogx¿ eg]sf tf]nf]rf y/sf] hGdbfsf] sd{sfG8’ -anjxfb'/ /fO{ ;=@)%$M #–%, x]g"{ lnAh'–
!=‘hfjdf], lVnpdf] / /]rfs'kf’ -bGt'/fd aflxª ;=@)^#M $(_, @=‘aflxª /fO{ e'Dh', *, $, !$, ;=@)%^M #–!!_, @=‘aflxª, ;''gj' f/ / bg'jf/sf k'vf{x¿sf]
;dfhdf JofKt nf]ssyfM wfdL / jg emfFqm]gLx¿sf] syf’ -d'ufdfof /fO{ cfudgM kfO xª j+zsf] cfudg -ls/fFt nf]ssyf_’ -a'l4s'df/ xªu'–/fO{
;=@)^@M $@–$$_ g} x'g\ . a[xQ/ ?kdf ls/fFtL nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ g} x]g]{ ;=@)%$M @#–@$_, #=‘kfOxfª -aflxª_ j+zsf] cfudg -d'Gw'd syf cg';f/_’
xf] eg] /fkrf -;=@)^#M !#–!%_ k9\bf x'G5 . cGo ;efg] / bf]efif] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] -a'l4s'df/ xªu'–/fO{ ;=@)%^M !@–!%_, $=‘/f]ªa' aflxª Oltxf;’ -h;hLt
hfgsf/L cWofo rf/df k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . ?DbfnL ;=@)^#M #!–##_, %=‘aflxª /fO{leq pef}nL lnªdf] k"hf’ -nf]sjxfb'/
/fO{ ;=@)%(M $&–$*_, ^=‘lrlSr/L lvSrf]’ -ljZj dfG8' ;=@)^@M ^*–^(_,
@=@=!! n]v÷/rgf (Write up/compositions) &=‘aflxª /fO{x¿sf] ljjfx ;+:sf/’ -d'ufdfof aflxª ;=@)%^M !%–@$_,
xfdLn] dft[efiffdf g} n]lvPsf tLg k|ltlglw n]vx¿nfO{ klg oxfF *=‘aflxª /fO{sf] s]xL ;+:sf/–;F:s[lt’ -lw/]g vf6fnL–/fO{ ;=@)%^M @%–@*_,
:yfg lbPsf 5f}+ . tL x'g–\ !=‘aflxª b÷lb clkn’ -k|]d aflxª ;=@)^#M @%– (=‘aflxª /fO{M ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)%^M @(–#!_ / !)=‘aflxª
@^_, @=‘aflxª bdL ltrf]ª nf]’ -s'df/wg tf]nrf ;=@)^#M @&_, / #=‘uf]S;f] /fO{dWo] tf]nf]rf y/sf] d[To' ;+:sf/ d'Gw'd’ -anjxfb'/ /fO{ ;=@)%%M &–(_,
d'Gtfofd\ aflxª -?DbfnL_<’ -rqm;]/ /fO{ ;=@)^$M (_ eg] xfn} c;f]h !, @)^$ !!=‘afo'ª /fO{sf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf] ;f/f+z’ -nf]sjxfb'/ /fO{ ;=@)%(M !–#_ g}
af6 z'? ePsf] uf]/vfkqsf] gofF g]kfn k[i7df klg ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' efiffn] x'g\ .
lht'jf zf;sn] gfdfs/g u/]sf] afÅogfd (Exonym) ‘/fO{’ af6 k|jz ]
kfO;s]sf] 5 . / of] efiffjStfx¿ klg jfs'nf]rfgf cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg 5g\ .
|| 39 || || 40 ||
@=@=!% ls/fFtL–afc\o'ª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Ba!yung sample %(=z'/L -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=lgGtf -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
wordlist) ^!=t'ªrL -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@= Gof] -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
^#=dfaf] -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=Sjfª -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=d'? -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
^&=¥ofjf -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=nfnfd\ -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M @*–#)_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
^(=:ofªlu/L -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=k'kN' jf -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF ;f] k|sfzgdf h:tf] geP/ klxnf]
&!=;]u|] -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=df]rf] -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
&#=sf]rf] -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=jfr]/ -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
!=xKk] -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=k'n' -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash &%=lr:rf] -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=sf]St] -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
#=sf]St] -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=sf]hf -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly &&=OKrf] -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=ofSs] -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
%=ªf]nf] -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=lrSaf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &(=s'gL -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=/fKrf] -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
&=qmfrf] -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=SofSofd\ -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ blac *!=;f]/ -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
(=x';L -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=r';] -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone *#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=e\mofs'rfD:rf] -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!!=s'r' -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=xf]Mrf] -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn *%=d]/L -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=Dofd\ -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
!#=s'S;] -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=vf;] -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold *&=Pd\ -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=Uj -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
!%=lkrf] -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=AofSrf] -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die *(=Nofd\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=Vn' -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
!&=lVnrf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=t'rf] -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink (!=9\ofS;L -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lglS; -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
!(=:of]cf -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=Gof] -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear (#=UjfSrf] -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=Ajs' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@!=Rofªdfv -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=hfrf] -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat (%=u'O -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=df/f -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
@#=jfgL -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ldrL -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye (&=a'a'd\ -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=:o' -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
@%=Acf;'?ªdf -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather@^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire ((=ldGrf -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=cFd\cFd\ -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yello
@&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;] -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat ------------
@(=Aof/\rf] -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=v'nL -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= *%@ df k/]sf] +jfOF;fsf] zAbfg'jfb ‘nf]Ug], klt, kf]O’ x'G5 .
#!=:ofk -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lurf] -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give ‘dfG5]’ zAbnfO{ eg] ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' df klg ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf h:t}
##=lhAcf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=ku;] -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease d'? >d'/\ g} x'G5 . o:t} g+= # / &^ df pxL zAbx¿ k/]sf 5g\ . jStfx¿n]
#%=lulud\ -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=rfd -gf_ ‘s];’ hair 5fnf / af]qmf zAbx¿sf] cjwf/GffnfO{ Ps} lsl;dn] a'em\ bf /x]5g\ .
#&=u' -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=lkof -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head xfdLn] of] 8]O6fnfO{ ljleGg sfnvG8df ljleGg dft[efiff jStfx¿;Fu
#(=lªGrf] -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=Yo'Das -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart le8fPsf xf}+ .
$!=3|ª
' -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=ulG;of -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
$#=uf] -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;frf] -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill @=@=!^ lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
$%=kf]SrL -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=hf]Srf] -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs b'Od{ f k/]sf] ls/fFtL–
$&=;km -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=£n]Srf] -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie afo'ª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us
] f 5f}+ . of] dft[efiff
$(=lwª -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=em\of]cf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long ;Dk|bfodf klg pk–cWofo @=! sf] ls/fFtL–cf7k|] h:t} j9L cWoog ePsf] 5]q
%!=l/ª -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=*jfOF;f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’man eg]sf] efiff–hfltzf:qLo / ;fF:s[lts kS5]sf] cWoog g} b]lvof] . oxfF bh{gsf]
%#=xjlS;ª -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=tM;nf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon xf/fxf/Ldf ;flxTo ;"rLs[t eP klg o;nfO{ g} xfdL clGtd dfGb}gf} . :jf8]z ;o
%%=hf]h' -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=:of] -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth zAb ;"rLdf klg ;o k|ltzt g} zAbx¿ of] efiffdf df}hb' /x]5g\ . Wjlgj}Uoflgs
%&=Uofª\ -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=lgª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name ljz]iftfdf ODKnf]l;e Wjlgsf] l56f b]lvPsf] 5 . ;flxTo ;[hgfdf syf,
|| 41 || || 42 ||
pkGof;, gf6s, lgjGw ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf h:tf] ptL ;f/f] yfxf gnfu] klg uLt / -----= 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Ikke lo khoya’, Bahingke Mimkha (First
sljtf 5]qdf eg] pj{/ g} b]lvof] . of] cfzf nfUbf] kS5] xf] . of] dft[efiffsf] s'g} Souvenir), 1, 1: 30.
klg zAbsf]z xfd|f] xft nfu]sf] 5}g . cfhp/f k|lti7fg / efiffljUofg ljefu, -----= ;=@)^#= ‘a|:;f]nfcf tfjfs] lgjf’, aflxªs] ldDvf -k|yd :dfl/sf_, !,
lqljsf] l/kf]6{ eg] xfdL;Fu 5 . o;f] e’sf]n] ls/fFtL–afo'ªx¿n] klg c? !M $*=
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jLr (# k|ltzt g} / rf/}sf] cf};tdf (! k|ltzt ;dfgtf kfOPsf]n] sf]FOr– :dfl/sf_, !, !M !@=
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] M ;d k|flS6sn of:k]S6;\ cj\ j8ln:6
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Plnl;6]O;g km/ k|fg] fpG; ofG8 l8/]S;gn ej{;\ -OUHofDkN; k|md
gfdx¿’, aflxªs] ldDvf -k|yd :dfl/sf_, !, !M @!–@@= ls/fFtL–afc\oª
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|| 45 || || 46 ||
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lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cj\ b l6a]6f] ad{g Pl/of, @, @, !*#–@!*= -----. ;=@)%(= ‘aflxª /fO{leq pef}nL lnªdf] k"hf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, !, @!M
Michailovsky, Boyd. 1975a. ‘Notes on the Kir!nti verb (East $&–$*=
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mulukhim’, Bahingke Mimkha (First Souvenir), 1, 1: 83. /fO{, k|]d/fh= ;=@)%(= ‘jf bofn lbbf xO kmf]jf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @@M ^@=
k'mofn, lxdk|;fb= O{=@))^= gf]ldgn df]kmf]{nf]hL Og\ b aflxª Nofª\uO' h\ -ofh\ -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Wa dyal dida hai phowa’, Libju-Bhumju,
:kf]sg Og\ cf]vn9ª\uf_= df:6;{ lyl;;= s]Gb|Lo efifflj1fg ljefu, 11, 1, 22: 47-62.
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k/' = -----. ;=@)^)= ‘gfun]lb’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @$M $)=
Phuyal, Him P. 2006. Nominal morphology in the Bahing language -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Nagledi’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, 24: 40.
[as spoken in Okhaldhunga]. Masters Thesis. Central /fO{, k':tdfg= ;=@)^@= ‘c;f/ b'ª ;fpg s] ldDvf’, ;f]b]n, $, %M @#=
Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University. Rai, Pustaman. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Asar dung saun ke mimkha’,
/fO{, anjxfb'/= ;=@)%$= ‘aflxª /fO{dWo] tf]nf]rf y/sf] hGdbfsf] sd{sfG8’, Sodel, 4, 5: 23.
lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, @, &M #–%= /fO{, /flhj= ;=@)%^= ‘aflxª :jfnfª’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, $, !$M #$=
Rai, Balbahadur. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Bahing Raimadhye Tolocha Rai, Rajiv. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Bahing swalang’, Libju-Bhumju, 8,
tharko janmadako karmakanda’, Libju-Bhumju, 6, 2, 7: 3-5. 4, 14: 34.
-----. ;=@)%%= ‘aflxª /fO{dWo] tf]nf]rf y/sf] d[To' ;+:sf/ d'Gw'd’, lnAh'– /fO{, lzjxl/= ;=@)^@= r08L sf];n
] LM sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x= pbok'/M ls/fFt /fO{
e'Dh', &, @, (M &–(= ofof]Svf=

|| 47 || || 48 ||
Rai, Shibahari. 2005 [VS 2062]. Chandi Koseli Kavita/Geet l;+x, hutaxfb'/= ;=@)@$= ‘dfgje"uf]nsf] cfFlve\mofnaf6 /fO{ ;dfh’, /demd,
Sangraha. Udayapur: Kirat Rai Yayokkha. $, !M &*–*&=
/fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n'= ;=@)^#= ‘ls/fFtL nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+/rgfut t'ngf’, Singh, Jagat B. 1967 [VS 2024]. ‘Manabbhugolko akhijhyalbata
dw'ks{ -nf]s;flxTo ljz]iffª\s_, #(, $, $&$M !#–!%= Rai samaj’, Ramjham, 4, 1: 78-87.
Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Kiranti tf]nrf, s'df/wg= ;=@)^#= ‘aflxª bdL ltrf]ª nf]’, aflxªs] ldDvf -k|yd
lokkathaharuko sanrachanagat tulana’, Madhupark :dfl/sf_, !, !M @&=
(Loksahitya Visheshanka), 39, 4, 474: 13-15. Tolacha, Kumardhan. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Bahing dami titsong lo’,
' efiff’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, !, @!M
-----. ;=@)^@= ‘nf]kf]Gd'v ls/fFtL–afc\oª Bahingke Mimkha (First Souvenir), 1, 1: 27.
$&–$*= yf]s/, /fh]Gb|= O{=@))^= ‘k|fg] f]ldgfnfOh];g Og\ aflxª’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Loponmukh Kir!nti-Ba'yung bhasha’, 6jG6L;]eG] y ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Oli6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn
Nepal Samacharpatra, 26 February (14 Fagun 2062). ofG8 6'j]Ny lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh\ l;Dkf]lhod, gf]e]Da/ @^–@*=
' f/ efiffsf] t'ngfTds cWoog’,;okqL, *, !M
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘aflxª–;'gj Thokar, Rajendra. 2005. Causal verbs in Bahing. Paper presented
#@–$#= in the 26th Annual Conference of Linguistic Society of
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Bahing-Sunuwar bhashako tulanatmak Nepal, 26-27 November.
addhyan’, Sayapatri, 8, 1: 32-43 [also available revised -----. O{=@))%= aflxª ej{ df]/kmf]nf]hL -:kf]sg Og\ cf]vn9'Íf l8l:6«S6_= PdP
version] lyl;;= ;]G6«n l8kf6{dG6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno=
] = ;=@)%^= ‘k9O kfrf]d’\ , lnAh'–e'Dh', *, $, !$M #$=
/f]s,] ;'bz -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. Bahing verb morphology [spoken in
Roke, Sudesh. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Padhai pachom’, Libju-Bhumju, Okhaldhunga district]. MA Thesis. Central Department of
8, 4, 14: 34. Linguistics, TU.
] s'df/=;=@)%%= ‘cf]s]vf]d\ b'Mvrf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', &, @, (M @#=
/f]s,] ;'bz ofn'ª5f, jfu–cfofUofdL= ;=@)^!= ‘afc\oª
' sf] ;dfhefiffj}Uoflgs ;j]{Ifg’,
Roke, Sudeshkumar. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Okekhom du:khacha’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, @, @^M #@–##=
Libju-Bhumju, 7, 2, 9: 23. Yalungcha, Bag-Ayagyami. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Ba'yungko
?DbfnL, lw/]Gb|= ;=@)%^= ‘jf bofn\’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !!M $&= samajbhashabaigyanik sarvekshan’,Libju-Bhumju, 12, 2, 26:
Rumdali, Dhirendra. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Wa dyal’, Libju-Bhumju, 32-33.
8, 1, 11: 47. EfflG;6f6{, O8]g= !((@ -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !*(^_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -ljy ofg\
?DbfnL, x]d/fh= ;=@)%^= ‘:jfnfª’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, $, !$M #$= OG6«f8] S;g afO{ PrPr l/:n]_= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M Plhog Ph's;
] gn
Rumdali, Hemraj. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Swalang’, Libju-Bhumju, 8, ;le{;];=\
4, 14: 34. Vansittart, Eden. 1992 [orig.1896]. Notes on Nepal (with an
?DbfnL, h;hLt= ;=@)^#= ‘/f]ªa' aflxª Oltxf;’, aflxªs] ldDvf -k|yd introduction by H.H. Risley). New Delhi and Madras: Asian
:dfl/sf_, !, !M *M #!–##= Educational Services.
Rumdali, Jasjit. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Rongbu Bahing Itihas’, -----= !((! -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !()^_= u'vf{hM\ x ÅofG8a's= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M
Bahingke Mimkha (First Souvenir), 1, 1: 31-33. Plhog Ph's;
] gn ;le{;];=\
?DbfnL–aflxª, k'0f{= ;=@)^#= ‘x/]xfDaf WofAnf] df]jf’, aflxªs] ldDvf -k|yd
:dfl/sf_, !, !M *= -----. 1991 [orig.1906]. Gurkhas: A Handbook. New Delhi &
Rumdali-Bahing, Purna. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Harehamba dhyablo Madras: Asian Educational Services.
mowa’, Bahingke Mimkha (First Souvenir), 1, 1: 8. ********************************
/fO{, zf]ef= ;=@)^)= ‘h]/] b\ofn’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @$M #*=
Rai, Shova. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Jere dyal’, Libju-Bhumju,11, 2, 24:
38.
|| 49 || || 50 ||
tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . pgLx¿ klg s'n' l/ª h:t} cfk\mgf]
@=# ls/fFtL–a]nxf/] (Kiranti-Belhare)
efiffnfO{ a]nxf/] l/ª eGb5g\ .
ls/fef;fk -;=@)^@_ n] 5'§} kfªt'jfnL ls/fFtL efiff ;d"xsf] gfddf
@=#=) kl/ro (Introduction) &$ j6f :jf8]z zAb;+ux| u/]sf] ePklg OGb| s'nª ' -ld=g=ck|sflzt
6fOkl:qmK6_ n] kmfªb'jfnL (Phangduvali; Phangduwali; Phangduwali
ls/fFtL–a]nxf/] jStfx¿sf] cfk\mgf] :jOYgf]lgd (auto-ethnonym) Poti) gfd lbP/ a]nxf/]d} ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . ;dfj]zLsf] gfddf kfªt'jfnL jf
a]nxf/] (Belhare) xf] ls xf]Og eGg] tYo ce}m yfxf nfuL;s]sf] 5}g . pgLx¿sf] kmfªb'jfnL sf] cl:tj ls/fFtL–a]nxf/]n] lgNof] egL ljnf}gf ug'{ eGbf klxn]
efiffsf] af/] xfdLn] cWofo @=! df ljZn]ifg u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . oxfF klg cf7ku/L, xfdL ;a}n] xfd|f] cfk\mgf] vf]hsfo{nfO{ ce}m jf:tljs, kTofl/nf] / j}Uoflgs
cf7kxl/of, cf7k|], a]nxf/] / a]nxfl/of zAbx¿nfO{ Ps csf{df ;DjGwLt 5g\ agfpg' cfjZos 5 . xfdLn] of] cWofosf] pk–cWofo @=! df tfTsfnLg
egL b]vfOsf] 5 eGg];Dd pNn]v ul//fVg' n]vssLo st{Ao 7fG5f}+ . of] a]nxf/] v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))M #(_ n] ls/fFtL–cf7k/]df k|fylds lzIffsf]
zAbsf] d"n a]nfxf/f :yfggfd (toponym) g} xf] . ca oxfF 6f]kf]lgd / OYgf]lgddf nflu a]nxf/f ufpF, wgs'6fnfO{ k|:tfljt u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ .
vf; lrgf/Lsf] ;d:of 5 . a]nfxf/f zAbsf] h/f] ls/fFtL xf] ls eGg] jf/]df pgsf cg';f/ a]nxfl/of ufpF g} cf7kxl/of /fO{x¿sf] afx'Notf -O{=@)))M $)_
cem;Dd k|Zgjfrs lrGx nfu]sf] xfdLn] e]6s ] f 5}gf}+ . efiffljb\ k|f=8f=afNyf;f/ /x]sf] :yfgdWo] Ps xf] klg egL ;Sof}+ .
ljs]nsf] cWoogn] s] b]vfof] eg] of] efiffsf] Jofs/g cGo ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf]
eGbf km/s 5 . of] a]nxf/] zAbsf] v;Ls/gs[t 14 j}slNks gfd a]nxfl/of klg pgn] t a]nxf/f 7fpFdf af]lng] efiff a]nxf/] geP/ cf7kxl/of efiff g}
xf] . pgLx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . xf] eGg] lhls/ u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f klg pNn]v u/L ;Sof}+ . a]nxf/f /
P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k cf7kxl/ofsf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ 6+sk|;fb g]pkfg] / uf]ljGb t'Dafxfªn] t
vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . pgLx¿sf] j}slNks gfdx¿df cf7ku/- ljb]zLx¿sf] cWoognfO{ efiff–hflt k'm6fpg] k|of; ;d]t eg]sf 5g\ eGg]
8_Lcf7kxl/of, cf7k/] 15 klg xf] . klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] klg t]xL eg]sf 5g\ . tYonfO{ pNn]v u/L ;s]sf]n] xfdL ;j} cg';Gwftfx¿n] k]ml/ Ps rf]6L 3f]Tng'
g} kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;n] a]nxf/]sf] l:yltnfO{ 9nkmndf kf/]sf] 5 .
pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F ;a} 7fn' x'g] xf]8df gSsn ub}{ efiffljb\ k|f=8f=afNyf;f/ ljs]nn]r}F ;fF:s[lts / s]xL eflifs s'/fx¿df
j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fof ;dfgtf eP klg efiff jf]wuDotf (language intelligibility) sd 5 eg]sf
‘/fhf’ df 5 . pgLx¿df ePsf] csf]{ v;Ls/gsf] k|lqmof eg]sf] ‘cf7ku/L’ 5g\ . xfd|f] cjnf]sg / t'ngfdf klg a]nxf/] cf7k|];uF k|foM ldNg cfpF5 . u8{
;fF:s[lts–kmfF;Ljfb xf] . pgLx¿df nflbPsf] of] ‘cf7ku/L’ kmfF;LjfbL ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!M !^_ n] klg t];} eg]sf 5g\ . glhssf efiffx¿df cf7k|]
cjwf/gf;Fu} csf]{ lknf] eg]sf] pgLx¿n] wgs'6fsf cGo ls/fFtL eflifs afx]s l5lnª / ofSvf klg x'g\ . xfdLn] cWofo b'Os { f] pk–cWofo @=!@ df
;Dk|bfox¿nfO{ ‘gf}ku/L’ -ljs]n !((^M @!_ egL lje]b ug'{ g} xf] . o;/L s'nª' / ;f]tfªsf] h:tf] k|:t'lt, cWoog / ljZn]ifg ug]{ sfd c? cg';Gwftf /
‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s– kf7sx¿nfO{ 5f]8s ] f 5f}+ .
efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] @=#=! jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
moities)
14
8f=xs{ u'?ªn] eg]sf] v;Ls/g zAbkl5 lgdf{g ul/Psf] gfd zAb hf] OG8f]–cfo{g k|f=8f=afNyf;f/ ljs]nsf] u'?cfdf k|f=8f=s/]g Pj6{n] O{=!((% df
v;–g]kfnL efiffdf j}ofs/g k|lqmofsf] Ps ?k xf] . o;sf] k"g{ ;"rgf cWofo % sf] ls/fFtL–a]nxf/]sf] jStf ;+Vof hDdf %)) ePsf] pNn]v u/]sL lyOg\ . ;/sf/L
kfbl6KkgL !@) df lbPsf 5f}+ .
15 tYofªs eg] df}g g} /x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgdx¿ s] s:tf xf]nfg\
d;Fusf] 6]nLkmf]g jftf{ -#) sflQs @)^$ jf !^ gf]e]Da/ @))& z'qmaf/ ljxfg_ df
l8s lsD8fª–/fO{ -hf] cf7kxl/of x'g_\ n] klg a]nxf/]x? cf7k|] g} x'g\ eg] . pgL b'j}
pgLx¿sf] dft[efiffdf eGg] xfd|f] pT;'stf of] cWoogdf pT;'stfs} ?kdf /x]sf]
efiffsf] jStf / cGj]ifs klg x'g\ . o;n] s] s'/fsf] ;+st] u5{ eg] oL b'O{ a]nfxf/] / 5 . efiffljb\ ljsnsf] cWoog l;G6\ofS; jf jfSoljUofgdf s]lGb|t ePsf]n]
;fgfªuf] -cf7k|]_ efiff ;Dk|bfox? cf]Nnf ls/fFtdf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL– t]:tf Snfgf]lgdsf] ;'OFsf] pgsf s[ltx¿df kfOb}g .
afc\oª' hlts} glhs 5g\ cyf{t\ eg'F ls/fFtL–/f9' / h]/f]ª hlts} 5g\ .
|| 51 || || 52 ||
@=#=@ e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution) a]Nxfl/og’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!((% ;L_, %=‘8]OlS6s 6«fG;kf]lh;g ofG8 /]km/]G;n
ls/fFtL–a]nxf/] efiff ljz]if u/]/ kNnf] ls/fFt td'/ vf]nf If]q wgs'6f k|flS6; Og\ a]Nxf/]’ -k"j{jt\ O{=@))!_, ^=‘a]Nxf/]’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))#_, &=‘lx8g
lhNnfsf] a]nxf/f -x]g"{ efiff:yfg gSzf g+=@=$ IV_ cflb If]qx¿df af]lnG5 . l;G6ofS;\ Og\ a]Nxf/]’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))$_, *=‘a]Nxf/] ;af]l8{g;
] g ofG8 b lyc/L
:jf8]z ;o zAb;"rLdf pknAw zAbx¿ (& 5g\ . of] dft[efiffsf] cj:yf klg 6lks’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!((#_, (=‘pGnf]lh:r/ cf:k]S6M h'/ a]8p] t'ª::q'St'/ ef]g
v/fa /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . :jefljs ?kdf jStfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf of:k]S6 pG8 cflStgf];f6{, a];f]G8;{ Od\ a]Nxfl/:r]g’ -k"jj{ t\ k|];df aL_,
glhssf elugL efiffx¿df cf7k/], l5lnª, l5Gtfª -d'uf-nL__, 5'n'ª ] f]l8ª cnfOdG6 Og\ a]Nxf/] df]/kmf]nf]hL’ -k"jj{ t\ k|sfzf]Gd'v_,
!)=‘k|f;
-l5lnª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, ofSvf -n'Daf, ofSvfsf] Snfgf]lgd / :yfgLo !!=‘Os'OEofnG6;\ cj\ ‘sGh'ul] 6e kfl6{l;kN;’ Og\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\
zAbfjnL km/s_ g} x'g\ . -OGSn'8;\ a]Nxf/] OUhfDkN;\_’ -s/]g Pr Pj6{ O{=@))#_, !@=‘OGe;{ ofG8
l;p8f]OGe;{ lk|lkmS;];\ Og\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\M Ole8]G; k|md a]Nxf/], cf7k/]
ofG8 b'ªdfnL’ -s/]g Pr Pj6{ O{=!((!_, !#=‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’
-uf]kfn vDa" ;=@)%& #(–$@_, !$=ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x
-ls/fef tyf ;fk ;=@)^@_, !%=c l;gf]lK6s Unf];/L cj\ cf7k/], a]Nxf/] /
ofSvf -;Dkf=ÅofG;f]g O{=!((^_ x'g\ eg] !^=u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!_ n] klg
cfk\mgf] cWoogdf a]nxf/]nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ .
@=#=$ uLtx¿ (Songs)
Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ -;=@)^#M #@_ cg';f/ ls/fFtL–a]Nxf/]df klg
/]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6faf6 # j6f uLtx¿ /]s8{ eO;s]sf 5g\ . pg}sf cg';f/
o;sf] eflifsf kmfªb'jfnLdf klg # j6f uLx¿ /]s8{ eO;s]sf /x]5g\ . o;sf]
t'ngfdf cGo ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf h:t}M ls/fjfdf $%, cf7k|]df &, k'df @, s'n'ª
!), l5Gtfª %, l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'n'ª $,
b'dL @, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL #, ofSvf * /]sl8{ª ePsf] tYo k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 .
@=#=% ls/fFtL–a]nxf/] gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Belhare sample
wordlist)
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
-gSzf g+=@=$ IV: a]nxf/] efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M l8«cd @))!M &)(_ cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
@=#=# efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Language/linguistic studies) ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M &^–&*_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
ls/fFtL–a]nxf/] dft[efiffdf cfh;Dd cWoog ug]{ k|d'v ljb]zL
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
efiffljb\x¿df ljs]n / Pj6{ g} k|dv ' x'g\ . :jb]zLx¿sf] tk{maf6 xfdLn] e]6]sf]
cWoogdf uf]kfn vDa"sf] / ls/fef tyf ;fksf] :jf8]z zAbfjnL g} xf] . tL !=;f]Ak] -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @= === -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
cWoox¿df !=of:k]S6, d"8 ofG8 6fOd Og\ a]Nxf/]M :6l8h\ Og\ b #=cf]xf]Ujf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=kmf]s -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
l;DoflG6S;\kf| UDofl6S;\ OG6/km]; cj' c lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh -afNyf;f/ ljs]n %=oOvf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=t'jf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
O{=!((^_, @=‘b Kofl;e cj\ OS;lkl/PG; Og\ a]Nxf/]’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!((^ aL_, &=xfdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfvf]/f]Svf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
#=‘:k]O;n cf]k/]G;G; OG8]lS;;, slUg;g, ofG8 sNr/M xj]/ 6' cf]l/oG6 (=x]lns -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=v'Ujf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
jfG;]Nkm Og\ a]Nxf/]’ -k"j{jt\ O{=!((&;L_, $=‘l/n]l6Eh\ ofg\ ofG6]l;8]G6 OG6g{, !!= === -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=+xf6\6] -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
gf]ldgfnfOh];g P6 kmfsfnfOh];gM OGq] l;G6ofS; P6 df]/kmf]nf]hL Pg\ !#= === -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=lrpvf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
|| 53 || || 54 ||
!%=+6fjf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die *(=Nofk\mof -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=s]ª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
!&=sf]5' -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=pªdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink (!=l;ª6fª -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=l;Ssbf -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
!(=xOªfxf -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=g'ds] -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear (#=nfpDdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=r'jf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@!=vfd\ -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat (%=s] -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=P6L -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
@#=jfOg -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=lds -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye (&=k'mt'?xf -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;f6L -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
@%=nfk\m7fª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire ((=lvD6fªdf -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=xlb{Aofvf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
@&=cf+;f -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=r]r] -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat ----------
@(=k]df -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+=!@, !% / *) sf] lqmof ?k cGo lqmofsf] ?k;Fu ?k ldn]sf]
#!=OKªfxf -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give 5}g . of] efiffsf] jStfx¿ xfdLn] e]6\g g;s]sf] x'Fbf of] ofof]Svfsf]
##=vfOvf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=c5f]t -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease 8]O6fnfO{ c? efifLx¿sf] h:tf] ;Defljt 6fOkf]uk| mLdf x'g ;Sg]
#%= === -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=lkmofs -gf_ ‘s];’ hair ;d:ofnfO{ /]lS6kmfO ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . t];f] e’sf]n] lagf of:6]l/:s
#&=d's -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=6fx]Ss -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head h:tfsf] t:t} /fv]sf 5f}+ .
#(=v]Ddf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=vf]P6 -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart @=#=^ lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
$!=p6fª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=sfpOvf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
$#=sf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]6d\ f -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs tLgdf k/]sf] ls/fFtL–
$%=t'De't -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=lgdf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know a]nxf/] dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us ] f 5f}+ . of]
$&=nfef]s -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=5]Kdf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie dft[efifL ;Dk|bfodf j9L cWoog ePsf] 5]q eg]sf] efiffzf:qLo cWoog g}
$(=n'Sdf -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=Pk]mGgf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long b]lvof] . o;df klg b'O{ o'/f]kn
] L efiffljb\ k|f=8f= s/]g Pa6{ / k|f=8f= afNyf;f/
%!=l;s -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=lvS6fªjf -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man ljs]nsf] dfQ} cu'jfO /x]sf] :k:6 5 . :jb]zL efiffljb\x¿sf] gh/ o;df k/]sf]
%#=cfSsf; -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=n5]pjf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon b]lvPg . ;flxTo ;[hgfdf syf, pkGof;, gf6s, lgjGw, uLt / sljtf cflb
%%= === -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=d'g -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth xfd|f] vf]hLsf] bfo/fdf cfpg g;s]sf] xfdLn] :jLsf/]sf 5f}+ . efiff l;sfO /
%&=5f]Sdfl;s -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=lgª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ klg e]l6Psf 5}gg\ . /]g]5]k| s]Gb|
%(=;f]SdfnL -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=5pjf6 -lj_ ‘gofF’ new wgs'6fdf eg] # j6f / o;sf] eflifsf elgPsf] kmfªb'jfnLdf # j6f uLt /]s8{
^!=;]Daf -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gf/L -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose e’sf 5g\ eGg];Dd ;"rgf e]l6of] . cfpFbf lbgx¿df k|sfzgdf cfpnfg\ eGg]
^#=jfgL -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=Olubf -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one cfzf;Dd /fv]sf 5f}+ . pgLx¿n] ls/fFtL cf7k|];uF ;xofqf ubf{ ;'gdf ;'uGw
^%=nfDa' -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=dfO -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person ' fO{ gs/fTds dfGg' gx'g] xfd|f] 7gfO xf] .
x'gn
^&=jf]6 -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=kmfj]n]+xf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
^(=ph/f -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=pkf]sflns -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
&!= === -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=r]Sdf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
afNyf;f/, ljs]n= @))$= ‘lx8g l;G6ofS;\ Og\ a]Nxf/]’= Og\ cGh' ;S;]gf
&#=lx6\df -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=nflnsf -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
-;Dkf=_= lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\M kf:6 ofG8 lk|h]G6 -6«G] h\ Og\
&%=o'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=cf]xf]Sjf -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
lnªu'Ol:6S;\, :68Lh\ ofG8 df]gf]u|fkm;\ !$(_, lklkM !$!–!()= aln{g
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=lrS6'xf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
ofG8 Go" of]sM{ d'tf]F 8] u|'O6/=
&(=ldv'dfª -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=+yaf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
Bickel, Balthasar. 2004. ‘Hidden syntax in Belhare’. In Anju
*!= === -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ªbf] -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone Saxena and Balthasar Bickel (ed.). Himalayan Languages:
*#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=e\mofs'rfD:rf] -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim Past and Present [Trends in Linguistics, Studies and
*%=pld/f -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=Ogf -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that Monographs 149] pp. 141-190. Berlin and New York: Mouton
*&=gf -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=xfg -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you de Gruyter.
|| 55 || || 56 ||
-----= 2003. ‘Belhare’. In G. Thurgood & R. J. LaPolla (eds.). The -----. 1993. ‘Belhare subordination and the theory of topic’. In
Sino-Tibetan languages, 546 – 570. London: Routledge. Karen H. Ebert (ed.). Studies in Clause Linkage. Zurich:
-----= @))#= ‘a]Nxf/]’, Og\ hL= y/u'8 ofG8 cf/= h]=nfkf]nf -;Dkf=_ b l6j]6f]– ASAS-Verlag.
ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\, %$^–%&)= nG8gM ?6n]h= -----= k|];df aL= ‘pGnf]lh:r/ cf:k]S6M h'/ a]8p
] t'ª::q'St'/ ef]g of:k]S6 pG8
-----= 2001. ‘Deictic transposition and referential practice in cflStgf];f6{, a];f]G8;{ Od\ a]Nxfl/:r]g’= Og\ jfN6/ a|]p -;Dkf=_= 6«ljh]gM
Belhare’. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 10: 224-247. lgPd/=
-----= @))!= ‘8]OlS6s 6«fG;kf]lh;g ofG8 /]km/]g;n k|flS6; Og\ a]Nxf/]’, hg{n -----. in Press-b. ‘Unlogischer Aspekt: zur Bedeutungsstruktur von
cj\ lnªu'Ol:6s ofGy|fk] f]nf]hL, !)M @@$–@$&= Aspekt und Aktionsart, besonders im Belharischen’. In Walter
-----= !((&= ‘:k]O;n cf]k/]G;G; OG8]lS;;, slug;g, ofG8 sNr/M xj]/ 6' Breu (ed.) Trbingen: Niemeyer.
cf]l/oG6 Og\ a]Nxf/]’, Og\ hfg g'O6;\ ofG8 Ol/s lk8/;g -;Dkf=_= -----= k|sfzf]Gd'v= ‘k|f;
] f]l8ª cnfOdG6 Og\ a]Nxf/] df]/kmf]nf]hL’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68
Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 sG;]K6'cfnfOh];g, lklkM $^–*#, s]lDa|hM s]lDa|h Og\ b 6jG6LgfOGy OG6/Gof;gn sGkm/]G; cg\ ;fOgf]l6j]6g Nofªu'Olhh\
o'lgel;{6L k|];= ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\, n]O8g, !)–!# cS6f]a/ !((^= dfg'l:qmlK68,
-----. 1997. ‘Spatial operations indeixis, cognition, and culture: o'lgel;{6L cj\ h'l/v=
Where to orient oneself in Belhare’. In Jan Nuyts and Eric -----. forthcoming. ‘Prosodic alignment in Belhare morphology’.
Pederson (eds.). Language and Conceptualization, pp. 46- Paper presented in the 29th International Conference on Sino-
83, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Leiden, 10-13 October
-----=O{=!((^= of:k]S6, d'8 ofG8 6fOd Og\ a]Nxf/]M :6l8h\ Og\ b l;dflG6s– 1996. Ms., University of Zurich.
k|fUdfl6S;\ OG6/k]m; cj\ c lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh= PP;PP;, h'l/vM b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{, Zofd/fh= ;=@)^#= ‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’,
o'lglel;{66] h'l/v= lgK;'ª, !#, @%M #@=
-----. 1996. Aspect, Mood and Time in Belhare: Studies in the Dubdenghang-Rai, Shyamraj. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Bantawa Rai
Semantics-Pragmatics Interface of a Himalayan Language. bhashama samacharko 13 barsha’, Nipsung, 13, 25: 32.
ASAS, Zurich: Universität Zürich. Pj6{, s/]g Pr= @))#= ‘Os'OEofnG6;\ cj\ ‘sGh'ul] 6e kfl6{l;kN;’ Og\ ls/fFtL
-----= !((^aL= ‘b Kofl;e cj\ OS;lkl/PG; Og\ a]Nxf/]’, Og\ 8]le8 a|f8nL Nofªu'Olhh\ -OGSn'8;\ a]Nxf/] OUhfDkN;\_’= Og\ t]h cf/ sG;fsf/ / dfs{
-;Dkf=_ l6j]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ b lxdfnoh\ , lklkM !@(–$(, 6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyDh\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\=
SofGa]/fM Kofl;lkms lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8]nju{ / lqe'jg ljZjljBfno=
-----.1996b. ‘The possessive of experience in Belhare’. In David Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in
Bradley (ed.). Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas, Kiranti languages’ (includes Belhare examples). In Tej R
pp. 129-49, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan
-----= !((%;L= ‘l/n]l6Eh\ ofg\ ofG6]l;8]G6 OG6g{, gf]ldgfnfOh]O;g P6 Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia Institute,
kmfsfnfOh]O;gM OGq] l;G6ofS; P6 df]/kmf]nf]hL Pg\ a]Nxfl/og’, a'nl] 6g 8] Heidelberg and TU.
-----. @))#= ‘OGe;{ ofG8 l;p8f]OGe;{ lk|lkmS;];\ Og\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\M
nf ;f]l;Pt] 8] lnªu'Ol:ts 8] kfl/; =()M #(!–$@&=
-----. 1995c. ‘Relatives an antecedent interne, nominalisation et
Ole8]G; k|md a]Nxf/], cf7k/] ofG8 b'ªdfnL’, lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cj\ b l6a]6f]–
facalisation: entre syntaxe et morphologie en belharien’, ad{g Pl/of, !$, !M &#–(@=
Bulletin de la Societe de Linguistique de Paris. 90: 391-427. -----. 1991. ‘Inverse and pseudoinverse prefixes in Kiranti
-----= !((#= ‘a]Nxf/] ;af]l8{g;
] g ofG8 b lyc/L 6lks’= Og\ s/]g Pr Pj6{ Languages: Evidence from Belhare, Athpare and Dungmali’,
-;Dkf=_= :68Lh\ Og\ Snh lnªs]h = h'l/vM c;f; enf{u= Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 14, 1: 73-92.
ÅofG;f]g, u8{ -;Dkf=_= O{=!((^= c l;gf]lK6s Unf];/L cj\ cf7k/], a]Nxf/] /
ofSvf= pG6/:nfO:xfOdM lnGsf]d o'/f]kf=
|| 57 || || 58 ||
Hansson, Gerd (ed.). 1996. A Synoptic Glossary of Athpare,
Belhare, and Yakkha. Unterschleisheim: LINCOM Europa. @=$ ls/fFtL–l5lnª (Kiranti-Chiling)

-----. O{=!((!= b /fO{ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfnM OlYgs ofG8 lnª\uO' l:6s u|'lkª=
-Pl8l68 ofG8 OG6«8o':6 afO e]]g/ leG6/_= sf7dfG8"M lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{
cj\ g]kfn ofG8 l;gf;= @=$=) kl/ro (Introduction)
-----. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and Linguistic
Grouping (Edited and introduced by Werner Winter). ls/fFtL–l5lnª jStfx¿sf] cfk\mgf] :jOYgf]lgd (Auto-ethnonym)
Kathmandu: Linguistic Survey of Nepal and CNAS. l5lnª (Chhiling: Roman Gorkhali orthography) xf] eg] j}slNks jf
vDa", uf]kfn= ;=@)%&= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, ' (Chhulung) / 5f]n'ª (Chholung) klg xf] .
efiffkl/j{gsf] b[li6sf]gaf6 5'nª
!,!M #(–$@= OYgf]nu -O{=@))%_ n] cfk\mgf] OG6«Ldf 5'nª ' lbPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ cfk\mgf]
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha dft[efiffnfO{ l5lnª jf 5'nª ' ?ª eGb5g\ . ls/fFtL–l5lnªx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42. :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf]
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x= cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 .
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]]/}n] gSsn ub}{ 7fn' x'g] xf]8df
Yayokkha. j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fof
s'nª
' , OGb|= ld=g= ls/fFtd"nsf pk]lIft ls/fFthGo hfltx¿sf] cflbjf;L ‘/fhf’ df 5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg]
hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%* sf] cg';l" rdf ;"lrs[t x'g] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–
cfwf/x¿= ck|sflzt 6fOkl:qmK6= ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
Kulung, Indra. n.d. Kiratkulka upekshit Kiratjanya jatiharuko
aadivasi janajati uttan rastriya pratisthan ain 2058 ko pgLx¿sf] cfk\mgf] eflifs ;Dk|bfosf] s'g} ;+:yfdf cfj4 ePsf]
anusuchima suchikrit hune adharharu. Unpublished xfdLnfO{ xfn;Dd ;"rgf ldn]sf] 5}g . of] efiff ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªsf] eflifsf
typescript. ePsf] 5gs u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!M @%_ sf] cWoogn] lbPsf] 5 . c? s]xL
hfgsf/Lsf]nflu ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª -@=% klg_ x]gx'{ f];\ . o;sf glhssf elugL
********************* efiffx¿df cf7k/], a]nxf/] -a]nxfl/of, kmfª\bj' fnL_, l5Gtfª -d'ufnL_ / ofSvf
-n'Daf, ofSvfsf] Snfgf]lgd / :yfgLo zAbfjnL km/s_ g} x'g\ .
@=$=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
of] efiff ljz]if u/]/ kNnf] ls/fFt c?Gf vf]nf 5]q wgs'6f lhNnfsf]
l5Gtfª, cfFvL;Nnf / vf]s' -x]g"{ efiff:yfg gSzf g+=@=% V klg_ cflb 5]qx¿df
af]lnG5 . :jf8]z ;o zAb;"rLdf pknAw zAbx¿ (% 5g\ eg] o;sf] cj:yf
v/fa 5 elgPsf] 5 . o;sf glhssf elugL efiffx¿df cf7k/], a]nxf/]
-a]nxfl/of, kmfª\bj' fnL_, l5Gtfª -d'ufnL_ / ofSvf -n'Daf, ofSvfsf]
Snfgf]lgd / :yfgLo zAbfjnL km/s_ g} x'g\ .

|| 59 || || 60 ||
jfDa'nn
] fO{ h:t} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 . o;nfO{ cjsf cg';Gwftfx¿n]
ce}m vf]Hg' kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .
@=$=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary)
cfh;Dd ls/fFtL–l5lnªsf] ‘l5lnª ?ª’ -hL=Pn= /fO{ / 6L=jL= /fO{
;=@)^@M @_ zLif{sdf hDdf rf/ zAb / s]xL jfSo ;+/rgfx¿ dfQ} e]l6Psf 5g\ .
@=$=% efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies)
hf]o; efg xf]g{ (Joyce van Hoorn) n] ls/fFtL–l5lnªsf]
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog ul//x]sL 5g\ eGg] ;dfrf/ lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh k|f]h]S6
(Himalayan Language Project) sf] xf]dk]h -e|dg ldlt O{=@))% ;]K6]Da/_
n] htfPsf] 5 . dgs'df/L lnDa"n] klg ‘ofg OYgf]–lnªuOl:6s cAhe]{O;g cj\
5'nª' –/fO{, c xfOnL OG8]Gh8{ Nofªu'Oh’ -O{=@))*_ zLif{sdf cWoog u/]sL
5g\ .
@=$=^ uLtx¿ (Songs)
-gSzf g+=@=% V: l5lnª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? @))^M !)%_
/]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6fn] ls/fFtL–l5lnª dft[/fi6«efiffdf # j6f;Dd uLt
@=$=@ eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features) /]sl8{ª u/]sf] 5 eGg] tYo b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ -;=@)^#M #@_ n] v'nf;f u/]sf 5g\ .
of] efiffdf ;]G6«n efjn O! /p! ePsf] 5gs ldn]sf] 5 . t/ b]jgfu/L c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] uLtdf ls/fjfdf $%, cf7k|]df &, k'df @, s'nª ' !),
lnlkdf :jf8]z zAbfjnLsf] clen]vg ePsf]n] To;sf] ;xL k|ltlglwTj x'g a]nxf/] #, l5Gtfª %, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'nª ' $, b'dL
;s]sf] 5}g . of] efiffdf xfn;Dd To:tf] vf; cg';GwgfTds k|sfzgx¿ @, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL #, kmfªb'jfnL #, ofSvf * pknAw 5g\ .
gcfPsf]n] o;sf] :j?k jf ;+/rgf s:tf] 5 egL o;} eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . @=$=& ls/fFtL–l5lnª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Chiling sample
hf]o; efg xf]g{sf] cWoog k|sfzgnfO{ xfdLn] s'g'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 eg] dgs'df/L wordlist)
lnDa"sf] cWoog l/kf]6{ -O{=@))*_ ck|sflzt 5 . xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
@=$=# jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
clanonyms, moities) ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M &#–&%_ af6 pw[t ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vof l;laP; -O{=@))!_ n] ! xhf/ # ;o !$ b]vfPsf] 5 :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
. jStfx¿sf] cefj x'Fb} uP tfklg o'jf cg';Gwftf dgs'df/L lnDa"n] #)) jStf lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
/x]sf] atfPsL 5g\ . xfn;Dd pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgd gf]dg] Sn]r/ !=s]ªs \ f -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=yfa't\ -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
(nomenclature) df nf]ªjfaf, 5f]ªvf, kmfªk'm, kmfGr' / /fha]ª;L -lnDa" #=cf]xf]Sjf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=kmf]s\ -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
@))*M #*–(_ g} e]l6Psf] 5 . t/ oxfF l5lnª-u]_ elgPsf] eflifs ;d"x %=7]8j' f -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=g'jf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
Snfgf]lgds} ?kdf ls/fFtL–cf7k|] -x]g"{ @=!=@_ leq kg{ cfPsf]n] o;sf] ls/fFtL– *
&= xf8' -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfSr'Sdf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
cf7k|] eGbf cfk\mg} km/s klxrfgsf] l:ylt ;d]t 9nkmn l:yltdf 5 klg egL (=x]nL -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=v'?Sjf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
;s]sf 5f}+ . x'g t ls/fFtL–cf7k|]sf] Snfgf]lgddf jfDa'n] klg kg{ uPsf]n] !!=x]a]s\ -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@= *nfKdjf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
pgLx¿sf] Onfsfdf a;fOF ;/fOsf] qmddf a;f]jf; ug]{ l5lnªnfO{ klg e"naz
!#=s'lxdf -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$= === -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
*
!%= 7faf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
|| 61 || || 62 ||
!&=sf]rj' f -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=xf]Kdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink *#=gfd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfrfdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!(=x];fª\ -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gf/f]s\ -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *%=v'ldnf -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=v'g -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
@!=yfDk'ª -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat *&=gfª -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=vfgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
@#=l7O{ -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d's\ -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye *(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=s]ª\ -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
@%=v'nfkmfª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire (!=;'ªtfª -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=l;k's -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
@&=ªf:;f -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat (#=k]mOdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=r'jf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@(=kf]OMdf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª\ -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot (%=cfa'cf -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=l5nf] -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
#!=ljKnf] -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give (&=a'7?' jf -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;fnf]jf -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
##=v'r'j'g] -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5f]6\ -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease ((=ldof5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))= === -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
#%= === -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=tfDk'mjf -gf_ ‘s];’ hair ------------
#&=ds\ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=v'6fª\ -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
#(=v]Ddf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=n'ªdf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= &=+xf8' ‘6f]Sg'’, !@= +nfKdjf ‘aNg'’, !%= +7faf ‘cfpg'’
/ g+= $*= +n]+dfltO{ ‘n]6\g’' sf] lqmof ?kx¿df s]xL cldNbf ?lkx¿ b]vf k/]sf
$!=s';'ª\ -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@= === -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
5g\ . lsgeg] of] efiffsf] s[bGt ?lkd klg cGo dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtsf s]xL
$#=c+sf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Od{ f -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} –df g} xf] .
$%=v'6D' r' -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=lgdf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
$&=nfkmf]jf -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=*n]d+ fltO{ -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie @=$=* lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
$(=;f]d\ -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=Pkm]Gg' -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs rf/df k/]sf] ls/fFtL–
%!=x]Ot\ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=+olDa5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man l5lnª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfO k'us ] f 5f}+ . k|foM
%#=xf]KdfnL -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nfl8Kdf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon sYo ?kdf dfq} /x]sf] ls/fFtL–l5lnªdf vf;} ;flxTo xfdLn] e]6g] f}+ . of]
%%=lsd'? -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=d'g\ -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth ge]l6g'df /fHon] cjnDjg u/]sf] PsefifL gLlt klg bf]ifL 5 . ;fy} jStfx¿n]
%&=6'Da'?s\ -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=g'ª -gf_ ‘gfd’ name klg s]xL gu/L eg] x'Fbg} . o;/L g} pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgdx¿df nf]ªjfaf, 5f]ªvf,
kmfªk'm, kmfGr' / /fha]ª;L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . hf]o; efg xf]g{ / dgs'df/L
%(=6f]Daf/L -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=v'gj'+ f -lj_ ‘gofF’ new lnDa"sf] cWoogn] s]xL lbzf lgb]{zg unf{ h:tf]r}F 5 . t/ of] kNnf] ls/fFt 5]qdf
^!=;]Dafs\ -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gf/L -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose efiff / eflifsfx¿sf] vf; 6'ªuf] gnfuL ;s]sf] jvtdf l5lnª jf 5'nª ' n]
^#=dfn] -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=sf]nf]s -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one cfk\mgf] glhssf] efiff ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª;Fu ;xofqf ug]{ ls egL ;f]r agfpFbf
^%=nfDa' -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=dfKdL -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person } f] enf] gx'g] xf]Og . lnDa" -O{=@))*_ sf] l/kf]6{n] t pgLx¿ ;fF:s[lts ?kdf
b'js
^&=j]t\ -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=kmfj]n'ª -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red Pp6} ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . lsgeg] pxL a'8f]xfª, jf8fªdL / /fhb]pn] pgLx¿nfO{
^(=Oe]O{ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=sf]sfln;f -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round Pp6} ufF7f]df afFws
] f] b]lvG5 .
&!=vflDr/]Sjf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=n'df -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
&#=vfFdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=nflns -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
&%=o'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=cfxf]Sjf -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{, Zofd/fh= ;=@)^#= ‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{,
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=lrª\jf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small lgK;'ª, !#, @%M #@=
&(= === -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=b'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand Dubdenghang-Rai, Shyamraj. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Bantawa Rai
*!=rf]rf]ªu\ L -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ªxf]Sdf -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone bhashama samacharko 13 barsha’, Nipsung, 13, 25: 32.

|| 63 || || 64 ||
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg= @=% ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª (Kiranti-Chintang)

Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste


Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
Indigenous Nationalities. @=%=) kl/ro (Introduction)
ÅofG;f]g, u8{= O{=!((!= b /fO{ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfnM OlYgs ofG8 lnª\uO' l:6s ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªx¿sf] cfk\mgf] :jOYgf]lgd (auto-ethnonym)
u|'lkª= -Pl8l68 ofG8 OG6«8o':6 afO e]]g/ leG6/_= sf7dfG8"M pG5]G8fÍf]>5]G8fÍf]>l-5]G8fª_ -cg'= ?rfPsf]_ xf] egL nf]sG] b| t]n] -O{=@))^M *_
lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ g]kfn ofG8 l;gf;= n] cYof{OPsf 5g\ . l5Gtfª (Chintang; Roman Gorkha(li) spelling:
Han"on, Gerd. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and
Chhingtang) zAbsf] clGtd Wjlg ÷ª÷ sf] pkl:yltn] o;sf] d"n ;fOgf]–
Linguistic Grouping (Edited and introduced by Werner
Winter). Kathmandu: Linguistic Survey of Nepal and CNAS.
l6a]6f]–ad{gdf g} 5 . t/ ;dsfnLg kl/k|]S5]df of] OYgf]lgd g} :yfggfd
(toponym) klg ePsf] 5 . o;n] s] k|dflgt u5{ eg] of] e"lddf l5Gtfªx¿
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf= klxnf] jfl;Gbf (first settler) x'g\ eGg] k|dflgt u5{ . ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªx¿ klg
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª /
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] k]l/k]m/L (periphery) df ePsf]n] s]xL dfqfdf pgLx¿sf]
Yayokkha. /ªu / uGw ldl;g' :jfefljs} xf] . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn]
lnDa", dgs'df/L= O{=@))*= ‘ofg OYgf]–lnªuOl:6s cAhe]{O;g cj\ 5'n'ª–/fO{, :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 .
c xfOnL OG8]Gh8{ Nofªu'Oh’ -;k{m l/;r{ l/kf]6{_= pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
Limbu, Man K. 2008. An ethnolinguistic observation of Chhulung klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]]/}n] 7fn' x'g] xf]8df j/g u/]sf]
Rai, an highly endangered language (SIRF Research Report).
gfd /fO{ g} (Rai) xf] . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 .
/fO{, hL=Pn= / 6L=jL= /fO{= ;=@)^@= ‘l5lnª ?ª’, dL, !@, !M @= o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of]
Rai, GL and TB Rai. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Chhinling rung’, Mee, 12,
1: 2.
P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–
;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
***************************** ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª jStfx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ l5Gtfª ?ª eGb5g\ .
klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] t]nL zAbsf] klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . t/ of] pgLx¿sf]
Snfgf]lgd t]n] xf] /x]5 . l5Gtfª-u]_ sf] ;fgf] sf]i6sf] -–u]_ P]lR5s ?lkdr}F
v;Ls/g k|so[ faf6 lgdf{g ePsf] zAb xf] . c? w]/} ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ o;n]
ufFh/] lgn]sf] 5 . –nL / –/L n] klg t];/L g} lgn]sf 5g\ .
cl3 xfdLn] of] cWofosf] pk–vG8 @=! sf] ls/fFtL–cf7k|]sf] kl/rodf
pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ cf7k|] l/ª eGb5g\ eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ . ca
ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªx¿n] klg cfk\mgf] dft[efiffn] emG8} ls/fFtL–cf7k|]x¿n]em}+ ?ª
eGbf/x]5g\ . oxfF km/s eg]sf] O–sf/ / p–sf/df dfq} kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{
cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] blVvgL–klZrdL efudf af]lng] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf efiffnfO{
Njf]÷nf]-M_, ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' df klg Njf]÷nf]-M_ g} / pQ/L ls/fFtL–y'nª ' df Njf
clg dfem ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–/f]bª' df nf gfdfs/g ePsf]n] P]ltxfl;s sg]S;g
ePe}+m cf7k]| / l5Gtfªdf klg x'g' g} k5{ . cf7k]| / l5Gtfªdf dfQ} geP/ ls/fFtL–
|| 65 || || 66 ||
' x¿n] klg cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ s'n' l/ª g} eGb5g\ / j}slNks gfddf
s'nª
s'nª' k'g klg xf] .
P]ltxfl;s sg]S;gsf] l5gf]kmfgf] eg]sf] ;LkL8LkLsf] cg';Gwfgsf]
clGtd k|sfzg;Dd s'g'{ g} kg]{ ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] cWoog / xfdLn] b]vs ] f];Dd
afNyf;f/ ljs]n, uf]df aGhf8], Plngf lnPeg, dgf]h /fO{, dfl6{g u]G;n],
g]qk|;fb kf}8ofn, gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{, OR5fk"0f{ /fO{ / ;ljg :6f]n -O{=@))&M $#–
&#_ n] Nofªu'Oh hg{ndf ‘lk|m lk|lkmS; c8l/ª Og\ l5Gtfª’ zLif{ssf]
cg';GwgfTds n]v k|sfzg u/]kZrft\ ;Kk} ls/fFtL efiffx¿dWo] l5Gtfª dfq}
Pp6f o:tf] klxnf] efUozfnL efiff -x]g"{ pk–cWofo @=!* klg_ b]lvof]ý h;n]
pSt hg{nsf] dfWodaf6 cGt//fli6«o kf7s / cg';Gwftfx¿sf dfem cfk"mnfO{
b]vfpg ;Sof] . O{=@))* df of]hgf ;lsPkl5 cfpg] k|sfzgn] xfdLn] vf]hs ] f]
sg]S;g / vf]h]sf] cy{ ;d]t b]nf eGg] cfzf /fv]sf 5f}+ .
xfdLn] ga'es ] f] csf]{ klg Pp6f dxTjk"g{ s'/f 5ý Tof] s] xf] eg]
ls/fef;fk -;=@)^@M ^&–^(_ n] 5'§} d'ufnL eflifs ;Dk|bfosf] gfddf *^ j6f
:jf8]z zAb;+ux| u/]sf] ePklg OGb| s'nª ' -ld=g=ck|sflzt 6fOkl:qmK6_ n] -gSzf g+=@=^ VI: l5Gtfª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !)&_
o;nfO{ l5Gtfªdf g} ;dflxt u/]sf 5g\ . cg';Gwftfx¿sf]nflu of] Ps r'gf}lt g} @=%=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
xf] . xfdLn] o; knnfO{ of] r'gf}tLaf6 klG;g' a]z 7fg]sf 5f}+ lsgeg] ;LkL8LkLn] moities)
ce}m cfk\mgf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]s} 5 . xfdLn] klg d'uf-nL_ nfO{ 5§} l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿ dfq} * hgf pNn]v
efiffdf btf{ u/]sf 5}gf}+ . u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;To–tYo klg ;LkL8LkLn] g} lbg]5 . t/ nf]sG] b| t]n] -O{=@))^M
@=%=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution) #_ n] jStf ;+Vof @%))–#))) hlt /x]sf] htfPsf 5g\ . of] ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª
efiffsf] Onfsfdf cGo ls/fFtL efifLx¿ h:t}M ;fªkfª, nf]x¿ª, vflnª,
of] efiff ljz]if u/]/ kNnf] ls/fFt c?Gf vf]nf If]q wgs'6f lhNnfsf] b'ªdf-nL_, /f]b'ª-rflDnª_, s'nª ' , y'nª
' , k'df, b'dL cflb e]l6P klg pgLx¿
l5Gtfª -d'Gw'dL gfd jfRrf]D;f–b'?D;f jf lvl/a'ª–l;l/a'ª_ / vf]s' Onfsfx¿
k|foM h;f]n] l5Gtfª efiff g} af]Nb5g\ . 16 t]n] -k"jj{ t\ @_ n]r}F wgs'6fdf
-x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=^ VI klg_ cflb If]qx¿df af]lnG5 . o;sf] lj:t[t ljj/g
l5Gtfªsf] sf]/ Pl/of vfN;f 5]q / efiffx¿ egL kmfªb'jf-nL_, d'uf-nL_,
nf]sG] b| t]n] -O{=@))^_ df x]g{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] :jf8]z ;o zAb;"rLdf ((
a]nxf/], cf7kxl/of, 5'nª ' jf 5f]nª ' / afGtfjf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . of] 5]q
zAbx¿ pknAw 5g\ / cj:yf v/fa x'gs ' f ;fy} jStfsf] cefj 5 elgPsf] 5 .
ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿sf] d]N6Lª k6 g} /x]5 .
;LkL8LkLsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{n] ubf{ jStfx¿df ;s/fTds k|efj kfnf{ eGg]
of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿ y/x¿df a|Gs]D5f, up/tf]s,] xftf5f], df]kf]5f],
cfzf;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 . o;sf glhsdf elugL efiffx¿df cf7k/], a]nxf/]
;fOkf5f, o'ªkmf] -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()(_, kfªt]O jflnª ->jfn'ª,
-a]nxfl/of,kmfª\bj' fnL_, 5'n'ª -l5lnª <_ / ofSvf -n'Daf, ofSvfsf]
Waling; Walung; Walüng klZrdf efiffzf:qLx¿n] 5'§} eflifs ;d"x egL
Snfgf]lgd / :yfgLo zAbfjnL km/s_ g} x'g\ .
lrgfPsf], xfd|f] gf]6 _, ?e]O jflnª, 5f/f -ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªdf klg_, PjfO,
n]Gd's, ;f]Oof, v'ª5f, bnxfª, cfªa'/f, gfS5f]ª -of] dfem / cf]Nnf] ls/fFt
If]qx¿dfr}F kf5f geP/ k'hf/L hgfpg] ls/fFtL zAb xf], xfd|f] gf]6 _, n'Og, t]n,]
16
k|f=8f=gf]ls/f;Fu @@ ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t . pxfFn]
xfdL jLrsf] s'/fsfgLdf s] s'/fsf] klg v'nf;f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] dgf]h af]nfgf–
l5Gtfª–/fO{ elgP klg jf:tjdf pgL cf7k/] x'g\ .
|| 67 || || 68 ||
cfl/xfª, t'lK/xfª, ;fªef]ª, cfgGb, af]nfgf, lvGrL -ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' On]gf lne]g / ;ljg :6f]n O{=@))%_, ^=‘l/;]G6 l8:sel/h\ Og\ b l5Gtfª ofG8
nf]s;flxTo cg';f/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf] k"vf{, xfd|f] gf]6 _, k'df 8So'dG] 6];g k|f]hS] 6’ -afNyf;f/ ljs]n @))%_, &=‘clAnu]6«L ofG6LKofl;E;\
v'xfª, o'k'5ª' , xfªlvd -ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] Snfgf]lgd_, vfDnf, ?ªfxfª ofG8 ofg\ ck;fO88fpg cu]{l6le6L Og\ k'df’ -afNyf;f/ ljs]n, lji0f' P;=/fO{,
;fNt]g, cf]rf]Oxfª ;fNt]g, ;fª;f]O, up/f, gfOsf, 5f]xfª, 3'd,] ;'ef/f, O;f/f, ch'{g /fO{, dfl6{g u]G:n], gf/fo0f kL=uf}td k|sfzf]Gd'v_ / *=‘b k'df l5Gtfª
jfOkfª, ofD?ª, dfDkfª, kmfªkm', ;f]tfª -ls/fFtL–s'n'ªsf] Snfgf]lgd xfd|f] 8So'dG] 6]O;g k|f]hS] 6 l/kf]6{’ -dfl6{g u]G:n] / c?= O{=@))%_ x'g\ .
gf]6 _, vfDt]n,] d]Tgf -t'n= t]n] O{=@))^ klg_ cflb 5g\ . 17 o;afx]s cGo @=%=% wfld{s÷;fF:s[lts k':ts÷n]vx¿ (Religious/cultural
;DefJo Snfgf]lgdx¿ klg 5'6]sf 5g\ eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .
books/compositions)
@=%=# k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems) ;LkL8LkLs} ;f}hGodf nf]sG] b| t]n–] /fO{ h:tf cAjn bhf{sf ;F:s[lt
of] dft[efiffdf ;LkL8LkL h:tf] ljzfn / j[xQ/ cWoog sfo{qmd cg'/fuL klg xfdLn] kfPsf 5f}+ . To:tf pknAw wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts
rnL/x]sf] eP klg ;[hgfTds n]vgsf] 5]q sljtfdf eg] xfdLn] ;"o{ jflnª cWoogx¿df !=l5Gtfª ;F:s[lt / hfNkfb]jL -nf]sG] b| t]n–] /fO{ ;=@)^#_,
-;=@)%&M #%_ sf] Pp6f dfQ} ‘dfª?ª–xfª?ª’ zLif{ssf] sljtf l8:se/ u¥of}+ . l5Gtfª l/r'cn Nofªu'OhM OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s cJh/e];Gh\ -dfl6{g u]G:n] /
c? 5g\ eg] Tof] xfd|f] vf]hfO / cWoogs} lnld6]Ozg xf] egL xfdL :jLsfb{5f}+ . OR5fk"0f{ /fO{ O{=@))%_ / ‘jl;{lkª b lsª u8M c lk|lnldg/L cGoflnl;; cj\
h] xf];\ cfzf u/f}+ c? klg sljtf / ;+ux| x¿ rfF8} cfpFb5} g\ xf]nf . l5Gtfª l/r'cn Nofªu'Olh Og\ b OGef]sO] ;g cj\ /fhb]p’ -dfl6{g u]G:n],
afNyf;f/ ljs]n , uf]df aGhf8], Plngf lnPeg, g]q kf}8ofn, OR5fk"0f{ /fO{,
@=%=$ efiff÷Effiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿ (Language/linguistic studies) dgf]h /fO{, gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ / ;ljg :6f]n O{=@))%M ##–$*_ x'g\ .
xf] cjZo g} ;LkL8LkLsf] uf]tfvf]/Lkl5 of] dft[efiffdf cWoog ePsf
k|z:t} n]v, sfo{kq, zf]wkq cflb wdfwd cfpFb5} g\ . oxfF xfdLn] s]xLnfO{ @=%=^ ;|Jo Sof;]6 (Audio-visual cassettes)
clen]v ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5f}+ h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 . cjZod]j w]/} ljåfg ljb'ifLx¿ efiff clen]lvs/g / ;jlns/gdf uLtsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 .
of] efiffsf] cWoogdf h'6]sf x'gfn] of] k|sfzg lg:s]s} 38Ldf xfd|f] of] k|sfzg of]ofSvfsf] :ofd'gfdf ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªsf] uLt gk/]sf] eP klg /]g]5]k| s]Gb|
af;L / k'/fgf] eO{ ;s]sf] x'g5] . xfdLn] xfnnfO{ kfPsf cWoogx¿df wgs'6fn] eg] of] dft[efiffdf klg s]xL uLtx¿ /]s8{ u/fPsf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 .
!=‘nf]kf]Gd'v b'O ls/fFtL efiffx¿ l5Gtfª / k'dfsf] clen]vLs/0f’ -8f=gf]ls/f Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª -‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @%
O{=@))%M !#–!%, x]g"{ lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, @%M $#–$% klg_, @=‘df]kmf]{nf]lhsn ;=@)^#M #@_ g} t]xfFsf /]l8of]sdL{ ePsf]n] pgs} ;"rgf cg';f/ ;=@)^# ;Dd
ss{;\ Og\ l5Gtfª ofG8 k'df Nofªu'Oh\’ -lji0f' P;= /fO{ / afNyf;f/ ljs]n ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªdf % j6f uLtx¿ /]s8{ 18 ePsf /x]5g\ . / o;}sf] eflifsf
O{=@))%_, #=‘;dfj]zL tTjM /fO{ ls/fFtLx¿sf] eflifs ;Tj’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ d'ufnLdf klg # j6f uLx¿ /]s8{ ePsf /x]5g\ .
;=@)^@M @@–@#_, $=‘lk|m lk|lkmS; c8l/ª Og\ l5Gtfª’ -afNyf;f/ ljs]n, uf]df @=%=& ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Chintang sample
aGhf8] Plngf lnPeg, dgf]h /fO{, dfl6{g u]G;n], g]qk|;fb kf}8ofn, gf]jnlszf]/ wordlist)
/fO{, OR5fk"0f{ /fO{ / ;ljg :6f]n O{=@))&M $#–&#_, %=d]y8;\ cj\ Nofªu'Oh
ofs'Olh;g l/;r{ Og\ l5Gtfª c ?/n sDo'g6L cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn -uf]df aGhf8], xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M &)–&@_ af6 pw[t ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
17
dgf]h af]nfgf–l5Gtfª–/fO{af6 @^ h'g @))^ cyf{t\ !! c;f/ @)^# df k|fKt Od]n :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
;Gb]zdf cfwfl/t . pgn] dnfO{ ;f]xL Od]ndf ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª efiff ls/fFtL–ls/fjf– lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
-afGtfjf_ sf] efiff gePsf] eGb} l8k]mG8;Dd u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] Od]nsf] s]xL c+z !=6fS6's -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=yfa'O{ -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
o; k|sf/ 5– I don’t think that Chintang is a dialect of Bantawa because
Chintang is very much different from Bantawa in many respects. You 18
can ask with Novel and Bickle also regarding this issue. c? ls/fFtL efiffdf /]s8{ ePsf uLtx?df ls/fjfdf $%, cf7k|]df &, k'df @, s'n'ª
!), a]nxf/] #, l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'nª
' $, b'dL
@, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL #, kmfªb'jfnL #, ofSvf * /x]5g\ .
|| 69 || || 70 ||
#=xf]Sjf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=kmf]s\ -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly &&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=lduf] -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
%=7]uf] -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=jf:;f -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &(=ld;fd\ -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=*Paf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
&=ª]Sdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfSsrs -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black *!=;fªu]gL -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª3]s\ -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
(=xfnL -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=;f?Sjf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone *#=gfd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfrSdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!!=x]a]s\ -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=cf]Ddf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn *%=ld/L -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=of]uf] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
!#=s'lddf -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=5Nnjf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold *&=afuf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=xfgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
!%=*7faf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^= *;of -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die *(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=s]ª\ -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
!&=sf]rj' f -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=7'ª' df -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink (!=;ª\tfª\ -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lxRr] -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
!(=5f]jfª\;fuf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gf/]s\ -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear (#=kmfO{df -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=r'jf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@!=x]Gvfdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat (%=cfgfªf -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=7d\ -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
@#=l7O{ -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d'Ss'ln;L -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye (&=a'7?' ? -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;Knf] -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
@%=d'ª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire ((=d]l55f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=xlb{a'ª\ -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
@&=ªf:;f -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f/fs -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat --------------
@(=k]OMdf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª\ -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
#!=l6Knf] -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= !%=*7faf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’, !^= *;of~l;of -lqm_ ‘dg'{’,
##=6ofDdf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5f]O{ -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease *)=*Paf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ jf:tjdf OlGkmlg6Le ?k geP/ ODk/]l6e -qmdzM
#%= === -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=6fªk'Sdf -gf_ ‘s];’ hair cfOh, d/, peL_ ?k x'g\ egL ;LkL8LkLsf cg';Gwfg ;xfos / ls/fFtL–
#&=5's\ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=6fª\ -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head l5Gtfªs} jfSo;+/rgfdf kLPr8L ub}{ u/]sf g]q kf}8n ] n] atfP .
+
#(=v]Ddf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=n'ªdfs\ -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart g=$*= n]ªdflrª -lqm_ ‘n]6\g’' df klg s]xL u8a8L 5 . xfdLn] ls/fFtL–
$!=;ª\uf -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@= 5f]nf]nf]j\ -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot l5Gtfª jStf / ;LkL8LkLsf cg';Gwfs ;xfos dgf]h af]nfgf -xfn
$#=cSsf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Od{ f -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill c:6«]lnof_ sf7dfG8"df x'Fbf of] 8]O6f /]lS6kmfO ug{ EofPsf lyPgf}+ .
$%=6Dk5's\ -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=lgdf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know l5lnª / l5Gtfª j8{ln:6df tflTts leGgtf gePsf] tyf w]/} ;dfg
$&=nfkmf]s\ -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=*n]ªdflrª -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie b]lvG5 .
$(=;f]d\ -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=s]gf]uf] -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long @=%=* lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
%!=x]O -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=8'jf5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
%#=a8\9] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nflg8'ª -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs rf/df k/]sf] ls/fFtL–
%%=a?rf]d\ -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=7'?d\ -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth l5Gtfª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfO k'u]sf 5f}+ . xfn} s]xL
%&=6'Da'?s\ -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=gª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name jif{ otf ;LkL8LkLsf] efiffj}Uoflgs -hfltzf:q / efiffl;sfO cWoog ;d]t_
%(=ufnf -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=gSjfª\ -lj_ ‘gofF’ new cWoogn] ls/fFtL–l5GtfªnfO{ nfOdnfO6 (limelight) NofO lbPsf] s'/f ;j}n]
^!=pgfD7f -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gf/L -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose :jLsfg{' kb{5 . efiffj}Uoflgs, hfltzf:qLo cWoog / efiffl;sfO ;DjGwL
^#=dfG5] -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=l76\7f -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one cWoogx¿df ;LkL8LkL g} cufl8 b]lvof] . t/ ;[hgfTds sfo{ t]tL ;f/f] k|fKt
^%=nfDa' -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=dfcfdL -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person geP klg clen]lvs/g (documentation) sf] sfo{n] eg] k|z:t} efiffj}Uolgs
^&=j]O{ -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xfnf5f]k\ -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red cWoog / ljZn]ifgfTds n]v / sfo{kqx¿ eg] cfPsf 5g\ . of] ;|xf/gLo sfo{
^(=pe]O{ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=jf]Knf] -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round xf] . of] sfo{;Fu} d'uf-nL_sf] klg l5gf]kmfgf] cfO lbP plrt x'g] lyof] . nf]sG] b|
&!=vflDrv]jf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=rf]Sdf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say l5Gtfª h:tf ;qmLo efiff–;F:s[ltsf cg'/fuL e]l6g' eg]sf] ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª
&#=vfªdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=pn'jf -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed efiff;flxTo ljsf;sf] d]?bG8 p7\g' xf] .
&%=o'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=xf]Sjf -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
|| 71 || || 72 ||
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography Gaenszle, Martin, Balthasar Bickel, Goma Banjade, Elena Lieven,
Netra Paudyal, Ichchha Rai, Manoj Rai, Novel Kishor Rai
aGhf8], uf]df, On]gf lne]g / ;ljg :6f]n= O{=@))%= d]y8;\ cj\ Nofªu'Oh and Sabine Stoll. 2005. ‘Worshiping the king god: a
ofs'Olh;g l/;r{ Og\ l5Gtfª c ?/n sDo'g6L cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn= k]k/ preliminary ananysis of Chingtang ritual language in the
lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\jG6Ll;Sy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s invocation of Rajdeu’. In Yogendra Yadava et al (eds.).
;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]eD] j/= Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics. Kathmandu:
Banjade, Goma, Elena Lieven and Sabin Stoll. 2005. Methods of Linguistic Society of Nepal. 33-48.
language acquisition research in Chintang a rural community u]G:n], dfl6{g / c?= @))%= ‘b k'df l5Gtfª 8So'dG] 6]O;g k|f]hS] 6 l/kf]6{’,
of eastern Nepal. Paper presented in the 26th Annual o'/f]lkog a'nl] 6g cj\ lxdfnog l/;r{, @*M ()–(&=
Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27 Gaenszle, Martin et al. 2005. ‘The Chintang and Puma
November. Documentation Project Report’, European Bulletin of
ljs]n, afNyf;f/= @))%= ‘l/;]G6 l8:sel/h\ Og\ b l5Gtfª ofG8 k'df Himalayan Research, 28: 90-97.
8So'dG] 6];g k|f]hS] 6’= k]k/ lk|h]lG68 Og\ b 6\jG6Ll;Sy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]eD] j/= nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
Bickel, Balthasar. 2005. Recent discoveries in the Chintang and Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
Puma documentation project. Paper presented in the 26th Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27 Indigenous Nationalities.
November. vDa', uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]nª
' df, !, !M
ljs]n, afNyf;f/, uf]df aGhf8], Plngf lnPeg, dgf]h /fO{, dfl6{g u]G;n], #(–$@=
g]qk|;fb kf}8ofn, gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{, OR5fk"0f{ /fO{ / ;ljg :6f]n= O{=@))&= Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
‘lk|m lk|lkmS; c8l/ª Og\ l5Gtfª’, Nofªu'Oh, *#, !M $#–&#= ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
Bickel, Balthasar, Goma Banjade, Elena Lieven, Ichchha P Rai, ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
Manoj Rai, Martin Gaenszle, Netra P Paudyal Novel K Rai sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
and Sabine Stoll. 2007. ‘Free prefix ordering in Chintang’, Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
Language, 83, 1: 43-73. Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
u]G:n], dfl6{g / OR5fk"0f{ /fO{= @))%= l5Gtfª l/r'cn Nofªu'OhM Yayokkha.
OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s cJh/e];Gh\= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6jG6Ll;Sy ofg'cn s'nª
' , OGb|= ld=g= ls/fFtd"nsf pk]lIft ls/fFthGo hfltx¿sf] cflbjf;L
sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]j]Dj/= hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%* sf] cg';l" rdf ;"lrs[t x'g]
Gaenszle, Martin and Ichchha P Rai. 2005. Chintang ritual cfwf/x¿= ck|sflzt 6fOkl:qmK6=
language: ethnolinguistic observations. Paper presented in Kulung, Indra. n.d. Kiratkulka upekshit Kiratjanya jatiharuko
the 26th Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of aadivasi janajati uttan rastriya pratisthan ain 2058 ko
Nepal, 26-27 November. anusuchima suchikrit hune adharharu. Unpublished
u]G:n], dfl6{g, afNyf;f/ ljs]n , uf]df aGhf8], Plngf lnPeg, g]q kf}8ofn, typescript.
OR5fk"0f{ /fO{, dgf]h /fO{, gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ / ;ljg :6f]n= @))%= ‘jl;{lkª /fO{ -af]nfgf_, dgf]h= @))^= ‘c sDk]/]l6e :68L cj\ l5Gtfª km:t{ k;{gn
b lsª u8M c lk|lnldg/L cGoflnl;; cj\ l5Gtfª l/r'cn Nofªu'Olh k|fg] fpG; Og\ l/n];g 6' Oªlnz km:6{ k;{gn k|fg] fpG;’, kf?xfª -ls/fFt
Og\ b OGef]sO] ;g cj\ /fhb]p’= Og\ of]uG] b| ofbj / c? -;Dkf=_= /fO{ ljBfyL{ o'lgog l6o', ;=@)^#_, @@–@*=
sG6]Dkf]//L O;'h\ Og\ g]lKnh\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M lnªu'Ol:6s Rai (Bolana), Manoj. 2006. ‘A comparative study of Chintang first
;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn= ##–$*= person personal pronouns in relation to English first personal

|| 73 || || 74 ||
pronouns’, Paruhang [published by Kirat Rai Students’ Rai, Vishnu S., Bickel Balthasar, Arjun Rai and Narayan S.
Union TU, VS 2063], 22-28. Gautam. Affixiation in the Puma language. forthcoming.
-----= @))%= k|fg] f]ldgN;\ Og\ Oªlnz ofG8 l5Gtfª Nofªu'Olhh\M c Nepalese Linguistics.
lnªu'l:6s sDk]/]l6e :68L= PdP8 lyl;;, lqlj= /fO{, lji0f' P;= / afNyf;f/ ljs]n= O{=@))%= ‘df]kmf]{nf]lhsn ss{;\ Og\ l5Gtfª
-----. 2005. Pronominals in English and Chintang Rai Languages: A ofG8 k'df Nofªu'Oh’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ 8f]cf]laOP;, lnªu'Ol:6s
Linguistic Comparative Study. M.Ed Thesis, TU. sGkm/]G;, lghd]ug, b g]b/NofGh\, dO{=
/fO{, gf]jnlszf]/= O{=@))%= ‘nf]kf]Gd'v b'O{ ls/fFtL efiffx¿ l5Gtfª / k'dfsf] Rai, Vishnu S. and Balthasar Bickel. 2005. Morphological quirks in
clen]vLs/0f’, kfMg\, !M !#–!% -x]g"{ lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, @%M $#–$% Chintnag and Puma Language. Paper presented in DOBES
klg_= Linguistic Conference, Nijmegan, the Netherlands, May.
Rai, Novel Kishor. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Loponmukh dui Kiranti t]n–] /fO{, nf]sG] b|= ;=@)^#= l5Gtfª ;F:s[lt / hfNkfb]jL= sf7dfG8"M l5Gtfª
bhashaharu Chingtang ra Pumako abhilekhikaran’, Pa:n, 1: ofG8 k'df 8So'd]G6];g k|f]uf| d=
13-15 (See Libju-Bhumju, 12, 1, 25: 43-45 also). Tele-Rai, Lokendra. 2006 [VS 2063]. Chingtang Sanskrit ra
-----.;=@)^@= ‘;dfj]zL tTjM /fO{ ls/fFtLx¿sf] eflifs ;Tj’, rflDnª, @, @– Jalpadevi. Kathmandu: Chingtang and Puma Documentation
$M @@–@#= Program.
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Samaveshi tatwa: Rai Kiratharuko bhashik jflnª, ;"o={ ;=@)%&= ‘dfª?ª–xfª?ª’, lgK;'ª, !!M #%=
satwa’, Chamling, 2, 2-4: 22-23. Waling, Surya. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Mangrung-Hangrung’, Nipsung,
/fO{, Pgs], afNyf;f/ ljs]n, hL aGhf8], h]s] /fO{, Pd /fO{, Pd u]G:n], PgkL 11: 35.
kf}8ofn / l/vL dfof /fO{= O{=@))%= :k]O;n 8]OlS;; Og\ l5Gtfª= k]k/
lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\jG6Ll;Sy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ********************
;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn,@^–@& gf]jD] j/=
Rai, NK, B Bickel, G Banjade, JK Rai, M Rai, M Gaenszle, NP
Paudyal and Rikhi Maya Rai. 2005. Spatial deixis in
Chintang. Paper presented in the 26th Annual Conference of
the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27 November.
/fO{, Pgs], dfl6{g u]G:n], Plngf lnPeg, gf/fo0f kL= kf}8ofn, OR5fk"0f{ /fO{,
dgf]h /fO{, / ;ljg :6f]n= O{=@))%= ‘l6«lKns]O;g ofG8 Ol8of]kmf]G; Og\
l5Gtfª’= Og\ of]uG] b| ofbj / c? -;Dkf=_= s/]G6 O;'h\ Og\ g]lKnh\
lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sLlt{k/' M lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn= kfgf @)%–
@!)=
Rai, NK, B. Bickel, M. Gaenszle, E. Lieven, N.Paudyal, I.P. Rai,
M. Rai and S. Stolll. 2005. ‘Triplication and ideophones in
Chingtang’. In Yogendra Yadava et al (eds.). Current Issues
in Nepalese Linguistics. Kirtipur: Linguistic Society of
Nepal. Pp. 205-210.
/fO{, lji0f' P;=, afNyf;f/ ljsn, ch'{g /fO{ / gf/fo0f P; uf}td= k|sfzf]Gd'v=
‘clkmS;];g Og b k'df Nofªu'Oh’, g]lKnh lnªu'Ol:6S;\,

|| 75 || || 76 ||
@=^ ls/fFtL–b'ªdf-nL_ (Kiranti-Dungma(li)) g} x'g\ . 19 oL 5]qx¿df af]lng] of] efiff÷eflifsfsf] :jf8]z ;o zAb–;"rLdf ((
zAbx¿ pknAw 5g\ . o;sf] cj:yf cToGt} v/fa 5 / k|sfzgx¿sf] klg
cefj b]lvof] .
@=^=) kl/ro (Introduction)
of] efiff -eflifsf klg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjg_ sf] gfdfs/g b'ªd\ f zAbaf6
ePsf] 5 . ;f] g} of] eflifs ;Dk|bfosf] c6f]OYgf]lgd (autoethnonym) xf] . of]
nf]sf]lgd (loconym), Unf];f]lgd (glossonym) / Pkf]lgd (eponym) klg
xf] . of] af]lng] OnfsfnfO{ v];fª elgG5 . b'ªd\ f / v];fª b'j} zAbfjnLsf] d"n
;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g ls/fFtL g} xf] . b'ªd\ faf6 b'ªd\ f-nL_r}F v;Ls/g k|so[ f -x]g"{
kfbl6KkgL g+= !@) cWofo % klg_ af6 ag]sf] xf] . t];}n] -nL_ ?lkdnfO{ ;fgf]
sf]i7df P]lR5s ?kdf b]vfOPsf] xf] .
k|foM clwsf+z cWoog / juL{s/gn] v];fª jf b'ªdf-nL_ ls/fFtL–
ls/fjfsf] g} eflifsf xf] eGg] b]vfpF5 . oxfF xfdL of] cWofosf] @=!@ ls/fFtL–
s'nª ' / ;f]tfªsf] h:tf] u/L Ps} efiffsf] ?kdf ldnfpg] l:yltdf 5}gf}+ . sltko
klZrdf efiffzf:qLx¿n] o;nfO{ cf7k|] / cf7k|]–v];fª klg eg]sf 5g\ . olt
dfQ} geP/ b'ªdf-nL_–afGtfjf klg eg]sf 5g\ . csf]{ gofF zAbfjnL b'ªdf-nL_
k's klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ / v];fª -;A–Nofªu'Oh_ klg eg]sf 5g\ . of] k's
zAbsf] cg'jfb xfdLnfO{ yfxf gePsf]n] of] efiff jf eflifsf af]Ng]n] o;sf]
cYof{OF ug]{ jf cGo cWotfx¿n] vf]Hg] g} 5g\ . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf
eg] of] ax'jrgsf] ?lkd xf] . -gSzf g+=@=& VII: b'ªdf-nL_ efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !!!_
pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] @=^=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]]/}n] gSsn ub}{ 7fn' aGg] xf]8df moities)
j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) klg xf] . of] /fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g l;laP; -O{=@))!_ n] ls/fFtL–b'ªdf-nL_ dft[efifLx¿sf] ;+Vof eg]/ @
/fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) ;o @! pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgd?df 5fª5f -h:t}M uf]kfn
zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf 5fª5f_, 5f/fªd'n,] 5f]vfª, 5'ljkfª, b]xfTkfª, b]pOkfª, xfªafª, n'ªj]d,
xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . gfsf], kfªjf, gfD5]xfª, jfOkfª -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()( klg_ g} xf] .
u'un ;r{ OlGhgdf OYgf]nu n] b'ªdf-nL_;Fu glhssf] efiff eg]sf] jflnª jf 5fª5f Snfgf]lgdn] ubf{ emg} ls/fFtL ls/fjf / /f]b'ªsf] glhs b]vfpF5 . ce}m of]
jfn'ª xf] eg]sf] 5 / of] efiff k"gt{ dl/;s]sf] egL 3f]ifgf ul/Psf] 5 . jflnª –5f ?lkd (morpheme) dfem ls/fFt vf]6fªdf klg Jofks 5 . o;sf] dxTj
s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] eflifsf g} lyof] . xfdLn]] cWofo kfFrdf u/]sf 5f}+ . EfflG;6f6{ -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ sf] kfnfdf ls/fFtL–
b'ªdf-nL_ nfO{ ls/fjfdf g} ulgPsf] 5 . cfh klg ls/fFtL–s'nª ' h:tf]
@=^=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
klxrfgsf] vf]hLdf cfPsf] e]l6Psf] 5}g .
ljz]iftM of] efiff÷eflifsf kNnf] ls/fFt ef]]hk'/ lhNnfsf] b'ªd\ f
-c6f]OYgf]lgd, nf]sf]lgd, Unf];f]lgd / Pkf]lgd_, v];fª\ -x]g"{ efiff:yfg gSzf 19
g+=@=& VII klg_ Onfsfx¿df af]lnG5 . cGo 5]qx¿df afl:td, ofs' / h/fof]6f/ slj e"kfn ls/fFtL;Fusf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . pgL;Fu @# ;fpg @)^#
df ;f] s'/fsfgL ePsf] lyof] . csf]{ tYo s] klg xf] eg] pgL cfk"m b'ªdf-nL_ g} eP
klg gj/fh sf]o' jt{dfg’ h:t} ls/fFtL–ls/fjf jStf x'g\ . pgsf] Snfgf]lgd eg]
5fª5f xf] .
|| 77 || || 78 ||
@=^=# efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies) $%=vf]ª -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=6'Kdf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
cfh;Dd b'ª\df-nL_sf] xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿df $&=kmfjf -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=df]Kdf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
s/]g Pr= Pj6{ -O{=!((!M &#–(@_ sf] ‘OGe; ofG8 :o'8f]OGe;{ lk|lkmlS;h\ Og\ $(=sf]ª; -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=d]Tsf] -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\M Ole8]G; k|md a]Nxf/], cf7k|] b'ªdfnL’ dfQ} xf] . cWofo %!=l;t\ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=ld/5 -gf_ ‘dfG5]’ man
@=!@ df s'n'ªsf]–;f]tfªsf] l:ylt klg oxL g} xf] . %#=l/Ddf -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nfl8d -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
@=^=$ ls/fFtL–b'ªdf-nL_ gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Dungma(li) %%=5]Grf -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=6f] -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
sample wordlist) %&=6ªjfs -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=gª -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] %(=kf]t -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=g'as -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . ^!=vfs't -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gfa's -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M ^!–^#_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z ^#=dlG5of -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=cSkf] -;j{_ ‘gofF’ one
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} ^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ldg -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . ^&=jf -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=x/5f]d -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
!=emf/f -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=ldn's -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash ^(=k]g -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=kf]ksf] -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
#=xf]jf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=k's -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly &!= === -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=nf]Sdf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
%=6f]kª -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=5faf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &#=vfªdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=l5d -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
&=vSdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=rSsf] -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black &%=o'ªdf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=xf]jf -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
(=xLM -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=/f]j -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone &&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=r's -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
!!=kf]ª -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=n]Tdf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn &(=d'n' -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=/]Kdf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
!#=d'Sdf]k' -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=5Tnjf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold *!=;+wg] df -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª -gf_ ‘9'ªuf’ stone
!%= +6j] -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^= *l;o] -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die *#=gd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=+jfrsd -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!&=sf]rf] -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=xf]Kdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink *%=ld/L -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=d'uf] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
+
!(= 5f]juf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gfkms -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *&=Ouf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=xgfgL -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
@!=d+vdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat *(=n]d -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
@#=k'ª÷l8g -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ds -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye (!=;ªk' -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lxSs -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
@%=nk\ -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire (#=lxGdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=rp -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat (%=cGsOdf -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=l6uf] -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
@(=k]Gdf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot (&=cf]d\ -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;fuf] -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
#!=k]Knf] -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give ((=d]5df -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=?tdfª -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
##=vGg'uf] -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5'Ot -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease ---------------
#%=lnafª -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=6ªdf] -gf_ ‘s];’ hair xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= !%, !^, !( / *$ sf] lqmof ?k –df s[bGt ?lkd;Fu d]n
#&=5's -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=6ª -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head vfFbg} . o:t} g+= # / &^ df pxL zAbx¿ k/]sf 5g\ . jStfx¿n] 5fnf / af]qmf
#(=PGdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=n'ªdf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart zAbx¿sf] cjwf/GfnfO{ Ps} lsl;dn] a'em\ bf /x]5g\ . xfdLn] of] dft[efiffsf]
$!=v's -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=nf]5jf -lj_ ‘tftf] hot jStfx¿ sf7dfG8"sf] eL8df st} k]mnf kfg{ g;s]sfn] of] ofof]]Svfsf] 8]O6fnfO{
/]lS6kmfO ug{ ;s]gf}+ . xfdLn] lrg]sf slj e"kfn ls/fFtL cfk"m b'ªdf-nL_ eP
$#=cªsf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Tdf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
|| 79 || || 80 ||
klg gj/fh sf]o' ‘jt{dfg’ h:t} ls/fFtL–ls/fjf jStf x'g\ . pgsf] Snfgf]lgd eg] Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
5fª5f xf] / pgL;Fu xfdLn] pgsf] elgPsf] efiffdf s]xL klg ;+jfb x'g ;s]g . Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
Yayokkha.
@=^=% lgrf]8 (Conclusion) EfflG;6f6{, O8]g= !((@ -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !*(^_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -ljy ofg\
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs ^ df k/]sf] ls/fFtL– OG6««f8] S;g afO Pr=Pr= l/:n]_= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M Plhog Ph's;
] gn
b'ªdf-nL_ efiff jf eflifsfnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfO k'us] f 5f}+ . ;le{;];=\
k|foM sYo ?kdf dfq} /x]sf] ls/fFtL–b'ªdf-nL_ efiff jf eflifsfsf] vf;} ;flxTo Vansittart, Eden. 1992 [orig.1896]. Notes on Nepal (with an
xfdLn] e]6g] f}+ . cu|h cWotfx¿sf] sltko t'ngfTds cWoog, ljZn]ifg, introduction by H.H. Risley). New Delhi and Madras: Asian
juL{s/g / Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ lgofnL x]bf{ ls/fFtL–ls/fjfs} eflifsf xf] / x'g' Educational Services.
kb{5 eGg] xfd|f] cledt 5 . t/ j[xt cWoog afFsL g} /x]sf]n] clGtd lgisif{ eg] -----. !((! -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !()^_= u'vf{hM\ x ÅofG8a's= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M
xf]Og . o;n] cWofo !=!=! df 5nkmn u/] h:tf] v/fdf] l/kf]6{sf] ;an ts{ Plhog Ph's;
] gn ;le{;];=\
ævDa'x¿df ;fFkf| dfly lk+8n' f yk]sf] ;d:of yf]kl/Psf]Æ -vDa" ;=@)%&_ nfO{ -----. 1991 [orig.1906]. Gurkhas: A Handbook. New Delhi &
k[i7kf]ifg t ub{5 g} . tyflk o;df ljz'4 efiffj}Uoflgs ljZn]ifg geP/ Madras: Asian Educational Services.
/fhgLltsf] Ps kf6f] klg n'ss ] f] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ xfdL efiffljUofg tyf ********************
;flxTosf] lzS5fyL{ / cWo]tfx¿ ePsf] x}l;otn] cfFvf lrDnL xfn]sf eg] 5}gf}+
. ;xsfo{nfO{ :yfg lbg] xf] eg] ls/fFtL–ls/fjf;Fu xf/ ldN5 . ls/fFtL–sf]o'
efiffsf] klg of] l:ylt 5 .
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
Pj6{, s/]g Pr= !((!= ‘OGe;{ ofG8 :o'8f]OGe;{ lk|lkmlS;h\ Og\ ls/fFtL
Nofªu'Olhh\M Ole8]G; k|md a]Nxf/], cf7k|] b'ªdfnL’, lnªu'Ol:6S;\\ cj\ b
l6j]6f]ad{g Pl/of, !$, !M &#–(@=
Ebert, Karen H. 1991. ‘Inverse and pseudoinverse prefixes in
Kiranti Languages: Evidence from Belhare, Athpare and
Dungmali’, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 14, 1:
73-92.
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
Indigenous Nationalities.
vDa', uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]nª
' df, !, !M
#(–$@=
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
|| 81 || || 82 ||
hfltleqsf] sf]FOr g} . ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf efO xfo'sf] klg t]xL lrgf/L df}lns xf]ý
@=& ls/fFtL–xfo' (Kiranti-Hayu)
5fkf ;+;f/n] hlt ;'s} e|d k}mnfP klg .
u'un ;r{ OlGhgsf] OYgf]nusf] ljleGg e;{gx¿n] xfo' Oh Snf]h/ 6'
@=&=) kl/ro (Introduction)
;''g'jf/ (Hayu is closer to Sunwar) ofg] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr eg]sf] 5 . of] ;To
xf] . ;fy} ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffsf] elugL efiff jf l;:6/ Nofª\uO' hr}F afc\oª ' ,
ls/fFtL–xfo'x¿ g]kfne"ldsf] Ps cNk;+Vos tyf xfo' efiff y'n'ª, /f9', h]?ª g} x'g\ eg] ltn'ª -x]g"{ @=@# klg_ ;Fu klg o;sf] gftf
;Dk|bfosf cflbjf;L x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] j}slNks gfdx¿df jfo' / xfO klg b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrnfO{ klZrd lxdfnodf nu]/ vfd;Fu pEofpg'
pNn]v 5 . pgLx¿sf] eflifs l5d]sL ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] xfo'x¿nfO{ sfG5f klZrdL efiffljb\x¿nfO{ af}nfxf s's/' n] 6f]s] h:tf] nfU5 . en} b'Or { f/ j6f
efOsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ub{5g\ . ;do, ljs6 e"uf]n / ;dfh–/fhg}lts Jofs/gsf s'/fx¿ ldn] xf]nfg\ / t];/L ldNof] eGb}df ls/fFtL–sf]FOrnfO{ dfQ}
kl/l:yltn] ubf{ pgLx¿ km/s efiff / ;fF:s[lts ;d"xdf ljeflht ePsf x'gý\ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtaf6 s6 (cut or control C) u/]/ vfd efifflt/ k]O:6 (paste or
h;/L ;'/n ] x¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOraf6 cnlug vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] efiff tyf control V) ug'{ ;To cf} ;xL t'ngfTds cWoog xf] eGg] cg';Gwftfx¿nfO{ dfQ}
;F:s[ltn] pgLx¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff ;Dk|bfo eGbf cnu sbflk xf]Ogg\ tfklg geP/ hg;fw/gnfO{ klg kTof/ gnfUg' kg]{ xf] .
;dfh–/fhgLltn] cfh pgLx¿nfO{ 6'qmfP/ km/s hfltsf] 3f]ifgf u/]sf] 5 .
;+lsg{tfs} s'/f ubf{ Pp6} ls/fFtL hfltnfO{ ;'gj' f/ -afÅogfd jf OUhf]lgd_, /fO{ @=&=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
-afÅogfd jf OUhf]lgd_, ofSvf, lnDa", ;'/n ] / xfo' egL 6'qmfO /xg' kg]{ of] efiff ljz]if u/]/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFt /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL / sfe|]kfNrf]s
cfjZostf b]lvb}g . t];df klg ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ;'/n
] nfO{ lhNnfsf] s]xL Onfsfx¿df af]lnG5 . d'8fhf]/, j/8fF8f, dfg]l8xL / cwd/f cflb
efiffsf] elugL ;DjGwnfO{ s]nfpFbf 5'§} hflt egL /xg' kg]{ b/sf/ kb}{g . ufpF -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=& VIII klg_ nfO{ g} of] efiffsf] d"n ynf]sf] ?kdf dflgPsf]
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ;'/n ] sf] ;DjGwsf] af/]df oxL cWofo b'Os{ f] pk–cWofo @=!! df 5.
k|:6 kl/Psf] 5 . xfo'x¿ ;efg]sf] ‘3/’ zAbnfO{ lsd jf s]d (kim ~ kem )
eGb5g\ eg] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf lvF < lvd (kh# <khim), ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf lxd
(him), ldls/ efiffdf x]d (hem ), D? efiffdf lsd (kim ) -dl6;f]km O{=@))#M
$(*_ x'G5 . ce}m eGg] xf] eg] pgLx¿ jLrsf] efiffsf] t'ngfTds cWoog slQ
klg ePs} 5}g . t]:tf] cWoog x'g] xf] eg] b"wsf] b"w kfgLsf] kfgL 5'l§G5 .
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿ h:t} cUofgtfjz lxGb" cjwf/gfdf pgLx¿ klg
cfk"mnfO{ st} st} ‘/fO{’ (Rai) eg]/ lrgf/L lbg] u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{
gsfg'{ eg] plrt x'Gg . t/ of] x¿jf afÅogfd (Exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf
zf;sx¿n] klxn] nfb]sf] / kl5r}F gSsn ub}{ 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf] gfd
xf] . of] jfx]s ptf gf3]/ df}lns hfltgfd eg] sbfkL xf]Og . of] /fO{ zAbsf]
d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf]
kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn]
b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{
cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . pgLx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf
(Khambongba) leqsf g} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] -gSzf g+=@=* VIII: xfo' efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M %#_
:jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . @=&=@ eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
‘d /fO{ x'F’ egL lrgf/L lbg] rfxg] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] klg of] tYo ga'em] ls/fFtL–xfo'df ldvfOnf]E:sL -O{=!(**M $&–$* / @))#M %!*–!(_ n]
df}lns lrgf/L lanfpF5 . tYo s]r}F xf] eg] hflt ls/fFtL / efiffr}F t]O & :j/ / @% JoGhg b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] nf]xgL, ;fksf]6f -e'iffn_ / zdf{
|| 83 || || 84 ||
-O{=@))$M &^–(&_ n] !# :j/ / @* JoGhg jg{x¿ kfOG5 eg]sf 5g\ . of] pgsf] of] ;"rL;Fu d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Ddsf] Snfgf]lgdx¿ d]n vfPsf]
d"ntM Psf5]/L efiff x'g'sf] ;fy} lqmofaf6 gfd / ljz]ifg aG5 elgPsf] 5 . b]lvb}g . jt{dfg kl/j{tgsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ cfh;Dd klg gofF k':tfx¿n] oL
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf h:t} ;efg]sf] ‘5f]/f’ nfO{ tfj~tp / ‘5f]/L’ tfdL~tdL elgG5 . Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ e'nL ;s] jf lhpFb} /fvL /x]sf 5g\ o;} eGg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g .
ls/fFtL–afc\oª' df klg pxL xf] . o;sf] ej{n cu|LdG6 l;:6dr}F k|f6] f]–ls/fFtL
df]/kmf]–l;G6ofS; / l6j]6f]–ad{g P]ltxfl;s Jofs/g;Fu xf/fxf/L ldNg]
@=&=$ efiff Jofs/g (Grammar)
k|f=8f=Eofg l8cdsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ls/fFtL–xfo'sf] klxnf] cWotfsf] ?kdf pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWolt/] la|og
Pr xH;g -O{=!*%&_ n] g} xfo'sf] af/]df n]vs ] f x'g\ . tt\kZrft\ Jofs/g
@=&=# jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms, k':tssf] ?kd} k|sfzgdf Nofpg] efiffj}Uoflgs cg';Gwftf vf]Hg' kbf{ af]O8
moities) ldvfOnf]E:sLs} gfd glnO x'Gg . pg}n] k|]mGr efiffdf O{=!(** df nf nfª xfo'
l;ljP; -O{=@))!_ n] !,&$# b]vfP klg pgLx¿sf] ;+Vof !,*@! b]lv nfO{ of] ;+;f/sf] pHofnf] b]vfPsf x'g\ . of] eGbf klxn] pgn] of] efiffdf
@,*@^ ;Dd x'g] cg'dfg 5 . of] klg Ps cNk;+Vos ls/fFtL efiff xf] . xfdLn] cd]l/sfaf6 kLPr8L u/]sf x'g\ . pgL wGo 5g\ . otf :jb]zL cg';Gwftfx¿n]
kfP;Ddsf] Snfgf]lgd -kf5f÷y/_ x¿df d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL -efu @, ;=@)#!M klg kmf§k'm§ b'O{ rf/ x/km n]vs ] f] e]l6G5 . s]xL PdP lyl;;x¿ klg b]vf k/]sf
!^*_ k':tsn] hDdf rf/ egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g–\ h]kmd\ ofss+sf], 5g\ . tn efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogsf] pk–vG8 @=&=$ df ;f] ;"lr k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .
l;Ggf], jfn'ª sdn]:5f] . t/ xfdLnfO{ oL Snfgf]lgdx¿ ;xL g} 5g\ xf]nf eGg] dft[efiff lzS5fsf] nflu eg] s'g} klg kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] e]l6Pg .
s'/fdf z+sf 5 . lsgeg] ;f]xL lstfjsf] kfgf g+= !&@ df ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] k'/]t
/ emfFqmLnfO{ *gf];f] -x'g' kg]{ gfc\;f] jf Gxf;f]_ / *k'ODaf] -x'g' kg]{ kf]FOa-f]_ / cGo @=&=% Effiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿ (Linguistic studies)
;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g efiffx¿df af]Gaf]_ n]v/] cgy{ kfl/Psf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] efiff of] ls/fFtL efiff xfo'df cGt//fli6«o tyf /fli6«o cWoog ePsf] s]xL k|dfg
/ hflt ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿;Fu ldNg] x'Fbf / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] syfdf klg sfG5f] t ldN5 . t/ efiff ljsf; / k':tfGt/gdf eg] vf; sfd ePs} 5}g . tL ePsf
efOs} ?kdf cfpg] ePsf]n] Snfgf]lgdx¿ oL b'O{ bfh'–efO jLr ldNg' g} kg]{ xf] . cWoogdf !=b xfo' ej{;\ -PdP lyl;;, kL= zdf{ O{=@))^_, @=‘k;{gn k|fg] fpG;\
of] ;d:ofsf] af/]df oxL cWofo b'Os { f] pk–cWofo @=@ df ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' sf] Og\ xfo' Nofªu'Oh\’ -;'nf]rgf ;fksf]6f O{=@))^_, #=‘xfo'’ -af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL
jg{g / ljZn]ifg ubf{ :ki6 kf/L ;lsPsf] 5 . of] kl/l:yltn] xfdL jLr s:tf] O{=@))#M %!*–#@_, $=nf nfª xfo' -k|]mGr, af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL O{=!(**_,
c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/f ToxfF ;+st] ul/Psf] x'Fbf Tof] pk–cWofo klg k9L x]bf{ x'G5 . %=u|fd]o/ b] nf Nofª xfo' -g]kfn_ -lkPr8L÷8S6/n lyl;;, k"jj{ t\ !(*!jL
20
ldvfOnf]E:sL -O{=!(**M #!–@#_ cg';f/ ls/fFtL–xfo'sf] Snfgf]lgdx¿ _, ^=‘c s]; cj\ l/6f]Unf]6flkmlnof Og\ xfo'’ -af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL O{=!(&%M
hgsk'/ cGrnsf] tLg ljleGg :yfgdf lgDgfg';f/ 5g\– @(#_, &=‘xfo' 6fOkf]nf]hL ofG8 ej{n df]/k\ mf]nf]hL’ -af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL
d'/fhf]/ jflNtª–b'Dhf dfg]l8xL–cwd/f O{=!(&$M @!%_, *=‘cS6fG; P6 cAh]S6 Pg xfo'’ -af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL
s=lbªlt5f] sf]l;gf] sf]l;gf] O{=!(*%M !!%–@@_, (=‘gf]6;\ cg\ b xfo' Nofªu'Oh\’ -af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL ofG8
v=sfdfn]V5f] sfDn];f] sfDn];f] Pd= dhfp8g O{=!(&#M !#%–%@_, !)=‘u|Dofl6sfnfOH8 ej{;\ Og\ xfo'’ -kfs{
/LMd], ;'cc\ f] OG;'g O{=!(($_, !!=ej{ cu|LdG6 ofG8 u|Dofl6sn l/n];G;\ Og\ xfo' -PdP
u=bf]FMk'md bf]Mk'md lyl;;, kfs{ OG;'g O{=!(()_, !@=gf]ldgn df]/\kmf]nf]hL Og\ xfo' -PdP lyl;;,
labfaf/] ;'nf]rgf ;fksf]6f O{=@))^_, !#=‘xfo' efiff Jofs/0f k|f?k’ -/fd/fh nf]xgL,
afun]Vrf] a]ª5fn'V5f] kz'klt zdf{ / ;'nf]rgf e'iffn O{=@))M &^–(&_, !$=‘l/Eo' cj\ nf nfª xfo' afO
3=ofVs'd ofVs'd ofVs'd
O;f]/] 20
/f]l5ª] sf]a] l;6L o'lgel;{6L cj\ km/]g :6l8h, hfkfgsf k|fWofks of]zLcf] lgzLn] hf]h{
ª=afMn'ª afn'ª afn'ª Eofg l8«cdsf] c u|ofd/ cj\ lnDa" sf] ;dLS5f n]vdf of] xfo' kLPr8L lyl;; O{=
1980 df University of California at Berkeley (DAI 42-07A; U M 82-
00211) egL /]km/]G;df n]v]sf] eP klg kLPr8L l8u|L sGkm8{r}F h'g !#, !(*! Dff
ePsf] xf] .
|| 85 || || 86 ||
af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL’ -hf]h{ Eofg l8«cd O{=!(();LM %^%–%&!_, !%=‘c k|fk] f]; (=oL -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=? -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
8] nf nfª xfo' kf/ af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!(()8LM @^&–@*%_, !!=5'Vr' -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=lod -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
!^=‘cf/Uo'dG6 dfls{ª Og\ ;G6fnL’ -OGSn'8;\ xfo' OUhfDkNh\, n'sf; Go'sf]d Og\ !#=sf]jfn -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=lvd -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
k|;
] _, !&=‘nf nfª xfo' afO af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL’ -:s6 l8NofG;L O{=!((*M !%=lkm-t_ -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=d]t -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
*@*–*#@_ / !*=‘nf nfª xfo' afO af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL’ -/f]o P ldn/
!&=pM/L -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=t'g -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
O{=!((!M $!!–$!#_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . oL afx]s 8f=e"kxl/ kf}8ofnsf] Pp6f
cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg klg cfhp/f k|lti7fgdf 5 . !(=;f]M;f] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss] f]’ dry @)=gf]S5'ª -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
@!=sf] -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=hf÷cf] -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
@=&=^ hflt–efiff / ;F:s[lt (Ethno-linguistic and cultural studies) @#=s'ªn'ª -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d]s -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
efiffsf] cWoogsf] qmd;Fu} ;fF:s[lt s'/fx¿ klg aflx/ cfpg yfn]sf x'g\ @%=Anf]k -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=d] -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
/ d]rLb]lv dxfsfnLdf ePsf] s]xL x/kmsf] kl/ro afx]s !=‘xfo" hfltdf ljjfx @&=-ª_xf] -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=s'g -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
;+:sf/’ -uf]ljGbk|;fb s';d' ;=@)^@M @(#–@((, ul/df ^, @, ^@ df3 @(=af]g -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=n] -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
@)$$af6 k'gMk|sfzg_, @=‘b xfOM ofg cA:So'/ 6«fOa cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn’ -cf/s] #!=tfd -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=xf; -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
zfSo O{=!(&!M *&–(@_, #= ‘xfo'’ -tfDnf pSofa / Zofd clwsf/L O{=@)))_,
##=g'sfd'÷g'Sxf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=ltcf] -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
‘xfo' OlYgs dfOgf]l/6LM :6«un 6' ;ef{Oe’ -b sf7dfG8" kf]:6 O{=@))# clk|n @(_
/ ‘slGk\mnS6 cf]e/ kmfOgn /fO6\ cdf]ª b xfo'h’\ -b sf7dfG8" kf]:6 6Lsf e§ #%=lu?ª -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=;f]d -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
O{=@))# clk|n @!_ g} x'g\ . #&=uf]t -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=k'5L -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
#(=yf-t_ -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=y'd -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
@=&=& efiffsf] /]s8{ b:tfj]h (Archives of the language) $!=?ª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=h] -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
ldvfOnf]E:sL -O{=@)))_ n] g} nfl;6f] k|f]hS] 6 cGtut{ of] efiffsf] @% $#=u' -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=+l;t -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
zLif{sdf ls/fFtL–xfo' jStfx¿n] eg]sf] syfnfO{ /]s8{ u/L j]a;fO6df xfnL $%=vf]snL -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=+l;-t_ -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
/fv]sf] 5 . of] j]a;fO6 vf]n/] hf]sf]xLn] klg of] efiffsf] njh, zAb, Jofs/g $&=nf] -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=Od -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
s:tf] 5 egL ;'Gg, x]g{ / k9\g ;S5 . xfd|f] l6dsf ;b:ox¿dWo] of] efiff d}n]
$(=lbª -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=lkmg -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
;'Gbf emG8} ls/fFtL–afc\oª h:tf] / s]xL dfqfdf ls/fFtL–/f9' h:tf] ;'lgG5 eg]
sltko zAbfjnLx¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr;Fu d]n vfg] vfnsf 5g\ . %!=;]s -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=Drf] -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
+
%#= === -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=rf]Mnf] -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
@=&=* ls/fFtL–xfo' gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Hayu sample wordlist) %%=5fh' -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill, mountain %^=d'S5' -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
ofof]Svf -O{=@))%_ sf] ;+sngdf ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] h:t} ls/fFtL–xfo' %&=lbldg -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=ldª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
efiff klg c;dfj]zLdf k/]sf] 5 . oxfF k|:t't ls/fFtL–xfo' :jf8]z j8{ ln:6 %(=l5M/L -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=g]M;L -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
k|f=8f=af]O8 ldvfOnf]D:sLaf6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf]nflu xfdLn] lgs} k|ofz ^!=o]S;f -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=rf]cg\ f] -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
u/]kZrft\ xfd|f Kof/f / cfb/gLo cu|h efiffljb\ ;'Pof]zL / OlGu|8 tf]afsf] ^#=d -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=sf]ªk' -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
;f}hGodf cg';Gwftf ldvfOnf]D:sLsf] 8]O6f k|fKt ePsf] xf] . xfdLn] t];n } fO{ ^%=nf]d\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=Drf] -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
cfwf/ dfg]/ of] ;"lr jf ln:6 k"/f ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf xf}+ .
^&=gfc\gd' -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=lol5ª -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
!=;f]kmf]k -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=k'msf -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
^(=/f]l5ª -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=s'ns'n -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
#=s'S5f] -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=;f]MufnL -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
&!=lks' -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=Ot -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
%=v'g -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=lrVrL -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
&#=oª -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$= ===+-gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
&=lrs -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=vlS5ªdL -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
|| 87 || || 88 ||
&%=d't -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=s'S5f] -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin e]l6Pg . ljsf;]x¿sf] dfuL vfg] efF8f] ePsf] of] ls/fFtL cflbjf;L hflt / efiff
&&=Od -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=ofª -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small s]xL bzsd} nf]k eO{ hfg]5 eGg] s'/fdf z+sf gubf{ x'G5 . t/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr;Fu
&(=s'n' -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=lok -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand ` ;'/n
] / xfo' b'j}n] ;xsfo{ ug]{ xf] eg] bfh'–efOsf] gftfn] s]xL x'g] s'/fdf b'O{ dt
*!=Vjfd]g -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'Dk'm -gf_ ‘9'ªuf’ stone /xFbg} .
*#=gf]df] -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=xfg -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
*%=d'g -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=ld -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
*&=O -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=uf]g -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you l8NofG;L, :s6= O{=!((*= ‘nf nfª xfo' afO af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL’ -l/Eo'_,
*(=lnMDuf -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=n' -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth Nofªu'Oh, ^%,$M *@*–*#@=
(!=l;ªk'md -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=gfc\pª -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two [non-human] DeLancey, Scott. 1998. ‘La langue hayu by Boyd Michailovsky’,
Language, 65, 4: 828-832.
(#=vf]s -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=tL -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water l8«cd, hf]h{ Eofg= O{=!(();L= l/Eo' cj\ nf nfª xfo' jfO{ af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL,
(%=u' -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=ldrL -;j{_ ‘s]’ what a'nl] 6g cj\ b :s'n cj\ cf]l/oG6n ofG8 oflk|msg :6l8h\, PncfOcfO
(&=bfjfª -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;' -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who -#_M %^%–%&!=
((=ld:rf] -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=x]Nb'ªdL -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow Driem, George van. 1990c. Review of La Langue Hayu by Boyd
---------- Michailovsky, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and
African Studies, LII (3): 565-571.
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= $$ / $^ sf] lqmof ?kdf c? lqmof ?k x]bf{ km/s b]lvG5 . -----. !(()l8= ‘c k|fk] f];\ b]] nf nfª xfo' kf/ af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL’, rflxP;{ b]
g+= %# / &$ cg';Gwftf ldvfOnf]E:sLsf] ln:6d} vfnL 5 . pgn] s] klg lnªu'Ol:tsM Plh cf]l/Gtfn, PS;cfOPS; -@_M @^&–@*%=
eg]sf 5g\ eg] ;efg]sf] 8fO/]S6 nf]g (direct loan) nfO{ ;"lrdf /fv]sf -----. 1990d. ‘A propos de La Langue Hayu par Boyd
5}gg\ . lqmofsf] s[bGt jf OlGkmlgl6e ?kdf eg] t]tL k"g{ 8]O6f k|fKt ePsf] Michailovsky’, Cahiers de Linguistique: Asie Orientale,
h:tf] 5fF6 5}g . ca of] efiffsf jStf b'ne { x'Fb} uPsfn] klg xfdLn] XIX (2): 267-285.
/]lS6kmfO ug{ EofPsf jf ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . ls/fFtL–xfo' efiff ;Dk|bfosf Pj6{, s/]g Pr= @))#= ‘OSo'OenG6;\ cj\ ‘sGh'ul] 6e kfl6{l;kN;\’ Og\ ls/fFtL
jLP8 cWoog k"/f u/L PdP8 cª\uh |] L cWoog ub}{ u/]sf Ps hgf Nofªu'Olhh\’ -OGSn'8;\ xfo' OUhfDkN;\_= Og\ t]h cf/ sG;fsf/ / dfs{
efO;Fu b}j;+hf]u O{=@))^, sLlt{k/' df xfd|f] e]6 ePsf] eP klg pgL 6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyDh\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\=
l;Gw'nL SofDk;df cWofkg u/fpg] ePsf]n] pgL;Fu of] cWoogsf] sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8]nju{ / lqlj=
cjlwe/ ;Dks{ x'g ;s]g . Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in
Kiranti languages’ (includes Hayu examples). In Tej R
@=&=( lgrf]8 (Conclusion) Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs ;ftdf k/]sf] ls/fFtL– Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia
xfo' dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . of] dft[efiff Institute, Heidelberg and TU.
;Dk|bfodf ;j} eGbf a9L efiff–hfltzf:qLo cWoog g} ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . hflt u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
/ ;F:s[lt ;DjGwL eg]/ s]xL dfQ} cWoog ePsf] e]l6of] . efiffljb\ nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
ldvfOnf]E:sL g} of] efiffsf] Psn cWotf x'g\ eGbf cGofo u/]sf] 7x{b}g . pgsf] Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
k|foM cWoogsf] xf8{ skL b'n{e g} 5 . Psfb'O{ :jb]zL efiffljb\x¿n] klg Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
Indigenous Nationalities.
cWoog u/]sf] kfOof] . t/ kf7\o;fdu|L, lzS5f, ;Grf/ cflb 5]qdf of] efiffsf]
xH;g, la|Pg Pr= !*%&= ‘u|dfl6sn cGoflnl;;\ cj\ b xfo' Nofª\uO' lh’,
;dfj]zLs/g ePsf] 5}g . efiff arfp / efiff ljsf;sf] sfo{ ePsf] kfOPg .
hg{n cj\ lb Plhofl6s ;f];fO6L cj\ a]ªuf]n, @^M #&#–$&%=
;/sf/L gLlt cflbn] klg of] efiffsf]nflu vf; n5f/kf6f] nufpg ;s]sf]
|| 89 || || 90 ||
Hodgson, Brian H. 1857. ‘Grammatical analysis of the Hayu -----. !(*!aL= u|dc
] / b] nf nfª xfo' -g]kfn_=kLPr8L lyl;;, o'lgel;{6L cj\
language’, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 26: sflnkmf]lg{of of6 asn]{, cd]l/sf=
373-475. -----. !(&%= ‘c s]; cj\ l/6f]Unf]6flkmlnof Og\ xfo'’, lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cj\ b
s';d' , uf]ljGbk|;fb= ;=@)^@= ‘xfo" hfltdf ljjfx ;+:sf/’= Og\ hLjgrGb| l6j]6f]–ad{g Pl/of, @, @M @(#
sf]O/fnf -;Dkf=_= xfd|f] lrgf/L xfd|f] ;F:s[lt= sf7dfG8"M sd{of]uL -----. 1975. ‘A case of rhitoglottaphilia in Hayu’, Linguistics of the
jb|Lljqmd yfkf :d[lt ;]jf u'7L–@)%#= kfgf @(#–@(( -ul/df ^, @, ^@ Tibeto-Burman Area, 2, 2: 293.
df3 @)$$ af6 k'gMk|sfzg_= Michailovsky, Boyd. 1974. “Hayu typology and verbal
Kusum, Govindaprasad. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Hayu jatima vivaha morphology.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 1/1:1-
sanskar’. In Jivanchandra Koirala (ed.). Hamro Chinari 26 Errata: Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 2.2: 215.
Hamro Sanskriti. Kathmandu: Karmayogi Badrivikram ldvfOnf]E:sL, af]O8 / Pd dhfp8g= !(&#= ‘gf]6;\ cg\ b xfo' Nofªu'Oh\’,
Thapa Smriti Sewa Guthi-2053. Pp.293-299 [reprint from s}nfzM c hg{n cj\ b lxdfnog :68Lh\, !, @M !#%–!%@=
Garima, 6, 2, 62 Magh 2044]. Michailovsky, B. and M. Mazaudon. 1973. ‘Notes on the Hayu
vDa', uf]kfn= O{=@)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !, language’, Kailash: A Journal of Himalayan Studies, 1.2:
!M #(–$@= 135-152.
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha ldn/, /f]o P= O{=!((!= ‘nf nfª xfo' afO af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL’, hg{n cj\ b
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42. cd]l/sg cf]l/PG6n ;f];fO6L, !!!, @M $!!–$!#=
ldvfOnf]E:sL, af]O8= @))#= ‘xfo'’= Og\ u|fxfd y/u'8 / /ofG8L h] nfkf]nf Miller, Roy A. 1991. ‘La Langue Hayu by Boyd Michailovsky’,
-;Dkf=_, b ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofªu'Olhh\ -?6n]h Nofªu'Oh k\mofldnL Journal of the American Oriental Society, 111, 2: 411-413.
l;l/h\_= nG8g / Go' of]sM{ ?6n]h= %!*–#@= Go'sf]d, n'sf;= Og\ k|];= ‘cf/Uo'dG6 dfls{ª Og\ ;G6fnL’= df df]g–vd]/ :6l8h\,
Michailovsky, Boyd. 2003. ‘Hayu’. In Graham Thurgood and #) -OGSn'8;\ xfo' OUhfDkNh\_=
Randy J. LaPolla (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages Neukom, Lukas. in press. “Argument Marking in Santali.” In Mon-
[Routledge Language Family Series]. London and New Khmer Studies,XXX (includes discussion of Hayu).
York: Routledge. 518-32. Park, Insun. 1994. “Grammaticalized verbs in Hayu”,
-----. O{=@)))= xfo' /]sl8{8 6]S:6;\, ljy l;Gqmf]gfOH8 6«flG:qmK;g ofG8 Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 17.1: 99-123.
6«fG:n]O;g= Pr6L6LkLsf]ng:nf::nf:nfl;6f]86cfls{e]h86eLh]Pkm86 Kffs{, OG;'g= !(($= ‘u|Dofl6sfnfOH8 ej{;\ Og\ xfo'’, lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cj\ b
-----. 2000. Hayu recorded texts, with synchronized transcription l6j]6f]ad{g Pl/of, !&, !M ((–!@#=
and translation. http://lacito.archivage.vjf.cnrs.fr. Park, Insun. 1994. ‘Grammaticalized verbs in Hayu’, Linguistics of
-----. !(**= nf nfª xfo' -sn]S;g <<;foG;]; b' Nofªu'Oh\>>_ k]l/;M the Tibeto-Burman Area, 17, 1: 99-123.
Pl8;G; b' ;]G6/ g];gn 8] nf l/;r{:r] ;fOl6lkms= Kffs{, OG;'g= !(()= ej{ clu|dG6 ofG8 u|Dofl6sn l/n];G;\ Og\ xfo'= PdP
-----. 1988. La Langue Hayu (Collection <<Sciences du lyl;;= o'lgel;{6L cj\ cf]l/ug, Soflnkmf]lg{of=
Language>>) Paris: Editions du Centre National de la -----. 1990. Verb agreement and grammatical relations in Hayu.
Recherche Scientifique. MA Thesis, University of Oregon, California.
-----. !(*%= cfS6fG; P6 cAh]S6 Pg xfo'= cS6fG;]h !M !!%–@@= ;fksf]6f -e'iffn_, ;'nf]rgf= O{=@))^= k;{gn k|fg] fpG;\ Og\ xfo' Nofªu'Oh\= k]k/
-----. 1985. “Actance et objet en hayu.” Actances 1: 115-22. lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6jG6L;]e]Gy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s
-----. 1981b. Grammaire de langue Hayu (Nepal). Ph.D. ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn ofG8 6'jN] y lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh\ l;Dkf]lhod, @&–
dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, USA (DAI
@( gf]eD] a/=
42-07A; U M 82-00211).
Sapkota (Bhushal), Sulochana. 2006. Personal pronouns in Hayu
Language. Paper presented in the 27th Annual Conference of
|| 91 || || 92 ||
the Linuistics Society of Nepal and 12th Himalayan
Language Symposium, 27-29 November. @=* ls/fFtL–h]?ª (Kiranti-Jerung)

-----. O{=@))^= gf]ldgn df]/\kmf]nf]hL Og\ xfo'= PdP lyl;;= ;]G6«n l8kf6{dG6 cj\
lnªu'Ol:6S;\, sLlt{k/' M lqlj= @=*=) kl/ro (Introduction)
-----. 2006. Nominal morphology in Hayu. MA Thesis. Central
Department of Linguistics, Kirtipur: TU. ls/fFtL–h]?ªx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ h]/f]< h]/f]ª dfn-f_ eG5g\ . h]/f]
;fksf]6f -e'iffn_, ;'nf]rgf, kz'klt zdf{ / /fd/fh nf]xgL= O{=@))$= ‘xfo' efiff jf h]/f]ª / h]?d zAbx¿;Fu} h]?ª zAbx¿ klg cl:tTjdf 5g\ . Wjlg kl/jt{g
Jofs/0fsf] k|f?k’, g]kfndf cflbjf;L hghftLo dft[efiffsf] l:yltM Ps ePsf] sf/g h]/f] dfQ} x'g k'u]sf] xf] eGg] k|jn ;DefjgfnfO{ gsf/L xfNg] l:ylt
ljZn]if0f= nlntk'/M /fli6«o cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg k|lti7fg= &^–(&= 5}g . cfWo ?k h]?ª~h]/f]ª g} xf] . xfdLn] of] cWoogdf h]?ª zAbnfO{ dfGotf
Sapkota (Bhushal), Sulochana, Pashupati Sharma & Ramraj lbP/ k|of]udf NofPsf 5f}+ . efiffj}Uoflgs sf/gn] t];f] ug'{ k/]sf] xf] . pgLx¿sf]
Lohani. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Hayu bhasha vyakaranko prarup’, csf]{ j}slNks afÅogfd jf OUhf]lgd rf}/fl;of (Caur!siy!) / kl/jlt{t ?k
Nepalma Aadivasi Janajati matribhashako sthiti: Ek rf}/f;] (Caur!se) klg xf] . of] gfd /f9' jf /f8' -jfDa'n] klg_ / h]?ª b'jn } fO{
Visleshan. Rastriya Aadivasi Janajati Utthan Prastisthan. ;femf ?kdf k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . t/ o;sf] of] ls/fFtL hfltsf] efiffdf eg]
;"rgf ljefu= ;=@)#!= d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL -efu @_= sf7dfG8"M ;+rf/ dqfno, df}lns cy{sf] 5gs ldNb}g / rfG; l/h]DAn]G; (chance resemblance) klg
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] 5fkfvfgf= xf]Og .
Information Department. 1974 [VS 2031]. Mechidikhi Mahakali
(Part II). Kathmandu: Ministry of Communications, His uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ cg';f/ blVvGf cf]vn9'ªuf lhNnfdf af]lng]
Majesty’s Press. h]/f]ª efiff cDa"s} eflifsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pgn] k|of]u u/]sf cDa"sf] j}slNks
zdf{, kz'klt= O{=@))^= b xfo' ej{;=\ PdP lyl;;, ;]G6«n l8kf6{dG6 cj\ gfdx¿ /f8'-9'_ / jfDa'n] g} xf] . vDa"sf] of] cjnf]sgnfO{ cf]Ku]gf]6{ / /fkrf
lnªu'Ol:6S;\, sLlt{k/' M lqlj= cflbsf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogn] klg k|dflgt ub{5 . t/ xfdLn] o'jf kqsf/
Sharma, Pashupati. 2006. The Hayu verbs. MA Thesis, Central u0f]z åf¥jfªrf jf bf]/f]ªrf;Fu s'/f ubf{ pgn] cf]Ku]gf]6{nfO{ eflifsf eGg' x'Gg
Department of Linguistics, Kirtipur, TU. eGg] cfu|x u/]sf -p/c O{=@))^_ /x]5g\ . csf]{ ;f]rgLo s'/f s] klg 5 eg] xfd|f
zfSo, cf/s]= O{=!(&!= ‘b xfOM ofg cA:So'/ 6«fOa cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn’, g]kfn emG8} ;dsfnLg o'jf of]uz ] h]?ª -PdP cª\uh |] L_ n] sltko k|;ª\u sf]§fpFb}
8fOh]:6, !, @M *&–(@= h]?ª zAbsf] Jo'TklQ h]/] gfd u/]sf] ls/fFtLaf6 ePsf] eGg] a"9fkfsfsf] syf 5
Shakya, RK. 1971. ‘The Hai: An obscure tribe of eastern Nepal’, eGg] s'/f ;'gfPsf 5g\ . olb t];f] g} xf] eg] dfn-f_ / of]/ sf] ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8/]
Nepal Digest. 1, 2: 87-92. /f9' / h]?ª Pp6} efiff x'g\ / km/s s]xL 5 eg] ef}uf]lns / JolQmefiff
pSofj, tfDnf / Zofd clwsf/L= @)))= ‘xfo'’, b Gof;gfln6Lh\ cj\ g]kfn= (ideolect) dfQ} km/s xf] . o;}n] klg h]?ª /f9'sf] g} eflifsf 7xg{ cfpF5 .
sf7dfG8"M g];gn sld6L km/ l8e]nKdG6 cj\ Gof;gfln6Lh\= OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿n] t Ps} x'g\ eGg] csf]{ k|dfg k]z ub{5 . ;fy} rf}/fl;of jf
Ukyab, Tamla and Shyam Adhikari. 2000. ‘Hayu’, The rf}/f;] zAbn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6} v]dfdf afFwL /fv]sf] 5 .
Nationalites of Nepal. Kathmandu: National Committee for
Development of Nationalities. t/ cfh ls/fFtL–h]?ªx¿ cfk\mgf] ;+:yf ls/fFtL–h]/f]ª ;dfhdf
cfj4 x'g' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/]sf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5 . k]ml/ aif]{gL x'g]
***************************
jfD/f;sf] sljtf k|ltof]lutfdf /f9' / h]?ª 5of;ld;] ?kd} uPsf] k|dfg
e]l6Psf] 5 . Tof] k|dfg eg]sf] Snfgf]lgd / efiff ;dfgtf g} xf] . of] tYonfO{
kqsf/ u0f]z åf¥jfªrfn] klg gsfg'{ x'Fb}g . gsfg'{ eg] cfk\mg} j+zhnfO{
9f]sfaflx/ ws]nL c;dfj]zLdf kfg'{ xf] . o;sf] bL3{sfnLg c;/ cg'dfg ug{
klg ;lsGg .

|| 93 || || 94 ||
ls/fFtL–h]?ªx¿n] j/g ub}{ cfPsf] afÅogfd jf OUhf]lgd (exonym) (_ x'G5 . pgLx¿ jLrsf] ljz]if Wjlgj}Uoflgs leGgtf eg]sf] olt dfQ} xf] . of]
cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]]/}n] efiffsf] Oef]n;' G/L k|lqmof g} xf] . 5'§} :jtGq efiff xf] ls xf]Og eGg' eGbf /f9' jf
gSsn ub}{ 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) klg xf] . of] /fO{ jfDa'n]s} eflifsf b]lvG5ý h:tf] ls ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ;'/]n, ls/fFtL–s'n'ª /
zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ ;f]tfª . t/ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] 5y/] eflifsf eg] Jofs/gLo lx;fjn] w]/} cGt/
zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s– kfOPsf] -x]g"{ @=@^ klg_ 5 . c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg,
efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf 5 . pgLx¿sf] lqmofsf] s[bGt ?k jf
tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . pgLx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf OlGkmlgl6e dfs{/ (infinitive marker) klg ls/fFtL–/f9'sf] h:t} –rfd g} xf] .
vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqsf g} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog st} st} ?k kl/jt{g eP/ –rfk -x]g"{ tn @=*=* klg_ ePsf] jf ld:6fOk -jf
ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . d'bf| /fS5];_ eP/ klg o;f] ePsf] x'g ;S5 . of] dfs{/ (marker) ls/fFtL–
sf]FOrdf –rf / ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' df –rf] xf] . t/ cf]Ku]gf]6{ -@))%_ n] c u|ofd/
@=*=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
cj\ h]/f]M ljy c lx:6f]l/sn sDkf/fl6e :68L cj\ b ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\
of] efiff ljz]if u/]/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFt cf]vn9'ªuf lhNnfsf] l;:g]/L, 8fF8f k|sfzgdf NofO;s]sf] x'Fbf cj cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ;dfg /
h]?ª, u}/L h]?ª, ;fbL, ljgf;], knfk', dfwk'/ -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=( IX klg_ c;dfg ljz]iftfx¿ bfFhL x]g{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
Onfsfx¿df af]lnG5 . oxfF 8fF8f / h]?ªnfO{ lgofNbf h]?ª zAb 6f]kf]Unf];f]lgd
(topo-glossonym) klg xf] . @=*=# jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
moities)
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿ @ ;o &! 5 egL
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] jStf y/gfd jf Snfgf]lgdx¿df a|Gs]D5f
-a|GvfNrf], a|fªv]Nrf] <_, ;]tfNr' -<;]tfNrf], gafrf]_ 21, up/tf]s,] xftf5f],
df]kf]5f], ;fOkf5f, o'ªkmf] -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()(_, SofDkfrf] -x]g"{
PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M #@ / ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] klg_, ;'qfk -h:t}M cljg
h]?ª–/fO{, l;:g]/L–%_, ;]lsNrf], nflxDrf], bf]Dvf]Dr', 98\8] cflb g} x'g\ . oL
Snfgf]lgdx¿ h]/f] nufot ls/fFtL–/f9' jf jfDa'nd] f klg ePsf]n] klg Ps} efifL
x'g\ eGg] k|dflgt x'G5 . ;do cGt/fn / ljs6 e"uf]nn] s]xL kl/jt{g x'g' ljsf;
qmd k|lqmof dfGg' kb{5 .
@=*=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary)
o;df ofof]Svfsf] :jf8]z j8{ ln:6 ;+sng afx]s a'l4nfns0f{
h]?ªsf] ‘h]/f] dfn’ -;=@)^@M #_ zLif{sdf &^ zAbfjnLx¿ ;+sng ePsf]
e]l6Psf] 5 . of] eGbf c? zAbsf]z jf zAbfjnLx¿ xfdLn] k]mnf kf/]sf 5}gf}+ .
cf]Ku]gf]6{sf] Jofs/gdf s]xL t]:tf zAbfjnL ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

-gSzf g+=@=( IX: h]?ª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M cf]Ku]gf]6{ @))%M $_ 21


of] ;"rgf of]uz
] h]?ª–/fO{;uF ^ cu:t @))^ df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf
@=*=@ eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features) cfwfl/t 5 . pgL cfk\mgf] dft[efiff af]Ng ;Sg] s'/fdf ljZj:t 5g\ . pgsf] cWoog
ls/fFtL–/f9'sf] ODKnf]l;e :6K;\ (implosive stops) ÷Ac÷ / ÷8\c÷ r}F 5]q eg]sf] cª\uh|] L efiff;flxTo xf] tfklg pgn] k|f]6:] 6 ln6]«r/ lyd cGt/ut
ls/fFtL–h]?ªdf g]Ohn (nasal) ÷d÷ / ÷g÷ df kl/jt{g -t'n= cf]Ku]gf]6{ O{=@))@M 8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrfsf] JolQmut k/fdz{df jLkL sf]O/fnfsf] pkGof; ;'lDgdf
df PdP zf]wkq n]v]sf 5g\ .
|| 95 || || 96 ||
!=pª\ltr' -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=+kf]sn -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
#=SofS6s -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=Djfn -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
@=*=% efiff Jofs/g (Grammar) %=vfN6f]6\ -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=lrSd' -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
of] efiffdf cfh;Dd hfGg;'Gg cfP;Dd pg} cf]Ku]gf]6{n] c u|ofd/ c h]/f] &=+lqmDrfk\ -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=v'rk] -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
ljy\ c lx:6f]l/sn sDk]l/l6e :68L cj\ b ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\ -O{=@))%_ (=o'';' -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=?;' -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
n]vs] f 5g\ . O{= @))@ df ls/fFtL–/f8'df kLPr8L ;s]kZrft\ g} of] Jofs/g klg !!=SofRj -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=xf]rfk\ -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
5fkfdf cfPsf] xf] . of] ;"rgf xfdLn] u'u'n ;r{ OlGhgaf6 yfxf kfPsf xf}+ . of] !#=sf]S;]n -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=lr/Lgftf] -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
Jofs/gsf] lstfa} eg] cem;Dd k]mnf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . dft[efifL / :jb]zL !%= +lkvf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;rfk\ -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
cg';Gwftfx¿n] n]vs ] f] eg] xfdLn] kfPgf}+ . !&=;fªd' -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=6'rfk\ -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
!(=:jf/\tf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=+gf]d' -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
@=*=^ k'm6s/ sljtf÷uLtx¿ (Individual peoms/songs) @!=sfS;L -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=hfrfk\ -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
uLt, sljtf, d'Stssf] ;[hgfdf eg] b'O{ rf/ ;|:6fx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . @#=+k'm/L -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ld;L -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
ltgdf !=‘pª lgDkmf’ -nf]sG] b| h]/f]–/fO{ ;=@)%&M #&_, @=‘;fnfª’ -cªuwg /fO{ @%=dfKn]d -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
;=@)%^M $(_, #=‘cfd\ hLjg’ -cªuwg /fO{ ;=@)%@M @!_, $=‘ufd'Gjd dlGb/ @&=d' -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;' -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
l/d /O’ -cªuwg /fO{ ;=@)%$M !*_, %=‘cfª nf nLd\===’ -ljdn ælj/xLÆ @(=xf]Nrfk\ -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nf];' -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
;=@)%$M @)_, ^=‘lxn]kfg b\ofn’ -nj k|eft ;=@)%$M @)_, &=‘yfn ;fDg'O{ <’ #!=x;L{ -qmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=uf]PSrfk\ -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
-jL= jfDa'n–] /fO{ ;=@)%$M @!_, *=‘jfDb\ofn uf77f]d÷JofF;L x\of77f]d’ -Jofl;n] ##=/fGtf] -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=hf]ªd' -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
sfG5f ;=@)%$M @!_, (=‘cfAnf’ -OGb"sd' f/ /fO{ ;=@)%$M @!_, !)=‘Osb'Mvf’ #%==== +-lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=:jfd\ -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
-/hg ‘;'a's’' ;=@)%@M @!_, !!=‘JofFl;n]s b]Dd]’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%$M @@_ / #&=nf -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=k'mt'/ -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
#(=yf]rfk\ -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=+Tjd\lr+lr -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
!@=‘b\ofn Njfd Jofyf’ -lbg]z jfDa'n]–/fO{ ;=@)%$M @@_ g} 5g\ . ls/fFtL– $!=/f];' -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=hfNd] -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
sf]FOr jStf pQd sfltrf–;'g'jf/n] ls/fjfa'ªdf ls/fFtL–h]?ªsf] sljtf $#=pªu' -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Trfk\ -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
k|sfzdf NofPsf] 5' eg]sf 5g\ t/ xfdLn] ;f] klqsfsf] c+s xft kfg{ ;kmn $%=k'ªrL -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=hf]Srfk\ -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
ePgf}+ . olb ;fFrf] xf] eg] pgnfO{ nfv wGojfb 5 . $&=df]nL -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=Un]rfk\ -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
@=*=& efiff÷hfltzf:q (Language/ethnology) $(=df -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=+j8]ln6fp6, a8]lx§f] -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
%!=;]/L -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=jfT6]k -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
efiff;Fu hf]8/] hfltzf:qdf n]lvPsf] ‘cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf /fO{x¿M ;fgf] %#=jw] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=tf];n ] -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
rrf{ -ls/fFtL–h]?ª;lxt_’ zLif{ssf] n]v u0f]z åf¥jfªrf -;=@)%)M & / !%_ %%=+vN6f] -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=x'/ -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
n] n]vs ] f 5g\ . of] afx]s j[xQ/ ?kdf efiff / hfltzf:q hf]8/] rrf{ ug]{df %&=Ujf/\hL -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=gL -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
cf]Ku]gf]6{ g} x'g\ . lj|og Pr xH;gsf] klg 5f]6f] kl/ro h:tf] dfQ} xf] . %(=lSnShL -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=g]Gyf -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
@=*=* ls/fFtL–h]?ª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Jerung sample ^!=glDa|d\ -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@= g';ª' -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
wordlist)
^#=cfaf -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=sf]nf] -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=d'r' -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] ^&=xf]/\;L -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=nflSrk\ -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . ^(====+-gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=+lvlqsf]k -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M $–^_ af6 pw[t ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z :jf8]z &!==== -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=g]Grfk\ -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} lbg'sf &#=lsrfk\ -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$==== -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . &%=jfSrfk\ -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=Sof6\6of -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
&&=Unf]rfk\ -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=lrDt]k -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
|| 97 || || 98 ||
&(=v'GrL -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=af]ofD;f -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand u0f]z åf/\jfªrf / Jofs'n åf/\jfªrf h:tf o'jf cGj]ifs / n]vsx¿n] d'G6f]
*!==== -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=k'mn'ª -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone kmsf{pg' sbflk a'l4dfgL sbd 7xl/g] 5}g . cfk\mgf] bfh'–efO / lbbL–j}gL;Fu
*#=gf]d\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=hf]:kfrfk\ -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim xft]dfnf] u/]/ cufl8 a9\bf ;u/ v;]/ lyRg] xf]Og a? ;u/ yfldG5 .
*%=+ldn'd\ -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=gO{ -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
*&=+gf]Ps' -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=O{g] -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
*(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=u'D;' -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
(!====-gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=nfa|d -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two PjO5f–afGtfjf, l8s= ;=@)%*= afGtjf -/fO{_ zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M lbks'df/
(#=jfNrfk\ -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=sfs' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water ?kfa'ª=
(%=pªltr' -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=xfO{ -;j{_ ‘s]’ what Awoicha-Bantawa, Dik. 2001 [VS 2058]. Bantawa (Rai)
(&=a'srLk -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=d'g' -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who Shabdakosh. Kathmandu: Dipkumar Rupabung.
((=d]K6]k\ -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))= ÅjDnf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow ælj/xLÆ, ljdn= ;=@)%$= ‘cfª nf nLd\===’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, !, ^M @)=
------------------ “Birahi”, Bimal. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Aang la lim‘’, Libju-Bhumju,
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= @ df Kjfsfn x'g' kg]{ /x]5 . g+=& qmfRrfk klg / g+= !% sf] 6, 1, 6: 20.
lqmof ?k x'g' kg]{ lkrfd\ xf] / ;a} lqmofsf] s[bGt ?lkd rfk\ = rfd\ x'g' kg]{ h]?ª, a'l4nfns0f{= ;=@)^@= ‘h]/f] dfn’, dL, !@, !M #=
xf] . g+= @) df g';'d, g+=@# df dfofªuf klg, g+= #% df l;l;hf]l;d, g+= $) Jerung, Buddhilalkarna. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Jero mal’, Mee, 12, 1: 3.
df 6\ofdlrGrL, g+= %% vf]N6f]y'Dsf, g+= ^( hfh/, &)=+lvlqsf]k -nfO{ h]/f]–/fO{, nf]sG] b|= ;=@)%&= ‘pª lgDkmf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', (, #, !&M #&=
af]8f]dL klg elgg], of]u]z h]?ª_, g+= *% Dofn'd klg, g+=*& cfO . of] 8]O6f Jero-Rai, Lokendra. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Ung nimpha’, Libju-
of]uz
] h]?ª -PdP cª\u|]hL_ sf] ;"rgfdf /]lS6kmfO ul/Psf] xf] . g+= !^, !(, Bhumju,9, 3, 17: 37.
*) / *$ sf] lqmof ?k–df s[bGt ?lkd;Fu d]n vfFbg} tfklg jStfx¿n] of] sfG5f, Jofl;n]= ;=@)%$= ‘jfDb\ofn uf77f]d÷JofF;L x\of77f]d’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^,
?k klg a'em\ b5g\ egL of]u]z h]?ªn] xfdLnfO{ atfP . o:t} g+= # / &^ df !, ^M @!=
Kanchha, Byasile. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Wamdyal gaththom/byãsi
pxL zAbx¿ k/]sf 5g\ . jStfx¿n] g+= &^ ‘5fnf’ / g+= # ‘af]qmf’ zAbx¿sf] syaththom’, Libju-Bhumju, 6, 1, 6: 21.
cjwf/GfnfO{ Ps} lsl;dn] a'em\ bf /x]5g\ . vDa', uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]nª
' df, !, !M
@=*=( lgrf]8 (Conclusion) #(–$@=
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs cf7df k/]sf] ls/fFtL– Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
ra pachhaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
h]?ª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . of] dft[efiff ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
;Dk|bfodf PSnf efiffljb\ cf]Ku]gf]6{sf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog afx]s t]:tf] 7"nf] sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
cWoog ePsf] kfOPg . cj vf]Hg] / n]Vg] sfd o'jf cWo]tf of]u]z h]?ªsf] g} xf] . Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
:jf8]z ;o zAb;"lrsf] cfwf/df efiffsf] cj:yf 7Ls} eP klg ls/fFtL–/f9';uF Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
clt g} lgs6 5g\ . lzS5fsf] cefj o;df dfQ} geP/ ls/fFtL–/f9'df klg sd g} Yayokkha.
xf] . kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ cfh;Dd aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;[hgfTds n]vgtk{m uLt, cf]Ku]gf]6{, hfF /f]a]c/= @))%= c u|ofd/ c h]/f] ljy\ c lx:6f]l/sn sDk]l/l6e
sljtf s]xL b]lvP klg kof{Kt xf]Og . ls/fFtL–/f9's} elugL ePsf]n] ;xofqf ubf{ :68L cj\ b ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\= la|Nh\ l6a]6g :6l8h\ nfOa|]/L, %÷#,
b'jn} fO{ kmfObf gx'g] xf]Og . enf] g} x'G5 . t/ o;df b'j}n] kxnsbdL eg] gu/L nfO{8g] –af]:6f]gM la|n=
x'Gg . d'G6f] a6fb}{ hfg] xf] eg] eljiodf j}/L g} xf]Og] s'/fdf xfdL rgfvf] x'g' kb{5ý Opgenort, Jean Robert. 2005. A Grammar of Jero with a
h;/L cfh Pp6} ls/fFtL hflt eflifs, ;fF:s[lts / /fhg}lts cf8 lnP/ j}/L eO{ Historical Comparative Study of the Kiranti Languages.
/x]sf 5g\ . ;'/]n / xfo'sf] t]xL xl/ljhf]u xf] . afs'nf]rfgf cfGbf]ng klg of] Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, 5/3, Leiden-Boston: Brill.
xl/ljhf]usf] csf]{ vftf vf]Ng] lbzfdf p2t 5 . /f9' / h]?ª jLrsf] efOrf/fdf k|eft, nj= ;=@)%$= ‘lxn]kfg b\ofn’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, !, ^M @)=

|| 99 || || 100 ||
Prabhat, Lawa. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Hilepan dyal’, Libju-Bhumju, 6,
1, 6: 20. @=( ls/fFtL–vflnª (Kiranti-Khaling)

/fO{, cªuwg= ;=@)%^= ‘;fnfª’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !!M $(=


Rai, Angadhan. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Salang’, Libju-Bhumju, 8, 1, 11: 49.
–––––= ;=@)%$= ‘ufd'Gjd dlGb/ l/d /O’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, @, &M !*= @=(=) kl/ro (Introduction)
–––––= 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Gamunwam mandir rim rai’, Libju-
Bhumju, 6, 2, 7: 18. tf]af / vflnª -;=@)$*M @*–#)_ n] ls/fFtL–vflnª gfd, kl/ro,
–––––= ;=@)%@= ‘cfd\ hLjg’, lnAh'–e'Dh', $, !, #M @!= pTklQ / Oltxf;sf] rrf{ ub}{ vflnªx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf Vofn
–––––= 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Aam jivan’, Libju-Bhumju, 4, 1, 3: 21. /fb' eGg] ub{5g\ / Vofn zAbsf] cke|+z jf g]kfnL ?k ‘vflnª’ clg o;sf]
/fO{ -åf¥jfªrf–jfDa'n]_, u0f]z= ;=@)%)= ‘cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf /fO{x¿M ;fgf] rrf{ cg'jfb k"j{hx¿ jf lkt[x¿nfO{ k'Hg] hflt egL cYof{Psf 5g\ . t/ OG8f]–cfo{g
-ls/fFtL–h]?ª;lxt_’, lnAh'–e'Dh', @, !–$M & / !%= ;efg]df len/ g]Ohn (velar nasal) ÷ª÷ Wjlg sd} kfOg] x'gfn] of] ts{ t]tL
Rai (Dwarwangcha-Wambule), Ganesh. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Wallo kTofl/nf] b]lvb}g . vflnªsf csf]{ j}slNks gfdkb vfn'ª ce}m klg
Kiratka Raiharu: sano charcha (including Kiranti-Jerung)’, cl:tTjdf 5 . –n'ª -?lkd / n]lS;d klg_ n] ;efg]df ‘9'ªuf’ hgfpF5 . cGo
Libju-Bhumju, 2, 1, 1-4: 7 and 15. ls/fFtL efiffx¿df klg of] kb÷n]lS;d k|fKo 5 . t];f] esf]n] vflnª jf vfn'ª
/fO{, OGb"sd' f/= ;=@)%$= ‘cfAnf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, !, ^M @!= (Khali(u)ng) OG8f]–cfo{g g]kfnL xf]Og eGg] xfd|f] 7gfO 5 . ls/fFtL–vflnªx¿
Rai, Indu K. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Aabla’, Libju-Bhumju, 6, 1, 6: 21. klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s
;'a's,' /hg= ;=@)%$= ‘JofFl;n]s b]Dd]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, !, ^M @@= efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa'
Subuku, Rajan. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Vyasilek demme’, Libju- (Khambu) xf] eG5 .
Bhumju, 6, 1, 6: 22.
-----. ;=@)%@= ‘Osb'Mvf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', $, !, #M @!= pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
-----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Ikadu:kha’, Libju-Bhumju, 4, 1, 3: 21. klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]]/}n] gSsn ub}{ 7fn' aGg] xf]8df
EfflG;6f6{, O8]g= !((@ -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !*(^_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -ljy ofg\ j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) klg xf] . of] /fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g
OG6««f8] S;g afO Pr=Pr= l/:n]_= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M Plhog Ph's;
] gn /fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . clg csf]{ v;Ls/gs[t÷Khasization klxrfg
;le{;];=\ hldGbf/>lhdL klg xf] . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb
Vansittart, Eden. 1992 [orig.1896]. Notes on Nepal (with an ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] .
introduction by H.H. Risley). New Delhi and Madras: Asian dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
Educational Services. pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ ls/fFtL–/b' jf b'dLx¿n] b'dL a|f] eg]em}+
-----. !((! -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !()^_= u'vf{hM\ x ÅofG8a's= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M
vflnª jf Vofn a|f -tfkf]ef/f]nf]÷tapobharolo_ / sfl/ªuf] klg eGb5g\ .
Plhog Ph's;
] gn ;le{;];=\ ZofFb/ jf ;fs]nf ;F:s[lt k/Dk/fnfO{ eg] ;fVn]df;f{ jf jf; gfdfs/g ub{5g\ .
-----. 1991 [orig.1906]. Gurkhas: A Handbook. New Delhi &
vflnªsf] ls/fFtL–b'dL / ls/fFtL–sf]O jf sf]o';uF elugL ;DjGw 5 eg]
Madras: Asian Educational Services.
jfDa'n–] /fO{, jL= ;=@)%$= ‘yfn ;fDg'O{ <’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, !, ^M @!= ls/fFtL–s'nª' –;f]tfª / ls/fFtL–y'nª
' ;Fu cln 6f9f g} b]lvG5 .
Wambule-Rai, B. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Thal samnui’, Libju-Bhumju, lbSKo / dfKosf] ;Gtlt dfGg] ls/fFtL–vflnª jStfx¿n] cfk\mgf]
6, 1, 6: 21. ;+:yf ls/fFtL–vflnª efiff k|j¢{g ;ldltdfk{mt cfk\mgf] efiff–;flxTosf] k|j4{g
jfDa'n–] /fO{, lbg]z= ;=@)%$= ‘b\ofn Njfd Jofyf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, !, ^M @@= / ;+/S5g ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ls/fFt vflnª pTyfg ;dfh klg of] lbzfdf k|of;/t
Wambule-Rai, Dinesh. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Dyal lwam byatha’, 5 . P;s] vflnªn] t cfk\mg} eflifs ;+:yf PgPgPnkLcfO -g]kfn /fli6«o efiff
Libju-Bhumju, 6, 1, 6: 22. ;+/If0f ;+:yf_ dfk{mt\ cNk;+Vos cflbjf;L efiffx¿sf] ;+/S5]g cleofg g}
***************************
|| 101 || || 102 ||
rnfPsf 5g\ . of] efiffn] uf]/vfkqsf] gofF g]kfn ;dfj]zL k[i7 22 df klg :yfg xnS;'_, xfªs'n, xfªqmfk, h'an], h'laªu] -Snfgf]lgd geP/ 6f]kf]lgd_,
kfO;s]sf] 5 . s:tjf;, nftf];, nf]dfl/hf, nf]D?; 23 -h:t}M 5qdfg /fO{, vf:tfk, ;f]n'vD' a'_,
dOvj;, ds]qmf, df/;f]cfn], d'ns' -df]nf]vf -<_ df]nf]v|fk] _, k/?;, kfotL,
@=(=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
k'nfnL, /fkm\5~/fkrf -cfh;Dd ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] y/ egL ljZjf; ul/Psf] t/
tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] dft[efiff lzS5fsf]nflu s]Gb| ls/fFtL–sf]FOr syfx¿df lhlhrf y/sf ls/fFtL–?Fsx' ¿r}F sf]FOrdf ldl;P
eg]/ jfs' ufpF, ;f]n'vD' a'nfO{ k|:tfj u/]sf lyP . t/ tf]af / tf]af -O{=!(&(, elgPsf] 5M o;f] xf] eg] lhlhrf geP/ /fkrf x'g' k5{ tfklg of] ls/fFtL–
!(&% / !(&#_ n] vf:tfk–af;fsf] vflnª jf Vofn a|fr}F dfgs 5 eg]sf 5g\ . vflnªsf] y/ geP/ dft[efiffdf 6f]kf]÷nf]sf]lgd dfQ} /x]5_, /TbfnL, ?g$ 24 -h:t}M
of] efiffsf c? :yfgx¿df b"wsf]zLsf] jfl/kf/L ufpFx¿ h:t}M 6flS;Gb', Ho'leª, dfgjL/ vflnª–/fO{_, t]KtfnL, jfKrfnL -t'n= eflG;6f6{ O{=!*(^ / !()^ klg_
jf;f, jfs', sfFs' cflb_, b]pvf]nf, sfFsv ' f]nf, o'ªv'vf]nf, vf]6fªsf] pQ/L cflb OToflb . oxfF sltko Snfgf]lgdx¿sf] cGTodf ePsf ?lkd–nL OG8f]–
efu, l;Gb|fª–ef]hk'/, afg]Zj/–;+vj' f;ef, vf/fª–;+vj' f;ef, k'mn]nL–a'Okf– cfo{g v;Ls/g÷Khasization ?kx¿ x'g\ . o;f] ug'{ eg]sf] cfk\mgf] ;fOgf]–
' , kfFry/, Onfd, t]x|yd' -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=!) X klg_ cflb g} x'g\ .
vf]6fª, tfKn]hª l6a]6f]–ad{g df}lnstfsf] 3fF6L lgdf]7\g' xf] . pgLx¿df åf:gª k|lqmofaf6 klg
gfdfs/g ul/g] rng 5 . of] k|lqmof / k"g?{ k]g Snfgf]lgdx¿ ;=@)%% / %* df
k|sflzt j+zfjnL Vofn /fb' 5]:s' td| k':tsdf x]gx'{ f];\ .
@=(=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
ls/fFtL–vflnªsf] Vofn a|f df cfh;Dd k"gs { fnLg efiffj}Uoflgs
cWoog ug]{ eg]sf hfkfgL efiffljb\x¿ ;'Pof]zL / OlGu|8 tf]af g} x'g\ . pgLx¿n]
of] efiffdf O{=&) sf] bzssf] z'?b]lv g} cWoog z'? u/]sf x'g\ . / ;'Pof]zL
tf]afn] t Vofn a|f df ;[hgfTds n]vg klg u/]sf 5g\ . vflnª–b'dL–sf]O
glhssf elugL efiffx¿ x'g\ . vflnªsf] d'Vo jflg{s ljz]iftf eg]sf] ls/fFtL–
sf]FOr h:t} tfg x'g' g} xf] . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / s'n'ªdf klg sltko zAbx¿
kf]lnl;DoflG6s (polysemantic) ePsfn] tL efiffx¿ klg z'?df tfgn g} lyP
eGg] cg'dfg /fkrf -O{=@))% x]g"{ @=!! df klg_ n] nufPsf 5g\ . ls/fFtL–
vflnªsf] Wjlgx¿ tf]af -O{=!(*$M !_ cg';f/ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\–
:j/ jg{x¿
k|mG6 cG/fpG8]8 O P c$
-gSzf g+=@=!) X: vflnª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !!%_ k|mG6 /fpG8]8 p c$f]
;]G6«n cf
@=(=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms, Jofs p cf] c
moities) JoGhg jg{x¿
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ n] of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿sf] ;+Vof ( xhf/ @ ;o :6K;\ k t s km y v a d u e w 3
&% htfPsf] 5 . casf] ;]G;; O{=@)!! n] lagf s'g} q'6L ;xL jStf;+Vofx¿
clen]lvs[t unf{ eg]/ cfzfjfbL x'g' l;jfo csf{] ljsNk 5}g . pgLx¿sf] 23
Snfgf]lgddf cOo' -x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M !_, afnflnª, af/fn'ªu], of] ;"rgf 5qdfg /fO{, vf:tfk, ;f]n'vD' a';Fusf] @@ ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut
s'/fsfgLsf cfwfl/t 5 .
a]/fn'r, Aof]Nof]d,' r'rLldn], wG/ufpn], lbldn], xfbL, xnS;f] -ls/fFtL–/b'df 24
of] ;"rgf dfgjL/ ?g$–vflnª;Fu !$ c;f]h @)^# jf #) ;]K6]Da/ @))^ zlgjf/sf lbg
ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . pgL klg cfk\mgf] dft[efiff vflnª a|f sf o'jf jStf
22
x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !)&, !(* kfgf *–(, !! d+l;/ @)^$ d+unaf/ . x'g\ .
|| 103 || || 104 ||
oflk|ms]6;\ r 5 h em crDddf k5{g\ . efiff arfp sfo{qmdsf pgL klg Ps cu'jf x'g\ . pgn] nufPsf]
lk|ms]Ol6E;\ ;x u'g xfdL ;bf ;bf ;DemL /xg]5f}+ . gf]/Lsf] dfT;/fsf] kxndf lkkn k':tsx¿ -$
lnlSj8;\ /n j6f h:t}M plxn] / clxn], un}+rf a'Gg]sf] b'Mv, efn';uF hDsfe]6 / cfk\mg}
g]OhN;\ d g ª -jfg l;UdG6 km/\ len/ g]Ohn_ v'§fdf pleg] k|of;, o'gfO6]8 ld;g 6' g]kfn ;=@)%&_ klg k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 .
;]dL efjNh\ jo pg} jfRr{ gf]/Lsf] dfr"/fn] h]Ggf! /]gf! r]Ol;sLM ts tk (Let's Learn to Read
b]jgfu/L lnlkdf sfl/ªuf] sf oL ( :j/x¿ -x]g"{ gf]ls/f ;=@)%*M #^ and Write: Khaling Book 1 & 2) -O{=@)))_ n]v/] xfdLnfO{ af6f] b]vfPsL
klg_ df k|mG6 cG/fpG8]8 :j/ c$ df / k|mG6 /fpG8]8 p$ / cf]$ :j/x¿df ljz]if 5g\ . pgL klg wGojfbs} kfq x'g\ ;a} ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿sfnflu .
8foflqml6s (diacritic) /flvPsf] 5 . o;/L 8foflqml6s /fVbf ;fdfGo dft[efifLx¿s} k|of;df ePsf k':tsx¿df vflnª g]kfnL ;/n lzIff–! / @
kf7snfO{ sl7gfO x'G5 eg] ÷o÷ ;Fu hf]8/] n]Vbf x'G5 . JoGhg jg{x¿ hDdfhDdL -rf/dfof vflnª ;=@)^#_ / vfn ! a|faL xL;fa r]Ol;sL -P;s] vflnª
@% b]lvP . c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg ;=@)^!_ g} k|dv ' x'g\ .
jLrdf leGgtf 5 .
@=(=& cg"lbt ;flxTo (Translated literature)
@=(=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary) xfdLn] e]6]sf] cg"lbt ;flxTodf g]kfn jfOjn ;f];fO6Lsf] lgGjfdkf] a|f
of] dft[efiffdf xfdLn] vf]Hbf e]6]sf zAbfjnL÷zAbsf]zx¿df d'Vo b'O{ -Go" 6]:6fdG6 vflnª, g]af;f] ;=@)%!÷!(($_ g} xf} . P;s] vflnª -;=@)%@M
5g\ . tL x'g–\ !=g]kfnL–vflnª, vflnª–g]kfnL zAbsf]z -;'Pof]zL tf]jf, !–@)_ sf] ‘Vofn /fb'sf]nf] Vofn a|f’ / c? sltko ;fdu|Lx¿ ;okqL
;Gtdfg vflnª / rGb| vflnª O{=!(&$_ / @=c vflnª–Oª\lnz, Oª\lnz– nufotsf hg{n / cGo kqklqsfx¿df 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ .
vflnª Unf];/L -;'Pof]zL tf]jf, OlGu|8 tf]jf, P;s] vflnª / ;LjL vflnª
;lxt O{=!(&$_ . c? klg xfdLn] ge]6]sf t]:tf zAbsf]zx¿ x'g ;Sg] @=(=* nf]ssyf (Folk tales)
;DefjgfnfO{ xfdL gsfb}{gf} . xfn;fn} ;'Pof]zL tf]jf, OlGu|8 tf]jf / P;s] nf]ssyfsf] ;+ux| df ;'Pof]zL tf]af -O{=!(*#_ sf] vflnª 6]S:6;\
vflnªsf] vflnª–Oª\lnz, Oª\lnz–vflnª zAbsf]z lgdf{gflwg 5 . -ofs_ kfOPsf] 5 . o;df !# j6f syfx¿ ;+ul| xt 5g\ . tf]af -!(&#_ s}
sGsf]8G]{ ; cj\ vflnª 6]S:6 -sDKo'6/ lk|G6cfp6, o'lgel;{6L cj\ cSnf]xf]df_
@=(=% efiff÷Jofs/g (Language/grammar) klg 5 . xfdLn] sxL+ st} ‘dfKof / u]Nhf]d’ zLif{ssf] nf]ssyf klg k9]sf 5f}+ .
cl3 xfdLn] pNn]v u/L ;s]em}+ ls/fFtL–vflnªsf] $) jif{ eGbfsf] c? s}og\ k|sflzt syfx¿ xfdLn] oxfF pNn]v ug{ g;Sg'df cfk\mg} afWotf /
a9L cWoog ug]{ eg]sf efiffljb\x¿ ;'Pof]zL / OGu|L8 tf]af g} x'g\ . t];f] esf]n] ;Ldfx¿ 5g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–y'n'ª vflnª h:t} 8f=dfs{ 6'l/gsf]
pgLx¿sf] g} ;a eGbf a9L k|sfzgx¿ vflnªdf cfPsf 5g\ . xfdLn] ;j} ge]6] ;+:yf -l8lh6n lxdfno xf]dk]h e|dg ldlt @* ;]K6]Da/ @))*, /ljjf/_ n] klg
klg vflnªdf t]:tf cWoogx¿ !=vflnª -;'Pof]zL tf]jf O{=!(*$ k|yd syf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ :Sofg u/]/ :yfg lbPsf] 5 .
k|sfzg !(&(_, @=vflnª 6]S:6;\ -k"j{jt\ O{=!(*#_, #=vflnª g]kfnL
cª\u|]hL k|m]ha's -gf]/Lsf] dT;'/f O{=!(((_, $=‘vflnª dft[efiffsf] ljsf;’ @=(=( k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems)
-P;s] vflnª ;=@)%(M $%–$^_, %=‘vflnª efiffsf] ljsf; / ;d:ofx¿’ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª -x]g"{ @=@^ klg_ / ls/fFtL–/f9' -x]g"{ @=!( klg_ df
-k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%@_, ^=u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((! sn]lS6e ?kdfý x]g"{ cWofo tLg h:tf] 7]nLsf 7]nL k'm6s/ sljtf / sljtf ;+ux| x¿ xfdLn] ls/fFtL–vflnªdf
klg_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . lnl:6ª ug{ ;s]gf}+ . of] xfd|f] sdhf]/L x'g ;S5 . csf]{ s'/f xfd|f] JolQmut
tfs]tfnf] tfut gk'u]sf] klg x'g ;S5 . t];/L t]tL w]/} vflnª slj /
@=(=^ kf7\ok':ts÷;fdu|L (Textbooks/pedagogical materials) sljloqLx¿sf] jLraf6 xfdLn] b'O{ sljx¿nfO{ dfq k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;Sof}+ .
P;s] vflnª / ;'Pof]zL tf]af b'j} ldn]/ dft[efiff lzS5fsf w]/} tL sljx¿df !=‘;'Sk'd'x\o’] -of]ªh]g vflnª ;=@)^#, kf?xfª, @)#( jf ltjL
k':tsx¿ k|sfzg ePsf] ;"rgf xfdLnfO{ xfd|f kfx'gf jfRr{ ‘;fyL’ tf]afn] lbg' k'ªDofxfd\ gf]e]Da/ !(*)_ / @=‘h]g x\jfO’ -;'Pof]zL tf]af ;=@)$*M ^@_, #=‘Og
ePsf] 5 . x'g klg ls/fFtL–vflnªk|ltsf] ;dk{g clg sfd ug]{ z}nL b]v/] xfdL b]n sDaL xf] PO{’ -lzjs'df/ vflnª ;=@)%)M *$–*^ý cª\uh |] L
dfQ} xf]Og hfkfgL cf]s] afh] / o'sf] cf]sfdf]tf]x¿nfO{ lrGg] hf] sf]xL klg cg'jfbsf]nflu x]g"{ #–( cu:6 @))! g]kfnL 6fOD;\ sf] Snr/ k]h klg_ g} x'g\ .
|| 105 || || 106 ||
o;sf] c? vf]hL sfo{sf] cljef/f xfdL xfd|f] gofF cGj]ifsx¿nfO{ gf;f] lb+b} c? @=(=!# ;|Ao Sof;]6 (Audio tapes/cassettes)
ljifo j:t'lt/ df]l8g rfxG5f}+ . ls/fFtL–vflnªdf /]g]5]k|s,] wgs'6fn] # j6f uLt /]s8{ 25 -x]g"{
@=(=!) Hfflt–efiffzf:q÷j+zfjnL (Ethno-linguistics/genealogy) Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ -‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#,
hflt jf j+z / efiff;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf cWoogx¿df !=‘vflnª /fO{ @% ;=@)^#M #@_ ePsf] tYo e]l6Psf] 5 . ofof]Svfsf] :ofd'gfdf eg] of] efiffsf]
hflt’ -;'Pof]zL tf]af / P;s] vflnª ;=@)$*M @*–#)_, @=‘vflnª hflt / uLt k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5}g . c? Sof;]6x¿df dfgjL/ ?g$–vflnªn] xfdLnfO{
p;sf] efiff’ -P;s] vflnª ;=@)%@M !–@)_, #=vfn tD/f jf vflnª hfltsf] atfP cg';f/ d'Srd ‘pkxf/’ -;=@)%^_ Sof;]6 /]s8{df cfPsf] 5 . o;df
pTklQ -P;s] vflnª ;=@)$$_, $=‘vflnª /fO{ hflt’ -;'Pof]zL tf]af / P;s] ofbjs'df/ v$fn -Vofn, vflnª_ sf] $, kljwg v$fnsf] # / wg v$fnsf] ! u/L
vflnª ;= @)$*M @*–#)_, %=Vofn /fb' 5]:s' td| ‘vflnª–/fO{ j+zj[If’ b' hDdf * j6f uLtx¿ ;+ul| xt 5g\ . t/ ;f] skL xfdL;Fu df}hb' geP klg o;sf]
dGKo–@ -rGb'| vflnª ;=@)%* / efu ! klg 5_, ^=‘vflnª KnfG6 g]ODh\M c uLt lk|G6 k]h xfdLnfO{ dfgjL/ ?g–$ vflnªn] pknAw u/fpg' ePsf] 5 .
:68L og\ OYgf]af]6\gL ofG8 lelnh Osf]gf]dL’ -OlGu|8 Tff]af O{=!(&%_, &=Vofn\ o;afx]s c? k|of;x¿ klg eO/x]sf 5g\ . k]ml/ klg Ps bzskl5 pxL
tD/ -a'l4ls/0f vflnª ;=@)^@_ cflb OToflb e]l6Psf 5g\ . d'Srdsf] efu b'O{ -x]g"{ uf]/vfkq, jif{ !)*, c+s !$%, c;f]h !@, @)^%_ ;|ft] f
;fd' pknAw eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
@=(=!! efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies)
@=(=!$ ls/fFtL–vflnª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Khaling sample
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf tf]afåon] w]/} sfd u/L ;Sg' ePsf] xfdLn] wordlist)
cl3 g} klg :d/g u/L ;Sof}+ . xfdLn] e]6g\ ;s]sf slto ;flxTodf !=‘b vflnª
ej’{ -OlGu|L8 Tff]af O{=!(&#_, @=‘b k|fg] f]ldgn clkmS; l;:6d Og\ vflnª’ xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
-;'Pof]zL tf]af O{=!((*_, #=vflnª -k"j{jt\ O{=!(*$ -k|yd k|sfzg !(&(, cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
Jofs/g pk–vG8df klg_, $=c kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l/sG:6«S;g cj\ k|f6] f]–gf]b{g /fO{ ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M !(–@!_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
-k"jj{ t\ O{=!(*# OGSn'8\;\ vflnª–s'nª ' –y'n'ª kmf]gf]nf]hL_, %=‘l/Eo' cj\ P; :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
tf]af, vflnª !(*#’ -aL sf]D/L O{=!(*%M &@@–&@#_, ^=‘b ej{ ofG8 b lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
l8e]nKdG6 cj\ 6f]g Og\ vflnª’ -af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL O{=!(&%_, &=‘sfl/ªuf] !=Vof]n]ª\ -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=*Ko'o' -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
-vflnª Nofªu'Oh\_’ -;'Pof]zL tf]af / jfO{= lgzL O{=!(**M !@(&–!@((_, #=psf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=d'k' -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
*=vflnª kmf]gl] ds ;d/L Og\ l6a]6f]–ad{g kmf]gl] ds ;dl/h\ PScfOcfO -tf]af %=£jfNKo -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=;Nk' -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
O{=!(&@P_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . c? ldl;|t ?kdf ePsf efiff–hfltzf:qLo &=SofGGo -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=s]s]d\ -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
cWoogx¿df s/]g Pr Pj6{, af]O8 ldvfOnf]e:sL / uf]kfn vDa" cflb x'g\ . (=lx -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=;f]nf] -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
!!=Kjfd\ -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=£o|Go -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
@=(=!@ wfld{s÷;fF:s[lts k':ts÷n]vx¿ !#=Sof]d\ -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=5SKo -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
otf wd{ ;F:s[ltsf 7]nL klg xfdLn] rfx]hlt kfpg ;s]gf}+ . vf]hfOsf] !%=lkGo -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=dGGo -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
k|of;df xfdL t]tL gr'ss
] f]n] klg s]xLr}+ k]mnf kf/]sf 5f}+ . tL k/]sfx¿dWo]df !&=Vn]k -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=t"Go -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
!=‘vflnª -/fO{_sf] ljjfx ;+:sf/’ -k"l0f{df /fO{ ;=@)^#_, @=‘kmf]s cf6{ ofG8 !(=wf]ªK\ o -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss] f]’ dry @)=ª]rf] -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
vflnª sNr/ r]Gh ofh cAhE8{ Og\ c vflnª lelnh’ -OGu|L8 Tff]af @!=aof -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=Hof]GGo -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
@#=*k\mof]kf]tL -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d;\ -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
O{=!((&_ / #=vflnª hfltsf] nf]s;+uLt -k|zfGt l;+x ;=@)%*_ cflb x'g\ .
25
c? ls/fFtL efiffx?df ls/fjf $%, cf7k|] &, k'df @, s'nª
' !), a]nxf/] #, l5Gtfª %,
l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'nª ' $, b'dL @, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL #,
kmfªb'jfnL #, ofSvf * uLt /]s8{ pknAw 5g\ egL Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfªn] ;f] n]vdf
v'nf;f u/]sf 5g\ .
|| 107 || || 108 ||
@%=:jfd\ -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 xfdLn] dft[efiff jStfx¿ dfgjL/ ?gc$–vflnª, P;s]
@&=ª\of] -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=:of] -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat vflnª / ;'Pof]zL–OlGu|8 tf]afnfO{ of] pk–cWofo 6Lsfl6KkgLsfnflu lbPsf]
@(=e]Go{ -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=:ofn -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot lyof}+ / ljz]ift of] :jf8]z ln:6df pxfFx¿af6 cfPsf z'4fz'l4 jf km/s dtnfO{
#!=t"b' -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=laGo -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give oxfF k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+– g+=@ df x'g' kg]{ k'o' dfQ} -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf k'n' _, g+=@# df
##=aª\Ko -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5f]bf]Ao -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease e]l6Psf] km/s k\moft / tL klg, g+=$@ df x'g' kg]{ x}Ko, g+=$$df x'g' kg]{ ;]GGo,
#%=lulud\ -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=wf];d\ -gf_ ‘s];’ hair g+=%@ df x'g' kg]{ ‘k'?if dfG5]’, g+=%# df x'g' kg]{ 3\of]n,] g+=%$ df x'g' kg]{ Nof],
#&=v/ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=wf]ª\ -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head g+=^^ df ‘JolQm’ / dflg; klg, g+=^& df x'g' kg]{ Jof], g+=&! df km/s :ofv|\of,
#(=lªGo -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=Rof]M -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart g+=*$ df ‘kf}8g'’ geP/ dlRrg', / g+=!)) df ;]G6«n efjn ePsf]n] c\of]co\ f]d
$!=3|fª
] -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=*xx}Ko -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
$#=pª -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=*;]Go -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill n]lvg' kg]{ .
$%=tD5' -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=sf]Go -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know @=(=!% lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
$&=kmf] -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=lylG;Go -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs ( df k/]sf] ls/fFtL–
$(=n'd\ -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=;f]ªKo -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long vflnª efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfO k'us ] f 5f}+ . ;flxTo
%!=;]/ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=*Nof:Ao -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
%#=*3f]n] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=*No -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon ;[ghgfdf t]tL pTkfbs sfdx¿ gePsf] b]lvof] . efiff arfpg] / l;sfpg]
%%=/f] -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=Sjfd\ -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth sfddf eg] PgPgPnkLcfOsf] w]/} /fd|f] of]hgf / k|sfzgx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . t/
%&=;]GbL -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=gª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name ;Grf/ dfWoddf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª -x]g"{ @=@^ klg_ / ls/fFtL–ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!)
%(=tfS5' -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=plgg\ -lj_ ‘gofF’ new klg_ efiffdf k|;f/g ePh:tf] of] efiffsf] pkl:ylt eg] z"Go k|foM g} kfO{of] .
^!=p;]Go -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@= Gof] -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose xfn;Dd kfljs]sf] k|fylds lzS5fsf] kf7\o:' ts lgdf{g sfo{ klg ePsf] 5}g .
^#=d'Uof] -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=t'af -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one tf]afsf] syf;+u|x afx]s sljtf, lgjGw / n]v cflbsf] ;+ux| x¿ 5}gg\ . gf6s
^%=Nofd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=*x;\ -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person ljwfdf klg xfdLn] vf; t]:tf] s]xL e]6g] f}+ . pkGof; ljwfdf t ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª /
^&=*Aof] -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xnnfd\ -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª -x]g"{ @=@! klg_ afx]s vflnª ;fy} c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df klg
^(=;':ofd -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=kkNdLd\ -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round e]l6Psf] 5}g . ls/fFtL–sf]FOr h:t} ls/fFtL–vflnª klg tfgn efiff g} xf] .
&!=*of]t]n\ -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=ANofGGo -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say :jf8]z ;o zAb;"lrdfr}F ;o k|ltzt zAb g} df}hb" 5g\ . cn:of] 5\ofNÅofd .
&#=;]OGo -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=/f? -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed ----------------
&%=ª\ofOGo -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=;sf -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
&&=clD;Go -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=ltlaRof]d\ -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small ljz]if 6Lsfl6KkgL
&(=ldSDof] -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=/]DGo -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand cfh gofF g]kfnsf] h'g kl/sNkgdf xfdL 5f}+ý Tof] xfdL g]kfnsf ;a}
*!=;fªu/ -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone hghflt / efiffefifLx¿sf] lglDt slt ;'vb /xG5 eGg] s'/f eljion] g} lgZro
*#=Gjfd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=*No'Go -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim atfpg] 5 . jf:tjdf h;/L cGo of]hgfx¿ of]hgfj4 tl/sfn] th'{df ub{5f}+ý
*%=d]/ -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=osd\ -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that t];u} /L ;a} hflt / efiffefifLx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] lsl;dsf] sfo{qmdx¿ of]hgfj4
*&=To -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=Og\ -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you tl/sfn] ul/g' cfjZos 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* cg';f/
*(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=ªn' -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth g]kfndf (# hft hflt / efiffefifLx¿sf] klxrfg eO{ ;s]ssf] 5 . o;sf/0f oL
(!=;ª\÷w]S;' -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=;fSk' -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two ljleGg hft hflt / efiffefifLx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;lsg] vfnsf] gLlt tyf
(#=NofdlyGo -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=s' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water sfo{qmdx¿ agfpg' kb{5 .
(%=cf]s÷Os -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=dfª -;j{_ ‘s]’ what g]kfnsf pk]lIft ljleGg hflt tyf dft[efiffx¿dWo] ls/fFt vflnª /fO{
(&=a'a'd\ -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=:o" -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who hflt klg Ps xf] . o;} qmddf vflnª efiffsf] ljsf;sf] qmdnfO{ a8f]
((=d]N;]d\ -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))= *cf]cf]d\ -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow cle?rLsf ;fy vf]h u/L clen]lvs/0f ug{ nfUg' ePsf]df 8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n'
----------
|| 109 || || 110 ||
/fkrfHo"sf ;fy} pxfFsf ;x–n]vs ldqx¿nfO{ d'/L d'/L wGojfb glbO{ /xg Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
;lsGg . pxfFx¿sf] o:t} k|of;x¿ ;a} hflt / efiffx¿sf] lglDt ;w}+ /xf];\ eGg] ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
sfdgf klg ub{5' . ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf sf/0f ;a} hflt / efiffefifLx¿sf] ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
oyfy{ hfgsf/L pknAw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf o; k|sf/sf] efiffljz]if1x¿sf] sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
of]ubfg x'Fb} hfg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf nf]kf]Gd'v sltko hflt / dft[efiffx¿nfO{ Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
ax'dN" o /fli6«o ;DklQsf] ?kdf ;+/If/0f / ;Da4{g ug{ d2t k'Ug]5 . Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
Yayokkha.
©P;s] vflnª vflnª, a'l4ls/0f= ;=@)^@= Vofn\ tD/ -vflnª d'Gw'd_= sf7dfG8"M dfgjL/ /
;+:yfks, PgPgPnkLcfO, wf]aL3f6, nlntk''/ wg vflnª=
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;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography vflnª, rGb|= ;=@)%*= Vofn /fb' 5]:s' td| ‘vflnª–/fO{ j+zj[If’= sf7dfG8"M
PjO5f–afGtfjf, l8s= ;=@)%*= afGtjf -/fO{_ zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M lbks'df/ dfgjL/ vflnª=
?kfa'ª= Khaling, Chandra. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Khaling-Rai Vamshabriksha’,
Ewoicha-Bantawa, Dik. 2001 [VS 2058]. Bantawa (Rai) Khyal Radu Chhesku Tamra. Kathmandu: Manvir Khaling.
Shabdakosh. Kathmandu: Dipkumar Rupabung. vflnª, rf/dfof= ;=@)^#= vflnª g]kfnL ;/n lzIff–! / @= sf7dfG8"M
sf]D/L, aL= O{=!(*%= ‘l/Eo' cj\ P; tf]af, vflnª !(*#’, Nofªu'Oh, ^!, #M g]kfnL /fli6«o efiff ;+/If0f ;+:yf=
&@@–&@#= Khaling, Charmaya. 2006 [VS 2063]. Khaling Nepali Saral
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Pj6{, s/]g Pr= @))#= ‘Os'OEofnG6;\ cj\ ‘sGh'u]l6e kfl6{l;kN;’ Og\ ls/fFtL vflnª, P;s]= ;=@)^!= vf!n a|faL xL;fa r]Ol;sL= sf7dfG8"M g]kfnL /fli6«o
Nofªu'Olhh\ -OGSn'8;\ a]Nxf/] OUhfDkN;\_’= Og\ t]h cf/ sG;fsf/ / efiff ;+/If0f ;+:yf=
dfs{ 6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyDh\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 Khaling, SK. 2004 [VS 2061]. Khal Brabi Hisab Cheisiki.
lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8]nju{ / lqlj= Kathmandu: Nepali National Languages Preservation
Institute.
Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in
-----.;=@)%(= ‘vflnª dft[efiffsf] ljsf;’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @@M $%–$^=
Kiranti languages’ (includes Khaling examples). In Tej R
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Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia Bhumju, 11, 2, 22: 45-46.
Institute, Heidelberg and TU. -----. ;=@)%@= ‘Vofn /fb'sf]nf] Vofn a|f’ -vflnª hflt / p;sf] efiff_,
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ = ;okqL, !, @M !–@)=
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg= -----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Khyal Radukolo khyal bra’ (Khaling jati ra
Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste usko bhasha), Sayapatri, 11, 2, 22: 45-46.
Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of -----. ;=@)%@= ‘vflnª efiffsf] ljsf; / ;d:ofx¿’, uf]/vfkq b}lgs, #
Indigenous Nationalities. c;f/ @)%@, zlgjf/=
vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !,!M -----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Khaling bhashako vikas ra samasyaharu’,
#(–$@= Gorkhapatra, 3 Asar 2052, Saturday.

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-----. ;=@)%) ‘Ogb]n sdaL xf] PO{’, /fli6«o efiffsf sljtfx¿ -;Dkf=df]xg Toba, Ingrid. 1997. ‘Folk art and Khaling culture change as
sf]O/fn_= sf7dfG8"M g]/fk|k=| kfgf= *$–*^= observed in a Khaling village’, Kailash, V, 1: 15-27.
-----. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Indel kambi go ei’, Rastriya Bhashaka -----. O{=!(&%= ‘vflnª KnfG6 g]ODh\M c :68L og\ OYgf]af]6g\ L ofG8 lelnh
Kavitaharu (ed. Mohan Koirala). Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Osf]gf]dL’, s}nf;, III, @M !$%–!^(=
Academy. Pp. 84-86. -----. 1975. ‘Khaling plant names: A study in ethnobotany and
dfr"/f, gf]/Lsf]= O{=@)))= h]Ggf! /]gf! r]Ol;sLM ts tk (Let's Learn to Read village economy’, Kailash, III, 2: 145-169.
and Write: Khaling Book 1 & 2). sLlt{k/' M ;]l/8, 6Lo'= -----. O{=!(&#= ‘b vflnª ej{’, g]kfn :6l8h\ Og\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ != sLlt{k/' M
Matsuura, Noriko. 2000. Jenna Rena Cheisiki: Tak Tap (Let's ;d/ OlG:6Ro'6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ ofG8 OlG:6Ro'6 cj\ g]kfn ofG8
Learn to Read and Write: Khaling Book 1 & 2). Kirtipur: Plhog\ :6l8h\= kfgf !–!$=
CERID, TU. -----. 1973. ‘The Khaling verb’, Nepal Studies in Linguistics I.
-----. O{=!(((= vflnª g]kfnL cª\uh |] L k|m]ha's= sLlt{k/' M lzIff ljsf; Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, lqlj= Nepal and Asian Studies. Pp 1-14.
-----. 1999. Khaling Nepali English Phrasebook. Kirtipur: Siksha Tff]af, ;'Pof]zL= O{=!((*= ‘b k|fg] f]ldgn clkmS; l;:6d Og\ vflnª’= Og\ l8=
Vikas Anusandhan Kendra, TU. a|f8nL, Oh]P x]G8/;g / Pd dfhfp8g -;Dkf=_= k|f; ] f]l8s cGofln;;\
ldvfOnf]E:sL, af]O8= !(&%P= ‘gf]6;\ cg\ b ls/fFtL ej{’, @= b cf]l/lhg cj\ 6f]g ofG8 Plhog lnªu'Ol:6S;\= kfgf @)!–$ -<_=
Og\ vflnª, lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cj\ b l6j]6f]ad{g Pl/of, @, @M @)%–@!*= Toba, Sueyoshi. 1989. ‘The pronominal affix system in Khaling’.
Michailovsky, Boyd. 1975a. ‘Notes on the Kiranti verb, 2. The In D. Bradley, EJA Henderson and M Mazaudon (eds.).
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Area, 2.2: 205-218. -----. O{=!(*$ -k|yd k|sfzg !(&(_= vflnª -Plhog ofG8 oflk|msg
-----. O{=!(&%= b ej{ ofG8 b l8e]nKdG6 cj\ 6f]g Og\ vflnª= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 u|Dofl6sn Dofg'cn g+= !# 8L -bf];|f] ;+:s/g__= 6f]lsof]M cfOPn;LPP,
Og\ lb P6\y cfO;LP;6LPnPn, o'lgel;{6L cj\ Soflnkmf]lg{of of6 as{n=] 6f]lsof] o'lgel;{6L cj\ km/]g :68Lh\=
-----. 1975. The verb and the development of tone in Khaling. Paper -----. 1984 [1st edition 1979]. Khaling [Asian and African
presented at the 8th ICSTLL, University of California at Grammatical Manual No. 13d (2nd edition)]. Tokyo: ILCAA,
Berkely. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
g]af;f]= ;=@)%!= lgGjfdkf] a|f -Go" 6]:6fdG6 vflnª_= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn afOan -----. O{=!(*#= c kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l/sG:6«S;g cj\ k|f6] f]–gf]b{g /fO{= PdP lyl;;,
;f];fO6L= o"lgel;{6L cj\ 6]S;;\ of6 cln{ª6\ g, h'nfO{ !(*#=
NBS. 1994 [VS 2051]. Ninwampo Bra [New Testament Khaling]. -----. 1983. A phonological reconstruction of proto-northern Rai.
Kathmandu: Nepal Bible Society. MA Thesis, University of Texas at Arlinton, July 1083.
/fO{, k"l0f{df= @)^# -O{=@))^_= ‘vflnª -/fO{_sf] ljjfx ;+:sf/’, dfu{lrq, !, -----. O{=!(*#= vflnª 6]S:6;\ = ofs &= 6f]lsof]M OlG:6Ro'6 km/ b :68L cj\
!%M $, ! ebf} )^#, ljlxjf/= Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 sNr;{ cj\ Plhof ofG8 oflk|msf, o'lgel;{6L cj\
Rai, Purnima. 2006. ‘Khaling (Rai)ko vivaha sanskar’, 6f]lsof]=
Margachitra, 1, 15: 4, 17 August 2006, Thursday. -----. 1983. Khaling Texts. Yak 7. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of
l;+x, k|zfGt= ;=@)%*= vflnª hfltsf] nf]s;+uLt= ck|sflzt zf]wkq= Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, University of
nlntsnf SofDk;= Tokyo.
Singh, Prasant. 2001 [VS 2058]. Khaling jatiko loksangit. -----. O{=!(*#= cu]{l6le6L Og\ vflnª–/fO{= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og b kmf]y{ ofg'cn
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Tff]af, OlGu|L8= O{=!((&= ‘kmf]s cf6{ ofG8 vflnª sNr/ r]Gh ofh cAhE8{ Og\ -----. 1983. Ergativity in Khaling-Rai. Paper presented in the 4th
c vflnª lelnh’, s}nf;, V, !M !%–@&= Annual CLSN, 23 December.

|| 113 || || 114 ||
-----. O{=!(&@P= vflnª kmf]gl] ds ;d/L Og\ l6a]6f]–ad{g kmf]gl] ds ;dl/h\
PScfOcfO, sLlt{k/' M P;cfOPn ofG8 Ogf;, 6Lo' -ldldcf]=_= @=!) ls/fFtL–ls/fjf (Kiranti-Kirawa)
-----. 1972a. Khaling Phonemic Summary in Tibeto-Burman
Phonemic Summaries XII, Kirtipur: SIL & INAS, TU
(Mimeo.). @=!)=) kl/ro (Introduction)
-----. ;=@)$*= ‘h]g x\jfO’, lxdfno, !, !, #M ^@=
-----. 1991 [VS 2048]. ‘dzen whai’, Himalaya, 1, 1, 3: 62. $ \sf ls/fjf’ egL lrgf/L u/fpg]
cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf ‘pª
Tff]jf, ;'Pof]zL, P;s] vflnª / ;LaL vflnª= O{=!(&$= c vflnª–Oª\lnz, jStfx¿sf] klxnf] Plk;]G6/ sf7dfG8" pkTosfdf ls/fFt o'u 9n]kl5 bf];|f]
Oª\lnz–vflnª Unf];/L= sf7dfG8"M P;cfOn ofG8 Ogf;, lqlj, xii pp Plk;]G6/ dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtsf] jLrdf k"j{ $ gDa/ ef]hk'/ lhNnf, kNnf]
(!= ls/fFt g} xf] . klxn] cf]vn9'ªuf, vf]6fª / ef]hk'/ nufotsf ls/fFt :yfgx¿
Toba, Sueyoshi, SK Khaling & CB Khaling. 1974. A Khaling- Ps ;uf]n Onfsfdf eP klg ;=@)!* b]lv k|zf;lgs ?kn] tLg 6'qmf kfl/Psf]
English, English-Khaling Glossary. Kathmandu: SIL & lyof] . ‘ls/fjf’ zAbsf] Ol6df]nf]hL (etymology) nfO{ s]nfpFb} Gofolw; tyf
INAS, TU, xii pp 91. n]vs /fdrGb| /fO{ -O{=@)))M #%–#*, ;Gbe{ tn @=!)=!% df x]g_"{ n] cfk\mgf]
tf]af, ;'Pof]zL / P;s] vflnª= ;=@)$*= ‘vflnª /fO{ hflt’, dw'ks{, @$, #, ljleGg n]vx¿df ‘ls/fFtL’÷‘ls/fFt’ zAbx¿sf] dfp xf] eGg] ts{ cufl8 ;f/]sf
@^^M @*–#)= 5g\ . t/ xfd|f] vf]hfO / a'emfOdf eg] ‘ls/fFtL’÷‘ls/fFt’ zAbsf] dfp jf d"n
Toba, Sueyoshi and SK Khaling. 1991 [VS 2048]. ‘Khaling Rai ls/fjf geP/ jO/ft -lxHh]df cf]O/ft klg n]Vg dgfl;a, t'n= /fkrf ;=@)^!M
jait’, Madhupark, 24, 3, 266: 28-30. @!–@% klg_ xf] . o;sf] t'ngfTds cWoog xfdLn] cWofo kfFrdf u/]sf 5f}+ .
Toba, Sueyoshi and Y. Nishi. 1988. ‘Karingo (Khaling language)’,
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jt{dfgdf ls/fjf zAbsf] t]tL n]vfO k|rng 5}g hlt afGtfjf jf
Tokyo: Sanseido 1: 1297-1299. af]Gtfjf (Ba(o)ntawa) zAbsf] 5 . lty{/fh d'sf?ª–/fO{ -/fO{sf kf5fx¿
tf]af, ;'Pof]zL / jfO{= lgzL= O{=!(**= ‘sfl/ªuf] -vflnª Nofªu'Oh\_’, ;]sfOgf] ;fOgf]sf efiffx¿ ;=@)$(_ n] t afGtfjf jf af]Gtfjfsf] j}slNks zAb a'G6fjf
u]ªf -Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ b jN8{_, u]ªf]8flh6]g, 6f]lsof]M ;fG;]Obf] !M ->afGtjf_ klg lbPsf 5g\ . ls/fjf oª ! -l8s PjO5f–afGtfjfsf] eflifsfdf
!@(&–!@((= o'ª klg_ df a'g ‘kfgLsf] d"n÷d'xfg’ 6-t_fjf ‘cfPsf]÷kfx'gf÷cltyL’ ‘kfgLsf]
EfflG;6f6{, O8]g= !((@ -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !*(^_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -ljy ofg\ d"naf6 pTklQ ePsf]’ -tfjf ‘cltyL’ -a'g+tfjf_ ‘kfgLsf] d"naf6 cfPsf]
OG6««f8] S;g afO Pr=Pr= l/:n]_= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M Plhog Ph's;
] gn cltly’_ 26 eGg] cy{ nfU5 . pgLx¿df gfS5f]ª>gfS5'ªåf/f ;fofrf]Sdf
;le{;];=\ ' df ;fof/]Ddf ls/fFtL–ofSvfdf ;fofkf]Sdf_ ‘zL/ p7fpg]’
-ls/fFtL–/f]bª
Vansittart, Eden. 1992 [orig.1896]. Notes on Nepal (with an ;fF:s[lts cEof; x'G5 .
introduction by H.H. Risley). New Delhi and Madras: Asian sltko ljb]zL t sltko :jb]zL cGj]ifsx¿n] klg afGtfjfsf]
Educational Services.
j}slNks gfdx¿ / Snfgf]lgdx¿ g} cfDrf]s,] lbNkfnL, xt'jfnL egL P–sf/ /
-----. !((! -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !()^_= u'vf{hM\ x ÅofG8a's= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M
Plhog Ph's;
] gn ;le{;];=\
O–sf/ ykL v;Ls/g jf cfo{s[t u/L lbPsf 5g\ý h'g cgfbL÷cflbjf;L ls/fFtL
-----. 1991 [orig.1906]. Gurkhas: A Handbook. New Delhi &
e"ldk'qx¿sf] df}lnstfnfO{ gf:g] dGb ljif / k|lqmof g} xf] . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf
Madras: Asian Educational Services. ls/fFtL jStfx¿df t t]:tf] ljif / k|lqmofsf] s'/f u/L ;fWo g} 5}g . of] ;Grf/,
ljUofg / k|ljlwsf] o'udf klg o;k|lt hfu/g gx'gn ' fO{ ls/fFtLx¿sf] b'ef{Uo g}
*************************** dfGg' kb{5 . Onfsf cg';f/ afGtfjf b'd, o'ª, of]ª, O:6g{ afGtfjf, xfªlvd,

26
x]g"{ 5fKnfk]mª -;=@)%(_ ls/ft afGtfjf -/fO{_ efiff tyf ;F:s[lt pTyfg k|lti7fgsf]
a|f];/ lnkmn]6 klg . o;df klg Ol6df]nf]hL ;DjGwL of] eflifs tYonfO{ k|i6ofOPsf] 5 .
|| 115 || || 116 ||
gb{g{ afGtfjf, ;bg{ / j]:6g{ afGtfjf klg elgG5 . o;sf] lj:t[t pNn]v d'lg nufotsf g} of] dfWodsf gfos x'g\ . otf 5fkf ;Grf/df klg uf]/vfkq
u/]sf 5f}+ . b}lgssf] ‘gofF g]kfn’ 28 k[i7df k|j]z eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
t]tL dfQ} geP/ OGb| s'nª ' -ld=g= ck|sflzt 6fOkl:qmK6_ n] r'Sjf pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
-5'Sjf klg n]lvg] Chukwa; Cukwa Ring; / kf]lxª! (Pohing; Pohing Kha) klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' x'g] xf]8df cfk\mgf]
nfO{ ls/fFtL–ls/fjfleq} ;dflxt u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk, efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog / df}lnstf ls/fjfnfO{ 5f8]/ gSsn ub}{ j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] .
juL{s/gn] ls/fjfkl§ geP/ s'nª ' / gfl5l/ª -x]g"{ cWofo ! sf] lkmu/ @ klg_ dfem ls/fFtsf k|foM ;a} ls/fFtL a"9fkfsfnfO{ klg of] s'/f yfxf 5 . vfkf{sf
lt/ b]vfPsf] 5 . t];}n] OGb| s'n'ªsf] cWoognfO{ ce}m bFhfP/ / le8fP/ x]g'{ kg]{ xl/gGb kfWof kf]v/]n / ?Dhf6f/sf lqnf]rg kfWof kf]v/]nn] pklgj]z cf}
ePsf] 5 . cfh;Dd efiffzf:qLx¿n] oL b'j}nfO{ cnu eflifs ;d"x eGg] lj:tf/jfbL k[gfzfnfO{ s'6g}lts, nf]lhl:6S;\ tyf cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofP/ dfem
u/]tfklg ;flxTo e]l6Psf] 5}g . t/ /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6fdf r'Sjf jf kf]lxªsf] ls/fFt /fHosf] ktg u/fPkZrft\ of] b'bz{ f z'? ePsf] xf] . tyflk of] ;do eGbf
eg]/ @ j6f uLtx¿ /]s8{ ePsf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 . tn o;sf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L klxn] klg of] ‘/fO{’ zAb cl:tTjdf ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] t 5 t/ cflbjf;L
lbPsf 5f}+ . kf]lxª efifLx¿ ;+vj' f;ef lhNnfsf] vfFbjf/L gu/kflnsfsf] e"ldk'q hfltsf] ?kdf eg] xf]Og . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_
vf]/G8] ufpFdf / ef]hk'/sf] s'n'ª 27 ufpFdf klg 5'Sjf jStfx¿ 5g\ elgPsf] 5 . ‘/fhf’ df 5 . pgLx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba)
ls/fjfx¿n] cfk\mgf] ;+:yf ls/fFt afGtfjf -/fO{_ efiff tyf ;F:s[lt pTyfg leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf]
k|lti7fgdfk{mt dft[efiffsf] ;]jf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . cGo ;+:yfx¿ klg esfes 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL
(synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf]
v'ln/x]sf 5g\ . !$ c;f]h @)^$ df afGtfjf cg';Gwfgf k|lti7fg -cWoS5] kbd
/fO{_ klg v'nL ;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;To ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5}g . o;nfO{ z'e;+st] g} ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_
dfGg' kb{5 . l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf, kbd / rGb| cflb h:tf efiffk|]dLx¿ / nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
8f=gf]ls/f h:tf lbUuh efiffzf:qL cg';Gwftf kfpg' ls/fjf o"ªsf] cxf]efUo g} @=!)=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
dfGg' kb{5 . cf]Nnf] ls/fFt -kof{o u0f]z åf/f]ªrf / Jofs'n åf/f]ªrf_ df klg tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] k|fylds lzIffsf] nflu s]Gb|
kNnf] / dfem ls/fFt h:t} ;x;| l8sx¿, kbdx¿, rGb|x¿, r]Dhf]ªx¿, ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] /fgLjf; ufpFnfO{ k|:tfljt u/]sf lyP . ;fob ca ls/fjfdf
gf]ls/fx¿, t'Dofxfªx¿ / cflb OToflbsf] hGd xf];\ egL xfd|f] ls/fFtL dgn] k|fylds lzS5f pknAw ePkZrft\ of] /fgLjf;df klg gofF ls/fFtL–ls/fjf
OFuLxf]kf] ;Fu lbglbg} k|fy{gf u/L /xG5 . ;Gtltx¿n] cfg oªdf lzS5f xfl;n u/L /x]sf] x'g' k5{ . of] v/fdf]n] b]vs ] f]
pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ ls/fjf oª -l8s PjO5f–afGtfjfsf] d'Vo s]Gb|afx]s of] dft[efiff Onfd, emfkf, ef]hk'/, wgs'6f, ;'g;/L, ;fnfDa' cf}
eflifsfdf o'ª klg_ eG5g\ . of] efiffn] k|fylds lzS5fsf] cj;/ kfO;s]sf] 5 . lns'jf -lnSjf_ ufpF -vf]6fªdf s]xL_, kfGy/, afl;vf]/f -Sjfª–h' 5f]sf]
kf7\ok':ts cfg oª ! sf] ;efg] cg'jfb ‘xfd|f] efiff’ afx]s cGo ljifox¿sf 6f]nLn] cWoog u/]sf] 7fpF_ cflb -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=!! XI klg_ df af]lnG5 .
kf7\ok':ts klg ;efg]af6 ls/fjfdf c'gjfb eO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . cfg oª ! g]kfnsf] k"jL{ bz uhfkfl/ l;lSsd nufot ef/tsf cGo
;Grf/ dfWoddf k|j]z ug]{ qmddf /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6faf6 ls/fFtL– ljleGg :yfgxdf klg af]lnG5 . l;lSsd /fHo ;/sf/sf] uh]6df ‘/fO{’ sf] gfddf
ofSy'ªsf] xf/fxf/Ldf cj;/ kfpg] efiffdWo]sf] of] klg xf] . Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª klxrfg kfPsf] of] dfQ} t]:tf] Pp6f ckjfb efUozfnL efiff xf] . ‘/fO{’ zAbsf]
af/]df xfdLn] klxn] g} :ki6 wf/gf /fvL ;s]sf 5f}+ . of];lxt u/]/ l;lSsddf
klxrfg kfpg] ls/fFtL efiffx¿ eg] tLg 5g\ . cGo b'Od{ f ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª -x]g"{
@=@^ klg_ / ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ g} x'g\ . t/ l;lSsddf xfdLn] vf]Hbf

28
x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !! c;f]h @)^$ z'qmjf/ -@* ;]K6]Dj/ @))&_ k[i7 (= ;f]
27
Zff]ef s'n'ª–/fO{;uF !% c;f]h @)^# cyf{t\ ! cS6f]a/ @))^, /ljjf/sf] lbg ePsf] b}lgssf] gofF g]kfn k[i7 ! c;f]haf6 z'? ePb]lv ls/fFtL–cf7k]|sf] of] ldlt k|yd
JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . k6ssf] ;dfj]zLs/g xf] .
|| 117 || || 118 ||
ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª -x]g"{ @=@! klg_ / ls/fFtL–s'n'ª -x]g"{ @=!@ klg_ sf] klg k|sflzt lbn'ªkf, b'Ab]ªxfª, xflGsd -xfªlvd, h:t}M ;Gtf]if /fO{, Dofyl6r/_, l;jfxfª
;flxTox¿ k]mnf g} kf/]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] dtna oxfF tL dft[efiffx¿ klg af]lnG5g\ -h:t}M Pd afGtfjf, cf/h]_, xfl/dfg, gfrf, gf5fl/ª>gflR/ª -gfl5l/ª -<_
eGg] g} x'G5 . o;sf eflifsfx¿sf] ljj/g csf]{ pk–vG8df k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] k|Zg_, g]xfª -g]jfxfª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, g]jfª -g]jfxfª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_,
k'G5]xfª, /fxb'ª, /fhflnd, /fhftfª, ?l5af], ?ªdfª5f ->?ªdfg x]g"{ PjO5f–
@=!)=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their Clanonyms,
afGtfjf ;=@)%*M @)!_, ;fd]jf, ;fD;f]ª, ;fªkfª -eflifs ;d"xý xfd|f] gf]6_,
moities)
;f]ªd]g -h:t}M :jR5Gb ;f]ªd]g_, ;f]xf]of]ªjf, ;'y'ªf, ;'Rrf -h:t}M SofK6]g
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ n] of] efiffsf jStfx¿ # nfv &! xhf/ %^ 5g\ 9'G8L/fh /fO{_, l;Kt'xfª -h:t}M 1fg]Gb| /fO{, uf]ug], ef]hk'/_, ;'lKtxfª, t'D5f,
egL htfPsf] 5 . oxL cWofo b'O{s} cGo pk–cWofox¿df of] tYofªs eGbf xf]5f6f]n -l/lDgl;ufª, ;fOdfn'ªufª, jfO;'/_, x]ªjf -5a'ªluo, x]ªafª,
klg ldYofªs eGg]lt/ ax; s]lGb|t lyof] . oxfF klg ;f] ax; ;xL x'G5 . O{=@)!! On'ªafª_ jflnª -t'n= Eofl;6f6{ !*(^ / !()(_, ;fKnft]g -leqsf]
sf] ;]G;;\n] s] glthf b]vfpg] xf] Tof] afFsL g} 5 . cf]rf]gxfª, afafs, ?ªxfª h:t}M lbns'df/L /fO{, u'/b'd–*, xf]Dtfª_, /ª\dL
jStfx¿sf] cGo ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿df ;fd]lTnª jf blK;lgª -;fnfDa' ufpF, vf]6fª t/ ?ªxfª k'?if / /ª\dL dlxnf x'g] a9L ;Defjgf_,
cflb h:t} ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] ;fdO{÷kf5f jf Snf]gf]lgd o; k|sf/ 5g\–cfDrf]s ;fN6]g -/]ªfxfª_, vfDt'n,] t'of 30, cfTn]/fw'ª -x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M
-]_ -a'Gr], xfªs]d, dfªkmfª -dfªkfxfª_, tfªUn'Sjf_, cfl/kfª, PjO5f, %_, rf]ª6]g ‘cUnf] 7fpFsf] ufpF’ rf]nGtL, ?R5]ga'ª -xf8gftfaf6 k'mn]sf] k"mn_ /
aas, afg', af/fn'ª, af/fnD5f, af]lvd, a'ªlrcf], a'tfªKo]/, lbNkfnL -OUjO dfªn'ª -d"n k|jl[ Q, l;sf/L, ;'Gb/, cg';Gwfgstf{, ;a}n] dfGg] d'sf?ªsf]
-PjO5f -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, O:;f/f, afgf], af]lSvd, la/ª5f, lrgfDvf]n], bªjfnL dfª_ 31 cflb OToflb .
-b'ªdfnL <_, b];fd'd, lba]t, lbs'kf, lbn'ªkf, b'ªd]g -tfªn'jf_, s]ªof]ªdf, oL Snfgf]lgdx¿ ck"/f] g} 5g\ / sltko eflifs lx;fjn] jf efiffsf]
vfDa]g -x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M #*_, vfo'ªnf -x]g"{ k"jj{t\ @)%*M #(_, Wjlg kl/jt{gsf] lx;fjn] klg cw'/f g} /xg] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] cfpg] k':tfsf
v'ª5f -x]g"{ k"jj{t\ @)%*M $$_, xf]dªuL, d'sf/fd>d'sf?ª -<d'lS/xfª, dfsf/f cg';Gwftfx¿n] o;nfO{ ;dft]/ cu|ufdL lbzflt/ nfnfg\ eGg] xfdLn] cfzf
efn'vf]k jf w/fg k'm;]|sf] dflyNnf] efult/ dfsf/f klg elgg] 29ý ‘;'Gb/ cfFvf u/]sf 5f}+ .
ePsf]’ -x]g"{ d'sf?ª -@)^#M !$–!%_, ls/fFt -;=@)%#M !(_ d'Qmf?ª
>d'sf?ª ‘38]/L, rf}tf/L, lrxfg agfpFbf pko'Qm ;'/ x]g]{ JolQm, ‘7"nf] bl/nf] @=!)=# eflifsfx¿ (Dialects/varieties)
cfFvf ePsf]’, ‘d'jfxfªsf] ;Gtfg’, d'+sfxf+?ª Ö/fzL+ljhoL+pRrÖ hf]g ljlnod PlknL, Sjfª–h' 5f] / kbd /fO{ -O{=@))#_ sf] cWoogn]
‘k|ltli7t, prf], rNtLju{, lht'jf’_, sfDafª ->sfªdfª x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf of] dft[efiffsf] rf/ d'Vo eflifsfx¿ cl:tTjdf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . tL x'g\–
;=@)%*M @)_, /dª5f, /ªl5g, l/-?_kfa'ª, ?5]ga'ª, ;f]jfnL_, b'ªdfnL -x]g{" xt'jf-nL_, cfDrf]s-]_, lbNkf-nL_ / wgs'6f -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=!! XI klg_ ef]hk'/
5§} eflifs ;d"x klgM 5fª5f, 5f/fªd'n,] 5f]vfª, 5'ljkfª, b]xfTkfª, b]pOkfª, lhNnfd} af]lng] b'ªdfnL -x]g"{ @=^ klgý efiffs} ?kdf btf{ ePsf] t/ sltko
xfªafª, n'ªj]d, gfsf], kfªjf, gfD5]xfª, jfOkfª_, sªdG5f, s6f]Gh]nL -s'g} eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿ g} afGtfjf efifL ePsf] tYo ;fFrf] -h:t}M e"kfn 5fª5f_ xf]
Snfgf]lgd geP/ 6f]kf]lgd dfQ} xfd|f] gf]6_, sfpª, s]Do'ª, lslDbd, s'df/f, clg d[t eO{ ;s]sf] x'g ;Sg]_, v];fª / cfªt]k klg ls/fFtL–ls/fjfs} eflifs
sf]jf, dfªkmfª, s]ªof]ªdf, n'ªu'd>n'u'g -n'xg' , d]v' -h:t}M slkn afGtfjf_ ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . t/ a[xQ/ efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog / t'ngfTds
hLjL n'ug' , ;'rf_, ds]/,] dfªkfª -dfªkmfª !@ vfnsf] 5 / To;dWo] cWoog x'g eg] ce}m afFsL ePsf]n] o;} egL xfNg] l:yltr}F 5}}g . vDa"
a'ª5ofg÷a'ªr]g Ps xf]_, dfªafxfª, /fdfª5f, /fªl5g, ?G5]ga'g, ;f]jfnL, -O{=@)))M #(–$)_ n] t wgs'6f lhNnfdf af]lng] d'ufnL / l5Gtfª ls/fFtL–
l5gfDvf]n] -lbod, sldpªsf, sf]On], s'x-' s'_nL, xfªr]g, ls/fjfs} eflifsf ePsf] -t'n= a|f8nL -O{=!((& M !^, /fkrf O{=@))%M #–$
l;Kt'ªs>l;KtfGsf_, xt'jfnL -y'nª ' klg ldS; gf]ls/f, alS;lj/, 5f]/f -5f/f– klg_ bfjL u/]sf 5g\ . t/ ca l5Gtfª -x]g"{ @=% klg_ sf] af/]df ;LkL8LkLsf]
cf7kxl/of -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg, ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªdf klg_, b'Gv'/, up/f, x/lhtf/, cWoogn] ljjfbsf] cGTo u/]/ efiffsf] bhf{ lbnfPsf] 5 . of] /fhgLltljUofgsf]
xfªl;ª, sfDn]x, n]ªg's, kfªk'm, ;fDk'stf/, ;fª;'g_ b];fd'g, lba]t,
30
Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª;Fu @( ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
29 31
k[YjL/fh d'sf?ª;Fu !) ebf} @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . kfbl6KkgL @( g} .
|| 119 || || 120 ||
s'/f geP/ efiffljUofgsf] tYo xf] . en} /fhgLltljUofg g} ;xL eP klg tL @=!)=$ eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
jStfx¿sf] Tof] e"uf]ndf ePsf] cflbd Uofg ;LkL8LkLn] clen]lvs/g ug'{r}F Olds k;{\kl] S6eaf6 O{=c;Lsf] bzsdf efiffljUofgsf] cWoog u/]/
efiffljUofgsf] cd"No of]ubfg xf] egL /xg k/f]Og . of] of]ubfgn] s;}sf] xfgL ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf g} kLPr8L jf ljWofjfl/lw zf]wkq -c 8]l:qmlK6e u|ofd/ cj\
ug]{jfnf 5}g . Pk]nL -O{=@))#_ sf] ;dfhefiffj}Uoflgs cWoog / 5f] -O{=@))%_ afGtfaf O{=!(*%_ n]Vg] klxnf] ;|]o k|f=8f=gf]ls/fnfO{ g} hfG5 . jgf{Tds :s'nsf]
sf] afl;vf]/f / xt'jf If]qsf] blVvGf ef]hk'/sf] eflifsf cWoog cg';f/ ls/fFtL cjwf/gfdf n]lvPsf] of] zf]wn] g} ls/fFtL–ls/fjfnfO{ jf}l4s hutdf e/df/
efiffx¿dWo] k/Dk/fut ?kdf kNnf] ls/fFt If]q, l;lSsd / e'6fg;Dd ;Dks{ klxrfg u/fof]ý ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf hf]h{ Eofg l8«cdsf] cWoogn]em}+ . t];}n]
efiff (lingua franca) ePsf] eGg] cg'dfgdf xfdL t]tL ;xdt hgfpg ;Sb}gf} . jt{dfgdf of] efiffljsf;sf] k[i7e"lddf ;f] cWoog g} l5k]sf] 5 . s'g} klg efiff
lsgeg] l;lSsddf xfdLn] ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' efifL tyf sf]z;+sns jLjL cfk}+mdf ;fu/ ePsf]n] ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] s]jn Psfb'O{ ljz]iftfnfO{ oxfF k|:t't
Sjf;'ª5fnfO{ e]6]/ s'/fsfgL ubf{ ls/fFtL–ls/fjfx¿sf] ‘/fO{ efiff’ lnF8l] 9kLdf u/]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] Jofs/gdf & :j/ -8f=gf]ls/f ;=@)%*M #^_, ?kljUofgdf Ps
:ofd'Gg] ‘gd:t]’ eGbf ptf j9\g g;s]sf] k|ltlqmof xfdLn] O{=@))@ lt/} kfPsf jrg, låjrg / ax'jrg e]b, låjrg / ax'jrgdf ;dfj]zL (inclusive)
lyof}+ . 32 t]xL l9kLsf] sf/g g} aofg P; ofn'ª5fsf] s[lt pTklQ / k/Dk/fsf c;dfj]zL (exclusive) ;lxt, ;j{gflds/g (pronominalization) x'G5 .
rflDnª ldysx¿ -x]g"{ @=@! klg_ klg pgsf] 3/}df 9'F8L k/]/ a;]sf] ;fFrf] xf] .
t]xfF ls/fFtL–s'n'ª efifLx¿sf] klg cfk\mg} c;dfj]zL Joyfx¿ 5g\ . @=!)=% zJbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary)
zAbfjnL / zAbsf]z k|sfzgdf klg ls/fFtL–ls/fjf g} ls/fFtL–
ofSy'ª -x]g"{ @=@^ klg_ kl5 ;DkGgzfnL efiff xf] . lsgeg] o;sf] ;Grf/
dfWod / lzS5fdf s]xLxb;Dd /fd}| k|of]u ePsf]n] klg xf] . t];f] zAbeG8f/df
wgL x'g' / k|sfzgx¿ e]l6g' :jefljs} xf] . g]kfn, ef/t / o'/f]k u/L tLg km/s
/fhg}lts e"uf]nx¿af6 k|sfzg ePsf t]:tf zAbeG8f/x¿ xfdLn] lgDg
zAbfjnL / zAbsf]zdf kfpF5f}+– !=c afGtjf l8S;g/L -e]/g/ leG6/ O{=@))#, of]
zAsf]zsf] k|d'v sf/s k|f=8f=gf]ls/f g} x'g' x'G5_, @=afGtjf–/fO{ zJbsf]z -l8s
PjO5f–afGtfjf k|yd ;+:s/Gf ;=@)$&, bf];|f] ;+:s/Gf ;=@)%*_, #=cf] /]l8of]
g]kfnfM /fO{ afGtjf efiffdf /]l8of] z}nL zJbsf]z -Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ k|yd
;+:s/Gf ;=@)^@_, $=g]kfnL–/fO{ lrqdo zAbsf]z -aL=aL= /f]Sb'ª, k|sfzg
ldlt gePsf], l;lSsd_, %=af]Gtfjf vDa" zAb;+u|x -/fhg ;'lKtxfª O{=!((%_,
‘ls/fjfa'ª nfd\ a'ªjfRof] g'ª’ -Pd=Pd= vf]dsfjf–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M @!_,
^=/fO{ afGtjf ;+lIfKt zAbsf]z -b]jbf; /fO{ ;=@)$) lt/ -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, &=/fO{
afGtjf efiffsf] ;+lIfKt zAbsf]z -ldq/fh /ªfa'ª ;+=@)%&_, *=/fO{ afGtjf
zAbsf]z -rGb|sd' f/ /fO{ æxt'jfnLÆ k|sfzf]Gd'v_, (=ofg\ Ol6df]nf]lhsn
l8S;g/L cj\ afGtjf -8f=e]/g/ leG6/ / 8f=gf]ls/f kmf]ys { ldª_ cflb g} x'g\ .
@=!)=^ efiff÷Aofs/Gfx¿ (Language/grammars)
ls/fFtL–ls/fjf efiff;Fu ;DjGwLt Jofs/gx¿ / n]vx¿ xfdLn]
-gSzf g+=@=!! XI: ls/fjf efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M 5f] O{=@))%_ e]§fP;Dd oxfF k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . l;lSsdsf] k|foM ;a} h;f] sfo{x¿nfO{ oxfF
xfdLn] pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . of] xfd|f] n3'tf / ;Ldf klg xf] . cfk\mgf]
32
JolQmut OR5f / rfxgfn] z'? u/]sf] of] sfo{n] l;lSsdsf] rf/} lhNnf–
l;lSsddf o;sf] vf; j:t'l:ylt a'em\ g ;LPd vDa"sf] k'l:tsf /fO{ sf] x'g\ < k|zf;lgs 5]qx¿df 3'd/] ;|i6f / j}ofs/gx¿nfO{ clen]v ug{ gkfPsf]df xfdL
-O{=@))%_ k9\bf kf7sju{nfO{ kmfObf g} x'G5 . o;sf] Psk|lt xfd|f] ;s{ndf klg 5 . b'MvL klg 5f}+ . Tof] 5]qaf6 ;DjGwLt cGj]ifsx¿ klg eljiodf h'd/'{ fP/
OR5f eP k|fSsygdf lbOPsf] Od]n cfO8Ldf va/ ubf{ km/s kb}{g .
|| 121 || || 122 ||
cfpnfg\ eGg] cfzf 5 . xfdLn] hlt e]§fof}+ t]tL g} oxfF l6k]sf 5f}+ . tL x'g–\ !=c uf]Nd]’ -lglgdf / uf]Nd], jt{dfg_ -ls/fFtL–afGtfjfdf cg'=lzj sf]o–" /fO{
8]l:qmlK6e :68L cj\ afGtjf -gf]jn ] lszf]/ nk]mª5f–/fO{ O{=!(*% kLPr8L ;=@)%^M !)$–!)&_, %=‘cfg\ jfvf’ -Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ ;=@)%*M !&_,
zf]wkq_, @=afGtjf–/fO{ Aofs/0f -l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%%_, #=‘afGtfjf ^=‘af]Daf]n]df’ -l/b'd /fO{ ;=@)%*M !&_, &=‘cfGsf] 5fª 6f]Kkfª vfO;'Dg]’+
efiffdf lqmofkbsf] ?kfog’ -lk|orGb| /fO{ ;=@)^)M #@–#$_, $=‘k|fylds txdf -wg/fh /fO{ ;=@)%*M !*_, *=‘x'jf5fd\’ -yfDk's xfª ;=@)%*M !*_,
afGtfjf efiff cWofkgsf] rf/ jif{’ -zfxLdfg /fO{ ;=@)^!M &*–&(_, %=‘cg\ (=‘lyg\tflgg\ P t]g\tg] bf’ -Hjfnf vDa" ;=@)%*M @)_, !)=‘xfSjf 5fd’ -aL=aL=
ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\’ -l/Eo' cfl6{sn OGSn'8\;\ ls/fjf OUhfDkNh\ O{=@))%M /fO{ ;=@)%^M #%_, !!=‘oª cf] /fTkfnf’ -/+u ls/fjf ;=@)%^M $(_,
#@(–##^_ ^=‘afGtjf ofG8 b k|f]6f]–ls/fFtL ej{, s/]G6 O:o'h\ Og\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\’ !@=‘cfDdLTdf8f’ -df]xg /fO{ ‘k/b]zL’ ;=@)%^M #!_, !#=‘xf]ª s'o’' -lbn' afGtfjf
-aL=l;df]g ofG6f]gL /]D6, k|sfzf]Gd'v, d'tf]F_ cflb OToflb . ;=@)%&M #&_, !$=‘vfª vfg a'jf’ -/fhs'df/ /fO{ ;=@)^!M @@_, !%=‘a'ªjf’
@=!)=& kf7\ok':ts÷;fdu|L (Textbooks/pedagogical materials) -aaL afGtfjf ‘efj's’ ;=@)^!M @#_, !^=‘6fof’ -;Gt afGtjf–/fO{ ;=@)%&M ##_,
!&=‘ªfld6\df b'dcf] a'ªªf vfªf’ -;lrt l;Kt'ªvf–/fO{ ;=@)%*M @*_,
k|fylds tx -!–%_ ;Dd z}lIfs ;q ;=@)%* af6 OR5flwg ljifosf] !*=‘cfv'dfª\’ -s[kf ls/fFtL ;=@)))M %$_, !(=‘r"Kkfªcf] ldTdfbf’ -lk|lt/fh
?kdf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtlt/ #! lzIffnox¿df k9fO z'? x'g' of] d'sf?ª ;=@)%)M !#_, @)=‘rf]df]n'ªdf vfKofª’ -‘?Fb5} rf]df]nª ' df’_ ljZjhLt
efiffsf jStfx¿ nufot ;f/f g]kfnjf;Lsfnflu v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . o;sf] ls/fFtL ;=@)%#M *)–*!_, @!=‘5fd’ -kbd /fO{ ‘o'¢lj/fd’ ;=@)%(M ^#_,
k|efjsfl/tfdf eljiodf lgvf/ cfpFb} hfg]5 . xfdLn] cfzfjfbL g} x'g' k5{ . @@=‘5fd’ -uh]g afGtfjf ;=@)%(M ^#_, @#=‘5fd’ -df]xg /fO{ ‘k|bz ] L’ ;=@)%(M
t]:tf kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿df !=cfg o'ª -l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf, rGb|sd' f/ /fO{ $)_, @$=‘k/b]zL’ -df]xg /fO{ ‘k|bz ] L’ ;=@)%%M @^_, @%=‘8ª\u 6]g’ -ljg' sf]o"
æxt'jfnLÆ / c? ;=@)%& p;f]_, @=vDa" oªkmf]ª a'lvknf ‘ls/fFt vDa'efiff ;=@)%%M @^_, @^=‘5frLcf] 5fd’ ->j0f d'sf?ª ;=@)%)M &#–&$ cg'=
jGf{dfnf’ -5q afnªxfª–afGtfjf ;=@)^!_, #=ls/fjf b'd -;lhnf] cfw'lgs k|Llt/fh d'sf?ª_, @&=‘g+gv ' frf]Sjf] nfd’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%)M &%–&^
/fO{ efiffdfý efu !, /fd vfn'djf–/fO{ ;=@)%@_, $=c a]l;s afGtjf cg'=k|Llt/fh d'sf?ª_ @*=‘vfgflgjf k'jfªjf] 5Kdfcf]’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%)M &^–
sGe;]{;gn sf];{ -8f=gf]ls/f O{=!(&*_, %=cfg\ o'ª\ -afGtfjf efiffsf] gd"gf &* cg'=k|Llt/fh d'sf?ª_ cflb .
k':ts, l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf / lzjxfª /fO{ ;=@)%&_, ^=kxf8L af]nLrfnL oxfF pNn]v gx'g' ePsf s}of}+ cb[Zo ls/fjf sljx¿ slj g} xf]Ogg\
-ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–ls/fjf pbfx/g ;dfj]zý cGh' v8\sf, s]z/h+u eGg] cy{ nufpg' x'Fb}g . / æxfdLnfO{ t b]vg] 5g\Æ egL b]pn]Rrf db'Da -ls/fFt–
du/ / 8f=ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf ;=@)^#_, &=cfg o'ª sIff Ps /f]Sb'ª, k|sfzg sf]FOr PS:k|];g_ ofg] d'G6f] a6fg'{ klg dgfl;a x'Fb}g . tL sljx¿sf]
ld=g=, l;lSsd_, *=cfg o'ªM sIff ! b]lv %;Ddsf] kf7\ok':tsdf cfwfl/t kf]6]lG;ofln6Ldf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ / gofF ;+u|xx¿ lnP/ cfpg eGg] xfd|f] sfdgf
zAbfy{ -l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)^@_, (=‘ls/fFtL vDa" /fO{ ;fF:s[lts 5 . ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ / ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª -x]g"{ @=@^ klg_ df h:tf]
;+:yfgsf] clwj]zgsf ljz]iftf’ -zAbjnL / ;F:s[lt;lxtý uDeL/ /fO{ JolQmut sljtf ;+ux| x¿ ge]l6P klg cfufdL ;+ux| x¿ ltDdf–kfªvfª,
‘clUgxf]qL’ O{=@))^_, 5fa'ªM 5f 5fKnfjf -l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)^!_ cflb l5gfdv' / lbNkf cflbsf] eGh]ª psfnL ub}{ xf]nfg\ egL nfF ‘af6f]’ x]/L /x]5f}+ . of]
5g\ eg] kfljs], ;fgf] l7dLn] cGo ljifox¿sf] klg cg'jfbsfo{ ;DkGg u/fO pk–vG8df g} cg'jfbs k|Llt/fh d'sf?ªsf] gfd k/]sf]n] xfdLn] oxfF c? pk–
e6fe6 k|sfzgdf NofO /x]sf] 5 . t]:t} 5q afnªxfª–afGtfjfs} ck|sflzt cWofox¿df h:tf 5'§} cg"lbt ;flxTosf] pk–vG8 /fv]sf 5}gf}+ .
kfG8'lnlkx¿, vDa'efiff zAb;+u|x, ls/fFt vDa"efiff lgjGw;+ux| / ls/fFt ls/fFtL–/f9' -/f8'~jfDa'n_] df w]/} klxn]b]lv ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf kf]xf]/
vDa"efiff Jofs/Gf klg 5g\ . ;fn Ps jif{ / ls/fFtL–k'df -/f]sf]ª_ sf] o;} jif{bl] v sljtf k|ltof]lutf eP
@=!)=* k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems) h:t} ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf of] d+l;/ @(, @)^$ -!% l8;]Da/ @))&_ df a'ªjfvfn]
ls/fFtL–ls/fjf dft[efiffdf sljtf n]Vg] slj ;|i6fx¿ Nfjfn:s/} 5g\ . t];|f] sljtf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ub}{ 5 . o;n] klg efiff ltvfg]{bl] v lnP/
t]tL w]/} x'Fbfx'b} klg xfdLn] cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–/f8' -x]g"{ @=!(_ sljx¿ arfpg] sfddf ;xof]u g} k'/o\ fpF5 .
hlQsf] ls/fjf sljx¿nfO{ oxfF ;dfj]z ug{ ;s]gf} . tL s]xL k|ltlglw
sljx¿df !=‘kf]OGg] pGsfgrL’ -rGb|snf afGtfjf ld=g=<_, @=‘vfª vfg j'jf’
-/fhs'df/ /fO{ ;=@)^!_, #=‘a'ªjf’ -ajL afGtfjf ;=@)^!_, $=‘lglgdf lgg\
|| 123 || || 124 ||
@=!)=( uLt (Songs) @=!)=!@ rnlrq÷8s'dG] 6«L (Films/Documentaries)
cfk\mg} ls/fjf dft[efiffdf uLt n]Vg] uLtsf/x¿ klg 5\of;5\of;lt of] dft[efiffsf] 8So'dG] 6«L tyf lkmNd ljwfdf xfd|f] cWoogn] e]6];Dd
kfOg' kg]{ g} xf] . lbUuh d'sf?ª vnsx¿n] jfN5\ofn ls/fjf uLtx¿ n]v]s} l8s PjO5f–afGtfjfs} gfd b]vf kb{5 . pgsf] tL 8So'dG] 6«Lx¿df !=;fofa'ª
x'gk' 5{ý olt xf] xfdLn] vf]Hg} ;s]gf} . xfdLn] e]§fPsfx¿df jt{dfg eg'F gj/fh -l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%#, d]g lx/f] /f]ndf bf]/kf, dfem ls/fFtsf e"ld/fh
sf]o' -;=@)%#M **–!)@, x]g"{ cg'el" t ;=@)%%, !, @M %%–^! klg_ sf] ‘ls/fjf ' _, @=nfDnfD;f ‘af6f] vf]Hb}’, #=ofjf -b'j} lgdf{gflwg_ 33, $=l;Ddf
af8f5f–/f]bª
/fO{ b'S5fRof} 5fd’ / b]jL/fd /fO{ -O{=@))^_ sf] ‘5f5fd’ x'g\ . slj tyf uLtsf/ -n]vg÷lgb]{zg l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)^#_34, %=;fs]jf -n]vg÷lgb]{zg,
jt{dfg cfk"m sf]o' -x]g"{ @=!@_ d"nsf eP klg ls/fjf af]Ng' / ls/fjf efiffs} l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%$ý x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M @$) klg_ /
;]jf u/L ;flxTo eG8f/ eg'{nfO{ dxfg sfo{ dfGg' kb{5 . jt{dfg h:t} sltko onDa/ lkmNd;\ k|flnsf] klxnf] k|:t'tL %=cfg\ lvd -lgdf{g O{=@))$
sf]ox' ¿n] ls/fjf efiff–;flxTosf] ;]jf u/]sf 5g\ . sf]o'x¿n] dfq} geP/ l/lnz÷;fj{hlgs O{=@))%ý n]vg–lgb]{zgM lbg]z afGtjf–/fO{, ;x–lgb]{zg
/f]b'ªx¿n] klg -h:t}M k|f=8f=gf]ls/f_ ls/fjf efiff–;flxTonfO{ k'¥ofPsf] 6]jf ltnsaxfb'/ ;'gj' f/, lgdf{qL ;'hftf /fO{ / uLt–;+uLt Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª_ x'g\ .
e'Ng' x'Fbg} . t];sf] d"Nofªsg x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . d"Nofªsgsf] ;f§f] b'Ab]ªxfªs} xt'jfu9L d'lg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ls/fjf dfQ} af]Ng] / n]vL lbg] eGg] cfu|x /fVg' ljljwtf dfg]{ ljz'4 /fhgLlt g}
x'g hfG5 . o;df xfdLn] eflifs ;lx:g'tf÷lnªu'Ol:6s 6f]n/]G; (linguistic @=!)=!# ljB'tLo ;Grf/ (Electronic media)
tolerance) eg] /fVg} kg]{ x'G5 . t];n] xfdLnfO{ ;b}j cufl8 nfg / hfg d2t @=!)=!#=! /]l8of] (Radio)
ub{5 . ;j{ky| d /]l8of] g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo k|zf/Gf s]Gb| l;+xbjf/af6 ls/fFtL–
a'n' d'sf?ª -;=@)^#_ n] ls/fjf efiffs} uLt, ;+uLt / :j/lnlksf] ls/fjf efiff ! ebf} @)%! b]lv k|zf/g z'? ePsf] xf] . Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª ;f]
k|ltj]bg d:of}bf tof/ kf/L ;s]sf] ;Gbe{df of] ls/fjf uLlt 5]qdf k|z:t} k|zf/gsf klxnf Oltxf; x'g\ . of] avt ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª efiff klg k|zf/gsf]nflu
of]ubfg ldn]sf] 5 eGg] ;+st] ldNb5 . tof/L ePklg o;efiffsf] tk{maf6 7]nd7]nf gk'us ] fn] tL ;f/f s;/tx¿ /
@=!)=!) n]v÷/rgf (Write ups/compositions) lgj]bgx¿ ;Grf/ dGqfnosf w'n] 8ªu'/df ufl8g k'u] . ca slxn] Tof] Jo'Ftg] jf
Vff]hfOsf] ;fgf] ltgf] bf}8fOdf xfdLn] s]xL n]vx¿ klg e]6o\ f}+ ls/fjf Ao'FOtfOg] xf] yfxfkQf] 5}g . / ljs]Gb|Ls/GfkZrft\ 5]qLo k|zf/Gf s]Gb| wgs'6faf6
@) r}q @)%# b]lv b}lgs ;dfrf/ / ;fKtflxs sfo{qmd k|t]s /ljjf/ !)M#)–!!
dft[efiffdf . tL o; k|sf/ 5g\– !=‘cfg o'ª $ k':ts Ps 5nkmn’ -l8s PjO5f–
ah];Dd 35 pg} b'Ab]ªxfªsf] ;+of]hsTjdf c? ls/fjf /]l8of]sdL{x¿ ;lxt
afGtfjf @)%*M $–^_, @=‘jfkf cf]s’\ -ho lzjfxfª–/fO{ @)%*M &–*_,
k|zf/g sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf kfO{ /x]sf] 5 . hLPkmP jf u:k]n km/\ Plhof /]l8of]n]
#=‘ls/fjfa'ª\ ;'lDgxfª\df kf?xfªkf’ -zfxLdfg /fO{ @)%*M (–!!_, $=‘sf5'Skf’
klg of] dft[efiffdf xKtfsf] ;f]djf/ sfo{qmd k|zf/g ub{5 . efiff lrgf/L /
-k|sfzbLk /fO{ @)%*M !%–!^_, %=‘/fO{ afGtfjf efiff Pkm=Pd= k|;f/0fM lg;fd’
ljsf;sf] of] k|;f/gsf] ;fx|} dxTj 5 .
-uflGwk /fO{ @)%(M @!_ cflb . xfd|f] vf]hfOn] ge]6s ] f n]vs / n]vx¿ klg
k|z:t} xf]nfg\ . o;df a'ªj\ fvf nufPtf k|sfzgx¿sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg 5 . @=!)=!#=@ PkmPd (FM)
@=!)=!! gf6s÷/]l8of] gf6s (Drama/play/Radio drama) /]l8of]n] h:t} PkmPdn] klg efiff klxrfg / ljsf;df cxd\ e"ldesf
lgjf{x u/]sf x'G5 . t]:tf PkmPdx¿df !=;Ktsf]zL PkmPd -e}/j cfªnf / ;Ltf
8So'dG] 6«L tyf lkmNd ljwfdf l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf / Zofd/fh dfb]Daf_, @=sf]zL PkmPd lj/f6gu/, #=d]6«f] ($=^ ;do %M#) b]lv ^ ;Dd
b'Ab]ªxfª–afGtfjfsf] gfd cufl8 cfPe}+m /]l8of] gf6sdf klg /]l8of]sdL{
b'Ab]ªxfªs} gfd lng' kg]{ x'G5 . tL gf6sx¿df !=;'lDgdf -n]vg÷k|:t'tL
Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–afGtfjf, /]gI] f]k|s] wgs'6f_, l;Ddf -n]vg÷k|:t'tL k"jj{ t\, 33
l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf;Fusf] JolQmut aftlrtdf cfwfl/t, !) c;f/ @)^#, zlgjf/,
/]gI] f]k|s] wgs'6f_, 5]sd' f 5frL=== -n]vg÷k|:t'tL k"jj{ t\, /]gI] f]k|s] wgs'6f_, OGb| yfD/f]rf–afc\o'ª–/fO{sf] clegGbg sfo{qmdsf] lbg .
k'mª;f vf/fcf] ;]ªdf -n]vg÷k|:t'tL k"j{jt\, /]gI] f]k|s] wgs'6f_, sfG5f 34
o;sf] Rofl/6L zf] % kmfu'g @)^# ;efu[xdf ePsf] lyof] . of] ;"rgfsf]nflu & kmfu'g
-n]vg÷k|:t'tL k"jj{ t\, /]gI] f]k|s] wgs'6f_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . k"gf{ªsL gf6s ljwfdf @)^# sf] sflGtk'/ klg x]gx'{ f];\ .
>j0f d'sf?ªsf] PnDa/ nfO{ ;efg] -x]g"{ cWofo $ klg_ df pNn]v u/]sf 5f|}+ . 35
Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–afGtfjf–/fO{;uF @( ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t .
|| 125 || || 126 ||
-g]qdfof rf]ªjfª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, $=PrjL;L -lxdfnog a|f8] sl:6ª skf]{/];g_ -zAbM P=jL=/fg' rGb|f /fg' / ;+uLt ;fu/ /fg', l;lSsd_ df ;ft j6f uLtx¿
($ d]ufxh{af6 dunjf/ a]n'sL cfwf 3G6f;Ddsf] -sfo{qmd lg;fd ‘v'Nnf h:t}M gfs'dfª cf], ;f]d;]s cf], nf]Gdf gfd cf], vf]snL cf], vfGdf vfGgf],
cfsfz’ !@ d+l;/ )%* af6_ k|zf/g z'? ePsf] lyof] . lg;fdn] !) cf}+ cf]ªsf]ªf]g] xfS6f / af/f cf] a'Fjf6 5g\ . / ^=;]/fgfd ln;f -jLjL /f]Sb'ª,
;[v
+ nfb]lv Ps 3G6f k|zf/g ub}{ j}zfv @)%( ;Dd @% cf}+ /ht ;[+vnf kf/ l;lSsd_ ;fy} &= xt'jfu9L Pj+ ls/fFtL /fO{x¿sf] ;F:s[lt ;DaGwL a[Qlrq
u/]sf] lyof] . efu–! -;+=@)^$ Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfªs[t_ klg 5 . /]g]5]k| s]Gb|df /]s8{ ePsf
uLtx¿ $% j6f -Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ ;=@)^#M #@_ k'uL ;s]sf] 5 .
@=!)=!$ kqklqsf (Magazines and newspapers)
jfo/n]; k|;f/g afx]s efiffnfO{ ;jn agfO /fVg] dfWod eg]sf] 5fkf @=!)=!^ hflt–efiffzf:q÷j+zfjnL (Ethno-linguistics/genealogy)
g} xf] . cl3 z'?df pNn]v ePe}+m uf]/vfkqsf] ;dfj]zL k[i7df k|jz
] u/L ;s]sf] ls/fFtL–ls/fjf efiff;Fu hfltzf:q / efiffzf:qsf] ldl;|t s'/fx¿
of] efiffdf lgDg kqklqsfx¿ e]l6Psf 5g\– !=o'ª vfg\ -;Dkf -<_ ;fn -<__, ;DjGwLt ePsf s]xL s[lt tyf n]vx¿ klg xfdLn] kfPsf 5f}+ . ltgLx¿df
@=a'ªj\ fvf -åodfl;s÷dfl;s ;Dkf= rGb|sd' f/ /fO{ / kbd /fO{ ;=@)^!_, !=l55fª\5f -afGtjf_ sf] j+zfjnL -ho 5fª5f / p¢jk|;fb /fO{ ;=@)%$_, @=‘b
#=lggfDdf -;Dkf= kL=Pd= rfdlnª O{=@))), l;lSsd_, $=8fs a'ª -;Dkf=-<_ afGtfjf’ -v]d/fh g]kfn O{=!(&#_, #=‘ls/fFt gfdsf] df}lnstf’ -/fdrGb| /fO{
;fn -<__, %=cfg\ 5fKnf a'ª -;Dkf=-<_ ;fn -<__, ^=ls/fjf a'ª -;Dkf= O{=@)))M #%–#* x]g"{ lgK;'ªdf k'Mgk|sfzg_, $=ls/fFt vDa" /fO{h\ cj\ l;lSsd
zfxLdfg /fO{ / b'uf{ /fO{ ;=@)%*_, ^=bf]bd' -;Dkf= /fhg d'sf?ª ;fn -<__ ofG8 O:6g{ lxdfnoh\ -8f=lzj ;fDkfª–/fO{ O{=@))%_, %=‘afGtfjf lslG;k
cflb . of] k|of; cfzfk|b g} 5 . 6ld{gf]nf]hL’ -OR5k"0f{ /fO{ O{=@))&M @*#–#))_, ^=ef]hk'/ s6'Gh]M 8Da/ l;+
;'Rrf /fO{ j+zfjnL -Sof=9'G8L/fh ;'Rrf–/fO{ ;=@)^@_ cflb x'g\ .
@=!)=!% ;|Jo÷Sof;]6 (Audio-visual/cassettes)
efiff;+/S5df 6]jf k'Ug] of] ljwf klg /fd}| z'?cft ePsf] e]6]sf 5f}+ @=!)=!& wfld{s÷;fF:s[lts n]v÷k':tsx¿ (Religious/cultural/
xfdLn] . g]kfn / l;lSsdaf6 ePsf tL k|of;x¿df !=:ofd'gf efu–! df compositions/ books)
ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] -/fd y'nª ' s[t a'ªjfaf/f ===af]nsf] uLt–!_ uLt ;dfj]z wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts n]v tyf k':tsx¿df !=‘ls/fFt–/fO{–afGtfjf
ul/Psf] 5 . Tof] uLtsf] gd"gf tn k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+– l/b'd–\ d'Gw'd’ -hok|sfz d'sf?ª ;=@)%*M #!–##_, @=ls/fjfd' 5]sd' f tyf
a'ªjfaf/f a'ªjfvf8f hf]jg af/f a};8f b'S5frL -l8NnL ls/fFt d'sf?ª ;=@)%#_, #=b'jfªb'd ;fdsflng -;Gt O;f/f–
lsKdfvf sfG5L xf;v]n dG8fGg] xjfn]g cf] lhGbuL8f /fO{ ;=@)%%_, $=‘afGtfjf /fO{leq lzjfxfª y/Ldf dgfOg] lkt[ -dfª_’ -alj
cfGsf] b'vf cfGsf] sf] ª8f ;fG8fg kl5 gf afvf8f afGtjf ‘efj's’ ;=@)^)M @#–@$_, %=‘afGtfjf /fO{leq lzjfxfª y/Lsf] ljjfx
;'vf b'vf jflTgªf /O5 -emf/fs cf] ;+;f/8f_ ;+:sf/’ -alj afGtjf ‘efj's’ ;=@)^!M !%–!^_, ^=ls/fFt ?G5]ga'ª afGtjf
b'vf cf] 8'd l8 n'dfsL cfGsf] ª8fªf o'ª;'Dg] /fO{sf] d'Gb'd\ -k|f=8f=lzjs'df/, eQm, hLts0f{ / gs'n ?G5]ga'ª ;=@)^$_ cflb
xl8Gcf]g;Dd lsKdfvf sfG5L -xfF;v]nd'G8fGg]_ 5g\ .
o:t} @=5fDnfs ofjfRop df hDdf * j6f uLtx¿ h:t}M 8]d vGg'cf] @=!)=!* efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies)
a'af/f, ls/fjf emf/f l7GdfnL, ;fs]nf 5fd, 5fdn'df nLofª, nfd'Dg] xfGnf],
vf8fcf] cfGsf], vfGg' df vfGg' b]p;L, cG8Ljf kfrLcf] ;a} ls/fFtL–ls/fjf xfn;Dd of] efiffsf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog lgs} eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . tL
efiffdf clen]v 5g\ . clg #=;'lDgdf efu–! Dff hDdf !) j6f uLtx¿ h:t}M b]d efiffljb\x¿df xH;g -;g\ !*%&÷*_, sf]gf] -lu|c/;g ;Dkf= !()(_, cf/=s]=
vfGg'ofª -;"o{ jflnª–/fO{st[ _, aWw]–aWw] -dfg vfDn'ª–/fO{st[ _, /t'jf l:k|u -O{=!((@, !(*&_, ‘l/8'lKns];g Og\ afGtfjf’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{
xf]ªs' -s[i0f /fO{st[ _, cfGrf] dfofcf] -dfg vfDn'ª–/fO{st[ _, ;'lDgxfªdf -dfg O{=!(*$M !%–@@_, ‘:k]O;n 8]OlS;;\ Og\ ;d ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\’
vfDn'ª–/fO{st[ _, ls/fjfoª -dfg vfDn'ª–/fO{st[ _, ;+vfdcf] e]G8f -Zofd/fh -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ O{=@))@_, ‘b nf]sl] 6e dfs{/ ;lkmlS;h\ cj\ afGtfjf ofG8
b'Ab]ªxfªs[t_, xofpkf/L kfvf -;'ldqf /fO{st[ _, x]Gvfdf rf]s8f -;"o{ lbc/ PS;6]G;g\’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ O{=!(**M !#)–!#%_, ‘Nofªu'Oh\ o';
jflnªs[t_, ;fx'cf] gfs -Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfªs[t_ uLtx¿ 5g\ . Pj+l/tn] cdª b afGtfjf /fO{’ -hf]g ljlnod PlknL O{=@))#_, afGtfjfM c
$=l/l/of jfnuLt ;lxtsf] uLlt Sof;]6 -l8s PjO5f–afGtfjf_, %=gfs'dfª ;f]l;cf]lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ -hf]g ljlnod PlknL, Sjfª–h' 5f] / kbds'df/ /fO{
|| 127 || || 128 ||
O{=@))#_, ‘xfO/flssn cu|LdG6 Kof6g{;\ Og\ afl;vf]/f afGtjf’ -Sjfª–h' 5f] !=emf/f -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=yfa't\ -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
O{=@))%_, ‘afGtfjf /fO{ ofh\ c lnª\uj' f k|mfªsf’ -8]le8 a|f8nL O{=!((^_, bf; #=cxf]Sjf * -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=a's -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
ej{ Od\ afGtjf, l;g dfkmf]{nfhL pG8 l;G6ofS;\M ld6 Pg]d cfgxfª ld6 %=cl9jfª * -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=5f]ªjf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
Unf]l;P/6]g 6]S:6]g -h'lnofgf kmf]N6fg O{=!((@_, ‘dfkmf]{l;G6oflS6s 6«fG;k/]G;L &=ª]Sdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfsr'Sdf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
Og\ afGtfjf’ -hf8«fGsf uf]H8fgf]ler O{=@))$_, ‘Go'd/] n r]Gh ofG8 l8s]O Og\ (=x' * -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=co'jf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
afGtjf /fO{’ -hf8«fGsf uf]H8fgf]ler O{=!(*$M !–!)_, afGtjfuf] -of];L lgzL ldlt !!=xf]Da/s -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=n]Tdf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
gePsf]_, ‘l6«lKns]l68 ej{n of8hGS6'\;\ Og\ afGtfjf’ -8f=gf]ls/f / 8f= e]/g/ !#=dfSr'Gjf * -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=s]ªofª -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
leG6/ O{=!((&_, ‘afGtjf efiffdf k'?ifjfrs ;j{gfd’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ !%=afGdf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=;df * -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
;=@)$^_, ‘afGtjf /fO{ ;–, 6– ofG8 h– kmfOgn ?6;\M 6«flG;l6e, OG6«flG;l6e, !&=s'ltjf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
sh]l6E;\, ofG8 8f/]lS6Eh\’ -cf/=s]= l:k|u O{=!((@M #(–%@_, ‘y|L k|fA] nDh\ Og !(=5f]jfcf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gfafs -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
afGtjf /fO{ kmf]gf]nf]hL -ofG8 y|L cGcyf]{8S;\ ;f]n';Gh\_’ -cf/=s]= l:k|u @!=x]Gvfdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
O{=!(*&M !–##_, ‘b ?6 kmfOgNh cj\ afGtjf /fO{ ej{;,\ ofG8 b sGu|'PG;\ cj\ @#=jfl8g * -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ds\ * -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
kmf]gf]nf]hL ljy\ u|ofd/ ofG8 n]lS;;\’ -cf/=s]= l:k|u O{=!(*(M (!–!!$_, @%=nfk * -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
afOlnªu'cflnHd ofG8 Nofªu'Oh\ ofl66o'8M c s]; :68L cj\ afGtjf /fO{ cj\ @&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
kmfSkmf]s sf]naf]6] lel8;L Og\ Onfd l8l:6«S6 -wg /fO{ O{=@))!_, ‘afGtjf /fO{M @(=k]Gdf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
ofg PS;/;fOh og\ Og6/gn ofG8 sDk]/]l6e l/sG:6«S;g\’ -8f=e]/g/ leG6/ / #!=e]Knf] -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=kdf * -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
8f=gf]ls/f O{=!(*^_, ls/fjf b'd -;x/dfg /fO{ O{=!((^_, ‘;dfj]zL tTjM /fO{ ##=cg'jfs * -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=y]k5'5t\ * -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
ls/fFtLx¿sf] eflifs ;Tj’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ ;=@)^@M @@–@#_, ‘8So'dl] G6ª #%=lnlDndf -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=6fªd'jf -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
lxdfnog Nofª\u'Olhh\M c lqml6sn l/Jo' l8lnª ljy 6' l/;]G6 slG6«Jo';G;\’ #&=5's -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=6fª -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
-5GTofn / afGtjf zAbsf]zx¿sf] ;dLIff, 8f=dfs{ 6'l/g O{=@))$M @)&–@!#_,
#(=PGdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=r'jf * -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
‘afGtfjf /fO{’ -8]le8 a|f8nL O{=!((^M &&#–&&$_ cflb 5g\ .
$!=xª;fª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=s'dfª\jf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
o:t} lqlj, l/;r{ l8lehgsf] l/;r{ a'nl] 6g -;=@)^@ ;fpg÷@))^ $#=pª\sf * -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Tdf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
h'nfO_, @$, ! n] hgfP cg';f/ tLg ljb]zL cg';Gwftfx¿n] gg–l8u|L sfo{qmd $%=t'Dk'5s' -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=l;Gdf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
cGt/ut ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . ltgdf ‘c :68L cg\ lb $&=;'Dafs -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=wdflGrg * -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
OG6]lnlhljln6L cj\ sDKo'6/ h]g]/6] afGtfjf 6]S:6’ -sf]gl]{ nof a"g #) clk|n $(=n'ªdfs -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=efGsf] -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
@))%–@( clk|n @))^_, ‘6]S:6 sn]S;g Og\ afGtfjf Nofª\u'Oh\’ -Sjfª h' 5f] %!=v] * -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=b'jf5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
!# l8;]Da/ @))%–!@ l8;]Da/ @))^_ / ‘kflh{ª b afGtfjf /fO{’ -dl/c; %#=aWw]÷a8\9] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nflbKdf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
8'/g]ga\ fn ^ l8;]Da/ @))%–% l8;]Da/ @))^_ klg 5g\ . %%=yfªn'ª -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=bf] -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
@=!)=!( ls/fFtL–ls/fjf gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Kirawa sample %&=6ªjns * -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=gª * -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
wordlist) %(=kf]t -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=cgªjf * -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] ^!=cvfv't * -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@= gfa' -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . ^#=dfTb'ª -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=cS6fs÷cSt]s -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M %*–^)_ af6 pw[t ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z ^%=nfd -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=dgf * -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} ^&=jf * -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xfnfkfSjf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . ^(=e]g -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=jKnf] * -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
&!=n'ª5'Kkf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=oªdf * -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
|| 129 || || 130 ||
&#=rf]Kdf * -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=lnDk's -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed hfltzf:qLo / ;fF:s[lts kS5]sf] cWoog klg /fd}| dfGg' kb{5 . bh{gf}+
&%=o'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=xf]Sjf * -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin k|ltlglwd"ns s[ltx¿ ;"rLs[t eP klg o;nfO{ g} xfdL clGtd dfGb}gf} . :jf8]z
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=cr'Kkfª * -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small ;o zAb ;"rLdf klg ;o k|ltzt g} zAbx¿ of] efiffdf df}hb' /x]5g\ .
&(=t'ª\t'ªd\ f -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=PKdf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand Wjlgj}Uoflgs ljz]iftfdf cf]Nnf] ls/fFt vflnª÷vfn'ª÷Vofndf / /b' jf b'dLdf
*!=;fªs]Gdf -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª6fs * -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone h:t} ;]G6«n cG/fpG8]8 Wjlg b]lvPsf] 5 . ;flxTo ;[hgfdf pkGof; ljwfdf
*#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfrfSdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–/f]bª' sf] h:tf] yfxf gnfu] klg uLt / sljtf 5]qdf
*%=ld/L÷ldl/s -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=df]sf] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that eg] pj{/ g} 5 . of] w]/} cfzf nfUbf] kS5] xf] . of] dft[efiffsf] zAbsf]zx¿ klg
*&=cf]sf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=vfgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you cGt/f{li6«o :t/d} k|sfzgdf cfO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . o;f] x'Fbf ls/fFtL–ls/fjf efiffsf]
*(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sª * -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth eljio pHHjn b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
(!=;ª6fª -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=xjf6fs÷xjft]t -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two -------------
(#=sf]Gdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=rfS-c\_jf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water ljz]if l6KkgL
(%=cfGs]g\ * -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=lb -;j{_ ‘s]’ what xfdLn] l8s PjO5f–afGtfjfnfO{ /fli6«o gfr 3/, sf7dfG8"df e]6/]
(&=cf]Dkf]lrjf -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;fª -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who /]lS6kmfO ug]{ sf]lzzkl5 ;k\m6 kmfOn kbd ls/fjf–/fO{nfO{ 6Lsfl6KkgLsfnflu
((=d]R5f5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=xfnf5f]Kdf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow eg]/ k7fPsf lyof}+ . pgn] klg ;fdfGo ;"rgf afx]s tf/fd0fL sf]o"n] h:t} s]xL
---------- klg l6KkgL n]vg] g\ . ;fy} k|f=8f=gf]ls/f nk]mª5fnfO{ klg xfdLn] kmfOn k7fPsf
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6M g+= #=cxf]Sjf * -gf_, %=cl9jfª * -lj_, (=x' * -gf_, lyof}+ tfklg s]xL O–va/ k|fKt ePg . ;fob pxfFsf] jf}l4s tyf Jojxfl/s
!#=dfSr'Gjf * -gf_, !^=;df * -lqm_, @#=jfl8g * -gf_, @$=d!s\ * -gf_, Jo:ttfn] gcfPsf] xf]nf eGg] a'em] sf 5f}+ . pxfFx¿ b'jn
} fO{ xfd|f] ljz]if wGojfb 5 .
@%=nfk * -gf_, #@=k!df * -lqm_, ##=cg'jfs * -lj_, #$=y]k5'5t\ * -gf_,
$)=r'jf * -gf_, $#=pª \ f * -;j{_, $*=wd! flGrg * -lqm_, %!=v] * -gf_,
! s
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
%&=6ªjns * -gf_, %*=g!ª * -gf_, %(=kf]t -gf_, ^)=cgªjf * -lj_, afnªxfª–afGtfjf, 5q= @)^!= vDa" oªkmf]ª a'lvknf ‘ls/fFt vDa'efiff
^!=cvfv't * -gf_, ^^=dgf * -gf_, ^&=jf * -gf_, &)=jKnf] * -lj_, jGf{dfnf’= sf7df8f}+M /fli6«o efiff ls/fFt cflbjf;L lzIff k|lti7fg=
&@=oªdf * -lqm_, &#=rf]Kdf * -lqm_, &^=xf]Sjf * -gf_, &*=cr'Kkfª * Balanghang-Bantawa, Chhatra. 2004 [VS 2061]. Khambu
-lj_, *@=n'ª6fs * -gf_, ()=sª * -gf_ / (%=cfGs]g\ * -;j{_ df Yeangphong Bukhipla. Kathmandu: Rastriya Bhasha Kirant
ofS6]l/:s ePsf zAbx¿df eflifsfsf] / 6fOkf]u|kmLsf] ;d:ofx¿ x'g Adivasi Shikhya Pratisthan. ;
;S5g\ . Ps k6s xfdLn] O{=@))^ sf] z'?lt/ l8s PjO5f–afGtfjfnfO{ afGtjf ‘efj's’, ajL= ;=@)^!= ‘a'ªjf’, d'Gw'd -dfl;s_, !, !M @#=
/fli6«o gfr 3/, sf7dfG8"df e]6]/ /]lS6kmfO ug]{ sf]lzz u/]sf lyof}+ . Bantawa, Babi. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Bungwa’, Mundhum Masik, 1,
1: 23.
@=!)=@) lgrf]8 (Conclusion) -----= ;=@)^!= ‘afGtfjf /fO{leq lzjfxfª y/Lsf] ljjfx ;+:sf/’, lnAh'–e'Dh',
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs bzdf k/]sf] ls/fFtL– !@, #, @&M !%–!^=
ls/fjf cyf{t\ afGtfjf dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf -----= 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Bantawa Raibhitra Shivahang thariko
5f}+ . of] dft[efifL ;Dk|bfo dfem ls/fFt 5]qdf 8f]ldgG6 (dominant) b]lvof] . vivaha sanskar’, Libju-Bhumju, 12, 3, 27: 15-16.
;flxTo ljwfdf klg ;|i6fx¿sf] /fd|} pkl:ylt 5 . t/ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] -----= ;=@)^)= ‘afGtfjf /fO{leq lzjfxfª y/Ldf dgfOg] lkt[ -dfª_’, lnAh'–
xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug eg] ce}m w]/} n]vsx¿ hGdg' kg]{ 5 . ptf l;lSsd /fHo, e'Dh', !!, @, @$M @#–@$=
ef/tdf klg o;n] klxrfg kfPsf] 5 eg] otf :jb]zdf klg lzS5f / ;Grf/ -----= 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Bantawa Raibhitra Shibahang tharima
5]qdf ;dfj]z ePsf]n] o;sf] l:ylt aha"b 5 eGbf t]/L cAh]S;g jf cGofo x'g] manaine pitri (Mang)’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, 24: 23-24.
xf]Og . t/ x'g' kg]{ hlt eg] ePsf] 5}g eGg] tYo xfdL klg :jLsf5f}{+ . efiff– afGtjf, lbn'= ;=@)%&= ‘xf]ª s'o’' , lnAh'–e'Dh', (, #, !&M #&=

|| 131 || || 132 ||
Bantawa, Dilu. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Hong kuyu’, Libju-Bhumju, 9, 3, 8'/g]Gafn, dl/c;= O{=@))#= ea{n sDkfpGh\ Og\ ls/fFtL -OGSn'8\;\ afGtfjf
17: 37. OUhfDkNh\_= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6jG6Lkmf]y{ ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b
afGtfjf, uh]g= ;=@)%(= ‘5fd’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @@M ^#= lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, l;gf;, sLlt{k/' , @^–@& gf]eD] a/=
Bantawa, Gajen. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Chham’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, Durnenbal, Marius. 2003. Verbal compounds across Kiranti
22: 63. (includes Bantawa examples). Paper presented in the 24th
afGtjf -vf]dsfjf_, Pd=Pd= ;=@)%*= ‘ls/fjfa'ª nfd\ a'ªjfRof] g'ª’, ls/fjf Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27
a'ª\, !, !M @!= November.
Bantawa (Khomkawa), MM. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Kirawabung laam PjO5f–afGtfjf, l8s, rGb|sd' f/ /fO{ æxt'jfnLÆ / c?= ;=@)^@= cfg o'ªM sIff
bungwachyo nung’, Kirawa Bung, 1, 1: 21. !b]lv %;Ddsf] kf7\ok':tsdf cfwfl/t zAbfy{ =sf7dfG8"M afGtjf efiff
afGtjf–/fO{, ;Gt= ;=@)%&= ‘6fof’, lgK;'ª, !!M ##= k|lti7fg=
Bantawa-Rai, Santa. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Taya’, Nipsung, 11: 33. Ewoichha-Bantawa, Dik, Chandra K Rai "hatuwali" et al. 2005 [VS
a|f8\nL, 8]le8= O{=!((^= ‘afGtfjf /fO{’= Og\ :6]km]g P=j'd of6 ofn -;Dkf=_= 2062]. Aan Yung: Kaksha Ekdikhi Panchsammako
of6n;\ cj\ Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ OG6/sNr/n sDo'lgs];g Og\ b Patthyapustakma Adharit Shabdartha. Kathmandu:
Kofl;lkms, Plhof ofG8 b cd]l/sfh\= 6«]Gh\ Og\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ Bantawa Bhasha Pratisthan.
8So'dG] 6];g !#= aln{gM jfN6/ 8] u|'O6/ ofG8 sf]= -----. ;=@)^!= 5fa'ªM 5f 5fKnfjf= sf7dfG8"M g]kfnL /fli6«o efiff ;+/If0f
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lgK;'ª, !#, @%M #@= Sampang-Rai, Shiva. Kirat Khamu Rais of Sikkim and Eastern
Rai (Dubdenghang), Shyamraj. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Bantawa Rai Himalayas. Sikkim: Shivika Enterprise.
bhashama samacharko 13 barsha’, Nipsung, 13, 25: 32. lzjfxfª–/fO{, ho= ;=@)%*= ‘jfkf cf]s\’, ls/fjf a'ª\ , !, !M &–*=
-----. ;=@)^@= cf] /]l8of] g]kfnfM /fO{ afGtjf efiffdf /]l8of] z}nL zJbsf]z= Shivahang-Rai, Jaya. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Wapa ok, Kirawa Bung, 1,
wgs'6fM n]vs= 1: 7-8.
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. O Radio Nepala: Rai Bantawa Radio Shaili ;'Rrf–/fO{, 9'G8L/fh= ;=@)^@= ef]hk'/ s6'Gh]M 8Da/ l;+ ;'Rrf /fO{ j+zfjnL =
Shabdakosh. Dhankuta: Author. nlntk'/M n]vs=
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘cfg\ afvf’,===!&= ;'lKtxfª, /fhg= O{=!((%= af]Gtfjf vDa" zAb;+u|x= ===
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Aan wakha’, ‘17. Suptihang, Rajan. 1995. Bontawa Khambu Shabdasangraha‘
/fO{, zfxLdfg= ;=@)^!= ‘k|fylds txdf afGtfjf efiff cWofkgsf] rf/ jif{’, l:k|u, cf/=s]= O{=!((@=‘afGtjf /fO{ ;–, 6– ofG8 h– kmfOgn ?6;\M 6«flG;l6e,
lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, @%M &*–&(= OG6«flG;l6e, sh]l6E;\, ofG8 8f/]lS6Eh\’, lnªu'Oli6S;\ cj\ b l6a]6f]–
Rai, Shahiman. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Prathamik tahama Bantawa ad{g Pl/of, !%, !M #(–%@=
bhasha adhyapanko char barsha’, Libju-Bhumju, 12, 1, 25: Sprig, RK. 1992. ‘Bantawa Rai s-, t- and z- final roots: Transitives,
78-79. intransitives, causatives, and directives’, Linguistics of the
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘ls/fjfa'ª\ ;'lDgxfª\df kf?xfªkf’, ls/fjf a'ª\ , !, !M (–!!= Tibeto-Burman Area, 15, 1: 39-52.
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Kirawabung Sumnihangma Paruhangpa’, -----. O{=!(*(= ‘b ?6 kmfOgNh cj\ afGtjf /fO{ ej{;,\ ofG8 b sGu|'PG;\ cj'
Kirawa Bung, 1, 1: 9-11. kmf]gf]nf]hL ljy\ u|ofd/ ofG8 n]lS;;\’, a'nl] 6g cj\ b :s'n cj\
/fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n=' O{=@))%= ‘cg\ ls/fFtL u|fd;{’, slG6«Jo';Gh 6' g]lKnh cf]l/PG6n ofG8 clk|msg :6l8h\, %@, !M (!–!!$=
:6l8h\, #@, @M #@(–##^= -----. ‘The root finals of Bantawa Rai verbs, and the congruence of
Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu. 2005. ‘On Kiranti grammars’ (A review phonology with grammar and lexis’, Bulletin of the School
article), Contributions to Nepalese Studies, 32, 2: 329-336. of Oriental and African Studies, 52, I: 91-114.
-----.;=@)^!= ‘d+uf]lnofdf ls/fFtL3/sf] k|ltTo'Q/’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, @%M -----. O{=!(*&= ‘y|L k|fA] nDh\ Og afGtjf /fO{ kmf]gf]nf]hL -ofG8 y|L cGcyf]{8S;\
@!–@%= ' Gh\_’, g]lKnh lnªu'Oli6S;\, $M !–##=
;f]n;
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Mangoliama Kirantigharko pratityuttar’, -----. ‘Three problems in Bantawa Rai phonology (and three
Libju-Bhumju, 12, 1, 25: 21-25. unorthodox solutions)’, Nepalese Linguistics, 4: 1-33.
/f]Sb'ª, aL=aL= ld=g= g]kfnL–/fO{ lrqdo zAbsf]z= l;lSsdM k|sfzs pNn]v 6'l/g, dfs{= O{=@))$= ‘8So'dl] G6ª lxdfnog Nofª\uO' lhh\M c lqml6sn l/Jo'
gePsf]= l8lnª ljy 6' l/;]G6 slG6«Jo';G;\’ -5GTofn / afGtjf zAbsf]zx¿sf]
Rokdung, BB. N.d. Nepali-Rai Chitramaya Shabdakosh. Sikkim: ;dLIff_, :6l8h\ Og\ g]kfnL lx:6«L ofG8 ;f];fO6L, (, !M @)&–@!#=
No publisher mentioned.

|| 141 || || 142 ||
Turin, Mark. 2004. ‘Documenting Himalayan languages: a critical
review dealing with to recent contributions’ (review of @=!! ls/fFtL–sf]OF r (Kiranti-Kõits)
Chhantyal and Bantawa Dictionaries), Studies in Nepali
History and Society, 9, 1: 207-213. @=!!=) kl/ro (Introduction)
EfflG;6f6{, O8]g= !((@ -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !*(^_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -ljy ofg\
cfk"mnfO{ ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' n] u'÷uf] afc\oª' >aflxª eg]em}F ls/fFtL–
OG6««f8] S;g afO Pr=Pr= l/:n]_= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M Plhog Ph's;
] gn
sf]FOrx¿ klg cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf uf] sf]FOr gª egL lrgf/L u/fpF5g\ . cfhsf]
;le{;];=\
sf7dfG8" pkTosfsf] ls/fFt sfn 9n]kl5 k"j{ k;]sf oL ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿
Vansittart, Eden. 1992 [orig.1896]. Notes on Nepal (with an
introduction by H.H. Risley). New Delhi and Madras: Asian
cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf a;f]jf; u/]sf x'g\ . zfx ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;j}eGbf a9L df/
Educational Services. cf]Nnf] ls/fFtd} k/]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿df hLjgsf x/ 5]qdf ljrng cfof] . xfdLn]
–––––= !((! -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !()^_= u'vf{hM\ x ÅofG8a's= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M k|fSsygsf] kfb l6KkgL gDa/ b'Od{ f n]vs ] f] 36fgf ljj/gn] xfdL ls/fFtLx¿sf]
Plhog Ph's;
] gn ;le{;];=\ t]tLv]/sf] cj:yf emNsfpF5 . o;f] e’sf]n] cfo{s/g / afx'gjfb nfb\g] sfd
-----. 1991 [orig.1906]. Gurkhas: A Handbook. New Delhi & ‘;'gj' f/’ (Sunuwar) zAbaf6} ePsf] 5 . of] zAbsf] Ol6df]nf]hL (etymology)
Madras: Asian Educational Services. s]nfpFb} hfFbf ;'gsf]zLdf k'u/] ;dfKt x'G5 . lvGrL xfªsf] ;Gtlt sf]FOrx¿
jt{dfg -gj/fh sf]o–' /fO{_= ;=@)%#= ‘ls/fjf /fO{ b'S5fRof} 5fd’, ;okqL, @, !M ;'gsf]zLjf/L cfP/ a;f]af; u/]kZrft\ ‘;'gjf/’ (Sunwar: British Gurkha
**–!)@ x]g"{ cg'el" t ;=@)%%, !, @M %%–^! klg_= spelling) jf ‘;'gj ' f/’ sxlnPsf x'g\ eGg] ts{ / ;flxTonfO{ cfh r'gf}lt /
Vartaman (Nawaraj Koyu-Rai). 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Kirawa Rai ;+s6 cfOk/]sf] 5 . ;'gsf]zLsf]jf/L cfOk'Ug' eGbf klxn] pgLx¿ sf] lyP t egL
dukchhachyau chham’, Sayapatri, 2, 1: 88-102 (see also 3f]lTn+bf pxL sf]FOr (Kõits) zAbdf cfOk'luG5 . o;/L cfk\mgf] df}lns gfd xf]
Anubhuti 2055, 1, 2: 55-61). sf]FOr eg] cfo{s/g gfdr}F ‘;'g'jf/’ . cfk\mgf] df}lns gfd n]Vg gkfpg', df}lns
ljG6/, j]g/{ = O{=@))#= c afGtjf l8S;g/L= aln{g ofG8 Go" of]sM{ d'tf]F 8] u|'O6/= rf8jf8 dfGg gkfpg', ;F:s[lt / wd{sf] cEof; ug{ gkfpg', efiff k|of]u ug{
Winter, Werner. 2003. A Bantawa Dictionary (Trends in gkfpg' cflb ;a} jGb]hx¿ zfx ;fd|fHojfbs} b]g x'g\ . o;sf] ;+st] k|fSsygdf
Linguistics: Documentation, No.20). Berlin and New York: klg lbPsf 5f}+ . t];f] ePkl5 cfk\mgf ;j} df}lnstfx¿ / efiff dfl;Psf] ;fFrf] xf] .
Mouton de Gruyter.
ljG6/, j]g/{ / gf]j]n lszf]/ /fO{= ld=g= dfg'l:qmlK68= afGtjf n]lS;sf]g= s]OnM of] ;'gjf/ jf ;'gj' f/ zAb g} g]kfnsf] ;fF:s[lts, hftLo / dfgjzf:qLo
o'lgel;{6L cj\ s]On= ;flxTox¿df 8f=6f]gL xfugb]lv lnP/ 8f=:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{;Ddn] cy{bl] v
Winter, Werner and Novel K. Rai. n.d. Bantawa lexicon (Ms). lxHh];Dd lauf/L lbPsf 5g\ . av]8f dRrfO lbPsf 5g\ . of] av]8f lxGb" n'/]
Keil: University of Keil. afx'g -k|ef s}gLsf] zAbfjnL_ k'Hg] k/Dk/fb]lv g} cfPsf] xf] . o;sf] a[xQ/
-----. O{=!(*^= ‘afGtjf /fO{M ofg PS;/;fOh Og\ OG6/gn ofG8 sDk]/l] 6e ljZn]ifg /fkrf -O{=@))^_ n] u/]sf 5g\ .
l/sG:6«S;g\’, 6]«Gh\ Og\ lnªu'Ol:6s :6l8h\ ofG8 df]gf]uf| km;\, #@= pgLx¿nfO{ df:g] csf]{ zAb /fO{, ;'Ajf -;'efªuL lxHh] klg_, b]jfg,
-----. 1986. ‘Bantawa Rai: an exercise in internal an comperative lhDdfjfn, lhdL, lhdLGbf/ h:t} ‘d'lvof’ xf] . sltko ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] Tof]
reconstruction’, Trends in Linguistic Studies and
Monographs, 32.
d'lvof lhDd]jf/Lsf] kb gkfP klg /fO{ h:t} 7fn' x'g] xf]8df cfk\mgf] hfltgfd
-----. kmf]ys
{ ldª= ofg\ Ol6df]nf]lhs l8S;g/L cj\ afGtfjf= d'lvof ;b/ u/fP . ctLt d'lvof -slj_, dg d'lvof -gf6ssf/_, 6]sjL/
-----. forthcoming. An Etymological Dictionary of Bantawa. d'lvof -snfjL/_, ;'/G] b| d'lvof -ufos_, ;'dg d'lvof -uflosf_, /f]lztf
d'lvof -sDKo'6/ OlGhlgc/_, cf/jL d'lvof -k|zf;s_ cflb t]xL xf]8sf s]xL
pbfx/gx¿ x'g\ . of] d'lvof gfd k"jL{ g]kfn / b; uhf kf/L bf]hl]{ nª /
*************************** ;'lvd;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 . clxn] t sflnDkf]ªlt/af6 /f]lztf d'lvofsf] gfddf
cd]l/sf klg k'uL ;s]sf] 5 . h]Pgo'sf] Oltxf;df 7"nf k|fWofks xl/j+z klg
gflosf P]Zjof{ / n]vs anL /fO{ eP h:t} d'lvof x'g\ . t/ xl/j+z kGhfaL -<
|| 143 || || 144 ||
xfd|f] k|Zg_ ePsf]n] pgnfO{ l6a]6f]–dªuf]nf]O8 ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff yfxf 5}g / (=o;d, cf]vn9'Íf, !)=/ugL, cf]vn9'Íf, !!=sftL, cf]vn9'Íf, !@=u'Kt]Zj/,
x'Fbg} klg . t]:t} x'g\ anL / P]Zjof{ klg . of] :jefljs klg xf] . /fd]5fk, !#=;Ok', /fd]5fk, !$=b'/fufpF, /fd]5fk, !%=lk|lt, /fd]5fk, !^=e'hL,
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrnfO{ 5'§} hflt ;'/]n egL 6'qmfPsf] syf–Joyf tnsf] pk– /fd]5fk, !&=s'Fa'sf:ynL, /fd]5fk, !*=;fa|f, /fd]5fk, !(=/:gfn', /fd]5fk,
vG8 @=!!=$ df jofg–ljZn]ifg u/]sf 5f}+ . hflt lrgf/Ls} ;d:of / r'gf}ltdf @)=xfFjf, bf]nvf, @!=s6f/L, pbok'/, @@=ua'jf, pbok'/, @#=;f]nfkf, l;Gw'nL,
sltko ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ ‘/fO{’ egL lrgfPsf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . æs] @$=w/fg, ;'g;/L, @%=nK;]km]bL, sf7dfG8", @^=dfOkf]v/L, Onfd, @&=lkmsn,
/fO{ <Æ egL csf]{ k|Zg t]:of{pFbf dfQ} æ;'gj' f/ /fO{Æ eGg] u/]sf] klg xfdLn] ;'gs
] f Onfd, / @*=h:jL/], Onfd -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=!@ XII klg_ . oL afx]s cGo
5f}+ . ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf Ps jf}l4s JolQmTj e"kWjh yf]D/f];n] t xfdLnfO{ :yfgx¿df klg of] efiff sYo k/Dk/fdf lhpFb} 5 . tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn
æk9]n]vs ] f / af7fn] dfQ} ;'gj' f/ eGb5g\ / afFsL t /fO{ g}Æ eGb5g\ egL ;'gfP . vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] dft[efiff lzS5f k|:tfj s]Gb| eg]/ /:gfn' ufpF, /fd]5fk
t/ nf]slk|o d'lnrf–;'gj' f/ / pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ eg] æ;'gj' f/x¿ ;a} /fO{ lhNnfnfO{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf 5g\ .
eP/ l;l2Psf x'g\ / ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' / /f9' jStfx¿ t];s } f] HjnGt pbfx/g x'g\Æ cf]Nnf] ls/fFt, k"jL{ g]kfnsf oL kxf8L Onfsfx¿ eGbf k/ bzuhfkf/L
eGb5g\ . ptf k]ml/ ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' nf]s;flxTon] / uf]kfn vDa"n] sf]FOrx¿ l;lSsd /fHo, ef/tdf tLg ls/fFtL /fHoefiffx¿dWo] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!) /
lvGrL xfªsf g} ;Gtltx¿ x'g\ eGg] tYonfO{ cl3 ;f5{g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª @=@^ klg_ klg Ps xf] . t]xfF k|fylds lzS5fdf of] efiffsf] k9fO eO/x]sf] 5 /
d'Gw'ddf ;'g'xfª eGg] kfqsf] gfd pNn]v ePtfklg tL ;'gx' fª eGbf lvGrL l;lSsd x]/fN8 klg k|sflzt x'G5 . oxfF ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffnfO{ j9L d'lvof
xfªsf] k|dfg alnof] 5 . tL ;'g'xfª / ;'gj' f/ -;efg]sf] ?lkd –jf/_ jLr rfG; efiff g} eGg] rng 5 / t]xL gfdn] lrlgG5 .
l/h]DAn]G; (chance resemblance) dfQ} xf] . lsgeg] lvGrL xfª / afc\oª '
;DjGw eg]sf] eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, ef}uf]lns / Snfgf]lgdsf] lgs6tf klg xf] .
pgLx¿ jLrsf] eflifs, ;fF:s[lts tyf Snfgf]lgd ;DjGw slt 5 eg]/ xfdLn]
cWofo kfFrdf ljZn]ifg u/]sf 5f}+ .
o;/L ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf] x¿jf afÅogfd(exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf
zf;sx¿n] klxn] nfb]sf] d'lvof afx]s pgLx¿ klg ls/fFtL cGt/utsf k|frLg
dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s
efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa'
(Khambu) xf] eG5 . k|frLg ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf sf]FOr cl:tTjdf
lgs} ptf/r9fj cfPsf] ls/fFtL clnlvt ;flxTo ;f5L 5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’
zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–
efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of]
tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
-gSzf g+=@=!@ XII: sf]FOr efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{= @))^M *&_
@=!!=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
@=!!=@ jStf;+Vof / y/x¿ (Spekers and their ethno-clanonyms,
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof_ dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd–kf7\ok':ts
moities)
k|f=lj= txsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff tyf
v]ns'b dGqfno, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/nfO{ @@ a}zfv @)^# l;ljP; -O{=@))!_ n] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf] hg;+Vof (%,@%$
df n]lvPsf] k|:tfljt kqdf of] efiffsf] ;+efljt cWofkg Onfsfx¿ eg]/ lgDg b]vfPsf] 5 . t/ /d]z ufpFn]n] rG8L /fO{ -ld=g=_ sf] zf]wkq ‘g]kfnsf] ;+;bdf
@* 5]qx¿nfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5– !=jfRk', cf]vn9'Íf, @=k|fKrf, cf]vn9'Íf, hghfltx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjM Ps cWoog’ -kfgf &#_ nfO{ ;fef/ ub}{ ls/fFtL–
#=ssgL, cf]vn9'Íf, $=s6'Gh], cf]vn9'Íf, %=;/fag, cf]vn9'Íf, ^=of]nf]ª– sf]FOr ;+Vof @,)@,&)^ ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgd
ltTsfvf]nf, cf]vn9'Íf, &=lvFrL kmnf6], cf]vn9'Íf, *=kf]snL, cf]vn9'Íf, ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' sf sltko Snfgf]lgdx¿;Fu glhssf] ;DjGw /fVb5g\ . tL

|| 145 || || 146 ||
Snfgf]lgdx¿df la´lgrf, a'´lhrf, a|lDnrf, bf/vfrf, b´;'rf, b]Aafrf, l6Kk0fLM ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf oL jg{x¿ nw'td o'Ud hfFr (minimal
lbu/rf, b'/larf, kmltrf, up/f]rf, uf]ª/\ f]rf h]:k'rf, lh´lhrf, Ho]F´ltrf pair test t'n /fkrf @))% klg) / k|f8 ] lS6le6L pTkfbsTj sd d]hf]l/6L
-h]FMltrf lxHh] klg_, sf´ltrf, v'´F lnrf, Sofafrf, Vof]Fkltrf, So'O´F ltrf, (productivity cum majority) l;4fGtsf cfwf/df OGe]G6 ul/Psf] 5 . c?
sf]/df]rf, n:kfrf, lngf]rf, nf]Fsr ' f, n'´F lsrf, d'lnrf, gf;f]rf, ªfjrf, ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf
gf]lDnrf, k/ufrf, k|]lT´trf, /fkrf -ljjfbf:kbý x]g"{ EfflG;6f6{ O{=!*(^ / !()^ 5 . l;DKn]S; k|fg] f]ldgfnfOh]Ozg klg o;df kfOG5 . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–
df ls/fFtL–vflnªdf dfq pNn]v ePsf] t/ vflnªx¿ a;f]jf; ug]{ 6f]kf]lgd /f8' / afo'ªdf h:tf] b'O{ ODKnf]l;e :6k Wjlg -/!/ / /!/_ x¿ Ol8cf]nS] 6df
/x]5_, /flkrf, /jfrf, ?lhrf, ?kfrf, ?lbrf jf ?ltrf, Zof]rN' rf, ;';r ' f, kfOP klg sG6«fl:6e k]c/x¿ kfOb}g . t/ /f8'sf] /"/ h:tf]r}F ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5}g .
' f, y'Fu'rf, t'/z'rf, jª\br
t]Kkfrf, 7fª\u|frf, yf]nf]rf, tf]Fsr ] f / of´tfrf -t'n= ls/fFtL–vflnª h:tf] of] tfgn efiff eP klg sltko e"eflifsf of] nf]k eO{
k"jj{ t\ klg_ x'g\ . oL $& afx]s c? ;ASnfgf]lgdx¿ klg cl:tTjdf x'g ;S5g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] h:tf] kf]lnl;dflG6;Ldf kl/gt eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . k|foM ls/fFtL
@=!!=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features) efiffx¿df h:tf] o;sf] klg cs/g dfs{/ –d xf] . jfSo;+/rgfsf] d"n?kdf
P;cf]eL c8/ x'G5 . cGo ;femf ljz]iftfx¿sf] of] cWofosf] cGt]df lbPsf 5f}+ .
Wjlgj}Uoflgs ljz]iftfdf cf]Nnf] ls/fFt vflnª÷vfn'ª÷Vofndf h:t
tfg (tone) s'g} s'g} eflifsf Jolt/]sL 5 . cf]Nnf] ls/fFts} ls/fFtL–/f9' / @=!!=$ hfltzf:qLo÷dfgjzf:qLo lrgf/L (Ethno-anthropological
ls/fFtL–afc\oª' df h:tf] ODKnf]l;e :6k jf cGt:kmf]6s Wjlg P]ltxfl;s ?kdf identity)
e]l6G5 . t/ of] ljz]iftf ÷a÷ / ÷k÷ Wjlgx¿df dfQ} ;Lldt 5 . ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] cl3 xfdLn] kl/rosf] pk–vG8 @=!!=) df ls/fFtL–sf]FOrnfO{ ;'/]n
JoGhg / :j/ jg{ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\– hflt agfO 6'qmfOPsf] 5 eGg];Dd ;+st] u/]sf lyof}+ . of] pk–vG8df eg] xfdLn]
Consonants JoGhg jg{ Vowels :j/ jg{ /fkrf -;=@)^#M (^–!)#, O{=@))^M (–!!_ n] u/]sf] cg';GwgfTds ax;nfO{
------------------------------------------ ----------------------- oxfF yf]/} Kof/fk|]mh (paraphrase) u/]/ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .
e f g h . { | kqsf/ /fh]Gb| dfgGw/ / ;fydf k|=k=ds/ >]i7åf/f ;lrq ;Dk]|lift
h
/k,s/ /k ,v/ /g,u/ /',ª / /!,c\/ /i,O/ /u,p/ ‘;'/n] hfltsf] syf’ -sflGtk'/, !) r}t )^@_ k9]kl5 ;'/]n–klxrfgsf] af/]df
i j a B* cToGt} hl6n ;d:of ;[hgf ePsf] cjut eof] . x'g t o:tf] hghflt klxrfgsf]
/c,r/ /dz,h/ /(,c/ /o,cf/ ;d:of ;'/]n / ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/ aLr dfq} geP/ cGo cflbjf;L hghfltx¿
k l } A h:t}M 5GTofn ->5Gt]n_, vfd, du/, 3n], r]kfª, k|hf, jgsl/of, /fp6],
h ls/fFtL– afs'nf]rfgf cflbdf klg ljBdfg 5 . / of] kndf dnfO{ ljz]iftM
/T,6/ /T ,7/ /),P/ /!,cf/
m n o p ----------------------- ;'/n] s} syf–Joyfn] ddf{xt kf/]sf] 5 . To;df klg clgh j]e ;fO6
/t,t/ /th,y/ /d,b/ /n,g/ *means optional and /), !, i, -www.anij.org.np kx'Fr ldlt !( r}t @)^@_ sf] ;dfrf/n] t cfnf] 3fpdf
u/ are also g"gr's} 5g]{ sfd u¥of] . oLdWo] r]kfªsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;fb[Zosf] ?kdf r'g]/
q r s t subject to have such ;'/n
] sf] ;d:ofdf cfOk'Ug' eGbf klxn] ;'/]naf/] n]lvPsf ;dfrf/x¿, cWoog /
lengthening k|rf/–k|;f/ cflbnfO{ ;/;/tL x]g'{ oxfF ;fGble{s x'G5 .
h
/p,k/ /p ,km/ /b,a/ /m,d/ phonetically only plNnlvt b'O{ ;dfrf/x¿ afx]s ;'/]naf/] k"js { fo{x¿ hd{gefiffljb\
u v w x dfln{g ;'Nh -O{=!(&@ km/j/L_, k|m]Gr OYgf]u|km/ cnfF k'mlgo/ -O{=!(&# cª\uh|] L
/y,o/ /r,// /l,n/ /w,j/ -;|ft] M /fkrf O{=@))!P @))@8L_ cg'= O{=!(&^ lxr\ss' / hf]G;df / O{=!(&$M !%#–!^^_, g/]Gb| zdf{ -O{= !(&^_,
z y , dw'/dGf cfrfo{ -O{=!(($_, uf}td / yfkf–du/ -O{=!(($M #$!–#$%_, b]jbf;
/s,;/ /š,z/ /h,x/ >]i7 ‘;'/]n hflt nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf’ -lxdfno 6fOD;, * c;f]h )%#_, nf]lk|
------------------- d'lnrf–;'gj' f/ -sf]FOra', )%#M !(–@(_, /f;; ‘pk]lIft ;'/]n hflt ;'g'jf/
;d'bfodf ljlng’ -uf]vf{kq, @# c;f/ )%$_, /f;; ‘cnkq ls/fFt, lh/]n /
|| 147 || || 148 ||
] Û’ -uf]vf{kq, $ ebf} )%$_, OGb|axfb'/ v8\sf ‘;'/]n hfltsf] ;fdflhs
;'/n kqsf/ dfgGw/ -k"j{jt\_ n] lsSo >lsls ‘afh]’ *& aifL{o cla/]
cfly{s cWoog’ -;=)%%_ /f;; ‘;'/n ] hfltsf] ;+/IfGfsf nflu sfo{qmd’ ;'/n
] nfO{ cu'jf Oltxf; dfg]sf 5g\ / xfdL klg pgnfO{ Oltxf;} dfg]/ Oltxf;sf]
-uf]vf{kq, !( d+l;/ )%$_, zDe' uf}td ‘;'/Lsf ;'gj' f/x¿nfO{ c?n] ;'/n ] k[i7e"ld x'Fb} s]xL wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts kIf 5f]P/ efifflj1fg
agfOlbP’ -lxdfno 6fOD;, !( k''; )%^_, tfDnf pSofj / Zofd clwsf/L -;dfh÷dfgjzf:qlj1x¿ / lsSo cla/]df 5f8]/_ df k|j]z u/L d;Fu pknAw
-)%&M ^%_, 8f=xs{ u'?ª ‘g]kfnsf efiff÷eflifsf ;DaGwdf’ -hghflt, )%& jif{ slyt ;'/n ] efiffsf] tYofÍdf 8'a'NsL dfb}{ pgLx¿sf] hftLo klxrfg
@ cÍ !,#M !–*_, df:s] -;=)%*_, dw';b" g kfG8]o -)^)M !@)–@!_, g]lkmg ;d:ofnfO{ lgsf;sf] uf]/]6f]lt/ klxNofpg] x/k|oTg ug]{5f}+ .
j]e ;fO6 -www.nefin.org.np kx'Fr ldlt @@ h]7 )^!_, ddtf zdf{–g]kfn g]kfnsf xlalaog Oltxf;ljb\ 8f=/d]z 9'ªu]n -lxdfn !^–@( kmfu'g
‘;'/]n hfltsf] 5f]6f] lrgf/L’ -)^@M $)*–!! hLjgrGb| sf]O/fnfdf_ cflb x'g\ . @)^@M ^)–@_ n]Vg'xG' 5– æP]ltxfl;s sfnqmddf s'g} 7fpF, hflt, ;d"x jf /fHo
clxn] oxfF oL sfo{x¿sf] sdLsdhf]/L / ;jn kS5]fx¿sf] ;dLS5fnfO{ oxL+ ;d]tsf] klxrfg tyf gfd kl/jt{g ePsf jf ljljwtf ylkPsf pbfx/Gf kfOG5g\ .
yfFtL /fv]/ -s]xLr}F tnsf] cfpFbf] cg'R5]bdf n]vfhf]vf / t'ngf x'g]5_ s'g} hflt jf dfgj ;d'bfosf] klxrfgnfO{ e"uf]n, ;Eotf–;F:s[lt / rfnrng
hghfltx¿sf] klxrfg ;d:of k|sl[ tx¿dWo] k|yd cg'R5]bdf pNn]v eP cflb afx]s zf;g–Aoj:yf / /fHosf gLltn] ;d]t k|efj kf5{ . ufF;–af;,
cg'?k r]kfªx¿sf] klxrfg ;d:ofx¿sf] lemNsfx¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ug'{ cfTd/Iff, ljz]if ;'ljwf–;x'lnot cflbsf] vf]h tyf /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs
cToGt} /f]rs, ;fGble{s / dggLo x'G5 . sf/Gfn] dflg;sf] af;:yndf kl/jt{g x'G5 / To;af6 ;fF:s[lts k/Dk/f, dfGotf
cfhp/f k|lti7fg -PgPkml8g, O{=@))#M %$_ sf] cflbjf;L tyf ;du|df ;Daf]wg ul/g] gfd / klxrfg ;d]t ablnG5g\ .Æ of] jf:tljstfaf6
hghfltx¿sf] ;"rLdf r]kfª hfltnfO{ g+= & df /flvPsf] 5 . cfhp/fk|s} pbfx/Gf :j?k cfw'lgs OªNofG8df gd{g sªSj]i6 h:t} cfw'lgs g]kfndf
jgsl/of===k|ltj]bg -!# d+l;/ )^!_ / r]kfª cfjfh -;=)^@ jif{ $ cÍ ^M uf]vf{ sªSj]i6sf] k|efj s:tf] /xof] egL uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rg' vf]hs} csf]{ ljifo
!$–%_ nfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ r]kfª Ö r]jfª -/ ‘Rof]afª’ x]g"{ lzjs'df/ sfzL x'g ;S5 . t/ of] ljZn]ifgsf] oxfF Tof] ;/f]sf/ /x]g . Oltxf;ljb\ 9'ªu]n g} of]
-lxdfn !^–#! ebf} )^@_ klg_ zJb / hflt Ö r]kfª, k|hf / jgsl/of u/L tLg vf]hsf] zfob klxnf] cGj]ifs x'g' x'g5] . o;af6 kf7 l;Sg ;lsG5 .
v]dfdf ljeSt /x]5g\ . ljiGf'/fd k|hf -k"j{jt\ k|ltj]bg kfgf %%_ df eG5g\– ;/f]sf/ s] xf] eg] ;'/n] :jhftLo klxrfgsf] ;+s6df km;]sf] 5 . of]
æjgsl/ofnfO{ clxNo} gful/stf lb+bf r]kfª ;d'bfodf k|lts'n k|efj kg{ ;+s6df km;fpg] tTj s] xf] < s] ;'/n ] 5'§} efiff, wd{, ;F:s[lt / -c_lnlvt
;Sb5 . aflx/af6 k|efj k/]h:tf] nfU5 . jgsl/of eg]sf] ufpFsf] gfd xf], of] s'g} Oltxf; ePsf] 5'§} :jtGq klxrfg;ltsf] hflt xf] < Pp6} zAbdf eGg' kbf{ ‘xf’]
ljz]if hfltsf] gfd xf]Og . sfo{qmdaf6 dfu k"/f gx'Fbf l/;n] pgLx¿ jgsl/of lsgeg] cfhp/f k|lti7fg -k"j{jt\ g+= %& df_ n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ -e"k_" sf]
aGg k'us
] f x'g\ .Æ ;lrj >L pbo g]kfnL >]i7sf] cf1fn] ldlt @% df3 )%* df /f]on l;n nufP/
uf]ljGb/fd r]kfª -k"jj{ t\ r]kfª cfjfh kfgf !$_ eG5g\– æ===;"rLdf hghflt egL k|dflGft u/]sf] 5 . t/ s]xL cg'R5]bx¿ eGbf cl3 pNn]v eP
k/]sf] jgsl/ofx¿ lzlIft -k9]n]vs ] f egfpFbfx¿_ sf] hfndf k/]sf x'g\ . cg'?k ;'/n ] sf] :jtGq :jhftLo klxrfgdf of] ‘xf]’ n] k"Gf{t k"Gf{lj/fd nufpg] ge}
e"ldklt eP/ klg e"ldxLg aGg k'u]sf pgLx¿sf] ;f]emf]kgsf] k|ToIf kmfObf hfGg] jx;sf] 9f]sf vf]ns ] f] 5 . r]kfª >r]jfª >Rof]afª >k|hf >jgsl/of h:t} dfly
a'em\g]n] zf]ifGf u/]/ p7fPsf] oyfy{ r]kfªx¿n] a'lem;s]sf 5g\ . jgsl/ofsf bf];|f] cg'R5]bdf k/]sf ckjfb cGj]ifs–n]vsx¿ afx]s k|ofzM n]vs–
k'vf{x¿ ;a} r]kfªx¿ g} lyP eGg] s'/fsf] oyfy{ x'FbfxF'b} klg jgsl/of gfdfs/Gf cGj]ifs-;"rs;lxt_x¿n] ;'/]nsf] unfdf ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/sf] ufF8 h:t} ‘;'/n ] –
x'g'n] cfZro{df 5g\ r]kfªx¿ / kL8f kf]V5g\, æo:tf] kL8f c? hfltn] ef]Ug' ;'gj' f/–lh/]n–/fO{–lnDa"’ -h]7f, dflxnf, ;fFOnf, sfFlxnf, sfG5f qmddf km/s
gk/f];\ .ÆÆ o:t} ltns r]kfª -k"jj{ t\ r]kfª cfjfh kfgf !%_ klg pgLx¿ aLr kg{ ;S5 / xfo';lxt_ em'G8ofO lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . xfnnfO{ oxL ;'/]n–;'gj' f/sf]
efiff, ;F:s[lt, /xg;xg / ljjfx rngsf] Ps?ktf ePsf] tYonfO{ cufl8 ;f5{g\ . ufF8 g} pgLx¿sf] :jhftLo klxrfgsf] jfws tTj eg'F jf ;d:of xf] .
oL tLg k|ltlglw cfjfhx¿n] efiffzf:qL, dfgjzf:qL / ;dfhzf:qL cflbnfO{ r]kfªx¿n] æo:tf] kL8f c? hfltn] ef]Ug' gk/f];Æ\ eg]/ k'sf/] tfklg b}jsf] nf7L
s]xLa]/ 7G8f lbdfun] ;f]Rg' kg]{ r'gf}tL lbPsf 5g\ lsgeg] 1fg / lj1fgsf] ;Ldf eg'F jf ljlwsf] ljwfg ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/x¿nfO{ o:t} eof] . / ;'gj' f/ zAb cfk}+mnfO{
x'Fbg} . of] au]sf] kfgL h:t} xf] . ;do ;fk]If x'G5 / kl/:s[t ub}{ nfg' k5{ . t]:tf] ;+s6 k/sf] klg :ki6 eO{ ;s]sf] g} 5 .
lj1fgsf] lgod g} oxL xf] . ca ufF7L s'/f] cfof] ;'/n ] hfltsf] klxrfg ;d:of .
;'/n ] sf] of] ;d:of emG8} x'–ax' r]kfªsf] h:t} 5 .
|| 149 || || 150 ||
o;/L ‘;'gj' f/’ zAb / hflt klg cfkm}+df cfkm\gf] :jOYgf]lgd cla/]sf] ;'/fs ‘PsfªynL ufpF’ eg]af6 klg k|dflGft x'G5 . pgL xfd|}
‘:jhfltgfd’ xf]Og . ;+s6u|:t of] zAb cl3 Oltxf;ljb\ 9'ªu]nn] ;+st] u/]em}+ afh]x¿dWo]sf] Ps ePsfn] xfdLn] oxfF pgnfO{ lsSo egL ;Daf]wg u/]sf xf}+ .
Oltxf;sfnrqm;Fu} ‘;'gj' f/’ zAb ablnPsf] xf] . pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs hxfF;Dd ;a} ;dfrf/ / cg';Gwfg n]vg syfx¿df ;'/Ldf a:g] ‘;'/]n’ / lh/Ldf
:jOYgf]lgd cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -< sf]FOrf_ g} xf] . / ca pk|fGt a:g] ‘lh/]n’ eP elgPsf] 5ý o;sf] Tolt kTofl/nf] cfwf/x¿ eg] 5}g / k|Zg
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ www.sunuwar.org.np klg, kx'Fr ldlt !@ clk|n )^_ p7\5– ;'/L vf]nfsf] lsgf/lt/ a;f]af; ug'{ cl3 sf] lyP t pgLx¿ < a?
eGgfn] ‘ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/’ eGg] klg a'em\ g' kg]{5 . pgLx¿sf] ;fd|fHojfbL kb eg] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf ;'/Lsf] cy{ ‘s'gf’ xf] / ;'/]n hflt a'emfpg] zAb geP/
‘d'lvof’ xf] t/ y/ xf]Og . ‘df/kfr]’ xpjf gfd ePklg ls/fFtL– sf]FOr ;'/Lld afc\t]s] d'? -afc\Zof] klts]d_\ ;'/n
] dOl;Zof] gdL cyf{t\ ‘s'gfdf a:g]
dft[efiffsf] zAb eg] xf] . cfh;Ddsf] xfd|f] vf]h lgisif{ / ljrf/df cGj]ifs– jfl;GbfnfO{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf ;'/]n elgPsf’ -nf]lk| d'lnrf–;'g'jf/;Fu
n]vsx¿ -ljb]zL–:jb]zL b'a_} n] g]kfnsf] hft / hghfltx¿df hlt n]vs ] f/ JolQmut s'/fsfgL_ x'g\ / of] OYgf]lgd geP/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr dft[efiffd} klxn]
pb\wt[ u/]sf 5g\ tLdWo] ;a} eGbf w]/} b'?kof]u / unt cYof{OF ‘;'gj' f/’ zAbs} xfO8«fl] gd (hydronym) / To;kl5 Pkf]lgd (eponym) xf] .
ePsf] 5 . o;/L P]ltxfl;s sfnqmd, /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs gLlt cflbsf] pgLx¿sf] a;fOF ;/fO Oltxf;sf] ;'/fs *& aifL{o lsSo cla/] -x]g"{
rqmdf klg oxL hflt ;a} eGbf a9L lkl;Psf] 5 . afFsL a[tfGtnfO{ oxfFaf6 k"jj{ t\ lxdfno 6fOD;, !( k''; @)%^ klg_ ;'/]nsf cg';f/ ‘Psfª\ynL ufpF’
kG5fP/ clxn] pgLx¿sf] OYgf]–Snfgf]lgd ‘hflt–y/gfdfs/Gf’ tl/sf -k'glg{dfGf -k"jj{ t\ k= dfgGw/_ xf] /x]5 . of] ;tk|ltzt ;To xf] . t/ kqsf/ dfgGw/n] xfd|f]
/ tfg :jlgd;lxt_ hfgL /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 lsgls oL OYgf]–Snfgf]lgdx¿ hxfF hxfF efiff ;'gfOsf] e"nn] xf] of lsSo cla/]n] e'n]/ xf] aLrsf] Ps l;n]jn–sf;\<
pw[t ePsf 5g\ý ToxfF ToxfF -h:t}M df]l/;, EfflG;6f6{ cflbb]lv / :jb]zL sfZo– nf]k ePsf] 5 / of] nf]sf]lgd ‘:yfggfd’ ljz'4 ls/fFtL–sf]FOr
ljåfgx¿;Dd_ k|foM unt ;fl/Psf 5g\ h'g pgLx¿sf] klxrfgsf] kl/rfos dft[efiffdf Psfª\sf:y]n cyf{t\ ‘k|z:t} b'D;L kfOg] 7fpF’ xf] . pgLx¿sf] oxfF
tTjx¿dWo] Ps cr"s tTj g} xf] . 3gf j:tL ePsfn]] ;a} nf]sf]lgd (loconym) x¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf g} 5g\
tL tTjx¿ pk–vG8 @=!!=@ df pNn]v eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . logsf] eg] sltkorflxF v;Ls/Gf 36sf] df/df k/]sf 5g\ . of] ufpF /fd]5fk lhNnfdf
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr dft[efiffdf cfkm\g} cy{ x'G5 / oxfF logsf] sYo 5f8]/ n]Vo ?k lnv'sf] pQ/–klZrd lsgf/ftk{m kb{5 / oxfF a;f]jf; ug]{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf]
-x]g"{ /fkrf O{=@))% klg_ dfq} /flvPsf] 5 . ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf] ls/fFt wd{sf] d'Vo y/x¿df lbu/rf, Vof]Fkltrf / b;'rf -% j}zfv )^#, ;[hgf a'lhrf–
d'Gb'ddf geO gx'g] ;fF:s[lts–;fdflhs Ph]G6x¿ eg]sf gfc\;f] -GxfM;f] klg ;'g'jf/;Fu JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_ cflb 5g\ . a? lsSo cla/]sf]
:jLsfo{ e"–JolQmeflifsfdf_ ‘k'/f]lxt’ / kf]FOa-f]_–UofdL -cnfF k'mlgo/ / k|foM y/rflxF kqsf/n] ;f]Wg e'n/] xf] jf lsSo cfkm}+n] atfpg grfx]/ xf] pNn]v 5}gý
cg'R5]b @ sf cGj]ifsx¿df q'6Lk"Gf{ lxHh]÷jGf{ljGof;sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOPsf] Tof] klg k/]sf] eP pgsf] a;fOF ;/fOsf] P]ltxfl;s cfwf/ emg} kSsf x'g] lyof] .
5_ ‘emfFqmL–emFlqmgL’ x'g\ . oxfF xnGt nufOPsf] ‘c\’ n] sG7o :kz{ Wjlgsf] / ls/fFtL– sf]FOrx¿df cfk\mgf] y/sf] cf}wL dxTj x'G5 P]ltxfl;s, eflifs,
;fgf] sf]i7leqsf] cf]sf/ -f]_ n] P]lR5s Wjlgsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . of] –rf wfld{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts b[li6n] g ls eut ;'gj' f/ -sf]FOra', ;=)%%M
?lkd cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ;a} ls/fFtL -pk_hfltx¿df –rf g} clg s;} s;}df –rf] #@_ / pQd ;'gj' f/ -r]/,] )^@M #_ n] eg]em}F ækl/is[t / ;Eo ePsf] cf8Da/ cf}
cf} dfem / kNnf] ls/fFt k'Ubf –5f df kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . logsf cfkm\g} dxTjk"Gf{ gZncaf]wÆ . o;/L cl3 pk–vG8 @=!!=@ df k/]sf tdfd\ ;fy} cGo :jy/
cy{x¿ 5g\ . o;nfO{ xfdLn] cWofo kfFrdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . (autoclanonym) x¿ pgLx¿sf kl/rfos lglw x'g\ / lsSo cla/]sf] klg

olt yfxf nfuL;s]kl5 ca km]l/ kms]{/ cfpF ;'/]n :jhftLo klxrfgdf oLdWo] s'g} Ps y/ x'g' g} k5{ / pgsf] dfpynf] eg]sf] Psfªsf:y]n, /fd]5fk
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] unufF8lt/ . cl3 pNn]v u/L ;Sof}+– ‘pk]lIft ;'/]n hflt lhNnf g} /x]5 . *& aifL{o lsSosf] of] :d/GfzlQmn] xfdLnfO{ lgs} xf};fPsf] 5 .
;'gj' f/ ;d'bfodf ljlng’ . x/] kf?xf]kf] -lzj_ ¤ OFuLxf]kf] ¤ pk]lIft ;'/]n hflt klxrfgsf] cr"s dfkbG8x¿dWo] efiff g} Ps dxTjk"Gf{ dfkbG8
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ;d'bfodf ljlng ePsf xf]Ogg\, pgLx¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrs} cleGg ePsf]n] ca lsSo cla/] ;'/n ] sf] a;fOF ;/fO Oltxf;kl5 pgsf] dft[efiffsf]
;b:o x'g\ . pgLx¿ ljleGg kl/l:yltjz -h:t}M sfnqmlds, ef}uf]lns, dGyglt/ nfuf}+ . kqsf/ dfgGw/ o;f] eG5g\– æ===w]/} h;f] ;'/]nx¿n] cfkm\gf]
;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts cf} yf]/} eflifs_ 6'lqmP/ cfkm}+ / sltko ldl8of clg
cGj]ifsx¿sf] 3'dfp/f] JofVof jf cUofgtfdf / :jfy{jz gLlh tyf :jtGq 36
8f=xs{ u'?ªsf] zAbfjnL . o;sf] ;Gbe{ ;|ft] sf]nflu cWofo kfFrsf] kfbl6KkgL
hftLo klxrfgsf] e'd/Ldf k/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . of] tYo lsSo -cg'= ‘afh]’_ !@) df klg x]gx'{ f];\ .
|| 151 || || 152 ||
hft -x'g' kg]{ hflt_ ;'gj' f/ n]vfPsf 5g\ . t/ efiff, ;+:sf/ ;a}df ;'gj' f/ eGbf of] tYosf] k'li6 ug{ oxfF cnfF km'lgo/ afx]s :jf8]z ;o zAb ;"lr
y'k|f] leGgtf ePsf] klg pgn] atfP . ;/sf/n] nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] ;"lrdf -x]g"{ tn _ nfO{ k|:t't ul/G5 . of] ;"rL hd{gefiffljb\ dfln{g ;'Nh -O{=!(&@
;'/n ] nfO{ /fv]sf] 5 .Æ xf] cl3 g} klg egL ;lsof] ls ;'/]n g= %& df hghflt xf] km/j/L_ n] sDKofl/l6e\ ef]SofAo'n/L cj\ Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ g]kfn sf] nflu
/ cfhp/f k|lti7fgn] @* km/j/L @))$ df u/]sf] juL{s/Gf cg';f/ nf]kf]Gd'v ;Íng u/]sL x'g\ / pgsf] ;|ft] sf] ?kdf ofdaxfb'/ ;'gj' f/sL kTgL eg]/
hflt g= $ -cfOPnf] sGe]G;g g+= !^( ofG8 lk; ljlN8ª Og\ g]kfn df n]lvPsf] 5 eg] efiff ;'/n ] , efiff–kl/jf/ l6a]6f]–ad{g / :yfg ;'/L n]lvPsf] 5 .
ozf]sflGt e§rg O{=@))%M *!_ df 5 / lsSo cla/]n] efiff / ;+:sf/ ls/fFtL– of] ;"rLsf] g= #^ / *( vfnL afx]s (* zJbx¿df d]/f nflu *% k|ltzt
sf]FOr eGbf km/s 5 eg]5g\ . s] of] ;fFRr} ;To xf] t < hxfF;Dd lh/]nx¿sf] eGbfdfly af]Wo 5g\ / s]xL pbfx/Gfx¿ d}n] g} cg'jfb u/]sf] 5'– h:t}M sf]< uf]
dfdnf 5 pgLx¿n] ^& k|ltzt z]kf{, ^% k|ltzt x]nDa' z]kf{, ^@ k|ltzt 8f]Nkf] / ‘d’, u]< uf]O ‘tF÷ltdL’, d]< d]sf] ‘Tof]÷pm’, ;' ‘sf]’, d-f_/ ‘s]’, sfxf÷sf ‘Ps’,
nf]jf, ^) k|ltzt s]?ª, %& k|ltzt g'aL{, Nxf]dL / jfn'ª / %$ k|ltzt Nxf;f lgSzL÷lgc\;L ‘b'O’{ , nfO:zf] ‘cUnf]’, ldZ-R_d'/ ‘:jf:gLdfG5]’, jf]-jfF_OZd'/
l6a]6g;Fu ldNg] ltAat–ad]{nL kl/jf/, ltAatL ;d"xsf] lh/]n -uf]8f]{g -;Dkf=_ ‘nf]Ug]dfG5]’, s'rd' ‘s's/' ’, /L ‘h'df| ’, ;-K_kmf ‘kft’, Zo] ‘df;'’, x'z\ ‘/ut’, ?z\
O{=@))%M $&@_ nfO{ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffsf] ?kdf ckgfO ;s]sf] kl/k|]S5df ‘x8\8L’, ldn'-ª_ ‘k'R5/’, lko'-f_ ‘6fpsf]’, gf]k-km_f ‘sfg’, n]F-d_ ‘lha|f’] , u'O
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff;Fu t Tolt ;/f]sf/ / ;dfgtf /fVb}g t/ ‘ls/fFt’ eGg] ‘xft’, sf]h ‘e'F8L’, n'ª\lu/ ‘d'6'’, hrf ‘vfg'’, S-8_nfORrf ‘6f]Sg'’, sf]rf ‘x]g’'{ ,
zAbnfO{ pgLx¿ cem} cFufnL /fV5g\ jf 5f]85\ g\ Tof] pgLx¿sf] cfk\mg} OKrf ‘;'Tg'’, a]cr\ f ‘dg'{’, ;fORrf ‘dfg'{’, lkrf ‘cfpg'’, vk-L_ ‘df6f]’, /]p ‘aiff{’,
cfTdlgGf{o / :jtGqtfsf] s'/f xf] . oxfF kqsf/, cGj]ifs tyf lsSo cla/]n] 5'§} s'g ‘w'jfF’, u;'>u; ‘afbn÷s'lx/f]’, dL ‘cfuf]’, nfd> nfF ‘af6f]’, nn-f_ ‘/ftf]’,
;'/n] eg]sf] efiffsf] s'/f] eg] lh/]nsf] h:tf] /x]g . ;'/]n ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] lUos-u_ ‘xl/of]’, a'z\ ‘;]tf]’, So]/ ‘sfnf]’, bf/:zf] ‘/fd|f]÷;'xfPsf]’ / g]M ‘gfd’
eflifsf g} xf] . eflifs k|dfGf s]xL knkl5 k|:t't ug]{5f}+{ . cflb . d}n] -rf/ n]vsdWo] Ps_ d]/f] -rf/ n]vsdWo] Ps_ jfNosfnb]lv,
a;fOF ;/fO Oltxf;sf] s;Lkl5 ca oxfF kfnf] cfof] efiffljUofgsf] ofdsL k|fGf]Zj/L / cla/] -n] zfob ^) / &) bzssf] of] ofdaxfb'/nfO{ lrGg'
s;Lsf] hxfF lh/]nsf] h:tf] cj:yf ;'/]nsf] 5 jf 5}g . xfdLn] egL xfNof}+ ls x'G5 xf]nf_ afh] cfkm}Fn] af]Ng] Pp6} dft[efiff x'Fbf cla/] afh] s;/L 5'§} ;'/n ]
5'§} ;'/n] efiff eg]sf] lh/]n h:tf] /x]g / ls/fFtL– sf]FOrs} eflifsf xf] eg]/ . hflt eP / d -n]vsx¿dWo] Ps_ s;/L ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ePF < km]l/ ls/fFtL–
o;f] eGbf oxfF xfdLn] e"uf]nljb\ 8f=xs{ u'?ª -;=@)%&M &_ sf] s'/fnfO{ sf6]sf sf]FOrsf elugL efiffx¿df ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , ls/fFtL–xfo', ls/fFtL–jfDa''n] /
5f}+ . Tof] s;/L eg] pgL lh/]n / ;'/]nnfO{ ;DalGwt efiff–eflifsf -;Dejt ls/fFtL–h]?ª x'g\ clg l/kf]rf / tf]nf]rfr}F afc\oª ' / qmdzM /fkrf / yf]nf]rfr}F
cGTofg'kf| ;sf cfwf/df < / ls/fFtL–efiffx¿sf] t]l/hdf klg q'6L 5_ dfGg' x'G5 lsg sf]FOr eP < xfdLnfO{ s]n] lsRof] < sfnrqmn] < /fHogLltn] < 3dG8n]
clg xfdL eg] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ;'/]nnfO{ efiff–eflifsf dfG5f}+ . cnfF k'mlgo/ ls c1fgtfn] < k|Zgx¿ w]/} uDeL/ / hl6n 5g\ Tolt hl6n / uDeL/ hlt ;'/n ]
-O{=!(&$M !^)_ n] klg cfk\mgf] kfbl6KkGfL ( sf] bf];|f] jfSodf ;'/]nx¿n] ldys . xfdLn b"wsf] b"w kfgLsf] kfgL] cWofo kfFrdf ljZn]ifg u/]sf 5f}+ .
;'gj' f/x¿s} k|frLg eflifsf37 af]Nb5g\ egL n]vs ] f 5g\ t/ kfgf !^! kfbl6KkGfL pgLx¿sf] wd{ ls/fFt d'Gb'd / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] klg ToxL . Plgldi6–
!^ sf] bf];|f] jfSosf] z'?df lh/]n x'g' kg]{df cGoyf eO{ q'6L ePsf] 5 . OYgf]nu Zofdlgi6 (animist-shaminist) / kf]FOa-f]_–UofdL klg pxL . k|]tfTdf ls+lstfgL
-uf]8f]{g -;Dkf=_ O{=)%M $&(_ n] klg oxL ls6fg u/]sf] 5 / ;'/]nsf] 5'§} efiff -g/]Gb| zdf{ O{= !(&^_ k'Hg] tf}/tl/sf klg pxL . t/ ‘afDj'’ sf] af/]df eg]r}F vf]hL
k|lji6L lbPsf] 5}g . x'Fb5} . >4]o cla/] afh] Û xfdL sxfF r'Sof}+ jf s;n] r'sfof] uf]lgDkmf lsSo g'
rr\sln cyf{t\ ‘xfdLb'O{ afh] / gfltnfO{’ < tkfO{+sf] gflt -n]vsx¿dWo] Ps_
n] k|:t't u/]sf] tkfO{+–xfdL aLrsf] zfZjt ;To–tYox¿df ca s]xL vf]6 kfpg'
37
k'gd yfkf -ldtL <_ n] klg cfk\mgf] n]v ‘;'/n ] hfltM ;+:sf/ / ;F:s[lt’ df o;f] xf]nf < xfd|f] / dfly ;fb[Zodf lbOPsf] r]kfªx¿sf] ;d:ofx¿ eg]sf of] b]zsf
n]vs] L 5g\– æ;'gj' f/n] af]Ng] efiff g} ;'/]nsf] efiff dflgG5 . logLx? cfk"mnfO{ s}of}+ cb[Zo hghfltx¿sf klg ;d:of x'g ;S5g\ sf]xL ;dfj]zLdf / sf]xL
ls/fFt jf ;'gj' f/s} ?kdf k|:t't u5{g\ .Æ jf:tjd} jfl:tstf g} oxL xf] . of] n]v c;dfj]zLdf . afh], xf] tkfO{+ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿;Fu c;dfj]zLsf] kIfdf x'g'xG' 5 /
uf]/vfkqsf] s6cfp6 xf] tfklg To; ;dodf e"njz To;sf] ldtL eg] n]lvPsf] xfdL ljkIfdf . t/ klg d tkfO{+sf] gflt÷gfltgL -n]vsåodWo] Ps_ esf]
/x]g5 . of] cg'dflgt ;Djt\ $) sf] bzssf] cGTolt/sf] x'g' k5{ . t];f] esf]n] xfdLn] gftfn] tkfO{+sf] cfTdlgGf{o / :jGqtf vf]:g' k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] klg ljkIfdf 5'÷5f}+
oxfF of] n]vsf] k"g{ ;Gbe{ /fVg c;dy{ eof}+ . n]lvsf k'gd yfkfn] s]O u/L of] lsgeg] dnfO{ / tkfO{+nfO{ ‘k'm6fp / zf;g u/’ sf] gLltn] 6'qmfO ;s]sf] 5 / of]
k':ts kfO xflng\ eg] xfd|f] Od]ndf ;Gbe{ ldlt k7fO lbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
|| 153 || || 154 ||
eGbf klg klxn] xfdL w]/} 6'qmfx¿df 6'lqmPs} lyof}+ Pp6} ljzfn ls/fFtL;fu/af6 . ;fKtflxs, !@, #! kfgf $ df 5flkPsf] lyof] . Tof] kq kf7ssf] hfgsf/Lsfnflu
o; 38Ldf tkfO{+ / d}n÷] xfdLn] k|:t't zfZjt ;To–tYox¿sf] cfwf/df gful/s kfb l6KkgL #$ df lbPsf 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ pQd sfltrf -JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf
;dfh, ljåtju{ / cfhp/f k|lti7fgsf] k}/jL / km};nfnfO{ klg s'g'{ k5{ . cfwfl/t O{=@))&_ n] atfP cg';f/ ljutdf 7fn' lxGb"jfbL ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n]
efiffkl5sf] oxL g} xfd|f] ;d:of lgsf;sf] uf]/6] f] x'g5] . g} xfn ;'/Ldf a;f]jf; ug]{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿nfO{ lje]b u/L alx:sf/ u/]sfn]
clxn] xfdL ;a} cb[Zo cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf k|ltlglw ;+:yf eg]sf] jt{dfgdf 5'§} cfhhf egL bfjL u/]sf x'g\ .
cfhp/f k|lti7fg g} xf] . xfd|f] enfOsf vflt/ xfd|} kl;gf / ana'tfn] :yfkgf @=!!=% hflt–dfgjzf:qLo / P]ltxfl;s cWoog (Ethno-
u/]sf] cfhp/f k|lti7fgn] k}/jL gu/L cfn]6fn] -x]g"{ 8G8 u'?ª, uf]vf{kq, # anthropological and historical studies)
j}zfv )^#_ ug'{ dgfl;a x'Fbg} . 8G8 u'?ª -k"jj{ t\_ df cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ;'/]nsf] of] cl:tTj ;+s6sf] s]xL 5nkmn /
;"rL cWofjlws ug'{ kg]{ dfudf 5'6fpg} gx'g] dfu 5'6]sf] 5 . dfgjzf:qL, ljZn]ifgkl5 cj xfdL pgLx¿sf] hftLo, dfgjzf:qLo / P]ltxfl;s ;f/df
;dfhzf:qL / efiffzf:qLsf] ;+nUgtf x'g' kg]{ dfunfO{ ;xL yfKb} d s] eG5' eg] ePsf cWoogx¿ s] slt 5 egL lrof]rrf]{ ug]{lt/ nfU5f}+ . t]:tf cWoogx¿df
clxn];Dd cflbjf;L hghfltx¿nfO{ pgLx¿s} r:dfaf6 cjnf]sg ug]{ sfd !=‘clen]vdf ;'gj' f/x¿’ -pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)%&M #–%_, @=‘sf]FOr
ePs} 5}g . pgLx¿nfO{ s]jn klZrdL / OG8f]–cfo{g r:df -efiff;lxt_ n] dfq} -;'gj' f/_ hfltk|lt cgle1tf’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)%&, x]g"{ r]tgf, !, @M
x]g{ vf]Hbf o:tf q'6Lx¿ bf]xf]l/g k'u]sf x'g\ . ^ klg_, #=OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s cJh/e];G; cg\ b ls/fFtL–sf]FOr cfO8]lG66L
To;}n] efiff clt ;+j]bgzLn, h6Ln / dxTjk"Gf{ 5 s'g} klg JolQm, qmfOl;; -8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf k|sfzf]Gd'v_, $=‘cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf
kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZj ;d'bfosf nflu . ca p;f] ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ ;'gj' f/x¿sf] P]ltxfl;s emns’ -;LkL ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%!M &)–&#_, %=‘ls/fFtL–
cfTd;ft\ ub}{ k|To]s cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf dft[efifdf cfkm\gf] :jOYgf]lgd, sf]FOr cfO8]lG66L qmfOl;;M OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s cJh/e];Gh\’ -8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n'
OYgf]–Snfgf]lgd;lxtsf] ;"rL h:t}M td', sf]FOr, rf]ª, /f]bª
' , ?kfrf, åf¥jfª\rf,
ofn'ª5f cflbnfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]/ cWofjlws x'g' cfjZos -hf]g{ h]g8{
dfgj tyf ;dfhzf:qLx?n] pgLx?nfO{ 5'§} hghflt egL juL{s/0f u/]/ dfGotf
-O{=!((%M !@!–#$ :s'tgfa–sfGuf;, lkmlnK;g / /Gg6df_ sf cg';f/ oL lbnfpg' pgLx?sf cfk\mg} jfWotfx? xf]nfg\ t/ efiffzf:q jf lnªu'Ol:6s
:jOYfgf]–Snfgf]lgdx¿ Efflifs÷dfgj clwsf/ x'g_\ 5 tfls xfd|f] h:tf] ax'– Kofn]cf]G6f]nf]lhsn cWoogsf] cfwf/df / jf:tljs P]ltxfl;s tYox?sf] cfwf/df
kl/j]zdf ‘/fkrf’ eg]sf] s] xf] eg]/ ;f]Wg} gk/f];\ h:tf] ls ‘bfxfn, pkfWofo, ;'/n
] x? ls/fFtL–sf]FOr g} x'g\ . ef}uf]lns b"/Lsf sf/0f ;F:s[lt, /xg;xg / efiffdf s]xL
v8\sf’ cflb eGbf ;f]Wg} kb}{g . cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cfk\mgf] :jklxrfg arfpg] leGgtf cfPsf] tYonfO{ eg] gsfg{ ldNb}g . ToltnfO{ dfq} ks8\g] xf] eg] g]kfnL efiffdf
cr"s dfkbG8 efiffn] g} oL ;a} ljz]iftfnfO{ j/Gf u/L /fv]sf] x'G5 / cla/] klg w]/} dft[efiffx? lgSnG5g\ .
afh]x¿sf] h:t} ;+s6 / ;d:ofdf k/]sf] :jklxrfg cfkm}F afFr/] /xL /xg]5 . of] g} km]l/ ;'/]nrflxF lh/]n hfltsf] ;dfgGt/ xfFufsf] ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] eGg] s'/f klg
ldYof xf] . b'j} gfdsf] cGTofg'k|fzsf] cfwf/ To;f] elgPsf] xf] eg] klg Tof] emg} e|dk"0f{ xf]
xfd|f] lrgf/Lsf] k|yd P]ltxfl;s yfngL klg x'g5] . h;} 8f=xs{ u'?ªn] klg ;'/]n / lh/]n efiff eg]/ Ps} 7fpFdf juL{s/0f u/L uP . lh/]n
k]ml/ ;+s6s} qmddf Ps l;sf? kqsf/ lzj d'lvof -;=@)^#_ n] hfltsf] efiffrflxF uf]8f]{gn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] OYgf]nu -O{=@))%M $&@_ cg';f/ ^&Ü z]kf{,
^%Ü x]nDa' z]kf{, ^@Ü 8f]Nkf] / nf]jf, ^)Ü s]?ª, %&Ü g'aL{, Nxf]dL / jfn'ª / %$Ü Nxf;f
‘b'ne{ hfltsf] v'nf ;+uf| xno bf]nvf’ -sflGtk'/ ;fKtflxs, !@, @*, !% d+l;/_ l6a]6g;Fu ldN5 . otf ;'/]n bl/Psfx?sf]rflxF ls/fFtL–sf]FOr;Fu x'–ax' ofg] *)Ü eGbf
zLif{sdf ;'/]n hflt eg]/ jg{g u/]sfn] ;'/]nx¿sf] 5'§} efiff gesf]n] pgLx¿ a9L ldN5 . of] j}1flgs tYonfO{ Tolts} kG5fO xfNg] l:ylt eg] 5}g . oxL ;d:of;DGwL
5'§} hflt geP/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr x'g\ eGg] lhsL/ kq 38 & k'; @)^# sf] sflGtk'/ lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ebf} )^# sf] ul/dfdf ‘hghflt ;'/n ] sf] zfZjt ;To / ;d:of’
k9\g' eof] eg] cjpk|fGt To:tf n]vx? tof/ kfbf{ km]l/ klg pQm q'6Lx? bf]xf]l/g] sd
;Defjgf /xG5 .
38
d+l;/ !% sf] sflGtk'/ ;fKtflxsdf lzj d'lvofn] ‘b'ne { hfltsf] v'nf ;+uf| xno bf]nvf’ To;/L g} ls+jbGtLsf] cfwf/df dfq} ;'gj' f/ / lh/]nsf] k|;ªnfO{ sf]§ofP/ lrgf/L
zLif{ssf] n]v k9\bf v'zL nfUof] . n]vsnfO{ w]/} wGojfb 6qmofpF5' . oBkL of] k|:t'tL k|:t't ub}{ pgLx?sf] cfk\mgf] klxrfgnfO{ cf]e]mndf kfg'{ ljutdf h] ePklg jt{dfg
tYout q'6Laf6 eg] d'St g/x]sf] hfgsf/L klg u/fpg rfxG5' . n]vdf k/]sf tLg} hfltx? kl/j]zdf Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . To;f] x'Fbf t'ngfTds h]gf]d l/;r{ gu/L lgisif{df xfd kmfNg'
;'/n
] , lh/]n / yfªdLdWo] cfh;Ddsf] efiffj}1flgs cWoogx?df ;'/]nx?sf] To:tf] s'g} 5'§} eg]sf] dfgjzf:qnfO{ g} hf]lvddf kfg'{ xf] . yfªdLsf] af/]df cem} 3f]l/P/ dfs{ 6'l/gsf]
efif} 5}g / pgLx? olb s'g} dft[efiff af]N5g\ eg] Tof] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -OUhf]lgdM ;'gj' f/, cg';GwgfTds s[lt k9\g' kg]{ vfFrf] 5 .
d'lvof / /fO{ klg elgg]_ sf] eflifsf af]Nb5g\ .
|| 155 || || 156 ||
/fkrf O{=@))^M !&&–@)^_, ^=‘;'gj' f/’ -8f=xs{ u'?ª ;=@)%(M !#_, /]p lxt\ /fuL ;'DZof u;Ld\ u'??
&=‘8f=6f]gLn] ;'gj' f/ ga'emL uP’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^!M %@–%#_, lr;Lªfg' Uo' kfKt' kmZoLd\ k'm??
*=‘;'gj' f/ -d'lvof_ ;dfh, bfhL{lnªM Ps lrgf/L’ -s]jL n:kfrf–d'lvof xf]Zof] jf km];fª xgO Uo'ld y'??
;=@)^!M @$–@%_, (=‘;'gj' f/ j;f]jf; If]q Ps lrgf/L’ -zDe'sd' f/ ;'gj' f/ kFmt' f/L Uof/ªfg' b l/DZof] GxfOtfoL
;=@)%!M &)–&#_, !)=‘bfhL{lnª sGkm/]G; c8«];’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf k'm/ZoL lbDZof ufMªfg' b vf]OnL sfOtfoL
O{=@))@_, !!=‘sf]FOr -;'gj' f/_ hfltk|lt cgle1tf’, -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%&M *–!)_, k'm-ª_ ;]y\ b]FZof nªfg' b k'mFld /f]OtfoL
!@=‘6f]gL xfug ld:cG8/:6'8 b sf]FOr >;''gj' f/’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%&M *–!)_, df/b] cf]Fb]a\ d'nft\ nu/ Knf]OtfoL
!#=‘;'gj' f/’ -xs{ u'?ª ;=@)%(M !#_, !$=‘aflxª, ;''gj' f/ / bg'jf/sf /]p lxt\===
k'vf{x¿sf] cfudgM kfO xª j+zsf] cfudg -ls/fFt nf]ssyf_’ -a'l¢s'df/ uf]ld Vn'DZof] k'm-ª_k'sL t] v|'OQfd]
xfªu'–/fO{ ;=@)%$M @#–@$_, !%=lao/ k'm/ 8fO cfxg]gM Oa|]Vt, r'; p08 cfF ;]NZof] vkL lvF bf]b] k|]bf dO
l/r'cfn a]O 8]g ;'gj' f/ cf]:6]gkfNh -j]/g/ Pd OUnL ;=!(((_, !^=ZofdflgHd d'nO dtª ;]/]d\ k'm-ª_ t] v'OQf dO
ofG8 OlG8lhgc; ;fOsf]nf]hL cdª b ;'gj' f/ cj\ O:6 g]kfn -k"jj{ t\, k|f]hS] 6 cfF /f]ª sf]t\ c\jfsLsln df/ ;]nf dO
cjlw hgj/L @))@ b]lv l8;]Da/ @))&_, !&=‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / /]p lxt\===
kf5fx¿’ -uf]kfn vDa' O{=@)))M #(–$@_, !*=‘hghflt ;'/]nsf] zfZjt ;To / !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
;d:of’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf O{=@))M ^(^–!)#_, !(=‘;/f]hfh\ ;'gj' f/–lh/]n u= df]xg sf]/df]rf ‘df]s';’' sf] zAb–/rgf ZoLnkf ufM;fp===
l/lelhl68’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))@_, ‘hflt–efiff klxrfg d'lvofsf] of]ubfg’ k"jj{ t\ dL´;fnM nnn=== nnn=== nnn===
@)^$M !!–!$_ cflb OToflb 5g\ . of] lbzftk{m cfznfUbf] g} l:ylt 5 . jfFO;fnM x]x]x=] == x]x]x=] == x]x]x]===
lgDkmfM ZoLnkf ufM;fp s'D;f]kf ufM;fp
@=!!=^ ;|Jo–Sof;]6÷uLt (Audio-cassettes/songs) l/M:Zof Uof/:Zof Ps]/] hf;fp
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr dft[efiffdf cfh;Dd Pp6f ;]/]d\ k'm-ª_ -h;df !) j6f u|D' Zof] gft\ªf l/Rrf g' Uof/Rrf
uLtx¿ ;+slnt 5g\_ gfdsf] Sof;]6 /]s8{df cfPsf] e]§fof}+ . t];df ePsf a|frL gft'ªf ªfrf g' a|]Rrf
uLtx¿nfO{ xfdLn] of] efiffsf] :j?k s:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5 t egL lhUofF;f d]6fpg jfFO;fnM x] sGrL Kn]Frf dgfOnM
k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . dL´;fnM x] sGrf Kn]Frf dgfOnM
s= k|]d ;'gj' f/sf] zAb–/rgf P ldDtfoL=== jfFO;fnM nfx'/ nfOg'ª l/DZof afMrf n]:Zof hfc\gª '
xf=== xf=== xf=== So]6 r]DZof jf;L g' :of]Fk' rfMZof hfc\gª '
x=== x=== x=== dL´;fnM Ps]g afMrf Ps]g a]c\rf Knf]FOZof dnrf xf]
P ldDtfoL@ Knf]FOZof cfFsln nfFOltgL xg OGsln t] trf
l;gftL u|'Dzf]ld ldDtfoL@ ldDtfoL xfM jfFO;fnM x] sGrL Kn]Frf dgfOnM
l9sf]sf kftf ldDtfoL dL´;fnM x] sGrf Kn]Frf dgfOnM
OlDrnL Snftf] lxDtfoL xfM ldDtfoL dL´;fnM lbzfgftL a]Mrfsf]F Anf]FOrf ;'s'd\ t'OQfªf
P ldDtfoL@ nZofªfdL Kn]Fgs ] f]F ldDg] bf]kf t'ORrfªf
nn luu\ s'KgL uf] nZof /f]OQ' sf]F jfFO;fnM uf]s] gd gfFg' tf:nf ddO lrgsfsn xf]
bfuf] cfFs] Kn'K;]sf ;f]OQ' sf]F OFs] cfFs] y'Fsf b'Dt ddO a|fMrfsn
P ldDtfoL@ jfFO;fnM x] sGrL Kn]Frf dgfOnM
l;gftL u|'Dzf]ld ldDtfoL@ dL´;fnM x] sGrf Kn]Frf dgfOnM
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
v= k|]d ;'gj' f/sf] zAb–/rgf /]p lxt\=== 3= df]xg sf]/df]rf ‘df]s';’' sf] zAb–/rgf nfp/] b'DZof===
|| 157 || || 158 ||
nfp/] b'DZof nfFOltgL cfFsln Knf]FOZof xf]OltgL lsZof nfOg] drfKtfªg
t]sf] /fuL nZof afMltgL cfFsln yDkfg\ Kn]FtfgL P/ Zok cfGqL P/ Zok
l;Mgfbf] ªdld OGsln tftf ;'gL gf]Kn]d\ l8sf] kftf dL´;fnM uf]O of] cfkm\s] gª tdL xO
cfFsln ssf ldlDtgL sf]F hrf g' t'rfd\ Zo]t\ hgL sf]F uf]O cfFsln df/ b]g]
An]:kt trfg\ lsªnf] g]Mrf g /f]O ssf kgL sf]F lsZof nfO:Zof] trf b'd\
ldDZof n]:Zof lvF hfMrf r'n] sn hZof sfy afMrf rfKtLO ªgf nrf b'd\
l;gfbf] cfF gf]kmf lsGsf lu|t\ d'n ;'gL nªufd\ vb u|Lt\ P/ Zok cfGq] P/ Zok
7]a b/hf ssf tgL sf]F SofsLld uf]nL sf cfKd] sf]F jfFO;fnM sD;f]ld bf]kfO uf]O a|'Og] xO
ldlrd\ trf g gf]kmfd\ g]FMrf g df/p sf b'DgL sf]F k|'mZofdL uf] b dnfOg'ª
ldDZof OGsln lbz\ ªfMrf a]Mrf g Anf]FOrfkf lbz' afMrf Zo]/ vd] a|'Ttfp eNsf sf
cfna|]Krg' luRrfsf bf]kf lvF c\jfsL sfld bf]kf ltMrf ydf b]Fgs] f] hf]n ssf
cfn\ks ' Ld\ OGsln dfNt]d] t] nd\ b] lxNnf] sf kfDt]d] P/ Zok cfGqL P/ Zok
l/DZof OGsln lbz\ afMrf ldDZof n]:Zof lvF hfMrf dL´;fnM Zof]s';\ df/ df/ db]gf] xO
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! cfF cfk\mkf]ld ;g]nf
ª= k|]d ;'gj' f/sf] zAb–/rgf kmfr] g' uO/L=== jfFO;fnM Zo]/ vd] a|'Ttfp eNsf sf
jfFO;fnM kmfr] g' uO/L bf/kfgL xO ydf b]Fgs ] f] hf]n ssf
;Ok' g' ;fa|f /:gfn' lgDkmfM P/ Zo]k===
s'D;f]ld uf]g\ gª b]ak'sL !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
hflsg] g]n\ /fu\ªf dOtfn' r= k|]d ;'gj' f/sf] zAb–/rgf ldrLd\ a|Q'===
P/ Zok cfGqL P/ Zok jfFO;fnM ldrLd\ a|]Qs ' f] u'Old a|]Q'
dL´;fnM s'D;f]kf gf]z\ dsf]FObf] xO df/ kZof a|]Q'
u]g' b s'D/f] krf b'd\ dL´;fnM ldrLd\ ddO u'Old ddO
b'Zof] ªf s'D;f] kfOafª] yF'ld gdkf a|]QL
d'nfbf] e/ trf b'd\ jfFO;fnM Osln dfNZof uf] ufMtL@
P/ Zok cfGq] P/ Zok cfFsln dfNZof u] ufMt]
jfFO;fnM cfkm\sln rOdL dfNZof] 5 xO Zo'Zo Zoft\ kfg\ u|'D;fp
cfd]sln rOdL dfNZof] 5 xO l/Rrf Uof/Rrf df/ 5 ªf
s'D;f]ld k|'mZof uf] nfOg'ª ldrLd\ a|Q'===
bf]y kfO Uo'a] krf 5 dL´;fnM ldrLd\ ddO
P/ Zok cfGqL P/ Zok dL´;fnM ldrLd\ dfNt' Osln
dL´;fnM dfn] Aofk\mkf]d\ v|'Pnf xO y'Fld hfKt' Osln
cfF s'D;f]ld a|'Pnf Osn dfNZof uf] ufMtL
:of]s';\ df/ df/ db]gf] cfFsn dfNZof u] ufMt]
cfFO cfk\mkf]ld ;g]nf xf] xf] xf] Osn dfNZof uf] ufMtL
P/ Zok cfGq] P/ Zok ldrLd\ a|Q'sf]===
jfFO;fnM sf]/ sf]/ kfOa\ c\jf cfd\ xO jfFO;fnM ldrLd\ ddO===
7]a dn]rf O uf]tL !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
|| 159 || || 160 ||
5= df]xg sf]/df]rf ‘df]s';’' sf] zAb–/rgf sf]FO;Lg] sf]FO;Lg]=== em= df]xg sf]/df]rf ‘df]s';’' sf] zAb–/rgf v'o] xf xf xf;n ===
dL´;fnM sf]FO;Lg] sf]FO;Lg] xf]; ssf kfFOl;g] xf xf xf;n xf;n
bf]bf]sf klgv] df/ df/sf b]lgsv] l;/L u'OFbj' f rfsts
jfFO;fnM l/DZof Uof/:Zof u'O u'O UofO:Zof y/L s'6L hfMts
ZoLn ssf kog s'D;f] ssf kog\ cfu'g ;u'g rfsLg]
ltkgf–t xf6 sfyfg\ nog\ lkt]g\ lkt]g\ lkt]g\
dL´;fnM d'?ld tfOlgdL nf] ssf kfOlgdL lkt]g\ xO lkt]g\
d'g] b'Da Zofbf ssf b'Da ZofFb/ u'OFbj' f hfc\ts
jfFO;fnM lxFrf Uo'Krf d/O dkrf ;'/f] ufM;f] rfMts
aL d]Zo] kfO:Zof lvFnf Knf]Zof af]cl\ sg] nfKrf] /f]cl\ sg]
/Da'n] hfqf sf]MyL nog\ u/\sf ZofFa' :of]lkg]
jfFO;fnM Zofd\ Zof]KZof s'l/g] nfDhLkf s'l/g] v§] rL/f] of]Mlsg]
sfya'kf hog\ y'Fªf nf]M kog\ lkt]g\ lkt]g\ lkt]g\
dL´;fnM sfy\ df/ afMrf nf];L df/ krf lkt]g\ xO lkt]g\
x]Fy] ufMZof]g' cf]n\ cf]n\ kZof]g' xf xf xf;n xf;n
7]ad'?ld t'O:Zof cfFOsln ;fOlgdL y/L s'6L hfts
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! cfu'g ;u'g rfMtsM
h= df]xg sf]/df]rf ‘df]s';’' sf] zAb–/rgf ;]/d] k'm-ª_ af]OQ=== xf;n tfD;n kfFOts
jfFO;fnM ;]/d] k'm-ª_ af]OQ c\jfsL k'mOnL af]cl\ sg\ af]cl\ sg\ af]cl\ sg\
;]Zof lkofdf r'Ot' sf]F af]cl\ sg\ xO af]cl\ sg\
n]DZof Osln db'd] v'o=] ==
kf]FOaUofdL e]bf/ yf]MZofdL o:t} r08L sf];n ] LM sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x -lzjxl/ /fO{ ;=@)^@M &$_ df
k'm-ª_ g' Zo]/ ssf ;'Ot' sf]F OGb| ;'gj' f/sf] ssgL sljtfaf6 ;fef/ u/L !@ x/kmsf] uLt /flvPsf] 5 .
dL´;fnM lvFrL /ug a'h Kn]QL plNnlvt Sof;]6 eGbf c? eP gePsf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu pknAw 5}g . / of]
trf g t'ORrf df/ An]QL ssgL sljtf klg sxfF 5 eGg] ;'OFsf];Dd klg xfdLnfO{ 5}g . /]l8of] g]kfnsf]
Uo'Z/f cfFs] dkf]ct\ L Oltxf;d} -;fob k"mnjf/L sfo{qmdsf] b]g <_ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf dfQ} b'O{ uLtx¿
O lkof k|fN] bg k'mNn'ld /]s8{ ePsf 5g\ . t];df xfdLnfO{ nf]sufos kfG8j ;'g'jf/n] O{=!((^ sf]
ORrLgf cfFsln d;]QL j;Gtdf pknAw u/fPsf] ;f] b'O{ uLtx¿df klxnf] x/]/fd sfsL{sf] :j/df
jfFO;fnM nn\ a'z\ s'KgL xp lsKZo'/ u'g] u]gª ' upgs] ‘uf]7nfd\ 3fF; l/t'’=== / bf];|f] sf]FOr snfsf/x¿sf] :j/df ‘jgjfSoL ;'Dzf /]p
9'+uL| d'Gb|L xf]xf]kf gf]kmfld kfFOrf dk'g\ v] Ot'’=== x'g\ .
dL´;fnM nn\ a'z\ s'KgL dsf]FObL 9'+u|L d'Gb|L ddfNbL @=!!=& kqklqsf (Magazines)
gf]n] O ;]p ?D;] v] uf]O cfFsln ddfNbL
jfFO;fnM OFs] cfk\mg' nf]M kyL cfF cfk\msln ;f]ORrf b'd\ efiff arfpg] uLtx¿sf] k|of;kl5 ca xfdL 5fkf k|of;lt/ nfU5f}+ .
dOyL Uo'a] krfsn\ 7]sL ZofDkf xf]Orf b'd\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr dft[efiffdf cfh;Ddf hDdf gp j6f kqklqsf 5flkPsf] kfOPsf]
dL´;fnM O g' uf] b dnfOg'ª cfFsln ;';l' d bfZof] 5 5 . tL x'gM\ !=sf]FOra', @=nf]nLZofFsf, #=r]tgf, $=l;/dL, %=r]/] -e'mNsf]_,
uf] g' Uo'a] krfsn\ xªsªªf nfp/] hfZof] 5 ^=b'dfs]Ft', &=nf]lnln+vf, *=hTgd'OnF L, (=l;lSsd x]/fN8 -l;lSsd_ /
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !)=h]Dnfxf; -k|sfzf]Gd'v_ cflb OToflb . cfk\mgf] / xfd|f] dft[efiffsf] dfofn]
|| 161 || || 162 ||
;dL/ d'lvof, pQd sfltrf / nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrfsf] JolQmut k|of;df lbPsf 5f}+ . pNn]v ug{ 5'6fpg} gx'g] Jof/s/gLo sfddf 8f]6{ af]/\r;{ -O{=@))*_
uf]/vfkq sf] ;dfj]zLs/gsf] gd"gf :j?k gofF g]kfnk[i7df klg of] efiffn] :yfg sf] c u|ofd/ cj\ ;'gjf/ klg xf] .
kfO;s]sf] 5 . 39 @=!!=( zAbfjnL, zJbsf]z / ;dLS5f (Vocabulary, dictionary and
oxfF xfdLn] Pp6f a'em\ g} kg]{ s'/fr}F s] xf] eg]] kqklqsfx¿sf] ;+Vof a9L review)
eP/ dfQ} efiff ;]jf / n]vs hGdg] sfd eg] x'Fbf] /x]g5 . of] gx'g] kf7 ls/fFtL– zAbfjnL / zAbsf]z klg kmf§k'm§ kfO{of] . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª -x]g"{ @=@^
sf]FOrs} xf] eg] yf]/} jf @ j6f dfQ} kqklqsf x'Fbf klg ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf klg_ / ls/fFtL ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ sf] h:tf] cGt//fli6«o :t/sf] eg]r}F
dft[efiffsf] n]vs–n]lvsf hGdfpg ;ls+bf] /x]5 eGg] kf7 ls/fFtL–/f9' -x]g"{ e]l6Pg . tL s]xL :jb]zLx¿df !=;/n g]kfnL–;'g'jf/–cª\uh |] L zAbsf]z
@=!( klg_ sf] xf] . lnAh''eD' h' / sfjfaf6 ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] kf7 l;Sg} kg]{ -dx]Gb|dfg n:kfrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)%* -;Dkf=_ /fh]Gb|sd' f/ ;'gj' f/ ‘;l/ª’_,
x'G5 cfk\mgf] efiff / lrgf/L arfpg] xf] eg] . o;df b]p n]lTts g' an ls/\lTts @=kof{ojfrL zAbsf]z -!$ efiffx¿sf] ;dfj]z ePsf]df ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] klg
sfd} 5}g . sDd/ s:g} kg]{ x'G5 . cfzf 5 ;Dejt cfo' 5f]l6b} uPsf] of] efiffsf zAbfjnL, k':s/ nf]xgL -;Dkf=_ ;=@)#) -;Dkfbg Jo:yfkg_ ;Todf]xg
jStfx¿ h'd/'{ fpnfg\ . ;a} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] t'ngfdf ;a} eGbf a9L &# k|ltzt hf]zL__, #=‘;'gj' f/–g]kfnL zAb1fg’ -sfnLaxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)$(M ^@–^%_,
d/]sf] efiff oxL g} xf] eg] ls/fFtL–/f9' / ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiffx¿ hDdf $=;+lIfKt g]kfnL /fli6«o zAbsf]z -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] klg zAb ;dfj]z, xif{gfy
hg;+Vofsf] (@ eGbf a9L k|ltztn] af]ns ] f] b]lvPsf] 5 cyf{t\ cfk\mgf] dft[efiff e§/fO{ -;Dkf=_ ;=@)%*_, %=;'gj' f/ l8S;G/L km/Dof6 :k]l;lkms]O;g -ldldcf]=,
egL n]vfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . 8f]/f laP/L / dfln{g z'Nh O{=!(**_, ^=ls/fFt ;'gj' f/ efiff zAbsf]z -PdaL
@=!!=* Jofs/Gfx¿ (Grammars) d'lnrf–d'lvof ;=@)%)_, &=‘;'gj' f/ efiffdf s]xL ?v tyf cGo gfdx¿’ -a?0f
of] efiffdf cWoog z'? ePsf] cWofo Psdf k|:t't sfnvG8sf] cGw ªfjrf–;'gj' f/ / pQd sfltrf–;''gj' f/ ;=@)^!M !(_, *=c ng;{ l8S;G/L cj\
o'ub]lv g} xf] . Tof] a]nfb]lv cfh;Dd ;fgf 5f]6f u/L w]/ j}ofs/lgs n]vx¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -k|sfzf]Gd', nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf_, *=;fF c\jf; b'bf{k'F -nf]slk|o
cfO;s]sf 5g\ . sltkonfO{ oxfF pNn]v gu/]/ ;f]em} ;Gbe{–;"lrdf dfQ} klg d'lnrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)^)_, !)=‘;'gj' f/ ;dfhdf jg:ktL’ -jf/\rk'sL, ld=g=
/fv]sf 5f}+ . lsgeg] of] cWoog xfd|f] cfk\mg} JolQmut k|of; ePsf] w]/} ;Ldfx¿ r]t] gf, @, #M @@_, !!=‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr zAbsf]zsf] kl/lw’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n'
/ sl7gfOx¿ 5g\ . t];sf]nflu xfdL kf7sju{;uF 5]df bfg rfxG5f}+ . 5]df dfUbf /fkrf ;=@)^@_, !@=‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr zAbsf]zsf] kl/lw’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf
dfUb} klg xfdL tL s]xL Jofs/gdf ePsf ;flxTo tYox¿nfO{ oxfF /fVb5f}+ . tL ;=@)^@, x]g"{ ;fNkf ;=@)^#M !!–!# klg_, !#=;'gj' f/ l8S;g/L km/Dof6
x'g–\ !=8f]6{ af]/\r;{ -O{=@))&_, @=‘;'gj' f/ Jofs/0fsf] k|f?k0f’ -sf]FOr / :k]l;lkms]O;g -8L= laP/L / Pd z'Nh !(**_, !$=c Unf];/L cj\ b ;'gj' f/
;efg]df– nfn /fkrf O{=!((&aLM !!)–!#)_, #=/fkrf -O{=@))%, O{=!((&aL_, Nofªu'Oh -k"jj{ t\ !(&!;L_, cflb g} x'g\ . pQd sfltrf klg of] lbzflt/
$=/fkrf, d'lvof / d'lvof -O{=@))#aL_, %=‘;'gj' f/ efiff ‘sf]FOr nf]M’ Ps tNnLg ePsf] ;"rgf xfdLnfO{ ldn]sf] 5 .
cg';Gwfg’ -6]s ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^#M #&–$#_, ^=c 8]l:qmlK6e u|ofd/ cj\ ls/fFtL– @=!!=!) lkmNd÷8s'dG] 6«L (Films/documentaries)
sf]FOr -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf O{=@))%_, &=‘cg\ cG8/:6oflG8ª ls/fFtL u|ofd;{’ of] efiffdf ;=@)%) sf] bzskl5 dfQ} Pp6f 8s'8f« df d'Ns]d -gf6s,
c l/Jo' cfl6{sn -k"j{jt\ O{=@))%M #@(–##^_, *=‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr~;'gj' f/M kf:6,
lel8of]_ dGrg tyf /]s8{ ePsf] xf] . 40 Tof] gf6s xfdLdWo]sf Psn] k|To]S5]
lk|hG] 6 ofG8 k\mo'r/’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))#jL_, (=‘6fOkf]nf]hL cj\ l6j]6f]–jd{g ls/fFtL
x]/s
] f xf}+ / t];sf] Psk|lt ;dLS5fsf]nflu dfu]sf klg xf}+ . b'ef{Uo jf lgoltjz
Nofªu'Olhh\’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))#;L_, !)=‘l;DoflG6s of:k]S6;\ cj\ ;nfs' Og\
xfdLn] Tof] kfpg g} ;s]gf} . o;nfO{ ljrf/ jf ;xof]usf] v8]/L g} dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
;'gj' f/’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))#8L_ cflb OToflb 5g\ . c? v'Nb'nL d]6fpg
t}klg xfdL;Fu o;sf] kf7 k'l:tsf eg] df}hb" 5 . / o;sf] s]xL jif{kl5 nf]slk|o
efiffj}Uoflgs pk–cWofodf / ;Gbe{–;"lrdf g} hfg' k5{ . xfdLn] t]xfF
d'lnrfsf] kxndf cfhhf ljsf; ;ldltn] csf]{ ;'gj' f/ hflt Ps kl/ro
kf7sju{nfO{ dfof u/]/ Pp6f ;fgf] 6'qmf klg g5'6fO l;nf;fªnf] kf/]/ /fvL
40
;f] k"gf{ªsL gf6s g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fgsf] dGrdf @& h]7 @)%@ zlgjf/ lbpF;f]
#M#) ah] dGrg tyf lel8of] /]sf]l8{ª ePsf] lyof] . of] gf6ssf d"n gf6ssf/ 8LjL
39
;f] P]ltxfl;s c+ssf]nflu x]g"{ @) c;f]h @)^$ /ljaf/sf] uf]/vfkq b}lgs, aif{ !)&, c+s ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' x'g eg] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr nf] df nf]slk|o d'lnrfn] cg'jfb u/]sf x'g\ . of]
!%$ kfgf *–(= k|:t'tL k|lti7fg / h'gls/L ;fF:s[lts snf dlGb/sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
|| 163 || || 164 ||
-;=ld=g=_ /]s8{df Nofof] . o;sf] kfZj{ :j/ k'ikxl/ SofDkfrf]n] lbPsf 5g\ . ;+ux| x¿df !=dtlts km'ªs] s'Dzf]lkSo -‘cb[Zo k"mnsf uLtx¿’ -sljtf
o;sf] Psk|lt xfdL;Fu 5 . t]:t} t];|f] /]sl8{ªdf cfhp/f k|lti7fgsf] ;xof]udf ;+ux| _, ‘;ªh\ ckm\ lb OlGelhjn km\nfj/’, nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf_, /
df]sf];' sf]/df]rf / 6]s ;fa|fnL cflbsf] k|of;df ZofFb/ ZoLn kf/k'sL @=Vff]FdLUo'/Uo'/ -ctLt So'OFltrf–d'lvof, k|sfzf]Gd'v_ g} x'g\ .
-;=ld=g=_ klg pknAw 5 . o;sf] klg xfdL;Fu Psk|lt ;'/lS5t 5 . Unf]an
/]sf]l8{ª;\ g]6js{df 6]lnª b :6f]/L cj\ lhh;\ Og\ Ole| Nofªu'Oh\ df klg of]
@=!!=!$ k'm6s/ sljtf÷uLt (Individual poems/songs)
efiff h'g;'s} a]nf ;'Gg ;lsG5 . k'm6s/ sljtf / uLtdf eg] s]xL a9L e]l6Psf 5g\ . ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf
sljtf, uLt / uhn u/]/ t];f]sf] clen]vdf kg]{x¿df !=‘a]cz \ f]’ -nf]slk|o
@=!!=!! kf7\o;fdu|L÷k':tsx¿ (Pedagogical materials/books) ;'gj' f/ O{=@)))M $#_, @=‘gDtf’ -s]jL h]FMltrf–;'gj' f/ O{=!((*M !!#–!#!_,
sf]FOr nf]M ;lhnf] 1fgdfnf–efu ! -s]jL h]FMltrf–;'gj' f/ / jLjL #=‘kfr'lnn\’ -pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)^#M #&_, $=‘OlDrnL cfFs] t]n -b]n_
y'Fu'rf–d'lvof O{=!((!_, ls/fFtL–sf]FOr Njf] ;]:;]An]M;] -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf, a’ -k"j{jt\ O{=@))#M &^–&&_, %=‘xfF;nbfAnf ;]M;]/bfAnf’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^@M
df]xg sf]/df]rf ‘df]s';'’ / pQd sfltrf æsf]FOra' sf˜tLrÆ ;+=@)^)_, ls/fFtL– $)_, ^=‘ªfb\ u]gf z]Fl;lgd\ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^@M %#_, &=‘cfFs] t]nd]/’ -;"o{
sf]FOrcf y]M;L Vof]Fkt -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf, cf/=jL= ?lhrf–d'lvof / s]=8L= Sofafrf O{=@))$M !(_, *=‘cfd\ cfd\ /fUoªf’ -dx]z sf]/df]rf ;=@)$&M (_,
ªfjrf–d'lvof O{=@))$_, ls/fFtL–sf]FOr An]M;]ys ]F f -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))#P_, ls/fFtL– (=‘tf]/df vf]O db'DoM’ -l8sdfg lngf]rf ‘lj/xL’ ;=@)%$M (@–#_, !)=‘afª
sf]FOrcf y]M;L t/Gbf] s'D;f]’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%!M (!_, !!=‘lxdfs]d’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)%$M
-k"jj{ t\ O{=@))#jL_, d'lnrf–;'gj' f/ -;+=@)%$_, oftfrf–d'lvof / tf]Fsr ' f (@–$_, !@=‘xL´l; g' sf]FOrlks’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%#M ^(_, !#=‘sf]FOr ;jfO’ -6L=
-;Dkf=_ 5g\ . k|fyldsf lzIffsf nflu OloF Njf] -kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb| ;=@)^$_ k/ufrf ;=@)$@_, !$=‘nf]Msfg koM’ -sfG5f/fd l;sf/L–;'gj' f/ ;=@)%@M !$_,
sf] k|sfzg pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/, v8f]; ;'gj' f/, 6Lsf/fd d'lnrf, hLjg !%=‘cfFs] OlDr nf]M sf’ -b]jLaxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)$&M !@_, !^=‘sf]FOr s'D;f]’
;'gj' f/, nf]slk|o d'lnrf / 6]saxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ / nfn /fkrf cflbsf] ;+oQ ' m -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%@M @$_, !&=‘sf]FOr s'D;f]’ -cg'dfof ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%@M @$_,
k|ofzdf ePsf] 5 . of] kf7\ok':ts aGg] qmddf ‘yk b'O{;lxt rf}w efiffdf !*=‘s'D;f]÷uLt’ -eLdk|sfz ;'g'jf/ ;=@)$(M @#–@%_, !(=‘;Tonf]M dv|'O:;]n’
k7gkf7g x'g]’ zLif{sdf sflGtk'/ -^ df3 @)^# cyf{t\ @) hgj/L @))&_ n] -r]tg ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%#_, @)=‘sf]FOr\’ -dx]Gb|dfg n:kfrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)%%M !(_,
;dfrf/ lgsfn]sf] b'O{ lbgkZrft\ g} lnlksf] ljjfbnfO{ lnP/ 6Lsf/fd @!=‘ldDr\’ -df]xgldng ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^)M !@(–#)_, @@=‘sfMn] ldDo’ -k"j{jt\ ;=
d'lnrfåf/f n]vg tyf k|sfzgsfo{ /f]Sg] cfb]z lb+b} lgj]bg k/]sf] lyof] . of] @)^@M #(_, @#= ‘ds'zf] lV8gf]’ -;"o{ks | fz ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^)M !@%_,
c8\rgsf] jfjh"b klg OloF Njf] k':tsn] cGttM lbgsf] pHofnf] b]Vg kfof] . @$=‘jfMDUofd\’ -k"jj{ t\ ld=g=M *_, @%=‘So'c\s]g yf/f]kl' So’ -;"o{ks
| fz ;'gj' f/
@=!!=!@ n]v÷/rgf (Compositions in mother-tongue) ;=@)^#M !$ý xfdLn] e]6]sf] klxnf] sf]FOr uhn ‘So'c\sg] yf/f]===’ klg sljs}
k]gg]Od r]/x] fD;f] df k|sflzt, sf]FOra' ;=@)^$M #!_, @%=‘vNkf /jf÷/f]FSn]’
of] dft[efiffd} s]xL n]v tyf /rgfx¿ klg kfOPsf] 5 . tL pknAw
-nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^#M !%_, @^=‘gu\ g]kfn’ -;ljtf ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^#M
n]v÷/rgfx¿df !=‘UofFOl;/]nf dkO’ -;dL/ d'lvof -;'gj' f/_ ;=@)%^M ^$_,
!^, cg'= sf]FOra' sfltrf_, @&=‘rOdL]’ -;dL/ d'lvof -cg'= v8f]; ;'gj' f/_
@=‘7]6]n gfc\;f]’ -;dL/ d'lvof–;'gj' f/ ;=@)^#M !*_, #=‘sf]FOr ldr kfM:jf]g'’
;=@)^#M ##_, @*=‘/fFs'b]n’] -g/]z ;'gj' f/ O{=@))^_, @(=‘u'Dd'of, td'of, t'O{do' f’
-k|]d ;'gj' f/ ;=@)$&M !*–!(_ cflb OToflb 5g\ eg] ;efg]df $=‘;'gj' f/ hflt /
-/Tgs'df/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%(M @%_, #)=‘;LgfMtLªf sf]FOrd'?d\’ -6]saxfb'/ ;'g'jf/
hftLo ;+uf| xno’ -bfns'df/L ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^!M #!–#$_ / %=‘hftLo ;+u|fxnodf
;=@)^)M !)_, #!=‘;Oªf nf]’ -czf]ss'df/ ;'g'jf/ ld=g=M @@_, #@=‘b]g P ;]/]d\
;'gj' f/ hfltsf] :yfg’ -nf]slk|o ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^!M %#–%$_ e]l6of] . oxfF
k'm-ª_’ -pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)%(M $&_, ##=‘hfs]g lrg' c/\vf] sf /fSZoL
uf]/vfkqsf] n]vx¿nfO{ eg] :yfg lbOPsf] 5}g .
kO’ -dgf]/df ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%(M %#_, #$=‘s'D;f]’ -;dL/ d'lvof -;'g'jf/_
@=!!=!# sljtf ;+u|x (Anthology of poems) ;=@)^$M @# x]g"{ sf]FOra' !^, !, !#M !* klg_, #%= ‘;]FMbf’ -6]s ;'g'jf/
sljtf;+ux| g} eg]/ k|sflzt s[ltdf b]g\ P ;]/d] km'-ª_ -pQd æ;fa|fnLÆ;=@)^$M (@–(#_ cflb g} x'g\ . xfdLn] ge]6]sf dft[efiffsf c? slj
sfltrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)^#_ g} klxnf] xf] . o;sf] ;dLS5f -x]g"{ /fkrf ;=@)^#_ sjloqL / uLtsf/, uhnsf/x¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ .
klg ;efg]df cfO;s]sf] 5 . xfdLn] ;'OFsf] kfPsf cGo b'O{ k|sfzf]Gd'v

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sljtfn] klg efiff ltvfg]{b]lv lnP/ arfpg] sfddf ;xof]u g} k'¥ofpF5 . JolQmTjx¿sf] hLjg jf cfTdsyfx¿ gkfP klg cud d'lnrfsf] b'O{
t];f] esf]n] ls/fFtL–/f9' -jfDa'n_] df w]/} klxn]bl] v g} sljtf k|ltof]lutf kfgf;Ddsf] Pp6f hLjgL e]6]sf 5f}+ . Tof] ‘;'gj' f/ afaf ;'wfcud lbnbf;’
eOcfPsf] 5 . ls/fFtL–k'df -/f]sf]ª_ n] o;} jif{bl] v sljtf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf -8f=:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{ ;=@)^@M #&#–#&$_ g} xf] . ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efifL :j=cud
u¥of] eg] ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf of] d+l;/ @(, @)^$ -!% l8;]Da/ @))&_ df d'lnrf klg ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' efifL 8f=sfn] /f]b'ª 8f=:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{df ?kfGt/g
a'ªjfvf n] t];|f] sljtf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ub}{ 5 . ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf eg] kf]xf]/ jf 6«fG:kmd]O;g (transformation) ePh:t} ;'gj' f/ afaf ;'wfcud lbnbf;df
;fn r'Kn' ;dfhn] Ps k6s cfof]hg ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf 6«fG:kmd]O;g eP5g\ . xfd|fx¿n] cfk\mgf] df}lnstf kmfNg' kg]{ ljleGg jfWotfx¿
dft[efiffdf g} n]lvPsf k|lt:kwL{ sljtfx¿ @ dfQ} lyP eg] t];|f] :yfg kfPsf] 5g\ . of] lbzflt/ klg ls/fFtL–sf]FOr n]vsx¿ / cGo cg';Gwftfx¿n] cfk\mgf]
sljtf nufot c? ;efg]df n]lvPsf lyof] . nf]slk|o d'lnrfsf] dft[efiffdf snd rnfpg' kg]{ b]lvof] . nf]sufos kfG8a So'OFltrf–;'gj' f/sf] hLjgnfO{
n]lvPsf] ck|lt:kwL{ sljtf eg] Pp6f dfQ} lyof] . o;n] klg dft[efiffsf] dfof cfwf/ agfP/ n]lvPsf] hLjg n]v ‘nf]sufos ;'gj' f/sf] cb[Zo kf6f]’
cf} l:ylt s:tf] 5 eGg] tYosf] phfu/ ub{5 . www.sahitya.org.np -e|dg ldlt @))^÷!@÷)@_ df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
;f]xL n]vsf] 5fkf e;{g ‘kfG8a ;'gj' f/sf] hLjgsf] cb[Zo kf6f]’ -uf]/vf ;}lgs
@=!!=!% cg"bLt ;flxTo (Translated literature) cfjfh, @)^#, !%, $M $$–$%_ klg e]l6Psf] 5 . pgsf] hLjgdf cfwfl/t
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf k|yd cg'jfb ;flxTo g} ofj]cf nf]j -gofF s/f/, :d[ltu|Gy k|sfzf]Gd'v 5 eGg];Ddsf] ;"rgf xfdLnfO{ ldn]sf] 5 .
g]kfn afOan ;f];fO6L O{=!((@_ xf] eGbf km/s gkg]{ xfd|f] cWoogn] b]vfPsf]
5 . o;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;xof]uL xftx¿ sf] sf] x'g\ eGg] tYo e"ldsfdf klg @=!!=!& efiff / ;flxTos ;dfnf]rgf (Language and literary
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf ;fob klxnf] g} cg'jfbs eg]/ criticism)
b]jLa|]e ;'gj' f/nfO{ ln+bf cGofo x'Fbg} . ;Dat\ @)%) sf] bzssf] z'?df ;okqL ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] ;flxTo ;[hgf;Fu} ;dfnf]rgfsf Psfw nfKrf] ‘9f]sf’
hg{ndf nfn /fkrf;Fu ldn]/ dft[efiff ;DjGwL n]v k|sfzg ug]{df pg}sf] gfd x¿ v'Ng yfn]sf] efg k/]sf] b]lvof] . of] lbzftk{m kfOPsf ;fdu|Lx¿df !=‘;|i6f
cfpF5 . t];kl5 nf]lk| d'lnrf–;'g'jf/n] nfn /fkrf;Fu ;f] sfo{ cufl8 a9fPsf sfltrfdf ;jN6g{ lkmlnª\ufx¿’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^# k|sflztM
5g\ / ;+=@)%^ sf] k|yd dft[efiff /fli6«o ;Dd]ng, g]kfn hghflt dxf;+3sf] ul/df, @%, !@, #))M ^&–&$ klg_, @=‘;'gj' f/ efiff ;flxTosf] jt{dfg l:ylt’
eflifs clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o 3f]ifGff–kqsf] klg pgn] g} cg'jfb u/]sf x'g\ . of] -nfn /fkrf O{=@))@aLM #)–#$_, #=‘;'gj' f/ efiffsf] ljsf;’ pQd sfltrf–
k':tfkl5 o'jf cg'jfbs pQd sfltrfs} gfd lng' kg]{ x'G5 . pgn] cg'jfb u/]sf] ;'gj' f/ ld=g=M %–^_ g} x'g\ . slj ctLt d'lvofsf] k|sfzf]Gd'v sljtf;+ux|
‘Zof]Ksf bf]N7fM6k'ls’ zLif{ssf] gf6s k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . ;f] gf6s ef]sf Vff]FdLUo'/Uo'/ df s]xL ;dfnf]rgfTds l/l8ª cfpg cfF6]sf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 .
nf;x¿ sf d"n gf6ssf/ eg] s]zj g]kfn -;=@)^!_ x'g\ . t/ sfltrfsf] ;f] @=!!=!* j+zfjnL÷wd{–;F:s[lt cWoog (Genealogy/religio-cultural
cg'jfb ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf x'g' kg]{df /fO{ efiff eg]/ n]lvPsf] 5 . efiff arfp studies)
/ efiff pGglt cfGbf]ngsf oL cfznfUbf o'jf slj, lrqsf/ / kqsf/ sljtf,
nf]ssyf, lgaGw / ;dfrf/ klg cg'jfb u5{g\ . pgL cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf u0f]z wd{, ;F:s[lt / j+zfjnL ;DjGwL ;flxTodf eg] lgs} cfznfUbf]
åf¥jfªrf h:t} cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ dfof u5{g\ eGbf xfdLnfO{ uj{ nfU5 . 8LaL pkl:ylt kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] xfdLdf klg xf};nf hufO lbof] . tL xf};nf hufpg]
ls/fFtL -hf] afc\oª ' efiff ;Dk|bfosf jStf x'g_\ n] ;Dat\ @)%) sf] bzsdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL n]-l_vsf / cg';Gwftfx¿sf] ;fdu|Lx¿df !=;'gj' f/ hfltsf]
d'Ns]d -;=@)%^, k"gf{ªs \ L gf6sý ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf cg'jfb nf]slk|o j+zfjnL -/fd aL= ;'gj' f/ ;=@)!#_, @=cy ;'g'jf/ /fO{ ls/fFtsf] j+zfjnL
d'lnrfåf/f_ klg yk]sf 5g\ . of] gf6ssf] lel8cf] 6]k klg ePsf] pNn]v /fkrf -6Lsf/fd ;'gj' f/ ;=@)!)_, #=‘;]lqm8 :k];];\ Og\ ;'Gjf/ xfplhh\’ -af]/r;{
-O{=@))@jL_ n] cfk\mgf] n]vdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . -O{=@))#_, $=‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf] hGd, ljjfx / d[To' ;+:sf/’ -6Lsf/fd d'lnrf
;+=@)%&_, %=‘;'gj' f/ hflt / ltgsf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/’ -nfn /fkrf -;+=)%$_,
@=!!=!^ hLjgL–cfTdsyf (Biography/autobiography) ^=‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/’, -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%^_, &=;'gj' f/ hfltdf hGd,
lhpFbf ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L / lhGbuLsf kfOnfM Ps ljjfx / d[To' ;+:sf/ -u'Ghaxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ ;+=)%&_, *=‘;'gj' f/ hflt, ljBdfg
lj|l6z uf]/vf kl/jf/sf] dfld{s cfTdj[tfGt -dfga|]e ;'gj' f/ / bfs' ;'g'jf/ xfd|f hftLo ;F:s[lt, k/Dk/f / ;+:sf/x¿’ -k"j{jt\ ;=)^!_, (=‘sf]FOrd'? cfg
;=@)^#_ sf] Ps k':tsafx]s xfdLn] s'g} klg 5]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf yLMrf a]MrfLªf u]’ -6]saxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ k|sfzf]Gd'v_, !)=‘aflxª, ;''gj' f/ /
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bg'jf/sf k'vf{x¿sf] cfudgM kfO xª j+zsf] cfudg -ls/fFt nf]ssyf_’ -8L=aL= ;'gj' f/ / dx]z sf]df]{rf ;=)$&_, $#=‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro’
-a'l4s'df/ xªu'–/fO{ ;=@)%$M @#–@$_, !!=‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf] lrgf/L cfwf/’ -6Lsf/fd d'lnrf– ;'gj' f/ ;=)$&M ^–*_, $$=‘;'gj' f/ hfltM Ps kl/ro’ -t]h
-nfn /fkrfsf] k]gg]d sf]FOr d'lvofdf k|sflzt ;=@)%*_, !@=‘xfdL ;'gj' f/ d'lvof–;'gj' f/ ;=@)$(M @&_, $%=‘lvDtL vf]nf cf;kf;sf ;'gj' f/x¿sf] Ps
hfltaf6 ljbf g} eO;s]sf] t/ nf]kf]Gd'v x'g afFsL Ps rf8 a'Nk]m’ -sfG5f/fd kl/ro’ -k|]d ;'gj' f/ æxfFafjnLÆ ;=@)$(M &–!!_, $^=‘;'gj' f/ hfltåf/f dgfOg]
;'gj' f/ ;=@)^#M #$–#^_, !#=‘k"jL{ tLg ls/fFtx¿ / ;'gj' f/ hflt’ -dfj/ ;'gj' f/ rG8L k"hf Ps kl/ro’ -sfnLaxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)$(M %@–^!_,
?kfrf ;=@)^#M $^–$&_, !$=‘;'gj' f/ hghflt’ -6Lsf/fd d'lnrf 41 ;=@)^#M $&=‘;'gj' f/x¿sf] dxfg rf8 kmf]n’ -b]js'df/ Vof]Fkltrf–;'gj' f/ ld=g=M (_,
@#(–@$!, sO/g af6 k'gMk|sfzg_, !%=‘k"jL{ tLg ls/fFtx¿ / ;'gj' f/ hflt’ $*=‘;'gj' f/ vf]k Ps kl/ro’ -pboaxfb'/ ;'g'jf/ ;=@)%&M !!_, $(=‘v'P xO Û
-dfj/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^#M $^–$&_, !^=‘;'/]n hfltM 5f]6f] lrgf/L’ -ddtf zdf{– v'P===hfFu/n] dgfpg] kj{ kmf]n’ -v]d/fh ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%&M @$–@%_, %)=‘alsg\
g]kfn ;=@)^@M $)*–$!!, x]g"{ ul/df ^, @, ^@ df3 @)$$af6 k'gMk|sfzg_, xO Û alsg\===;xsfn Nofpg kj{ rGbL’ -rGb|sfGt ;'gj' f/ ld=g=M !(–@!_,
!&=‘g]kfndf 5l/Psf ;'gj' f/ hfltM Ps cWoog’ -dx]z sf]/df]rf / b]jLaxfb'/ %!=‘ls/fFt ;'gj' f/ hGd;+:sf/’ -6]saxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^!M #!–##_,
;'gj' f/ ;=@)$#_, !*=‘zfb/ lkbf/ -rG8L k"hf_’ -nf]slk|o d'lnrf–;'g'jf/ %@=sNr/n x]l/6]h cj\ ls/fFt ;'gj' f/M c lelnh k|fk] mfOn cj\ kf]snL lelnh
;=@)%@M !–!#_, !(=‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%!M #^– -gljg ;'gj' f/ ;=@)$^_, %#=‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/’ -nfn–
%)_, @)=‘;'gj' f/ e];e';f’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%%M !^–!*_, ‘sf]FOr d'Ns]d -;'gj' f/ ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf O{=!((( / O{=!((&_, %$=‘d'Sb'dn] cjnDag u/]sf] af6f]’
;F:s[lt_’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%%M $–!)_, @!=‘;'g'jf/ hfltsf] hLjgrqm’ -k"jj{ t\ -pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)^$M !&–!*_, Onfddf @( df3 @)^) df efiff tyf
;=@)%#M !(–@(_, @@=‘uLn ZofFb/’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%(M !–&_, @#=‘ls/fFt ;F:s[lt ;r]tgf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] sfo{kq t]hxfb'/ tf]Fsr ' fn] elgP klg ;f]
sf]FOrx¿sf] pwf}nL kmf]n ZofFb/ rf8’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)^!M @&–@*_, @$=‘ls/fFt sf] k"g{ hfgsf/L g/fv]sf] 6]saxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ -;=@)^#M #&–$#_, %%=‘d'Sb'dn]
sf]FOr pwf}nL rf8 ZofFb/ lkbf/’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)^@M #&–#(_, @%=‘sf;\’ -k"jj{ t\ cjnDag u/]sf] af6f]’ -pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)^$M !&–!*_, %^=‘ls/fFt
;=@)^)M @^–#)_, @^=‘k'm; lkbf/’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^@M !!–!#_, @&=‘afx| efO ;d'bfosf] dxfg rf8M GjfuL -pFef}nL_ k"hf dxf]T;j -pFef}nL ;fs]nf, rf;f]s
kmf]n g' ;dL o'N;sf’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)^$M !%–!^_, @*=‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf] hGd, tªgfd, kmf]n ZofFb/ / rf;'jf_’ -Clifk|;fb zdf{ ;=@)^$M !^(–!**, h;df
ljjfx tyf d[To' ;+:sf/’ -/Tgs'df/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^)M !(–@!_, @(=‘;'gj' f/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] kmf]n ZofFb/ jg{g ubf{ uf]/] vkfªuLsf] kmf]6f] /fvL lbPsf]_
hfltsf] hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf] ;+:sf/’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%(M @)–@@_, #)=‘d'Sb'd’ cflb OToflb g} x'g\ .
-pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ æsf]FOra' sf›tLrÆ ;=@)^!M !#–!^_, #!=‘lsg / s;/L @=!!=!( efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿ (Linguistic studies)
ul/G5 jfM; k"hf’ -/]jtL ;'gj' f/ ælIflthÆ ;=@)%(M !–$_, #@=‘;'gj' f/ hfltdf
gj lzz' hGdbf ul/g] Gjf/fg ljlw’ -OGb|;g] ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%@M !^–@!_, ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffsf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog eg] k|z:t} ePsf]
##=‘;'gj' f/sf] lglDt dfw] >LkGrdLsf] cf}lrTo’ -rGb|ks | fz ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%@M e]l6Psf] 5 . tL cWoogx¿df !=‘:k]O;n 8]OlS;;\ Og\ ;d ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\
%(–^&_, #$=‘;'gj' f/sf] cfk\mgf] s'/faf6 s'nyfgL a'emfpg] ;nfs' d'Gb'd’ -OGSn'8;\ afGtfjf, rflDnª, vflnª, y'nª ' , l5Gtfª, jfDa'n,] h]?ª, sf]oL,
-Zofds0f{ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%@M @*–#)_, #%=‘jt{dfg ;'gj' f/ hfltaf/] Ps ;dLIff’ ;'gj' f/ / lnDa" OUhfDkN;\_’ -8f=gf]ls/f O{=@))@_, @=‘;'gj' f/ tyf jfOª/fO{x¿sf]
-/fhs'df/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%^M $$–%^_, #^=‘;'gj' f/ sf] x'g\ < ;+lIfKt cWoog’ efiff tyf ;F:s[lt ;dfgtf’ -k|flKt aflxª–;'gj' f/ ælrqÆ ;=@)%!M !–%_,
-pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ æsf]FOra' sf›tLrÆ ;=@)%^M &)–&!_, #&=‘;'gj' f/ Ps #=cfp6nfOG;\ cj\ OlG8og lkmnf]nf]hL ljy c Dofk ;f]Oª b l8l:6«Jo';g cj\
cflbjf;L hghflt’ -df]xgaxfb'/ ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%^M (*_, #*=‘;f]Nkfsf OlG8og Nofªu'Olhh\ -h]= laD; !*^&_, $=‘sf]Eof/LPG;\ l/n];g Og\ ;'gj' f/’
;'gj' f/x¿’ -ljqmds]z/L ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%^M *(_, #(=‘l;/xf lhNnfsf ;'g'jf/ -8L= laP/L !(&*_, %=Oh ;'gj' f/ c k|fg] f]ldgfnfOH8 Nofªu'Oh< -k"jj{ t\
hfltsf] Ps kl/ro’ -g/]z ;'gj' f/ ;=@)%^M ()–(!_, $)=‘s] ;'gj' f/ ls/fFt !(&%_, ^=‘c ufO8 6' ;'gj' f/ 6f]g’ -k"jj{ t\ !(&!P_, &=‘;'gj' f/ l;Ud]G6n
j+zsf x'g\ t <’ -/fh]Gb|sd' f/ ;'gj' f/ ;=)$&M @#–#@_, $!=‘;'gj' f/ hfltaf/] l;gf]lK;;’ -k"j{jt\ !(&)_, *=‘;'gj' f/ 6f]g ofG8 xfOx/ n]eN;\’ -k"jj{ t\ !(&)_,
;+lIfKt hfgsf/L’ -pbo ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^)M @)_, $@=‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf y/x¿’ (=‘;'gj' f/ kmf]gl] ds ;d/L l/efOH8 e;{g’ -k"jj{ t\ !(&!aL_, !)=c 8]l:qmlK6e
u|ofd/ cj\ ;'gj' f/ -8f]6{ af]/\r;{ @))&_, !!=‘k/;f]gfnk|fg] f]ldgf Od sf]FOr
41
-cf]:6]gkfn_’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!(((_, !@=‘;'gj' f/ -sf]FOr_’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!((*_,
t/ ;DkfbsLosf] kfgf g+= r -hLjgrGb| sf]O/fn -;=@)^#_ df_ df n]vssf] of] y/ lxHh]df !#=‘;'gj' f/ sKo'nfh\’ -:s6 l8NofG;L O{=!((@M #!–#*_, !$=‘OSo'OEofn]G6;\
uNtL u/L 5flkPsf] 5 .
|| 169 || || 170 ||
cj\ sGhªlS6e kfl6{sN;\ Og\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\’ -OGSn'8;\ sf]FOr h]lF trf lnlk n]vg k|0ffnL’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf O{=@))@P_,
OUHofDkN;\_ -s/]g Pr= Pj6{ O{=@))#_, !%=‘l;Ud]G6n cN6g]{O;g Og\ b ;'g'jf/ (=‘df]l8lkms]O;g, l/km/d]O;g ofG8 l;:6d6fOh]O;g cj\ h]FMltrf a|]M;]’ -nfn–
ej{ :6]dM c s]; kmf] b lkmr/ -k|mG6_’ -;L= h]g6] L O{=!((@M #!(–#%*_, ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf O{=@))!8L_, !)=ls/fFtL–sf]FOr An]M;]ys ]F f ‘ls/fFtL–;'g'jf/
!%=‘gf]]6;\ cg\ b :6«Sr/ cj\ b ;'gj' f/ 6«flG;l6e ej{’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!((*aLM ^@– cNkmfj]6’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf cf/=jL= ?lhrf–d'lvof / s]=8L= ªfjrf–
(@_, !&=‘ofg\ ck|fr] 6' l8:sf];{ Og\ ;'gj' f/’ -P= x]n, 8L= laP/L ofG8 Pd=;'Nh d'lvof O{=@))#P_, !!=‘sf]FOª a]|;’ -sljtf/fd >]i7 ;=@)#&M ^#–^(_,
O{=!(&#P_, !*=‘s]; ;lkmS;]h\ Og\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^@M @!!– !@=‘sf]FOr a]|; cyjf ;'gj' f/ lnlkM Ps ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L’ -PgjL ;'g'jf/
@@$_, !(=Snh sDafOlgª Og\ sf]FOr ;'gj' f/ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!(((_, @)=‘b ;fpG8 O{=!((*_, !#=‘;''gj' f/ -d'lvof_ sf]FOra' d'n lnlk / To;sf] k|of]udf cfjZos
l;:6d cj\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ofG8 Oª\lnzM c k|fa] OG6' ng;{ k|fA] nD; of6 lb ;+zf]wg’ -PgjL ;'gj' f/ O{=!(((_, !$=‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof_
kmf]gf]nf]lhsn n]en’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))@O_, @!=‘c lk|lnldg/L cyf]{u|kmL’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf O{=@))#P_, !%=‘df]l8lkms]O;g, l/km/d]O;g
;f]l;cf]lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ ;'gj' f/’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!(((M !(!– @)!_, ofG8 l;:6d6fOh]O;g cj\ h]FMltrf a|]M;]’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))!8L_, !^=‘;'gj' f/df
@@=‘;'gj' f/ ofh\ ofg\ OG8]Gh8{ Nofªu'Oh\ cj\ g]kfn’ -O{=!((&PM *(–!)@_, h]lF trf lnlk n]vg k|0ffnL’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))@P_, !&=‘cg\ b cf]l/lhg cj\ b
@#=‘lk|ej{n df]l8kmfo;{ Og\ ;'Gjf/’ -e]/g/ leG6/ O{=@))$_, @$=;'gj' f/–aflxª h]MF ltrf l:qmK6 ofG8 O6;\ df]l8lkms]O;g ofG8 l/km/d]O;g’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))@8L_,
efiffsf] t'ngfTds cWoog’ -k"j{jt\ O{=@))@;LM #@–$#_, @%=;'gj' f/ Nofªu'Oh\M !*=‘;''gj' f/ efiffdf lnlksf] åGb’ -6Lsf/fd d'lnrf ;=@)^$M %–!)_,
c ;f]l;cf]lnªu'Ol:6s k|fk] mfOn -O{=!((%_ cflb 5g\ . xfdLn] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] !(=‘;''gj' f/ efiffsf] lnlkdf eflifs bf;dgf]j[lQsf 5n5fdx¿’ -k"jj{ t\
kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts agfpg] l;nl;nfdf ePsf] ;Gbe{–;"lr lnl:6ªdf ;o ;=@)^$M %&–^^_ cflb g} x'g\ . xfdLn] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] pk–cWofodf OlÍt
eGbf a9L e]6s ] f eP klg tL ;j} ;flxTo -x]g"{ ;f] ;"lr klg_ nfO{ oxfF pNn]v u/] h:tf] s]xL g;f]rL gx'g] g} ePsf] 5 . k|fSsygsf] kfbl6KkgL @ df kNnf]
ul/Psf] 5}g . lj:t[t lnl:6ª ;Gbe{–;"lrdf /fv]sf 5f}+ . ls/fFtsf] ;xof]u gcfpFbf cf]Nnf] / dfem ls/fFt 9n]sf] Oltxf;nfO{ xfdLn] ;DemL
;s]kl5 ca kNnf] ls/fFt gp7L gx'g] ePsf] 5 .
@=!!=@) lnlk;DjGwL n]vx¿ (Write ups on script)
xfdLn] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª -x]g"{ @=@^ klg_ sf] pk–cWofodf ls/fFtL @=!!=@! ls/fFtL–sf]FOr :jf8]z zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Kõits Swadesh
wordlist)
l;l/hªuf lnlkaf/] ;a} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] Tof] ;femf lnlk xf] / t]xL lnlk g}
ls/fFtL hfltsf] lnlk xf] eGg] cxd\ cfjfh / ;jfn a'nGb p7fPsf 5f}+ . / xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
Oltxf;n] t]xL sxG5 . dfQ} l;lSsdsf] cjwf/gfn] ubf{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
cfk\mgf] lnlk eg]/ s0f{ h]FMltrfn] ;[hgf u/]sf] lnlk k|of]udf cfPsf] xf] . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf af]lng] Ps dxTjk"Gf{ efiffx¿dWo] ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@_
l;lSsddf t]xL eO{ /fv]sf] 5 . /fO{ lnlk, lnDa" lnlk / ;'gj' f/÷d'lvof lnlk sf] ;+sngdf 5'6s ] f] jf c;dfj]zLdf k/]sf] 5 . Tof] dfQ} geP/ sf]FOr / ;'/]n
eg]/ k|of]udf cfpg' kg]{ /fhg}lts jfWotfn] Ps} hfltdf kmf6f] NofPsf] ;fFrf] xf] . jLrsf] hflt / efiff ljjfbn] ubf{ oxfF s'nª ' / ;f]tfªsf] h:t} jfofFlt/ sf]FOr /
lj/STofOF NofPsf] ;fFrf] xf] . lj/fgf] kf/]sf] klg ;fFrf] xf] . xfdLn] kfbl6KkgL bfofFlt/ ;'/]nsf] zAbfjnL oxfF k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . ;'/n ] nfO{ efiffljUofgn]
gDa/ tLgdf eg] h:t} of] xfd|f] o'udf t o:tf] 6]9o\ fOF 5 eg] cfhsf] Ps sf]FOrsf] eflifsf dfQ} dfg]sf] 5 efiff xf]Og .
ztfAbLkl5 ls/fFtL hflt / pgsf] efiffx¿df ;fFRr} lrgfkrL{sf] g} cGTo x'g5] . !=g]Nn]-n\_ +lhjfSzf -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=k'n' +s/gL -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
/ oxfF ca ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] Tof] l;l/hªuf ldl;|t lnlk;DjGwL #=sf]:n] +af]qmf] -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=sf]h sf]Mh -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
ePsf cWoogx¿sf] pNn]vlt/ nfUg] 5f}+ . ltgdf !=‘;''gj' f/ lnlkdf gfd n]Vg] %=7]’a]-a\_ 7]p -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=’lraL-a\_ lrpc\ -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
ljlw’ -6Lsf/fd d'lnrf ;=@)^#M !–!)_, @=‘sf]FOr nf]M An]M;]’ -k"jj{ t\ @)^@M &=Sn-8_fORrf s|fOrf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite*=s]/-] /\_ So]/ -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
!–*_, #=‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr lnlksf] k|of]u / ljsf;’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf (=x';L~x';\ x'z\ -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=?Zo-;\_ ?z\ -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
;=@)^#M !%–@*_, $=‘;'gj' f/ lnlk’ -s]jL h]FMltrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)#(÷$)_, !!=s'r' g'r' -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=+xf]rf +rf]rf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
%=‘Pp6f uGyg÷;'gj' f/ sf]FOr lnlk’ -cf/jL d'lvof O{=!((*_, ^=‘b cf/jL !#=u;'-;\_ u;\ -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud
d'lvof sn]S;g’ -ld= g=_, &=‘cf]l/lhg cj\ b h]FMltrf l:qmK6 ofG8 O6;\ !$=ZoLzL~;L;\ +lrc\zf] -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
df]l8lkms]O;g ofG8 l/km/d];g’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf O{=@))@_, *=‘;'gj' f/df
|| 171 || || 172 ||
!%=lkrf lkrf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=a]cr \ f a]cr\ f -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die &!=;]u|] +afNjf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand
!&=s'rd' s'rd' -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog *=t'rf lkKrf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink &@=+dORrf +b]r F f -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say &#=sf]’rf sf]Mrf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see
!(=Zof];f] bf]Mzf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gf]kmf gf]kf -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear &$=jfr]/ xf]Gr]/ -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed &%=lgRrf lgMrf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit
+ + +
@!= Rofªdfv vk -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=hrf hrf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat &^=sf]Ot]~sf]’y] s'lzn -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
@#=Ac\km' Acflb -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=’ldrL-r\_ ldSr -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye &&=OKrf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep
@%=Acf;'?ªdf === -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire &*=OldlRrnL~OlDrnL +lrrLsf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
@&=ªf ªfM -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish &(=s'g s'g -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=/fKrf /fKrf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
@*=Zo]~;] Zo]M -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat *!=Zof]/ zf]M? -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=k'mNn'~k'mOn' n'M -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
@(=a]/\Rrf a]/r \ f -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly *#=gfF gfDdf] -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=afK;Lkrf b\of]Nrf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
#)=vf]OnL~vf]On\ vf]On\ -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot *%=ldn' ldn'ª -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=d]sf]-c\_ d]M -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
#!=Zofk~k'mOnL lk|Mzf] -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=u]rf u]rf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give *&=PF-P_sf] PKd] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=uf]O Uo] -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
##=l/D-bf/\:_Zof] bf/\Zff] -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=ku;] +lrn -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grea *(=n]F n]Md -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=V-8'_n'O lSn -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
#%=’luuL-u\_ UoLu\ -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=rfF +;LM -gf_ ‘s];’ hair (!=/jf~/f]FSn] k'mªu' -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lgc\;L lgSzL -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
#&=u'O u'O -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=lkof lko' -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head (#=ufc\rf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk
#(=g]Mrf g]Mrf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=n'ªl\ u/\ n'ªl\ u/\ -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart ($=Ac\s'~afs\~jfs\ Acfªs -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
$!=u|f]F u|f] -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=xf]’Zof] xf]z\ -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot (%=uf]lks\ uf]lkz\ -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=d-f_/ df/ -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
$#=uf] sf] -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;fORrf ;fOrf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill (&=a'a-' ;\_ a';\ -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;' ;' -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
$%=kf]cr \ L vf]ªvf] -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee ((=ld:d'? dLMrd'/ -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman
$^=hf]c\rf hf]c\rf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know !))= +xp === -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
$&=;kmf ;Kkmf -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf ---------
$*=+Un-8_f]Nrf u|]rf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= +!@ df a'rf klg x'G5 . ;'/n
] sf] elgPsf] zAbfjnLsf] cg'jfb
$(=cfObL cfObL -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver +
aNg' geP/ kf]Ng' xf] . g+= $* df /soRrf / bsoRrf klg x'G5 t/
%)=+Uof]Zof] +nfOzf] -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long tl/sfdf km/s 5 . g+= @! df ;'a' klg x'G5 . g+= %) df el6{sn nfdf]
%!=l/ /LM -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse nfO:Zof] x'G5 . g+= +&@ df b]FMrf klg x'G5 . g+= !)) sf] zflAbs cy{ ‘wft'
%@=jfOF;] -;\_ +jOz\d'/ -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man ;'g’ x'G5 . of] zAbfjnL ebf{ d}n÷] xfdLn] nf]lk| d'lnrf / ;[hgf a'lhrf
%#=Zo';~\ ;fKkf hL -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many -!% ebf} @)^#_ nfO{ klg ;Dks{ u/L s'/fsfgL u/]sf]-sf_ lyof}+ .
%$=tf:nf b-f_u-f_/ -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon ;'/n
] nfO{ bflxg]lt/ xfn]kl5sf] gf]6 tn k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .
%%=hf]h' /fhL -gf_ ‘kxf8’ +hill %^=Zof] ;'Olb -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth +
@=k'n' s/gL -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ;efg] v/fgL
%&=Uo a'ªuL -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=g] * g]M -gf_ ‘gfd’ name #=sf]:n] +af]qmf] -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ ;efg] ;fk6L
%(=Zo'/ s'slj; -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=gs\-u\_ +gs'jf] -lj_ ‘gofF’ new !@=+xf]rf +rf]rf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ xf]Og kf]Ng'
^!=gfbf] ~t'r F gfDbf] -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@= g] g]M -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose !$=ZoLzL~;L;\ +lrc\zf] -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ xf]Og g'xfPsf]
+
^#=daf dd]÷d– -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=sfM sf-xf_ -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one @!=+Rofªdfv +vk -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ vksf] cg'jfb df6f]
^%=nfF nfMd -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=d'?-/\_ d'/ -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person #$=ku;] +lrn -gf_ ‘af];f]’ lrn yfxf gePsf] zAb
^&=/]p /]p -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=nnf-n\_ nn\ -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red %@=jfOF;] -;\_ +jOz\d'/ -gf_ jfOF;] sf] cg'jfb nf]Ug] / jfOF;d'/ nf]Ug] dfG5]
^(=Zofªlu/L~g;\ sfOa -gf_ ‘h/f’ root %%=hf]h' /fhL -gf_ ‘kxf8’ +hill lxdfn, kxf8, l9:sf]df km/s
&)=k'kN' jf s'ns'n -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round ^)=gs\-u\_ +gs'jf] -lj_ ‘gofF’ ljrlnt zAb
|| 173 || || 174 ||
^#=daf +dd]÷d– dd]sf] cg'jfb ‘xf]Og’ xf] d– cs/g jf lgu]l6e ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
&!=;]u|] +afNjf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ ;efg] ;fk6L
&*=OldlRrnL~OlDrnL +lrrLsf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ ljrlnt zAb aflxª–;'gj' f/, k|flKt ælrqÆ= ;=@)%!= ‘;'gj' f/ tyf jfOª/fO{x¿sf] efiff tyf
&@=+dORrf +b]r F f -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ dORrf egL lbg' / b]MF rf eGg' ;F:s[lt ;dfgtf’, sf]FOra', $, !, #M !–%=
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of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs P3f/df k/]sf] ls/fFtL– laD;, h]= !*^&= cfp6nfOG;\ cj\ OlG8og lkmnf]nf]hL ljy c Dofk ;f]Oª b
sf]FOr dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . of] dft[efifL l8l:6«Jo';g cj\ OlG8og Nofªu'Olhh\ -ck]lG8S; P sG6]G6;\ b Go'd/] N;\
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dft[efiffdf Snfgf]lgdx¿ lgs} e]l6Psf] 5 / oL Snfgf]lgdx¿ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf e§/fO{, xif{gfy= -;Dkf=_ ;=@)%*= ;+lIfKt g]kfnL /fli6«o zAbsf]z= sf7dfG8"M
ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ h:t} afc'oª ' ;Fu 7\ofSs} –rf, /f9';uF klg 7\ofSs} –rf Gof;gn l/;r{ c;f]l;P6;\=
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:jf8]z ;o zAb ;"rLdf klg ;o k|ltzt g} zAbx¿ of] efiffdf df}hb" /x]5g\ . k]k/;{ cg\ l8:sf];,{ P;cfOnPn klAns];Gh\ Og\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ ofG8
Wjlgj}Uoflgs ljz]iftfdf cf]Nnf] ls/fFt vflnª÷vfn'ª÷Vofndf h:t tfg s'g} l/n]l68 lkmN8;\ %!= 8fnf;M P;cfOPn / o'l6P=
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;[hgfdf pkGof; ljwfdf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' sf] h:tf] yfxf gnfu] -----. !(&%= Oh ;'gj ' f/ c k|fg] f]ldgfnfOH8 Nofªu'Oh< sf7dfG8"M ;d/
klg uLt / sljtf 5]qdf eg] s]xL pj{/ g} 5 . of] w]/} cfzf nfUbf] kS5] xf] . of] OlG:6Ro'6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\= ldldcf]uf| k\m8=
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l:ylt /xL /Åof] eg] Ps ztfAbLsf] xf/fxf/Ldf of] efiffsf] cl:tTj g]kfn cfdfsf] sf7dfG8"M ;d/ OlG:6Ro'6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\= ldldcf]uf| k\m8=
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cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . lsgeg] o;n] eflifs kof{j/gnfO{ g/fd|/L vnn Mimeo.
k'/o\ fPsf] x'G5 . ' f/ 6f]g’= ufO8 6' 6f]g Og\ g]kfn -kf6{ $_=
-----. !(&!P= ‘c ufO8 6' ;'gj
sf7dfG8"M lqlj / ;d/ OlG:6Ro'6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\= ldldcf]uf| k\m8=

|| 175 || || 176 ||
-----.1971a. ‘A guide to Sunwar tone’, Guide to Tone in Nepal \ ;{, 8f]6={ @))*= c u|ofd/ cj\ ;'gjf/ -lj|Nh\ l6a]6g :6l8h\ nfOa|]/L,
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' f/ l;Ud]G6n l;gf]lK;;’= Og\ Pkms] n]xDofg -;Dkf=_= 6f]g
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l;:;6D;\ cj\ l6a]6f]ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ g]kfn -cSs]hgn k]k/;{ efnfRtfdfg= u'l6gM k]p:t ofG8 u'l:dt=
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' f/ -sf]FOr_’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b ;]sG8 ofg'cn ;]ldgf/
' f/ 6f]g ofG8 xfOx/ n]eN;\= 6f]g l;:;6D;\ cj\ l6a]6f]ad{g
-----. !(&)= ‘;'gj cg\ u|Dofl6sn k]mgf]dg] f Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\, lxdfnog
Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ g]kfn -cSs]hgn k]k/;{ cj\ b pNkm]g8]g ;f];fO6L Nofªu'Olhh\ k|f]hS] 6 ofG8 l/;r{ :s'n, l;Pg8ANo'P;, n]O8g
cg\ l6a]6f]ad{g lnªu'Ol:6S;\ ef]n=cfOcfOcfO, kf6{ cfOM :68Lh\ cg\ o'lgel;{6L, @! cu:t=
6f]g ofG8 kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l;UdG6;\ Ol8l68 afO cl:6g x]n / s]Gg]y Pn -----. 1998. ‘Sunuwar [Kõits]’. Paper presented in the 2nd Annual
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[Occasional Papers of the Wolfenden Society on Tibeto- l8NofG;L, :s6= O{=!((@= ‘;'gj' f/ sKo'nfh\’, lnª\uOl:6S;\ cj\ b l6a]6f]–ad{g
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Nofªu'Olhh\’ -OGSn'8;\ sf]FOr OUHofDkN;\_= Og\ t]h cf/ s+;fsf/ ofG8
|| 177 || || 178 ||
dfs{ 6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyD;\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 klAns]O;Gh\ Og\ lnª\uOl:6S;\ of l/n]l68 lkmN8h\ $)= gf]dg{ M
lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8n]nju{ ofG8 P;cfOPn, o'lgel;{6L cj\ cf]Snfxf]df=
lqlj= Hale, A., D. Bieri and M. Schulze. 1973a. ‘An approach to
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OUnL, j]/g/ Pd= !(((= lao/ k'm/ 8fO cfxg]gM Oa|]Vt, r'; p08 l/r'cfn a]O -;Dkf=_= sf]ªkL, !%÷!^÷!(, $÷%, hgj/L÷cu:6, sf7dfG8"=
8]g ;'g'jf/ cf]:6]gkfNh= h'l/vM OG6/sNr/]n sf]DDo'lgs];g= Je˜ticha-Sunuwar, KB. 1982/3 [VS 2039/40]. “Sunuwar lipi”. In
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' f/ sf]FOr lnlk’
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ = df_, cf/=aL= lnDa" -;+sns–;Dkfbs_ df, lnlk ;+ufnf]= ufGtf]s,
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg= l;lSsdM cf/=aL= lnDa"= kfgf !!#–!#!=
Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste -----. 1998. ‘Namta’ (Republished in RB Mukhia’s article ‘Sunuwar
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h]MF ltrf–;'gj' f/, s]jL / jLjL y'Fur
lkmr/ -k|mG6_’, lnªu'Ol6S;\ , #)M #!(–#%*= 1fgdfnf -efu !_= ;'lsofkf]v/L, bflh{lnªM jLjL y'Fur ' f–d'lvof
Genetti, C. 1992. ‘Segmental alternation in the Sunuwar verb stem: ;'gj' f/=
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-----. O{=!((*aL= ‘gf]]6;\ cg\ b :6«Sr/ cj\ b ;'gj ' f/ 6«flG;l6e ej{’, Sajilo Gyanmala (Part I). Sukiyapokhari, Darjeeling: BB
lnª\uOl:6S;\ cj\ b l6a]6f]–ad{g Pl/of, !!, @M ^@–(@= ThuNgucha-Mukhia Sunuwar.
-----. 1998b. ‘Notes on the structure of the Sunuwar transitive sfltrf–;'gj' f/, pQd æsf]FOra' sfùtLrÆ= ;=@)^$= ‘d'Sb'dn] cjnDag u/]sf]
verb’, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 11, 2: 62-92. af6f]’, sf]FOra',, !^, !, !#M !&–!*=
u'?ª, xs{= ;=@)%(= ‘;'gj' f/’, sf]FOra' , !!, !M !#= Katicha-Sunuwar, Uttam ‘Kõitsbu Ka:tich’. 2007 [VS 2064].
Gurung, Harka. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Sunuwar’, Kõitsbu, 11, 1: 13. ‘Mukdumle awalamban gareko bato’, Kõitsbu, 16, 1, 13: 17-
xfªu'–/fO{, a'l¢s'df/= ;=@)%$= ‘aflxª, ;''gj' f/ / bg'jf/sf k'vf{x¿sf] cfudgM 18.
kfO xª j+zsf] cfudg -ls/fFt nf]ssyf_’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, !, ^M @#– -----. ;=@)^#= ‘kfr'lnn\’, ls/fFt cfjfh, @M #& -ls/fjfa'ª\ af6 ;fef/
@$= ul/Psf] / b]g\ P ;]/]d km'-ª_ -sljtf ;+ux| _ df klg ;+ul| xt_
Hangu-Rai, Buddhi K. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Bahing, Sunuwar ra -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Pachulil’, Kiratawaj, 2: 37 (in Kirawabung
Danuwarka purkhaharuko aagaman: Pai Hang vamshako and collected in Den e Serem Phu(ng) Anthology).
aagaman (Kirat Lokkatha)’, Libju-Bhumju, 6, 1, 6: 23-24. -----. ;=@)^@= b]g\ P ;]/]d km'-ª_ -sljtf ;+ux| _= sf7dfG8"M r'Kn' ;dfh=
x]n, P=, 8L= laP/L ofG8 Pd=;'Nh= O{=!(&#P= ‘ofg\ ck|fr ] 6' l8:sf];{ Og\ -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. Den e Serem Phu(ng): An Anthology of
;'gj' f/’= Og\ cl:6g x]n -;Dkf=_= Snh, ;]G6]G; ofG8 l8:sf];{ Kof6g{;\ Poems. Kathmandu: Chuplu Samaj.
Og\ l;n]lS68 Nofª\uO' lhh\ cj\ g]kfn= kf6{ I -h]g/] n ck|f]r_ P;cfOPn

|| 179 || || 180 ||
-----. ;=@)^) -O{=@))#_= ‘OlDrnL cfFs] t]n -b]n_ a’, /fli6«o efiffsf sljtf Kiranti, DB. 1999 [VS 2056]. Mulkem (Five Act play translated
;+ufnf]= sf7df8f}+M cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg= kfgf g+= into Kiranti-Kõits by Lokpriya Mulicha). Kathmandu: Prem
&^–&&= Bramlicha-Sunuwar.
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Imchili ãke tel (del) ba’. Rastriya Bhashaka Vof]Fkltrf–;'gj' f/, b]js'df/= ld=g= ‘;'gj' f/x¿sf] dxfg rf8 kmf]n’, r]tgf, $,
Kavita Sangalo. Kathmandu: Adivasi Janajati Utthan !M (=
Rastriya Pratisthan. Pp 76-77. Khyõpaticha-Sunuwar, Devkumar. n.d. ‘Sunuwarharuko mahan
-----. ;=@)^@= ‘xfF;nbfAnf ;]M;]/bfAnf’, l;/\dL, $, $M $)= chad Phol’, Chetana, 4, 1: 9.
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Hãsaldabla se:serdabla’, Sirmi, 4, 4: 40. sf]FOr, d'lvof -k]gg]Oddf k|sflzt nfn /fkrfsf]_= ;=@)%*= ‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf]
-----. ;=@)^@= ‘ªfb\ u]gf Zo]Fl;lgd\’, k|jf;L a]bgfsf cfjfhx¿, !), $M %#= lrgf/L cfwf/’, sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @$ ebf}÷( ;]K6]Da/ @))!=
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Ngad gena šye˜sinim’, Pravasi Vedanaka Kõits, Mukhia (published in penname of Lal Rapacha). 2001 [VS
Awajharu, 10, 4: 53. 2058]. ‘Sunuwar jatiko chinari adhar’, Kantipur Daily, 9
-----. ;=@)^!= ‘d'Sb'd’, l;/\dL, #, #M !#–!^= September 2001.
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Mukdum’, Sirmi, 3, 3: 13-16. sf]/df]rf, dx]z= ;=@)$&= ‘cfd\ cfd\ /fUoªf’, sf]FOra', !M (=
-----. ;=@)^!= ‘Zof]Ksf bf]N7fM6k'ls’ -gf6ssf/ s]zj g]kfnsf] gf6s ef]sf Kormocha, Mahesh. 1990 [VS 2047]. ‘Aam aam ragyanga’,
nf;x¿sf] cg'jfb_= sf8dfG8"M ;f]gL g]kfn= Kõitsbu, 1: 9.
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Shyopka doltha:tpuki’ (Natakar Keshav sf]/df]rf, dx]z / b]jLaxfb'/ ;'gj' f/= ;=@)$#= ‘g]kfndf 5l/Psf ;'gj' f/ hfltM
Nepalko natak Bhoka Lashruko anuvad), Kathmandu: Soni Ps cWoog’, uf]/vfkq -b}lgs, zlgjf;/Lo kl/lzi6fª\s, ( kmfu'g_=
Nepal. Kormocha, Mahesh and Devibahadur Sunuwar. 1986 [VS 2043].
-----. ;=@)%&= ‘clen]vdf ;'g'jf/x¿’, r]tgf, !, @M #–%= ‘Nepalma chhareka Sunuwar jati: ek addhyan’, Gorkhapatra
-----. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Abhilekhma Sunuwarharu’, Chetana, 1, 2: (Daily shanivasariya parishishtanka, 20 February).
3-5. n:kfrf–d'lvof, s]=jL= ;=@)^!= ‘;'gj' f/ -d'lvof_ ;dfh, bfhL{lnªM Ps
-----. ;=@)%^_= ‘;'gj ' f/ sf] x'g\ < ;+lIfKt cWoog’, sf]FOra' , *M &)–&!= lrgf/L’, sf]FOra', !@, !M @$–@%=
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Kõitsbu, 8: 70-71. Samaj, Darjeeling: Ek chinari’, Kõitsbu, 12, 1: 24-25.
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘b]g P ;]/]d\ k'm-ª_’, sf]FOra', !!, !M $&= n:kfrf–;'gj' f/, dx]Gb|dfg= O{=@))!= ;/n g]kfnL–;'g'jf/–cª\uh |] L zAbsf]z
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Den e serem phu(ng)’, Kõitsbu, 11, 1: 47. -/fh]Gb| ;'gj' f/ ‘;l/ª’ åf/f ;Dkflbt_= lj/f6gu/M ;''gj' f/ ;]jf ;dfh=
-----. ld=g= ‘uf] x]M/f Zof/L/]FMZof]’, r]tgf, $, !M (= Laspacha-Sunuwar, Mahendraman. 2001 [VS 2058]. Saral Nepali-
-----. n.d. ‘Go he:ra shyarie˜:šyo’, Sirmi, 4, 4: 40. Sunuwar-Angreji Shabdakosh (edited by Rajendra Sunuwar
-----. ld=g= ‘;'gj' f/ efiffsf] ljsf;’, r]tgf, @, #M %–^= ‘Saring’). Biratnagar: Sunuwar Sewa Samaj.
-----. n.d. ‘Sunuwar bhashako vikas’, Chetana, 2, 3: 5-6. -----= ;=@)%%= ‘sf]FOr\’, sf]FOra', ^M !(=
vDa', uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]nª
' df, !, !M -----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Kõits’, Kõtsbu, 6: 19.
#(–$@= Sofafrf–;'gj' f/, v8f];= ;=@)^#= ‘So'c\sg] yf/f]kl' So’, hTgd'nL, !, !M !$=
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha Kyabacha-Sunuwar, Khados. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Kyu?ken
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42. tharopukyi’, Jatnamuli, 1, 1: 14.
ls/fFtL, 8LaL= ;=@)%^= d'Ns]d -k"gf{ªs\ L gf6sý ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf cg'jfb Sofafrf, ;"o={ ;=@)^! -O{=@))$_= ‘cfFs] t]nd]/’, l;/\dL , #, #M !(=
nf]slk|o d'lnrfåf/f_= sf7dfG8"M k|]d a|lDnrf–;'gj' f/= Kyabacha, Surya. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Ãke telmer’, Sirmi, 3, 3: 19.
lngf]rf ‘lj/xL’, l8sdfg= ;=@)%$= ‘tf]/df vf]O db'DoM’, sljtf , ^)= (@–#=

|| 181 || || 182 ||
Linocha, Dikman ‘birahi’. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Torma khoi Mukhia (Sunuwar), Sameer. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Kumso’,
madumya:’, Kavita, 60: 92-93. Dzatnam"li, 2, 2: 23.
-----. ;=@)%^= ‘tf]/df vf]O db'DoM’ -k'gM k|sfzg sljtf af6_ /fli6«o efiffsf -----. ;=@)^#= ‘rOdL’, b'dfs]Ft', #, #M ##=
sljtf ;+ufnf]= sf7dfG8"M /fli6«o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt= kfgf g+= !(*– -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Chaimi’, Dumake˜tu, 3, 3: 33.
((= -----. ;=@)^#= ‘7]6]n gfc\;f]’, hTgd'OFnL , !, !M !*=
-----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Torma khoi madumya:’ (republished from -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘TheTel Na?so’, Dzatnam"li, 1, 1: 18.
Kavita) Rastriya Bhashaka Kavita Sangalo. Kathmandu: -----.;=@)%^= ‘UofFOl;/]nf dkO’, sf]FOra' bzsf]T;j ljz]iffª\s, *M ^$=
Rastriya Janajati Vikas Samiti. Pp. 198: 92-99. -----. 1999 [VS 2063]. ‘Gyãisirela mapai’, Koitsbu Dashakotsav
-----. ;=@)%!= ‘afª s'D;f]’, l;l/h+uf, !, @, @M (!= Visheshangka, 8: 64.
-----. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Bang kumso’, Sirijanga, 1, 2, 2: 91. d'lvof, lzj= ;=@)^#= ‘b'ne{ hfltsf] v'nf ;+u|fxno bf]nvf’ -;'/n ] hflt klg
nf]xgL, k':s/ -;Dkf= ;Dkfbg Jo:yfkg_ ;Todf]xg hf]zL_= ;=@)#)= kof{ojfrL eg]/ /flvPsf]_, sflGtk'/ ;fKtflxs, !@, !*, !% d+l;/, z'qmjf/=
zAbsf]z -!# j6f efiffx¿df ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -;'gj' f/_ efiff klg d'lnrf–;'gj' f/, g/]z= O{=@))^= ‘/fFs'b]n’] -xfªo'u c1ftsf] e"ldsf ‘xªsª]nL
;dfj]z_= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] cjnf]sg’, xªsªdf sljtf, kfgf & df pNn]v eP
Lohani, Puskar (ed. managed by Satyamohan Joshi). 1973 [VS cg';f/_=
2030]. Paryayabaci Shabdakosh [Synonymous Vocabulary Mulicha-Sunuwar, Naresh. 2006. ‘Rãkodele’ (Hangyug Agyatko
1973 contains Kir!nti-Kõits (Sunuwar) vocabulary among 13 bhumika 'Hong Kongngeli Nepali sahityako awalokan',
other Ethno-languages]. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. Hong Kongma Kavita, page 7 ma ullekh bhae anusar).
d'lvof–;'gj' f/, t]h= ;=@)$(= ‘;'gj' f/ hfltM Ps kl/ro’, sf]FOra' , #, !M @&= d'lnrf, 6Lsf/fd= ;=@)^$= ‘;''gj' f/ efiffsf] lnlkdf eflifs bf;dgf]j[lQsf
Mukhia-Sunuwar, Tej. 1992 [VS 2049]. ‘Sunuwar jati: ek 5n5fdx¿’, h]Dnfxf;, !, !M %&–^^=
parichaya’, Kõitsbu. 3, 1: 27. Mulicha, Tikaram. 2007 [VS 2064] ‘Sunuwar bhashako lipima
d'lvof–oftfrf, ls/g / t]haxfb'/ tf]Fsr ' f -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%$= sf]FOr cfg nf]M bhashik dasmanovritika chalchhamharu’, Dzemlahas, 1, 1:
ldg Uo] ;]Fl;r -;'gj' f/ efiff k':ts_= OnfdM k|sfzg ;ldlt Onfd= 57-66.
Mukhia-Yatacha, Kiran and Tejbahadur Tõkucha (eds.). 1997 [VS ' f/ efiffdf lnlksf] åGb’, sf]FOra', !^, !, !#M %–!)=
-----. ;=@)^$= ‘;''gj
2054]. Kõits Aan Lo: Min Gye Sensich (Sunuwar Bhasha -----.. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Sunuwar bhashama lipiko dwonda’,
Pustak). Ilam: Prakashan Samiti Ilam. Kõitsbu, 16, 1, 13: 5-10.
d'lvof, cf/=aL= !((*= ‘Pp6f uGyg’, cf/=aL= lnDa" -;Dkf=_= lnlk ;Ífnf]= -----. O{=@))^ -;=@)^#_= ‘;''gj ' f/ lnlkdf gfd n]Vg] ljlw’, b'dfs]Ft', #, #M !–
l;lSsdM cf/=aL= lnDa" -ofSy'ª\ r'd_= !)=
Mukhia, RB. 1998. ‘Euta ganthan’. In R.B. Limbu (ed.). Lipi -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Sunuwar lipima nam lekhne bidhi’,
Sangalo. Sikkim: R.B. Limbu (Yakthung Cum). Dumake˜tu, 2, 2: 1-8.
-----. !((*= ‘Pp6f uGyg’, cf/=aL= lnDa" -;Dkf=_= lnlk ;Ífnf]= l;lSsdM ' f/ hghflt’= Og\ hLjgrGb| sf]O/fnf -;Dkf=_= xfd|f] lrgf/L
-----= ;=@)^#= ‘;'gj
cf/=aL= lnDa" -ofSy'ª\ r'd_= xfd|f] ;F:s[lt= sf7dfG8"M sd{of]uL jb|Lljqmd yfkf :d[lt ;]jf u'7L–@)%#=
-----. 1998. ‘Sunuwar Kõits lipi’. In RB. Limbu (ed.). Lipi Sangalo kfgf @#(–@$!-sO/gaf6 k'gMk|sfzg_=
[in Nepali and other State recognized mother tongues]. -----. ‘Sunuwar janajati’. In Jivanchandra Koirala (ed.). Hamro
Sikkim: Editor. Chinarai Hamro Sanskriti. Kathmandu: Karmayogi
-----. ld=g= æb cf/jL d'lvof sn]S;gÆ= ufGtf]s, l;lSsd= Badrivikram Thapa Smriti Sewa Guthi-2053. Pp 239-41
-----. n.d. “The R.B. Mukhia Collection”. Gangtok, Sikkim. [reprint from Kairan].
d'lvof -;'gj' f/_, ;dL/= ;=@)^$= ‘s'D;f]’, hTgd'OFnL , @, @M @# -x]g"{ sf]FOra' -----= O{=@))^ -;+=@)^@_= ‘sf]FOr nf]M An]M;] -;'gj
' f/ efiffsf] 6Lsfd'nL lnlk_’,
!^, !, !#M !* klg_= b'dfs]Ft', @, @M !–*=
|| 183 || || 184 ||
-----= 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Kõits lo: ble:se (Sunuwar bhashako /fO{, gf]jnlszf]/= O{=@))@= ‘:k]O;n 8]OlS;;\ Og\ ;d ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\’
Teekamuli lipi)’, Dumake˜tu, 2, 2: 1-8. -OGSn'8;\ afGtfjf, rflDnª, vflnª, y'nª ' , l5Gtfª, jfDa'n,] h]?ª,
-----= O{=@))) -;+=@)%&_= ;'gj
' f/ hfltsf] hGd, ljjfx / d[To' ;+:sf/= ;'gj' f/ sf]oL, ;'gj' f/ / lnDa" pbfx/g_= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\jG6Ly8{ ofg'cn
ljBfyL{ ;dfhåf/f cfof]lht ljrf/ uf]i7L sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq, @$ sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, sLlt{k/' , @^–@&
d+l;/= gf]eD] a/=
-----. 2000. Sunuwar jatiko janma, vivaha ra mrityu sanskar. Rai, Novel K. 2002. ‘Spatial deixies in some Kir!nti languages
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karyakramma prastut daryapatra, 24 Mangsir. Wambule, Jerung, Koyee, Sunuwar and Limbu examples)’.
' f/ hfltsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro’, sf]FOra' , !, !M ^–*=
-----.;=@)$&= ‘;'gj Paper presented in the 23rd Annual Conference of the
-----. 1990 [VS 2047]. ‘Sunuwar jatiko sankshipta parichaya’, Linguistic Society of Nepal, Kirtipur, 26-27 November.
Kõitsbu, 1, 1: 6-8. /fO{, lzjxl/= ;=@)^@= rG8L sf];n
] LM sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x= pbok'/M ls/fFt /fO{
d'lnrf, 6Lsf/fd / 6+s/fh ;';r ' f= !((* -;=)$$_= ‘;'gj' f/hfltM s]xL yk ofof]Svf=
hfgsf/L’, h]=kL= cfgGb -;Dkf=_= k"j{ lIflth -kmfu'g–r}t_ %%M ## / $%= Rai, Shivahari. 2005 [VS 2062]. Chandi Koseli Kavita/Git
Mulicha, Tikaram and Tankaraj Susucha (Sunuwar). 1987 [VS Sangraha. Udayapur: Kirat Rai Yayokha.
2044]. ‘Sunuwarjati: kehi thap jankari’, Purba Kshitiz /fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n=' ;=@)^$= ‘;|i6f sfltrfdf ;aN6g{ lkmlnªufx¿’,
(Phagun-Chaitra) 5, 5: 45 and 33. ul/df, @%, !@, #))M ^&–&$=
d'lnrf–d'lvof, PdaL= ;=@)%)= ls/fFt ;'g'jf/ efiff zAbsf]z -6LjL d'lnrf– Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Srasta Katichama
d'lvofåf/f ;Dkflbt_= w/fgM PdjL uf]ª/f]rf–d'lvof= subaltern philingaharu’, Garima, 25, 1, 12, 300: 67-74.
Mulicha-Mukhia, MB. 1994 [VS 2050]. Kirant-Sunuwar Bhasha -----. ;=@)^$= ‘hflt–efiff klxrfg d'lvofsf] of]ubfg’, sf]FOra' , !^, !, !#M
Shabdakosh (edited by TB Mulicha-Mukhia). Dharan: MB !!–!$=
Gongrocha-Mukhia. -----. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Jati-bhasha pahichan Mukhiako yogdan’,
ªfjrf–;'gj' f/, a?0f / pQd sfltrf–;''gj' f/ ;=@)^!= ‘;'gj' f/ efiffdf s]xL Kõitsbu, 16, 1, 13: 11-14.
?v tyf cGo gfdx¿’ -----. ;=@)^#= ‘vNkf /jf÷/f]FSn]’, hTgd'nL, !, !M !%=
Ngawacha-Sunuwar, Barun and Uttam Katicha-Sunuwar. 2004 [VS -----. 2006. ‘Khalpa rawa/rõkle’, Jatnamuli, 1, 1: 15.
2061]. ‘Sunuwar bhashama kehi rukh tatha anya namharu’, -----. O{=@))^= ‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr cfO8]lG66L qmfOl;;M OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s
Chetana, 4, 1, 4: 19. cJh/e];G;’, g]lKnh lnªu'Ol:6S;\, @@M !&&–@)^=
k/ufrf, 6L= ;=@)$@= ‘sf]FOr ;jfO’, kf?xfª , ^ clk|n= -----. 2006. ‘Kiranti-Kõits identity crisis: An ethnolinguistic
Pargacha, T. 1985 [VS 2042]. ‘Kõits savai’, Paruhang, 6 April. observation’, Nepalese Lingistics, 22: 177-206.
kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb|= ;=@)^$= OloF Njf]= ;fgf] l7dL, eStk'/M kf7\qmd ljsf; -----. ;=@)^#= ‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr lnlksf] k|of]u / ljsf;’, b'dfs]Ft', #, #M !%–
s]Gb|= @*=
Pathyakram Vikas Kendra (Curriculum Development Centre). 2007 -----. 2006. ‘Kiranti-Kõits lipiko prayog ra vikas’, Dumake˜tu, 3, 3:
[VS 2064]. Iy" Lwo. Sano Thimi, Bhaktpur: Curriculum 15-28.
Development Centre -----. ;=@)^#= ‘;|i6f sfltrfdf ;jN6g{ lkmlnª\ufx¿’, 5x/f -;fKtflxs, @#
k|kGgfro{, :jfdL= ;=@)^@= ‘;'gj' f/ afaf ;'wf cud lbnbf;’, ldNs]sf j}zfv_, @%, $M &=
lemNsf= d]rLM ls/fFt]Zj/ k|sfzg= -----. 2006. ‘Srasta Katichama subaltern philingaharu’, Chhahara
Prapannacharya, Swami. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Sunuwar baba sudha (Weekly, 23 Baishakh), 25, 4: 7.
agam dildas’, Milkeka Jhilka, Mechi: Kirateshwor -----. ;=@)^@= ‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr zAbsf]zsf] kl/lw’, g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, @) r}q
Prakashan. x]g"{ ;fNkf, !$, !, ;=@)^#M !!–!# klg_=
|| 185 || || 186 ||
-----. 2006 [VS 2062]. ‘Kiranti-Kõits Shabdakoshko paridhi’, -----. 2003c. ‘Typology of Tibeto-Burman Kir!nti languages’.
Nepal Samacharpatra, 2 April, See also Salpa 14, 1 VS MPhil term paper, April, Center of Linguistics and English,
2063: 11-13). JNU.
-----. O{=@))^= ‘hghflt ;'/]nsf] zfZjt ;To / ;d:of’, onDa/, &M (–!! / -----. O{=@))#8L= ‘l;DoflG6s of:k]S6;\ cj\ ;nfs' Og\ ;'gj
' f/’= Og\ 6Lcf/
ul/df -ebf} @)^#_ @$, (, @*%M (^–!)#= s+;fsf/ ofG8 dfs{ 6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyD;\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\
-----. 2006. ‘Janati Surelko shashwot satya ra samasya’, Yalambar ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8]nju{ ofG8
7: 9-11 and Garima, 24, 9, 285: 96-103. 6Lo'=
-----. ;=@)^@= ‘s]; ;lkmS;]h\ Og\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr’= Og\ of]u]Gb| ofbj cflb -----. 2003d. ‘Semantic aspects of Sal!k(u) in Sunuwar’. In TR
-;Dkf=_= O;'h\ Og\ sG6]Dkf]//L lnªu'Ol:6S;\ =sLlt{k/' M lnªu'Ol:6s Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan
;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn= @!!–@@$= Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Case suffixes in Kir!nti-Kõits’. In Institute, Heidelberg and TU.
Yogendra Yadava et al (eds.) Issues in Contemporary ' f/–lh/]n l/lelhl68’, ljsPG8 l/Eo' , !, !),
-----. O{=@))@= ‘;/f]hfh\ ;'gj
Linguistics. Kirtipur: Linguistic Society of Nepal. 211-224. ufGtf]s, l;lSsd, !@–!* h'nfO{=
-----. O{=@))%= c 8]l:qmlK6e u|ofd/ cj\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr= kLPr8L lyl;;, -----. 2002. ‘Saroza’s Sunuwar-Jirel revisited’, Weekend Review, 1,
hjfx/nfn g]x¿ o'lgel;{6L, Go" 8]nL= 10, Gangtok, Sikkim, 12-18 July.
-----. 2005. A Descriptive Grammar of Kir!nti-Kõits. PhD Thesis, -----. O{=@))@P= ‘;'gj
' f/df h]Fltrf lnlk n]vg k|0ffnL’= ck|sflzt k]k/=
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-----. O{=@))%= ‘cg\ cG8/:6oflG8ª ls/fFtL u|ofd;{’ -c l/Jo' cfl6{sn, @))% paper.
h'nfO{_= Og\ slG6«Jo';G;\ 6' g]lKnh :68Lh\ , #@, @M #@(–##^= -----. O{=@))@jL= ‘;'gj' f/ efiff–;flxTosf] jt{dfg l:ylt’, lnAh'eD' h',, !!, !,
-----. 2005. ‘On understanding Kir!nti grammars’ (A Review @!M #)–#$=
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2: 329-336. Bhumju, 11, 1, 21: 30-34.
-----. O{=@))#P= ‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -;'gj
' f/÷d'lvof_ cyf]{u|kmL’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ ' f/–aflxª efiffsf] t'ngfTds cWoog’, ;okqL, *, !M
-----. O{=@))@;L= ‘;'gj
sf]FOra' s'kf]G8n, nlntk'/, !@ h'nfO{= #@–$#=
-----. 2003a. ‘Kir!nti-Kõits [Sunuwar/Mukhia] orthography’. Paper -----. 2002c. ‘Sunuwar-Bahing bhashako tulanatmak addhyan’,
presented in Kõitsbu Kupondol, Lalitpur, 12 July. [published Sayapatri, 8, 1: 32-43.
in Sikkim Akademi's journal in 2003] -----. O{=@))@8L= ‘cg\ b cf]l/lhg cj\ b h]Fltrf l:qmK6 ofG8 O6;\
-----. O{=@))#jL= ‘ls/fFtL–sf]FOr~;'gj
' f/M kf:6, lk|hG] 6 ofG8 k\mo'r/’= k]k/ df]l8lkms]O;g ofG8 l/km/d];g’= Pdlkmn 6d{kk] /, gf]e]Dj/ @))@, ;]G6/
lk|hl] G68 Og\ c 6' 8] ;]ldgf/ cg\ ;]sG] 8÷l/hgn Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ cj\ lnª\uO' l6S;\ ofG8 Oª\lnz, h]Pgo"=
l;lSsd, ufGtf]s, (–!) h'nfO{= -l;lSsd csfbdLsf] hg{n @))# df -----. 2002d. ‘On the origin of the Je˜ticha script and its
k|sflzt_= modification and reformation’. MPhil term paper, November
-----. 2003b. ‘Kir!nti-Kõits~Sunuwar: Past, present and future’. 2002, Center of Linguistics and English, JNU.
Paper presented in a two day Seminar on Second/Regional -----. O{=@))@O= ‘b ;fpG8 l;:6d cj\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ofG8 Oª\lnzM c k|fa
] OG6'
Languages of Sikkim, Gangtok, 9-10 July. ng;{ k|fA] nD; of6 lb kmf]gf]nf]lhsn n]en’= Pdlkmn 6d{ k]k/, gf]eD] a/
-----. O{=@))#;L= ‘6fOkf]nf]hL cj\ l6j]6f]–jd{g ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\’= Pdlkmn @))@, ;]G6/ cj\ lnª\uO' l:6S; ofG8 Oª\lnz, h]Pgo'=
6d{ k]k/, clk|n, ;]G6/ cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ ofG8 Oªlnz, h]Pgo'= -----. 2002e. ‘The sound systems of Kir!nti-Kõits and English: A
probe into learners’ problems at the phonological level’.

|| 187 || || 188 ||
MPhil term paper, November 2002, Center of Linguistics and -----. 1997b [VS 2054/5]. ‘Sunuwar vyakaranko prarupan’ (in
English, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Kir!nti-Kõits and Nepali), Sayapatri, 3, 3: 110-130.
-----. O{=@))!8L= ‘df]l8lkms]O;g, l/km/d]O;g ofG8 l;:6d6fOh]O;g cj\ -----. O{=!((%= ;'gj
' f/ Nofªu'Oh\M c ;f]l;cf]lnªu'Ol:6s k|fk] mfOn= df:6;{
h]MF ltrf a|]M;]’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 cg\ b cSs]hg cj\ b lkmk\my ;'gj' f/ lyl;;, ;]G6«n l8kf6{dG6 cj\ Oªlnz, 6Lo', sLlt{k/' =
Nofªu'Oh l/slUg;g 8], ufGtf]s, !% cS6f]a/ -l/efOH8 Og\ dfr{ -----. 1995. Sunuwar Language: A Sociolinguistic Profile. Masters
@))@P_= Thesis, Central Department of English, TU, Kirtipur.
-----. 2001d. ‘Modification, reformation and systematization of -----. ;=@)%@= ‘;'gj' f/ efiff’, ;okqL, !, @M !%&–!&(
Je˜ticha Bre:se’. Paper presented on the occasion of the 5th -----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Sunuwar bhasha’, Sayapatri, 1, 2: 157-179.
Sunuwar Language Recognition Day, Gangtok, 15 October -----. ;=@)%&= ‘sf]FOr -;'gj ' f/_ hfltk|lt cgle1tf’, OlG8lhlgo; ef]O;, !, !,
[revised in March 2002a]. x]g"{ r]tgf, !, @M ^ klg_=
-----. ;=@)^!= ‘8f=6f]gLn] ;'gj' f/ ga'emL uP’, sf]FOra' , !@, !M %@–%#= -----. 2000. ‘Kõits (Sunuwar) jatiprati anabhigyãta’, Indigenous
-----. 2000. ‘Da Tonile Sunuwar nabujhhi gaye’, Kõitsbu, 2, 3: 8- Voice, 1, 1 See Chetana, 1, 2: 6 also).
10. -----. O{=!((& -;+=@)%$_= ;'g'jf/ hfltsf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/= g]kfn /fhsLo
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘bfhL{lnª sGkm/]G; c8«];’, sf]FOra' , !!, !M !(–@@= k|1f–k|lti7fg ;F:s[lt tyf ;fdflhszf:q ljefuåf/f cfof]lht
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Darjeeling conference address’, Kõitsbu, hghftLo ;+:sf/ uf]i7L sfo{qmd, sdnfbLdf k|:t't sfo{kq, !!–@
11, 1: 19-22. l8;]Da/ -!^–* c;f/ @)%#_=
-----. ;=@)%&= ‘sf]FOr -;'gj' f/_ hfltk|lt cgle1tf’, OlG8lhlgo; ef]O;, !, !, -----. O{=!((( -;+=@)%^_= ‘;'gj ' f/ hfltsf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/’, sf]FOra'
x]g"{ r]tgf, !, @M ^ klg_= bzsf]T;j ljz]iffª\s, *M &%–*!=
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Indigenous Voice, 1, 1 See Chetana, 1, 2: 6 also). -----. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Himakem’, Kavita, 60: 92-94.
' f/’, gful/s, @, #M *–
-----. ;=@)%&= ‘6f]gL xfug ld:cG8/:6'8 b sf]FOr>;''gj -----. ;=@)%^= ‘lxdfs]d’ -k'gM k|sfzg_ /fli6«o efiffsf sljtf ;+ufnf] =
!)= sf7df8f}+M /fli6«o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt= kfgf g+= !(*–@)!=
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Nagarik, 2, 3: 8-10. Bhashaka Kavita Sangalo. Kathmandu: Adivasi Janajati
-----. O{=!(((= Snh sDafOlgª Og\ sf]FOr ;'gj
' f/= df:6;{ lyl;;, ;]G6«n Utthan Rastriya Pratisthan. Pp 198-201.
l8kf6{dG6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;, 6Lo' of6 sLlt{k/' = -----. ;=@)%#= ‘xL´l; g' sf]FOrlks’, sf]FOra', %M ^(=
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Central Department of Linguistics, TU at Kirtipur. -----= k|sfzf]Gd'v= dtlts km'ªs] s'Dzf]lkSo -‘cb[Zo k"mnsf uLtx¿’ sljtf
' f/’, lukfg, !,
-----. O{=!(((= ‘c lk|lnldg/L ;f]l;cf]lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ ;'gj
;+ux| , ‘;ªh\ ckm\ lb OlGelhjn km\nfj/’_=
@M (!–@)!= -----. forthcoming. Matatik Phungke Kumsopikya (Songs of the
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Gipan, 1.2: 191-201. -----. k|sfzf]Gd'v= c ng{;{ l8S;G/L cj\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr=
' f/ ofh\ ofg\ OG8]Gh8{ Nofªu'Oh\ cj\ g]kfn’, g]lKnh\
-----. O{=!((&P= ‘;'gj
-----. forthcoming. A Learner’s Dictionary of Kir!nti-Kõits.
lnªu'Ol:6S;\, !$M *(–!)@= /fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n,' df]xg sf]/df]rf ‘df]s';’' / pQd sfltrf æsf]FOra'
-----. 1997a. ‘Sunuwar as an endangered language of Nepal’, sf˜tLrÆ= O{=@))#= ls/fFtL–sf]FOr Njf] ;]:;]An]M;] -ls/fFtL–;'g'jf/
Nepalese Linguistics, 14: 89-102.
efifflzIff_= sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt sf]FOra' -ls/fFt ;''gj' f/ ;]jf ;dfh_=
' f/ Jofs/gsf] k|f?kg’ -sf]FOr / ;efg]df_, ;okqL, #, #M
-----. O{=!((&jL= ‘;'gj
!!)–!#)=
|| 189 || || 190 ||
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Kathmandu: Kir!&t Kõitsbu (Kir!&t Sunuwar Sewa Samaj). zdf{–g]kfn, ddtf= ;=@)^@= ‘;'/]n hfltM 5f]6f lrgf/L’= Og\ hLjgrGb| sf]O/fnf
/fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n', cf/=jL= ?lhrf–d'lvof / s]=8L= ªfjrf–d'lvof= -;Dkf=_= xfd|f] lrgf/L xfd|f] ;F:s[lt= sf7dfG8"M sd{of]uL jb|Lljqmd yfkf
O{=@))$= ls/fFtL–sf]FOrcf y]M;L Vof]Fkt -cfwf/e"t ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/ kf7_= :d[lt ;]jf u'7L–@)%#= kfgf $)*–$!! -ul/df ^, @, ^@ df3 @)$$af6
l;lSsdM l;lSsd sf]FOra'= k'gMk|sfzg_=
Rapacha, Lal, RB Rujicha-Mukhia and KD Ngawacha-Mukhia. Sharma-Nepal, Mamata. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Surel jati: chhoto
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Kir!nti-Sunuwar] Sikkim: Sikkim Kõitsbu. Hamro Sanskriti. Kathmandu: Karmayogi Badrivikram
-----. O{=@))#P= ls/fFtL–sf]FOr An]M;]ys
]F f -ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/ cNkmfj]6_= Thapa Smriti Sewa Guthi-2053. Pp.408-411 [reprint from
l;lSsdM l;lSsd sf]FOra'= Garima, 6, 2, 62 Magh 2044].
-----. 2003a. Kir#nti-Kõits Ble:sethe˜ka [Kir!nti-Sunuwar zdf{, Clifk|;fb= ;=@)^$ -k|yd k|sfzg ;=@)^#_= ‘ls/fFt ;d'bfosf] dxfg
Alphabet] Sikkim: Sikkim Kõitsbu. rf8M GjfuL -pFef}nL_ k"hf dxf]T;j -pFef}nL ;fs]nf, rf;f]s tªgfd,
-----. O{=@))#jL= s/fFtL–sf]FOrcf y]M;L t/Gbf] -cfwf/e"t ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/ kmf]n ZofFb/ / rf;'jf_’, g]kfn /fli6«o rf8kj{= sf7dfG8"M /Tg k':ts
Jofs/g_= l;lSsdM l;lSsd sf]FOra'= eG8f/= kfgf !^(–!**=
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Sunwar orthography’. Report submitted to the CNAS, >]i7, sljtf/fd= ;=@)#&= ‘sf]FOª a]|;’, dw'ks{ , !#, &M ^#–^(, gf]e]Dj/–
Kirtipur. l8;]Da/=
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origin’, Notes on Tibeto-Burman, 1: pages... t/ nf]kf]Gd'v x'g afFsL Ps rf8 a'Nk]m’, b'dfs]Ft', #, #M #$–#^=
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Kirtipur.
-----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Lo:kan paye:’, Kõtsbu, 4: 14.
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?kfrf–;'gj' f/, dfj/= ;=@)^#= ‘k"jL{ tLg ls/fFtx¿ / ;'gj' f/ hflt’, b'dfs]Ft', #, ;'gj' f/, ljqmds]z/L= ;=@)%^= ‘;f]Nkfsf ;'g'jf/x¿’, sf]FOra', *M *(=
#M $^–$&=
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;'gj' f/, eLdk|sfz= ;=@)$(= ‘s'D;f]÷uLt’, sf]FOra' , #,@M @#–@%= vichar gosthi karyakramma prastut karyapatra, 24 Mangsir.
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' f/ hflt, ljBdfg xfd|f hftLo ;F:s[lt, k/Dk/f /
23-25. ;+:sf/x¿’, b'dfs]Ft', !, !M $#–*#=
;'gj' f/, rGb|ks| fz= ;=@)%@= ‘;'gj' f/sf] lglDt df3] >LkGrdLsf] cf}lrTo’, ;'gj' f/, OGb|;g] = ;=@)%@= ‘;'g'jf/ hfltdf gj lzz' hGdbf ul/g] Gjf/fg ljlw’,
sf]FOra' , %, !M %(–^&= sf]FOra' ,%, !M !^–@!=
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;'gj' f/, ;LkL= ;=@)%!= ‘cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ;'gj' f/x¿sf] P]ltxfl;s emns’, ;'gj' f/, sfnLaxfb'/= ;=@)$(= ‘;'gj' f/ hfltåf/f dgfOg] rG8L k"hf Ps kl/ro’,
sf]FOra' , $, !M &)–&#= sf]FOra' , #, !M %@–^!=
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;'gj' f/, r]tg= ;=@)%#= ‘;Tonf]M dv|'O:;]n’, 5x/f ;fKtflxs , !( c;f]h ' f/–g]kfnL zAb1fg’, sf]FOra' , #, !M ^@–^%=
-----. ;=@)$(= ‘;'gj
@)%#= -----. 1992 [VS 2049]. ‘Sunuwar-Nepali shabdagyan’, Kõtsbu, 3, 1:
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;'gj' f/, rGb|sfGt= ld=g= ‘alsg\ xO Û alsg\===;xsfn Nofpg kj{ rGbL’, r]tgf, @M @$–@%=
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;'gj' f/, bfns'df/L= ;=@)^!= ‘;'gj' f/ hflt / hftLo ;+uf| xno’, g]kfn hftLo !^,!, !#M !%–!^=
;+uf| xno -:dfl/sf_= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn 6'l/hd\ af]8={ kfgf #!–#$= Sunuwar (Mulicha), Lokpriya. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Bara bhai phol nu
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;'gj' f/, 8L=aL= / dx]z sf]/df]rf= !(() -;=@)$&_= ‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf y/x¿’, efiff–;F:s[lt pk–;ldlt / rG8]:j/L u|ldg ljsf; ;ldlt=
sf]FOra' , !M !^–!&= -----. 1997 [VS 2054]. Kõits Lowa Lowasi (in Nepali-Sunuwar)
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;'gj' f/, u'Ghaxfb'/= O{=@))) -;+=@)%&_= ;'gj' f/ hfltdf hGd, ljjfx / d[To' -----. ;=@)^@= ‘ls/fFt sf]FOr pwf}nL rf8 ZofFb/ lkbf/’, l;/\dL, $, $M #&–#(=
;+:sf/= ;'gj' f/ ljBfyL{ ;dfhåf/f cfof]lht ljrf/ uf]i7L sfo{qmddf -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Kirat Kõits udhauli chad Shyãdar Pidar’,
k|:tt' sfo{kq, @$ d+l;/= Sirmi, 4, 4: 37-39.

|| 193 || || 194 ||
-----. ;=@)^@= ‘k'm; lkbf/’, l;/\dL, @, @M !!–!#= ;'gj' f/, df]xgaxfb'/= ;=@)%^= ‘;'gj' f/ Ps cflbjf;L hghflt’, sf]FOra', *M
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Phus Pidar’, Sirmi, 2, 2: 11-13. (*=
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@&–@*= janajati’, Kõtsbu, 8: 98.
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Kirat Koitsharuko udhauli Phol Shyãdar ;'gj' f/, df]xgldng= ;=@)^) -O{=@))#_= ‘ldDr\’, /fli6«o efiffsf sljtf ;+ufnf]=
chad’, Kõtsbu, 3, 1: 62-65. sf7dfG8"M cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg= kfgf g+= !@(–#)=
' f/ hfltsf] :yfg’, g]kfn
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Tourism Board. Pp. 53-54. -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Ka:leka mimya’, Sirmi, 4, 4: 39.
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘uLn ZofFb/’, sf]FOra', !!, !M !–&= ;'gj' f/, PgjL= O{=!(((= ‘;''gj' f/ -d'lvof_ sf]FOra' d'n lnlk / To;sf] k|of]udf
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Gil Shyãdar’, Kõtsbu, 11, 1: 1-7. cfjZos ;+zf]wg’= Og\ aLPd k|wfg -n]vs_= ls/fFtj+zL ;'g'jf/
-----. ;=@)^)= ‘sf;\’, l;/\dL, @, @M @^–#)= -d'lvof_ sf]FOr= ufGtf]s, l;lSsdM l;lSsd ;'gj' f/ -d'lvof_ sf]FOra'=
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-----. ;=@)%%= ‘;'gj' f/ e];e';f’, sf]FOra', &, @M !^–!*= -----. O{=!((*= ‘sf]FOr a]|; cyjf ;'gj
' f/ lnlkM Ps ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L’= Og\
-----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Sunuwar bhesbhusa’, Kõtsbu, 7, 1: 4-10. d]3/fh u'?ª / s[i0f ;'Aaf -;Dkf=_= l;lSsd If]qLo efiff ;F:s[lt
-----. ;=@)%# -O{=!((^_= ‘;'gj ' f/ hfltsf] hLjgrqm’, sf]FOra', ^, !M !(–@(= ;+ufnf]= ufGtf]s, l;lSsdM l;lSsd l/hgn Nofªu'Oh l8e]nKdG6
-----. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Sunuwar jatiko jivanchakra’, Kõtsbu, 6, 1: sld6L=
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-----. ;=@)%! -O{=!(($_= ‘;'gj ' f/ hfltsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro’, sf]FOra', $, !M #^– Sikkim: Sikkim Regional Language Development
%)= Committee.
-----. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Sunuwar jatiko sankshipta parichaya’, ;'gj' f/, gljg= ;=@)$^= sNr/n x]l/6]h cj\ ls/fFt ;'gj' f/M c lelnh k|fk] mfOn
Kõtsbu, 4, 1: 36-50. cj\ kf]snL lelnh= c lelnh k|fk] mfOn ;lAdl68 6' Gof;gn l8e]nKdG6
;'gj' f/, dgf]/df= ;=@)%(= ‘hfs]g lrg' c/\vf] sf /fSZoL kO’, sf]FOra', !!, !M ;le{; 8fO/]S6f]/]6 Og\ kf;{n k'mnlkmndG6 cj\ l/Sjfd{G6 kmf] b l8u|L cj\
%#= df:6;{ cj\ cf6;{ Og\ Oª\lnz, ;]G6«n l8kf6{dG6 cj\ Oª\lnz, lqe'jg
Sunuwar, Manorama. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Jaken chinu arkho ka o'lgel;{6L=
rasshyi pai’, Kõitsbu, 11, 1: 53. Sunuwar, Nabin. 1989 [VS 2046]. Cultural Heritage of Kirat
;'gj' f/ -n:kfrf_, dx]Gb|dfg= ;=@)%%= ‘sf]FOr\’, sf]FOra' , ^M !(= Sunuwar: A Village Profile of Pokali Village. A village
Sunuwar (Laspacha), Mahendraman. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Kõits’, profile submitted to National Development Service
Kõtsbu, 6: 19. . Directorate in partial fulfillment of requirement for the
;'gj' f/, dfga|]e / bfs' ;'gj' f/ ;=@)^#= lhGbuLsf kfOnfM Ps lj|l6z uf]/vf Degree of Masters of Arts in English, Central Department of
kl/jf/sf] dfld{s cfTdj[tfGt= sf7dfG8"M n]vsåo= English, Tribhuvan University.

|| 195 || || 196 ||
;'gj' f/, g/]z= ;=@)%^= ‘l;/xf lhNnfsf ;'gj' f/ hfltsf] Ps kl/ro’, sf]FOra' , ;'gj' f/ ælIflthÆ, /]jtL= ;=@)%(= ‘lsg / s;/L ul/G5 jfM; k"hf’, l;/\dL, !, !M
*M ()–(!= !–$=
Sunuwar, Naresh. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Siraha jillaka Sunuwar Sunuwar 'kshitiz', Rewati. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Kina ra kasari
jatiko ek parichaya’, Kõitsbu, 8: 90-91. garinchha wa:s pooja’, Sirmi, 1, 1: 1-4.
;'gj' f/ ælrqÆ, k|flKt= ;=@)%!= ‘;'gj' f/ tyf aflxª/fO{sf] efiff tyf ;F:s[lt ;'gj' f/, Zofds0f{= ;=@)%@= ‘;'gj' f/sf] cfk\mgf] s'/faf6 s'nyfgL a'emfpg]
;dfgtf’, sf]FOra', $, #M @–%= ;nfs' d'Gb'd’,sf]FOra' ,%, !M @*–#)=
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3: 1-5. 28-30.
;'gj' f/ æxfFafnLÆ, k|]d= ;=@)$(= ‘lvDtL vf]nf cf;kf;sf ;'gj' f/x¿sf] Ps | fz= ;= @)^) -O{=@))#_= ‘ds'zf] lV8gf]’, /fli6«o efiffsf sljtf
;'gj' f/, ;"o{ks
kl/ro’, sf]FOra', #, !M &–!!= ;+ufnf] = sf7df8f}+M
Sunuwar ‘hãbali’, Prem. 1992 [VS 2049]. ‘Khimti khola aspaska cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg= kfgf g+= !@%=
Sunuwarharuko ek parichaya’, Kõitsbu, 3, 1: 7-11. -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Makushyo khrino’, Rastriya Bhashaka
-----. ;=@)$&M ‘sf]FOr ldr kfM:jf]g'’, sf]FOra', !, !M !*–!(= Kavita Sangalo. Kathmandu: Adivasi Janajati Utthan
-----. 1990 [VS 2047]. ‘Kõits mits pa:swonu’, Kõitsbu, 1, 1: 18-19. Rastriya Pratisthan. Pp 125.
;'gj' f/, /Tgs'df/= ;=@)^)= ‘;'gj' f/ hfltsf] hGd, ljjfx tyf d[To' ;+:sf/’, -----. ld=g= ‘jfMDUofd\’, r]tgf, $, !M *=
l;/\dL, @, @M !(–@!= -----. n.d. ‘Wa:mgyam’, Chetana, 4, 1: 8.
Sunuwar, Ratna K. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Sunuwar jatiko janma, bibaha ;'gj' f/, ;ljtf= ;=@)^#= ‘gu\ g]kfn’ -cg'= sf]FOra' sf›tLr_, hTgd'OFnL, !, !M
tatha mrityu sanskar’, Sirmi, 2, 2: 19-21. !%=
' f/ hfltsf] hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf] ;+:sf/’, l;/\dL, !, !M
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘;'gj Sunuwar, Sabita. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Nag Nepal’ (trans. Kõitsbu
@)–@@= Ka:tich), Jatnamu"li, 1, 1: 15.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Sunuwar jatiko janmadekhi ;'gj' f/ æ;fa|fnLÆ, 6]s= ;=@)^$= ‘;]FMbf’, h]Dnfxf;, !, !M (@–(#=
mrityusammako sanskar’, Sirmi, 1, 1: 20-22. Sunuwar 'sabrali', Tek. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Se˜:da’, Dzemlahas, 1, 1:
' f’, l;/\dL, !, !M @%=
-----. ;=@)%( -O{=@))@_= ‘u'Dd'of, td'of, t'O{do 92-93.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Gummuya, tamuya, tuimuya’, Sirmi, 1, 1: ' f/ efiff ‘sf]FOr nf]M’ Ps cg';Gwfg’’, b'dfs]Ft', #, #M #&–
-----. ;=@)^#= ‘;'gj
25. $#=
;'gj' f/, /fhs'df/= ;=@)%^= ‘jt{dfg ;'gj' f/ hfltaf/] Ps ;dLIff’, sf]FOra', *M -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Sunuwar bhasha 'Kõits lo:' ek
$$–%^= anusandhan’’, Dumake˜tu, 3, 3: 37-43.
Sunuwar, Raj K. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Vartaman Sunuwar jatibare ek -----. k|sfzf]Gd'v= -;+sng–n]vg_= ‘sf]FOrd'? cfg yLMrf a]MrLªf u]’ -ls/fFt
samiksha’, Kõitsbu, 8: 44-56. ;'gj' f/ hGd d[To' ;+:sf/_=
;'gj' f/, /fd aL= ;=@)!#= ;'gj' f/ hfltsf] j+zfjnL= agf/;M uf]vf{ a's Ph]G;L= -----. forthcoming. (Compilation-writing). ‘Kõitsmuru aan thi:cha
Sunuwar, Ram B. 1956 [VS 2013]. Sunuwar Jatiko Vamshawali. be:chinga ge’ (Kirat Sunuwar janma mritu sanskar).
Banaras: Gorkha Book Agency. ' f/ hGd;+:sf/’, sf]FOra', !@, !M #!–##=
-----. ;=@)^!= ‘ls/fFt ;'gj
;'gj' f/, /fh]Gb|sd' f/= !(()= -;=@)$&_= ‘s] ;'gj' f/ ls/fFt j+zsf x'g\ t <’, -----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Kirat Sunuwar janmasanskar’, Kõitsbu, 12,
sf]FOra' , !, !M @#–#@= 1: 31-33.
Sunuwar, Rajendra K. 1990 [VS 2047]. ‘Ke Sunuwar Kir!&t -----. ;=@)^)= ‘;LgfMtLªf sf]FOrd'?d\’, l;/\dL, @, @M !)=
vamshaka hun ta’, Kõitsbu, 1, 1: 23-32. -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Sina:tinga Kõitsmurum’, Sirmi, 2, 2: 10.
;'gj' f/, 6Lsf/fd= !(%#= cy ;'gj' f/ /fO{ ls/fFtsf] j+zfjnL= 7lx6LM eujtL k|];=
|| 197 || || 198 ||
Sunuwar, Tikaram. 1953 [VS 2010]. Atha Sunuwar Rai Kir#%tko
Vamshawali. Thahiti: Bhagawati Press. @=!@ ls/fFtL–s'n'ª (Kiranti-Kulung)
;'gj' f/, pbo= ;=@)^)= ‘;'gj' f/ hfltaf/] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L’, l;nf}tL , @, !M @)=
Sunuwar, Udaya. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Sunuwar jatibare sankshipta
jankari’, Silauti, 2, 1: 20. @=!@=) kl/ro (Introduction)
;'gj' f/, pboaxfb'/= ;=@)%&= ‘;'gj' f/ vf]k Ps kl/ro’, r]tgf, !, @M !!=
Sunuwar, Udayabahadur. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Sunuwar khop ek ls/fFtL–s'nª
' x¿n] cfk\mgf] ;+:yf ls/fFtL–s'nª ' efiff tyf ;F:s[lt
parichaya’, Chetana, 1, 2: 11. pTyfg ;+3dfk{mt\ efiff–;flxTosf] ;]jf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfk\mgf]
ljG6/, j]/g/= O{=@))$= ‘lk|ej{n df]l8kmfo;{ Og\ ;'Gjf/’= Og\ cGh' ;S;]gf dft[efiffnfO{ ls/fFtL–cf7k/] -x]g"{ @=! klg_ n] h:t} s'n' l/ª (Kulu Ring) jf
-;Dkf=_= lxdfnog l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\M kf:6 ofG8 lk|hG6 [6«]G8;\ s'nª ' k'g "Kulung Pun# klg eGb5g\ . ;f]tfª eflifsfdf ;f]tf] l/ª eGb5g\ .
Og\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, :6l8h\ ofG8 df]gf]u|fkm;\ !$(]= aln{g ofG8 Go" of]sM{ efiffsf]nflu k|of]u ul/g] of] l/ª zAb ls/fFtL–cf7k|] -x]g"{ @=! klg_ df klg l/ª
d'tf]F= g} / ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª -x]g"{ @=% klg_ df ?ª x'G5 . s'n' l/ªdf cfk"mnfO{ s'n-' ª_
Winter, Werner. 2004. ‘Preverbal modifiers in Sunwar’. In Anju /f]b' klg eGb5g\ .
Saxena (ed.) Himalayan Languages: Past and Present pgLx¿sf] j}slNks gfdx¿df 5fKsf]cf (Chhapkoa), vf]nª '
[Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 149]. Berlin
and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. (Kholung), v'n'ª (Khulung), gfdn'ª (Namlung), k]Nd'ª (Pelmung),
ofj]–cf nf]j -Go" 6]:6fdG6 Og\ ;'gj' f/_= !((@= sNsQfM OG6/Gof;gn afOan lklb;f]O (Pidisoi) -Snfgf]lgd -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, ;f]tfª (Sotang), ;f]tfl/ª
;f];fO6L ofG8 ;fDbg a'S;\ ofG8 :6];g;{= (Sotaring), ;f]Qfl/ª (Sottaring) / tfdf5fª (Tamachhang) xf] egL
Yabe-a Lowa [New Testament in Sunuwar]. 1992. Calcutta: klZrdL cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] s'nª ' nfO{ kf]ªof]ª !
International Bible Society and Samdan Books and (Pongyong), kf]Gof]ª s'nª ' (Ponyon Kulung) ;fdfs'nª '
Stationers. (Samakulung), dxfs'nª ' (Mahakulung) klg eGg] j}slNks gfdx¿
lbPsf 5g\ eg] dxfs'nª ' n] pgLx¿sf] efiffdf :yfg ljz]ifnfO{ Oªlut ub{5 .
***************************
c? sltko efiffljb\x¿n] t kf]ªof]ª eg]/ 5'§} eflifs ;d"xdf klg /fVg] u/]sf]
' zAb cfk}+mdf Pkf]lgd (eponym) klg xf] .
kfOPsf] 5 . s'nª
:yfggfd jf 6f]kf]lgd (toponym) sf] cfwf/df s'nª ' sf] cy{ ‘pJhgL
42
gx'g] vf]N;f 7fpF’ eGg] x'G5 . t/ s'nª ' s} jStf OGb| xf]lgQL–s'nª ' n] eg] b'O{
?lkdx¿ 5'§ofpFb} s' ‘kfgL’ n'ª ‘9'ªu\ f’ 43 egL cYof{Psf 5g\ . pgLx¿n]
cfk\mgf] ;fFsl[ ts ch]G6 (agent) gfc\;f] -ls/fFtL–sf]FOr x]g"{ @=!! klg_ nfO{
gf]S5f -x]g"{ j]a k]h www.kulung.net_ ;fF:s[lts klxrfg ;fs]nf jf ZofFb/
-ls/fFtL–sf]FOr x]g"{ @=!! klg_ tf];-L_ eGb5g\ . OGb| s'nª ' -ld=g=ck|sflzt
6fOkl:qmK6_ n] lnªlvd eg]/ ls/fFtL–s'nª ' -u8{ ÅofG;f]g O{=!((!M ^! n]
y'nª' , afc\oª ' , sf]FOr, xfo', ltn'ª, /f]b'ª / gfl5l/ª;Fu ldN5 eg]sf_ df
42
of] ;"rgf k|f=8f=gf]ls/f;Fu @@ ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t
5.
43
pgL;Fu % sflQs @)^# df PghLcf]kmf]lggsf] sfof{nodf JolQmut s'/fsfgL ePsf]
lyof] .
|| 199 || || 200 ||
;dflxt u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF xfdLnfO{ z+sf nfu]sf] 5 . xfd|f] z+sfsf] d"n sf/gr}F of] cfhp/f k|lti7fgsf] lgodfjnL÷uh]6df hflt x'gs ' f] k|dv
' dfkb08
Snfgf]lgd ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf] rf/ j+z lkNdf]ª, ;f]tfª, tfD;L / 5]D;L nufot ‘efiff’ g} xf] egL kl/efiff ul/g'df sd b"/ufdL, sd bL3{sfnLg cf} sd j}1flgs
*^ kf5f / @#& bK;\lgª ;d]tdf st} klg gkg'{ g} xf] . t/ xfdLn] ge]6s ] f] x'g ;f]r lyof] . o;df Ps hflt ls/fFtL ax'–efiff ax'–;F:s[lt cGt/utsf ls/fFtL–
;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . e"kWjh yf]d/f];\n] lnªlvd ls/fFtL–ls/fjf s'nª ' , gfl5l/ª, ls/fjf -afGtfjf_, afc\oª ' , nf]xf]?ª, /f]b'ª -rflDnª_, y'nª
' ,
Snfgf]lgd 44 kf] xf] eg] . ;fDkfª / ls/fFtL–ofDk"m -x]g"{ sM efiffj+z j[If klg_ eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿n]
k|lti7fgn] g} tf]ss ] f] dfkbG8sf] cfwf/ lnP/ cfk\mgf] ;xefuL–;dfj]zLs/g /
jt{dfgdf pgLx¿n] e/df/ alx:sf/ ub}{ cfPsf] x¿jf afÅogfd
;zlQms/gsf] cfjfh j'nGb kfg'{nfO{ c:jefljs dfGg' x'Fb}g . xfdL ;f/f
(exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] /
g]kfnjf;Ln] vf]hs ] f klg ToxL xf] . of] pgLx¿sf] cNk;+Vos dfgj–eflifs
kl5r}F w]]/}n] gSsn ub}{ 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . of]
clwsf/ xf] . cGt/f{li6«o lgod–sfg'g / To;sf] kfngfsf] k|Zg klg xf] . o;/L
/fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . clg csf]{
cNk;+Vos ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿ nufot of] b]zsf s}og cNk;+Vos /
v;Ls/g klxrfg hldGbf/ >lhdL klg xf] . cfk\mgf] gfd v]dfxfª lhdL n]Vg]
a]gfd eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] klg of] ;fd"lxs cfjfh xf] . o;sf]nflu n]vs
ls/fFtL kfqx¿ klg xfd|f] jt{dfgdf lhpFb} 5g\ . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf]
wGofjbsf kfq 5g\ / cfGbf]ng klg . ce}m klg ;zQm / lg/Gt/ ljrf/x¿
kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn]
cfpnfg\ eGg] cfzf /fv]sf] 5' .
b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{
cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . pgLx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf oyfy{df lggfdxfªn] ts{ u/]em}+ k|lti7fgsf] lnlvt dfkbG8 / Jojxf/
(Khambongba) g} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd aflhPsf] g} b]lvG5 . / ‘efiff’ g} hflt klxrfgsf] cr"s dfkb08 xf]Og eGg]
vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . k|df0f k|lti7fgs} juL{s/0fn] k'li6 u/L lbPsf] 5 . s] k|lti7fgn] ;"lrs[t u/]sf]
;'/n] hflt -hf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr x'g_\ sf] ;fFRr} ls/fFtL–s'nª
' sf] h:tf] efiff 5 t
emG8} Ps bzs otf ls/fFtL–s'nª ' nufotsfn] hflt lrgf/L x'g' k5{
< cjZo klg 5}g . ca :k]/fGtf] h:tf] efiff agfP/ ;fWo nfUb}g . pgLx¿
eGg] lhsL/ ub}{ cfGbf]ng 5]8s ] f 5g\ . of] cfGbf]ngsf] w/ftn gfKg] sfd nfn–
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof / sltkon] ‘/fO{’ klg egL lrgfpg] / s] /fO{ eGbf
ZofFsf/]n' /fkrfn] lggfdxfª s'n'ªsf] k|ltlqmofdf uf]/vfkq b}lgs, aif{ !)&,
d'lvof–/fO{_ sf] g} efiff af]Nb5gý s]xL ef}uf]lns / Ol8of]n]S6 ld;fP/ lj/n}
cª\s !(*, !! d+l;/ @)^$, d+unjf/ ‘ls/fFtL hflt / efiffx¿sf] ;zlQms/0f’
af]nL xfn] klg . ;To ToxL xf] . r]kfªx¿nfO{ k|hf / jgsl/ofdf tLg 6'qmf
zLif{sdf n]vs ] f] n]vnfO{ s]xL Kof/fk|]mh u/L oxfF k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .
kf/]kZrft\ k|hf÷jgsl/of efiffljlxg ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] hfltsf] g} klxrfg
pgsf] n]v zLif{sn] lggfdxfª s'n'ªåf/f !* sflQs @)^$ sf] kfP . n]vsn] g} klZrdL kxf8 / lxdfnsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
uf]/vfkqdf lnlvt u'gf;f]nfO{ g} d"n k[i7e"ld agfPsf] 5 . gAa]sf] bzs otf efiffljb\x¿ g} eG5g\ ls klZrdL kxf8df 3n]sf] klg 5'§} efiff 5 t/ hflt 5}g .
hflt lrgf/Lsf] w]/} u'gf;fx¿ 5fkfdf cfPsf] pgn] cjnf]sg ul//x]sf /x]5g\ . ToxL kL8f xf] oL gf} ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf]] klg . c? klg w]/} To:tf
pgL n]V5g\, n]vsn] klxnf] jf:tljstf Ps}efifL w]/} hflt / bf];|f] jf:tljstf kLl8t 5g\ . t;y{, hflt klxrfg x'gnfO{ efiff g} rflxG5 eGg] ts{ / dfkb08 ;xL
w]/} efifL Ps}hflt x'g] ls gx'g] egL efiffzf:qL / dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg xf]Og .
:ki6 kfg'{ k5{ eGg] cfu|x k|:t't u/]sfn] / dcfk}+m klg efiffzf:q–;flxTosf]
ca o;/L cfk\mgf] dft[efiff g} gePsfx¿n] hfltsf] klxrfg kfpFbf /
lzIffyL{ ePsf]n] klg oxfF ls/fFtL efiffj+z j[If -x]g"{ lkmu/ ! / @ ls/fFtL
gofF agfpg nfluPsf] g]kfnsf] gf}nf] ;+ljwfg ;efdf pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]
efiffx¿sf] j+zj[If cWofo !, pk–vG8 !=!=!_ g} k|:t't u/]/ cflbjf;L–
cj;/df xfdLn] klg ;dfj]z x'g kfpg' k5{ / o;sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu hflt g}
hghflt;DjGwL cfhp/f k|lti7fgn] u/]sf] juL{s/0fsf] ljBdfg ;d:ofnfO{
;"lrs[t x'g' k5{ eGg] ts{ s]xL xb;Dd Sofjft g} 5 . t/ of] Sofaftsf] oxL+ g}
;Daf]wg ug]{5' .
cGTorflxF x'gj] fnf 5}g . ufF7L s'/f lggfdxfª / cGo jf}l4s ls/fFtL–
s'nª' x¿n] a'em\ g] kg]{ s] xf] eg] s'n'ª j+zs} ;f]tfªx¿sf] klg 5'§} efiff 5 egL
xfn;fn} lsl6Psf] 5 . efiff 5 eGg] ljlQs} ;f]tfªnfO{ s'nª ' af6 5'§} hflt egL
44
of] ;"rgf pgL;Fu !$ k'; @)^$ -@( l8;]Da/ @))&_ zlgjf/ ljxfg ePsf] JolQmut
:jtGq klxrfg lbg] ls glbg] < b'ef{Uojz ;f]tfªx¿sf] ls/fFtL–s'nª ' eGbf
s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . km/s efiff g} 5}g ;'/n ] x¿sf] h:t} . b]jfg kb\jL kfpg]x¿ klg 5'§} hflt
|| 201 || || 202 ||
klxrfgsf] n8fOF n8L /x]5g\ h;sf] s'g} efiff g} 5}g . of] dfg]df k|lti7fg– Ps hflt ls/fFtL ax'–efiff ax'–;F:s[ltsf vfgLx¿ klg kg]{ 5g\ . of] Oltxf;sf]
ljåfgb]lv JolQm / g]tfb]lv sfo{stf{ ePe/sf ;j}n] /fhg}lts efF8 e}nf] g} kf7 klg xf] . o;nfO{ xfdLn] a]n}df a'em\ g' h?/L 5 . ls/fFtL hfltsf] h/f] Pp6}
efF8 e}nf] dfq} ug]{ t < vf]O t xfd|f b"/ufdL, bL3{sfnLg cf} j}1flgs;f]r clg ;femf h/f] xf] of] efiffj+z a[Ifdf h:t} . ls/fFtL Oltxf; klg ;femf g} xf] . xfd|f
cfwf/lznfx¿ < o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] pkfo eg]sf] ;+ljwfg ;efdf eflifs nf]s;flxTon] klg xfdLnfO{ ToxL egL /x]5g\ . efiffsf] ;DjGwn] klg ToxL eG5 .
k|ltlglwTj g} xf] . d}n] sltko ;ef, ;Dd]ng, e]nf / n]vx¿df klg of] kIfnfO{ km/s sxfF xf] eg] zfx–;fd|fHojfb sfndf xfdL k"jL{ g]kfnsf] e"uf]ndf cf]Nnf,
;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5' . To;f] eGg] ljlQs} sltko ljåfgx¿n] lj/f]wsf] :j/ dfem / kNnf] ls/fFt u/L tLg If]qx¿df ljeflht kfl/Psf xf}+ . Tof] e"uf]nsf] b"/L
p5fN5g\ . cg';f/ g} efiff / ;F:s[ltdf ljrng cfPsf] ;fFrf] xf] . cWoog cf} cg';Gwfgn]
efiff gePsfx¿nfO{ klg / Ps} hfltnfO{ klg gf}lr/f -h:tf] Pp6} ToxL eG5 . of] ljrng;Fu} xfd|f] lrgf/Ldf klg d'lvof, /fo-f_ x'Fb} /fO{, ;'Aaf,
ls/fFtL hfltnfO{ lnDa", /fO{, ofSvf, ;'gj' f/ / ;'/]n u/L kfFrlr/f_ kf/]/ klxrfg b]jfg, dlemof, cf7ku/L / gf}ku/L cflb OToflb klg 6fFl;P/ cfPsf] ;fFrf] xf] .
le/fpFbf x'G5 eg] eflifs k|ltlglwTj u/fpFbf t cfsfz} emg]{ xf]Og . ;fy} ;'Aaf, y/ / hflt k]mg]{ dg'–lk/nf]sf] g]kfn–Oltxf; jt{dfgdf klg lhpFb} 5 k"jL{ xf];\ of
/fO{, ;'gj' f/ / ;'/]n :jhfltgfdx¿ xf]Ogg\ eGg] k|dfgx¿ cfk\mg} :yfgdf 5g\ . oL klZrdL kxf8df jf t/fO{df . dg'sf] lÅjkn] dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf hfltx¿nfO{
alx{gfdx¿n] cfk\mgf] df}lnstfnfO{ df/]sf] df¥o} 5g\ . ce}m klg ;tfO /x]sf] 5 .
eflifs k|ltlglwTjsf klg cfk\mg} ;Ldfx¿ eg] 5g\ . ljutdf ls/fFtL– cGTodf PSsf;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ljZje"dG8n / g]kfnsf] e"uf]nleq xfd|f]
s'nª ' / vfdsf] klg cfGtl/s ljjfbn] ubf{ dft[efiffdf k|fylds kf7\ok':ts ;Dafb, ;xdlt, ;fe]mbf/L, ;dembf/L, ;dfj]zLs/g, ;dfg'kfltstf /
lgdf{gdf /f]s nfu]sf] xfd|f cfk\mg} kL8fx¿ x'g\ . w]/} cNk;+Vosx¿sf] efiff t ;zlQms/g eg]sf] g} eflifs klxrfg xf] . Pp6} ls/fFtL hfltsf] 5ftfdf b'O{ bh{g
sYo ?kdf dfq} 5g\ . b'O{ rf/ x/km ;flxTo e]6\g klg d'l:sn k5{ . zAbeG8f/sf] eGbf a9L ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ljsf; / ;zlQms/gsf] ;Defjgf 5 .
gfddf b'O{ rf/ xhf/ zAbx¿ klg ufx|f] 5 . ls/fFtL–;'/]n eflifsfsf] ToxL xjLut vfFrf] slt / s] xf] eg] ;xofqf / ;xsfo{sf] g} xf] . efiffj+z j[Ifn] b]vfP cg';f/
xf] . c? t o:tf slt 5g\ slt < s] ca logLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;fWo 5 t < b'O{ xf]Og Ps bh{g eGbf sd efiffn] klg sfd rNg ;Sg] x'g ;S5 . t/ of]
Ps xb;Dd 5}g klg / 5 klg . lsgeg] xfdLnfO{ ;xdlt / ;xeflutsf] Pp6f efifflj1fg geP/ /fhgLltslj1fgsf] s'/f g} xf] uf]kfn ls/fFtL÷vDa'n]
ldng ljGb'df gk'uL w/} 5}g . v'nf / ;+3Lo k|gfnLdf sf]xL klg 5'6\g' x'Fb}g / æ;fFkf| dfly lk+8'nf yKg] ;d:ofÆ -x]g"{ cWofo ! pk–vG8 !=!=!klg_ eg] h:t} .
x/sf]xL gful/sn] s]xL g s]xL t kfpg' g} k5{ . of] ;dosf] dfu cf} cfjZostf o;sf]nflu xfdL æd]/} uf]?sf] afx} 6SsfÆ nfO{ Tofu]/ Ps6\7f eO xfd|f] eflifs
xf] / bL3{sfnLg zflGt / gofF /fi6« lgdf{gsf] cfwf/lznf klg xf] . klxrfgsf]nflu n8of}+ eg] efiffx¿sf] ;zlQms/g;Fu} hfltsf] ;zlQms/0f x'G5 .
k]ml/ o;f] eGb}df efiffof]hgf, vf]h–cg';Gwfg, clen]lvs/g, k|sfzg, lzIff /
csf]{ ga'emL gx'g] tYo s] klg xf] eg] !@,(&# ysfnLnfO{ !# hfltdf ;Grf/dfWoddf k|of]usf] s'/fnfO{ eg] /fhgLltn] s'Nrg' k5{ eGg] xf]Og . olb
/ kxf8–lxdfnL clg t/fO{ ;d"xnfO{ &% / en} !)@ hflt -tYofªs ljefusf] s'lNrof] eg] /fhgLlt d5{ . lsgeg] efiff g} /fh–s'6gLltsf] cleGg xltof/ xf] .
efF8e}nf]_ df g} ;"lrs[t u/L lb+bf ;zlQms/g eO{ xfN5 eGg' TotL Gofo;+ut 5}g .
;zlQm/0f eGg] s'/f ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfn] xl/of] 8n/ / drflxF efiff–;flxTosf] lzIffyL{ ePsf]n] lggfdxfªn] vf]hs ] f] bf];|f]
a|fvf cf]O/fO lb+bd} f x'g] xf]Og eGg] kf7 xfdLn] blVvg Pl;ofsf] kl/j]zdf e'6fg jf:tljstf æw]/} efifL Ps}hfltÆ ls/fFtL g} enf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf plNnlvt
/ ljZj kl/j]zdf hfkfgaf6 l;Sbf x'G5 . of] b]zsf b]zjf;L / cfhp/f k|lti7fg k|dfg;lxt :ki6 kfg{ rfxG5' . d}n] ls/fFtL hflt / efiffx¿nfO{ k|lbk sGbªjf
nufot tYofªs ljefun] oL efF8e}nf]af6 cap;f] kf7 l;s]/ cfk"mnfO{ -lnDa'jfg 86 Anu:k6 86 sd_ n] vKsfPsf k|f=8f=/fhf/fd ;'jb] L / 8f=:jfdL
cfk"måf/f lgld{t gLlt–lgod / ePsf uNtLnfO{ g;'wf/] cNk;+Vos k|kGgfrfo{ -pk{m sfn] /f]bª
' _ n] h:tf] cfo{lxGb"sf] 6fFrf nufpg] sfd ulb{g . of]
gful/sx¿sf] ;zlQms/g / ljsf; c;Dej 5 . Tof] geP;Dd of] /fi6« / sfo{af6 g} Ps hflt ls/fFtL ax'–efiff ax'–;F:s[ltsf] ;zlQms/0f, ;alns/0f
/fli6«otfnfO{ clwgfosjfb, lj:tf/jfb, If]lqojfb / hftjfb cflbn] lyr]sf] / pGd'lQm x'G5 . xfdLn] cgGt ofqf kf/ ug'{ 5ý To;}n] Ps;fy ;ª;ª} lx+8f}+
lyr]O kfg]{ 5g\ . xf]Og eg] PSn} Ps–b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ kf/ u/]kZrft\ xfdL PSn} PSn} ToxL+ cGTo
of] lyrfOsf] df/df kg]{ klxnf] lzsf/ eg]sf cNk;+Vos gful/sx¿ g}
x'g5] g\ . o;df klg tLg 6'qm] r]kfª, ysfnL cflb / kfFr6'qmfdf k\mofs kfl/Psf
|| 203 || || 204 ||
x'g5] f}+ . 45 xf] jf:tjd} cfh of] l;ªuf] ls/fFtL hfltn] cfk\mgf] ax'–efiff / tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ k|fylds lzS5fsf]nflu
;F:s[ltnfO{ hf]ufpg Ps h"6 eO{ cl3 a9\g cyfx jf}l4s, g}lts / s'6÷/fh}lts s]Gb| eg]/ 5]:sfd ufpF, ;f]n'vD' a' lhNnfnfO{ k|:tfljt u/]sf lyP . o;n] klg of]
kxn cf} cEof; ;fy} st{Jo kfngf ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ufpF g} ls/fFtL–s'nª ' dft[/fi6«sf] Plk;]G6/ (epicentre) xf] eGg] hgfpF5 . pgL
@=!@=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution) cfk}+m klg ls/fFtL–x'n'–s'nª ' efiff ;Dk|bfosf ;b:o x'g\ . t/ pgsf] Snfgf]lgd
xf]a]dL, gfl5l/ª xf] egL e"kWjh yf]d/f];\n] atfP . 46
ls/fFtL–s'n'ª jStfx¿sf] d"n ynf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] xf]ªu' vf]nf ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@_ sf] ;+sng–k|sfzg ;o :jf8]z zAbdf
pkTosf, ef]hk'/ / ;+vj' f;ef xf] eg] a;fO ;/fOsf] qmddf w/fg–;'g;/L, df]/ª, ;f]tfªnfO{ 5'§} efiffsf] bhf{ lbP/ OG6«L u/] klg cWoog / k|dfgn] To:tf] b]vfPsf]
emfkf / Onfd, t]x|yd' , sf7dfG8" cflb u/L hDdf @@ lhNnfdf a;f]af; ub}{ kfOPg . t];f] x'Fbf xfdLn] ls/fef tyf ;fksf] k|sflzt tYonfO{ 36fP/ oxfF
cfPsf 5g\ . ;f]n'vD' a'sf] dxfs'nª
' df aª, 5]:sfd, ub]n / ;f]tfª ufpFx¿ -x]g"{ kl/dfh{g u/]sf 5f}+ . efiff afx]s csf]{ dfgjzf:qLo k|dfg eg'F Snfgf]lgdn] klg
gSzf g+= @=!# XIII klg_ g} of] efiffsf] d'Vo s]Gb| x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Ldf aflx/ ;f]tfªx¿ s'n'ªdf g} 5g\ . efiffj}Uoflgs cfwf/df t ;f]tfª dfQ} geP/
bzuhfkf/L klZrd j+ufnsf] hfnkfOu'8L / bflh{lnª, l;lSsd / e'6fgdf klg gfl5l/ª klg s'nª ' s} eflifsf -x]g"{ u8{ ÅofG;f]g O{=!((!M (#_ xf] eGg] ;To–
of] efiffsf] w'sw'sL 5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|dfg l;Naf:sf] k|sfzgn] lbPsf] 5 . tYo xfd|f] ;fd' l5k]sf] 5}g . k|dfg tn pk–vG8 @=!@=!* df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
xfdL;Fu ;f] k|sfzgsf] k|lt ;'/lS5t 5 . of] dfg]df vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] lgsfn]sf] lgrf]8 æ;fFkf| dfly lk+8n ' fsf] ;d:of
yk]sf]Æ ;fFrf] ;fljt x'G5 .
@=!@=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
moities)
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿ !* xhf/ ^ ;o
*^ 5g\ . t/ s'nª ' xf]dk]hn] pgLx¿sf] s'n cg'dflgt hg;+Vof Ps nfv
krf; xhf/b]lv @ nfv;Dd x'g' kg]{ cg'dfg nufPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf]
Snfgf]lgddf afnfvª ->jfnfvfd h:t}M cfFvfljz]ifUo 8f=Pg;L /fO{_,
af/fld;, lavª, af]vª, rfrf/n'ª -6f]kf]lgd_, rflDnª -s'nª ' df rflDnª <
xfd|f] k|Zg_, rfl/kf, 3fStn';, uf]b'xf]r, xf]a]/ld;, xf]rftf]n, xf]ª]n', sflnªu]
-vflnªu] >vflnª < xfd|f] k|Zg_, s'laltL -gfl5l/ªdf klgý xfd|f] gf]6_,
dGtOa'ª, df]kf]rf] -<ªf]kf]rf]_, gflr/L -gfl5l/ª < xfd|f] k|Zg_, gfu]/fa'ª,
gjfkf]rf]g, kGs]/,] k]NkGu], lklbdf], lklb;fO, lknfdt, lkNdf]Gu], k'kfrf];, l/Gxfª,
?latL, ?s'kf, ;olt;, ;fhL, ;K?ª, ;tª -;f]tfª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, ;f]tªu]
-gSzf g+=@=!# XIII: s'nª' efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{= @))^M !!(_
-;f]tfª < xfd|f] k|Zg_, tfDrf, y]tf];, tf]Dgfd, ufGs' -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ /
45
!()(_, af/\;L -h:t}M zf]ef /fO{ý gofF ahf/, vfFbjf/L t/ pgsf] hGdynf] s'nª ' ,
of] tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ rGb|l;+x s'n'ªn] xfd|f] 6LddWo]sf Ps n]vsnfO{ @! d+l;/ ef]hk'/_, xfl/Da', xf]bLa", tf]/ª \ f], ;]s5f -h:t}M s]zj s'nª ' , 5]:sfd–*,
@)^$ -& l8;]Da/ @))&_ z'qmjf/sf lbg æ;a} s'/f] 7Ls 5 . xfdLn] klg ls/fFtL ;f]nv ' Da', x]g"{ sflGtk'/ lr7L ( cS6f]a/ )^÷@# c;f]h ^#_, 5]Gxf], tf]df-f]_5f-d]_
zAb 5f8]sf 5}gf}+ / d"n d'2fr}F clwsf/k|bQ÷/fO6–a]:8 (right-based) -h:t}M /fds'df/ tf]df5f_, lxdf/, ;flDba", tf]ª]a," lxg'v'd,] ;f]Dkmf]?, ªf]kf]rf],
b[li6sf]gaf6 klg ;fy} cfOPncf] !^( nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfO n]Vg' k¥of]Æ egL kmf]lga';, dfGy]a'{ cflb g} x'g\ .
6]lnkmf]gdf eg]sf lyP . xfdL pgn] p7fPsf] clwsf/ / cfOPnf] !^( sf] /fO6 6'
;]Nkm l86/ldg]O;g (right to self-determination) nfO{ sb/ ub}{ of]
cjwf/gf / ;+;f/sf s'g} klg 7"nf cjwf/gfx? ;w}+ lg/k]S5÷ofA;f]No'l6e
46
(absolutive) geP/ ;fk]S5÷l/n]l6e (relative) tl/sfn] a'e\mbf / k|of]u ubf{ of] ;"rgf pgL;Fu !$ k'; @)^$ -@( l8;]Da/ @))&_ zlgjf/ ljxfg ePsf] JolQmut
;a}sf] enf] x'g] s'/fnfO{ lj;{g x'Fb}g eG5f} . s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
|| 205 || || 206 ||
yf]d/f];\ -;=@)%&M ^%–^* x]g"{ l;Naf:sf], @, @, @))$M !@–!$ klg_ /f]lhkf]; 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, d'n'n" b'ªlsDdf, ;'l/a'ª
sf] cWoog cg';f/ ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf $ j+z *^ kf5f / @#& bK;\lgª\ e]l6Psf nfDx}df, jf/]vf nfDndL
5g\ . tL lgDgk|sf/ 5g\M @=;f]tfª -ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªdf klg of] Snfgf]lgd pNn]v, x]g"{ @=!^ klg_
j+z kf5f÷y/ bK;\lgª÷;fd]O s'latL tf]Gb';] v'g; ] f, jfa'a' v'gn ] f, lggfDa' bfD5f]jf,
!=lkNdf]ª xf]lgQL ;flkNdf] lkNdf]bf], tf]Gb';] yf]lg;f vf]lSrln lnªu'Kkf, d'lnln l/ltªdf, df]af]n"
;'af{ xf]5fn' v'lg;f, l;la;] tflDgdf b'ªlv|Ddf
nf]jfQL b]jfn' ?yf]df, b]jfn"ªo'Ddf /v'kf] tf]Gb';] nf]l/tf], k;'tf] xfl/tf], d'l;ln b'ªlv|Ddf,
df]/f]dn
' h'Gh'n" s'l/S;f, lgªjf/L nf]l/Qf ;flKvnL jf5]df, lnlDb;] lnd\of]ªdf, ;fKv'n' jf5]df
uf]]St'n" ;flDkrf] lkrf]df, xfl/n" tf];f]df xf]a]dL{ tf]Gb';] gf]/f]df, l;a'n' a'5d] f, l/l;n" jflrDdf, aaLn"
5]Gxf] 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, 5fGb'n" jf5]Kkf jf5]df
o]O;f vfaKbL l;l;S;f, xf]Gb'n" xf]K;f, kf]ªls/L tf]Gb';] l/tf]ªdf, af/fn" jftfDdf, l;la;] ofs]tf]
lk5fxf] nf]/]5f, of]l/nf of5fDnf, y'gfDa' nfDx}df xf]n'Da" lba'dL 5fD/Lªdf, lbGbf/f gfdl/ªdf, tfGb';] tf];f]df
yf]d/f];\ 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, d'n'n" b'ªlsDdf, vf]lKrdL nfd\dL bf];d lba'n" cfd|]df, lba'n" a'a]df, lnDbL;] d'lgdf
ofltxf] d'nl' / b'ªlsDdf, PSn]a" n'l/a", lxp;L l/Gxf] xf]t]Ddf, ;fDa]yf] a]yf]df, jfrf]S;L roDdf
vfKrLdf xlg{df, rfb'Ddf vfof]vf lgl5tL b]jfn' xlg{df, l/l/nL v]DgLdf, d'lnnL b'ªlv|Ddf,
xf]nf]QL tf]Gb';] xf]nf]df, l5df{v" ;f]of]vf, lba'n" jf/f]kf lba'dL jndL, vflKrdf tflDgdf, a[an ' L jfl5df,
5flgtL d'n'l/ l/ltªdf, tf]Gb';] ;foa", lk5fn' 5fgLDdf tGb';] g/df
>Lkf]; 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, d'n'n" b'ªlsDdf kfoftL tf]Gb'';] v'g;] f-nf_, jfa'v"
/flhQL ;flkNdf] lkNdf]bf], tGb';] yf]lg;f lglta" tf]Gb';] kmf]lg;f, ;l/a" nfDx}df, dfGrfn" b'lg{df, ;f]Gb'n"
u'?QL; 5fGb'n" xf]t'K;f, lk5fn" xlg{df bf]/f]vf
yf]k\ 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, vflKrdf nf]l/df sf]{ s'latL d'lndL b'?dL, vflKrdL lbs'KrL
5]Odfxf] 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, vflrn" vfxfOdf d'n'v; ' d'n'n" b'ªlv|Ddf, s'lan" rfK/f]ªdf, l/l;n' jf5]df
5]GbL;L 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, 5fGb'n" af5]dL, rfl/s' nf]/d] L b'Gt] l;a'nL a'5d] f, tf]Gb';] gf]/f]df, xf]rf]n' xf]lnªdf,
tfDgLxf] 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, 5fGb'n" kmf]lgdf, ;'a'n" yf]lgdf, la|a'ln jf5]df, l/l;ln jfk'Odf
n'Db';] xf]lgdf df]Nyf] ;f]Gbf]/f] bf]/f]vf, vKb'n' b'xfKkf, lggfDdf bfK5f]jf,
5fDgLxf] 5fGb'n" s'l/Kkf, tf]Gb';] nf]l/tf, df]af]n" nf]/]dL, tf]Gb';] tf];f]df, tf]Gb';] 5fDk|mf]df
l/D;'vf a]n5] L ª]df]; tf]Gb';] tf];f]df, tf]Gb';] 5fDk|mf]df
;flnvfD; vfaf] l;l/S;f, xf]Gb'n' xf]tK' ;f, d'n'n" xlg{df, ;efd'v tf]Gb';] vk'tf], lnGb';] k;'tf]
s'lan" b'ªlsDdf lalhb]p l;la;] xfl/tf], l;la;] kmn]tf]
lbl/QL; xflbdL nf]lndL, l5df{v" lbs'KrL, ;fv'Da' l/latL l;a'nL a'5]df, l;a';] ofs]tf], af/fn' jftfKkf
of5fnf 5]lGba'; ;f]Db'n' xlg{df, lba'n' rfld|ªdf, lbGbf/f gfdl/ªdf,
/]lDgl;ª xf]5fn' xf]lgQL, bfDrfn' tflDgdf lgªjf/L ;]n]a,' l;la;] a]n]a'
xf]kf]QL; vflKrdf nf]/]dL, l/l;dL ªfa'dL, 5]5d] L #= tfD;L
nf]nf]dL ªf]kf]rf] hf]jf]n" ?yf]df, lggfDdf bfªlsDdf
;fof]kf]; vfdfv' kmf]of]df, df]af]v' gfDgvf, cfPa' ufGv" jf];f]a" ;f]of]jf, tf]tf]a" tf]of]jf
;D;]vf dfGy]a"{ af/fn' jftfDdf, ltltn' lttfDdf
h]7fa" xfGb'n' xftfDdf, rfl/n'ª nf]/]Kkf
|| 207 || || 208 ||
/flha"; af/fn" 5fDgLdf, d'lndL nf]l/ªdf d'S;dL l;lan' l/ltDdf, kf/fn" bfD5f]df
xf]ª]n' gf/fn" 5fDgLdf, a'xf]n' x'gfDdf tf]/]Dv'; ?5fn' ?5]gf, rfl/dL ldGtfDdL
uflha" gf/fn" xlg{df, vf?dL nf]/K] kf ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xfl/Da" ;fof]a" jf5]dL, ;fof]a" rfl/pdf{, ;fof]a" lho'ªdf yf]d/f];s\ f] of] cWoogdf sltko zAbx¿ ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf xf]Ogg\ .
l/Gxf] n'Db';] 5flgDdf, n'Db';] xf]nd} f clxn];Ddsf] cWoogx¿dWo] of] g} lj:t[t ePsf]n] xfdLn] klg pg}nfO{ ;xL
;f]Dkmf]? df];]n" df]xfOdf, b'Db';L xf]nd} f yfKb} lagf l6sfl6KkgL oxfF k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . efjL cWo]tfx¿n] o;sf] j}Btf
af;L{ tf]Gb'';] df]nf]vf, l;la;] 5flDgdf dfkg ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
5fKb'n" gf/fn" b'ªlsDdf, tf]a'n" l/ªd'n" @=!@=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
tf]ª]a"{ b]jfa" yf]lg;f, lba'n" ;flDvjf
efiffljb\ k|f=8f=gf]ls/f -;=@)%*M #^_ n] ls/fFtL–s'nª ' df !^ :j/
u]Ab'n" df];]n" d]xfOdf, df]af]n" bfD5f]df
jg{x¿ 5g\ eg]sf eP klg dft[efifL s'nª ' jStf / cg';Gwftf yf]d/f];\ -;=@)^@
yf]/]Kkf lk5fn" kf]kQ ' f, df]af]n" df]rDdf
;DkfbsLo_ n] !@ dfQ} :j/ cNkmfa]6sf] k|dfg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] cg';f/
dfltDa'; ;fof]a" /]sd' L, l5n'df yfaf]of]
s'nª ' df lgDg :j/ / JoGhg jg{x¿ 5g\–
xf]lba" gf/fn" 5flgDdf, lggfDn" b'ªlsDdf
:j/x¿
kmf]lga''; af]nf]ªuf of]lbªdf, 5]nfDvf xlg{df, af]nf]ªuf
c cM cf cfM O OM p pM P PM cf] cf]M
lao'ªdf
JoGhgx¿
5flDga''; af/fn" xflgdf, 5]nfDvf nfDkmf]dL svuª
a'Svf] afgfa" gflKvjf, n'db';] lhlgdf r5h
5fKsf]tL ;fof]a" lho'ªdf, l5n'ªdf of]lbªdf tybg
kmf]ltDa" gf/fn' tflDgdf, xfl/n' jf5]dL k km a d
cfofa''; af/fn" jftfDdf, y'gfDvf nf]/]Kkf, ;flgdL vlDgdL o/nj;x
;fgfn'ª hf]jf]n' xfl;df, xflbdf nfDx}df k|:t't :j/ / JoGhg jg{x¿ afx]s xfdLn] ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf] ljz]if
$=5]D;L eflifs ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ kf7s ;fd' oxfF k|:t't ug{ ;s]gf}+ . t];df xfdL dfkmL g}
lyD/f rfb'Dn" o]Kn'df, lggfDdf of;fd dfUg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . Tof] lsgeg] xfdLn] ljz'4 sf]/ (core) efiffljUofgnfO{ dfq}
lyª/f gfdDdL of;fdL, bf];DdL kmf]sD' ;L oxfF :yfg glbg' xfd|f] ;Lldttf xf] . s'n'ª efiffljUofgdf sd Uofg klg xf] . t/
tf]df]5f ;fDa]n" t'K;Ldf, ltltn" df]nO] df c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf
df]/f]v" ;fKvLn" kmflgdf, tf]sf]n" jf/f]sf leGgtf 5 .
lklb;} d'n'n" lylg;f, lba'n" gfrf]Qf @=!@=$ efiff÷Jofs/Gf (Language/grammars)
d'Gxf] l/Db'n' l/d'vf, ;fDb'n" t'K;Ldf ls/fFtL–s'nª' efiffdf a9L :jb]zL dft[efifL / ljb]zL cWotfx¿n]
jfnfvfd vfGb'n" vfk'Qf, n'Db';] a'nf]df snd rnfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . jt{dfgsf tL ljb]zL efiffljb\df h]/8{ 6f]N;dfsf] g}
kf]vf]tL tf]Gb'';L xf]kf]/f, l/Gb'n" l/d'vf cfpF5 . pgsf] kLPr8L cWoogsf] s'n'ª Jofs/g c u|ofd/ cj\ s'n'ª
ub'xf] ;fr]vf] vf]n]Gbf, afGb'n" ?v'df -O{=@))^_ 5fkfdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . :jb]zL cWotfx¿df !=‘s'n'efiffsf] ;fdfGo
kmf]lga" vfGb'n" kmf]lgdf, xfl/n" xfFl;df jfSo’ -uGf]zs'df/ 5]Gxf] O{=@))#M !)_, @=‘s'nª
' ;+oQ
' m zAb’ -e'kWjh yf]D/f];\
jflb/L kf/fn" nfDx}df, l;lan" bfD5f]df O{=@))#M !%_, #=‘s'n' l/ª ;nfd\ nn} -s'n'ª Aofs/Gf_’ -gGb'/fd nf]jfQL
o]Od'5f ;f]jfgf n'5g] f, lba'n" ªfn]Qf O{=@))#M @$_, $=‘s'nl' /ª\lksf 5f]pld lgª\ -s'nª
' efiffdf r/fr'?uLsf] gfd_’
5'aQ ' L vfGb'n" vfk'Qf, l/Db'n" a'nf]df -v8ugf/foGf dfGy]a'{ O{=@))#_, %=‘s'n'ª efiffdf k|sfzgM ljut / jt{dfg’
nf]ª;Ojf vfGb'n" vfk'Qf, 5]lGb;L xfofdf
tf]/\ªf] df]Gb'n" df]xfOdf, xf]5fn" ?yf]df
|| 209 || || 210 ||
-Pd8L s'nª ' ;=@)%(M @&–@(_, ^=s'nª
' efiffsf] Jofs/0f tyf sf]z -s[i0f Jofs/g, sf]z / g]kfnL s'nª
' /fO{ efiffdf nf]suLt clg k|sfzf]Gd'v rf/ u/L
ufGv' /fO{ ;=@)%$_ cflb g} x'g\ . hDdf ^ s[ltx¿sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
@=!@=%= k':ts÷kf7\of;fdu|L (Pedgogical materials) @=!@=* eflifs÷;fF:s[lts cWoog (Linguo-cultural studies)
ls/fFtL–s'nª ' dft[efiffdf ;/sf/L :t/af6 cfh;Dd s'g} kf7\ok':ts ls/fFtL–s'n'ª efiffnfO{ ufF;/] ;+:s[tsf] cWoog klg ePsf] e]l6Psf]
k|sfzg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] o; s'/fsf] 5gs cl3 kl/rodf klg lbO{ 5 . of] lbzftk{m cWotf e"kWjh yf]D/f];s \ f] gfd g} cufl8 cfpF5 . t]:tf
;s]sf 5f}+ . of] k|of;df k|fylds lzIffsf] nflu kf7\o'qmd÷k':tssf] k|ltj]bg sfo{x¿df !=s'n'ª ;fF:s[lts cWoog -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ ;=@)%&_, @=‘5'Dt'd\
tof/L eg]/ 5]On { d\ -;=@)%*_ n] ;dfrf/ 5fk]sf] lyof] . t/ @^ h]7 @)^@ sf] l;Ds'jf{’ -6L=aL= jfnfvfd\–/fO{ O{=@))$M @$–@^_, #=‘s'nª ' /fO{sf df}lns
sflGtk'/ b}lgsn] ‘ljjfbn] b'O{ dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd /2’ zLif{sdf s'n'ª / ;F:s[lt’ -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\–/fO{ ;=@)%*M @–$_, $=‘s'nª ' /fO{sf ;F:s[lt’ -rqm
vfdsf] kf7\ok':ts agfpg / aGg g;s]sf] ;dfrf/ 5fKof] . of] ;dfrf/sf] sfsL{ ;=@)^!M !$–!^_, %=lb ofG;]:6«n km/]:6M d]df]/L, :k]; ofG8 l/r'cn
k|ltlqmof lb+b} s]zj ;]s5f–s'nª ' –/fO{ n] ‘efiff ljjfb’ zLif{sdf ;DkfbsnfO{ cdª b s'nª ' /fO{ cj\ O:6{g g]kfn -dfl6{gf] lgsf]n]6L O{=@))^_, ^=;fdflgs
lr7L -@ c;f/ @)^@_ n]lv b'Mv];f] / jf:tljstf phfu/ u/]sf lyP . o;kl5 ;f]ln6\o8' ;\M OS:6f;L, Dof8g]; ofG8 :k|L/L6 kf]lh;g Og\ b g]kfn lxdfno
s'g} klg ;dfrf/ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] yfxf nfu]sf] 5}g . l;lSsd, ef/tsf] syf -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))^_, &=OlG8lhlgc; gn]h cj\ b s'nª ' /fO{h\ cg\ b o'; cj\
-x]g"{ @=!) / @=@^_ klg nueu p:t} 5 . cNnf], ofg\ ofGy|fk] f]nf]lhsn s]; :68L cj\ tfDs' lelnh, ;+vj' f;ef l8l:6«S6,
@=!@=^ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/vocabulary) sf]zL hf]g -hgs /fO{ O{=!((^_ cflb OToflb 5g\ .
of] efiffdf s]xL ;+Vofdf zAbfnL / zAbsf]zx¿ klg pknAw 5g\ . @=!@=( efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Language/linguistic studies)
ltgdf !=zAb;"lr jLPr xH;g -O{=!*%&_, @=g]kfnL–s'n'ª–/fO{ zAbsf]z cfw'lgs efiffljUofgsf] cWoog If]qnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ls/fFtL–s'nª '
-s[i0f ufGv'–/fO{ ;=@)$(_, #=s'n' l/ª OlDrd\ ;f]S;f]ap -e'kWjh yf]d/f];\ efiffsf] cWoog ug]{ efiffljb\ h]/8{ 6f]N;df g} x'g\ . hLP lu|c/;g -O{=!()(_,
O{=@))^_, $=s'n' g]kfnL l/ªap -e'kWjh yf]d/f];\ O{=@))%, sf7dfG8"_, P;Pg j'Nk]mG8]g -O{=!(#%_, pgn] ‘OG6/gn l/sG:6«S;g ofG8 sDk]/l] 6e Ple8]G;
%=‘s'n'ª g]kfnL zAbfy{’ -lrq;]g l/Gxf] O{=@))#M !(_, ^=g]kfnL s'nª ' /fO{ cj\ b nª efjNh\ Og\ s'nª ' ’ -O{= !(((_, c u|ofd/ cj\ s'n'ª -O{=!(((
zAbsf]z -s[kfzfNofGf s'latL O{=@))!_, &=‘s'nª ' efiffdf b}glGbg k|of]u ul/g] kLPr8L zf]wkq_, ‘b ej{n df]kmf]{nf]hL cj\ s'n'ª’ -O{=!((&_, ‘8]l:qmlK6e
s]xL ;fdu|Lsf] lrq;lxt gfdfjnL’ -P=kL= xf]ª]n'–/fO{ O{=@))$M @@–@#_, lnªu'Oli6S;\ cj\ g]kfnM b s'nª ' Nofªu'Oh ofG8 6«l8;g’ -O{=!((^_ / ‘c
*=‘s'nª' efiffsf] ;fdfGo zAb’ -gGbs'df/ xf]ª]n' ;=@)^!M #&_, (=s'n' l/ª :68L Og\ s'n'ª ej{n df]kmf]{nf]hL’ -O{=!(($_ zLif{sx¿df ls/fFtL–s'nª '
ef]SofAo'n/L -s[i0fk|;fb /fO{, cGgf xf]Nhxfph]g / oflG8«; xf]Nhxfph]g dft[efiffsf] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . t]:t} ‘lk|lnldg/L OG:6«S;G;\ kmf]/ c
O{=!(&#_ cflb g} x'g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fjfsf] h:tf] cGt//fli6«o :t/df eg] kmf]gf]nf]lhsn ;j]{ l/kf]6{;\ ;L’ -Pd=xl/ O{=!(&@_, kmf]gf]nf]lhsn ;j]{ l/kf]6{ cj\
zAbsf]z k|sfzg b]lvPg . ;f]tf]l/ª -;d/ OlG:6Ro'6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, d]ldcf]_, ‘s'n'ª Snh 6fOK;\’
@=!@=& efiff÷j+zfjnL (Language/genealogy) -cGgf xf]Nhxfph]g O{=!(&#_ / c kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l/sG:6«S;g cj\ k|f6] f]–gf]bg{
/fO{ -;'Pof]zL tf]af O{=!(*# OGSn'8\;\ vflnª–s'n'ª–y'nª ' kmf]gf]nf]hL_ klg
efiffnfO{ hf]8/] j+zfjnL ;DjGwL ePsf ;flxTo klg s]xL e]l6Psf 5g\ .
5g\ .
t]:df d'Vor}F ;f]Qf], lkNdf], s'n'lrd\ ;'St"d\ ‘s'n'ª j+zfjnL’ -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\
-;+of]hs_ ;=@)%$_ / ;f]Qf]–s'n'rLd\ ;'St'd\ [;f]tfª–s'n'ª j+zfjnL] @=!@=!) hflt÷efiffzf:q (Ethno-linguistics/ethnology)
-e"kWjh yf]]d/f];\ ;=@)^$_ g} xf] . o:t} sfo{df s[i0f ufGv'–/fO{sf] g]kfnL hflt–efiffzf:q;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf ;flxTodf !=‘s'n'ª hflt / o;sf]
OÍlnz s'n'ª–/fO{ efiff -;=@)%#_ sf] gfd klg xfdLn] la;{g' x'Gg . k|fUoF efiff’ -lj/xL sfOFnf O{=@))$M @&–@*_, @=s'nª ' ;+lIfKt kl/ro -e"kWjh
n}gl;+x jfªb]nsf] kfnfdf klg pxfFn] k|lti7fgaf6 zAbsf]z k|sfzg ug{ 7"nf] yf]d/f];\ ;=@)%)_, #=b s'n'ª /fO{M c :68L Og\ lslG;k ofG8 Dofl/h\ PS:r]Gh
k|of; ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . /d]zhª l;hfklt -;=@)$*M $–&_ n] cfk\mgf] n]v -rfN;{ dUb'un O{=!(&(_, $=‘:6«Sr/ ofG8 l8lehg Og\ s'nª ' u] /fO{ ;f];fO6L’
‘efiff;]jL s[i0f ufGv'–/fO{’ df b'O{ k|sflzt h:t}M s'nª ' kf5f ls/fFt dft[efiff -rfN;{ dUb'un O{=!(&#_, %=‘s'nª ' :jklxrfg xft] k'l:tsf’ -rGb|l;+x s'nª '
ld=g=_ g} x'g\ .
|| 211 || || 212 ||
@=!@=!! cg"lbt ;flxTo (Translated literature) ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg'{ x'Fb}g . e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ 48n] atfP cg';f/ hfkflgh
of] efiffdf cg"lbt ;flxTo t]tL e]l6Pg / Go" 6]:6fdG6 klg cg'jfb eO{ cg';Gwftfx¿n] s'nª ' xgL jf dx xlG6ª / ;F:s[ltaf/] $& ldg]6sf] j[Qlrq
;s]sf] 5}g . k|yd dft[efiff /fli6«o ;Dd]ng, g]kfn hghflt dxf;+3sf] eflifs lgdf{g u/]sf 5g\ .
clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o 3f]ifGff–kqsf] cg'jfb /LªudL cbLsf/ ;DjGbL /f:tLo @=!@=!# syf÷Nff]ssyf cWoog (Tale/folklore studies)
uf];gf–kT/ -eflifs clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o 3f]ifGff–kq_, #–$ r}t @)%^ eg] syf ljwf / o;df ePsf cWoogx¿df !=l/b\bª ' M b ef]O; cj\ b
cg'jfb ePsf] 5 . t/ s'nª ' efiffdf cg'jfbssf] gfd eg] pNn]v gePsf]
ofG;]:6;{ -lgsf]n6] L O{=@))$_, @=‘sf]dflnKnf] rfGdfnf]’ -aL=aL= xf]ª]n' O{=@))#M
x]dntf u'?ª -O{=@))#M !^–!&_ sf] l/Eo' n]v ‘g]kfnL s'n'ª l/ªap’ n]
@)–@#_, #=‘vf]lSrlnk\’ -h]=kL= ªf]kf]rf]–/fO{ O{=@))$M !%–!*_, $=‘uf]/LrfOk\
hgfPsf] 5 .
/L/L’ -lgd{n ;f]tfª ‘xf]a]dL{’ O{=@))$M @(–#!_, %=‘dfGy]a'{’ -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\
@=!@=!@ ;|Jo–b[Zo÷8s'd]G6«L (Audio-visual cassettes/documentary ) -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^!M @)–@!_, ^=syf;+u|x s'n' /Lªld syf -O{=!(&^ yf]d/f];\sf]
ofof]Svfsf] ;dfj]zL :ofd'gfdf kg]{ efUozfnL ls/fFtL efiffx¿df ;"rgf ;=@)^@M ;DkfbsLodf cfwfl/t_ cflb g} x'g\ . o;nfO{ klg cfzfk"g{ g}
s'nª' klg Ps xf] . o;df l8NnL;]/ xfl/Da'sf] uLt lb/rL csfd ===af]nsf] dfGg' kb{5 .
uLt–! n] :yfg kfPsf] 5 . ;f] uLtsf] gd"gf oxfF k|:t't u/sf] 5f}+– @=!@=!$ n]v÷/rgf (Write ups/compositions)
uLt
efiff arfpgdf ;flxTosf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'g] ePsf]n] n]v / /rgfx¿
lb/rL csfd\ g]5f] gfgL ;]k 3'ªrL aofDs] geO{ gx'g] s'/f x'g\ . o;df klg dft[efifLx¿sf] snd rNg' c;fWo} c;n kS5]
xg s]Oof ;f] g]5f] gfgL /f]b' 5fd dofDs]@ xf] . ltgdf !=‘jflnDkf]’ -hLtk|;fb ªf]kf]rf] O{=@))#M !–@_, @=‘s[kfzfNofGf
;'Gdfl;ª x// g]5f] ldSjf s// s'latL–/fO{’ -k|jLGf a'Svf] æh'd]nLÆ O{=@))#M !!–!@_, #=‘/f]ªs'Od\’ -pQ/s'df/
;fgLjf5] g]5f] gfgL Oxf]Kªf lknOofF ªf]kf]rf] O{=@))#M !$_, $=rGb|axfb'/ lkbL;} /fO{ OaLd\ d'nLdL b'ªlsp -k|jLGf
dfGn]k ;f]ªf g]5f] gfgL n]k lk:kL OnOof a'Svf] æh'dn ] LÆ O{=@))$M !–@_, %=‘;'Gdf’ -wgs'df/ jfnfvfd\ O{=@))$M $_,
;'Gdfl;ª x//===. ^=‘j]Olnd\ l;n\’ -P=kL= xf]ª]n–' /fO{ O{=@))$M #@–#$_, &=‘s'n'rLd\ rfDb'd\’
a'/L 5f]Ktf] g]5f] gfgL dfD5f ;f] afGrfg' -;LPd df]/f]d'n–vDa" ;=@)^!M !–&_, *=‘/f]ª\sO' d\’ pQ/s'df/ ªf]kf]rf]
s]O /f]b5' fdL g]5f] gfgL l/b'd;f] 5fGrfg' ;=@)^!M @#–@$_, (=‘;'DgLt'Dnf] b]D:sf]’ -e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ ;=@)^!M @%–@^_,
;'Gdfl;ª x//===. !)=‘s'Gb’ -clDasf tf]df]5fd] ;=@)^!M #%–#^_ cflb g} x'g\ . oxfF k/]sf k|foh;f]
Ol/b'd df;f g]5f] gfgL vf]nf]cfª nfd5'j] n]vs÷n]lvsfx¿ l;Naf:sf]n] hGdfPsf x'g\ . b;uhf jf/Lsfx¿sf] eg] t]tL
Jftfd\ jftfd\ g]5f] gfgL Ocf5o/ ;f]5fd 5'j] yfxf nfu]g . 5]On { d\, ;'St"d,\ df s'nª
' l/b'D5f, dfs'/L x'St' / 5]nfdt'd xfdLn]
;'Gdfl;ª x//===. s]nfpg g;sf] ;fFrf] xf] . t];f] esf]n] klg b;uhf jf/Lsfx¿n] xfdLnfO{ Gofo
o;afx]s 6fOD;\ PkmPd -x]g"{ @=!@=!^ klg_ n] klg of] efiffdf uLt
ub}{ cfk"mnfO{ cufl8 cfpg' k¥of] .
ahfPsf] 5 . /]s8{ g} eP gePsf] xfdL;Fu ;"rgf 5}g . k"jl{ t/ /]g]5]k|s,]
wgs'6fn] eg] ls/fFtL–s'nª ' df !) j6f uLt /]s8{ -Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª ‘afGtfjf @=!@=!% kq–klqsf (Newspapers-magazines)
/fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @% ;=@)^#M #@_ u/L ;Sg'nfO{ eg] 5fkfsf kqklqsf klg of] efiffdf cfwf bh{g kfOPsf 5g\ . ltgdf
xfdLn] ;s/fTds g} dfGg' kb{5 . 47 cfzfjfbL g} x'g' kb{5 . 8So'dG] 6«Ldf eg] lhdL !=5]On
{ d\ -;Dkf= ofd s'n'ª ;=@)%& h]7, ‘cfj/ cfO8]lG66L’ @)%* sflQs_,
;dfhn] lgsfn]sf] ;]u|f] l;nL g} clxn];Ddsf] xfd|f] Uofg xf] . c? klg x'g ;Sg] @=;'St"d\ -‘cf/De÷z'?, sfFw’ ;Dkf= e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ ;=@)%) <_, #=5]nfd\t'd\
-;Dkf=e"kWjh yf]d/f];\ ;=@)%* <_, $=l;Naf:sf] -;Dkf= l;Pd df]/f]dn
' –vDa"
47
c? ls/fFtL efiffx?sf uLtdf ls/fjfdf $%, cf7k|] &, k'df @, a]nxf/] #, l5Gtfª %,
48
l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'nª ' $, b'dL @, jfDa'n] #, of] ;"rgf pgL;Fu !$ k'; @)^$ -@( l8;]Da/ @))&_ zlgjf/ ljxfg ePsf] JolQmut
d'ufnL #, kmfªb'jfnL #, ofSvfdf * /x]5g\ . s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
|| 213 || || 214 ||
O{=@))#_, %=df s'n'ª l/b'D5f -;Dkf= ===;=@)%) ebf}_, ^=dfs'/L x'St' -;Dkf= pgLx¿ p7]kl5 tdfd ;|i6fx¿sf] d"Nofªsg / sb/ x'g] g} 5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf
6Í/fd ;f]Dkmf]? ;=@)%) sflQs_, &=lgª 5]Ond -;=@)^$_ cflb 5g\ . 5f}+ .
@=!@=!^ ljWo'tLo ;Grf/df sljtf (Poems on electronic media) @=!@=!( ls/fFtL–s'nª' gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Kulung sample
cl3 pk–vG8 @=!@=!@ df pNn]v u/]em}F ls/fFtL–s'n'ª dft[efiffsf] wordlist)
ljB'tLo ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 ‘:ofd'gf’ sfo{qmddf /ljaf/ ljxfg *M#) b]lv ( xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
ah];Dd k|;f/Gf x'g] 6fOD;\ PkmPd ()=^ sf7df8f}+n] ! c;f]h )^# -!& ;]K6]Da/ cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . oxL
)^_ dft[efiffsf] 6g/fd df]ljt'–s'nª
' åf/f k|]lift æcf]ldg] ;flgjf vfSrfP===Æ k|sfzg -;=@)^@M #$–#^_ df ls/fFtL–;f]tfªsf] 5'§} efiffsf] ?kdf :jf8]z
sljtf ;efg]df dfq} k|;f/Gf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL lbg dft[efiffd} uLt klg zAbfjnL eg]/ eflifs 8]O6f (data) nfO{ k|lji6L lbPsf] eP klg xfd|f] t'ngfTds
ahfOPsf] lyof] . cWoogn] t]:tf] km/s gkfPsf] x'Fbf xfdLn] 5'§} efiffsf] bhf{df ;f]tfªnfO{ btf{
@=!@=!& PkmPd (FM) u/]sf 5}gf}+ / s'n'ª -;=@)^@M @%–@&_ nfO{ afofF / ;f]tfª -;=@)^@M #$–#^_
nfO{ bfofFlt/ xf/fxf/Ldf /fvL k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . cWofo !^ sf] ls/fFtL–
o;/L g} ;Ktsf]zL Pkm Pd -O6x/L, ;'g;/L_ af6 /f]Stf]vf]d sfo{qmd gfl5l/ªdf klg ;f]tfª Snfgf]lgd pNn]v ePsf] 5 . oxfF pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of]
-;=@)^@_ aHg] u/]sf] / ;f] sfo{qmdsf ;+rfns k|jz] ljGb' / ljiGf' s'nª
' x'g\ . zAbfjnL df]l/z :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg]
of] sfo{qmdn] efiff hLljt /fVg w]/} d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . /]l8of] gf6s / c? dft[efiffnfO{ g} lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
;fdu|Lx¿ klg cjZo g} pTkfbg eO{ ;s]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
!=vf]]nf]ª vnª\ -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=5'a'O 5'a'O ‘v/fgL’ ash
@=!@=!* k'm6s/ sljtf÷uLt (Individual poems/songs) #=xf]p xf]p -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=af] af] -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
;flxTo ;[hgfdf sljtf ljwfn] s]xL ?kdf eP klg km7\8s \ f] df/]sf] %=b]Kkf 9]kf * -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=5f]p 5f]p -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
b]lvof] . xfdLn] cl3 pk–vG8 @=!@=!% pNn]v u/sf] ;j} kqklqsfx¿ &=vf]Md vf]df *-lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=u'u'kf{ u'uk' f{ * -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ blac
s]nfP/ x]g{ gkfpg' / g;Sg'df xfd|f cfk\mg} jfWotf x'g\ . ;j} s]nfPsf] eP (=lxM lxM -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=t'kL| 8f/L -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
xfdLnfO{ cfR5'cfR5' g} kg]{ lyof] . of] jfWotfdf klg xfdLn] s]xL k|ltlglw slj / !!=kd\ kf]d\ * -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=ltOd\ g]Odf * -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
sjloqLx¿nfO{ oxfF ;dfj]z ug{ ;s]sf 5f}+ . tL x'g–\ !=‘Ol/ª df:bf] Oxf]K;f] !#=df]d\ df]d\ -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud
df;]’ -rGb|Lsf jf;L{–s'nª ' ;=@)^)M !#%_, @=‘cf]dLg] ;fgLjf vKrfo]’ !$=l5s\l5nL *l5s\l5Skf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
-rgs/fd xf]bLa"–s'n'ª @)^)M (@–(#_, #=‘cf] kmk\, bfªnL nf] sf]ª’ -Pd8L !%=tfMd\ efGt] * -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come
s'nª ' ;=@)^)M !!&–!!*_, $=‘ofpgfd\’ -clDa/dfg ªf]kf]rf] O{=@))#M #_, !^=l;d\ :oft] * -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
%=‘O{;fvfd 5]tfDs]’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@))$M #_, ^=‘gfd\’ -b]p/fd r/Gf O{=@))#M !*_, !&=v]k\ v]k\ -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog
&=‘l/ª’ -s'df/ jflb/L O{=@))#M !*_, *=‘O;fvfd 5]tfDs]’ -clDa/dfg ªf]kf]rf] !*=b'Md\ * b'ªdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
O{= @))$M #_, (=‘s]O s'n5' f’ -lgh{ kmf]lga" ;=@)^!M *_, ‘5]tfDgf]s t]n’\ -s]zj !(=xfk{vfk\ xf/\kf -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gf]af] gaf] -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
tf]df]5f ;=@)^!M !(_, !)=‘kSofs]’ -k|]drGb| df]/f]v" ;=@)^!M @@_, !!=‘qfgfo @!=yfDk' af]xf] * -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfd\ rfdf * -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
;Lgfd rfofdgf’ -;"o{ dfGy]{s ;=@)%&M #*_, !@=‘bfOdo'Dkf–efOko'Dkf @#=jfbL jf8L -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d'S; d' -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
cf]nf]gj' ’ -led vfKrLl;ª ;=@)^!M #*_, !#=‘s]O{ s'n5' f’ -avtwg /fO{ @%=nfKtf] jf;f] * -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
;=@)%&M #*_, !$=‘a]nf’ -OlGb/f /fO{ ;=@)%*M @(_, ‘l;of’ -klv{wg s'latL @&=ªf ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f ;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
;=@)))M $#_, !%=‘rf/5f 5fd\’ -bL3{ s'n' ;=@)^$M @!_, !^=‘kfkf /f]a' Û’ @(=k]k{\ * k]/d\ f -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nf]ª\ nf]ª\ -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
-czf]s df]/f]v'–/fO{ O{=@))$M #_, !&=‘ª] xd{’ -P=kL= xf]ª]n–' /fO{ O{=@))$M @!_ / #!=k]Ktf] lsls -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkd\ lkdf * -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
!*=g]kfnL / s'nª ' –/fO{ efiffdf nf]suLt -efu ! / @ s[i0f ufGv'–/fO{ ;=@)$*_ ##=gMkf ªflngf]k * -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5f]bf]jf 5f]bf]jf -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
g} x'g\ . o;n] s] 5gs lbPsf] 5 eg] xfd|f] w]/} ls/fFtL–s'n'ª ;|i6fx¿ cf]e]mndf #%=luluKkf luluKkf * -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=tf];'d\ tf];d\ -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
k/]sf 5g\ . ca dft[efifL jStf cGj]ifsx¿ klg p7\g] a]nf gf3L ;s]sf]5 . #&=x'M x'M -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=tf]ª tf]ª -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
|| 215 || || 216 ||
#(=o]Od\ POdf * -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=rp rp -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart kd\ . g+= !@=ltOd\ g]Odf + cg'jfb aNg' xf]Og . of] g]Od\ af]Ng'sf] OR5fy{s jf
$!=lkQf] lkQ -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=xf]s] xf]s] * -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot ljWoy{s . g+=!$=l5s\l5nL * df x'g' kg]{ l5s\, l5lS5nL . !%=tfMd\ efGt] + x'g'
$#=sf]ª\ sf]ª\ -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;frf] *:ofOdf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill kg]{ tfMd\ . g+= !^=l;d\ :oft] + x'g' kg]{ l;d\ . :oft] -l;oft]_ l;d\sf] OR5fy{s jf
$%=t'D5L t'DsL -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=n]d\ *n]df -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know ljWoy{s v; efiffsf] dg'{sf] d/\ h:tf] . g+=!*=b'Md\ + x'g' kg]{ b'd\ jf b'Md\ . g+=
$&=l;af] l;af] -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=y]o{d\ *lb/fvftf * -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie @!=yfDk' af]xf] + yfDk' = hUuf, hldg . afxf] =df6f] / ‘k[YjL’ nfO{ of]jf]rf/ k|of]u
$(=n'd\ n'd\ -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=afO{kf cf]/f]efOk * -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long ug]{ ul/Psf] . @@=rfd\ rfdf + x'g' kg]{ rfd\ . g+= @%=nfKtf] jf;f] + jf;f] ljz]if
%!=;L ;L -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=jfR5f jfR5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man zAb xf] . wfdL, emfFqmL a:bf zL/df k|of]u ug]{ KjfFv ljz]if dfq jf;f] x'G5 .
%#=xfofd cf]/f]Q -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nfnLdf nfgL *-gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon g+=@(=k]k{\ * df x'g' kg]{ k]//d\ -k]ks
{\ f] cy{ p8\g_] / k]df{ OR5fy{s . g+= #@=lkd\ lkdf
%%=bfd|f] wfd|f] -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=ª ª -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth +
x'g' kg]{ lkd\ . g+=##=gMkf ªflngf]k + x'g' kg]{ gk\ gMk\ / gMkfsf] cy{ /fd|f]
%&=;]GbL ;]G8L -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=lgª\ lgª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name vfnsf] eGg] x'G5 . ªflngf]k, ªflngk jf ªfNnk\ sf] klg pxL cy{ .
%(=kO kf]O -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=DgLª gLªs] * -lj_ ‘gofF’ new g+=#%=luluKkf luluKkf + x'g' kg]{ luluk\ . luluKkfr}F luluk\sf] Jo'TkGg ?k .
^!=;]kf ;]kf -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@= gfk gfa\ -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose g+=#(=o]Od\ POdf + x'g' kg]{ o]Od\ . POdf OR5fy{s jf ljWoy{s . POdf POd\
^#=dfGt' dfGt' -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=Oa'd\ Oa'ª\ *-;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
‘pafg'{’ . g+= $@=xf]s] xf]s] + x'g' kg]{ xf]s\ . xf]s] xf]ss
\ f] eljiot\ sfn ‘tftf] x'G5’
^%=nfd\ nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ld; ld; --gf_ ‘JolQm’ person +
^&=o]gfd o]gfd -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xfnfnfk\ xfnfnfKkf *-lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red sf] cy{df . g+=$$=;frf] -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ -lqmofsf] ?k slG;:6]G6 5}g_ / s'n'ª
^(=;fd\ ;fd\ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=lvlvkf{ k'kN' kf *-lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round efiffdf dfg'{sf] cy{df ;frf] zAb k|of]u ePsf] yfxf 5}g . x'g' kg]{ ;]Od\ .
&!=;]/f]d\ ;]/f]d\ -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=lkd\ lksf * -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say g+=$^=n]d\ + df x'g' kg]{ n]Md\ / n]Od\sf] cg'jfb /f]Kg' jf 5f]8\g' -xftaf6_ xf] .
&#=vf]d\ vf]d\ -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=rfn]O rfn]O -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed g+=$*=y]o{d\ + df x'g' kg]{ y]/\dr \ Ld\ / y]o{d\ k|of]u ePsf] ;'gs ] f] 5}g . lb/vftfsf]
&%=t'd\ t'jf *-lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=;f]sf]jf/ ;'s'jf/ *-gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin x'g' kg]{ lbd\vfd\ xf] / lb/vftfr}F e"tsfn Tof] klg z'4 ?k xf]Og . g+= %)=afO{kf
&&=Od\ ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=lrdf lrdf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small cf]/f]efOk + x'g' kg]{ afOk\ jf efOk\ . g+= %$=nfnLdf nfgL + x'g' kg]{ nflgdf . g+=
&(=ldSdf ldSdf -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=yf]/]d\ yf]/]kf *-lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand ^)=DgLª gLªs] + lgª\ . DgLª sf] D df pm sf] Jo'TkGg ?k pk;u{sf] ?kdf
*!=;f]ªu]/ ;f]ªu]/ -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª\ n'ª\ -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone cfPsf] 5 . gLªs] sf] –s] = rfFxL jf r}F . g+= ^$=Oa'd\ Oa'ª\ + x'g' kg]{ Os\ . Oa'd\
*#=gfd\ gfd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=ªfnd\ PpkL *-lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim jf Oa'ªs \ f] cg'jfb Pp6f x'G5 . g+= ^*=xfnfnfk\ xfnfnfKkf +x'g' kg]{ xfNs],
*%=d]/\ d]/\ -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=d'ªs \ d'ªs \ f] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that xfnfnfk\ . g+=&)=lvlvkf{ k'kN' kf +-lj_ x'g' kg]{ lvlv/\ . g+=&@=lkd\ lksf +-lqm_
*&=pª\s cf]sf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=cfg\ cfg\ *-;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you x'g' kg]{ lkd\ / lksf t[tLo k'?if e"tsfn ‘eGof]’ . g++= &^=;f]sf]jf/ ;'s'jf/ +-gf_
*(=n]d\ n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sfª sfª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth v; efiff ‘5fnf’ nfO{ xf]p / ;fsf]jf/ eg]sf] ufO{–uf]?sf] ;'ss ] f] 5fnf .
+ +
(!=l;5f] l;5f] -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lg;\ *lgRrL -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two g+=*)=yf]/]d\ yf]/]kf -lqm_ x'g' kg]{ yf]/]d\ . g+=*$=ªfnd\ PpkL -lqm_ cy{ vf]nfdf
(#=nfDb'd\ nfDb'df -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk v]Ng' . s'nª ' x¿sf] ljsf; / a;f]af; kxf8df ePsf]n] kf}8g' zAb gx'g ;S5 .
($=sfp sfp -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water g+= **=cfg\ cfg\ +-;j{_ sf] cy{ ‘ltdL, tkfO{+ / tF’ x'G5 . g+=(@=lg;\ +lgRrL -;j{_
(%=s]O s]O -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=po] pP -;j{_ ‘s]’ what lg;\sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g / lgRrLsf] –rL k/;u{ nfu]kl5 b'O{ j6f eGg]
(&=cf]Dnf]k\ cf]Dnf]k\ -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=cf;] cf;] *-;j{_ ‘sf]’ who cy{ x'G5 . g+= (*=cf;] cf;] +-;j{_ o;df ‘xf]’ lqmof klg n'Kt cj:yfdf 5 /
((=ldD5f ldD5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=cDdf === -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow o;sf] cy{ ‘sf] xf]’ eGg] x'G5 . of]of]Svfn] ;+sng u/]sf] 8]O6f / Pd 8L s'n'ªn]
------------------ u/]sf] /]lS6lkms]Ozgdf w]/} cGt/x¿ kfOPsf] 5 . t/ of] ln:6df dfQ} geP/
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 + = * h]/f8{ 6f]N:dfsf] kLPr8L lyl;; -/ kl5 k':tssf ?k_ df klg #) kfgfsf]
g+= %=b]Kkf 9]kf * x'g' kg]{ b]k\ 9]k\ . g+= &=vf]Md vf]df * x'g' kg]{ vf]Md\ vf]d\ . /]lS6lkms]Ozg 5 egL k|f=8f=Eofg l8«cdn] e"ldsfdf n]Vg' ePsf] 5 .
\ f] Jo'TklQm . g+= !!=kd\ kf]d\ +x'g' kg]{
g++ *=u'uk' f{ u'uk' f{ * x'g' kg]{ u'u'/\ u'u'kf{ u'u'/s
|| 217 || || 218 ||
oxfF lqmofsf] ?kdf ;f]tfªr}F s]xL cl:y/tf b]lvPsf] 5 . gqeg] ;fdfGo dnfO{ klg s] nfU5 eg] ljsf;] ultljlwn] dfq s'g} klg hfltsf] efiff /
efjn l;k\m6 (vowel shift) ‘:j/Wjlg ;/fO÷kl/jt{g’ / s]xL n]lS;sf]g ;F:s[lt ;d'Ggt x'Fb}g . efiffsfnflu efiffj}Uoflgs 1fg / Ifdtfsf] vfFrf] kb{5 .
(lexicon) zAbfjnL afx]s ;f]tfª ls/fFtL–s'nª ' h:t} kfOG5 / jf]wuDo g} 5g\ . xfdL s'n'ªx¿ klg ljsf;] lrGtg -8n/ krfpg] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf_ n] k"/}
h]/f8{ 6f]N:df -O{=@))^M @_ sf] ;f]xL lg:sif{ 5 . lylrPsf 5f}+ . of] d]/f] 7DofO dfq xf] .
/f]b' ;j} /fO{efiffLx¿ jf ;j} ls/fFtL hfltx¿ -j[xt cy{df_ . ljz]if u/L
@=!@=@) lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
of] j[xt\ cy{df g} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . *^ Snfgf]lgd / @#& blK;lgª\sf] ;+Vof
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs afx|df k/]sf] ls/fFtL– lglZrt x'Fbg} . s;}n] ;fdflhs dfGotf pNnª\3g u/] of] ;+Vof a9\g ;S5 . d}n]
s'nª' dft[/fi6«efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . of] yfxf kfP cg';f/ cfk"mnfO{ xf]ª]n' bfaL ug]{x¿sf] blK;lgª\ g} rf/ j6f e]6s ] f] 5' .
dft[efiffdf ;flxTo ;[hgfsf] bfo/f c? cNk;+Vos efiffx¿ h:t} ls/fFtL–xfo' ;fdflhs sfjf{xLdf gk/]sf] xf]ª]ns ' f] blK;lgª gf/fn' 5fDgLdf, af]-a'_xf]n'
eGbf t km/flsnf] g} 5 . t/ pkGof; / gf6s ljwfdf eg] xfdLn] t]:tf] s]xL x'gfDdf xf] . s'n'ª l/b'D5fÖ s'n'ª /fO{sf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] klxnf] ;+:yf s'nª '
pknAwL ePsf] e]6g] f}+ . dfgj–;dfhzf:qsf] 5]qdf rfN;{ dUb'un / dfl6{gf] /fO{ efiff tyf ;F:s[lt pTyf ;+3 -ldlt ofb ePg_ xf] . o; ;+:yfdf a:g g;s]sf
lgsf]n6] Ln] cGt//fli6«o :t/sf] lrgf/Ldf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . efiffj}Uoflgs s]xL JolQmn] u7g u/]sf] ;+:yf xf]– df s'nª ' l/b'D5f . oxL ;+:yfsf] d'vkq xf]
cWoogdf klg e6fe6 ;flxTo cfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . /]l8of] ;Grf/ dfWoddf dfs'/L x'St' -;+=@)%)_ . o;sf ;Dkfbs e"kWjh xf]Ogg\ . t/ s] klg ;Defjgf
PkmPdlt/ klg ;'lggdf cfof] . uLt /]sl8{ªdf xfd|f] b]zsf] h:tf] eflifs /xG5 eg] oL k|sfzgx¿ btf{ gePsfn] s;}n] klg s'g} klg a]nf Pp6} gfddf
kl/j]zdf /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6fdf !) j6f uLt x'gn ' fO{ rfgr'g] dfGg' x'Fbg} . 5fkf k|sfzg ug{ ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ eg] gsfg{ ;lsb}g .
;Grf/ dfWoddf klg cfwf bh{gsf] xf/fxf/Ldf klqsf cfO{ ;s]sf 5g\ .
kf7\ok':ts / uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf eg] ;dfj]z eO{ g;s]sf] d'2f lrgf/L vG8af6 ©Pd8L s'nª
' , sf7dfG8" .
yfxf eof] . cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf Snfgf]lgdx¿ klg w]/} e]l6P . pgL wgL g} 5g\ .
efiff–hfltzf:qLo / ;fF:s[lts kS5]sf] cWoog klg /fd|} xf] . Jofs/g, ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
zAbsf]z, cg'jfb cflbdf klg cufl8 cfO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ofSof]Svf / s'n'ª b'j}
ls/fFtL ;+:yf hflt ePsfn] ca efiffljsf;sf tL ;j} c8\rgx¿ k'mSg' k5{ . a'Svf] æh'dn
] LÆ, k|jLGf= O{=@))$= ‘rGb|axfb'/ lkbL;} /fO{ OaLd\ d'nLdL b'ªlsp’,
lrgf/L vG8df p8]sf cxd\ d'2fnfO{ b'j} / ;j} xfdL ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ l;Naf:sf], @, @M !–@=
ldn]/ xfd|f] eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, hftLo / P]ltxfl;s lj/f;tnfO{ hf]ufP/ cu|ufdL Bukkho, Prabin “Jumeli”. 2004. ‘Chabdrabahadur pidisai Rai ibim
ofqf to ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . of] P]ltxfl;s df]8df cfP/ xfdL s;}n] klg mulimi dungkiu’, Silbasko, 2, 2: 1-2.
r'Sg' eg]sf] cfk\mgf] uf}/jk"g{ Oltxf; :jfxf kfg'{ xf] . cfk}+m :jfxf x'g' xf] . 8fOgf];/ -----. O{=@))#= ‘s[kfzfNofGf s'latL–/fO{’, l;Naf:sf], !, !M !!–!@=
gagf}+ / ;dosf] dfu Tof] xf]Og . ;don] efiff;flxTo dfuL /x]5 . of] xfd|f] -----. 2003. ‘Kripashalyan Kubiti-Rai’, Silbasko, 1, 1: 11-12.
hLjgsf] ;'uGw xf] . r/Gf, b]p/fd= O{=@))#= ‘gfd\’, l;Naf:sf], !, !M !*=
Charan, Deuram. 2003. ‘Nam’, Silbasko, 1, 1: 18.
ljz]if 6Lsfl6KkgL ' efiffsf] ;fdfGo jfSo’, l;Naf:sf], !, !M !)=
5]Gxf], uGf]zs'df/= O{=@))#= ‘s'nª
n]vsx¿, Chhenho, Ganeshkumar. 2003. ‘Kulung Bhashako Samanya
Wakya’, Silbasko, 1, 1: 10.
gd:sf/ . ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf af/]df tkfO{+x¿n] tof/ kfg'{ ePsf] v];f|
ufGv'–/fO{, s[i0f= O{=!((@= g]kfnL s'n'ª /fO{ zAbsf]z= sf7dfG8"M n]vs=
s'nª ' efiff ;Dk|bfosfnflu uj{s} ljifo xf] . o;df s] slt ;'wf/ ug{ jf Gankhu-Rai, Krishna.1992 [VS 2049]. Nepali-Kulung-Rai
kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 dnfO{ x]Ssf ePg . tyflk lgs} klxn]b]lv v6\lsPsf] a'Fwf Shabdakosh [Nepali-Kulung-Rai Dictionary]. Kathmandu:
tkfO{+x¿sf] rf;f]sf] sf/0f cfh lnlka4 ug{ ;kmn ePF . ;+sl' rt 9+un] hfg Author.
x'Gg / a[xQ/ lxtdf nfUg' k5{ eGg] dg;fon] dfq of] v];f| tof/ ug]{ sfd ePsf] -----. ;=@)$*= g]kfnL / s'nª
' –/fO{ efiffdf nf]suLt -efu ! / @_= n]vs=
xf] . o;df cGoyf x'g] 5}g eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . -----. 1991 [VS 2048]. Nepali and Kulung-Rai Bhashama Lokgit
(Part 1 and 2). Author.
|| 219 || || 220 ||
-----. ;=@)$%= g]kfnL / s'nª
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sfOFnf, lj/xL= O{=@))$= ‘s'nª
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|| 227 || || 228 ||
-O{=@)))_ n] eg]sf] æ;fFk|fdfly lk+8n
' f yf]kl/Psf] ;d:ofÆ eGg] s'/fsf] ;Djf]wg
@=!# ls/fFtL–sf]o" (Kiranti-Koyu) cf} ;dfwfgsfnflu sf]o' / b'ªdf-nL_ efifLx¿n] ls/fjf;Fu ;x–ofqf ug]{
lxDdt lng ;Sg' kb{5 . gq oL b'j} efiffx¿ k|of]usf efiffj}Uoflgs b[li6n] x]bf{
@=!#=) kl/ro (Introduction) ljno ;+3f/df g} k'uL ;s]sf 5g\ . lsgeg] jt{dfgdf /fh sf]oL -aif{ ^(_ /
ls/fFtL–sf]o' efifLx¿ klg cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf s]xL c? j]bdfof /fO{ -aif{ ^(_ n] :jf8]z ;o zAbfjnL af]n/] dfQ} efiff ;+/S5]g /
ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿n] h:t} /Mb' egL lrgfpg] ub{5g\ . pgLx¿sf] c? ;Dj4{g x'gj] fnf eg] sbfkL 5}g . t/ l;Pgcf/P;, k|mfG;sL cfOdL nfxfp;f]O;
j}slNks gfdx¿df sf]O (Koi), sf]of] (Koyo) / sf]lx (Kohi) klg klg x'g\ . -O{=@))* of] xf]dk]h ofS;]; ldlt xf] eg] pgsf] 6]S:6df @))$ n]lvPsf] 5_ sf]
cfk\mgf] dft[efiffsf] gfdr}F sf]o' jf /Mb' afc\cf] (bo!o) jf af]c\ (bo!) xf] . sf]oL sf]/k;n] eg] g]kfn kxf8af6 of] efiff k/dwfd} uO{ xfn]5 eg] klg o'uf}+ o'u
ÅofG;f]g -!((!M $^ pgsf] lxHh] Sjf]Orf] >sf]Orf] klg, o;df 8]O6f ;+sngstf{ ;'Ggr}F ;lsg] u/L ^ j6f 6]S:6 cgnfOgdf cknf]8 u/]sL 5g\ . of] klg /]sf]l8{8
/ k'gMn]vgstf{n] ;'Gg / n]Vgdf ;fjwfgL gk'/\ofPsf] xf] ls eGg] nfUb5 . ?kdf efiff arfO /fVg] Pp6f cr's pkfo xf] .
lsgeg] of] c6f]OYgf]lgd sf]FOr xf] . xfd|f] gf]6_ sf] cWoogdf sf]o' / sf]FOr -x]g"{ of] s]xL dfem / s]xL kNnf] ls/fFt 5]qsf] e"–efu ef]hk'/sf] ls/fFtL
@=!! klg_ sf] ;DjGw x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]vfOPsf] 5 . o:tf] b]lvP tfklg dft[efiff kl/b[Zo xf] . ltDdf -7fpFsf] gfd / ls/fFtL–/f]b'ªdf n]lS;d klg_ sf
eflifs lx;fjn] ls/fFtL–afo'ª / ls/fFtL–sf]FOr (#% sUg]6 jf ;dfgtf -x]g"{ k"0f{ /fO{ -hf] ;fDkfª x'g_\ cg';f/ ef]hk'/sf] pQ/L a]N6sf] s]xL efudf dfq
cWofo % / cf]Ku]gf]6{ O{=@))% klg_ /fVg] elugL efiffx¿ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ rfG; ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª efiff lhpFb} 5 xf]Og eg] cGo efifLx¿ ;a} ;efg] afx]s bf];|f] efiff
l/h]DAnG; (chance resemblance) sf] ?kdf dfQ} ln+bf km/s kb}{g . af]lnxfn] eg] Tof] ls/fFtL–ls/fjf dft[efiff g} xf] . of] cy{df ef]hk'/ eGnf dfem
pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] ls/fFt vf]6fª / cf]Nnf] ls/fFt ;f]n'vD' a', cf]vn9'ªuf / /fd]5fk g} ax'–ls/fFtL
klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]]/}n] gSsn ub}{ 7fn' aGg] xf]8df efiff ePsf] Onfsf b]lvof] kNnf] ls/fFtnfO{ cnu /fv]/ x]bf{ . o'jf cg';Gwftf
j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] cf7kxl/of (Athapariya), cf7k|] (Athpre) , lhdL, b]jfg, tf/fd0fL /f]kf5f–sf]o" -hf] sf]o" eP/ klg ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª jStf x'g_\ sf] klg
d'lvof / ;'Aaf h:t} /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . of] /fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g xljut sljåo jt{dfg / ls/fFtLsf] h:t} xf] . pgLx¿n] ls/fFtL–ls/fjf
/fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) efiff;flxTonfO{ arfPsf] / lbPsf] b]g s;}n] / ljz]if ls/fjfx¿n] klg e'Ng'
zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf x'Fbg} . zfob ;efg]sf slj ;|i6f >j0f d'sf?ªsf] syf–Joyf cs}{ xf]nf .
xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . xfdLn] pgsf] ;efg] sljtfnfO{ cg'jfbsf] ?kdf dfQ} ls/fFtL–ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!)
pgLx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqsf g} x'g\ . klg_ df pNn]v ug{ EofPsf 5f}+ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf t emg\ ;efg] ;flxTosf]
P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k eG8f/ eg]{ cgluGtL ;|i6fx¿sf] nfjfn:s/ g} 5g\ .
vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . @=!#=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] ;+:yf ls/fFtL–sf]oL -sf]o~' sf]xL_ ;dfhdf uf]njGb eP/ tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] s]Gb| k|fylds
cfk\mgf] efiff–;flxTosf] ;]jf / lgdf{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} uf]/vfkq sf] gofF lzS5fsf]nflu s]Gb| eg]/ vf]6fª lhNnfsf] ;'ªb]n ufpFnfO{ g} k|:tfljt ug'{n] of]
g]kfn ;dfj]zL k[i7 49 df klg of] dft[efiffn] :yfg kfO;s]sf] 5 . t/ xfdLn] ufpFdf ls/fFtL–sf]o' efiff lhpFb} 5 eGg] x'G5 . ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!M $%–$&_ sf]
ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] pk–cWofo -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ df eg]em}F slj ;|i6f gj/fh sf]o' cWoogn] klg t]xL tYonfO{ cf}+NofPsf] 5 .
‘jt{dfg’ n] cfk\mgf] dft[efiffsf] ;§f ls/fFtL–ls/fjf jStf ePsf]n] klg sf]os' f]
;flxTo eG8f/df :jefljs ?kn] sdL 5 . b'ªdf-nL_ efiff -x]g"{ @=^ klg_ n] tf/fd0fL /f]kf5f–sf]o" -ls/fFtL–sf]o" efiffsf] zJbsf]zdf sfo{ ub}{ ug'{
klg slj ;|i6f e"kfn ls/fFtLaf6 of] em6\sf a]xf]l//x]sf] 5 . pgL klg b'ªdf-nL_ ePsf /f]kf5f -?kfrf ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] Snfgf]lgd_ / cfkm}+r}F ls/fFtL–/f]bª '
nfO{ 5f8]/ ls/fFtL–ls/fjf jStf g} ePsf x'g\ . ls xf]Og eg] uf]kfn vDa" jStf ePsf] v'nf;f u/], cl3 g} pNn]v u/L ;Sof}+_ cg';f/ pbok'/ lhNnfsf]

49
x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !)&, !(* kfgf *–(, !! d+l;/ @)^$ d+unaf/ .
|| 229 || || 230 ||
afF;af]6] uflj; a;]/L / a'Ts' 6f]nx¿df emG8} xhf/ P3f/ ;o sf]o" jStfx¿ 50n] up?ª -x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M %)_, t]lDgdf ;kma" -lbK;'ª, vf]6fª, x]g"{
a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ . o:t} kml0fGb| sf]o' cg';f/ ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] l5gfdv' ufpFsf] kml0fGb| sf]o" ;=@)^)M ^_ cflb g} x'g\ . l5gfdv', ef]hk'/ 7]ufgf ePsf
! / @ j8fx¿df ls/fFtL–sf]o' -x]g"{ gSzf g+= @=!$ XIV klg_ jStfx¿ 5g\ . o;n] ;dfhzf:qL p4j /fO{n] klg ls/fFtL–sf]od' f /fO{kf5f, up?ªkf5f, gfkf5f
k"0f{ /fO{sf] ;"rgfnfO{ sf6]sf] 5 . of] efiff ;Dk|bfosf] d"n k'Vof}{nL ynf] eg]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . t/ /fO{kf5fsf] /fO{sf] d"n ls/fFtL geP/ OG8f]–cfo{g ;+:s[t x'Fb}
vf]6fª lhNnfsf] ;'ªb]n / lbK;'ª g} x'g\ . ls/fFtL ;f]b]n k'vf{n] a;fPsf] j:tL ;efg] xf] . ku/L xf] . Snfgf]lgd xf]Og . jStfx¿n] efiff / Oltxf; la;{b} uPsf]n]
;'ªb]n / af]bn ] n] a;fPsf] j:tLnfO{ lbK;'ª -zfxLdfg /fO{, ‘k'l/Pg klx/f]sf] t];f] ePsf] xf] . ls/fFtL–/f]bª' df klg vf]nfkf5f -x]g"{ /f]b'ª zAbsf]z O{=@))&
3fp’, sflGtk'/ -sf];n ] L_, # h]7 @)^)÷!& dO{ @))#_ eGg] k/Dk/f rnL cfPsf] klg_ atfpg]x¿sf] pxL xl/ljhf]u xf] .
5 . c? Onfsf h:t} /lj, Onfdlt/sfx¿n] ls t afGtfjf ls ;efg] g} af]Nbf @=!#=# eflifs ljz]iftfx¿ (Linguistic Features)
/x]5g\ . o;sf] eflifsf eg]/ ;'ªb]n / a]x]/]nfO{ elgPsf] 5 . ;fy ls/fFtL–
vflnª / ls/fFtL–/b' jf b'dLsf] glhs b]vfOPsf] 5 . ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!M $%–$&_ n] of] efiffsf] :j/ Wjlg jg{df
8fOl;Noflas l;Sj]lG;h\ cj\ 6' efjNh\ 5 t/ lbKyf]ª\hs \ f] ?kdf xf]Og eg]sf
5g\ . /]UdL -O{=@))@_ cg';f/ sf]od' f klg c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} tLg jrg
5g\ / k|yd k'?ifsf] låjrg / ax'jrgdf ;dfj]zL OGrL–OGrL / c;dfa]zL
cGr'–cªs kfOG5 . o:t} k|yd k'?ifsf] Ps jrgdf glhsnfO{ hgfpg] zAb Ob,
6f9fnfO{ hgfpg] zAb pd', emg\ 6f9fnfO{ hgfpg] zAb ofd / /]km/]G;n\nfO{ hgfpg]
zAb wfd u/L rf/ k|sf/sf kfOG5g\ eg] låjrg / ax'jrgdf tLg tLg km/s
zAbfjnLx¿sf] k|of]u kfOG5 .
sf]os' f JoGhg jg{x¿df /]UdLs} cWoog -;=@)^)M @–$_ cg';f/ ÷k\÷,
÷k\m÷, ÷a\÷, ÷e\÷, ÷t\÷, ÷y\÷, ÷b\÷, ÷w\÷,÷s\÷, ÷v\÷, ÷u\÷, ÷3\÷, ÷r\÷, ÷5\÷, ÷h\÷, e\m÷, ÷d\÷,
÷g\÷, ÷ª\÷, ÷;\÷, ÷x\÷, ÷/\÷, ÷n\÷, ÷o\÷, ÷j\÷ u/L hDdf @% 5g\ eg] :j/ jg{x¿df ÷O÷
÷OM÷ ÷p÷ ÷pM÷ ÷P÷ ÷PM÷ ÷cf] ÷ ÷cf]M÷ ÷c ÷cM÷ ÷cf÷ ÷cfM÷ u/L !@ 5g\ . ÅofG;f]gn]
b]Vbf of] efiff ls/fFtL–vflnª–b'dL–s'nª ' / ;fDkfª;Fu klg lg6s 5 .

-gSzf g+=@=!$ XIV: sf]o" efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{= @))^M !!&_ @=!#=$ kq klqsf (Magazines)
of] efiffsf kq klqsf xfn;Dddf Pp6} dfq ;f]b]n b]lvPsf] 5 .
@=!#=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms, ls/fFtL–/f9' -x]g"{ @=!( klg_ sf] sfjf / lnAh'–e'Dh' h:t} ;lqmo x'g] xf] eg] t
moities) ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ sf] hlt b]lvb} x/fpFb} ug]{ ( -gp_ j6f klg
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿ @ xhf/ ^ ;o $! rflxg] xf]Og . oxL klqsfdfk{mt s]xL sf]o' ;|i6fx¿n] :yfg kfpg' k|z+;gLo g}
5g\ . of] jf:tljs xf] ls xf]Og eGg] tYosf] lgSof]{n dft[efiffsf] ;+:yfn] u/] dfGg' kb{5 . kfqf]x¿ klg k|sfzgdf cfPsf] hfgsf/L tf/fd0fL /f]kf5f–sf]o"n]
gu/]sf] ;"rgf clxn]nfO{ xfdL;Fu 5}g . o;sf jStf y/x¿ /f]kf5f, /fO{kf5f Ö lbPsf 5g\ . t/ xfdL;Fu t]:sf] k|lt df}hb" 5}g .
] , vf]6fª_, gfkf5f -gS5f], l5gfdv', ef]hk'/_ 51,
lw?n, d'Gr'kf, xb's' -;'ª\bn
@=!#=% zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary)
50
of] ;"rgf pgL -tf/d0fL sf]o_' ;Fu !) c;f/ @)^# ;fn zlgjf/, v'nfdGrdf OGb|
;f] ;f]b]n dfQ} t]:tf] klqsf /x]5 h;df ls/fFtL–sf]os ' f s]xL
yfD/f]rf–afc\oª' sf] clegGbg sfo{qmdsf] lbg ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t zAbfjnLx¿ k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ . ltgdf !=‘sfoL÷sf]o" efiffsf k|f/lDes
5. zAb;"rL’ -k|]d sf]oL /fO{ ;=@)^!M !$–!^_, @=sf]o" efiffsf k|f/lDes zAb;"rL’
51
of] ;"rgf a]bdfof sf]o"–/fO{;uF @@ ;fpg @)^# ;fndf of8ldlg:6«]l6e :6fkm sn]h, -k|]d sf]oL /fO{ ;=@)^)M @&–@(_, #=‘k|fOd/L j8{ lni6’ -k|]d sf]o–" /fO{ ;=@)%(M
hfjnfv]ndf ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . !(–@!_, $=‘sf]o" efiffdf dfgj cª\usf] gfd’ -b'uf{ /fO{ -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^@M #$_,
|| 231 || || 232 ||
%=‘sf]o" /fO{ efiffdf ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf] uGtL’ -b'uf{ /fO{ -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^@M $^_, vQmf t'Dnf]’ -k|]d sf]o–" /fO{ ;=@)%(M !)_, @=lb:ofvd\–! -k|sfzf]Gd'v_,
^=‘sf]o" efiffsf] zAbfy{ l;sf}+’ -b'uf{ /fO{ -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^@M ^$–^%_, &=‘sf]o" #=;k"mvd\–@ -k|sfzf]Gd'v_ / $=/]sv \ d\–# -k|sfzf]Gd'v_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . oL
zAbfjnL’ -;ftn5L / s';d' ntf /fO{ ;=@)$*M ^#–^$_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . zAbsf]z k|sfzf]Gd'vx¿ rfF8} k|sfzgdf cfpg eGg] xfd|f] z'esfdgf 5 .
g} eg]/ t]:tf] s]xL klg k|sfzg e]l6Pg .
@=!#=!! efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies)
@=!#=^ n]v÷/rgfx¿ (Write ups/compositions) efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf klg :jb]zL efiffljb\x¿n] u/]sf] s]xL ;flxTo
of] efiffdf n]v jf /rgfx¿ klg c;fWo} sd kfO{of] . tL kfOPsfdf kfOPsf] 5 . tL x'g–\ !=‘sf]oL÷sf]o" /fO{x¿sf] ;d:of’ -jt{dfg ;=@)^!M #_,
dfQ} b'O6{ f n]vx¿ !=‘sf]oL efiff n]n5] L :of]dj’ -/fh sf]o–" /fO{ ;=@)%(M *–(_ @=‘sf]o" efiffsf] j0f{’ -eLdgf/fo0f /]UdL ;=@)^)M !–$_, #=sf]o' efiffsf] ?k/]vf
/ @=‘;f]bn ] yDk' ;d 5cd <’ -/fh sf]o–" /fO{ ;=@)%(M !)–!!_ 5g\ eg] c? -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))^_, $=ofg\ cGoflnl;; cj\ sf]o" df]kmf]{nf]hL -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))#_,
kQf] nfu]g . o;df klg ;f]b]n sf] g} b]g 5 . ;+=@)^% c;f]h !& ut] z'qmaf/sf] %=s]; l;:6d Og\ sf]o' -tf/fd0fL /fO{ O{=@))&_, ^=‘c ;e]{ cj\ lnªu'Ol:6s
uf]/vfkq gofF g]kfn kfgfdf eg] k|yd kfgf * k"/}df eg] hol;nf sf]o," /fh js{;\ Og\ sf]o' /fO{’ -k"jj{t\ O{=@))^M !*–@)_ cflb . ÅofG;gsf] gfd cl3 g}
sf]oL, lbj; / b'uf{ /fO{x¿sf] sljtf tyf n]vx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . pNn]v eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
@=!#=& k'm6s/ sljtf÷uLtx¿ (Poems & songs) @=!#=!@ efiff÷hfltzf:q÷j+zfjnL (Language/ethnology/genealogy)
;[hgflt/ s]xL sljtf / uLt ljwfdf snd rn]sf] kfO{of] . olt g} eP cfh;Dd hfltzf:qLo cWoog kQf] gnfu] klg j+zfjnL eg] 5flkPsf]
klg xfd|fn
] flu cxf]/fq g} xf] . snd rnfpg]x¿df !=‘cfªf ;d'Gb|f wf]vf]ª’ kfof}+ . Tof] l5gfdv"sf sf]o" j+zfjnL -ljnf;rGb| /fO{ ;=@)%@_ g} xf] . o:t}
-gj/fh jt{dfg ;=@)%^M !@@_, @=‘n'3fd atx O{b’ -Ps/fh sf]o" ;=@)^)M ls/fFtL–sf]os ' f] lrgf/L lbg] vfnsf] Pp6f n]v ‘sf]o" sf]oLx¿sf] s]xL lrgf/L /
!@@_, #=‘k"ms' lg k""ms' lg’ -kml0fGb| sf]o" ;=@)^)M !@#_, $=‘rflKtvd’ -t'kmfg ;femf ;d:of’ -phf8 sf]o" ;=@)^@M ^^–^&_ klg kfOPsf] 5 . ca ;dfhzf:qL
sf]oL ;=@)%(M !@_, %=‘a'jf x]Pd’ -/]vf sf]o" ;=@)%(M !@_, ^=‘;]jfd] cª\sf’ p4a /fO{n] r]kfªsf] cWoogaf6 of] lbzfdf klg Wofg df]8\g' kg]{ 68\sf/f]
-ldngs'df/L sf]o–" /fO{ ;=@)%(M !%_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . cfjZostf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
@=!#=* syf÷nf]ssyf (Folktales/folklore) @=!#=!# efiff–;F:s[lt÷d'Gw'd÷;F:sf/ (Language-
syf jf nf]ssyf ljwfdf klg tLgf]6f dfQ} e]l6Psf] 5 . tL x'g–\ ‘a"9f] culture/mundhum/practices)
tf]ªbf]’ -rfj'ª sf]o" ;=@)%(M !&–!*_, ‘;fKnf ldg\’ -/fh sf]oL ;=@)^!M #_, efiff;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf ;+:sf/, ;F:s[lt / d'Gw'ddf klg s]xL t]:tf
‘l/laKdf gfo"df’ -kml0fGb| sf]o" ;=@)^@M &–!)_ cflb OToflb . c? syfsf/x¿ n]vx¿ / k|sfzg e]l6P . ltgdf !=‘l;sf/ v]Nbf cfTdf hf]; rnfpg]’ -kml0fGb|
;'ªb]naf6 p7\t} xf]nfg\ eGg] cfzfdf 5f}+ . sf]o" ;=@)%(M @$–@%_, @=ls/fFt sf]o" d'Gw'dM wd{;:+ sf/ -kml0fGb| sf]o"
-;Dkf=÷;+sns_ ;=@)%(_, #=‘sf]o" /fO{sf] ;+:sf/’ -kml0fGb| sf]o" ;=@)^)M %–
@=!#=( cg"lbt ;flxTo (Translated literature) (_, $=‘sf]o" /fO{sf] ;+:sf/’ -kml0fGb| sf]o" /fO{ ;=@)^#M @%–@&_, %=‘pFef}nL
ls/fFtL–vflnªsf] h:tf] Go" 6]:6fdG6 ls/fFtL–sf]od' f cg'jfb eO{ ;fs]nf’ -/fh sf]oL–/fO{ ;=@)^@M @$–@^_, ^=‘bf];fd sfGd' ;f]ls/L sKsf u'Gof
;s]sf] /x]g5 . o; efiffdf xfn;Dd Pp6f dfQ} syf cg'jfb ePsf] kfof}+ . t];df rf]nf’ -Ps/fh sf]oL–/fO{ ;=@)^@M %(–^#_ cflb OToflb g} x'g\ . of] 5]qdf klg
‘lglgdf lgg\ uf]Nd]’ -jt{dfgs[t ‘lglgdf / uf]Nd]’ sf] cg'= lzj/fh sf]o–" /fO{ ls/fFtL–ls/fjf–ofSy'ª / /f]bª ' sf] bfFhf]df k'UgnfO{ w]/} ofqf to ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg
;=@)%^M !)$–!)&_ g} xf] . lzj/fh sf]o–" /fO{n] jt{dfgsf] Tof] syf cg'jfb u/]/ cfPsf] 5 .
nfpg;Ddsf] u'g nufP 5g\ cfk\mgf] dft[efiff / jStfx¿nfO{ . xfdL ljz]if ?kn]
ub\ub\ eof}+ . @=!#=!$ ls/fFtL–sf]o" gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Koyu sample
wordlist)
@=!#=!) kf7\ok':ts÷;fdu|L (Textbooks/pedagogical materials) xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
efiff arfpg / ljsf; ug{sfnflu kf7\ok':ts / ;fdu|Lx¿ geO{ gx'g] cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
s'/f x'g\ . otflt/ klg s]xL e]l6of] . ltgdf !=‘sf]oL a\ r]lrls ;fk"g;
" L ‘;’ la ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M #&–#(_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
|| 233 || || 234 ||
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} ^!=*l;Dgfd\ -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=g' -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . o;nfO{ cl3 ljz]iftf pk–vG8df ^#=cubL -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=cf]sf] -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
eg]em}F ls/fFtL–b'dL–;fDkfª–gfl5l/ª–s'nª ' ;fy} /f]b'ª;Fu klg t'ngf u/L x]g{ ^%=nDb' -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ldgf -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
;lsG5 . t/ oxfF Tof] ;Dej gePsf]n] sf]o' zAbfjnL dfQ} lbPsf 5f}+ . ^&=x' -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=lxnfk -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
!=emf/f -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=e'O -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash ^(=;'jf? -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=*lvrfd -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
#=sc -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=*d'd' -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly &!= === -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=b]d' -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
%=3Nkf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=l;NkL -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &#=;]Gd' -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=/? -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
&=sfOd' -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=d;'s'n' -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black &%=d'd' -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=*scM -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
(=lxg\ -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=l;n' -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone &&=OKd' -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=5'Gt -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
!!=kd\ -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=*wKd' -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn &(=s'xn ' L -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=/]6\d÷' */O6d' -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
!#=s'xj' f -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=*5Od\ -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold *!=;ªu]/\a' -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=*n -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
!%=x'd' -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=ldd' -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die *#=gd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=ofKd' -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!&=lvaf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'd' -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink *%=ld? -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=ofd\ -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
!(=xfªfd\ -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=lªrf]÷ *gfsf;' -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *&=Ob -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=cfg\ -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
@!=afofv' -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=lhd' -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat *(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=lªnf] -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
@#=lklwg\ -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ld;L -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye (!=l;;d\ -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=;Sk'÷;s\ -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
@%=nfKt -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dLg\ -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire (#=nlDyd' -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk($=sªvf÷ *5Os' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@&=lª -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=l; -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat (%=Oª\sL -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=;d -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
*
@(= e]d'F -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=kmdfn -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot (&=?jfkm -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=cf;' -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
#!=*leGd' -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lad' -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give ((=ldGr'df -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=kmOa' -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
##=vfg'Kkf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=a'jf -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease -------------
#%=;]n]d\ -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=bf];fd\ -gf_ ‘s];’ hair xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6M g+=$=*d'd' -gf_ ‘k]6’ !@=*wKd' -lqm_ sf] :yfgdf wfd", !$=*5Od\
#&=v'/ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=tvn -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head -lj_ sf] :yfgdf 5]Pd\ @)=lªrf]÷ *gfsf;' -gf_ gfsf;' sf] :yfgdf gfsfo",
#(=lª:d' -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=r'jf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart @(=*e]d'F -lqm_ sf] :yfgdf e]d,"{ #!=*leGd' -lqmlj_ sf] :yfgdf leGrfd\,
$!=3f] -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=k'r]d÷\ /fk]d\ -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot $^=*sf]d' -lqm_ sf] :yfgdf sf]c\d," $&=*;-f_kmL -gf_ sf] :yfgdf ;kmf]
$#=cfª -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]d' -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf ;kmf_, %#=*w'd\ -lj_sf] :yfgdf b'd,\ %*=*g' -gf_ sf]
$%=vSn]a' -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=*sf]d' -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know :yfgdf g'F, ^!=*l;Dgfd\ -gf_ sf] :yfgdf l;gfd\, &)=*lvrfd -lj_ sf]
:yfgdf kf]kf]nf], *)=/]6\d÷' */O6d' -lqm_ b'js
} f] :yfgdf /]Kd', *@=*n -gf_
$&=*;-f_kmL -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=*lyd';L -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
sf] :yfgdf l5n', *$=ofKd' -lqm_ sf] :yfgdf jfKd", ($=sªvf÷ *5Os'
$(=n'd' -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=;f]kf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long -gf_ 5Os'sf] :yfgdf l5s" x'G5 egL tf/fd0fL sf]o"n] u/]sf]
%!=;]/ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=nfGr'jf -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man /]lS6lkms]O;g xf] . pgn] g} ls/fef tyf ;fkn] k|sfzgdf NofPsf] :jf8]z
*
%#= w'd\ -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=n' -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon zAbx¿df /fh sf]oL -aif{ ^(_ / a]bdfof /fO{ -aif{ ^(_ sf] ;xof]udf t];f]
%%=dn'rf] -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=sd\ -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth u/]sf /x]5g\ . # / g+=&^ sf] ‘af]qmf’ / ‘5fnf’ nfO{ ls/fFtL–sf]o'
%&=;]GbL -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=*g' -gf_ ‘gfd’ name jStfx¿n] Ps} ;Dembf /x]5g\ . g+= $* sf] lqmof ?kdf a]dn ] 5 . lsgeg]
%(=bS5' -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=lguf -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
|| 235 || || 236 ||
;j} lqmof kbdf –d' cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] lqmofsf] s[bGt ?k (infinitive Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
marker)–d' c? w]/} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df –df xf] . Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
Indigenous Nationalities.
@=!#=!% lgrf]8 (Conclusion) ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
of] cWofosf] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs t]xd| f k/]sf] sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
ls/fFtL–sf]o' dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
cNk;+Vosn] af]Ng] of] efiffdf ;[hgftk{m snd rn]sf] eP klg l:ylt t]tL Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
;Gtf]ifhsg 5}g . /]l8of] ;Grf/ dfWoddf klg st} b]vf k/]g . pgLx¿ cfh;Dd Yayokkha.
/fHosf] cfFvfdf cb[Zo g} kfO{of] . 5fkf ;Grf/ dfWoddf klg Pp6f dfQ} klqsf sf]o–" /fO{, Ps/fh= ;=@)^@= ‘bf];fd sfGd' ;f]ls/L sKsf u'Gof rf]nf’, ;f]b]n, $,
5 eg] e/v/ uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf %M %(–^#=
Snfgf]lgdx¿ klg t]tL w]/} e]l6Pg . efiff–hfltzf:qLo / ;fF:s[lts kS5]sf] Koyu-Rai, Ekraj. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Dosam kanmu sokiri kapka
cWoog klg sd} 5 . efiffj}Uoflgs ljz]iftfdf ÅofG;f]gn] s]nfPsf] ljz]iftf gunya chola’, Sodel, 4, 5: 59-63.
rfvnfUbf] x'g ;S5 . Jofs/g, zAbsf]z, cg'jfb cflbdf klg k5fl8 kfl/Psf] / -----. ;=@)^)= ‘n'3fd atx O{b’, !@@=
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Lagham bahat id’, 122.
k/]sf] :k:6 b]lvG5 . klZrdf efiffljb\x¿df ÅofG;f]g eGbf c? ckjfb h:t} 5 .
xfn} cfOdL nfxfp;f]O;sf] k|j]zn] eg] sf]on ' fO{ cGt//fli6«o hutdf b]vf kg]{ sf]o," kml0fGb|= ;=@)^#= ‘sf]o" /fO{sf] ;+:sf/’, lgK;'ª, !#, @$M @%–@&=
Koyu, Phanindra. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Koyu Raiko sanskar’,
cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] e]l6Psf] 5 . ;flxTo ;[hgfdf / kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿df klg t]tL Nipsung, 13, 24: 25-27.
;Gtf]ifhgs kxn / k|sfzg b]lvPg . t;y{, ls/fFtL–sf]o' efiff arfpg / -----. ;=@)^@= ‘l/laKdf gfo"df’,;f]b]n, $, %M &–!)=
ljsf; ug{sf]nflu w]/} tk:ofd"ns ofqfx¿ kf/ ug'{ kg]{5 . -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Ribipma Nayuma’, Sodel, 4, 5: 7-10.
-------------- -----. ;=@)^)= ‘k"ms' lg k""ms' lg’, !@#=
ljz]if l6KkgL -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Phuku ni phuku ni’, 123.
xfdL of] cWofosf] sf]o" pk–cWofo o'jf cg';Gwftf tf/fd0fL -/fO{_ -----. ;=@)^)= ‘sf]o" /fO{sf] ;+:sf/’, ;f]b]n, # M %–(=
/f]kf5f–sf]o" -hf] sf]o" eP/ klg ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª jStf x'g_\ nfO{ -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Koyu Raiko sanskar’, Sodel, 3: 5-9.
6Lsfl6KkgLsfnflu eg]/ lbPsf lyof}+ . pgL klg sljåo gj/fh jt{dfg / e"kfn -----. ;=@)%(M ‘l;sf/ v]Nbf cfTdf hf]; rnfpg]’, ;f]b]n, !, @M @$–@%=
ls/fFtL h:t} cfk\mgf] dft[efiff eGbf klg ls/fFtL–/f]bª' jStf ePsf]n] xf]nf s]xL -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Sikar khelda atma jos chalaune’, Sodel, 1,
2: 24-25.
klg n]vs ] f lyPgg\ . a? xfd|f sf]Kkf /fh sf]oL -aif{ ^(_ / sf]s' jf au] j]bdfof
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘sf]oL efiff n]n]5L :of]dj’, ;f]b]n, !, @M *–(=
/fO{ -aif{ ^(_ sxfF wfP/ ofof]Svfsf] :jf8]z ;o zAbfjnLnfO{ /]lS6kmfO u/L -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Koyi bhasha lelechhi syomaba’, Sodel, 1, 2:
lbP5g\ . o;sf]nflu xfdL pgLk|lt cfef/L 5f}+ . 8-9.
-----. -;Dkf=÷;+sns_= ;=@)%(= ls/fFt sf]o" d'Gw'dM wd{;+:sf/ =sf7dfG8"M
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography /fh sf]o" / k|]d sf]o="
-----. (ed.). 2002 [VS 2059]. Kirat Koyu Mundhum:
PjO5f–afGtjf, l8s= ;=@)%*= afGtjf -/fO{_ zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M lbks'df/ Dharmasanskar. Kathmandu: Raj Koyu and Prem Koyu.
?kfa'ª= sf]o," rfj'ª= ;=@)%(= ;=@)%(= ‘a"9f] tf]ªbf]’, ;f]b]n, !, @M !&–!*=
Ewoicha- Bantawa, Dik. 2001 [VS 2058]. Bantawa (Rai) Koyu, Chabung. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Budho tongdo’, Sodel, 1, 2: 17-
Shabdakosh. Kathmandu: Dipkumar Rupabung. 18.
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ = sf]o," /]vf= ;=@)^)= ‘a'jf x]Pd’, ;f]b]n, #M !@=
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg= Koyu, Rekha. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Buwa heyem’, Sodel, 3: 12.

|| 237 || || 238 ||
sf]o," phf8= ;=@)^@= ‘sf]o"÷sf]oLx¿sf] s]xL lrgf/L / ;femf ;d:of’, ;f]b]n, nfxfp;f]O;, cfOdL= O{=@))$= ‘sf]oL /fO{ sf]/k;’= l;Pgcf/P;, k|mfG; cgnfOg=
$, %M ^^–^&= Lahaussois, Aimée. 2004. ‘Koyi Rai Corpus’. CNRS, France
Koyu, Ujad. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Koyu/Koyiharuko kehi chinari ra Online.
sajha samasya ’, Sodel, 4, 5: 66-67. /fO{, b'uf{ -;Dkf=_= ;=@)^@= ‘sf]o" efiffdf dfgj cª\usf] gfd’, ;f]b]n, $, %M #$=
sf]oL, t'kmfg= ;=@)%(= ‘rflKtvd’, ;f]b]n, !, @M !@= Koyu, Durga (ed.). 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Koyu bhashama manab
Koyi, Tuphan. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Chaptikham’, Sodel, 1, 2: 12. angako nam’, Sodel, 4, 5: 34.
" L ‘;’ la vQmf t'Dnf]’, ;f]b]n, !, @M
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘sf]oL a\ r]lrls ;fk"g; -----. ;=@)^@= ‘sf]o" /fO{ efiffdf ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf] uGtL’, ;f]b]n, $, %M $^=
!)= -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Koyu Rai bhashama 1 dekhi 100 sammako
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Koyi ba chechiki sapunusi 's' bi khatta ganti’, Sodel, 4,5: 46.
tumlo’, Sodel, 1, 2: 10. -----. ;=@)^@= ‘sf]o" efiffsf] zAbfy{ l;sf}+’, ;f]b]n, $, %M ^$–^%=
sf]oL–/fO{, k|]d -;Dkf=_= ;=@)^!= ‘sf]oL÷sf]o" efiffsf k|f/lDes zAb;"rL’, -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Koyu bhashako shabdartha sika+’, Sodel,
;f]b]n, $M !$–!^= 4,5: 46.
Koyi-Rai, Prem (ed.). 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Koyi/Koyu bhashaka /fO{, zfxLdfg= ;=@)^)= ‘k'l/Pg klx/f]sf] 3fp’, sflGtk'/ -sf];n
] L_, # h]7 ÷!&
prarambhik shabdawali’, Sodel, 4: 14-16. dO{ @))#=
-----. -;Dkf=_= ;=@)^)= sf]o" efiffsf k|f/lDes zAb;"rL’, ;f]b]n, #M @&–@(= Rai, Shahiman. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Puriena pahiroko ghau’,
-----. (ed.). 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Koyu bhashaka prarambhik Kantipur, 17 May.
shabdasuchi’, Sodel, 3: 27-29. /fO{, ;ftn5L / s';d' ntf /fO{= ;=@)$*= ‘sf]o" zAbfjnL’, lxdfno, !, !, #M
-----. -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%(= ‘k|fOd/L j8{ lni6’;f]b]n, !, @M !(–@!= ^#–^$=
-----. (ed.). 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Pramary word list’, Sodel, 1, 2: 19-21. Rai, Satalachhi and Kusumlata Rai. 1991 [VS 2048]. ‘Koyu
sf]o–" /fO{, /fh= ;=@)^@= ‘pFef}nL ;fs]nf’, ;f]b]n, $, %M @$–@^= sabdawali’, Himalaya, 1, 1, 3: 64-65.
Koyu-Rai, Raj. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘,bhauli Sakela’, Sodel, 4, 5: 24- /]UdL, eLdgf/fo0f= O{=@))^= sf]o' efiffsf] ?k/]vf -n3' cg';Gwfg l/kf]6_{ = g]kfn
26. /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg=
-----. ;=@)^!= ‘;fKnf ldg\’, ;f]b]n, #, $M #= Regmi, Bhim N. 2006. Koyu bhashako ruprekha (An Outline of
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Sapla min’, Sodel, 3, 4: 3. Koyu Grammar, Research Report). Royal Nepal Academy.
] yDk' ;d 5cd <’, ;f]b]n, #M !)–!!=
-----. ;=@)^)= ‘;f]bn -----. O{=@))#= ofg\ cGoflnl;; cj\ sf]o" df]kmf]{nf]hL -l/;r{ l/kf]6{_= o'lgel;{6L
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Sodel thampu sam cha?m ?’, Sodel, 3: 10- u|fG6;\ sld;g=
11. -----. 2003. An analysis of Koyu morphology (Research Report).
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘sf]oL efiff n]n]5L :of]dj’, ;f]b]n, !, @M *–(= University Grants Commission.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Koyi bhasha lele syomaba’, Sodel, 1, 2: 8- -----. O{=@))@= k;{gn k|fg] fpG;\ Og\ sf]o=" k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6jG6Ly8{ ofg'cn
9. sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]j]Da/=
sf]o–" /fO{, ldngs'df/L= ;=@)%(= ‘;]jfd] cª\sf’, ;f]b]n, !, @M !%= -----. 2002. Personal pronouns in Koyu. Paper presented in the 23rd
Koyu-Rai, Milan K. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Sewame angka’, Sodel, 1, 2: Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27
15. November.
sf]o–" /fO{, lzj/fh= ;=@)%^= ‘lglgdf lgg\ uf]Nd]’ -jt{dfgs[t ‘lglddf / uf]Nd]’ -----. ;=@)^)= ‘sf]o" efiffsf] j0f{’, ;f]b]n, #M !–$=
sf] cg'=_, ;okqL, %, !M !)$–!)&= -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Koyu bhashako varna’, Soldel, 3: 1-4.
Koyu-Rai, Shivaraj. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Ninima nin Golme’ /fO{, tf/fd0fL= O{=@))&= s]; l;:6d Og\ sf]o=' k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\jG6LPy
(‘Ninima ra Golme’ text trans. from Vartaman) , Sayapatri, sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]eD] a/, ;]8f
5, 1: 104-107. sLlt{k/' =
|| 239 || || 240 ||
Rai, Taramani. 2007. Case system in Koyu. Paper presented in the
28th Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27 @=!$ ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª (Kiranti-Lohorung)
November, CEDA Kirtipur.
-----. O{=@))^= ‘c ;e]{ cj\ lnªu'Ol:6s js{;\ Og\ sf]o' /fO{’, ;f]b]n, !*–@)=
-----. 2006. A survey of linguistic works in Koyu Rai, Sodel, 18-20. @=!$=) kl/ro (Introduction)
jt{dfg -gh/fh sf]o–" /fO{_= @)^)= ‘x' Oh\ b sf]oL /fO{’, ;f]b]n, #M !#–!^=
Vartaman (Nawaraj Koyu-Rai). 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Who is the Koyi ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªx¿sf] :jhfltgfd (autoethnonym) eg] d]jfxfª,
Rai’, Soldel, 3: 13-16. ofDk'm / ofSvfx¿sf] h:t} ofSvfaf -t'n= ?6h;{ !((*M $ klg_ g} xf] .
-----. ;=@)%^= ‘cfªf ;d'Gb|f wf]vf]ª’, !@@= pgLx¿sf] c? j}slNks gfdx¿df u'un ;r{ OlGhg 52n] nflDaf]r-5_f]ª 53
-----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Aanga samundra dhokhong’, 122. (Lambichong; Lambichhong; Lambitshong), u];! (Gess), nf]x¿ª
-----. ;=@)^!= ‘sf]oL÷sf]o" /fO{x¿sf] ;d:of’, ;f]b]n, #, $M !*–!(= vfgfjf! (Lohrung Khanawa), laSzL jf ljlS;t (Biksit or Bikshi),
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Koyi/Koyu Raiharuko samasya’, Soldel, 3, ofSvfaf nf]?ª (Yakkhaba Lorung), nf]x¿ª vf6]-t]_ cflb g} xf] .
4: 18-19. pgLx¿sf] k'/fgf] lrgf/Ldf æklxn] nf]xf]?ª / lnDa" Pp6} lyP t/ clxn] /fO{
ePÆ 54 eGg] egfO kfOPsf] 5 . t/ ‘/fO{’ zAbsf] af/]df s]xL cg'R5]bd'lg :k:6
***************************
kf/]sf 5f}+ . pgLx¿sf] j}slNks gfddf nflDa5f]ª k/]sf] ePklg xfdLn] dL
kfl5s klqsfdf kxndfg sTj/f–/fO{ / g/ sTj/f–/fO{ -;=@)^@M ^_
‘nflDa5f]ª /Lª’ zLif{sdf ;[hgfTds k|sfzg e]6]sf 5f}+ . oxfF l/ª zAbn] c?
ls/fFtL efiffx¿ h:t} ls/fFtL–s'nª ' , ls/fFtL–cf7k|] / ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª -?ª_
‘efiff’ eGg] cy{ af]ss] f] x'G5 . oxfF nf]xf]?ªsf] vfk / nflDa5f]ªsf] /Lª n]
cg';Gwftfx¿nfO{ 3f]TNofOFdf kf/]sf] 5 .
cfk"mnfO{ ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª dfGg]x¿r}F cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ nf]xf]?ª
vfk! (Lohorung Khap) eGb5g\ eg] eflifsf eg]/ lalS;t / u];nfO{ elgPsf]
5 . ofDk'm / ofSvfnfO{ pQ/L nf]xf]?ª;Fu glhs b]vfOPsf] eP klg 5'§} efiff
elgPsf] 5 . cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªx¿ k'hf/LnfO{
of6fªkf÷of6fª\df eGg] ub{5g\ . pgLx¿df ;fd]sc\ / rfjf n] ;fdflhs sfo{df
dxTjk"g{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ . of] ;fd]sc\ / rfjf afx]s of6fªkf÷of6fª\dfn]
s]xL klg ;fdflhs sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb}gg\ . ljx]jf/Ldf klg of] cfjZos
x'G5 .

52
;f] ;r{ OlGhg xfdLn] !^ ;]K6]Da/ @))& /ljjf/sf lbg e|dg u/]sf lyof}+ .
53
o;sf] 5f]6f] ?k nfD5f]ª x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . lsgeg] P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf]
Wjlg kl/jt{gsf] lgodnfO{ klg xfdLn] lj;{g' x'Gg .
54
of] ;"rgf 8f=r}tGo d]Gofªaf]–;'Aaf;Fu !^ ;fpg @)^# -cyf{t\ ! cu:t @))^_ h]k
-hghflt ODkfj/dG6 k|f]hS] 6_ df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgL cfwfl/t 5 . pxfFs}
;"rgf cg';f/ s'df/ ;'Aafn] nf]xf]?ªx?nfO{ lnDa" eg]/ n]vs] f x'g\ . s'df/ ;'Aafsf
af/]df eg] 8f=;'Aaf;Fu} hfgsf/L lng' plrt x'G5 .
|| 241 || || 242 ||
pgLx¿sf] pk–;d"xdf lskf / nf]s] 5g\ elgPsf] 5 . oL b'j} cfk\mgf]
;+:yf ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª ofSVofjf o'of]ªdf cfj4 eO{ cfk\mgf] efiffsf] ;]jf
ul//x]sf 5g\ . kfªdf ufpF, vfFbjf/L, ;+vj' f;ef lhNnfdf of] dft[efiffsf
jStfx¿ kfOG5g\ 55 eg] tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] klg
dft[efiffdf k|fylds lzS5fsf]nflu s]Gb| eg]/ o;} ufpFnfO{ k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ .
of] eGbf klxn] nf]xf]?ª\ jf ofVvfjfx¿sf] ;a–Snfgf]lgdnfO{ klxn]
xfªvLd, 5'sj' f / afnf-nL_nfO{ efiffzf:qLx¿n] 5'§} eflifs ;Dk|bfo egL
lrgfpg] k|of; u/]sf x'g\ . t/ oL tLg} y/gfd jf Snfgf]lgd (clanonym) x¿
5'§} eflifs ;Dk|bfo geP/ ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªsf OYgf]–Snfgf]lgd (ethno-
clanonym) g} x'g\ . pgLx¿ ;fdflhs Joj:yfkgdf Ps Åjfª~xfª sf]
kl/sNkgfdf p;sf] ;xof]uLsf ;fy} O{i6 ldqx¿n] sfo{qmd u/L ;Grfng ub{5g\ .
cGo pk–cWofox¿df pNn]v u/]em}F pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd
(exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] /
kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . of] zAbsf] d"n
h/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . ls/fFtL–nf]xf]ªx¿ klg vfDaf]ªjf
(Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] -gSzf g+=@=!% XV: nf]xf]?ª efiff 5]q, ;|f]tM u'?ª / c? O{= @))^M !@#_
:jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . t/ pgLx¿ Onfd lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªx¿sf] hDdf cf7 y/,
cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] :jhfltgfd (auto-ethnonym) df cl3 pNn]lvt ls/fFtL pk–y/x¿df cfªa'/fª, u];f, rfaf, rf]ªvf, 7]8ª ' , ofªvL/f, ?Dafª;f /
eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿n]em}+ ofSvfjf g} egL lrgfpg] ePsf]n] klg ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] jf?ª -c? Snfgf]lgdx¿ d'lg x]g"{ @=!$=@ df_ kfOPsf 5g\ . wgs'6fdf
kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] td/vf]nf blVvg / h?jfvf]nf k"j{ / /3'jfvf]nf klZrd jLr af]w,] dpgfa'b's]
b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ / /fhf/fgL ufpFlt/ klg pgLx¿sf] s]xL ;+Vof 5l/P/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
@=!$=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
;fF:s[lts ?kdf ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªx¿n] hDdf ^ ;fDdfªx¿nfO{ k'Hg] moities)
ub{5g\ . ltgdf kfKkf ;fDdfª, rSv ;fDdfª, lvlDkP ;fDdfª, nf6faf ;fDdfª,
b]rfKkf ;fDdfª, ;'Aaf ;'Aa]gL -/fd 5'sj' f–nf]xf]?Í ld=g=_ g} x'g\ . ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª dft[efifLx¿sf] jStf;+Vof ! xhf/ ! ;o (! -u'un
;r{ OlGhgn] @))) 8ANo';L8L eg]/ %,&^! b]vfPsf]_ 5 . EfflG;6f6{ -O{=!*(^ /
@=!$=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution) !()^_ n] Tof] ;dodf ‘nf]xf]/f]g’ lxHh] ;'g5] / t]xL n]vs ] f 5g\ . ls/fFtL–
pgLx¿sf] d"n ynf] kfªdf ufpF, vfFbjf/L, ;+vj' f;ef lhNnf g} xf] . nf]xf]?ª cfnf, b]xb]g, x]bªgf 6f]kf]lgd lagf, sOc;f]ª, bDkm';f]ª, dªb]gjf,
a;fOF ;/fOsf] qmddf g]kfnsf ljleGg e"–efux¿ h:t}M kfFry/, wgs'6f, Onfd, g]jfxfª -nf]xf]?ªdf g]jfxfª < xfd|f] k|Zg_, ltªjflt, oªqmf]ª ->ofªs'?ª,
df]/Í, ;'g;/L, emfkf -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=!% XV klg_ cflb lhNnfx¿df k'us ] f] ofªv|'ª_ -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()(_, nfD;f]ª -h:t}M lagf /fO{ý b]/d]
kfOG5 . g]kfn aflx/ ef/tsf] bflh{lnª, l;lSsd, e'6fg -ef]6fª_, sflnDkf]Í lblbª 6f]kf]lgd, v/t'jf 6f]kf]lgd, cfªnf 6f]kf]lgd, jflrs, x]n'jf_ vfO;f]ª,
-sfn]a'ª_ cflb 5]qx¿df klg a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . t/ olt g} ;+Vof egL lac\jf, b]lvd, 8]S;f]ª, n'Da]g, ofªv'?ª, ofDa|fª, 5'sj' f, o'Dkfª, lalS;s,
tf]Sg ;lsPsf] 5}g . b[lvd, s]T/f, xfªlvd, 6]df cflb .
55
/fd 5'sj' f–nf]xf]?ª -k|sfzf]Gd'v_ cg';f/ ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªsf]
of] ;"rgf Zff]ef s'n'ª–/fO{;uF !% c;f]h @)^# -jf ! cS6f]a/ @))^_ /ljjf/sf] lbg Snfgf]lgd / pk–Snfgf]lgdx¿ lgDgfg';f/ e]l6Psf] 5M
ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
|| 243 || || 244 ||
Snfgf]lgd nfjf÷;fd]sc\ rfjf x'g\ . c? sltko ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿df klg t]:tf] k|lqmofaf6 ylkPsf
k'?if :qL ?lkdx¿nfO{ ;fOgf]–l6j]6f]–ad{g (Sino-Tibeto-Burman) ls/fFtL efiffx¿df
s]T/f o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf ldg\rfjf ylkg' lrgf/Lsf] lx;fjn] Gofo ;+ut 7xb}{g .
vfO;ª o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf ldg\rfjf
lvDk'n] o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf xfªr'jf
@=!$=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
5'sj' f-nL_÷r]cj\ f-nL_?ªvfaf ?s~/f]ªvfdf vfdn]jf÷bf5]c\jf -cf?af]6_] of] efiffdf klg c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} k'?if sf]6L (male
6]ª;f * * * marker) –af h:t} b]vfaf / :qL sf]6L (female marker) –df h:t} b]vfdf g}
7]D;ª * * * xf] . o;sf :j/ jg{x¿df !$ 5g\ eg] JoGhg jg{x¿ @^ kfOPsf 5g\ . h:t}M
8]S;]ª * * * k km t y -6_ -7_ s v c\
t]D/f o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf ldg\rfjf ae bw -8_ -9_ u3
lb|lv{d * * rfªnfªdf r5
b]lVvd lrS;faf b]Vvfdf nfDafjf -kfªdf_ h em
lalS;s\ o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf 6f]Dafjf -ofk'm, lblbª_ ; x
lajf s]5faf s]5fdf nfDafjf d g ª
dfªl;vLd * * * /
ofªv|'?ª s]5faf s]5fdf kLS7'Sdf -wf/fkfgL, w'k_' n
ofªv]nf o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf 6f]Dafjf j o
ofDa|fª * * * c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿dfe}Fm ls/fFtL nf]xf]?ª klg tLg jrg / k|yd k'?if
o'Dkfª o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf n'ªe'Sdf låjrg clg ax'jrgdf ;dfj]zL–c;dfj]zL ;j{gfdsf] lje]b -x]g"{ ofbj, /fO{ /
nfD;f]ª 56 cfªnf o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf ldg\rfjf /]UdL O{=@))$_ kfOPsf] 5 .
, vfb'{jf o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf l;ªe'ªdf @=!$=$ efiff Jofs/g (Grammar)
,, b];/]g÷b]/g] o'ªvfaf o'ªvfdf n'ªe'Sdf÷n'ªsf]jf -lblbª_
ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] cWo]tf k|f=8f=hf]h{ Eofg l8«cdsf] o'/f]kaf6
,, kfªdf -jfrLs\_ lrS;faf lrS;fdf nfDafjf
k|sflzt x'g] u|ofd/ cj\ nf]xf]?ª tof/Ldf 5 eGg] ;"rgf xfdLn] lxdfnog
nfD;f]ª lrS;faf o'ªvfdf l;ªe'ªdf
Nofªu'Olhh\ k|f]hS] 6sf] xf]d k]h, xNofG8 cyf{t\ b g]b/NofG8;\af6 yfxf kfPsf
n'Da]g lrS;faf b]Vvfdf nfDafjf
xf}+ . pg}n] k|f6] f]–ls/fFtL l/lelh6], df]/kmf]nf]hL ejf{n] b' nf]xf]?ª -O{=!((@PM ##–
l;ªn]uf * * *
&%_ zLif{ssf] n]v klg pt}af6 k|sfzgdf NofPsf 5g\ . pgn] efiffsf] Wjlg cf}
xfªlvd * * *
jg{, ?k / lqmof ;GwLsf] cWoogaf6 ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª rLgsf] l;r'cfg k|fl] eG;
afnf-nL_ * * *
/ o;sf] glhs Onfsf k"jL{ ltAatdf af]lng] Uof/f]ª efiffsf] glhs 5 eGg]
oxfF s]xL Snfgf]lgd h:t} 5'sj' f df -nL_÷r]cj\ f-nL_ / afnfdf afnf
lgrf]8 lgsfn]sf 5g\ . pxfFs} zAbdf–
-nL_ ylkPsf ‘–nL’ ;efg]sf] eflifs k|lqmofaf6 ylkPsf ?lkd (morpheme)
“In the historical process of simplification of the original
Proto-Kiranti agreement system, there is a tendency for the
56 verb to maintain a maximal number of inflected forms to
of] Snfgf]lgdsf] P]ltxfl;s–kl/jlt{t ?k nfD5f]ª klg xf] . dGh' nf]xf]?ª–/fO{ -PdP distinguish transitive scenarios involving a first person
cª\uh |] L_ n] dnfO{ @* cS6f]a/ @))& jf !! sflQs @)^$ /ljjf/sf lbg singular actant‘. Although it has been suggested that a
6]nLkmf]gaf6 pgsf] Snfgf]lgd atfpg] qmddf t];f] eg]sL lyOg\ . d}n] bf]xf]¥ofP/ ;f]Wbf distinction of the latter type underlies Kiranti verbal
klg nfD5f]ª g} atfPsL x'g\ . of] nfD5f]ª g} nflDa5f]ªaf6 lj ag]sf] x'g;Sg] morphology, the morphological expression of direct vs.
;Defjgf 5 . of] nfD;f]ªdf klg kl/jt{ ePsf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . inverse is, in fact, attested nowhere in Kiranti. What rGya-
rong shares with the Kiranti languages in addition to cognate
|| 245 || || 246 ||
verbal morphology is split ergativity. First and second person uLt
agreement indices follow an ergative pattern in opposing ;f]efof xªdf c?GfdL bf]efgjL
agent against intransitive subject and patient roles, whereas
third person agreement indices reflect an accusative pattern
df]xgL nufln;f ld5'kO pd]/jL
and oppose patient against agent and subject roles. This split t'lDnª6f/OjL ldRrf;] 8fc\ªd]l;ªf rOgk'/ ahf/jL
ergative pattern is the real underlying historical reason which rf}tf/LjL sfªx;] k]gp' ªf
accounts for the apparent, but not real, resemblance between Pkmfpd] lk/tLrªDdf
the conjugational morphology of Kiranti languages and rGya- tfDk'm 3'dfp/f] df+;f]lk/ Pldg] dfcf cFWof/f]
rong and genuine direct vs. inverse systems” (van Driem
1992).
ltl/af/L k'msfªdL ufFjfjL
r]Rrf;] k]Ddf dfr'c\ hLjgjL
@=!$=% k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems) vLd uf] rOgk'/ dfªlgwf] n] ªdfxf] dfur' cgfd;'/
ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª efiffdf klg b'O{ j6f k'm6s/ sljtf e]l6Psf] 5 . 6fOD; PkmPd ()=^ df klg @) k'; @)^# -jf $ hgj/L @))&_
ltgdf !=‘ul/jsgL PSsf] lndfn]’ -kL= nf]x¿ª ;=@)#*, kf?xfª, k';_ / ljlxjf/ ljxfg * jh] sfo{qmddf ;Grfnsåo Pd afGtfjf / 6xn yfªdLn]
@=‘afvf dL kf;d\ ;fd\’ -8Dd/ nf]x¿ª ;=@)^$, !, !M @!_ g} x'g\ . ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª efiffsf] uLt jhfpg' ePsf] lyof] . of] eGbf c? hfgsf/L eg]
xfdLn] kfPsf 5}gf}+ . ptf /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6fdf klg of] efiffdf % j6f /]s8{
@=!$=^ efiff÷hfltzf:q (Language/ethnology) ePsf] ;"rgf /fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{n] 58 lbPsf 5g\ . r'Sjf jf kf]lxªsf] @ uLt klg
of] eflifs ;d"xsf] hflt–;fF:s[lts cWoog ug]{ k|foM Pp6} ljb]zL ot} xfNbf hDdfhDdL & uLt x'G5 .
ljb'ifL ;fnf]{6 O{= xf8{;D\ ofg b]vf kl/g\ . dnfO{ 8Dd/ nf]xf]?ªn] atfP cg';f/
pgsf] pkgfd uf]/]gL–nf]?ªgL sfG5L 57 xf] . pgn] nf]xf]?ªsf] ;Demgf cg';f/ @=!$=( kqklqsf (News papers/magazines)
;=@)#$–% ;fnlt/ :ynutsfo{ u/]sL x'g\ . pgsf] ;f] cWoogsf] k|sflzt cfh;dd ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª efiffdf Pp6f dfQ} klqsf ;fDdfª k|sfzgdf
k':ts cb/ jN8{;M\{ gf];Gh\ cj\ ;]Nkm ofG8 Odf];g cdf]ª b nf]xf]?ª /fO{ cfPsf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf ldn]sf] 5 . t];f]sf] xf8{ / ;k\m6 s'g} klg xfdLn] cfh;Dd
-;fnf]{6 O= xf8{;D\ ofg O{=@)))_ xf] . of] ls/fFtL ;d"xdf pknAw of] dfq} PSnf] k]mnf kfg{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ .
s[lt xf] . :jb]zL cg';Gwftfx¿df /fd 5'sj' f–nf]xf]?ªsf] ‘nf]xf]?ª @=!$=!) ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Lohorung
ofSvfafx¿sf] Ps lrgf/L’ gfdsf] n]v of] vf]hsf] 38L;Dd k|sfzf]Gd'v g}
sample wordlist)
/x]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
@=!$=& ;fF:s[lts n]v÷/rgfx¿ (Cultural articles) cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
pgLx¿sf] ;fF:s[lt n]v jf /rgfdfx¿df cfh;Dd xfdLn] Pp6} n]v ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M $*–$%)_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
‘nf]xf]?ª /fO{ hfltsf] rf]/L ljjfx k|yf’ -?b| /fO{ ;=@)^#_ dfQ} e]6]sf 5f}+ . /fd :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
5'sj' f–nf]xf]?ªsf] n]v klg o;t} k|sf/sf] n]v xf] . lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
!= +rf]sgf] -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=+7fAaL -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
@=!$=* ;|Jo÷Sof;]6 (Audio-tapes/cassettes)
of] dft[efiffdf cfh;Dd xfdLn] e]6s ] f] uLtdf ofof]Svfsf] :ofd'gf df
ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªsf] ls/fFtL h]aL /fO{ / ;+uLtf /fO{st[ ;f]efof xªdf===af]nsf 58
c? ls/fFtL efiffx? h:t} s/fjfdf $%, cf7k|] &, k'df @, s'nª ' !), a]nxf/] #,
Pp6f uLt dfQ} xf] . t];sf] gd"gf xfdLn] oxfF k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . l5Gtfª %, l5lnª #, , vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'nª ' $, b'dL @, jfDa'n] #,
d'ufnL #, kmfªb'jfnL # / ofSvfdf * /]s8{ ePsf 5g\ eGg] ;"rgf Zofd/fh
b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ { sf] n]v ‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’ -lgK;'ª, !#, @%
57
;=@)^#M #@_ df pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
pgL;Fu ;=@)^# ;fndf JolQmut s'/fsfgL ePsf] lyof] .
|| 247 || || 248 ||
#=l;;fkf] -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=+as -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly ^(=;fd -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=k'D;'Ddf -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
%=9ofkf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=+;ªjf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &!=v;'Kkf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=nf]df -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
&=+x]cdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=+dfvfOdf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black &#=+vfS;] -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=r]/ -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
(=+xj/L -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)= +;]sf]af -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone &%=k]Ddf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=;fvf]s -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
!!=;fsf]ªjf -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@= +xfP -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn &&=+ODrfd\ -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=+ld5'jf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
!#=l;ª\nª\df -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=oDk] -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold &(=d]vd' f -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=Ppdf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
!%=+9fKdf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^= +l;v]df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die *!=;fª\sD] df -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=+n'ªkmf]jf -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
!&= +x'Sjf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=8'ªdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink *#=gfd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=+rfSd] -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!(= +x]ufP6] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss] f]’ dry @)=gafs -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *%=ld/Ls -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=cSsf] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
@!=v6'Ddf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat *&=+ªuf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=+cgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
@#=+jfl2g -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=lds\ -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye *(=n]g -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=s]ª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
@%=nfk|]ª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire (!=+l;ª\6fª\ -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lxrL -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
@&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat (#=+nfDb'ª -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=of]jf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@(=k]df -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot (%=sgL -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=dfª -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
#!=r'r' -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkDdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give (&=+ljcfP -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=c;f -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
##=sDg'P -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=;l;k -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease ((=+ldg'ªdf -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))= +lkmo/ -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
#%=lkml/df -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=6fªfs\ -gf_ ‘s];’ hair -------------
#&=+x'Fs\ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=+lgG6jf -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= (# df lqmof ?kdf s]xL u8a8L eof] ls h:tf] 5 .
#(=v]Ddf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=r'jf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart dft[efiff jStf sf]xL klg ge]6]sf]n] ofof]Svfs} 8]O6fnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} /fv]sf 5f}+ .
$!=6fª\ -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=s';] -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot @=!$=!! lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
$#=+sfª\ -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=+;]Odf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs rf}w gDa/df k/]sf]
$%=nfªkm]Gdf -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^= n]df -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª dft[/fi6«efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us ] f
$&=l;ª\afs -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*= g]Grfdf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie 5f}+ . of] dft[efifL ;Dk|bfosf] ;j} kS5]x¿df sd cWoog ePsf] 5 . cfh;Dd
$(=n'ªd\ f -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=+6f]Sd]P -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long Jofs/gsf] gfddf hf]h{ Eofg l8«cdn] tof/ kfg{ nfu]sf] c u|ofd/ cj\ nf]xf]?ª
%!=+l;s -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=j9fª\kf -gf_ ‘dfG5]÷k'?if’ man dfQ} xf] . k|sfzgd} cfPsf] cWoogdf pgs} Pp6f sfo{kq dfQ} 5 . ;flxTo
%#=6f]Sdf] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=+nf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon ;[hgfdf klg xft xflnPsf] 5}g eGbf cGofo x'g] xf]Og . s]xL k'm6s/ sljtf
%%=;Dkmf]ª -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=of -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth e]l6of] . zAbsf]z / zAbfjnL cflbsf] gfddf cfhp/f k|lti7fgsf] nf]xf]?ª–
%&=+;]G8'df -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=lgª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name g]kfnL–cª\uh ]| L cfwf/e"t zAbsf]z afx]s ;'Gg / b]Vgdf cfOPsf] kfOPg . efiff
;Dk|bfosf] eflifs Snfgf]lgdx¿ eg] k|z:t} kfOof] . 5fkfb]lv lnP/ jfo/n];
%(=+k]nf -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=pDrf]ª\ -lj_ ‘gofF’ new k|ljlwdf ;d]t k|jz ] ug{ afFsL of] efiffsf] l:ylt gfh's g} cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/L
^!=o'6f -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gfa's -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose gLlt g;'lw|P/ oxL qmd hf/L /Åof] eg] of] efiffsf] cl:tj /xb}g /
^#=dfcf -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=OSsf] -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one dfgj;dfhaf6 ljnfP/ hfg]5 . :jf8]z ;o zAb ;"rLdf eg] ;o k|ltzt g}
^%=+nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=+ofSdL -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person zAbx¿ of] efiffdf df}hb' /x]5g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] h:tf] ;[hgfTds n]vgdf
^&=j/L -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xf/fkf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red nfUg]x¿sf] nfjfn:s/ ;+Vof of] efiffdf eg] :s6NofG8df ;k{ vf]Hg' h:tf]

|| 249 || || 250 ||
b]lvof] . efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf klg pg} hh{ Eofg l8«cd dfQ} x'g\ eGbf sTj/f–/fO{, kxndfg / g/ sTj/f–/fO{= ;=@)^@= ‘nflDa5f]ª /Lª’, dL, !@, !M
clt;of]lQm x'Gg . ;fOa/ ;+;f/df eg] nf]xf]?ª ofSvfaf ;f];fO6L eg]/ j]a ;fO6 ^=
cG8/ sG:6«S;g egL Ps k]h /flvPsf] 5 . csf] k]h nf]xf]?ª vfgfjf eg]/ Katwara-Rai, Pahalman and Nar Katwara-Rai. 2005 [VS 2062].
s]xL kmf]6f], ;dfrf/, rfjf / ;fd]sc\ afx]s efiffsf] ;fdu|Lx¿ kfOGg . of] efiff ‘Lambichhong Ring’, Mee, 12, 1: 6.
arfO /fVg c? cNk;+Vos ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿n] h:t} tk:of ug'{ kg]{ ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
b]lvg cfof] . afs'nf]rfgfsf] ;8s / 6]an cfGbf]ngn] dfQ} efiff jfFRg] xf]Og . sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
arfpgsfnflu cGo w]/} sfo{x¿ ug}{ afFsL 5g\ . snd p7fpg} kg]{ x'G5 . Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
t];sf]nflu ;/sf/L gLltn] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . ca ;/sf/L gLltn] Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
snd efFRg] k|of; ug'{ dxfe"n x'g5] egL /xg k/f]Og . Yayokkha.
nf]x¿ª, 8Dd/= ;=@)^$= ‘afvf dL kf;d\ ;fd\’ -e"kfn ls/fFtLsf] uLt ‘e"ldkq’
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography sf] cg'jfb_, cflbjf;L u'Ghg, !, !M @!=
Lohorung, Dammar. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Bakha mee pasam saam’
5'sj' f–nf]xf]?Í, /fd= ld=g= ‘nf]xf]?ª ofVvfafx¿sf] Ps lrgf/L’ -ck|sflzt_= (trans. of Bhupal Kirati’s song ‘Bhumiputra’) , Aadivasi
nf]xf]?ª ofVvfaf o'of]ª, s]lGb|o sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt= Gunjan, 1, 1: 21.
Chhukuwa-Lohorung, Ram. n.d. ‘Lohorung Yakkhabaharuko ek nf]x¿ª, kL= ;=@)#*= ‘ul/jsgL PSsf] lndfn]’, kf?xfª, k';=
chinari’ (unpublished). Lohorung Yakkhaba Yuyoung, Lohorung, P. 1981 [VS 2038]. ‘Gariwakani ekko limale’,
Kendriya Karyakarini Samiti. Paruhang, Pus.
l8«d, hf]h{ Eofg= !((@P= ‘n] k|f]6f]–ls/fFtL l/lh6], df]kmf]{nf]hL ejf{n b' nf]xf]?ª’, /fO{, ?b|= ;=@)^#= ‘nf]xf]?ª /fO{ hfltsf] rf]/L ljjfx k|yf’, dªuf]n, !, !M #)=
cS6f lnªu'Ol:6sf xfk\mg]lG;of, @$M ##–&%= Rai, Rudra. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Lohorung Rai Jatiko chori bibaha
Driem, George van. 1992a. ‘Le proto-Kiranti revisite, morphologie pratha’, Mangol, 1, 1: 30.
verbale du lohorung’, Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, 24: 33- EfflG;6f6{, O8]g= !((@ -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !*(^_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -ljy ofg\
75. OG6««f8] S;g afO Pr=Pr= l/:n]_= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M Plhog Ph's;
] gn
-----. tof/Ldf= c u|ofd/ cj\ nf]xf]?ª= ;le{;];=\
-----. in preparation. A Grammar of Lohorung. Vansittart, Eden. 1992 [orig.1896]. Notes on Nepal (with an
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ = introduction by H.H. Risley). New Delhi and Madras: Asian
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg= Educational Services.
Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste -----. !((! -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !()^_= u'vf{hM\ x ÅofG8a's= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M
Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of Plhog Ph's;
] gn ;le{;];=\
Indigenous Nationalities. -----. 1991 [orig.1906]. Gurkhas: A Handbook. New Delhi &
xf8{;D\ ofg, ;fnf]{6 O= @)))= cb/ jN8{;M\{ gf];Gh\ cj\ ;]Nkm ofG8 Odf];g cdf]ª Madras: Asian Educational Services.
b nf]xf]?ª /fO{= cS:kmf8{ ofG8 Go"of]sM{ ju{= ofbj, of]u]Gb|k;
| fb, gf]jn
] lszf]/ /fO{ / eLd gf/fo0f /]UdL= O{=@))$= nf]xf]?ª–
Hardman, Charlotte E. 2000. Other Worlds: Notions of Self and g]kfnL–cª\uh ]| L cfwf/e"t zAbsf]z -l/kf]6{_= nlntk'/M cfhp/f
Emotion among the Lohorung Rai. Oxford & New York: k|lti7fg=
Berg. Yadava, Yogendra P., Novel Kishor Rai and Bhim N. Regmi.
vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !,!M 2004. Lohorung-Nepali-Angreji Adharbhut Shabdakosh.
#(–$@= Lalitpur: NFDIN.
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42. ***************************

|| 251 || || 252 ||
o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ jf lhdL,
@=!% ls/fFtL–d]jfxfª (Kiranti-Mewahang)
d'lvof, ;'Aaf / b]jfg cflb xf]Og eGg] tYo P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] phfu/
ub{5 . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿ klg of] tYonfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªx¿
klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s
@=!%=) kl/ro (Introduction) efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa'
(Khambu) xf] eG5 .
ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªsf] xfª n]lS;d (lexeme) n] k"/} ls/fFtL efiff
;Dk|bfox¿df ‘/fhf’ eGg] cg'jfb÷cy{ af]ss ] f] x'G5 . of] xfª n]lS;d jf df]/l\ kmd oxfF ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªleq} ofof]Svfdf afs'nf]rfgf h:t} lrgf/L r'gf}lt
cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf eg] Åjfª, xf]ª / xf]kf] klg x'G5 . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] k|foM kf5f v8f ePsf] 5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] klZrdf / sltko k"jL{of cg';Gwftfx¿n] klg
jf blK;lgª -Snfgf]lgd_x¿ / ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] s]xL Snfgf]lgdx¿df xfª g} æd]jfxfªnfO{ g]jfxfª -x]g"{ ls/fFtL–g]jfxfª @=!& klg_ klg elgG5Æ -d]/fof
e'mlG8Psf] x'G5 . h:t}M yf]lSnxfª / b'Ab]ªxfª cflb . clg w]/} afFsL ls/fFtL O{=@))%M vi_ egL 3f]ifgf u/L lbg' g} xf] . g]jfxfª! (Newahang) nfO{ g]jfª
Snfgf]lgdx¿df cf]Nnf]bl] v kNnf] ls/fFt;Dd –rf / –5f ?lkd (morpheme) / (Newang) ;fy} vl;s/g u/L g]jfªu] /fO{! (Newange Rai) / g]jfxfª lhdL !
kb÷n]lS;d (lexeme) 6fFl;P/ cfPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] k"/} ljZn]ifg xfdLn] cWofo (Newahang Jimi) klg elgPsf] 5 . x'g klg OYgf]nu -O{=@))%_ n]
% df u/]sf 5f}+ . g]jfxfªnfO{ s'g} ls/fFtL efiff jf eflifsfsf] dfGotf lbP/ k|ljli6 lbPsf] 5}g .
pgLx¿sf] klg ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª -x]g"{ @=!^ klg_ sf] h:t} w]/} d]/fofsf] ;f] ;fdfGoLs/Gf (generalization) nfO{ b]jfg g]jfxfª–/fO{, xs{
j}slNks gfdx¿ kfOPsf] 5 . ltgdf 6f]kf]lgd (toponym) x¿ ;lxt lba'd g]jfxfª–/fO{ / s]bf/ g]jfxfª–/fO{ 59n] ljdtL hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] / 5 . / oxL
r'gf}lt :j?k ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªsf] lvnfkmdf a'ªnfjf /fO{ ;dfh -x]g"{ @=!& klg_
(Dibum), d]pxfª (Meuhang), d'nufpF–jfªtfª (Mulgaon-Wangtang),
sf] hGd klg ePsf] 5 .
d]jfxfª lhdL! (Mewahang Jimi), a'Db]Daf! (Bumdemba ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf
dfb]Daf#, d]cf]xfª (Meohang),!afnf-nL_ (Bala <Balali) cflb OToflb g} x'g\ . df}lvs db\bd' / efiffj}Uoflgs juL{s/Gfn] ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªsf] elugL
oL gfdn] lrlgg] ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªx¿ cfk\mgf] ;+:yf of–vf]Ddfdf ;+ul7t eP/ efiffx¿df nf]xf]?ª, ofDk"m / s'nª' g} x'g\ . t/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr /
cfk\mgf] efiff;flxTo, ;F:s[lt / lrgf/Lsf] ;]jf tyf /S5f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . d]jfxfªsf] tLg zAbx¿ h:t}M n]d\ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf n]F _ ‘lha|f’] , nd\ -ls/fFtL–
sf]FOrdf nf _ ‘af6’ / nfd\ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOr nfF _ ‘af6f]’ klg glhs b]lvG5g\ .
ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªsf] h:tf] w]/} j}slNks gfdx¿ ePsf] d]jfxfªx¿sf]
cGo x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL @=!%=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} OGb| s'nª' -ld=g= ck|sflzt 6fOkl:qmK6_ n] ;fdnfO{ sf]i7÷a|fls6
xf] . of] /fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . clg bracket -_ df ;fd d]jfxfª eg]/ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . t/ o;sf] cy{ /
csf]{ v;Ls/g÷Khasization k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf] klxrfg hldGbf/>lhdL klg jf:tljstf eg] ls/fFtL–g]jfxfª pk–cWofosf] @=!& df :k:6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
xf] . Tof] xfdLn] pNn]v ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . kNnf] ls/fFtdf ls/fFtL–ofSvf -h:t}M sltko klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] ;fdnfO{ 5'§} efiff eg]/ klg btf{ ul/lbPsf 5g\ .
v]dfxfª lhdL_ df h:tf] ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªdf lhdL ku/L g} 6fFl;Psf] eg] e]l6Pg . ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªnfO{ e"uf]nsf] cfwf/df k"jL{of / klZrdf d]pxfª
t/ oxL hldGbf/>lhdL ku/L -<_ sf] 5ftfdf cf]Nnf] ls/fFt cf]vn9'ªuf / elgPsf] 5 . k"jL{o d]jfxfªdf lba'd / d'nufpF–jfªtfªnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 /
;f]n'v'Da"sf ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ h:t}M ls/fFtL–vflnª, ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , klZrdL d]jfxfªdf afnf-nL_, a'Db]Daf, d]pxfª, d]jfxfª lhdL, g]jfª -g]Dafª
ls/fFtL–y'nª ' , ls/fFtL–s'nª
' / ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªn] ;fd"lxs ;+:yfsf] gfd lhdL glhsý xfd|f] gf]6_ / g]jfªu] /fO{ klg elgPsf] 5 . of] efiff af]lng] d'Vo
/fO{ -b'j} zfxcf}klgj]lzs ku/Lx¿_ pTyfg ;dfhdf klg /fv]sf 5g\ . of] 5]qx¿df ;+v'jf;ef lhNnsf] ;+vj' fvf]nfsf] jfl/kf/L If]qx¿ -x]g"{ gSzf
hldGbf/ >lhdL zAb klg ;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g kl/jf/sf] efiff af]Ng] dªuf]nf]O8 g+=@=!^ XVI klg_ ;f]xL vf]nfsf] pQ/ c?Gf gbL cf;kf; dfªt]jf, ofk'm /
:6ssf] ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿sf] df}lns zAb xf]Og .
59
of] ;"rgf pxfFx?;Fusf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . b]jfg g]jfxfª–/fO{ / s]bf/
g]jfxfª–/fO{x?sf] dfjnL ls/fFtL–d]jfxfª xf] /x]5g\ .
|| 253 || || 254 ||
dsfn' ufpFx¿ g} x'g\ . cGo :yfgx¿df Onfd, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ef]hk'/, sf7df8f}+ t]ªf cflb Snfgf]lgdx¿ ePsf] kQf nufO 5f]8o\ f}+ . 60 of] r'gf}lt xfdLnfO{
pkTosf x'g\ eg] ljb]zdf bflh{lnª, ef/t nufotsf :yfgx¿df af]lng] rf]df]nf]ªdf ljho ug'{ eGbf sd lyPg .
;Defjgf 5 . lsg ;Defjgf dfQ} eg] ljleGg sf/gx¿n] cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{
TofluPsf] x'g ;S5 . @=!%=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
hfltzf:qL÷OYgf]u|km/ (ethnographer) dfl6{g u]G:n] -O{=@)))M /
@))@M xii_ n] ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªdf !$ :j/, $ lbKyf]ª;\ / @$ JoGhg jg{x¿
b]vfPsf 5g\ . tL lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5–

:j/ jg{
k|mG6 ;]G6«n Jofs
Snf]h O÷OM O$÷O$M p÷pM
P÷PM cf]÷cf]M
cf÷cfM
cf]kg c÷cM

lbKyf]ª;\ cfO, cfp, cf]p, pO

JoGhg jg{
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
-gSzf g+=@=!^ XVI: d]jfxfª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !@%_ n]laon 8]G6n Kofn]6f]oflNecf]n/ clksf]oflNecf]n/ len/ Unf]6n
:6K;\
@=!%=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms, –ef]O:6 k km t y r5 s v c\
moities) +ef]O:6 ae bw h u
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿ ( ;o $ 5g\ . of] g]Ohn\ d g ª
;+Vofdf g} e/ kl/xfNg] l:ylt eg] 5}g . ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªx¿sf] Snfgf]lgd kfpg lk|ms]Ol6E;\ ; x
xfdLnfO{ w]/} g} ;fx|f] ufx|f] k¥of] . / klg xfdLn] xf/ dfg]gf}+ . ;+3if{ ub}{ hfFbf xfdLn] slG6g'cfG6;\ j n o /
e]6s
] f] ;j} eGbf klxnf] Snfgf]lgd eg]sf] nfª5fjf g} xf] . of] nfª5fjf –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Snfgf]lgd xfdLn] nLnf /fO{af6 k'mTsfpg ;kmn eof}+ . t]tLv]/ pgL OPn6L ;]G6/, of] efiffsf] klg cs/g÷lgu]l6e dfs{/ (negative marker) klg c?
nfOkm lehg ;kf]6{ l;:6d, afg]Zj/df cªu]|hL efiff l;sf? lyOg . t];} a]nf ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] h:t} d-f_-ª_– / g-f_– lk|lkmS;\ g} x'g\ . of] k|lqmdf dfem
xfdLn] tfs]tf u/]/ pgsf] kf5f clen]v u/]sf xf}+ . pgL clxn] a]nfOt l5/L ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª w]/} wgL 5g . c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg
;s]sL x'gfn] eljiodf t]xfF nfª5fjf Snfgf]lgd s] x'G5 xfdL cGof]nd} 5f}+ . Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf 5 . clxn]nfO{ ls/fFtL d]jfxfªsf]
o;/L g} vf]Hg] qmddf xf]d s];f–ofDk"m;Fu ;f]Wbfv]l/ s]xL pkfo lg:Sof] . pgn] eflifs ljz]iftfsf] n]vfhf]vfnfO{ oxLF yfFtL /fVg rfxG5f}+ .
lbPsf] pkfoaf6 xfdLn] pgLx¿df of]Svf?d -h:t}M vu]Gb| ;+ud_, nfS5f,
O5f]ª, t]df]/f, n'Dt'af, lalS;t, sf]of]u, kf]of]d, 5'sj' f, ;fDa]jf, ªf]?, a'ªnfjf,
60
of] ;"rgf @^ d+l;/ @)^$ -!@ l8;]Da/ @))&_ a'wjf/ lbpF;f] vu]Gb| d]jfxfª
;+ud;Fu ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g jftf{df cfwfl/t 5 . pgL;Fu ;Dks{ ug{nfO{ pgsf] O–d]n
cfO8L ksangam@info.com.np xf] .
|| 255 || || 256 ||
@=!%=$ n]v÷/rgf (Write ups/compositions) cf]/n 6«l8;gM r]Gh]h\ Og\ b d'b\bd' cj\ b d]jfxfª /fO{ cj\ O:6 g]kfn’ -k"j{jt\
of] efiffdf dfQ} b'O{ j6f n]v e]l6Psf] 5 . ltgdf !=‘d]jfxfª\, d'Gw'd / !((#M !!&–!@%_, !)=‘ofG;]:6«n 6fOK;\M ldyf]nf]hL ofG8 b Snfl;lkms]O;g
l5Gtfª’ -b]jG] b| e§/fO{ ;+=@)^@_ / @=‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’ -uf]kfn cj\ 8]Ol6h\ cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{’ -k"j{jt\ !((@PM !(&–@!*_, !!=‘l8lu|h\ cj\
vDa", O{=@)))_ g} x'g\ . kmf]dfln6L Og\ d]jfxfª l/r'cn Nofªu'Oh’ -k"jj{ t\ !((!aL_, !@=‘vDa'jfgsf
vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’ -uf]kfn vDa" O{=@)))M #(–$@_, !#=ls/fFtd"nsf pk]lIft
@=!%=% zJbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary) ls/fFthGo hfltx¿sf] cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%* sf]
efiff;Fu hf]8/] hfltzf:qLo cWoogdf dfl6{g u]G:n] o'/f]kaf6 kNnf] cg';l" rdf ;"lrs[t x'g] cfwf/x¿ -OGb| s'nª ' ld=g=_, !$=‘lslG;k ofG8
ls/fFtlt/ l5/]/ ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªdf 8'a'NsL dfg{ yfn]kl5 pgLx¿sf] lrgf/Ldf ldyf]nf]hL cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ Og\ b O:6 g]kfnM ofg\ OYgf]ul| kms :68L cg\ b
P]ltxfl;s 5nfª cfof] . pgLx¿sf] klxrfgnfO{ klZrdL jf}l4s hutn] klg k|fA] nd cj\ OlYgs cfO8]lG66L’ -Pn= /f]r/ O{=@)))M !%!–===_, !%=OlG8lhlgc;\
k9\g] / dgg\ ug]{ df}sf kfof] . pgn] O{=@))) / @))@ df b'O{ k|sfzg u/]kl5 g} gn]h l;:6Dh\ ofG8 l8e]nKdG6M ofg\ OYgf]Osf]nf]lhsn s]; :68L cj\ d]jfxfª
pgLx¿sf] lrgf/L cGt//fli6«o hutdf k}mng yfn]sf] xf] . pgsf] cWoogdf /fO{ k|md c?g EofnL Og\ O:6g{ g]kfn -d'Stf P;= tfdfª !((^_ cflb g} e]l6Psf
aflxl/of b[li6sf]gaf6 h]hlt ;Ldfx¿ ePklg d]jfxfªx¿sf] ljleGg 5g\ . xfdLn] ge]6]sf s[ltx¿ k|z:t} x'g] s'/fnfO{ xfdL gsfb}{gf}+ . ca eg]
kS5]x¿nfO{ eg] pg}n] phfu/ u/]sf]r}F kSsf xf] . efiffsf] jg{x¿ / ljz]iftf klg dft[efifLx¿ g} hfUg] lbg cfPsf] 5 .
xfd|f] geO{ pgs} cWoogsf] k|ltkmn xf] . t/ cfh;Dd efiffljsf;sf]nflu ePsf] @=!%=& ls/fFtL–d]jfxfª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Mewahang
zAbfjnL / zAbsf]z ;+sng clg n]vgsfo{ eg] t]tL ldn]sf] 5}g . s]xL sample wordlist)
kfOPsf] 5g\ . tL kfOPsfx¿df !=‘d]jfxfª\’ -;=@)^@_, @=ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x_, #=c l8S;g/L cj\ d]jfxfª\–/fO{ -O{=@))%_ / $=ls/fFt /fO{ cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x -ls/fef tyf ;fk ;=@)^@_ g} d'Vo x'g\ . ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M %@–%$_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
@=!%=^ efiff–hfltzf:q (Linguistic-ethnographic studies) :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
xfdLn] cl3sf] pk–vG8 @=!%=% eg]em}F ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªn] efiff eGbf lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
a9L hfltzf:qLo÷OYgf]uk| mLs lrgf/L g} a9L kfPsf] 5 . / of] kS5]sf] phfu/ eg] !=5'laª -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=yaf] -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
dfl6{g u]G:n] g} u/]sf x'g\ . pgsf] of] e'Ng} g;lsg] sfd / gfd klg xf] . t]:tf #=;xj -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=af]c -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
n]v / s[ltx¿df !=‘d]jfxfª\, d'Gw'd / l5Gtfª’ -b]jG] b| e§/fO{ ;+=@)^@_, %=o'Kkf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=5f]ªaf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
@=‘lslG;k ofG8 ldyf]nf]hL cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ Og\ b O:6 g]kfnM ofg\ &=ª]Sdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dSo|fk] f -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
OYgf]u|lkms :68L cg\ b k|fA] nd cj\ OlYgs cfO8]lG66L’ -aL= SofDka]n O{=!((&M (=x]nj' f -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=g'kL -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
*!%–===_, #=ofG;]:6«n ef]Ol;hM cf]/n l/rcn 6S:6;\ ofG8 b]c ;f];n !!=kf]Kkf]/f] -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=xfdf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
sG6S:6;\ cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ Og\ O:6 g]kfn -dfl6{g u]G:n] O{=@))@_, !#=d]Vv'df -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=of]lsxkf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
$=cf]l/lhG;\ ofG8 dfOu|];Gh\M lslG;k, ldyf]nf]hL ofG8 OlYgs cfO8]lG66L cdf]ª
b d]jfxfª /fO{ cj\ O:6 g]kfn -6«fG:n]Ol68 k|md hd{g OG6' Oª\lnz afO{ lkmlnk !%= *bfKr] -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
lkc;{ ofG8 lb Oª\lnz 6«fG:n]O;g Pl8l68 afO{ Kofl6«l;of /f]af]6;{\_ -k"jj{ t\ !&=sf]rd' f -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'ªdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
O{=@)))_, %=‘6«fe]lnª ck\ ofG8 6«fe]lnª 8fpgM b el6{sn 8fOd]G;g Og\ !(=;]ufaf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gfaf -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
d]jfxfª /fO{ l/r'cn 6]S:6;\’ -k"jj{ t\ !(((jLM !#%–!^#_, ^=‘b d]lsª cj\ u'8 @!=avf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
ofG;]:6h{M ;]k/]O;g ofG8 PS:r]Gh Og\ d]jfxfª /fO{ k\mo'g/] /L ;fO6;\’ -k"jj{ t\ @#=jfl8g -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d's -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
!(((PM $(–^&_, &=‘/]Olhª b x]8–;f]nM c l/r'cn 6]S:6 cj\ b d]jfxfª /fO{’ @%=af;fª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=d' -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
-k"jj{ t\ !((^M &&–(#_, *=‘hgL{ 6' lb cf]l/lhgM c ?6 d]6fkmf]/ Og\ c d]jfxfª @&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
/fO{ lxlnª l/r'cn’ -k"j{jt\ !(($M @%^–@^*_, (=‘OG6/ofS;Gh\ cj\ ofg\ @(=k]df -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
|| 257 || || 258 ||
#!=r]Knf] -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkKdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give (&=Sofk -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=c; -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
##=v]Gg'Kkf] -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=;fof -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease ((=ldD5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=lkmlkmjf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
#%=;'ªjStf] -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=tfªuf -gf_ ‘s];’ hair -------------
#&=x'M -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=6fqmf] -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 xfdLn] b]Vbf g+= !% / && sf] lqmof ?kdf s]xL
#(=oGdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=n'ªdf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart u8j8L 5 . dft[efiff jStfx¿ e]6\g g;s]sf]n] ofof]Svfs} 8]O6fnfO{ h:tfsf]
t:t} /fv]sf 5f}+ .
$!=6ª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=s'Kk -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
$#=sfªf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Tdf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill @=!%=* lgrf]8 (Conclusion)

$%=tDaS5 -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=n]df -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs kGw|df k/]sf] ls/fFtL–
$&=;'ªjf -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=t]df -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie d]jfxfª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us ] f 5f}+ . of]
$(=n'ªd\ f -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=a]Skf] -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long dft[efiffdf ;flxTo ;[hgfsf] bfo/f c? cNk;+Vos efiffx¿ h:t} ls/fFtL–xfo'
%!=;'M -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=jf7Skf -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man jf c? cNk;+Vos efiff;Dk|bfox¿ h:t} /x]5 . cfh;Dd sljtf, n]v afx]s
pkGof; / gf6s ljwfdf klg xfdLn] t]:tf] pNn]Vo s]xL e]6]sf 5}gf}+ . dfgj–
%#=w'b' -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
;dfhzf:qsf] 5]qdf eg] dfl6{g u]G:n]sf] k|jz ] n] vf; ;flxTo lbPsf] 5 .
%%=w/]vf -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=vDa] -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf klg t]:tf] pknAwL geP klg ls/fFtL–/b'sf g]qd0fL
%&=l;Gb'jf -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=lgª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name xnS;' h:t} hGdnfg\ jf hf]h{ Eofg l8«cdx¿ cfpnfg\ eGg] cfzfr}F 5Fb}5 .
%(=k]Snf -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=g'S;kf -lj_ ‘gofF’ new PghLcf] kmf]lggn] PkmPd jf /]l8of] ;Grf/ dfWoddf efiff 3GsfPsf] x'g ;S5 .
^!=;]Ktf -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gªa' -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose t/ xfdLn] ;'Gg EofPsf 5}gf}+ . uLt /]sl8{ª klg vf; ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5}g . /]g]5]k|,
^#=dfcd -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=pSd -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one wgs'6fsf] klg cQf]kQf] 5}g . 5fkf ;Grf/ dfWoddf eg] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf
^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ldgf -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person slxn] ;dfj]z x'g] xf] yfxf 5}g . cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf emG8} !@ Snfgf]lgdx¿ e]6\g
^&=jnL -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xf/fKkf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red xfdLnfO{ ;s; k/]sf] lyof] . o;df s] pknAwL ePsf] 5 eg] 5'sj' f / a'ªnfjf
^(=;fd -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=k'Dkf] -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round klg o;}leq kbf{ /x]5g\ . hf] km/s efiff;Dk|bfodf juL{st[ k/]sf lyP jf 5'l§P/
&!=nf]sf]jf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=Oªdf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say hfg] k|of; ub}{5g\ . efiff / hfltzf:q;Fu cfpg] ;fF:s[lts kS5]sf] cWoog klg
&#=vfªdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=rn] -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed sd} b]lvof] . Jofs/g, zAbsf]z, cg'jfb cflbdf klg yfngL ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
d]jfxfªn] g]jfxfª -x]g"{ @=!&_ ;Fusf] ltStfnfO{ d]6fP/ xft]dfnf]sf ;fy ;xofqf
&%=k]Ddf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=;jf] -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin ug'{ kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 . of] /fdhL sf]ª/]gn] ælsg 6fpsf] b'vfOÆ -x]g"{ @=@% sf]
&&=*pDd -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=d]5d' f -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small ljz]if 6Lsf6LKkgL_ eg] h:tf] eGg] ;do cjZo klg xf]Og .
&(=d]vd' f -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=PDdf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
*!=;fªu]df -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=nf]sf]jf -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
*#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfKdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim e§/fO{, b]jG] b|= ;+=@)^@= ‘d]jfxfª\, d'Gw'd / l5Gtfª’, sflGtk'/, @) kmfu'g=
*%=j]Tyf]ª -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=xsf] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that Bhattarai, Devendra. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Mewahang, Mundhum ra
*&=sf]cf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=cgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you Chhintang’, Kantipur, 20 Phalgun (4 March).
*(=n]d -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=Sof]ª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth SofDka]n, aL= !((&= ‘lslG;k ofG8 ldyf]nf]hL cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ Og\ b O:6
(!=;'ªb -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=x'sj' f] -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two g]kfnM ofg\ OYgf]u|lkms :68L cg\ b k|fA] nd cj\ OlYgs cfO8]lG66L’, hg{n
(#=b'Ddf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=s'ªjf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water cj\ b /f]on ofGy|f]kf]nf]lhsn OlG:66\o'6, #, $M *!%–===
Campbell, B. 1997. ‘Kinship and mythology among the Mewahang
(%=OSs -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=pª? -;j{_ ‘s]’ what Rai in the East Nepal: An ethnographic study on the problem

|| 259 || || 260 ||
of ethnic identity’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological -----. 1996. ‘Raising the head-soul: a ritual of the Mewahang Rai’,
Institute, 3, 4: 815-‘ Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, 10: 49-67.
u]G:n], dfl6{g= @))@= ofG;]:6«n ef]Ol;hM cf]/n l/rcn 6S:6;\ ofG8 b]c ;f];n -----. !(($= ‘hgL{ 6' lb cf]l/lhgM c ?6 d]6fkmf]/ Og\ c d]jfxfª /fO{ lxlnª
sG6S:6;\ cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ Og\ O:6 g]kfn= dG:6/, ÅofDau{, nG8gM l/r'cn’, Og\ dfOs]n cfn]g -;Dkf=_= lb ofGy|fk] f]nf]hL cj\ g]kfnM
PncfO6L enf{u= lkkNh\, k|AnDh\, k|f];];];\= sf7dfG8"M dG8nf a's kf]OG6= kfgf @%^–@^*=
Gaenszle, Martin. 2002. Ancestral Voices: Oral ritual texts and -----. 1994. ‘Journey to the origin: a root metaphor in a Mewahang
their social contexts among the Mewahang Rai in east Rai healing ritual’, in Michael Allen (ed.). The Anthropology
Nepal. Münster, Hamburg, London: LIT Verlag. of Nepal: Peoples, Problems, Processes. Kathmandu:
-----. @)))= cf]l/lhG;\ ofG8 dfOu|];Gh\M lslG;k, ldyf]nf]hL ofG8 OlYgs cfO8]lG66L Mandala Book Point. Pp. 256-268.
cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ cj\ O:6 g]kfn -6«fG:n]Ol68 k|md hd{g OG6' Oª\lnz afO{ -----. !((#= ‘OG6/ofS;Gh\ cj\ ofg\ cf]/n 6«l8;gM r]Gh]h\ Og\ b d'b\bd
' cj\ b
lkmlnk lkc;{ ofG8 lb Oª\lnz 6«fG:n]O;g Pl8l68 afO{ Kofl6«l;of /f]af]6;{\_= d]jfxfª /fO{ cj\ O:6 g]kfn’, Og\ h]/f8{ 6f]lkmg -;Dkf=_= g]kfnM kf:6 ofG8
sf7dfG8"M dG8nf as kf]OG6 ofG8 b dfpG6]g OlG:66\o6' = lk|hG] 6 -k|fl] ;l8ªh\ cj\ b k|mo\ fªsf] hd{g sGkm/]G;, cf;{–P6–;]gfG;,
-----. 2000. Origins and Migrations: Kinship, Mythology and h'g !(()= k]l/;M ;LPgcf/P; Pl8;Gh\= kfgf !!&–!@%=
Ethnic Identity among the Mewahang Rai of East Nepal -----. 1993. ‘Interactions of an oral tradition: changes in the
[Translated from German into English by Philip Peirce and Muddum of the Mewahang Rai of East Nepal’, in Gérard
the English translation edited by Patricia Roberts]. Toffin (ed.). Nepal: Past and Present (Proceedings of the
Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point and The Mountain Franco-German Conference. Arc-et-Semams) June 1990.
Institute. Paris: CNRS Editions. Pp. 117-125.
-----. !(((jL= ‘6«fe]lnª ck\ ofG8 6«fe]lnª 8fpgM b el6{sn 8fOd]G;g Og\ -----. !((@P= ‘ofG;]:6«n 6fOK;\M ldyf]nf]hL ofG8 b Snfl;lkms]O;g cj\
d]jfxfª /fO{ l/r'cn 6]S:6;\’, Og\ afNyf;f/ las]n ofG8 dfl6{g u]G:n] 8]Ol6h\ cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{’, Og\ e]/f]lgs af}lnc/ ofG8 h]/f8{ 6f]lkmg
-;Dkf=_= lxdfnog :k];M sNr/n xf]/fOhGh\ ofG8 k|flS6l;h\= h'l/vM -;Dkf=_= Snf;/ n]; lbpv < b];\ KoflGycf]G;\ Pg P;L b' ;'b= -k'?iffy{
o'lgel;{6f h'l/v= kfgf !#%–!^#= !%_= k]l/;M OPrOP;P;= kfgf !(&–@!*=
-----. 1999b. ‘Travelling up and traveling down: the vertical -----. 1992a. ‘Ancestral types: mythology and the classification of
dimensions in Mewahang Rai ritual texts’, in Balthasar deities' among the Mewahang of East Nepal’, in Veronique
Bickel & Martin Gaenszle (eds.). Himalayan Space: Bouillier & Gérard Toffin (eds.). Classer les dieux¿ Des
Cultural Horizons and Practices. Zürich: Universität Zürich. Pantheons en Asie du Sud. (Purusartha 15), Paris: EHESS.
Pp. 135-163. Pp. 197-218.
-----. !(((P= ‘b d]lsª cj\ u'8 ofG;]:6h{M ;]k/]O;g ofG8 PS:r]Gh Og\ -----. !((!aL= ‘l8lu|h\ cj\ kmf]dfln6L Og\ d]jfxfª l/r'cn Nofªu'Oh’= k]k/
d]jfxfª /fO{ k\mo'g/] /L /fO6;\’, Og\ Pln;fj]y ;f]Da'r/–s':6]// ofG8 Sn; lk|hl] G68 Og\ b ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªuOl:6s ;f];fO6L cj\
lk6/ hf]n/ -;Dkf=_= b ldlgª cj\ 8]y Og\ ;fpy Plhof= Go" 8]nLM g]kfn=
dgf]x/= kfgf $(–^&= -----. 1991b. ‘Degrees of formality in Mewahang ritual language’.
-----. 1999a. ‘The making of good ancestors: separation and Paper presented in the Annual Conference of the Linguistic
exchanges in Mewahang Rai funerary rites’, in Elisabeth Society of Nepal.
Schömbucher-Kusterer & Claus Peter Zoller (eds.). The u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
Meaning of Death in Sauth Asia. New Delhi: Manohar. Pp. nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
49-67. Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
-----. !((^= ‘/]Olhª b x]8–;f]nM c l/r'cn 6]S:6 cj\ b d]jfxfª /fO{’, hg{n Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
cj\ b g]kfn l/;r{ ;]G6/, !)M &&–(#= Indigenous Nationalities.

|| 261 || || 262 ||
vDa", uf]kfn= O{=@)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !,!M
#(–$@=
@=!^ ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª (Kiranti-Nachiring)
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x= @=!^=) kl/ro (Introduction)
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª /b' ;fvfddf cfj4 ePsf ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªx¿ klg
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai cfk"mnfO{ c? l5d]sL ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ h:t} /b' -< /f]b'ª, /f]bf]ª, /b'ª
Yayokkha. klg_ g} eGg] ub{5g\ . of] /b' g} pgLx¿sf] :jgfd÷c6f]OYgf]lgd (autoethnonym)
s'nª
' , OGb|= ld=g= ls/fFtd"nsf pk]lIft ls/fFthGo hfltx¿sf] cflbjf;L xf] . t/ kfbl6KkgL g+= ^% df eg] /f]b'ª g} pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;f] xf] eg] pgLx¿
hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%* sf] cg';l" rdf ;"lrs[t x'g] ljutsf /f]b'ª jf rflDnª -x]g"{ @=@! klg_ g} x'g\ . of]ªv'n'df rflndtf]; ug]{ oL
cfwf/x¿= ck|sflzt 6fOkl:qmK6= /f]bx' ¿sf] l/b\od' –xf]b\o'd;lxt efiff ljnosf] vt/fdf k/]sf] 5 . lsgeg]
Kulung, Indra. n.d. Kiratkulka upekshit Kiratjanya jatiharuko tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] ævf]6fª lhNnfsf] /fjfvf]nf
aadivasi janajati uttan rastriya pratisthan ain 2058 ko If]qdf af]lng] gfl5l/ª efiff df}lns ?kdf ;dfKt ePsf] 5 / ;f]n'v'Da'sf]
anusuchima suchikrit hune adharharu. Unpublished ;f]tfª If]qdf af]lng] gfl5l/ª efiff ;Dk"Gf{ ?kn] s'nª ' efiffaf6 k|efljt 5Æ
typescript. eg]/ cfh eGbf ( jif{ cl3 g} 3f]ifgf ul/;s]sf lyP . of] 3f]ifgfn]
d]jfxfª–/fO{ ofvf]Ddf= ;=@)^@= c l8S;g/L cj\ d]jfxfª–/fO{== nlntk'/M efiffljb\x¿nfO{ t zf]sdf 8'afpF5 g} / vf; of] l8l:6ªS6 (distinct) efiff g} xf]
Gof;gn kmfpG8]O;g kmf] b l8e]nDkG6 cj\ OlG8lhlgc;\ Gof;gfln6Lh\= eg] dft[efifLsf] cl:tTjnfO{ klg vt/fdf kfb{5 . pgLx¿sf] d"n af;:yfg
Mewahang-Rai Ya-khomma (Com. and ed.). 2005 [VS 2062]. A /fjfvf]nf 5]qsf] cy{ pgLx¿sf] cfk\mg} dft[efiffdf g} 5 . /fjf zAb b'O{ gfd
Dictionary of Mewahang-Rai. Lalitpur: National Foundation n]lS;d (lexeme) x¿sf] sDkfplG8ª (compounding) af6 ag]sf] 5 . w]/}
for the Development of Indigenous Nationalities. kfgL ePsf] / wfg pTkfbg x'g] :yfg ePsf]n] g} of] vf]nfsf] gfd klg pgLx¿sf]
/f]r/, Pn= @)))= ‘lslG;k ofG8 ldyf]nf]hL cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ Og\ b O:6 efiffdf 5 . h:t}M /f Ö ‘wfg’ / jf ‘kfgL’ xf] . pgLx¿ klg ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{
g]kfnM ofg\ OYgf]u|lkms :68L cg\ b k|fA] nd cj\ OlYgs cfO8]lG66L’, hg{n @=!! klg_ sf] ZofFb/ ZoLnnfO{ ;fn]Njf eGb5g\ . clg ;fv]Njf k'Hg] :yfgnfO{
cj\ b cd]l/sg cf]l/oG6n ;f];fO6L, !@), !M !%!–=== o'ªs'n' -/ of]ªv'n' klg_ eGb5g\ . 61 c? ls/fFtL efifLx¿n] t];n } fO{ ;fs]nf,
Rocher, L. 2000. ‘Kinship and mythology among the Mewahang
Rai in eastern Nepal: An ethnographic study on the problem
;fv]jf / ;fs]Gjf cflb klg eGb5g\ . gfl5l/ªx¿ cfk\mgf] s"nu'? jf kf]FOa
(shaman) nfO{ gf]S5f] eGb5g\ eg] ;f]xL u'?nfO{ c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df gfc\;f]
of ethnic identity’, Journal of the American Oriental
Society, 120, 1: 151-‘ -x]g"{ @=!! df ls/fFtL–sf]FOr klg_, gf]S;f] -x]g"{ @=@ df ls/fFtL–afc\oª' klg_,
tfdfª, d'Stf P;= !((^= OlG8lhlgc;\ gn]h l;:6Dh\ ofG8 l8e]nKdG6M ofg\ gf]5'ª -x]g"{ @=@! df ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª klg_ cflb elgG5 .
Oygf]Osf]nf]lhsn s]; :68L cj\ d]jfxfª /fO{ k|md c?g EofnL Og\ O:6g{ pgLx¿sf] c? j}slNks gfdx¿ afª\bn ] t'd (Bangdel Tûm),
g]kfn= PdP lyl;;, 6Lo'= afª\lbn]! (Bangdile), afª\bn] (Bangdale), lbdfnL! (Dimali), xf5]/f]
Tamang, Mukta S. 1996. Indigemous Knowledge Systems and
(Hachero), xfª\s'n' (Hangkulu) -o'ªs'n', of]ªv'n' < xfd|f] k|Zg_, x]bfªkf
Development: An Ethno-ecological Case Study of
Mewahang Rai from Arun Valley in Eastern Nepal. MA (Hedangpa),! ;fDkfª (Sangpang), vfnf{nL (Kharlali), dfy;]/]ª
Thesis, TU. (Mathsereng), gfl:/ª (Nasring), kf/fnL (Parali) , -t/ 5'§} efiff ;Dk|bfoý

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61
of] ;"rgf t]h gfl5l/ª–/fO{;uF $ sflQs @)^# zlgjf/sf lbgdf ePsf] JolQmut
s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
|| 263 || || 264 ||
xfd|f] gf]6_, cfr]/f] (Achero),vf/fnL (Kharlali! t'n= gf]ls/f O{=!(*%M ^–& xf] . t];}n] ;f]tfªnfO{ s'nª
' d} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . gfl5l/ªsf] klg klg o:t}
klg), gfR5]l/ª (Nacchering), gf5]l/ª (Nachering) gfr]l/ª /f (Nacering kf]lh;g (position) 5 . s'n'ª / gfl5l/ª jLrsf] of] ;/fa/Lsf] l:ylt b]lvg'df
Ra), gfr]l/ª t'd (Nachering Tûm), (Rakheli) cflb . oxfF afª\bn ] zAb s'nª ' k'vf{x¿ vfKb'n,' /ftfKv', tfD;L / 5]D;L gfl5l/ªsf] klxnf] jf;:yfg
Pkf]lgd b]lvg cfpF5 lsgeg] vf]6fª lhNnfdf /fvf afª\b]n ufpF 5 . n]vs dflgPsf] /fjfvf]nf 5]q g} xf] .
tyf k|fUo :j=n}gl;+n] cfk\mgf] Snfgf]lgd afª\bn ] egL n]Vbf pgL gfl5l/ª lxd gfl5/Lª -;=@)^)M &_ n] gfl5/Lª zAbsf] sf] Ol6df]nf]hL
lyP5g\ eGg] a'em\ g' kb{5 . /fv]nL vl;s[t zAbsf] ls/fFtL ?k /fvf dfQ} xf] . (etymology) nfO{ gfl5/L < gfl5/Lª / ;f]tfª clg lkNd'ª klg atfPsf 5g\ .

;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g efiffljUofgsf ;fw' h]K; dl6;f]km -O{=@))#M #))_ ;fy} jfªb]n :yfggfd÷nf]sf]lgd -x]g"{ @=!@ ls/fFtL–s'n'ª klg_ xf] eg]sf] 5g\ .
n] t gfr]/]ª (Nachereng) lxHh] ;d]t n]vs ] f 5g\ . pgsf] hDdfhDdL *%) of] ls/fFtL efiffs} zAb ePsf]n] Pkf]lgd (eponym) klg xf] . lxd gfl5/Lªn]
k]hsf] ÅofG8a's cj\ k|f]6f]–l6a]6f]–ad{gM l;:6d ofG8 lkmnf];kmL cj\ klg o;/L ;f]tfªnfO{ gfl5l/ªleq g} kfl/lbPkl5 emg} s'nª ' / gfl5l/ª jLrsf]
;fOgf]l6a]6g l/sG:6«S;g -O{=@))#, t'n= ÅofG;f]g !((!M &!–&@ klg_ s[ltdf l8efOl8ª nfOg sd b]lvof] . lsgeg] ofof]Svfn] ;f]tfª efiff eg]/ pNn]v
t]:tf lxHh] n]vs ] f x'g\ . oL ;j} lxHh]x¿n] s] Oªlut ub{5g\ eg] g]kfn nufot u/]sf] :jf8]z zAb;"lrdf s]xL :j/ ;/fO afx]s x'–ax' s'n'ª efiff -x]g"{ @=!@
;+;f/df g} xfd|f] gfd :k:6 5}g . xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] b[li6sf]gaf6 Pp6f klg_ g} 5 .
atfpF5f}+ / pgLx¿n] pgLx¿s} k;{\kl] S6eaf6 cs}{ ;'lglbg] ePsf]n] n]vfOdf klg pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
km/s kb{5 . of] k|lqmofn] xfd|f] Oltxf; lju|G5 . cfh;Dd jf:tjdf ePsf] klg klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf]
t]xL xf] . gfl5l/ªdf dfQ} oqf] w]/} gfd b]lvg'n] k|ts
] :yfgdf pgLx¿sf] lrgf/L gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) klg xf] . of] /fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_
km/s kb}{ uPsf] 5 . ‘/fhf’ df 5 . clg csf]{ v;Ls[t÷Khasization k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf] klxrfg
xfd|f] cjnf]sgdf /f / t'd efiff hgfpgsf]nflu k|of]u ePsf] x'g' k5{ . hldGbf/>lhdL klg xf] . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb
t/ pgLx¿sf] gfddf –l/ª ?lkd jf df]/lkmd (morpheme) hf]l8g' eg]sf] of] ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] .
c? ls/fFtLx¿df ‘efiff’ zAbnfO{ a'emfpg] l/ª -x]g"{ @=!, @=#, @=% / @=!@ klg_ dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
g} xf] . lsgeg] gfl5l/ªx¿n] t cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] efiffdf /f]bª' >/b' -x]g"{ @=(, ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba)
@=!(, @=@), @=!*, @=@! klg_ g} eGb5g\ . leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf]
5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 .
ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªdf Tofn -Nachereng tyal dl6;f]km O{=@))#M $)^_
eg]sf] ‘ufpF’ x'G5 eg] k|f6] f]–l6a]6f]–ad{gdf bofn dyal / P;l6;L -;fOgf]–l6a]6g @=!^=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
c sG:k]S6;_ df Tofn tyal, n]Krfdf Tof]n tyol, ls/fFtL–/b'df b]n del, d"ntM dfem ls/fFt vf]6fª lhNnfsf] /fjf 5]qaf6 z'? ePsf]
ls/fFtL–s'n'ªdf t]n tel, afc\oª ' df bofn dyal ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf t]nb]n of] efiff klg uf]/vfkq b}lgssf] ‘gofF g]kfn’ 62 k[i7df k|jz ] eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
teldel / lbd dim x'G5 . o;/L g} ‘xfF:g'’ zAbnfO{ ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªdf Å/]; hres o;n] uf]kfn vDa"n] eg] h:tf] æ/fjfsf] gfl5l/ª efiff k"gt{ ;dfKtÆ geO{ ;s]sf]
-k"jj{ t\ 456_ x'G5 eg] k|f6] f]–n]Vo l6a]6g WT df /ofr ryats, ls/fFtL– xf] ls eGg] 5gs lbnfpF5 . of] afx]s pgLx¿ ;f]n'v'Da', df]/ª, wgs'6f, kfFry/,
afc\oª ' df l/;~l/t ris~rit / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf l/r– rits x'Fbf] /x]5 . ;'g;/L, tfKn]hª' , Onfd, emfkf, ;+vj' f;ef / ef]hk'/ -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=!& XVII
of] b'O{ zAb lrgf/Lkl5 xfdL of] efiffsf] eflifsf klg 5 eGg] tYolt/ klg_ cflbsf] ljleGg ufpFx¿df 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ .
nfUg]5f}+ . xfdLn] cl3 gfl5l/ª cfk}+mdf l8l:6ªS6 efiff xf] ls xf]Og eGg] v'nf
k|Zg /fvL ;s]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] eflifsf kf/fnL elgPsf] 5 / ;f]tfªnfO{ klg 62
x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !! c;f]h @)^$ z'qmjf/ -@* ;]K6]Dj/ @))&_ k[i7 (= ;f]
gfl5l/ªleq} kfl/Psf] 5 . clg ;f]tfªnfO{ s'nª ' sf] j+zgDa/ @ d} xflnPsf] 5 . b}lgssf] gofF g]kfn k[i7 ! c;f]haf6 z'? ePb]lv ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªsf] of] ldlt k|yd
o;n] s] k|dflgt ub{5 eg] s'n'ª / gfl5l/ª jLrsf] l8efOl8ª nfOg k6ssf] ;dfj]zLs/g xf] . / x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !)&, !(* kfgf *–(, !! d+l;/
(dividing line) Go'g g} 5 . s'ljtL Snfgf]lgdsf] klg t]xL kf/f xf] . / efiff klg @)^$ d+unaf/ klg . o;df eb|uf]n ls/ftLsf] ‘xfsfO{ cf] rf; ªf’ zLif{ssf] sljtf
ofof]Svfn] ;f]tfª efiff egL ls6]sf] -x]g"{ @=!@ klg_ ePklg of] s'nª ' efiff g} k|sflzt 5 .
|| 265 || || 266 ||
dfOtLrflxF ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª 63 x'\g_\ gfª / u'?tL -x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M
%!_, l;lal/uf] -h:t}M t]h gfl5l/ª_ cflb 5g\ . EfflG;6f6{ -k"jj{ t\_ n] pNn]v
u/]sf] s'lalt; y/ cfh efiff kl/jt{gsf sf/Gf s'latL -h:t}M clwjQmf hLjg
s'latL–/fO{, tfKn]hª ' ý pgsf] k'vf{ klxn] ;+vj' f;efaf6 a;fO ;/]sf /x]5g\ /
cj pgL afGtfjf efifL ePsf 5g\ 64_ dfq} ePsf] /x]5 . EfflG;6f6{s} kfnfdf
gfl5l/ªnfO{ ls/fFtL–ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ leq} kfl/Psf] /x]5 . o;n] ce}m
klg ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªsf] l:yltnfO{ 5'§} efifLsf] ?kdf pEofpg ufx|f] kf/]sf] 5 .
o;df xfdLn] clxn]sf] /fhg}lts kl/l:yltnfO{ dfQ} cfwf/ gdfg]/ ljutdf xfd|f
k'vf{n] s] eg]sf /x]5g\ / pgLx¿sf] Uofgsf] kl/lwnfO{ klg cfwf/ dfGg' kb{5 .
pgLx¿df ePsf] kf5f÷blK;lgª÷Snfgf]lgdnfO{ lxd gfl5/L -;=@)^)M
&_ sf cg';f/ af;:yfgsf] cfwf/df lgDg cg';f/ gfdfs/g ul/Psf] 5–
!= y'S;L -:yfgM /fvf_M tf]bj' f, xfªv]n, rfDt]dg', lklk:sf], ;fltKkf,
xf/]n'5f, t]Db', xlbrL -h:t}M x'd–] !, afsfrf]nsf wgs'df/ /fO{ý ls/fFtL–
/b'df xbL x]g"{ @=@) klg_, l;lu/f]uf] ->l;lal/uf]_, /;]Kkf, xf]r]/]km, tf]dn ] ,
jfGt]db' cflb .
-gSzf g+=@=!& XVII: gfl5l/ª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !@&_ @= v]jfa' -:yfgM kf/f]_M ªkr, lbrL, /fdnO, ;ltkf] / gf:dL .
@=!^=@ eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features) #= /frf] -:yfgM jfªb]n_M /Ss], xd]n,] xr/]k] / RofD;''ª .
of] efiffsf] cfh;Dd ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!_ sf] j[xt\ cWoog afx]s c? $= vf]Kbn' -:yfgM lkNdf]÷k]Ndª, a'ª / u'b]n_M xf]gt] L -s'nª ' df klg_, njftL
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog ePsf] kfOPg . / ÅofG;f]gsf] klg o;df 5'§} k|sfzg -s'n'ªdf nf]jfQL, ls/fFtL– ofSy'ªdf nfjtL_, b]p/fd, ;'jf{, /fhLtL,
gcfPsf]n] o;sf] efiffj}Uoflgs ljz]iftf cfh;Dd of] efiffs} ue{d} 5 . t];f] yf]d/f];\ -s'nª ' df klg h:t}M e"kWjh yf]d/f];_\ , dfGy]a'F -s'nª' df dfGy]a{'_,
e’sf]n] xfdLn] vf; ljz]iftfnfO{ oxfF kf7s ;fd' k:sg ;kmn ePsf 5}gf}+ . tf]ª]a,'{ 5]Gxf] -s'n'ªdf klg_ .
slt;Dd yfxf 5 eg] of] s'nª ' / ;fDkfª;Fu w]/} glhs 5 . c? ls/fFtL %= /ftfKv' -;f]tfª t/ 6f]kf]lgd klg_M xfj]dL{, ?v'kf], df]Nyf], yf]Dgfd, s'latL
efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf 5 . -s'n'ªdf klg_, kfoftL, bf]l;d, lxp;L, ª]df], l/ljtL, vfn]D;L, /]Sjftf],
clxn]nfO{ xfdLn] oxfF olt g} ;"rgf /flvlbPsf 5f}+ . k+ls/L, /fkfv', b'Gt], lglrtL cflb x'g\ .
^= cGo gfl5/Lª pk÷y/x¿df /Ddf], gf:dL, gf5of]k, xfjf]{p, xf]kf]tL, /f]hLkf],
@=!^=# jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms, xfnkL, df]St'n,' r]DrLdL, t]Kt]kf, oftLxfª, ;fOkf], of]l;of, ;flnrf
moieties) -ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / afc\oª ' df h:tf]ý xfd|f] gf]6_, jfo'ª -ls/fFtL–afc\oª' <
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿ # xhf/ % ;o %# xfd|f] k|Zg_, xgb's, lwl/tL, n'Kt'a'{, u'?tL, df]/f]nd' cflb .
/x]sf] 5 . of] tYofª ;fFrf] xf] eg] of] efiff clt nf]kf]Gd'v ju{df kb{5 . oL Snfgf]lgdx¿n] ls/fFtL hfltsf] ;dLktfnfO{ P]ltxfl;s ?kn]
EfflG;6f6{sf] ;dodf pgLx¿nfO{ a'emfpg ‘gfrl/ª’ pRrf/Gf / ;f]xL lxHh] k|of]u hf]8s
] f] 5 . o;/L hf]l8+bf xfdL jLrsf] l8efOl8ª nfOg sxfFg/] xf] eGg]
ePsf] /x]5 . pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgdx¿df s'lalt;, kOtflt;, /fu' -ls/fFtL–
ofSvfdf /f]u'ý xfd|f] gf]6_, gfcf]kf5f -t'n=EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()(_, lbDdf-nL_ 63
-h:t}M 8f=r}tGo d]Gofªaf]–;'AafsL hLjg;+lugL ;GWof gfl5/Lª–;'Aafsf] 8f=r}tGo d]Gofªaf]–;'Aafs} 3/–cfFugdf @* ;fpg )^# cyf{t\ !# cu:t @))^ df
ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 / pgsf] zfvf;Gtfg hdfgfd} vf]6fª–
cf]vn9'Ífsf] /fjf vf]nf If]qaf6 Onfd a;fOF ;/]sf lyP .
64
of] ;"rgf pgL;Fu & c;f]h @)^#÷@# l;tDa/ @))^ zlgaf/sf lbg ePsf] JolQmut
s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
|| 267 || || 268 ||
leGgtfnfO{ sd u/]/ xfdL Ps lyP5f}+ eGg] u'KtL s'/fsf] phfu/ x'G5 . / of] xfd|f] @=!^=^ kqklqsf (Magazines)
cf6\o ;To klg xf] . of] efiffsf] 5fkf ;+;f/sf] 5]qdf lhk|sf sf7dfG8"df b=g=%$)÷)%&÷)%*
@=!^=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/vocabulary) df btf{ ePsf] Pp6f klqsf gfl5l/ª x'S5f] -1fg]Gb| gfl5l/ª / c? -;Dkf=_
of] efiffsf] eflifs ljz]iftf yfxf gx'gd' f xfdLn] zAbsf]z gkfpg' klg xf] . ;=@)^)_ e]l6Psf] 5 . ls/fFtL–/f9' -x]g"{ @=!( klg_ sf] l:k|6df sfd ug]{ xf] eg]
g5flkP/ g} xf] jf xfdLn] e]6\g g;s]/ xf] cfh;Dd t]:tf] s'g} zAbsf]z b]lvPsf] t Pp6f klg kof{Kt g} x'G5 . lnAh'–e'Dh' / sfjfn] u/sf] k|ultaf6 klg xfdLn]
5}g . zAbfjnLdf uLtf /fO{ ;=@)$*M ^#_ sf] ‘gfl5l/ª /fO{ efiffdf z/L/sf kf7 l;Sg'nfO{ cGoyf dfGg' x'Fbg} . ;fNkfsf ;Dkfbs k|tfkl;+x gfl5l/ªn]
c+ux¿sf] gfd’ pknAw 5 . ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªsf] efiff, lnlk, ;flxTo, ;F:s[lt / ;efg]df emG8} kGw| jif{x¿ k|sfzgdf latfPsf] k[i7e"lddf gfl5l/ª efiff–
Oltxf;sf] vf]hL / pGgogdf nfuLk/]sf x:tLx¿ eg]sf k|tfkl;+x gfl5l/ª, ;flxTosf] slt ;]jf eof] eg]/ cj ;f]Wg] vf]Hg] a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . df}sf oxL
lji0f'eQm gfl5l/ª, t]h gfl5l/ª cflb g} k|d'v x'g\ . pxfFx¿;Fu w]/} ;"rgf / xf] . ls/fFt /b' gfl5l/ª ;fvfdsf] aflif{s d'vkq cflbjf;L ls/fFt gfl5l/ª
;flxTo x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ xfdL gsfb}{gf}+ . xfdLn] & l8;]Da/ @))& z'qmaf/ ;dfrf/kq -!, ! ;=@)^$ d+l;/_ klg k|sfzgdf cfPsf] e]l6Psf] 5 .
ljxfg u'un ;r{ OlGhgdf vf]hL u/L x]bf{ cd[t of]Ghgn] gfl5l/ª g]kfnL @=!^=& cg'jfb n]v÷/rgf (Translated articles)
zAbsf]z / Jofs/gsf]nflu gfl5l/ª jg{ Joj:yf / :t/Ls/gdf sG;N6]G6sf] otflt/ eg] xfdLn] s]xL e]§fof}+ . pxL k|tfk / t]h g} kbf{df b]lvP . ;f]
?kdf sfd u/]sf /x]5g\ . 65 of] gfl5l/ª v; l/ª\ek\lbs'kl\ r -gfl5l/ª g]kfnL kbf{df !=‘cl:tTjsf] vf]hLdf ls/fFt vDa" -vDd"_ gfl5l/ª efiff’ -wL/s'df/
zAbsf]z ;=@)^$_ k|sfzgn] cjZo klg efiff ;+/S5]gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 . >]i7 ;=@)^@ ‘pGg'gp nfDtf]kL ls/fFt /b' gfl5l/ª ?’ cg'=k|tfkl;+x gfl5l/ª /
@=!^=% k'm6s/ sljtf / ;+u|x (Individual poems & anthology) t]h gfl5l/ª @)^@_, @=‘gfl5l/ª /fO{x¿sf] a'hfd g]d\ jf bfpnf] s'Od\’ -wg /fO{
;=@)$*M ^!_, #=‘tf]S5L emf]ªfd s] xGgf’ -eb|uf]n ls/fFtL ;=@)^$M (_ g} d'Vo
xfdLn] c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªdf klg w]/} vf]hL
x'g\ . c? sltkonfO{ xfdLn] e]6\g ;s]sf] 5}gf}+ eGg] nfu]sf] 5 xfdLnfO{ . pTvgg
u/]kZrft\ wg gfl5l/ª -;=@)^!_ sf] Pp6f dfQ} ‘cf]ls l/b'd’ zLif{ssf] k'm6s/
x'Fb} / ub}{ hfg' k5{ .
sljtf e]§fof}+ . t/ o;df t]tL ;kmn ePsf 5f}+ h:tf] nfuL/x]sf] 5}g xfdLnfO{ .
lsgeg] gfl5l/ª cfk}m+ klg ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf] g]tT[ jdf afs'nf]rfgf cfGbf]ngdf @=!^=* eflifs–;fF:s[lts cWoog (Linguo-cultural studies)
cfj4 5 . k|tfkl;+x gfl5l/ª, lji0f'eQm gfl5l/ª, t]h gfl5l/ª cflbn] w]/} efiff, hflt / ;F:s[ltnfO{ ufF;/] ls/fFt /b' gfl5l/ª ;fvfd ;+:yfn]] lbbfd
;flxTo y'kf/]sf] x'g' k5{ eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf]5 . t/ Pp6f dfQ} sljtf e]6b\ f 5dbfd -;=@)^! h]7_ k|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5 . oxL g} ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª efiff /
nfU5 pgLx¿ emG8} bzssf] cjlw;Dd ;8s cfGbf]nbgdf dfQ} ;Lldt ePsf hfltsf] jf/]df k|yd k|sfzg xf] eGbf xfdL unt ;fljt x'Fbg} f} eGg] cfzf 5 .
5g\ . nfU5 :jzf;g / :jfoQtfsfnflu ePsf] cfGbf]ng / n8fOF ljgf k"jf{wf/ / lbbfd 5dbfdsf] zflAbs cg'jfb ‘kfFr jif]{ lkt[sfo{’ xf] . t/ of] lbbfd zAbsf]
xltof/ a]u/ nl8Psf] 5 . oxfF k"jf{wf/ / xltof/ eg]/ efiff–;flxTonfO{ lnOPsf] lxHh] ;okqL -wL/s'df/ >]i7 ;=@)^@_ df ljbfd ePsf] 5 . o;n] Oltxf;nfO{
5 . efiff–;flxTodf ;an geO{sg :jzf;g / :jfoQtfsf] cfwf/ alnof] dfl/lbG5 . unt ;fljt ul/lbG5 . a]nd} f ;RRofpg kb{5 .
aGb}g . ;+;f/sf] Oltxf;af6 kf7 l;Sg' h?/L 5 .
@=!^=( ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Nachhiring
sample wordlist)
65
Amrit Yonjan has worked as a Linguistic Consultant to develop xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
basic writing system in the Nachhiring Language- titled as cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
'Nachhiring Phonemes Identification' and 'Standardization' in ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M #!–##_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
Devanagari and Participatory compilation of basic Nachhiring- :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
Nepali Dictionary and Nachhiring-Grammar (2007) with the lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
mother-tongue speakers for Nachhiring Rodung Sakham, !=vnM -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=5'aL ‘v/fgL’ ash
Kathmandu, NEPAL. #=xp -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=t'ef] * -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
|| 269 || || 270 ||
%=WjfKkf * -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=5p -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=lrd * -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
&=vdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dsr'jf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black &(=ldSdf -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=l/Ddf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
(=lxM -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=t'kª |' * -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone *!=;fª]/jf * -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n' -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
!!=kd\ -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=ltTbf * -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn *
*#=gfd5]df -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfKn'ª * -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!#=dd\ -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=Ro"F * -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold *%=ld/ -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=d'ª\s' -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
*
!%=efGgL -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die *&=pGs' -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=cfGgL -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
!&=x's\ -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'd\ * -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink *(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sf]cs * -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
!(=xfª\s' -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gfa * -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *
(!=;'5f] -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lg:ap -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
@!=yfDk' -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat (#=nfDb'df * -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=sp -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@#=jflbs, jflb -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d';\ -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye (%=s]O -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=p -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
@%=jfnfk * -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire (&=kf]Dn]k÷\ lemlnjfk -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=cf;\ -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
@&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat ((=ldD5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=y'gfd -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
@(=k]/d\ f -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=n -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot ------------------------
*
#!=pd|]k -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6M t]h l;lal/uf]–gfl5l/ª -cg'=p=@%_ n] ug'{ ePsf] 8]O6f
##=vfGg'jfk * -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5bjf -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease /]lS6lkms];g cg';f/ g+= $=t'ef] * df ‘af]’, %=WjfKkf * ‘WofKkf, w]Kkf’,
#%=luluKdf -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=t;'g * -gf_ ‘s];’ hair !)=t'kª |' * ‘t'k’|' , !@=ltTbf * ‘t]Odf’, !$=Ro"F * ‘r'’, !%=efGgL * ‘efOdf’,
#&=x' -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=tfSnf] -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head !*=b'd*\ ‘b'Ddf’, @)=gfa * ‘gfaf]’ -d'Gw'dsf] efiffdf 5'af] elgG5_,
*
#(=kOdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=n'd -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart @%=jfnfk * ‘jfnfDdf’ -nfKtf]sf] cy{ kv]6f_,#!=pd|]k* ‘r'b'??
$!=t -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=;]d/\jf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot -l;gf]lgd_’, ##=vfGg'jfk * vfg'k\ ‘vfGg'cfDdf’, #^=t;'g * ‘t;'d’\ ,
$#=sfª\ -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Odf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill #(=kOdf * ‘x]Odf -kOdfsf] cy{ 5'g_' ’, $^=ln;'b * ‘n]Odf’, $&=l;a\ *
$%=t'Dbf] -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=ln;'b * -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know ‘;'af]’, $*=jfnnL÷d';] * ‘-lqm_ ‘n]6\g’' to lie 9f+6\g,' 76\6f ug{'’,
*
$&=l;a\ -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=jfnnL÷d';] * -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
%)=efOAaf÷pb]vf]df* ‘efOAafsf] cy{ nfdf] / pb]vf]dfsf] cy{ slt w]/}’,
$(=rp -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=efOAaf÷pb]vf]df * -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
%#=b'd * -lj_ ‘b'df]’, %^=ª'rf] * -gf_ ‘df]rf]’, ^)=nfO:kL * ‘=== nfO:kLsf]
%!=;' -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=jfT5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
%#=b'd * -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nfgLdf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon cy{ cufl8sf]’, ^&=o'gfd * ‘o'gfdsf] cy{ l/t', df};d’, &@=lkSgL *
%%=jfln;f -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=ª'rf] * -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth ‘lkSdf’, &^=xf}F * ‘xp’, &*=lrd * ‘lrdf]’, *!=;fª]/jf* ‘;fªu]jf’,
%&=;]g\ -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=g' -gf_ ‘gfd’ name *#=gfd5]df *‘gfdsf] cy{ 3fd / gfd5]dfsf] cy{ 3fd pbfpg'’,
%(=kO -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=nfO:kL * -lj_ ‘gofF’ new *$=jfKn'ª * ‘===’, ()=sf]cs * ‘sc\’, (!=;'5f] * -gf_ ‘k' -;'5f]sf] cy{
^!=;]kf -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gfk -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose bfp/fsf] 6'Kkf, ;'Öbfp/f, ;nDk'sf] cy{ ;Oa'jf / jf/\tfk'sf] cy{
^#=dfGt' -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=pap -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one vlgp÷plQ;_’ / (#=nfDb'df* df ‘nfDb'Ddf’ x'g] /x]5 .
^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ldg\ -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person ofof]Svfsf] k|of;df s'g} cfFr gcfpg] u/L of:6]l/:s (asterisk*)
* xfdLn] oxfF dft[efiff jStf t]h l;lal/uf]–gfl5l/ªsf] efiff cGt/Uofg jf
^&=o'gfd -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xfnfnfkf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
^(=;fd\ -gf_ ‘h/f’ -k|sfz,;f;_ root &)=vfSnf] -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round OG6'O;g (intuition) nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf xf}+ . l;St} gl;sL gx'g] kf7 eg]sf]
&!=;]/fd -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=lkSgL * -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say xfdLn] ls/fFtL–ofSvf -x]g"{ @=@% klg_ af6 klg xf] . pgLx¿sf] efiff 8]O6fdf
&#=vdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=rfn]O -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed dft[efifL /fdhL sf]ª/]gn] k9\bf emG8} c;L k|ltzt eGbf klg a9L ;d:of /x]sf]
&%=t'df -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=xf}F * -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin kfof}+ . of] s;/L eof] < ls/fFtL–ofSvf efiff g} t]tL km/s xf] of 6fOkf]u|kmL
|| 271 || || 272 ||
(typography) sf] ;d:of xf] < ;Dkfbg k|lqmofsf] ;d:of kf] xf] ls < cyf{t\ gfl5l/ªx¿sf] c+z k|fKt eof] . oxfFsf] of] k|of;nfO{ d klg ljb]zaf6 cfTdb]lv
/fdhL sf]ª/]g sf]zsf/ ePsf gftfn] cfk\mgf] / cfk\mgf] 5]qsf] dfQ} efiffnfO{ :jfut / ;xof]u ug{ rfxG5' .
dfGotf lbPsf x'g\ ls < oL ;j} xf]Ogg\ xf]nf eGg] s'/fsf] k|dfg ls/fFtL–s'nª ' / jf:tadf ;=@)%% ebf}df d lab]zlt/ efl;g'eGbf $÷% aif{ cufl8 xfd|f]
;f]tfªsf] 8]O6f OG6«Ldf s'g} ;d:of gx'g' g} xf] . o:tf] eof] eg] xfd|f] P]ltxfl;s nf]kf]Gd'v dft[efiff gfl5/LªnfO{ hf]ufpgsf]nflu ;fgf] k|of; :j?k Pp6f
lj/f;t dfl;G5 . xfdL dfl;G5f}+ . of] xfdLn] a'em\ g' k5{ . zAbsf]z tof/ ug{ gfl5/Lªx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] /fvf, af8b]n, afb]n clg
@=!^=!) lgrf]8 (Conclusion) ;f]tfªsf k'vf{x¿nfO{ e]6]/ hfg];Ddsf] xfd|f] efiffx¿ / ljleGg e"uf]ndf af]ln+b}
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs ;f]xd| f k/]sf] ls/fFtL– hfFbf km/s kg{ uPsf] ;fdfGo leGgtfx¿sf] ;d]t ;+sng u/]sf] lyPF . t/ k"/f
gfl5l/ª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . of] ug{ gkfp+b} lgtfGt AolQmut :jfy{sf]nflu ljb]zL eOof] . o;nfO{ utaif{ d g]kfn
dft[efiffdf ;flxTo ;[hgfsf] bfo/f c? cNk;+Vos efiffx¿ h:t} ls/fFtL–xfo' cfpFbf ;fydf lnP/ cfpg] ;f]r agfPsf] lyPF . t/ ufpF hfFbf b/fhsf] rfjL af]Sg
jf c? cNk;+Vos efiff;Dk|bfox¿ eGbf s]xL km/flsnf] 5 . s]xL sljtf, n]v la;]{sf]n] cw'/f] g} /x]sf] 7fg]sf] lyPF . clxn] of] ;fdu|L k|fKt ePkl5 s'g} klg
afx]s pkGof; / gf6s ljwfdf eg] xfdLn] t]:tf] s]xL pknAwL ePsf] e]6]gf}+ . xfntdf Tof] ;+sng d]/f] xftdf kfg{sf]nflu d}n] g]kfndf >LdltnfO{ kmf]gaf6
dfgj–;dfhzf:qsf] 5]qdf klg t]tL vf; ;flxTo e]l6Pg . efiffj}Uoflgs ;f]Wbf Tof] ;+sng d]/f] >Ldltn] Pshgf efOnfO{ cWoogsf]nflu lbPsf] / a]kQf
cWoogdf eg] cj o'jf efiffljb\ / efiffljUofgsf lzS5fyL{ tyf k|flS6;g/ ePsf] hfgsf/L kfPF . o;n] dnfO{ la:dtdf kf/]sf] 5 . To;}n] daf6 s'g} klg
cd[t of]Ghgn] xft xfn]sf] x'gfn] kf/ nufpnfg eGg] cfz hfu]sf] 5 . PghLcf] To:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] :yLlt /x]g . clncln ;'gs ] f], hfg]sf] clg
kmf]lggn] PkmPd jf /]l8of] ;Grf/ dfWoddf efiff 3GsfPsf] x'g ;S5 . t/ xfdLn] a'em]sf] klg lab]zsf] of] ( aif]{ a;fO / sfdn] lal;{of] . ;Demg] k|of; u/]+ .
;'Gg EofPsf 5}gf}+ . uLt /]sl8{ª klg vf; ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5}g . /]g]5]k,| wgs'6fsf] ;ls/x]sf] 5'Og+ .
klg cQf]kQf] 5}g . 5fkf ;Grf/ dfWoddf eg] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf ;dfj]z ePsf] oxfFn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] ;fv]Njf k"Hg]:yfgnfO{ o'ªs'n' jf of]ªv'n' eGg'
5 . lsgeg] eLd gfl5l/ªsf] ofof]Svfdf k|ltlglwTj 5 . cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf ePsf] 5 / o;}nfO{ cGo ls/fFtL efifLx¿n] ;fs]nf, ;fv]jf, ;fs]Gjf cflb klg
s]xL Snfgf]lgdx¿ klg e]l6Psf 5g\ . t/ s'nª ' efifL;Fu cGof]Gofl;|t / cGo eGb5g\ . of] ;fs]nf, ;fv]jf, ;fs]Gjf zAb cGo efiff ;Dk|bfosf ls/fFtLx¿n]
efiff;Dk|bfo;Fu klg ;dfgtf /fVb5g\ . efiff–hfltzf:qLo / ;fF:s[lts kS5]sf] :yfgsf]nflu dfq k|of]u gu/]/ hxfF gflrg] gfr xf] To;nfO{ klg ToxL zAb k|of]u
cWoog klg sd} b]lvG5 . Jofs/g, zAbsf]z, cg'jfb cflbdf klg w]/} ofqf ug'{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fs]nf, ;fs]jf, ;fs]Gjf eGg] lalQs} ls/fFtLx¿åf/f gflrg] gfr
kg]{ b]lvof] . dfgjzf:qLo b[li6sf]gn] pxL ls/fFtL hflt efiff 6'qmb} hfFbf eGg] a'lemG5 . t/ xfd|f] gfl5/Lªx¿df of]ªvf]nL jf of]ªv'n' df k"hfsf] qmddf
gfl5l/ªx¿ /f]bª ' jf rflDnª g} x'g\ cfk\mgf] df}lns gfdsf] sf/gn] . / gflrg] gfrnfO{ dfq ;fv]Njf elgG5 . / ;Dk"0f{ gfRg], k"hf ug]{ k|so[ fnfO{ tf]z
eflifsb[li6sf]gn] s'nª ' / gfl5l/ªn] ;xofqf ubf{ cGofo gx'g] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] elgG5 . cGo efiff ;Dk|bfosfx¿sf] af/]df t oxfFn] cg'';Gwfg ug'{ ePsf] g}
dgg ug'{ kb{5 . lsgeg] uf]kfn vDa'n] of] efiffnfO{ d[t egL 3f]ifgf u/]sf 5g\ . xf]nf . of] ;fs]nf, ;fs]jf, ;fs]Gjf cflbsf] zflAbs cy{ xfndf cfP/
ls/fFtL–s'n'ª / gfl5l/ª jLrdf Snfgf]lgd cflbn] klg sd ljefhg /]vfx¿ ls/fFtLx¿sf] kj{df gflrg] gfr x'g uPsf] 5 . / o;}nfO{ g]kfnLs/g jf lxGb's/g
b]vfPsf 5g\ . eP/ rG8L gfd klg x'g uPsf] 5 . of] rG8L gfd o; kj{ jf cj;/sf] gfd x'Fb}
–––––––––––––––––– xf]Og . o;nfO{ rG8L eGg' pko'Qm 5}g eg]/ ls/fFtL ‘/fO{’ x¿sf] ;+:yfx¿n] klg
ljz]if 6Lsfl6KkgL :jLsf/L ;s]sf] 5 . o;}nfO{ ;xof]u k'U5 ls eg]/ d}n] ;fgf] n]v klg tof/
u/]sf] lyPF . ;fyLx¿n] xÍsÍaf6 k|sflzt u/L lbG5f}+ eg]/ Ps slk dfu]/
wg s'df/ efO clg lbPsf] lyPF . yfxf 5}g s] x'Fb}5 . o;f] tkfO+{nfO{ klg sfd nfU5 eg] x]g"{ xf]nf .
8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrfHo",
v]jfa' d}n] g;'gs
] f] gfd k¥of] . d}n] t k/f]5f kf] ;'gs
] f] lyPF . k/f]5f cfP/
wgs'df/ efOdfk{mt oxfFsf] efiffzf:qLo cWoog ljifos ‘OG8f]–g]kfn klxn] a;]sf] a];LnfO{ kf]t]n eGy] /] . xfndf cfP/ kft]n eGg] -hxfF pAhfp a];L
ls/fFtL efiffx¿’ gfds cg';GwgfTds s[lt tof/ x'g uPsf]df xfdL clxn] klg 5+b5} _ 7fpF ToxfF a9L udL{ ePsf]n] dflyNnf] tfndf ;/]/ a;f]af;
] eGy] /] . xfndf cfP/ ToxL ufpFnfO{ k/f] af6 kf/f
u/]sf] x'Fbf Tof] ufpFnfO{ k/f]tn
|| 273 || || 274 ||
ePsf] ls+abGtL 5 . Tof] ufpFsf] gfd kf/f] geP/ kf/f xf] . / ToxfF a;f]af; ug]{ ;Gbe{;r
" L Bibliography
ls/fFtL /fO{x¿ ªkr', xlblr, /fdnO, ;fltkf / gf:dL kf5fsf 5g\ . tL
' k"vf{ v]jfa' jf k/f]5f s] xf] dnfO{ k|:6
kf5fx¿nfO{ ;RofO lbg" xf]nf . t/ k|dv PjO5f–afGtjf, l8s= ;=@)%*= afGtjf -/fO{_ zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M lbks'df/
yfxf ePg . ?kfa'ª=
Awoicha-Bantawa, Dik. 2001 [VS 2058]. Bantawa (Rai)
clg afªb]nsf] k'vf{ klg d}n] /5f] eGg] ;'gs ] f] x'F . t/ oxfF /frf] pNn]v Shabdakosh. Kathmandu: Dipkumar Rupabung.
ePsf] 5 . /fKtfv' d}n] g;'g]sf] gfd k/\of] . d}n] t ;Ttf] kf] ;'gs] f] lyPF . ;Ttf] u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
a;]sf] 5]qnfO{ ;f]tfÍ elgPsf] eGy] k'vf{x¿ . nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
lkNdf]÷k]Ndª, a'ª / u'bn
] df gfl5/Lªx¿ a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . ToxfF t s'nª
' x¿sf] a;f]af; 5 . s'nª
' / gfl5/Lª efiff clt Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
g} ;dLk 5g\ . t/ To;}sf] cfwf/df s'n'ªx¿ gfl5/Lª jf gfl5/Lªx¿ s'nª ' g} Indigenous Nationalities.
x'g\ eGg gldNnf . vDa', uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]nª
' df, !, !M
#(–$@=
o;df gfl5/Lªx¿sf] a[xt\ a;f]af; eP/ klg pNn]v gePsf] b]vs ] f] Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
ufpF xf], afb]n . k|tfkl;+ gfl5/Lª /fO{, lai0f'eQm gfl5/Lª /fO{x¿sf] ufpF / ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
ToxfFsf kf5fx¿ . To:t} lbDdf, P];]nv ' s{df a;f]af; ug]{ gfl5/Lª /fO{x¿ . ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
logLx¿ lbDdf]5fsf ;Gtfgx¿ x'g\ t/ pgLx¿df kf5fx¿ e]l6Psf] lyPg . o; sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
;DaGwL lj1x¿ e]6] ;f]Wg" xf]nf . of] b'O{ ufpFsf ls/fFtL gfl5/Lªx¿sf] af/]df . Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
cGo s'/fx¿ daf6 of] 5f]6f] cjlwdf ;Dej ePg . ;don] ;fy lbPdf Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
Yayokkha.
kl5 cfpFnf . wGojfb .
ls/fFtL, eb|uf]n= ;=@)^$= ‘tf]S5L emf]ªfd s] xGgf’, uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !)&,
©t]h gfl5l/ª, Soflnkmf]lg{of, cd]l/sf, !* l8;]Da/ @))& !$%M (, c;f]h !! -@* ;]K6]Da/ @))&, z'qmaf/_=
Kirati, Bhadragol. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Tokchhi jhongam ke hanna’,
8 Jan 08, Tuesday Gorkhapatra daily, 107, 145: 9, 28 September.
To dl6;f]km, h]D; P= O{=@))#= ÅofG8a's cj\ k|f]6f]–l6a]6f]–ad{gM l;:6d ofG8
Lal Rapacha ! lkmnf];kmL cj\ ;fOgf]l6a]6g l/sG:6«S;g= as{nM] o'lgel;{6L cj\
Chonnike Yalaakhamlaam (Greetings Form Kathmandu) !! Soflnkmf]lg{of k|];=
Thank you for the precious information and very nice to hear from
Matisoff, James A. 2003. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman:
you ! I have just arrived Kathmandu from Solukhumbu and
System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction.
Khotang visits. Therefore, I'm sorry for not being able to read the
Berkeley: University of California Press.
matters yet.
Best Regards in Solidarity ! (slightly edited in the e-mail version)
gfl5l/ª, wg= ;=@)^!= ‘cf]ls l/b'd’, d'Gw'd -dfl;s_, !, !M @@=
Nachhiring, Dhan. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Oki ridum’, Mundhum
Masik, 1, 1: 22.
Pratap Singh Nachhiring
Editor/Publisher gfl5l/ª, lxd= ;=@)^)= ‘gfl5/Lª Ps kl/ro’= gfl5/L x'S5f]= sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt
Salpa Monthly National Magazine. /f]b' gfl5/Lª ;fvfd=
G.P.O. Box 2351, Kathmandu. Nachhiring, Him. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Nachhiring ek parichaya’.
Nepal. Nachhiri Hukchho. Kathmandu: Kirat Rodu Nachhiring
Sakham.

|| 275 || || 276 ||
>]i7, wL/= ;=@)^@= ‘cl:tTjsf] vf]hLdf ls/fFt vDa" -vDd"_ gfl5l/ª efiff’,
;okqL -ax'eflifs_, !), @, @)M %*–^!= @=!&= ls/fFtL–g]jfxfª (Kiranti-Newahang)

Shrestha, Dhir. 2005 [VS 2066]. ‘Astitwoko khojima Kirat


Khambu (Khammu) Nachhiring bhasha’, Sayapatri
(bahubhashik), 10, 2, 20: 58-61. @=!&=) kl/ro (Introduction)
gfl5l/ª, k|tfkl;+x / t]h gfl5l/ª -cg'= wL/ >]i7sf] g]kfnL efiffsf] n]v
ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªdf_= @)^@= ‘pGg'gp nfDtf]kL ls/fFt /b' gfl5l/ª ?’, d]jfxfªsf] h:t} ls/fFtL–g]jfxfªsf] xfª n]lS;d (lexeme) n] k"/}
;okqL -ax'eflifs_, !), @, @)M %*–^!= ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿df ‘/fhf’ eGg] cg'jfb÷cy{ af]ss ] f] x'G5 . ls/fFtL–
Nachhiring, Pratapsingh and Tej Nachhiring (trans. Dhir ofSy'ªsf] k|foM kf5f jf bK;lgª -Snfgf]lgd_x¿ / ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] s]xL
Shresthako Nepali bhashako lekh Kiranti-Nachhiringma). Snfgf]lgdx¿df xfª g} e'mlG8Psf] x'G5 . h:t}M yf]lSnxfª / b'Ab]ªxfª cflb .
2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Unnunu lamtopi Kirat Radu Nachhiring clg w]/} afFsL ls/fFtL Snfgf]lgdx¿df cf]Nnfb]lv kNnf] ls/fFt;Dd–rf /–5f
ru’, Sayapatri (bahubhashik), 10, 2, 20: 58-61. ?lkd (morpheme) / kb÷n]lS;d (lexeme) e'mG8\ofPsf x'G5 . o;sf] k"/}
/fO{, wg= ;=@)$*= ‘gfl5l/ª /fO{x¿sf] a'hfd g]d\ jf bfpnf] s'Od\’, lxdfno, !, ljZn]ifg cWofo % n] u/]sf] 5 .
!,#M ^!=
Rai, Dhan. 1991 [VS 2048]. ‘Nachhiring Raiharuko bujam nem wa
ofSof]Svfsf] 5fFofdf ls/fFt s'nª ' u':vd 66, s'nª ' / gfl5l/ªleq
daulo kuim’, Himalaya, 1, 1, 3: 61. ;f]tfª -6f]kf]lgd klg_, sf]FOrleq ;'/]n -6f]kf]lgd ;'/L_, ls/fjf / /f]b'ªleq
/fO{, uLtf= ;=@)$*= ‘gfl5l/ª /fO{ efiffdf z/L/sf c+ux¿sf] gfd’, lxdfno, !, sf]o,' cf7klx/ofleq a]Nxf/] jf ;'Aaf / /fO{ ku/Lleq ofSvfsf] :jklxrfgdf
!,#M ^#= r'gf}lt eP h:t} d]jfxfªleq g]jfxfªsf] klxrfgsf] n8fOF lj4dfg 5 . xfdLn]
Rai, Geeta. 1991 [VS 2048]. ‘Nachhiring Rai bhashama sharirka o;sf] ;+st] ljleGg pk–cWofox¿df ;Daf]wg u/]sf 5f}+ . g]jfxfªsf] s'/f]
angaharuko nam’, Himalaya, 1, 1, 3: 61. pKsfpFbf d]jfxfª -x]g"{ @=!% klg_ sf] s'/f gu/L k"/f x'Fb}g . oL b'Od{ f km/s eg]sf]
÷d÷ / ÷g÷ jLrsf] km/s g} xf] . n3'td o'Ud jf ldlgdn k]c/ (minimal pair)
*************************** sf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ efiffj}Uoflgsx¿n] j]lt/]sL jf sG6«fl:6e (contrastive) 5
eGb5g\ . o;} u/L cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf klg tf]nf]rf -x]g"{ @=@ klg_ / yf]nf]rf -x]g"{
@=!! klg_ Snfgf]lgd ePsf b'O{ ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿ klg 5g\ .
xfdLn] cl3Nnf] pk–cWofo @=!% df OGb| s'n'ª -ld=g= ck|sflzt
6fOkl:qmK6_ sf] cWoognfO{ k|:t't ub}{ of] pk–cWofodf ;fd (Saam) zAbsf]
cy{ / jf:tljstf k|:t't ug]{ jfrf u/]sf lyof}+ . jf:tjdf of] g]jfxfªnfO{
klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] lbPsf] gfd xf] . cyf{t\ xfdLn] oxfF s] e'Ng' x'Fb}g eg] of]
;"rgf klg klZrdfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo jStfx¿n]] g} lbPsf x'g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] tYofª
-O{=@))!_ n] ;fd efifL eg]/ Onfddf !$, df]/ªdf ! / ;f]n'v'Da'df * u/L hDdf
@# b]vfPsf] 5 h'g ;fd efifLx¿ geP/ g]jfxfª g} x'g\ . / of] ;fd eflifs
;Dk|bfo geP/ s'n'ª jStfx¿n] ls/fFtL–g]jfxfªx¿nfO{ ufnL ubf{ k|of]u ug{]

66
cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf cfk\mgf] ;+:yfsf] gfd u':vd /fVgsf]nflu sf7dfG8" lhNnf
k|zf;gn] tuf/f] t]:of{O lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf OGb| s'n'ªn] @^ d+l;/ @)^$ -!!
l8;]Da/ @))&_ a'wjf/ ;fFem 6]lnkmf]gaf6 atfPsf x'g\ .
|| 277 || || 278 ||
zAb (abusive word) xf] h;sf] cy{ ‘s'xs ] f] df;'’ 67 x'G5 . efiffs} s'/f ubf{ JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g}
P;cfOPnsf] OYgf]nu -O{=@))%_ n] g]jfxfªnfO{ efiffsf] dfGotfsf] ?kdf k|ljli6 xf] . of] /fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . clg
lbPsf] 5}g . t/ 5'Sjf -O{=@))%M $&)_ nfO{ ÅofG;f]g / leG6/ -O{=!((!_ sf] csf]{ v;Ls/g÷Khasization k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf] klxrfg hldGbf/ >lhdL klg
xjfnf lb+b} efiffsf] bhf{{ lbPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf ljleGg cWoogx¿n] 5'Sjf / xf] . Tof] xfdLn] of] cWoogel/ g} pNn]v ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . kNnf] ls/fFtdf
kf]lxªnfO{ g]jfxfªsf] eflifsf -x]g"{ cWofo ! sf] lkmu;{ @ klg_ egL ls6]sf 5g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSvf -h:t}M v]dfxfª lhdL_ df h:tf] ls/fFtL–g]jfxfªdf lhdL ku/L
of] 5'sj' f -$5'Sjf_ ls/fFtL d]jfxfªsf] ;fd] jf bK;lgª -Snfgf]lgd clanonym g} 6fFl;Psf] eg] e]l6Pg . t/ oxL hldGbf/ >lhdL ku/L -<_ sf] 5ftfdf cf]Nnf]
x]g"{ @=!% klg_ klg xf] . o;} u/L d]/fof lj?4 v8f ePsf] a'ªnfjf /fO{ ;dfhsf] ls/fFt cf]vn9'ªuf / ;f]n'vD' a"sf ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ h:t}M ls/fFtL–
vflnª, ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , ls/fFtL–y'nª' , ls/fFtL–s'nª' / ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªn]
a'ªnfjf -$a'ªnf_ klg d]jfxfªleqs} Snfgf]lgdf kg]{ xfdLn] n]vL ;Sof}+ .
;fd"lxs ;+:yfsf] gfd lhdL /fO{ -b'j} zfxcf}klgj]lzs ku/Lx¿_ pTyfg ;dfhdf
d]jfxfªsf] of] a'ªnfjf Snfgf]lgdsf] af/]df xfdLn] vu]Gb| ;ªud;Fu æx}g klg /fv]sf 5g\ . of] hldGbf/ >lhdL zAb klg ;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g kl/jf/sf]
a'ªnfjfsf] t 5'§} a'ªnfjf /fO{ ;dfh 5 lg Û s;/L of] d]jfxfªsf] Snfgf]lgd efiff af]Ng] dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf] ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿sf] df}lns zAb xf]Og .
eof] <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wbf æw]/} hfGg] ePkl5 t]:t} x'G5Æ eGg] pQ/ lbPsf lyP .
o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ jf lhdL,
g]jfxfªx¿ cfk\mgf] ;dfh–dfgjzf:q de'mjf–ef]hk'/af6 z'? ePsf] d'lvof, ;'Aaf / b]jfg cflb xf]Og egL P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] k|:6ofpPsf]
xf] eGb5g\ . de'mjfjf;Lx¿ klg cfk"mnfO{ g]jfxfª g} eGb5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cGo tYo xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿ klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{
OUhf]lgdx¿df ;fd vf (Saama Kha), ;DAof (Sambya), g]jfxfª ofDk]m! :jLsfb{5g\ . ls/fFtL–g]jfxfªx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf
(Newahang Yamphe)! l;afcf]–ofDk]m! (Sibao-Yamphe), ofDk]m vf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn]
(Yamphe Kha), kf–cf] (Pa-o), g]jfªu] /fO{! (Newange Rai)! g]jfªu] lhdL! :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . g]jfxfª
(Newange Jimi) / g]jfª (Newang!g]Djfªsf] glhsý xfd|f] gf]6#!cflb g} x'g\ . -a'ªnfjf_x¿sf] ;fd] nf5fkf -k'?if_ / o'ªvfdf -dlxnf_ x'g] k|lqmof -t'n=xs{
oL gfdx¿df s]xL g s]xL s'/f n'ss] f 5g\ . ‘ofDk]m’ sf] P–sf/ - ]_ ls/fFtL– a'ªnfjf ;=@)^)M !_ ls/fFtL ofSvf -x]g"{ @=@% klg_ ;Fu x'–ax' ldN5 .
ofDk'mx¿ lxGb"–vl;s/g (Hindu-Khasization)! sf] df/df k/]kl5 ag]sf] zAb ;fFu/' Lsf gfS5f]ª ;Grdfg g]jfxfª -x]g"{ dfªkmfª–xt'jfnL ;=@)^$M 5_ ce}m
xf] . ! lhpFb} ePsf]n] g]jfxfªsf] ;§f a'ªnfjf dfQ}nfO{ lnP/ a'ªnfjf /fO{ ;dfh egL
gfdfs/g ug'{ ts{ cf} Gofok"g{ 5 ls 5}g k]ml/ klg PskN6 7G8f lbdfun] ;f]Rg'
c? ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿;Fu g]jfxfª SofSkfdfªkf ljh'jf -x]g"{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
/fh]z /fO{ ;=@)^@M $%–$(_ sf] nf]ssyf / vflSrn'Skf, tofdf / lvofdf;Fu
hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ca df}lvs db\bd' , efiffj}Uoflgs juL{s/Gfn] g]jfxfªs elugL @=!&=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
efiffx¿df d]jfxfª, nf]xf]?ª, ofDk"m / s'nª' x'g\ . jf:tjdf pgLx¿nfO{ d]/fof tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf vDa" uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] ofk'm ufpF,
-O{=@))%M vi_ n] æd]jfxfªnfO{ g]jfxfª -x]g"{ ls/fFtL–d]jfxfª @=!& klg_ klg ;+vj' f;ef lhNnfnfO{ ls/fFtL– g]jfxfªsf] k|fylds lzS5fsf]nflu s]Gb|
elgG5Æ eGg] s'/fsf] ;fdfGoLs/Gf (generalization)!dg k/]sf] 5}g . 68 k|:tfljt u/]sf 5g\ . t/ pgn] pgsf] k|ltj]bgdf d]jfxfªnfO{r}F pNn]v ug{
ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªsf] h:tf] w]/} j}slNks gfdx¿ ePsf] g]jfxfªx¿sf] r'ss ] f 5g\ . s'g} g]jfxfªn] pgnfO{ d]jfxfª eg]sf] g]jfxfª g} xf] jf d]jfxfª
cGo x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL geP/ g]jfxfª xf] eGg] ;"rgf lbPsf] x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg'{ x'b}g . pgs}
-O{=@)))M $)_ a'emfOdf 5'Sjf, a'ªnf -<a'ªnfjf <_ / ;fd -cy{ cl3sf]
cg'R5]bdf x]g_"{ g]jfxfªs} eflifsf x'g\ . pgn] a'ªnf n]v/] a'ªnfjf OlÍt ug{
67
of] ;"rgf cg';Gwftf tyf sf]zsf/ xs{ a'ªnfjf;Fu @)^# ;fndf pgs} 3/b}nf]df vf]hs ] f x'g\ eg] ls/fFtL–g]jfxfªsf] Ps Snfgf]lgd a'ªnfjf xf] / of] g]jfxfªsf]
ePsf] JolStut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . eflifsf geP/ ls/fFtL–g]jfxfª efiff -t'n= a|f8\nL !((&M !& / /fkrf @))%M
68 $–%_ g} xf] . t/ xfdLn] ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªsf] pk–cWofo -x]g"{ @=!% klg_ df s]
of] ljdtLsf] ;"rgf xfdLn] b]jfg g]jfxfª–/fO{, s]bf/ g]jfxfª–/fO{ / xs{ g]jfxfª–
/fO{;uF @)^# ;fn jiff{ ofddf pgLx?s} 3/b}nf]df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf n]vs ] f5f}+ eg] a'ªnfjf d]jfxfªsf] Snfgf]lgd xf] . a'ªnfjf km/s eflifs
cfwfl/t 5 . ;Dk|bfo eg] xf]Og . x'g' kg]{r}F g]jfxfª g} b]lvg cfPsf] 5 tfklg o;sf]
|| 279 || || 280 ||
k|dflgs/gsf]nflu efiffsf] ;3g cWoog x'g' h?/L 5 . gfS5f]ª ;Grdfg e]6g\ g} ;s]gf}+ . cWoog ePsf] klg x'g ;S5 t/ xfdLnfO{ ;do / ;|ft] –;fwfgn]
g]jfxfªsf] gfd k|;ªu klg pNn]v eO{ g} ;s]sf] 5 . ;fy lbPg . oxfF of] olQ g} .
of] efiff ljz]if u/]/ kNnf] ls/fFt ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] ;fgf] de'mjf /
g]kfn] 8fF8f -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=!* XVIII klg_ Onfsfx¿df af]lnG5 . :jf8]z ;o
@=!&=# jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
moities)
zAb;"rLdf pknAw zAbx¿ &( 5g\ / nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yf 5 . of] efiffsf
jStfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf cefj 5 . xfdLn] o;sf] cWofo % df P]ltxfl;s t'ngf ls/fFtL–g]jfxfªnfO{ EfflG;6f6{ -O{=!*(^ / !()(_ sf] hdfgfdf
u/]sf 5}gf}+ / oxfF o;f] d]jfxfª;Fu bfFhL x]bf{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ;'/n
] -x]g"{ @=!! ‘gjfxfª’ af]lnbf] /x]5 . t/ pgsf] ;'gfO / n]vfOdf s]xL km/s x'g ;S5 .
klg_ df hlt km/s 5 . s'nª ' / gfl5l/ª jf s'n'ª–gfl5l/ªleq ;f]tfª -x]g"{ l;laP; -O{=@))!_ df ls/fFtL–g]jfxfª jStfx¿sf] 5'§} ;+Vof b]vfOPsf] 5}g .
@=!@ / @=!^ klg_ sf] hlt km/s oL b'O{ km/s elgPsf efiffx¿df b]lvG5 . t/ ;fd efifL eg]/ Onfddf !$, df]/ªdf ! / ;f]n'v'Da'df * u/L hDdf @#
b]vfOPsf] 5 h'g ;fd efifLx¿ geP/ g]jfxfª g} x'g\ eg]/ xfdLn] cl3 elg;Sof}+ .
pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgdx¿df aflxªu] -x]g"{ @=@ klg_, rOcxfª, rNkfrfjf,
b]ufdL, b]xrfª, s]qf, sNrjf, n]Gbf, ;d]jf, t]df]G/f, t]Guf -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^
/ !()(_ / a'ªnfjf g} d'Vo x'g\ . tfDs'sL OGb|sd' f/L g]jfxfª–/fO{ cg';f/
pgsf] y/ nfª5fjf / ;fd] -uf]q_ r'ªvfdf xf] . 69 oxL k|lqmofnfO{ g]jfxfª
-a'ªnfjf_x¿sf] ;fd] nf5fkf -k'?if_ / o'ªvfdf -dlxnf_ x'G5 egL xs{
a'ªnfjf -;=@)^)M !_ n] klg atfPsf 5g\ / of] ls/fFtL ofSvf -x]g"{ @=@% klg_
;Fu x'–ax' ldN5 eg]/ cl3 klg egL ;lsof] .
@=!&=$ efiff–hfltzf:q÷j+zfjnL (Language ethnology/genealogy)
xfd|f c? k'vf{x¿ h:t} cfk\mgf] hjfgL la|l6z ;fdfHojfbLx¿sf] ;]jfdf
vr]{/ gyfs]sf SofK6]g xs{ a'ªnfjf g} of] lbzfdf PSnf a[x:klt x'g\ eGbf
cltzof]lQm x'Fbg} . pgn] cfk\mgf] efiff / ;F:s[ltnfO{ dfof u/]/ a'ªnfjf j+zfjnL
-efiff, ;F:s[lt / zAbfjnL;lxt_ sf] s[lt ls/fFtL efiff–;flxTosf] eG8f/nfO{
lbg' eg]sf] rfGr'g] s'/f xf]Og eGg] xfd|f] d"Nofªsg xf] . zfob rGb|l;+x s'nª ' n]
s'nª ' efifLnfO{ g]tT[ j lbPe}+m SofK6]g xs{n] klg a'ªnfjf /fO{ ;dfhsf] g]t[Tj
u/]sf] x'g' k5{ . xfdLn] pgnfO{ pgsf] b}nf]df b]Vbf ;efg]sf] 7]nL zAbsf]znfO{
a'ªnfjfdf cg'jfb ub}{ u/]sf] xfdLn] e]6s ] f lyof}+ . of] 38L;Ddf Tof] zAbsf]zsf]
-gSzf g+=@=!* XVIII: g]jfxfª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M l8«cd O{=@))!M ^((, ;fdsf] w]/} k|ult eO{ ;s]sf] 5 jf x'Fb} xf]nf . xfd|f] z'esfdgf 5 .
:yfgdf g]jfxfª x'g' kg]{_
@=!&=% ;|Jo Sof;]6 (Audio tapes/cassettes)
@=!&=@ eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
of] dft[efiffdf g]jfxfª jf a'ªnfjfsf] gfd} tf]s]/ t t]:tf] s'g} uLtx¿ jf
d]jfxfª efiffsf] pk–cWofodf h] hlt ljz]iftf b]lvof] t]tL g} of] Sof;]6 g} /]s8{ ePsf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5}g . t/ r'Sjf jf kf]lxª eg]/ r}F @ j6f
efiffdf klg x'g' kb{5 egL xfdLn] afF; 3f/Ldf 9'ªuf xfGg] sfd u/]sf 5f}+ . of]
uLtx¿ 70 /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6fn] /]s8{ u/]sf];Dd ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 . xfdLn] cl3
;xL efiffj}Uoflgs tl/sf xf]Og eGg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . a'em] / klg a'em krfpg'
jf}l4s wd{ xf]Og tfklg of] xfd|f] jfWotf xf] . ‘d"n r'Nxf]’ nfO{ ;'y'n'ª -c?
ls/fFtL efiffx¿df ;'Kt'n'ª / x'On'ª_ / ‘cfsfz’ nfO{ lggfDdf eGg] g]jfxfª jf 69
of] ;"rgf pgL;Fu @@ ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
a'ªnfjfsf] s]xL zAbx¿ ;+sng afx]s efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog ePsf] xfdLn] 70
c? ls/fFtL efiffsf uLtx?df ls/fjf $%, cf7k|] &, k'df @, s'n'ª !), a]nxf/] #,
l5Gtfª %, l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, y'nª' $, b'dL @, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL
|| 281 || || 282 ||
g} pNn]v u/L ;Sof}+ ls r'Sjf jf kf]lxª eg]sf] d]jfxfª jf g]jfxfªsf] eflifsf $!=lktª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=s'l;ª -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
xf] . o;df xfdL unt klg ;fljt x'g ;S5f}+ lsgeg] s'g} klg Uofg clGtd x'Fbg} . $#=cFsf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Kdf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
o;n] ljleGg sfnvG8df ljleGg b[li6sf]gaf6 r'gf}lt kfpg' k5{ . Tof] g} xfd|f] $%=7f]s\ -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=n]df -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
dfgj;Eotfsf] Uofgt[:gf xf] . $&=;'Das\ -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=+lkl8;' -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
@=!&=^ ls/fFtL–g]jfxfª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Newahang $(=n'ªd\ f -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=9]Kdf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
sample wordlist) %!=l; -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=PR5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
%#=8'Snf] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nlgdf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
%%=lwGb/a'ª -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=ªf] -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M %%–%&_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z %&=lgv's\ -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=g'ª -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} %(=k]nf -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=g'ª;kf -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . ^!=;]Gtfs\ -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gfa's -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
^#=dfcf -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=PQ] -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
!=cfFlsdL -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=yaL -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash ^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ldgf -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
#=xf]n's\ -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=af]s\ -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly ^&=jfnL -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xf/Skf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
%=9f]Kkf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=5paf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird ^(=pSdL -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)= ===-lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
&=+ª]s' -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfsr'skf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black &!=;]Udf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=+O;' -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
(=x]nj' f -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=t'Kk/L -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone &#=+vª' -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=k'ªdf -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
!!=cf]Kdf -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@= +cf]d' -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn &%=+r'jf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=xf]p -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
!#=w'DafnL -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=r'ª;L -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold &&=pDdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=d]R5'Kdf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
!%= tfdf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^= +l;of -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die &(=d]sd' f -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=+kkf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
!&=sf]rd' f -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'ªdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink *!=;ªludf -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª5'jf -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
!(=a'pdfkf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gafs -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=5f]Sdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
@!=aSvfdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat *%=d'? -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=xsf] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
@#=jflbg -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d's -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye *&=cf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=cgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
@%=jfnk -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=d' -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire *(=n]d -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=s]ª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
@&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat (!=8s -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=x'SrL -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
@(=lkmDdf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot (#=afSdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=s'ªf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
#!= === -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkKdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give (%=cªlsdL -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=pªsf]nf] -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
##=v]Gg'hf] -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$= === -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease (&=aofkf -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=c; -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
#%= === -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=6fª -gf_ ‘s];’ hair ((=lddf5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))= === -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
#&=x's\ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=6f]vf]/s -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head -------------
#(=PKdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=n'Ddf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6M g+= #!, #$, #%, &) / !)) vfnL / g+= &, !@, !^, $*, &@, &#,
&% / *) sf] lqmof ?kx¿ z+sf:kb 5g\ . lsgeg] d]jfxfª / g]jfxfª w]/}
lgs6 efiffx¿ x'g\ eGg] tYo xfdLn] of] :jf8]z j8{ ln:6 bfFh/] x]bf{ yfxf
#, kmfªb'jfnL # / ofSvfdf * -Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{ ‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf kfPsf xf}+ . t/ o;nfO{ clGtd dfGbf unt ;fljt x'g ;S5 . of] efiff /
;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @% ;=@)^#M #@_ 5g\ . lrgf/Lsf] n8fOF eg]sf] xfdLn] cl3 pNn]v u/] cg';f/ dfdf–efGhf jLrsf]
|| 283 || || 284 ||
xf] . ofof]Svfn] ;f]tfªnfO{ 5'§} efiff eg]/ ls6] h:t} xf] ls eGbf cGofo Bradley, David. 1997. ‘Tibeto-Burman Languages and
gx'g ;S5 . ofof]Svfn] Tof] s'/f s'g jfWotf jf cg';Gwfgsf] ljlwdf u¥of]ý classification’. Papers in Southeast Asian linguistics No.14:
7G8f lbdfun] ;f]Rg' kg]{5 . t];/L g} a'ªnfjf /fO{ ;dfhdf Psj4 ePsf [Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas] 1-72.
g]jfxfªx¿ / d]/fofsf d]jfxfªx¿n] klg ;fy ;fy j;]/ ;f]Rbf b'js } f] enf] s'nª
' , OGb|= ld=g= ls/fFtd"nsf pk]lIft ls/fFthGo hfltx¿sf] cflbjf;L
g} x'G5 . hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g @)%* sf] cg';l" rdf ;"lrs[t x'g]
cfwf/x¿= ck|sflzt 6fOkl:qmK6=
@=!&=& lgrf]8 (Conclusion) Kulung, Indra. n.d. Kiratkulka upekshit Kiratjanya jatiharuko
g]jfxfª / d]jfxfª jLr lrgf/Lsf] n8fOF k'/fgf] xf]Og . oL b'Os { f] km/s aadivasi janajati uttan rastriya pratisthan ain 2058 ko
eg]sf] ÷d÷ / ÷g÷ Wjlg jg{ jLrsf] g} xf] . s'/f] s] xf] eg] ca ÷d÷ n] ÷g÷ nfO{ anusuchima suchikrit hune adharharu. Unpublished typescript.
a'ªnfjf eg]/ 5'§} eflifs ;Dk|bfosf] klxrfg lbg] xf] jf xf]Og . lhnLufF7L dfªkmfª–xt'jfnL, rGb|= ;=@)^$= ;fs]GjfM ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf] dxfg rf8=
sxfF;Dd xf] eg] a'ªnfjf g} d]jfxfªsf] Ps Snfgf]lgd xf] . h:t}M ls/fFtL– sf7dfG8"M afGtfjf cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg=
afc\oª' df l/kf]rf / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf /fkrf ePe}+m . d]jfxfªdf hlt hfltzf:q / Mangphang-Hatuwali, Chandra. 2007 [VS 2064]. Sakenwa: Kirat
efiffdf sfd ePsf] 5 g]jfxfªdf Tof] s]xL 5}g eGbf km/s kb}{g . hlt u/] ePsf Raiharuko Mahan Chad. Kathmandu: Bantawa Anusandhan
Pratisthan.
5g\ tL xs{ a'ªnfjfsf g} x'g\ . x'Fb} xf]nfg\ / x'g\ afFsL xf]nfg\ Tof] /fd|f] xf] . x'g' k5{ .
d]jfxfªleq g]jfxfªsf] lrgf/Lsf] r'gf}lt / n8fOFdf eg] ;f]tfªn] ls/fFtL– /fO{, /fh]z= ;=@)^@= ls/fFtL nf]ssyf ;+u|x= wgs'6fM k|f=8f=gf]ls/f=
Rai, Rajesh. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirati Lokkatha Sangra. Dhankuta:
s'nª' leq 5'§} efiffsf] lrgf]/L vfh] eGbf a9L x'Fbg} eGgnfO{ w]/} cg';Gwfg Prof Dr Nokira.
ul//xg' kb}{g eGg] xfd|f] 7gfO xf] . xfdL ;tk|ltzt ;xL 5f}+ eGb}gf}+ . EfflG;6f6{, O8]g= !((@ -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !*(^_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -ljy ofg\
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography OG6««f8] S;g afO Pr=Pr= l/:n]_= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M Plhog Ph's;
] gn
;le{;];=\
a'ªnfjf–/fO{, xs{= ;=@)^)= a'ªnfjf j+zfjnL -efiff, ;F:s[lt / Vansittart, Eden. 1992 [orig.1896]. Notes on Nepal (with an
zAbfjnL;lxtý ;Dkf= z+s/ /fO{ / rGb|ljqmd /fO{_= sf7dfG8"M n]vs= introduction by H.H. Risley). New Delhi and Madras: Asian
Bunglawa-Rai, Harka. 2003 [VS 2060]. Bunglawa Vamshawali Educational Services.
(Bhasha, Sanskriti ra Shabdawalisahit; Eds. Shankar Rai and -----. !((! -k|yd ;+:s/Gf !()^_= u'vf{hM\ x ÅofG8a's= Go" 8]nL ofG8 db|f;M
Chandravikram Rai). Kathmandu: Author. Plhog Ph's;
] gn ;le{;];=\
vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !,!M -----. 1991 [orig.1906]. Gurkhas: A Handbook. New Delhi &
#(–$@= Madras: Asian Educational Services.
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x= ***************************
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
Yayokkha.
a|f8\nL, 8]la8= O{=!((&= ‘l6a]6f]ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\\ ofG8 Snfl;lkms]O;g’=
k]k/;{ Og\ ;fpyO:6 PlhPg lnªu'Ol6S;\ gf]=!$M -l6a]6f]–ad{g
Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ b lxdfnoh\=_ !–&@=

|| 285 || || 286 ||
r'nfdf k'hk] l5 9f]n e\mofD6f ahfpFb} l;nL gfR5g\ . k'dfx¿ a"9fxfª g} eGb5g\ .
@=!* ls/fFtL–k'df (Kiranti-Puma)
pgLx¿ xfªsf] ;6\6f xf]ª af]Nb5g\ . oxfF ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª jf rflDnª;Fu
;fF:s[lts tfnd]n :ki6 b]lvG5 . t/ kmfu' jf:tjdf ;fs]nf jf a'G5/ xf] .
cfk\mgf] cgfbL jf cflbjf;L lrgf/L :j?k pgLx¿n] pgLx¿sf] k|foM
@=!*=) kl/ro (Introduction)
:yfgLo 7f“px¿sf] gfd nf]sf]lgd (loconym) cfk\mg} dft[efiffdf /fv]sf 5g\ .
oxL cWofosf] pk–cWofo @=% df k/]sf] ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª;Fu} h:t}M— lbKn'Í, cf]Sjf/Ltf]Í -df}jfaf]6]_, rfefnf]Svf, afvf]ktfg, tfdb'Í,
;LkL8LkLsf] cWoog 3]/fdf kg]{ jt{dfgsf] cToGt} efUozfnL ls/fFtL a‘lznf, a'tjf -a'o6f/_, /fÍefÍ], lt/Ltf]Í, /f]Í?d -lgufnaf;_ cflb . of]
efiffx¿dWo]sf] csf]{ efiff eg]sf] ls/fFtL–k'df (Kiranti-Puma) klg xf] . cfk\mgf] lrgf/Lsf] cToGt} ;s/fTds kS5] xf] . pgLx¿sf] efiffdf v]taf/L, vf]nf,
k'dfx¿sf] cfk\mg} dft[efiffdf cfk\mgf] :jOYgf]lgd (autoethnonym) jf h+unsf] klg gfd kfOG5 . o;n] eflifs, ef}uf]lns tyf P]ltxfl;s, ;fF:s[lts
:jhfltgfd /sf]ª (Rakong) xf] . pgLx¿sf] of] Ps Snfgf]lgd klg xf] . of] cflb tYox¿sf] ;"rgf lbg] ePsf]n] ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 .
:jOYgf]lgdsf] j}slNks jf P]ltxfl;s eflifsf ?kx¿ ~/f]sf]ª ~/f]v'Í~/f]s'ª @=!*=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
klg x'g\ . of] /f]sf]ª :jOYgf]lgd /f]b'ª~/f]bf]ªsf] Pp6} kfl/jfl/s ;DjGw 5 .
ls/fFtL–k'df efiff -ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª;Fu a9L glhs_ ljz]if u/]/ dfem
pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ dfem ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–/f]bª' x¿n] /f]b'ª ls/fFt vf]6fÍ lhNnfsf] lbKn'ª, lr;fkfgL, df}jfaf]6], kf}jf;]/f, j]n6f/, l;l¢k'/,
nf eg]em}+ /-f_]sª
' nf g} eGg] ub{5g\ . /f]b'ª / /f]s'ª clg nf / nf df P]ltxfl;s b]jL:yfg -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=!( XIX klg_ Onfsfx¿df af]lnG5 . :jf8]z ;o
jGwg 5 . o;n] P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cg';Gwftfx¿nfO{ ljz]if dxTj zAb;"rLdf pknAw zAbx¿ (@ 5g\ . o;sf] eflifs cj:yf 7Ls} /x]sf] bfjL
/fVb5 . / eflifs / /fhg}lts /ggLlt jf :6«f6]hL (linguistic and political ul/Psf] 5 . ;LkL8LkLsf] l/kf]6{ -O{=@))%M ($_ n] of] dft[efiffdf k|sfzgsf]
strategy) sf] ?kdf /f]bª ' , /f]sf]ª / ltn'ª ldn]/ ;xofqf ubf{ 7"nf] b"/L kf/ ug{ cefj /x]sf] htfPsf] 5 eg] #) jif{ eGbf dflysf jStfx¿nfO{ dfq k'df
;lsG5 . o;sf] cGo gfddf s]xL klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] k'df sfnf (Puma dft[efiffsf] s]xL Uofg 5 eGg] tYo v'nf;f u/]sf] 5 . t/ dpjfaf]6], kpjf;]/f /
Kala) / k'df lkdf (Puma Pima) klg htfPsf 5g\ . lbKn'ª lgufnjf;sf aRrfx¿n] ce}m klg k'df nf k|yd efiffsf] ?kdf l;S5g\
pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] egL >Ls'df/sf] :ynut e|dg cg'ejn] atfPsf] 5 .
klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf]
gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . ce}m klg k'df a"9fkfsfx¿ /fhf jf zf;s uy]{ eGbf
‘/fO{ uy]’{ eg]/ eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 egL o'jf cg';Gwftf >Ls'df/ k'dfn] xfdLnfO{
atfP . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . ls/fFtL–
k'dfx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ .
P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k
vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy)
zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf
xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
ls/fFtL–k'dfx¿ cfk\mgf] :jeflifs ;+:yf ls/fFtL–k'df
t'Kvfafªvfnfdf cfj4 5g\ . ;fs]nf jf ;fs]Gjf g} pgLx¿sf] ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/
xf] eg] bf]nvfsf ls/fFt /fhf a'9f]xf]ª -a'9fxfª, a'wxfª < xfd|f] k|Zg lsgeg]
a'9fxfªnfO{ kNnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–l5Gtfªdf ;'Fu'/ kflnG5_ ;Gbe{ pgLx¿sf]
Gof/]l6e (narative) df cfpF5 . >Ls'df/n] xfdLnfO{ atfpFbf k'dfx¿ ls/fjfn] -gSzf g+=@=!( XIX: k'df efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !!(_
h:tf] ;fs]Gjf eGb5g\ t/ pgLx¿ ;fs]Gjf gk'h/] kmfu' egL pef}nL ;dodf
|| 287 || || 288 ||
blVvgL e]u ;fjf vf]nf / b"wsf]zLsf] cf;kf;sf] If]qdf k'vf}{nL ^_ b'dfªn'ª\÷b'dfdn'ªM\ xfn;Dd Pp6f dfq kfOPsf], lbKn'Í &, *
a;f]af; /lxcfPsf] dfGg] ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿dWo] Ps ls/fFtL–k'dfx¿sf] lgufnaf;
afx'Notf vf]6fÍ lhNnfsf] lbKn'Í, df}jfaf]6], b]jL:yfg ufpFx¿df 5 eg] &_ lnDdfl5tM xfn;Dd Pp6f dfq kfOPsf], lbKn'Í &, *, df}jfaf]6] $,
lr;fkfgL, ;'Gtn], kmfStfÍ, kf}jf;]/f, sfx'n,] af]kÍ' , / pbok'/ lhNnfsf] ;fpg]rf}/, l;GtfÍ, pbok'/ lhNnfsf] l;l4k'/ #, $
l;l4k'/, rf}b08L, aanf, d}gfd}gL, ufpFx¿df Go"gtf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . xfn *_ x]go\ f]ª5\ fM xfn;Dd Pp6f dfq kfOPsf], kf}jf;]/f & a+lznf, * ;f]/fvfgL,
pbok'/ lhNnfs} a]N6f/, a;fxf, /fdk'/ tyf t/fO{df ;Kt/L, ;'g;/L, df]/Í, emfkf ( tfdb'ª, bf]vj] f
/ pkTofsfdf a;fOF ;/fO ug]{ qmddf ls/fFtL–k'dfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf]
eO/x]sf] 5 . -o; kf5fnfO{ ban'ª\ af]aLsf] ;ft kf5fleq s'n lkqdf /flvb}g . pgLx¿
cfk"mnfO{ ;fS;fn'ª, tªfn'ª af]aL eg]/ klg lrgfpg rfxG5g\ ._
@=!*=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
moities)
cf_ kfn'g -?y'd_ af]aL
l;ljP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vof $,#!) /x]sf] 5 . of] b]jL:yfg 5]qdf kfOg] of] af]aLdf hDdf ^ Snfgf]lgdx¿ 5g\ . ltgdf
eGbf klg a9L ;+Vofdf jStfx¿ kfOg] k|jn ;Defjgf eg] 5Fb5} . efiff af]n] klg tf]ªdfn'ª -b]jL:yfg !,@,# / lbKn'ª #,^,&_, ldyfxfª -b]jL:yfg $,% /
gaf]n] klg ls/fFtL–k'dfx¿ cfk\mgf] s'n k"hf tyf k/Dk/fut r'nf k'Hbf jf cGo ;b\wLk'/ $_, jfaLxfª -nf]k eO{ ;s]sf] cg'dfg 5_, vfxf]ª -kpjf;]/fsf]
;+:sf/ ubf{ ªfkf]ª -wfdL /-f_]sf]ª nf df h;n] k'df d'Gw'd klg hfg]sf] x'G5_ n] a'of6f/df yf]/} 3/ ;+ejt !,@ 3/ dfq_, d]Tnf]ªyf]ª -vf]h–cg';Gwfgdf
g} k'Hg] sfo{ ub{5 . cem;Dd gkfPsf]_, lvl/xfª jf /ªftfg -v8\u /fO{ ;=@)^$M %–*_ kb{5g\ .
k|jL0f k'df / u0f]z /fO{ -;=@)^@M @%_ cg';f/ hDdf !$ d'Vo kf5f h:t}M
>Ls'df/ k'df–/fO{ -k|sfzf]Gd'v_ sf] ‘Kf'df /fO{x¿sf] ;lIfKt kl/ro’ y'd/\ fxf]ª, of]ª\8fxfª -o'ª8fxfª klgý l;kLl8kLsL cg';Gwfg ;xfos sNkgf
zLif{ssf] n]v / v8\u /fO{ -;=@)^$M %–*_ cg';f/ ls/fFtL–k'dfx¿sf] afaL, /f]sf]ª–k'df /fO{n] htfP cg';f/ 71_, xf]ª6fªvf, b'DdfOn'ª -b'dfdn'ª_,
Snfgf]lgd, ;A–Snfgf]lgd / a;fO 5]q lgDgfg';f/ atfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] lnDdfl5t, uf/fhf -x]g"{ PjfO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M %! klg_, xflb/f, ldyfxf]ª,
;fd]t 5f]/f dfG5] eP gfDw'ªkf / 5f]/L dfG5] eP gfDw'ªdf x'G5 . ls/fFtL–k'dfx¿ tf]ªdfn'ª, d]Tnªoª, jfljxf]ª, vfjf]ª, l/l/xf]ª / x]gof]ª5f cflb x'G5g\ .
a;fO, kf5fut / 5]qsf] lx;fjn] b'O{ af]aL -tn k|:t't c / cf_ df ljeflht >Ls'df/ / u0f]z k'dfn] ;=@)^$ sflQs @% ut] pbok'/sf] l;b\wk'/df $ 3/
5g\ . d"n?kdf !$ Snfgf]lgd g} ePklg s'g} s'g} Snfgf]lgdleq ;A–Snfgf]lgd cfk"mnfO{ /ªftfg eGg] k'df klg e]6]sf 5g\ . t/ pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] k'Vof}{nL ynf]
kfOPsf 5g\ . /fjfvf]nf ePsf] atfpg'sf ;fy} pgLx¿ klxn] k'df nf g} af]Ng] ub{y] . oxfF
c_ ban'Í ->lbKn'Í_ af]aL xfdLn] /fjfvf]nfsf] gfd k'sfbf{ s] klg ;Demg' kb{5 eg] /f]b'ª jf
!_ xflb/f kf5f -pk–kf5fx¿M -s_ n'yd' /fhf -v_ tf]ªo\ f;'g -lbKn'Í–&, rflDnªx¿af6 ;+ejt 6'lqmPsf / s'n'ª;Fu glhs b]lvg] gfl5l/ªx¿ oxfFaf6
lgufnaf;_, -u_ e'k'nS' kf - b]jL:yfg–#, a'sn ' f_, -3_ dflTtdd'/f pk– lt/ljt/ ePsf x'g\ . jt{dfg l;b\wk'/df w]/} kf5fx¿sf] a;f]jf; cj:yf ldl>t
kf5f -df}jfaf]6] !, tfDa'jf_, -ª_ d'/ft'd÷d'/ft]g_ kfOG5 . pgLx¿sf] s'n lkt[x¿ / k'hf/Lx¿ cf–cfk\mg} x'G5g\ .
@_ uf/fhf kf5f -pk–kf5fx¿M -s_ r-f]_ªkfn'ª -lr;fkfgL #, 3f]n_]{ -v_ xfn oL Snfgf]ldx¿ clxn] l8lh6n ;+;f/
v'-ª]_g\kfn'ª -u_ gfgkfn'ª_ -henkhama.blogspot.com/, pumarai.org, pumala.blogspot.com,
#_ of]ª8\ fxfª kf5f -pk–kf5fx¿M -s_ lv÷l5/LxfÍ -lbKn'Í (, lgufnaf;, bungwaphop.blogspot.com_ df klg b]Vg / k9\g ;lsG5 tfklg of] ;+;f/df
df}jfaf]6] $ / Oldlvd_ -v_ l//L-vf]bL_xfÍ -kf}jf;]/f / ;';8] f“8f__ b]jgfu/L lnlksf] k|fljlws sf/gn] ubf{ sltko tYox¿ cz'4 ePsf]n] Oltxf;
$_ xfªyfªuf kf5f -Ps dfq df}jfaf]6] @ / jfnfDa'ª #_ lju|g] ;Defjgf k|z:t} b]lvPsf] 5 .
%_ y'df| xfÍ kf5f -pk–kf5fx¿M -s_ gfg\kfn'ª -df}jfaf]6] &, lbKn'Í $ 71
lr;fkfgL &, * / Oldlvd_ -v_ v'gk\ fn'ª - df}jfaf]6] ^, lbKn'Í / of] pgL;Fu @^ gf]e]Da/ @))& ;f]daf/sf lbg PnP;Pg -lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\
lr;fkfgL_ g]kfn_ sf] jflif{s sGkm/]G;, ;]8f sLlt{k/' df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t
;"rgf xf] .
|| 289 || || 290 ||
@=!*=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features) sf] z}nLdf ePsf] of] k|ltof]lutfn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] eg] /f9'x¿sf] h:t} /f]sf]ª
ls/fFtL–/sf]ª nf df & :j/x¿ x'G5g\ egL k|f=8f=gf]ls/f -;=@)%*M sljtf ljwf klg ;jn aGb} hfg] s'/fdf xfdL cfzfjfbL 5f}+ .
#^_ n] htfPsf 5g\ . ;LkL8LkLsf] cWoog sfo{ hf/L g} /x]sf]n] clxn] g} of] c? k|sflzt sljtfx¿df h:t} ;Demgf k'df–/fO{sf] ‘pªtfg’ -lgK;'ª
ls/fFtL efiffsf] cGo ljz]iftfx¿ oxfF xfdLn] pNn]v u/L /xg'sf] cf}lrTo sd c+s, aif{ yfxf gePsf]_ zLif{ssf] sljtf xf] eg] >Ls'df/ k'dfn] ‘xf]Kdf5fd’
ePsf]n] xfdL of] pk–cWofo vG8nfO{ oxLF lj6 df/]/ cufl8 km8\sf] dfg{ rfxG5f}+ . zLif{ssf] sljtf ls/fofsf] @@ cf}+ aflif{sf]T;jsf] pknS5]df ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf]
efiffsf] k"/} ;+/rgfsf]nflu kf7sju{n] ;LkL8LkLs} clGtd k|sfzg;Dd s'g'{ kg]{ slj uf]i7Ldf jfrg u/]sf lyP . ;f] of] cWoogsf] dWolt/ k|sfzf]Gd'v elgPsf]
ePsf] 5 . >Ls'df/n] ;LkL8LkLsf] clxn];Ddsf] cWoog cg';f/ k'dfdf ^ j6f eP klg a'ªjfkmf]k q}dfl;sdf k|sfzgdf cfO ;s]sf] x'g' kb{5 . ;fy} Tof]
:j/ / #@ j6f JoGhgx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ eg] ;"rgf xfdLnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf x'g\ . k|sfzgsf] t];|f] c+sdf sljtf k|ltof]lutf @)^$ sf ;j} sljtfx¿ @)^$
c;f]hb]lv P% ;fOhdf #@ kfgfsf] k|sfzg ug]{ ;"rgf ldn]sf]n] xfn;Dddf
@=!*=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary) k|sfzgdf cfO{ ;s]sf] x'g' k5{ .
;LkL8LkLsf] pbo;Fu} o'jf cg';Gwftf >Ls'df/ k'df–/fO{sf] pbon] @=!*=^ pkGof;
u/]sf] sfo{ cg's/gLo dfGg' k5{ . pgsf k|sfzf]Gd'v / k|sfzgdf cfO{ ;s]sf
sfo{x¿df !=‘PlgdN; Og\ k'df’ -a'ªjfkmf]k, @)^$ c;f/, !,!M @$_, @=‘a8{;\ Og\ ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' / ofSy'ªdfe}Fm ca /f]sf]ª jf k'df klg o'jf ;|i6f u0f]z
k'df’ -a'ªjfkmf]k, @)^$ c;f]h, !,@M !#_ _, #=‘lkN8;\ g]Od Og\ k'df’ -k"j{jt\ /fO{ ‘lrGtg’ sf] pkGof; of]ª\o'kl\ rFbf] -kfOnfx¿df_ k|sfzf]Gd'v -c;f/ !^ sf]
k|sfzf]Gd'v_, $=‘OG;]S6;\ Og\ k'df’ -k"j{jt\ k|sfzf]Gd'v_, %=‘dlN6ldgª a8{;\ ofx' uGyg / sflGtk'/ b}lgs du+naf/, !& c;f/, @)^%_ 5 . >Ls'df/n] k7fPsf]
Og\ k'df’ -k"j{jt\ k|sfzf]Gd'v_, ^=‘k'df k\mnfj;{’ -k"jj{ t\ k|sfzf]Gd'v_, ;"rgfdf ;f] zLif{ssf] lxHh] of]ªo'lK5bf] pNn]v 5 .
&=‘km/]:6;\ g]OD;\ Og\ k'df’ -k"j{jt\ k|sfzf]Gd'v_, *=‘Kn]; g]OD;\ Og\ k'df’ -k"j{jt\ @=!*=& kf7\k':ts÷kf7\;fdu|L (Textbooks/pedagogical materials)
k|sfzf]Gd'v_, (=‘k'df l6«h’\ -a'ªjfkmf]k, @)^$ c;f]h, !,@M !#_, / ‘k|fe ] j{;\ Og\ ls/fFtL–/f]sf]ª nf df xfn;Dd t]:tf] kf7\k:' ts÷kf7\;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzg
k'df’ -a'ªjfkmf]k, @)^$ c;f]h, !,@M !&_ g} k|dv ' 5g\ . a'ªjfkmf]k d} c? geP klg >Ls'df/ k'df–/fO{sf] ‘tf]ªof lvd\’ k|sfzf]Gd'v 5 . u0f]z /fO{ /
sltko ;fdu|Lx¿ klg k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5g\ . cGo zAbfjnL / zAbsf]zx¿ /sf]ª>L lnDdfl5t -pk{m >Ls'df/ k'df_ sf] ;Dkfbgdf a'ª\jfkmf]kM c:;nf
ePsf] eP klg xfd|f] vf]hsf] bfo/fleq kg{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ xf]nf egL xfdL ;'d\d}g] ‘uf]hL–klqsf’ -;=@)^$ c;f/_ klg cfO;s]sf] 5 . kz{' k'dfsf]
:jLsfb{5f}+ . /fªb]Gvf e'ª -k'df 5]qdf k|rlnt nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+ux| _ klg k|sfzf]Gd'v 5 .
@=!*=% k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems) @=!*=* wd{÷;F:s[lt (Religion/culture)
of] dft[efiffsf sltko dft[efifLx¿n] cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf ;[hgfTds ls/fFtL–/f]sf]ªx¿sf] wfld{s cf} ;fF:s[lts n]vx¿df !=‘k'df /fO{sf]
n]vgsfo{ yfngL ePsf] klg xfdLn] e]6s ] f 5f}+ . h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\– !=‘PGnf’ ;F:s[lt / ;+:sf/’ -v8\u k'df–/fO{ ;=@)%*M %–*_, / @=‘ls/fFt k'df /fO{x¿df
-v8\u k'df–/fO{ ;=@)%(M ^$_, @=‘s] k'df dfQf] nf]lGbg]’ -pd]z÷w|'j k'df df]ª5\ fdf-dª]g_ k"hf 5f]6f] kl/ro’ -lgK;'ª @)^$ >Ls'df/ k'df /fO{_ dfQ} xfdLn]
;=@)%%_, #=‘ldGªfkf’ -v8\u k'df–/fO{ ;=@)%(M @(_, $=‘cStf dGgfª]’ -s]aL e]6s] f 5f}+ . c? k|sfzgdf cfPsfdf ax/fOgaf6 k|sflzt k|jf;Lsf] ;f}uft -k|yd
/fO{ ;=@)%(M @(_, %=‘ª\5fg\jf ktfPg\’ -k|sfzf]Gd'v ;hg k'df–/fO{ æ:6«unÆ_, c+s O{=@))& -;=@)^$_df_ >Ls'df/ k'dfs} ‘k'df /fO{sf] vfnL k'hf Ps kl/ro’
&= ‘Rff]df]n'ª\df w]to\ f8L -aL= k'df-/f]b'ªu\ _ / *=kb'lªldGg] jf5f]g -k|sfzf]Gd'v xf] .
lji0f' ;Gof;L–/fO{_, (=‘nfdrs\bf]s' a'ªj\ f’ -sNkgf k'df ;=@)^$M @#_ cflb g} >Ls'df/, eLP;, ch'{g /fO{, dfl6{g u]G;n], afNyf;f/ las]n / gf/fog
x'g\ . !& gf]eD] a/ @))& zlgjf/sf lbg >Ls'df/ k'dfn] Od]ndfk{mt @$ sflQs kL uf}tdn] cGt//fli6«o ;Dd]ngx¿df k|:t't u/L k|sfzf]Gd'v n]vx¿ ‘xf]Kdf5fM
@)^$ -!) gf]eD] a/ @))&_ sf lbg >Lk}of6f/ k|f=lj=, lbKn'ª–&, vf]6fªdf ofg\ OUhfDkn cj\ OG8]H8{ ls/fFtL sNr/’, ;f;f]g @))^, @&cf}+ ;f;f]g
ls/fFtL k'df efiff jf ls/fFtL–/f]sf]ª nfsf] k|yd P]ltxfl;s sljtf k|ltof]lutf OG6/Gof;gn sGkm/]G;, sf7dfG8", g]kfn / ‘c sDk]/]l6e :68L cj\ xf]Kdf5fd
cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;dfrf/ k7fPsf lyP . of] k|ltof]lutfdf hDdf hDdL rf}w hgf ofG8 cf]l8G/L ;ªh\ Og\ k'df’, !#cf}+ OG6/Gof;gn lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\
dft[efifL slj / sjloqLx¿sf] ;xefluftf lyof] . ls/fFtL–/f9' -x]g"{ @=!( klg_ l;Dkf]lhcd\, l;dnf @@–@$ cS6f]a/ @))& g} x'g\ .

|| 291 || || 292 ||
@=!*=( hfltzf:q (Ethnology) ;dGjo k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ePsf] $ j6f cl8cf] Sof;]6 ce}m klg >Ls'df/ k'df
xfdLn] ls/fFtL–/f]sf]ªx¿k|lt e]6]sf hfltzf:qL n]vx¿df hDdf b'O{ nufPt ;f] snf ;d"x;Fu ;'/lS5t /x]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L ldn]sf] 5 . of] clt g}
j6f ‘k'df /fO{sf] kl/ro’ -k|jL0f k'df / u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)^@M @%–@*_ / ‘Kf'df pQd k|ofz xf] .
/fO{x¿sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro’ ->Ls'df/ k'df–/fO{ k|sfzf]Gd'v_ g} x'g\ . cfzf 5 @=!*=!@ ls/fFtL–k'df gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Puma sample
cfufdL lbgx¿df of] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'g] g} 5 . a'ªjfkmf]k n] g} k|ts ] c+sdf wordlist)
;fs'/L zLif{sdf ldyfxfª kfn'gsf] af/]df k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
@=!*=!) efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿ (Language/linguistic cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
studies) ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M !^–!*_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
;LkL8LkLsf] k"jL{ g]kfn k|j]zn] ls/fFtL–/f]sf]ªdf cg';GwgfTds n]v :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
tyf s[ltx¿sf] af9L t cjZo klg nfUnf g} . Tof] af9L eGbf klxn] e]l6Psf lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
n]v tyf cg';Gwfgsf k|sfzgx¿df !=‘nf]kf]Gd'v b'O{ ls/fFtL efiffx¿ l5Gtfª / !=emf/f -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=d'TwL -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
k'dfsf] clen]vLs/0f’ -8f=gf]ls/f O{=@))%M !#–!%, x]g"{ lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, #=*sx'Sjf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=*vf/L -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
@%M $#–$% klg_, @=‘df]kmf]{nf]lhsn ss{;\ Og\ l5Gtfª ofG8 k'df Nofªu'Oh’ %=*cf]Nofª\s' -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=jf;f -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
-lji0f' P;= /fO{ / afNyf;f/ ljs]n O{=@))%_, #=‘c lkmN8 l/kf]6{ cg\ 8So'dG] 6];g &=vfdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfsfrs -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
cj\ k'df Nofªu'Oh’ -lji0f' P;= /fO{ O{=@))$_, $=‘clkmS;];g Og\ b k'df (=lxM -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=l/jf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
Nofªu'Oh’ -lji0f' P;= /fO{ O{=@))%_, %=k'df /fO{ ;DaGwL cWoog -l8s !!=;f]Da's -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=n]Tdf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
*
PjfO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%^ t/ ;Gbe{ kQf] gnfu]sf]_, ^=‘;dfj]zL tTjM /fO{ !#= d'ªy'Skf -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$= +s]ªs' -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
ls/fFtLx¿sf] eflifs ;Tj’, ;=@)^@M @@–@#_, &=‘Eoflgl;ª ef]O;]h\ Og\ g]kfn !%=a]Gdf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
ofG8 b]c/ lk|he]{;g -OGSn'8;\ rflDnª ofG8 k'df OUhfDkN;\_’ -lji0f' P;= /fO{ !&=lvkf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
O{=@))^_ / *=‘clAnu]6«L ofG6LKofl;E;\ ofG8 ofg\ ck;fO88fpg cu]{l6le6L Og\ !(=5f]kfs' -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gfa]/s ] -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
k'df’ -afNyf;f/ ljs]n, lji0f' P;=/fO{, ch'{g /fO{, dfl6{g u]G:n], gf/fo0f @!=x]Gvfdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
kL=uf}td k|sfzf]Gd'v_ x'g\ . xfdLn] oxfF lnl:6ª ug{ gEofPsf cfn]vx¿ @#=jflbg -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ds -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
;Gbe{–;"rLdfr}F cjZod]j k/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . @%=jfnfTdª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
@&=ªf;f -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;fM -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
@=!*=!! ;|Ao Sof;]6 (Tapes/cassettes) @(=kfGdf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nf]ª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
*
efiff arfpg] / ;jlns/g ug]{ of] lbzflt/ eg] t]tL ;fdu|Lx¿ b]lvPgg\ . #!= t'KwL -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=OTdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
ofof]Svfsf] :ofd'gfdf klg of] dft[efiffsf] uLt k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5}g . t/ /]g]5]k| ##=vf]ªgL -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5't\ -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
+
s]Gb|, wgs'6fn] eg] otflt/ klg Wofg lbPsf] e]l6of] . xfn;Dd ls/fFtL–/f]sf]ª #%= sdf]ª -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=6f]ªd'Sjf -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
nf df slDtdf klg @ j6f uLtx¿ /]s8{ ePsf] ;"rgf xfdLn] Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª #&=l5 -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=6f]ª -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
-‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @% ;=@)^#M #@_ af6 #(=PGdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=rf]jf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
kfPsf 5f}+ . 72 ;=@)%$ df kf?xfª snf ;d"x lbKn'ª, lgufnjf;sf]] :yfgLo $!=sl;ª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=+vfx'sf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
$#=ªf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Tdf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
72 $%=t'Dk5s -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=l;Gdf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
c? ls/fFtL efiffx?sf] /]s8{ ePsf] uLtx?sf] ;+Vofdf ls/fjfdf $%, cf7k|]df &, $&=af]Sjf -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=df]Kdf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
s'nª ' !), a]nxf/] #, l5Gtfª %, l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, r'Sjf jf
kf]lxª @, y'nª
' $, b'dL @, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL #, kmfªb'jfnL # / ofSvfdf * /x]5g\ .
$(=n'ªdfs -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=d]Tofªs' -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
%!=;Lt\ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=yf]/f]ª5f -gf_ ‘dfG5]÷k'?if’ man
|| 293 || || 294 ||
%#=j8\9] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nflbKdf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon dft[efiff Ps nf]kf]Gd'v efiff xf] . ;LkL8LkLn] cfk\mgf] cWoog yfn]kZrft\ dfQ}
%%=vf]/Kkf -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=ªf -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth of] efiff a9L rrf{df cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . / s]xL o'jf cg';Gwftfx¿sf] ;+Vof klg
%&=tªans -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=gª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name ylkPsf] 5 . :jf8]z ;o zAb;"rLdf eg] zAbfjnLx¿ (( k|ltzt g} df}hb'
%(=kf]t\ -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=gª\jf -lj_ ‘gofF’ new /x]5g\ . o;df eflifsf lje]b sd b]lvPsf] 5 tfklg ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª / ls/fFtL–
^!=svfv't -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gflbk'ª -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose ls/fjf;Fu of] efiff glhs 5 . cfk\mgf] :jOYgf]lgd g} /f]b'ª;Fu cToGt lgs6
^#=*d]bª -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=cStf -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one /x]sf]n] klg Oltxf;sf] s'g} sfnvG8df b'j} Ps lyP eGg] ;+st] ldN5 .
^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=dGgf -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person ;fF:s[lts cfwf/df klg pgLx¿ Ps} 5g\ . ;LkL8LkLs} cWoogn] klg ls/fFtL–
^&=*jftfdf -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xfnf5'df -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red /f]bª' sf] elugL efiff g} xf] egL :jLsf/]sf] 5 . ;flxTo ;[hgfdf eg] sljtf 5]qdf
^(=efg\ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)= === -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round s]xL ;[hgf b]lvof] . of] cfzf nfUbf] kS5] g} xf] . of] dft[efiffsf] k|sfzf]Gd'v
&!=n'DkflrnL÷gfbL -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=/ªdf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say afx]s s'g} klg zAbsf]z xfd|f] xft nfu]sf] 5}g . o;f] e’sf]n] ls/fFtL–
&#=rf]Kdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=jfTdfrf -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed /f]sf]ªx¿n] klg cfk\mgf] efiff ljsf; / ;flxTo lgdf{gdf nfd} ofqf to ug{ kg]{
&%=o'ªdf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=x'Sjf -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . eflifs ;dLktfsf lx;fjn] clg Pp6} Oltxf;sf lx;fjn]
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=pGs' -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small /f]b'ª, /f]sf]ª / ltn'ª ldn]/ ;xofqf ug'{ bL3{sfnLg kmfObf gx'g] xf]Og . k]ml/
&(=dLy'ªjf -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=/]Kdf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand /f]bª ' nf eGg] PS:k|;z ] gn] klg ;dosfn / e"uf]nsf] km/sn] dfQ} pgLx¿nfO{
*!=;fªs]Gdf -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ªjf -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone 5'66\ fPsf] xf] eGg] ;+st] lbG5 . dfgjzf:qLo lx;fj jf 8LPgP kl/S5]gn] klg
*#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfrfSdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim oL tLg Ps csf{df km/s gx'g ;S5g\ / efiff Jofs/gn] dfQ} cnu nfu]sf x'g\ .
*%=d]/L -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=ts' -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that t];/L g} ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª -x]g"{ @=!^ klg_ klg /f]b'ª g} b]lvg cfpF5g\ egL
*&=cs' -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=vfGgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you xfdLn] OYgf]lgd jf hfltgfdnfO{ lnP/ ljZn]ifg u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ .
*(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sª\ -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth ------------------
(!=;Kjf -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=c;/f -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
(#=nflDtdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=jf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water ljz]if 6Lsf l6KkgL
(%=*ssf -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=*b/f] -;j{_ ‘s]’ what Dec 5, 2007 9:57 AM Wednesday
(&=*cf]DklrnL -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=;f -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who Dear Sir,
((=df/\5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=xfNjfk]Sdf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow Good morning and Sewa. I am very happy with you for giving
------------ me this great opportunity to check the part of such a great
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6M g+= #=df x'Sjf, $=df vf]/L, !$=df s]ªdf -lj_, book. We, all Puma people hope for a successful publication
#%=slrjf / g+= $@=s'd x'G5 egL xfdLnfO{ l;lkl8kLls sNkgf of]G8fxfªn] ! on time.
k';
' @)^$ -!^ l8;]Da/ @))&_ df of] pk–cWofosf] sDKo'6/lnlk lkmtf{ lb+bf
atfPsL x'g\ . o:t} >Ls'df/ k'dfn] g+=% df cf]Nx\ofª\s,' g+=!# dsy]Dkf, g+=#! I have written red alphabetical Nepali words as you wrote.
t'Knf], g+=^# df d]Tbª, g+= ^& jf -s'v/' fnfO{ klg jf g}_, g+=(% df s]sf, g++= (^ Please find these files. I am always ready to help you as much
df bf]/f]÷gDdf / g+=(& df cf]Dklr x'G5 egL atfPsf 5g\ . ce}m klg sltko as I can.
:yfgx¿df / jStfx¿df oxfF k|:t't zAb–;"lrx¿ km/s kg{ hfg] s'/fnfO{ xfdL
Aalaangne Sewaa,
gsfb}{gf}+ . © Shree Kumar Puma
@=!*=!# lgrf]8 (Conclusion) • k'dfx¿n] klg ls/fFtLx¿nfO{ ‘/f]b'ª’ / efiffx¿nfO{ ‘/f]bª
' nf’ g} eGb5g\ .
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs c7f/df k/]sf] ls/fFtL– • z'?df k'df Ps} efO lyof] . kl5 pgsf b'O{ efO 5f]/fx¿dWo] h]7f baxfª /
/f]sf]ª jf k'df dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . of] sfG5f kfn'g x'g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . balnª af]aL lbKn'ª 5]q xfnsf]
|| 295 || || 296 ||
dpjfaf]6], lr;fkfgL, kpjf;]/f ;d]t kb{5 . ban'ª af]aLdf hDdf ;ft Gaenszle, Martin et al. 2005. ‘The Chintang and Puma
kf5fx¿ 5g\ . w]/}n] x]Gof]ª5fnfO{ klg o;} af]aLleq ;dfj]z ub{5g\ . Documentation Project Report’, European Bulletin of
• k|jL0f k'df, u0f]z /fO{ / sNkgf k'dfn] eg]sf n]v]sf ;j} kf5fx¿ lj:t[t Himalayan Research, 28: 90-97.
?kdf juL{s/0f, pk–kf5fx¿sf] klxrfg / ltgLx¿sf] a;f]jf; :yn nfdf] u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
;f]wvf]hsf] kl/0ffd :j?k dfly g} n]lvPsf]n] pgLx¿sf] gfd o;n]vdf nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
;dfj]z ug{ cfjZos eP klg kf5fx¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug{ t]tL cfjZos 5
Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
h:tf] nfUb}g . Indigenous Nationalities.
vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]nª
' df, !,!M
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography #(–$@=
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
PjO5f–afGtfjf, l8s= ;=@)%*= afGtjf -/fO{_ zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M lbks'df/
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
?kfa'ª= ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
Ewoicha-Bantawa, Dik. 2001 [VS 2058]. Bantawa (Rai)
Shabdakosh. Kathmandu: Dipkumar Rupabung.
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
-----. ;=@)%^= k'df /fO{ ;DaGwL cWoog= ===
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
-----. 1999 [VS 2056]. Puma Raisambandhi Addhyan.
Yayokkha.
ljs]n, afNyf;f/= O{=@))%= l/;]G6 l8:se/Lh\ Og\ b l5Gtfª ofG8 k'df k'df, sNkgf= ;=@)^$= ‘nfdrs\bf]s' a'ªj\ f’, a'ªjfkmf]k, !, @M @#=
8So'dG] 6]O;g k|f]hS] 6= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6jG6Ll;Sy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; Puma, Kalpana. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Lamchakdoku bungwa’,
cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]jD] a/= Bungwakhop, 1, 2: 23.
Bickel, Balthasar. 2005. Recent discoveries in the Chintang and k'df, pd]z / w|'j k'df= ;=@)%%= ‘s] k'df dfQf] nf]lGbg]’, dL -kflIfs, ebf}_=
Puma documentation project. Paper presented in the 26th Puma, Umesh and Dhruba Puma. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Ke Puma
Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27 matto londine’, Mee (Quarterly, August).
November. k'df, k|jL0f / u0f]z /fO{= ;=@)^@= ‘k'df /fO{sf] kl/ro’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#,
ljs]n, afNyf;f/ / c?= ;fn-<_= oflG6Kofl;e Og\ k'df ofG8 cb/ ls/fFtL !, @*M @%–@*=
Nofªu'Olhh\= Dofg'l:qml68, o'lgel;{6L cj\ nfOklr;= Puma, Pravin and Ganesh Rai. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Puma Raiko
Bickel, Balthasar et al. (Year?). Antipassives in Puma and other parichaya’, Libju-Bhumju, 13, 1, 28: 25-28.
Kiranti languages. Ms., University of Leipzig. k'df–/fO{, v8\u= ;=@)%(= ‘PGnf’, lgK;'ª -rf}dfl;s_, (, !^M ^$=
u]G:n], dfl6{g / c?= O{=@))% -;=@)^@_= ‘b l5Gtfª ofG8 k'df 8So'dG] 6]O;g Puma-Rai, Khagda. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Enla’, Nipsung, 11, 2,
k|f]hS] 6 l/kf]6’{, o'/f]lkog a'nl] 6g cj\ lxdfnog l/;r{, @*M ()–(&= 22: 29.
ljs]n, afNyf;f/, lji0f' P;=/fO{, ch'{g /fO{, dfl6{g u]G:n], gf/fo0f kL=uf}td= -----. ;=@)%(= ‘ldGªfkf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @@M @(=
k|sfzf]Gd'v= ‘clAnu]6«L ofG6LKofl;E;\ ofG8 ofg\ ck;fO88fpg -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Minngapa’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2,
cu]{l6le6L Og\ k'df’, lxdfnog lnªu'Ol:6S;\= 22: 29.
Bickel, Balthasar, Vishnu S. Rai, Arjun Rai, Marin Gaenszle, -----. ;=@)%*= ‘k'df /fO{sf] ;F:s[lt / ;+:sf/’, lgK;'ª, *, !#M %–*=
Narayan P. Gautam. forthcoming. ‘Obligatory antipassives k'df–/fO{, >Ls'df/= k|sfzf]Gd'v= ‘Kf'df /fO{x¿sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro’
and an upside-down ergativity split in Puma’. Himalayan -----. ‘ls/fFt k'df /fO{x¿df df]ª5 \ fdf-dª]g_ k"hf 5f]6f] kl/ro’
Linguistics. /fO{, s]aL= ;=@)%(= ‘cStf dGgfª]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @@M @(=

|| 297 || || 298 ||
/fO{, gf]jnlszf]/= O{=@))%= ‘nf]kf]Gd'v b'O{ ls/fFtL efiffx¿ l5Gtfª / k'dfsf] -----. O{=@))%= ‘clkmS;];g Og\ b k'df Nofªu'Oh’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b On]eGy
clen]vLs/0f’, kfMg\, !M !#–!% -x]g"{ lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, @%M $#–$% lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh l;Dkf]lhcd Og\ Jofªss, l8;]Da/=
klg_= -----. 2005. Affixiation in the Puma Language. Paper presented in
Rai, Novel Kishor. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘loponmukh dui Kiranti the 11th Himalayan Language Symposium, Bangkok,
bhashaharu Chingtang ra Pumako abhilekhikaran’, Pa:n, 1: December.
13-15 (See Libju-Bhumju, 12, 1, 25: 43-45 also). -----. O{=@))^= ‘Eoflgl;ª ef]O;]h\ Og\ g]kfn ofG8 b]c/ lk|he]{;g -OGSn'8;\
-----. ;=@)^@= ‘;dfj]zL tTjM /fO{ ls/fFtLx¿sf] eflifs ;Tj’, rflDnª, @, @– rflDnª ofG8 k'df OUhfDkN;_’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b km:6 sª\u;
|] cj\
$M @@–@#= kfj/ cj\ Nofªu'Oh, @@–@% dO{, j}+ss=
/fO{, lji0f' P;=, Pg=P;= uf}td, P= /fO{ / afNyf;f/ las]n= O{=@))%= ‘b -----. 2006. ‘Vanishing voices in Nepal and their preservation
dN6fOkmª;gn clkmlS;h\ Og\ b k'df Nofªu'Oh’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b (includes Camling and Puma examples)’. Paper presented in
6\jG6Ll;Sy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, the First Congres of Power of Language, 22-25 May,
@^–@& gf]jD] e/= Bangkok.
Rai, Vishnu S., N.S. Gautam, A. Rai and B. Bickel. 2005. The zdf{ -uf}td_, gf/fo0f kL= O{=@))%= ‘s]; dfs{;{\ Og\ k'df’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b
multifunctional affixes in the Puma language. Paper 6\jG6Ll;Sy lxdfnog ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L
presented in the 26th Annual Conference of the Linguistic cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]eD] a/=
Society of Nepal, 26-27 November. Sharma (Gautam), Narayan P. 2005. Case markers in Puma. Paper
/fO{, lji0f' P;= / afNyf;f/ ljs]n= O{=@))%= ‘df]kmf]{nf]lhsn ss{;\ Og\ l5Gtfª presented in the 26th Annual Conference of the Linguistic
ofG8 k'df Nofªu'Oh’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ 8f]cf]laOP;, lnªu'Ol:6s Society of Nepal, 26-27 November.
sGkm/]G;, lgod]ug, b g]b/NofGh\, dO{= :6'6, SofyL= O{=@))%= ofg\ cGofln;; cj\ b k'df sGh'u]O;g l;:6d= PdP
Rai, Vishnu S. and Balthasar Bickel. 2005. Morphological quirks in lyl;;, o'lgel;{6L cj\ nfOkl;s=
Chintnag and Puma Language. Paper presented in DOBES Stutz, Kathy. 2005. An Analysis of the Puma Conjugation
Linguistic Conference, Nijmegan, the Netherlands, May. System. MA Thesis, University of Liepzig.
/fO{, lji0f' P;=, afNyf;f/ ljs]n, dfl6{g u]G;n], ch'{g /fO{ / gf/fo0f kL= zdf{= ;'lKtxfª, /fhg= ;=@)$*= ‘k'df /fO{M Ps ;+lIfKt kl/ro’, sO/g, !, ^M !)–!@=
O{=@))%= ‘k;{gn ofG8 kf]hl] ;e k|fg] fpGh\ Og\ k'df -;bg{ ls/fFtL_’= Og\ Suptihang, Rajan. 1992 [VS 2048]. ‘Puma Rai: Ek
of]u]Gb| ofbj P6 ofn -;Dkf=_= sG6]Dkf]//L O;'h\ Og\ g]lKnh\ sankshipta parichaya’, Kairan, 1, 6: 10-12.
lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn= kfgf @@%– ***************************
@#@=
Rai, Vishnu, Balthasar Bickel, Martin Gaenszle, Arjun Rai and
Narayan Sharma. 2005. ‘Personal and possessive pronouns in
Puma (southern Kiranti)’. In Yogendra Yadava et al (eds.).
Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics. Kathmandu:
Linguistic Society of Nepal. Pp. 225-232.
/fO{, lji0f' P;= O{=@))$= ‘c lkmN8 l/kf]6{ cg\ 8So'dG] 6];g cj\ k'df Nofªu'Oh’=
k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6]Gy lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh l;Dkf]lhcd Og\ lyDk',
e'6fg, l8;]Da/=
Rai, Vishnu S. 2004. A field report on documentation of Puma
language. Paper presented in the Xth Himalayan Language
Symposium in Thimpu, Bhutan, December.
|| 299 || || 300 ||
ls/fFtL–/f8'x¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf
@=!( ls/fFtL–/f8' (Kiranti-RaDu) zf;sx¿n] klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' x'g] xf]8df
cfk\mgf] df}lnstf jfDa' jf /f9'nfO{ 5f8]/ gSsn ub}{ j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{
(Rai) g} xf] . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fof ‘/fhf’ df 5 . pgLx¿
@=!(=) kl/ro (Introduction) klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s
P]ltxfl;s?kn] jfªaf >jfDa' xfª (Wambu Hang) sf ;Gtltx¿ efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa'
cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf pªu' /f8'÷9' jf /\jf9' egL lrgf/L u/fpg] /f9'x¿ (Khambu) xf] eG5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb
klxnf] Plk;]G6/ (epicentre) sf7dfG8" pkTosfdf ls/fFt o'u 9n]kl5 bf];|f] ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] .
Plk;]G6/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFt, cf]vn9'ªufsf] Ps cNk;+Vos ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfo dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
x'g\ . v;Ls/gsf] df/df -x]g"{ kfb l6KkgL g+=!@) cWofo %_ k/]kl5 jfDa' xfªsf pgLx¿n] xfn a9L k|rgngdf NofPsf] gfd jfDa'n] klg v;Ls/g ?k -x]g"{ @=!!
;Gtltx¿ jfDa'-n]_df kl/gt ePsf x'g\ . ;efg]sf] ljz]ifg dfs{/ –n], –nL, –/L klg_ ld;|gaf6 c5'tf] 5}g .
/ –u] jf –Psf/ dfQ} klg cflbx¿n] efiffx¿nfO{ s'?k g} kf/L lbPsf 5g\ . /f9'x¿n] cfk\mgf] ;+:yf jfD/f;dfk{mt dft[efiffsf] ;]jf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
sltko ljb]zL t sltko :jb]zL cGj]ifsx¿n] klg pgLx¿sf] pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ /f8' of]/ eGb5g\ . of] dft[efiffn] 5fkf ;Grf/ dfWodf
j}slNks gfdx¿df cDa', rf}/f;], pDa'n] (Umbule) / jfDa'n] (Wambule) klg uf]/vfkq b}lgssf] ‘gofF g]kfn’ 74 ;dfj]zLk[i7df :yfg hdfO ;s]sf] 5 .
htfPsf 5g\ . oxfF rf}/f;-]_ (Chauras-e), pDa' (Umbu, Ambu) / jfDa' gfd– jfo/n]; ;Grf/ dfWoddf eg] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª -x]g"{ @=@^ klg_ / ls/fFtL–
kbx¿df–Psf/ ykL v;Ls/g (Khasization) jf cfo{s/g (Aryanization ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ h:tf] l:ylt of] efiffsf] 5}g . PkmPddf klg ah]sf]
x]g"{ kfb l6KkgL g+=!@) cWofo %_ u/L lbPsf 5g\ý h'g cgfbL÷cflbjf;L ls/fFtL xfdLn] e]6]sf 5}gf}+ . ofSof]Svfsf] :ofd'gfdf ;dfj]; gePsf] eP klg /]g]5]k|
e"ldk'qx¿sf] df}lnstfnfO{ gf:g] dGb ljif / k|lqmof g} xf] . xfdLn] ls/fFtL– s]Gb|, wgs'6faf6 ls/fFtL–/f9'sf] s]xL sfd ePsf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 . tn
ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ sf] pk–cWofodf klg o;sf] lemNsf] k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . csf]{ pk–vG8 @=!(=( df t];sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ .
of] ;Grf/, ljUofg / k|ljlwsf] o'udf klg o;k|lt hfu/g gx'gn ' fO{ ls/fFtLx¿sf] @=!(=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf / eflifsfx¿ (Geo-linguistic
b'ef{Uo g} dfGg' kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] cfk\\mgf] e"ldnfO{ pgLx¿ jfDb\ofn eGb5g\ . of] distribution and dialects)
b\ofn zAb elugL ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' df klg df}h"b 5 . t]xL zAb elugL lvGrL
tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ ls/fFtL–/f8'sf] k|fylds
xfªsf ;Gtlt ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿df lbd xf] . pgLx¿nfO{ rf}/fl;of klg eGg]
lzS5fsf]nflu d''Vo s]Gb|sf] ?kdf cf]vn9'Íf lhNnfsf] pFa' ufpFnfO{ g} k|:tfljt
u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;efg]df rf}/f; zAbaf6 lgdf{g ul/Psf] of] ‘rf}/fl;of’ zAb
u/]sf 5g\ . pg}n] jfDa'n] lxHh] (spelling) nfO{ cDa" lxHh] klg k|of]u u/]sf 5g\
pgLx¿sf] cfk\mg} df}lns zAb eg] xf]Og . / df}lnstf emNsfpFbg} klg .
egL xfdLn] cl3 g} ;+st] u/L ;Sof}+ / jfDa'nx] ¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ cfkm}+n]
zfxsfnLg pklgj]zdf of] ‘rf}/fl;of’ OG8f]–cfo{g zAbn] t]xfF x}sd hdfpFbf
/f8' ->/f9'_ of]/ eG5g\ eg]/ klg pNn]v u/L ;Sof}+ . ls/fFtL–h]/f]ªx¿n] cfk\mgf]
k|rngdf cfPsf] dfQ} xf] . rf}/f;sf af/]df eg] xfdLn] xfd|f cfb/gLo cu|h
dft[efiffnfO{ h]/f] dfnf -x]g"{ @=* klg_ eGb5g\ tfklg ls/fFtL–/f9' / ls/fFtL–
efiffljb\ ;'Pof]zL tf]afnfO{ @( dO{ @))@ df n]vs ] f] kqdf jf:tljs rf}/f;
h]?ª Ps csf{df t]tL g} lgs6 5g\ hlQ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–afc\o'ª
dn'ª vf]nfsf] klZrd xf] 73 elgPsf] 5 . lgs6 5g\ ef}uf]lns / eflifs?kn] . o;sf] k|dfg xfdLn] cWofo % -x]g"{ @=*

73
æxfd|f] s6'Gh] ufpFaf6 d"nvs{ / oxFfaf6 l;:g]/L ufpF e]l6G5 sf7dfG8"tkm{ cfpFbf . af]n]sf] efiff ;'Gg] df}sf kfPsf] lyPF d+unaf/] sf]z xf6df . of] xfd|} ufpFdf k5{Ù sf]z
oxL l;:g]/L ufpFleq} rf}/f;, 8fF8f h]/f]ª, u}/L h]/f]ª eGg] 6f]nx? 5g\ . rf}/f;, h]/f]ª eGHofª eGg] 7fpFdf / l;dfgf d"nvs{;uF hf]l8Psf] 5 .Æ
b'j} Toponym x'g\ . oxL 6f]kf]lgd (toponym) nfO{ lnP/ klZrdL efiffzf:qLn] v;– 74
x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !! c;f]h @)^$ z'qmjf/ -@* ;]K6]Dj/ @))&_ k[i7 (= ;f]
g]kfnL efiffsf] zAb–lgdf{0f k|s[ofnfO{ cKgfP/ rf}/f;±Oof Ö ‘rf}/fl;of’ lgdf{0f b}lgssf] gofF g]kfn k[i7 ! c;f]haf6 z'? ePb]lv ls/fFtL–/f9'sf] of] ldlt k|yd
u/]sf x'g\ . h'g cfkm}+df q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . of] ls/fFt- L_ efiffsf] ljz]iftf xf]Og . of] ;fgf] k6ssf] ;dfj]zLs/g xf] .
ljs6 kf]ls6df cfk\mg} dft[efiff ePsf] ;d'bfo 5 . / d ;fgf] k'mRr] x'Fbf pgLx?n]
|| 301 || || 302 ||
klg_ klg lbPsf 5f}+ . of] efiff af]lng} k|dv ' 5]qx¿df cf]vn9'ªu\ f, pbok'/ / /fKwfrf], /fef]ªrf, xft-6_frf], d'Ssfrf] -t'n= k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%*M !&* klg_,
vf]6fª lhNnfx¿sf] jfDbofn–dfg]eGh]ª, kªv' vf]nf, /Db'vf]nf 5]q, s]t's,] af]8j\ fd, åf¥jfªrf, la¥jfªrf, uf}/f7f]s,] gfS;f]rfrf], ;'lDbrfrf], aufn]
n'sj' fkfgL, pFa,' x's,' l;sfk', tf/sf]d8fF8f, ;Nn] -l/g'jfn_, vfofk', 7"nfrf}/, -aUofNof_, ltNkfrf], Tjf/\Jof, h]/f]-ª_÷h]¥jf, emfkfnL, g]rfnL -x]g"{ k'mDnfrf]–/fO{
df]nL, jfS;f, n]jf, u}/LufpF, sf];]k,' km:s', ;]/fªv', k]mbLufpF, a|fl;a, l;Dsfs', ;=@)^#M ##–#$, t/ g]rf-nL_x¿ ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' jStfx¿ x'g\ xfd|f] gf]6_ 5g\ .
lxn]kfgL, l/r'jf, nfDaf]6], lga'jf vf]nf 5]q, n]vfgL, axfb'/f vf]nf 5]q, ;f]?ª, pgL cufl8 n]V5g\, æoL y/x¿dWo] emfkf-nL_ eGgfn] vf]6fªsf] afx'gL 8fF8f
;Nn]gL, pbOk'/, ?kf6f/, bfdnL, ho/fd 3f6, afx'gL 8fF8f -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=@) uflj;df kg]{ emfKkf 7fpFaf6 uPsf jfDa'n] /fO{ eGg] a'lemG5 eg] g]rf-nL_ y/sf
XX klg_ cflb g} x'g\ . /fO{x¿ ;f]ns' f] g]rf ufpFaf6 uPsf jfDa'n] /fO{ geO{ cGo y'nª ' , vflnª /fO{ x'g
;S5g\ . h]/f]-ª_ /fO{ 5'§} efifL /fO{ x'g\ hf] cf]vn9'Ífsf] l;:g]/L, anv', dfwk'/,
uflj;df d"nynf] 5 . t/ klg jfDa'n];uF lgs6 ;fdflhs ;DaGw /x]sf]n]
clwsn] o;} efiff dfq af]Ng] dfq geO{ jfDa'n] g} eg]/ lrgfpF5g\ .Æ lgs6
;fdflhs ;DaGw dfQ} geP/ ef}uf]lns, eflifs / Snfgf]lgd (clanonym)
lgs6tf klg 5 . e"uf]nsf] b"/L;Fu} n]lS;sf]g (lexicon) / Jofs/gdf s]xL
leGgtf cjZo klg 5 . o;nfO{ xfdLn] :jf8]z zAb t'ngf u/L cWofo % df
b]vfPsf 5f}+ . jf:tjd} ;'/]nx¿n] af]Ng] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ efiff
h:t} h]?ªn] af]Ng] ls/fFtL–/f8' efiff xf] .
@=!(=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
xfdLn] ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] pk–cWofox¿df cf]Nnf]
ls/fFt cGt:kmf]6 jf ODKnf]l;e :6k (implosive stop) sf] Plk;]G6/
(epicentre) xf] egL ;s]sf 5f}+ . x'g klg g]kfnsf $ b]lv kfFr} efiff
kl/jf/x¿df ck|fKo of] Wjlg ljz]iftf afc\oª ' / sf]FOrdf eGbf ls/fFtL–/f9'df
ljz]if?kn] w]/} kfOPsf] 5 . c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg,
-gSzf g+=@=@) XX: /f8' efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !#(_ låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf 5 . hfF /f]ac ] / cf]Ku]gf]6{n] kLPr8L g} u/L
;s]sf] / cu|h efiffljb\x¿ ;'Pof]zL tf]af, dfwj kf]v/]n h:tf ljåfgx¿ /
oL 5]qx¿df s]xL g s]xL ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs / eflifs ljz]iftf x'g dft[efifLx¿n] g} of] ;DjGwdf snd rnfO ;s]sf x'gfn] of] eGbf a9L
;Sg] s'/fnfO{ gsfg'{ x'Fb}g . h]/f]ª efiff klg oxL k|lqmofaf6 cldaf 6'qm] h:tf] ljz]iftfx¿ s]nfpg] lbzfdf xfdL nfu]sf rfxb}gf}+ . eO;s]sf ;flxTolt/ xfdL
6'qm] sf] xf] . of] 6'qmfO ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] 5y/] / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] ;'/]n eflifsf kf7sx¿nfO{ vf]tNg ;Sg' x'G5 eGb} tnsf] pk–cWofox¿lt/ bf}8G5f}+ .
h:t} ;fFrf] xf] .
@=!(=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary)
@=!(=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
moities) onDa/ xfªsf] a]nfb]lv emG8} O{=gAa]sf] bzs;Dddf sYo ?kd} /x]sf]
of] ls/fFtL–/f8' efiffn] yf]/} ;dodf w]/} pknAwL u/]sf] 5 eGbf xfdLnfO{ uj{
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ n] ls/fFtL–/f8' dft[efifLx¿ ;+Vof !$ xhf/ $ ;o &! nfUg' :jefljs g} xf] . of] efiffsf jStfx¿n]] u/]sf] pGglt g} ls/fFtL eflifs
b]vfPsf] 5 . t/ jfD/f;sf ;b:ox¿ o;nfO{ ldYofªs dfGb5g\ . jfD/f;sf ;Dk|bfox¿sfnflu dfQ} geP/ g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx¿sf ;f/f jStfx¿n]
?b|sd' f/ /fO{ -;=@)%%M !#_ cg';f/ ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] jStfx¿ sb'jf -afx'gL l;Sg' kg]{ kf7 xfdLn] of] k':tsel/ g} ufyf ufPsf 5f}+ . o;/L 5f]6f] ;dod}
8fF8f_ ;lxt vf]6fªdf dfQ} hDdf !,*^% /x]sf 5g\ . 8\jfª\lvDrf] -x]g"{ /fO{ pgLx¿n] zAbfjnL / zAbsf]znfO{ k|sfzgdf Nofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . tL
;=@)^#M #%, bf]FlvDrf] klg_, 8f]dL, k'mDnfrf], SofDkfrf] ->SofDkf_, a|fªVofNrf] ;kmntfsf cWofox¿ !=‘RjfSAjf JofSAjf’ -cg'kf /fO{ ;=@)%)M !$_,
-a|fVF ofNrf]÷ANofªvfrf] x]g"{ /fO{ ;=@)%)M !%__, u'/afrf]/ -x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf @=‘6fpsf]sf s]xL cª\ux¿’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%@M @$_, #=‘sL/f;DjGwL s]xL
;=@)%*M %!, u'/\efrf] klg_, efjfrfrf], nfODrf], n'jf/L -x]g"{ /fO{ ;=@)%)M !%_,
|| 303 || || 304 ||
zAbx¿’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%^M #$_, $=jfDa'n] /fO{ zAbsf]z -cljgfy åf¥jfªrf– ;=@)^)M !(–@@_, @@=lb jfDa'n] Nofªu'Oh\M u|ofd/, n]lS;sf]g, 6]S:6;\ ofG8
/fO{ ;=@)%&, wambulerai.org df klg cgnfOg zAbsf]z pknAw 5- @% sNr/n ;e]{ cj\ c /fO{–ls/fFtL 6«fOa cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))@_,
h'nfO @))* df xf]dk]h x]bf{_, %=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiffsf] k+IfL ;DjGwL s]xL zAbx¿’ @#=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiffsf] Ps ljz]iftf’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)%%M ##–#%_ cflb OToflb
-cg'kf /fO{ ;=@)%%M @@_ cflb OToflb g} x'g\ . cljgfy åf¥jfª\rfn] cfk\mgf] g} x'g\ . oxfF sltko g]l6e j}ofs/gx¿sf] b]g 5'6\g uPsf] x'g ;S5 . Tof]
zAbsf]z lgsfNg u/] ePsf] k|ofz pg}sf] zAbsf]z e"ldsfdf k9\bf w]/} kf7 5'6sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf]nflu xfdL xfd|f] b'O{ of]4f efOx¿ /fi6«ufgsf slj
l;lsG5 . t];f] e’sf]n] oxfF xfdL t];nfO{ ;f/ k|:t't gu/]/ l:6d'n; (stimulous) Jofs'n åf¥jfª\rf, kqsf/ u0f]z åf¥jfª\rf / lvofdf r]nL cg'kf åf¥jfª\rfnfO{
sf] ?kdf dfQ} æt]xfF u'bL kf7 5 x}Æ -;fFRr} 5 klg kl/;|d / :jfledfgsf] kf7_ gf;f] 5f]8L /fV5f}+ . lsgeg] xfdLn] c? ls/fFtL ;Gtltx¿nfO{ klg lrofpg' /
eg]/ of] pk–vG8af6 rDk6 s:5f}+ pgLx¿sf] efiff cf} Jof/s/g kS5]df ePsf] 8f]¥ofpg' kg]{5 cfk\mg} ;do, kl;gf / ana'tfdf .
pGgltnfO{ ;u/lt/ d'G6f] kmsf{O x]g]{ tNt]/sf] pk–vG8df . @=!(=^ k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems)
@=!(=% efiff÷Jofs/g / efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Language/grammar O{=!(^( sf] rGb|df 6]Sg] hfPG6 lnk (giant leap) h:t} ls/fFtL–/f9'sf]
& linguistic studies) ;flxTo n]vg / ljwfsf] hfPG6 lnk eg]sf] sljtf g} xf] . x'g klg k|t]s jif{sf]
of] dft[efiffsf] Jofs/g / efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogsf] yfngL xfdLn] n5\dL k"hfdf ufpF3/d} sljtf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ub}{ hfFbf Ps rf]6Ldf %)
cWofo Pssf] !=!=@ df pNn]v u/]sf] ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s b]lv ^) eGbf a9L k|ltof]uL / ;xefuL sljx¿ e]nf kfg{ ;Sg] jfD/f;sf] slj
sfnvG8df k|fu–P]ltxfl;s jf cGw o'u -O{=!*$& jf !*%) lt/÷cufl8_ b]lv u0f]z åf¥jfªrf / sfk'sf kqsf/ pxL åf¥jfª\rf u0f]z /fO{n] rdTsf/ (miracle)
g} ePsf] xf] . t]xfFb]lv oxfF;Dd cfpFbf clxn] ls/fFtL–/f9'df ljBfjfl/lwsf zf]w g} u/]sf 5g\ eGbf clt;of]lQm x'Fb}g . pgsf] tL ld/fsnaf6 hGd]sf s]xL
/ s}og Jofs/gx¿ 5fkf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . ltgdf !=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiffsf lqmof k|ltlglw gj slj sjloqLx¿nfO{ oxfF ;DemG5f}+ . pgLx¿ x'g–\ !=‘TofFª
ljz]if0fx¿’ -cg'kf /fO{ ;=@)%$M !^–!&_, @=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiffsf lqmof sndªf kfnf]’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)%^M !$)–$!_, ‘sfjf$ Njf$ rfd afd’ -k"j{jt\
ljz]if0fx¿’ -cg'kf /fO{ ;=@)%$M @&–@*_, #=‘lnAh'–e'Dh' PsM ?k cg]s ;=@)%^M !$)–$!_, ‘cGt/]’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^)M !#^–!#&_, @=‘Tjfd vflrGjfd
-efiff;lxt_’ -n3'wg /fO{ ;=@)%)M $–&_, $=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiff ;+/If/0f k|of;M d'of] yfnnf]O’ -Jofs'n dfOnf ;=@)^)M !@!_, #=‘sljtf cf¥ofStf k'mlN6g’
ljxª\jfnf]sg’ -clegfy /fO{ ;=@)%(M #–@)_, %=‘jfDa'n]–/fO{ efiffsf] lgx'Fdf -b'uf{ /fO{ ‘j}/fuL’ ;=@)^@M %# x]g"{ sflGtk'/ % c;f]h @)^# / uf]/vfkq pxL
efiff ;+/If/0fsf] s'/f’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%(M $^–$*_, ^=‘ODKnf]l;e :6K;\ Og\ ldlt_, $=‘a'lsdf a'lsdf sfjflt8\ Tofª\8f a'lsdf’ -Jofs'n dflxnf ;=@)%*M
pDa'n’] -;'Pof]zL tf]af ;=@)%@M &–(_, &=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiffsf] kof{ojfrLM @(_, ‘pª Os nfd xflNsdf’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%(M ((_, %=‘lrlS;k5{’ -OGb|
lnAh'–e'Dh'’ -k|bLk /fO{ ;=@)%(M $&–%^_, *=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiffsf hfaf–/fO{ ;=@)%*M @(_, ^=‘xn;L ahf/ lbsfg]’ -dgf]h æljjzÆ ;=@)%$M
lqmofljz]if0f zAbx¿’ -cg'kf /fO{ ;=@)%^M #@–#$_, (=‘u|ofd/ cj\ jfDa'n’] !*_, &=‘sfjfltrf]’ -jfDa'n]gL gfgL ;=@)%$M !*_, *=‘TofF b\ofn Jnfd\’ -a;Gt
-hfF /f]a]c/ cf]Ku]gf]6{ ;=@)^)M #(–$$_, !)=‘lb cf]l/lhg cj\ ODKnf]l;e :6K;\ /fO{ ;=@)%)M !@_, (=‘8f]?d’ -lw/]Gb| ?DbfnL ;=@)^#M $$_, !)=‘cf;] cfAnfg'O
Og\ jfDa'n] /fO{’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^!M #–*_, !!=‘pDa'n] /fO{sf cGtu{dgfTds Wjlg’ hfpdf]’ -k|sfzxl/ SofDkf–/fO{ ;=@)^#M $%–$^_, !!=‘cflxDrf] Acf/L’ -z'e/fh
-8f=dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n ;=@)^!M #–*_, !@=‘/fOl6ª jfDa'n] ofG8 h]/f] ljy /fO{ æsfhLÆ ;=@)^#M $^_, !@=‘yfn afg'of zflGt’ -ljzfn /fO{ ;=@)^#M $&_,
o'lgsf]8’ -hfF /f]a]c/ cf]Ku]gf]6{ ;=@)^@M #–*_, !#=‘lnDa" / jfDa'n] /fO{ efiff’ !#=‘k|fsfr]g\ uGb|'s lAcDtf’ -hut af]8j\ fd æcw'/f] sfG5fÆ ;=@)^#M $&_,
-j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%(M $!–$%_, !$=‘klJns]O;g cg\ jfDa'n] /fO{’ -hfF /f]a]c/ !$=‘l8cjf lqmtf /fOrL’ -s'df/ /fO{ æ>j0fÆ ;=@)^#M $&_, !%=‘crDafd d'of]’
cf]Ku]gf]6{ ;=@)%^M #^–$)_, !%=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiffsf lqmof ljz]if0fx¿’ -cg'kf -6\jfS;Lk'Dn] dfOnf ;=@)^#M $&_, !^=‘;fpbLNjfd kO;fs kpnf]’ -lx/fdfof
/fO{ ;=@)%%M @!–@@_, !^=‘jfDa'n] efiff / ;flxTo’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)^$M @@_, /fO{ ;=@)^#M $*_, !&=‘a/ Gjf lkkn’ -sf/afl/ª rfRjf ;=@)^#M $*_,
!&=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ efiffsf] cGt:kmf]6s zAb / n]vg k4lt’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)^@M !*=‘cf:kf8 dfRrf l/t'd afof’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%(M ^@_, !(=‘cfdfd\ ¥j$fg'd\ b\ofd\’
!@–!$_, !*=‘jfDa'n] :j/j0f{’ -cljgfy /fO{ ;=@)^)M #–!)_, !(=‘c 6]lSgs -Sj$¥j$fª\jfK;L ;=@)%@M !)_, @)=‘;fNrf]ltrf]’ -eQm xftfrf] ;=@)%@M !(_,
km/ /fOl6ª jfDa'n’] -hfF /f]ac ] / cf]Ku]gf]6{ ;=@)^)M !(–@@_, @)=c u|ofd/ cj\ @!=‘b\ofnNjfd b'vf’ -?kf jfDa'n–] /fO{ ;=@)%(M #@_, @@=‘lAclDgDjfn’ -/hg
jfDa'n]M u|ofd/, n]lS;sf]g, 6]S:6;\ ofG8 sNr/n ;e]{ cj\ c ls/fFtL 6«fOa cj\ ;'js ' ;=@)%(M %&_, @#=‘hft'/ ;fnfª’ -ljdn lj/xL ;=@)%(M %*_,
O:6g{ g]kfn -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))$_, @!=‘c 6]lSgs km/ /fOl6ª jfDa'n’] -k"jj{ t\
|| 305 || || 306 ||
@$=‘VofnL ;fnfª’ -a8fhLt /fO{ ;=@)%(M %*_, @%=‘;fNrf]ltrf]’ -eQm xftfrf] ;+oQ
' m hGdlbjzdf klg t]:tf ;flxTo ;[hgf / k|ltof]lutfx¿sf] ;dfj]zL–
;=@)%@M !(_, @^=‘cfd;]d/] f afd lhGbuL’ -6]ss'df/ /fO{ ;=@)%(M %(_, ;xofqf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ;Grfng ug'{ k5{ .
@&=‘pg cfr' ltg'O<’ -lbg]z jfDa'n] ;=@)%(M ^!_, @*=‘TofF pª cf; k'ªr's' @=!(=^=! xfOs' (Haiku)
/fOrL <’ -lah{dfg /fO{ ;=@)^@M @(_, @(=‘k/b];L /fOlrª lr7L’ -jLjL /fO{
ælgdf{0fÆ ;=@)^@M #)_, #)=‘lnAh'–e'Dh' lAcD;L k5{’ -sNof0f /fO{ ækfx'gfÆ sljtf ljwfeqs} xfOs' pk–ljwfdf klg snd rn]sf k|z:t}
;=@)^@M #)_, #!=‘Tof; pªlt8’ -z'es'df/L /fO{ ;=@)^@M #@_, #@=‘lnAh'– pbfx/gx¿ 5g\ of] dft[efiffdf . t];df xfdLn] oxfF Ps hgf dfQ} slj wg'if/fh'
e'Dh' Uof/kf;Lk5{’ -b]ljg /fO{ ;=@)^@M #@_, ##=‘cefuL r]nL ltªd pªu'’ /fO{ ‘/flz’ -;=@)^#M *_ sf] ‘xfOs'’ nfO{ pNn]v ug{ ;kmn eof}+ . slj Jofs'n
-b'uf{sd' f/L /fO{ ;=@)^@M ##_, #$=‘cf bofn’ -ldng la¥jfªrf–/fO{ ;=@)^@M åf¥jfª\rf klg xfOs' n]V5g\ eGg] ;"rgf u0f]z åf¥jfª\rfn] lbPsf 5g\ . afFsL
##_, #%=‘k'vf{ª Tjfd v|fD;fª afd’ -ah]Gb| /fO{ æafh' af]8j\ fdÆ ;=@)^@M #$_, lhDdf cl3sf tLg vDafx¿ nufot ;Dk"g{ /f9' jStfx¿sf] g} xf] .
#^=‘cfM b'vf Tjfd’ -hLjg gfS;f]rfrf] ;=@)^@M #%_, #&=‘/f8' of]/Vjf ¥ofSrfd @=!(=^=@ uLt÷d'Qms (Songs)
jfRrfd’ -aLaL efjfrfrf] ;=@)^@M #%_, #*=‘pªu'Vjf’ -cDaf SofDkfrf]–/fO{ sljtfs} uLt / d'Qms pkljwfx¿df klg vftsf vft ;[ghf ug]{
;=@)^@M #^_, #(=‘cf; kfg'O l/gfvf’ -k|sfzxl/ SofDkf–/fO{ ;=@)^@M $$_, ;|i6fx¿ 5g\ / ltg} vftx¿af6 xfdLn] s]xLnfO{ dfQ} lems]/ oxfF k|ltlglwTj
$)=‘Tofª cf:k'rfd’ -b]j jfDa'n–] /fO{ ;=@)^@M $%_, $!=‘;dOcfª Vjfnf cfd u/fPsf 5f}+ . ltgdf !=‘;+uLgf rfDbf]’ -5'a/fh /fO{ ‘b'vfrf]’ ;=@)^!M #)–#!_,
lhGbuL’ -xf]d/fh /fO{ ;=@)^!M #(_, $@=‘PAjf ;fn Û’ -ljdn /fO{ ‘lj/xL’ @=‘;fnfª’ -cdL6 efjfrfrf] ‘ljjz’ ;=@)%^M $@_, #=‘cfM TjfdvflrNjfd
;=@)%^M #*–#(_, $#=‘;fNa]’ -s}nfz af]8f]d ;=@)%^M #*–#(_, $#=‘cfs b\ofn’ -l6sf /fef]ª\rf ;=@)%^M $#_, $=‘cfd lhGbuLªfª\ t'nf]’ -rt'/
l/t'd’\ -s[i0fs'df/ d'Ssfrf] ;=@)%^M $^_, $$=‘cfM b'MvL hLjg’ -s'df/ h]/f] /fef]ªrf–/fO{ ;=@)%^M $#_, %=‘Hjfxf]/L ;fnfª’ -k|df]b /fO{ ‘bLgb'MvL’
;=@)%^M $^_, $$=‘OD:ofd\ b]lG; lxa'sfg’ -cNnf efjfrfrf] ;=@)^)M $%_, ;=@)%^M $#_, ^=‘Hjfxf]/L ;fnfªM P, jfDa'ng] L aOgL Û P, JofFl;n] bfh' Û’
$%=‘pªlgd\’ -lxd ls/fFt ;=@)^)M $*_, $^=‘Os b]z’ -lun' efjfrfrf] -Jofs'n dflxnf ;=@)^)M #%_, &=‘Hjf/L ;fnfª’ -l/dL /fO{ ;=@)^!M @$_,
;=@)^)M %!_, $&=‘cf] d'O NofRr]’ -k]zn åf/\jfªrf ;=@)^)M %@_, *=‘/f9' ;fnfª’ -z'erGb| /fO{ ;=@)%%M !!_, (=‘/f9' ;fnfª’ -OGb| hfaf–/fO{
$*=‘cfd;]; /O5f’ -klj up?ª efjfrfrf] ;=@)^!M @%_, $(=‘Os b\ofn’ -xs{ ;=@)%%M !!_, !)=‘d'Qms’ -e"kfn /fO{ ‘ljjz’ ;=@)%%M @$_ cflb OToflb g} x'g\ .
la¥jfªrf ;=@)^!M ##_, %)=‘3/hdªf -s'8j' f/fª_ k'd;'/’ -e'jg u'ef{–/fO{
‘cfF;’' ;=@)%^M $!–$#_, %!=‘kf/kf/d] lhGbuL’ -uh{wg bf]/f]ªrf–/fO{ ;=@)%^M @=!(=& syf÷nf]ssyf (Stories/folktales)
$%_, %@=‘b'Mvfs kpDjfn’ -nIdL gfS;f]rfrf] ;=@)%^M %#_, %#=‘AofFl;n] syf ljwfdf klg /fd}| pGglt eO/x]sf] kfPsf 5f}+ . tL /f}:of syf /
sfjfnfO{ Hjfkm’ -;nk/L sfG5L ;=@)%%M @#_, %$= ‘b]rf]s b]Dd]’ -u0f]z /fO{ syfsf/x¿df !=‘qmjfS;] dfOnf’ -z'erGb| /fO{ ;=@)^#M $(–%)_, @=‘Njfrf]
;=@)%%M (^–((_, %%= ‘/f8'dfkf k'ml/:ofªf’ -ljb|fx] L ;flx+nf ;=@)%&M #!_, of]/ lAcDrfDjfn–@’ -sfs'ª 9jfqmjf æ/hg ;'a'sÆ' ;=@)^#M $(–%)_,
%^=‘OdAjfNjfO /f8'ª s}n} Os 8\cLjf cf:of’ -k|df]b bLgb'MvL /fO{ ;=@)%^M #=‘a'9fa''9L n'ªªf syf’ -b]js'df/ sfG5f ;=@)%(M ^(_, $=‘lv;fª
%%_, %&=‘Tjfd d'of]’ -k];n åf/\jfªrf ;=@)%&M @%_, %*=‘OM lAcDtfn’ -lj/xL l5gf]ªsgf]’ -z'erGb| /fO{ ;=@)^#M &–*_, %=‘Njfrf] of]/ lAcDrfDjfn–!’
uLtf /fO{ ;=@)^@M $%_ cflb OToflb . -sfs'ª 9jfqmjf æ/hg ;'a'sÆ' ;=@)^@M !%–!^_, ^=‘vflQdf] a'9L pdf]’ -ldng
oxfF xfdLn] pNn]v ug{ 5'6]sf slj sjloqLx¿n] cl3sf tLg la¥jfªrf ;=@)^)M #*_ cflb 5g\ .
vDafx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg' kg]{ 5 ls æls/fFtL–/f9'df ePsf] xfd|f] of]ubfgsf] pNn]v vf]O @=!(=* n]v–/rgf / lgjGw (Compositions and essays)
<Æ eg]/ . clg cjZo klg of] sfo{ cl3 a9\5 eGg] s'/fdf xfdL cfzfjfbL 5f}+ . pQm ljwfx¿df ;[hgf cfO;s]kZrft\ emg\ n]v, /rgf / lgjGwdf
of] ls/fFtL–/f9'df ePsf] hfoG6 lnk (giant leap) af6 ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / snd grNg] k|Zg} p7]g . s'/f] slt dfQ} xf] eg] xfdLn] ;a}nfO{ oxfF pEofg ;s]gf}+ .
ls/fFtL–ls/fjf afx]s c? ls/fFtL efiffsf jStfx¿n] kf7 l;s]/ cfk\mgf] Tof] xfd|} ;Ldf / jfWotf eof] . xfdLn] ;s]hltdf !=‘b\ofNjfd vj/’ -lblnk /fO{
dft[efiffnfO{ hf]xf] ug]{ sfd cl3 a9fpg' k5{ . ls/fFtL–/f9' jStfx¿n] klg ca ;=@)%$M @%_, @=‘ljh'nL’ -ldng la¥jfªrf ;=@)^#M $@–$#_, #=‘Sjf¥jfª
n5\dL k"hf dfQ} geP/ r]Dhf]ª hGdlbjz / /fdk|;fb clg gf/d'lg y'nª ' sf] s'8’' -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)%$M !##–!$)_, $=‘jfDa'n] /f8' of]/Njfd ;ftf}+ sljuf]i7L’
-z'es'df/L /fO{ ;=@)^@M (–!!_, %=‘sfjf ltRjf lAcdAjfn’ -/fh]Gb| /fO{
|| 307 || || 308 ||
;=@)^@M @%–@^_, ^=‘a]af afFdf]n Sjfn lbg’ -u0f]z bf]/f]ªrf ;=@)%^M !)– efiff Jofs/g–!%, ljljw–#^, sljtf, d'Qm, uhn / uLt;d]t–$#( /
!!_, &=‘TofFlka ds;k/L, a'Ok{ /L, l;l/;k/Llt8’ -;'/]Gb|sd' f/ /fO{ ;=@)%^M !*– syf÷nf]ssyf ljwfdf–@) ;|i6f / l;h{gfx¿ x'g k'u]sf /x]5g\ . xfd|fn ] flu of]
!(_, *=‘jfdb\ofnNjfd\ sfjfltrf]’ -k[yL af]8f]d–/fO{ ;=@)%^M @*_, (=‘dfdfªf eGbf v'zLsf] s'/f csf]{ s]xL x'g ;St}g . ca t #$ gf3L ;s]sf]n] n]vfhf]vf
Tjfd’ -l;tf/fd /fO{ ;=@)%^M #%–#^_, !)=‘cf /fOrLª 8\cL Os:jfd xfª pg'ª ug{ klg xDxDd] g} k5{ . Sofjft / :ofjf; . r]/] b'd]g] . up b'd]g] .
<’ -u0f]z åf¥jfª\rf ;=@)^)M #%–#&_, !!=‘/ftuf]6fd Acfnf’ -ljdn lj/xL o;df klg Pp6f kf7 n'ss ] f] 5 Tof] s] xf] eg] cf]Nnf] ls/fFts} Ps elugL
;=@)^)M @@_, !@=‘cfD:ofs b'D;fª afd lxn]kfg b\ofn’ -b]js'df/ /fO{ efiff ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!!_ n] l;Sg' kg]{ kf7 . b'O{ klqsfx¿sf] dfWodaf6}
;=@)^!M !&–!*_, !#=‘/]l8of] lxlKtd]O afd ;]Oltd]O cfaf <’ -OR5fs'df/ /fO{ t]tLsf w]/} ;|:6fx¿ / ;[hgfx¿ hGdfpg ;lsG5 eg] bh{gsf] xf/fxf/Ldf
;=@)^!M $)_, !$=‘l8skl/Gjf hdk/Lg’ -JofFl;n] hfaf ;=@)%%M #)_ cflb g} klqsfx¿ ePsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] klqsfx¿n] eg] cfh;Dd cfk\mg} dft[efiffdf
x'g\ . ;fFRr} b]jsf]6fn] xfd|f ;]S;lko/x¿ / jfUg/x¿ e]8f r/fO/x]5g\ eg]sf] @% hgf dfQ} ;|:6fx¿ -Tof] klg dflysf / d'lgsf u/]/, oxfF ‘dflysf’ eGgfn]
s'/fnfO{ oL lgjGwsf/x¿n] ;fFrf] ;fljt u/L lbPsf 5g\ . gs{ geP/ pxL :ju{_ hGdfPsf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf k|jfx ug'{ kbf{ xfdLnfO{ stf stf
@=!(=( kqklqsf (Magazines) Rjf:; Rjf:; b'V5 d'6s ' f] Joyf h:tf] . t/ ;To / jf:tljstf klg t]xL xf] .
o;n] kf]N5 . x'g t of] kf7 ;a} ls/fFtL efifLx¿sf]nflu dfQ} geP/ c? ;j}
ls/fFtL–/f8'sf] n]Vo ;flxTo k/Dk/f ;=@)%) b]lv /f]kfOF ug]{ sfd b'O{ j6f g]kfnjf;L / efifLx¿sf] nflu klg xf] . cfzf /fvf}+ . ub}{ hfpFm .
klqsfx¿af6} ePsf] xf] . tL x'g–\ != lnAh'–e'Dh' -q}dfl;s_ / @=sfjf -dfl;s_ .
oL b'O{ klqsfx¿ xfdLn] cl3 @=!(=% df p7fPsf] ;dfj]zL–;xofqf 75 sf] g"tg @=!(=!) ;|Jo Sof;]6 (Audio tapes/cassettes)
pbfx/g x'g\ . of] kf7 ;a} ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿n] ln+bf x'G5 . o;sf]nflu of] dft[efiffdf s] slt ;|Jo jf b[io ;fdu|Lx¿ cfP eGg] s'/fdf xfdLnfO{
;Dkfbs / kqsf/ u0f]z åf/\jfªrfnfO{ ljz]if ;Ddfg 5 tdfd ls/fFtL Uofg jf ;"rgf 5}g . t/ Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª -;=@)^#M #@_ n] b]Vbf /]g]5]k|s,]
efifLx¿sf] tk{maf6 . z'?sf lbgx¿df w]/} ls/fFtL efifLx¿;Fu ;dfj]zL–;xofqf wgs'6faf6 ;=@)^# ;Dddf jfDa'nd] f # j6f uLtx¿ 76 /]s8{ ePsf /x]5g\ .
ug]{ lnAh–e'Dh' kl5sf lbgx¿df Psnofqfdf cjt/g x'g' o;sf] sdhf]/L xf] . ltgdf zAb ;+sng / ufog ug]{ u0f]z åf¥jfª\rf / cNnf efjfrfrf] -;=@)%&
log} b'O{ klqsfx¿n] pTvgg u/]sf k|ltef / b]gnfO{ cljgfy /fO{ -;=@)^!M ^&_ h]7_, z'erGb| /fO{ -;=@)%^_ / OGb| hfaf /fO{ / gj/fh /fO{ -;=@)%% /]g]s]k|,
n] s]nfO x]bf{ lnAh'–e'Dh' sf] k"gf{ªs ! b]lv @$ ;Dd wd{;:F s[lt ljwfdf–#^, l;+xb/jf/_ g} x'g\ egL xfdLnfO{ u0f]z åf¥jfª\rfn] ;"rgf lbPsf x'g\ . of] pk–
vG8df olQ g} ;"rgf 5 xfdL;Fu .
75
o;sf] pbfx/gsf]nflu @) h'g @))@ df kqsf/ u0f]z åf¥jfªrfnfO{ n]v]sf] Pp6f
kqsf] s]xL x/kmx?n] o;/L k|dflgt ub{5g\– ælnAh'–e'Dh' k"0ff{Í @! ;dod} k9\g @=!(=!! gf6s (Drama)
kfPF . ‘;'gj' f/ efiff–;flxTosf]===’ ;dfj]z ug{' ePsf]df d nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;'gj' f/ gf6s ljwfdf snd rnfpg]x¿ klg hlGd;s]sf /x]5 ls/fFtL–/f8'df .
aGw'–afGwj gtd:ts 5f}+ . ljz]iftM ;DkfbsHo"nfO{ d]/f] tk{maf6 ljz]if wGojfb tL gf6ssf gf6ssf/x¿ !=‘nfdNjf ¥jfldªlrd xO’ -s[i0fhLt /fO{ ;=@)^#M
lsgeg] ls/fofsf] k|yd ;ef -;=@)%!_ sf] gf/f ‘‘cfk;L Pstf / ;b\efj sfod @!–@#_, @=‘nfp/] b'Drfd VjfNaf] ls k9O’ -s[i0fhLt /fO{ ;=@)^@M !*–@#_,
/fvf}+’’ nfO{ tkfO{+n] cIf/zM kfng ug{' ePsf]df . sltko ;+sL0f{ ljrf/ /fVg]n] ;f]r] #=‘l/t'dafof’ -u0f]z jfDa'n] ;=@)^@M @)–@$_ cflb x'g\ . u'un ;r{ OlGhgdf
xf]nfg\ /fO{sf] klqsfdf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof_ sf] ;fdu|L lsg / s;/L < klg ‘h'Dn] lsl/of’ gfdsf] gf6s cknf]8 (upload) ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf u0f]z
;To–;To w/f]wd{ ;DkfbsHo", w]/} /fO{x?sf] 6fpsf] b'v]sf] 5 . olt;Dd ls ls/fFtL– åf/\jfªrfn] lbPsf x'g\ .
sf]OF r -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof_ ;d'bfo s;/L ls/ft-L_ leq k¥of] eg]/ 6fpsf] b'vfpg]
ah|:jfF7 ofSy'ª -rf]ª, ;'Aaf, lnDa"_ x? k|z:t} 5g\ eg] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffsf]
sljtfnfO{ ls/fofsf] lgK;'ª df :yfg lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] :jfF7x\ ? klg xfdL sxfF k|z:t}
76
5g\ . o:tf] ps';d's'; / j}/efjsf] df};ddf klg tkfO{+n] ofqfdf ;'gj' f/x?nfO{ c? ls/fFtL efiffx?dfr}F ls/fjfdf $%, cf7k|]df &, k'df @, s'nª ' !), a]nxf/] #,
;xefuL u/fpg' eof] . d}n] tkfO{+sf] k|;z+ fvflt/ zAbx? g} kfO{/x]sf] 5'O{+g . jf:tjd} l5Gtfª %, l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'nª ' $, b'dL @,
xfd|f dfG5]x? cFWof/f]df ?dlNnPsf 5g\ . cfk}+mn] cfk"mnfO{ / cfk\mg}n] cfk\mg}nfO{ d'ufnL #, kmfªb'jfnL #, ofSvf * j6f uLtx? -x]g"{ ‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf]
glrGg] u/L la/flgPsf 5g\ . tkfO{+h:tf] km/fs Åbo ePsf] cfk\mgf] dfG5] klg x'g'xG' 5 !# jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @% ;=@)^#M #@_ /s8{ ePsf /x]5g\ .
eg]/ cg'et" ug{ kfpFbf stf–stf cfzf Ko';fP/ cfpF5 .Æ
|| 309 || || 310 ||
@=!(=!@ ofqf÷;+:dg (Travelogue/memoirs) gfdx¿M ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf’ -clegfy /fO{ ;=@)^#M #–!^_, (=‘jfDa'ns ] f]
a]nfOtlt/ a/fln+bf h:tf] s[lt lbg ;Sg] k|ltefx¿df !=‘df:;L 9\jfªs'dk'g’]{ -u0f]z /fO{ / z'e/fh /fO{ ;=@)%(M @!–@^_, !)=‘jfDa'n] -/fO{_
cf8c'rf] 7fpF tfKn]hª
' lAcDAjfn’ -lblnk /fO{ ;=@)%^M !#–!%_, @=‘lAcDaf]n ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro’ -k|bLk /fO{ ;=@)%@M !^–!*_, !!=‘l;TnL
/f8' of]/Njfd 5O6pF sljuf]:7L Gjf lxn]kfgNjfd eOnf] ªf;L’ -b'uf{ /fO{ ‘j}/fuL’ -g[To_’ -rGb| jfDa'n]–/fO{ ;=@)^@M @&–@*_, !@=‘;x/df 9\jfª\sd' o;/L kf]
;=@)^@M #(–$!_, #=‘dfl:; cfrfAa]O of]/–@ a]nfNjfd 8\cLjf’ -lwtf/fh /fO{ dgfof}+’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)^!M @%–@&_, !#=‘rfDbf] Ps l;+xfjnf]sg’ -uh'/wg /fO{
;=@)^@M ^@_ g} k|dv' x'g\ . c? 5'6g\ uPsfx¿af6 emg} 7"nf] cfzf kfn]sf 5f}+ . ;=@)^!M @*–@(_, !$=‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿n] dgfpg] kj{sf gfdx¿’ -b]js'df/ /fO{
;=@)^)M @@–@#_, !%=‘jfDa'n] /f8'ªf vfpdf] vf;LNjfd :jfDbLvf8' -d'¢d' _’
@=!(=!# cg"lbt ;flxTo (Translated literature) -c:6 h]/f]–/fO{ / OGb| hfaf–/fO{ ;=@)^)M @&–#&_, !^=‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf] ljjfx
cg'jfb ;flxTolt/ klg s]xL e]l6Psf 5g\ . oxfF xfdLn] cUofFt eg]/ ;+:sf/df clgjfo{ 8\ofk'd’\ -z'e/fh /fO{ / u0f]z jfDa'n] ;=@)^!M @^–#) x]g"{
/fv]sf eP klg -t/ e]6]s} t]:tf] xf]_ la|l6z ;fdfHosfn pbo ub}{ ubf{sf] OlG8lhlgc; ef]O;, @# h]7 )^!, ;f]daf/ / /fli6«o ;fKtflxs, & c;f/ )^!,
xf/fxf/Ldf hGd]sf pkGof;sf/ rfN;{ l8sG;sf] 8]le8 sk/lkmN8nfO{ cg'jfb ;f]djf/ klg_, !&=‘jfDa'n] ;fdf ;F:s[lt’ -k|bLk /fO{ ;=@)^!M %&–^$_,
ug{] sfd klg ePsf] 5 . efu efudf k|sflzt pkGof;sf tL efux¿df !=‘pª\ !*=‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf] ¥jfDk'm lbrfd ;+:sf/’ -cljgfy /fO{ ;=@)%(M @@–@(_,
lrS;L Hofpd\’ cfa]af sfn–@ -cg'= cUofFt ;=@)%@M !#–!%_, @=‘s'8l' nD;fs !(=‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf] k/Dk/fut lkt[sfo{M s]xL ljj]rgf’ -cljgfy /fO{ ;=@)^)M
csf]{ kfkf lt?ªd’ cfa]af sfn–$ -cg'= cUofFt ;=@)%$M !&–!(_, #=‘pª #–!@_, @)=‘k|fs[lts ls/fFt wd{dfly ul/Psf] k|xf/’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)^)M @%–
:s'n k7O k'pFDd]’ cfa]af sfn–^ -cg'= cUofFt ;=@)%^M @^–@&_, $=‘pª @(_, @!=‘åf¥jfªrf j+zfjnL gd'gf’ -cUoft ;=@)^)M #^–#&_, @@=‘ls/fFt /fO{
t'K;L/fª\d’ cfa]af sfn–% -cg'= cUofFt ;=@)%%M !&–!*_ cflb 5g\ . ;okqL ;dfhsf] jfDnf kj{ cyf{t\ Gjfª\uL’ -u0f]z /fO{ / a8flht /fO{ ;=@)^!M #^–#&_,
/ sljtf nufotsf hg{n tyf kqklqsfx¿df klg cg'jfb ;flxTo 5flkPsf @#=‘jfDa'n] /fO{ hfltsf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿’ -k|bLk /fO{ ;=@)^!M &–!$_,
xf]nfg\ eGg] xfdLn] cg'dfg nufPsf 5f}+ . t/ xfn;Dd Go" 6]:6fdG6 cg'jfb eof] jfDa'n] /fO{ hflt M efiff / ;F:s[lt -u0f]z /fO{ ;Dkf= ;=@)^$_ cflb OToflb x'g\ .
ls ePg eGg] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5}g . @=!(=!^ ls/fFtL–/f9' gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-RaDhu sample
@=!(=!$ kf7\ok':ts÷;fdu|Lx¿ (Textbooks/pedagogical materials) wordlist)
kf7\ok':ts / ;fdu|Lx¿dfr}F xfdLn] t]tL ;fx|f] e]6]gf}+ . sfd eO/x]sf] x'g xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
;S5 . kfljs], ;fgf]l7dLdf ;f] lgdf{gsf]nflu lgj]bg uO;s]sf] 5 eGg];Dd xfd|f] cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
sfg k/]sf] xf]] . lgs6 eljiodf of] cfpg] g} 5 . o;df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] bf]efif] ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M &–(_ af6 pbw[t ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
;fdu|Lx¿df u0f]z /fO{ -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^#M ^$–^%_ sf] ‘lrlr/ cªu|]hL r]Olsdf’ :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
r}F wf/fjfxL g} 5 . lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
@=!(=!% efiff–hfltzf:q, wd{–;F:s[lt tyf rf8 (Language- !=tfk\ltk\ -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=k'mr'n -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
ethnology, religion-culture and festivals) #=SjfS6] -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=Djfn -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
hflt / efiffzf:q;Fu} hf]l8P/ cfPsf cWoogx¿df !=‘jfDa'n] /fO{sf] %=+vfNaf] -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=RjfSaf] -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
‘GjfªuL’ kj{M 5f]6f] rrf{’ -dg /fO{ ;=@)%$M ^–*_, @=‘jfDa'n] /fO{dWo] &=qmfRrfd -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=v'RRofd -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
cNk;+Vosn] dgfpFb} cfPsf] lkt[;:+ sf/M xf]d’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)%$M !!–!#_, (=p;' -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=?;' -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
#=‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf] ;fw' -;Gt_ ;+:sf/’ -?b|sd' f/ /fO{ ;=@)%$M !$–!%_, !!=s'r' -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=x'Drfd -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
$=‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ vfpdf]sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro’ -dxflht /fO{
!#=s'S:ofn -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$= +lr+sflr+sf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
æzf]egÆ ;=@)%$M !#–!%_, %=‘jfDa'n] /fO{sf] GjfuL kj{’ -k'ik /fO{ ;=@)%$M !)–
!!_, ^=‘jfDa'n] 9\jfªs'dk'g’]{ -u0f]z /fO{ / z'e/fh /fO{ ;=@)%$M !(–@)_, !%=lkrfd\ -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;rfd\ -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
&=‘/dfOnf] jfDa'n] rf8 9\jfªs'ªdf]’ -k|bLk /fO{ ;=@)^#M !&–!*_, *=‘jfDa'n] !&=rfnL -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=t'rfd\ -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink

|| 311 || || 312 ||
!(=:jfRjf{ -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=8\cj\ fa' -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *%=+Ac\n'd\ -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^="jfd\ -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
@!=RofFdfvf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=hfrfd\ -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat *&=cfd\ -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=+pg\ -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
@#=Acfafª\u] -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=lAc;L -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye *(=Nofd\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=u'D;f] -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
@%=Acf;'?Dkmf -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire (!=9\ofS;L -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lg;\ -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
@&=ª\jf;f] -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f] -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat (#=xfNrfd\ -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=sfs' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@(=jfNrfd -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=Njf;' -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot (%=+pªltª -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=cfdf -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
#!=8jfD;] -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=UjfSrfd\ -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give (&=a'Dhf]d\ -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=cfr' -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
##=+/fGRjf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=HjfAjf;f] -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease ((=+lAcrf]-jf_ -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=jfjfdHjfd\ -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
#%=l;l;hf]d\ -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=:jfd\ -gf_ ‘s];’ hair ------------------
#&=+Ncf~nf -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=k'mlt/ -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
#(=Yjfrfd\ -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=TjfdlrGrL -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+=%=+ df VjfNaf] xf] -dft[efifL u0f]z åf¥jfªrf–/fO{sf]
$!=/f];f] -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=+5jf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot /]lS6lkms]O;g (rectification) ‘;'4Ls/g’ cg';f/_ . g+=!$=+ df lr+sfjfd\
xf] -pxL_ . g+=#!=+ df 8\jfD;] xf] -pxL_ . g+=##=+ df /fGrf] xf] -pxL_ . g+= df
$#=pªu' -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=:ofRrfd\ -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
#&=+Ncf~nf M klg . g+=$@= + df 5\jf cyf{t\ cfYjf klg -pxL_ . g+= df $*+
$%=k'DrL -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=HjfSrfd\ -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know luN8]Orfd\ xf] -pxL_ . g+=^!= + df AofNsf xf] -pxL_ . g+=^%= + df Ncfd klg
$&=;fkmf~df]nL -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=luN8]Orfd\ -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie -pxL_ . g+=**=+ df Ac'n'd\ xf] -pxL_ . g+=**=+ df pg' xf] -pxL_ . g+=(%=+
$(=8L -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=lxSaf] -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long df pªlt8 xf] -pxL_ . g+=((=+ df lAcMrf] klg xf] -pxL_ .
%!=:of/L -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=+pRjf -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
%#=a8]Vjfn\ -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=tf]:ofn -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon @=!(=!& lgrf]8 (Conclusion)

%%=hf]hf]~h' -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=8\cn ' L -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs pGgfO;df k/]sf]
%&=Ujf/\hL -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=l8\c -gf_ ‘gfd’ name ls/fFtL–/f8' dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfPsf 5f}+ . of]
%(=lSnhL -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=Paf] -lj_ ‘gofF’ new dft[efifL ;Dk|bfodf eflifs jkmfbf/Ltf (language loyalty) cf}wL b]lvof] .
n]Vo k/fDd/fdf Ps bzssf] dfQ} ofqf eP klg cg's/gLo / ;/fxgLo sfd
^!=+HofNsf -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=8\c';'d\ -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose ePsf] 5 . ;[i6fx¿sf] nfjfn:s/ / ;[hgfx¿sf] vft b]Vbf ls/fFtL–
^#=cfaf -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=Sjfn\ -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one ofSy'ªx¿sf] dfOn]h (milage) nfO{ @ bzslt/} e]6n \ f h:tf] efg kb{5 /
^%=+Ncfd~nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=d'of] -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person jf:tljstf klg xf] . t'ngfTds ?kn] x]bf{ ;fFRr} /fd|f] ;xeflutf / ;fe]mbfl/tf
^&=jf;L{ -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=nfsflrd\ -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red b]lvPsf] 5 . of] cToGt} ;s/fTds kS5] xf] . ;dfj]zL wf/df klg cGo ls/fFtL
^(=;'ªl\ u/ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=lv/\Rjf -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round efifLx¿sf] k|of; eGbf gDa/ Ps g} sxlnof] . ;flxTo ljwfdf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª
&!=:ofªlsl/d\ -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=jfRrfd\ -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say / ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' sf] h:tf] pkGof;x¿ cfO g;s]sf] eP klg sljtf ljwfdf eg]
&#=Sjfrfd\~?Rrfd\ -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=cfFHhf -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed /fi6«ufgsf slj Jofs'n åf¥jfªrf h:t} nf]enfUbf / t]lhnf sljx¿ b]lvPsf
&%=afSrfd\ -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=SjfSt] -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin 5g\ . efiffj}Uoflgs ljz]iftfdf cGt:kmf]6 Wjlgdf ljz]if :yfg 5 .
&&=Unf]dr \ fd\ -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=of]Ssf~x\ofSsf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small kf7\ok':tsx¿ gb]lvP klg zAbsf]z / Jofs/gsf ljwfx¿df ;an g} 5 . otf
&(=v'lgd\ -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=ofDrfd\ -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand :jf8]z ln:6df klg ;o k|ltzt g} zAbx¿ df}hb" kfOof] .
--------------
*!=;f]? -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
*#=8\cj\ fd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=Hjfs'kfrfd\ -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim

|| 313 || || 314 ||
ljz]if 6Lsfl6KkgL -----. ;=@)%$= ‘s'8l' nD;fs csf]{ kfkf lt?ªd’ cfa]af sfn–$ -rfN;{
lk|o n]vsx¿, l8sG;sf] 8]le8 sk/lkmN8 af6_, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, !, ^M !&–!(=
-----. 1994 [VS 2054]. ‘Kudulimsak arko papa tirungam’ Aabeba
/ftL (M#) b]lv !!M!% ah];dd ;lj:tf/ x]/]+ . ;fx|} ;'zL nfUof] . Kal-4 (trans. from Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield),
;'lglZrt gegf}+ cGhfgd} k|sfzg yfngL u/]+ lnAh'–e'Dh' . sfjf /x/n] hGdfOof] . Libju-Bhumju, 6, 1, 6: 17-19.
t/ ce}m jfDa'n] kqsf/ sfjf hGdL ;s]sf 5}gg\ . -----. ;=@)%@= ‘pª\ lrS;L Hofpd\’ cfa]af sfn–@ -rfN;{ l8sG;sf] 8]le8
k|of; hf/L 5 . Psfk;df k/fkz{ / d"Nofªsg tkfO{+x¿ clg xfd|f] sk/lkmN8 af6_, lnAh'–e'Dh', $, !, #M !#–!%=
xftdf 5 . dft[efiffsf] s'/f ug{ 5f]8]+ eg] d]/f] klxrfg u'D5 h:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ . -----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Ung chiksi jyaum’ Aabeba Kal-2 (trans
;fob d]/f] e|d klg x'g ;S5 . d]/f ;xsdL{ kqsf/x¿ -sflGtk'/sdL{, Pg6LeL, from Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield), Libju-Bhumju,
uf]k, ck", g];;, 6LPr6L, 6Lcf/Pg, 6Ls]kL, /f, lx6f / cGo_ hf] dft[efifL 5g\ 4, 1, 3: 13-15.
sf]xL klg dl/d]6s] f 5}gg\ . clgh t g]lkmgaf6 ;Grflnt PghLcf] h:t} ef] . PjO5f–afGtfjf, l8s= ;=@)%*= afGtjf -/fO{_ zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M lbks'df/
leqL efjgf ePsf sf]xL 5g\ h:t} /fh]g dfgGw/, cf/s] lbSkfn -dft[efiff ?kfa'ª=
hfGb}gg\_, zfxLdfg -cN5]_, vfF6L ;fyL kbd /fO{ -a'ªj\ fvf_ 5g\ . slxn];Dd Awoicha-Bantawa, Dik. 2001 [VS 2058]. Bantawa (Rai)
Shabdakosh. Kathmandu: Dipkumar Rupabung.
;u{ yfldg] xf] <
efjfrfrf], cNnf= ;=@)^)= ‘OD:ofd\ b]lG; lxa'sfg’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, !, @#M $%=
tkfO{+ efiffzf:qLx¿ egL lbg'xf];\ ca xfdL ls/fFtLsf] efiffx¿sf] cfo' Bhawachacho, Alla. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Imsyam densi hibukan’,
slt aif{;Dd /xnf < of ca k'gM hfu/0f sfn cfpF5 < jfDa'n] /f8' of]/sf] Libju-Bhumju, 11, 1, 23: 45.
eljio s:tf] b]Vg' ePsf] 5 < oxL+ 5\of:; elglbg';\ x} . cg'/f]w 5 . efjfrfrf], cdL6 ‘ljjz’= ;=@)%^= ‘;fnfª’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !!M $@=
Bhawachacho, Amit ‘Vivash’. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Salang’, Libju-
©u0f]z /fO{, l;h{gfgu/, eQmk'/ @)^$÷*÷% Bhumju, 8, 1, 11: 42.
efjfrfrf], aLaL= ;=@)^@= ‘/f8' of]/Vjf ¥ofSrfd jfRrfd’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $,
#!M #%=
;Gbe{;"rL Bibliography Bhawachacho, BB. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘RaDu yorkhwa ryakcham
cUofFt -cg'=_= ;=@)^)= ‘åf¥jfªrf j+zfjnL gd'gf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @$M wachcham’, Libju-Bhumju, 13, 4, 31: 35.
#^–#&= efjfrfrf], lun'= ;=@)^)= ‘Os b]z’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, !, @#M %!=
Bhawachacho, Gilu. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Ik desh’, Libju-Bhumju, 11,
Anon (trans.). 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Dwarwangcha vamshawali
1, 23: 51.
namuna’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, 24: 36-37.
-----. ;=@)%^= ‘pª :s'n k7O k'pFDd]’ cfa]af sfn–^ -rfN;{ l8sG;sf] 8]le8
efjfrfrf], klj up?ª= ;=@)^!= ‘cfd;]; /O5f’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, #, @&M @%=
Bhawachacho, Pavi Gaurung. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Aamses raichha’,
sk/lkmN8 af6_, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !!M @^–@&= Libju-Bhumju, 12, 3, 27: 25.
-----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Ung skul pathai pu+mme’ Aabeba Kal-6
ælj/xLÆ, ljdn= ;=@)^)= ‘/ftuf]6fd Acfnf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @$M @@=
(trans. from Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield), Libju-
"Birahi", Bimal. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Ratgotam bqala’, Libju-
Bhumju, 8, 1, 11: 26-27.
Bhumju, 11, 2, 24: 22.
-----. ;=@)%%= ‘pª t'K;L/fª\d’ cfa]af sfn–% -rfN;{ l8sG;sf] 8]le8
la¥jfªrf, xs{= ;=@)^!= ‘Os b\ofn’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, #, @&M ##=
sk/lkmN8 af6_, lnAh'–e'Dh', &, @, (M !&–!*= Birwangcha, Harka. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Ik dyal’, Libju-Bhumju, 12,
-----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Ung tupsirangam’ Aabeba Kal-6 (trans.
3, 27: 33.
from Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield), Libju-Bhumju,
la¥jfªrf, ldng= ;=@)^#= ‘lah'nL’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M $@–$#=
7, 2, 9: 17-18.
Birwangcha, Milan. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Bijuli’, Libju-Bhumju, 14,
1, 32: 42-43.
|| 315 || || 316 ||
-----. ;=@)^@= ‘cf bofn’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $, #!M ##= Jaba, Byãsile. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Dikparinwa jamparin’, Libju-
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Aa dyal’, Libju-Bhumju, 13, 4, 31: 33. Bhumju, 7, 2, 9: 30.
-----. ;=@)^)= ‘vflQdf] a'9L pdf]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, !, @#M #*= hfaf–/fO{, OGb|= ;=@)%*= ‘lrlS;k5{’, lgK;'ª, *, !#M @(=
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Khattimo budhi umo’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, Jaba-Rai, Indra. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Chiksiparcha’, Nipsung, 8, 13:
1, 23: 38. 29.
af]8j\ fd, hut= ;=@)^#= ‘k|fsfr]g\ uGb|'s lAcDtf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M $&= -----. ;=@)%%= ‘/f9' ;fnfª’, lnAh'–e'Dh', &, @, (M !!=
Bodwam, Jagat. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Prakachen gandruk bwimta’, -----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘RaDhu salang’, Libju-Bhumju, 7, 2, 9: 11.
Libju-Bhumju, 14, 1, 32: 47. h]/f]–/fO{, c:6 / OGb| hfaf–/fO{= ;=@)^)= ‘jfDa'n] /f8'ªf vfpdf] vf;LNjfd
af]8f]d–/fO{, k[yL ;=@)%^= ‘jfdb\ofnNjfd\ sfjfltrf]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !!M :jfDbLvf8' -d'¢d' _’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, !, @#M @&–#&=
@*= Jero-Rai, Asta and Indra Jaba-Rai. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Wambule
Bodom-Rai, Prithi. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Wamdyallwam kawaticho’, RaDunga khaumo khasilwam swamdikhaDu (Mundhum)’,
Libju-Bhumju, 8, 1, 11: 28. Libju-Bhumju, 11, 1, 23: 27-37.
rfRjf, sf/afl/ª= ;=@)^#= ‘a/ Gjf lkkn’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M $*= sfOFnf, j}/fuL= ;=@)%(= ‘jfDa'n–] /fO{ efiffsf] lgx'Fdf efiff ;+/If/0fsf] s'/f’,
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-----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Wambule Rai bhashako ek visheshta’, /fO{, sNof0f ækfx'gfÆ= ;=@)^@= ‘lnAh'–e'Dh' lAcD;L k5{’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $,
Anubhuti, 1, 2: 33-35. #!M #)=
-----. ;=@)%$= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{dWo] cNk;+Vosn] dgfpFb} cfPsf] lkt[;:+ sf/M xf]d’, Rai, Kalyan “pahuna”. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Libjubhumju bqimsi
lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, @, &M !!–!#= parchha’, Libju-Bhumju, 13, 4, 31: 30.
-----. 1997[VS 2054]. ‘Wambule Raimadhye alpasankhyakle /fO{, s[i0fhLt= ;=@)^#= ‘nfdNjf ¥jfldªlrd xO’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M
manaudai aaeko pitri sanskar: hom’, Libju-Bhumju, 6, 2, 7: @!–@#=
11-13. Rai, Krishnajit. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Lamlwa rwamingchim hai’,
|] L r]Olsdf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @,
/fO{, u0f]z -;Dkf=_= ;=@)^#= ‘lrlr/ cª\uh Libju-Bhumju, 14, 1, 32: 21-23.
@@M ^$–^%= -----. ;=@)^@= ‘nfp/] b'Drfd VjfNaf] ls k9O’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $, #!M !*–@#=
Rai, Ganesh (ed.). 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Chirchir angreji cheikima’, -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Laure dumcham khwalbo ki padhai’, Libju-
Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, 22: 64-65. Bhumju, 13, 4, 31: 18-23.
-----. -;Dkf=_= ;=@)^$= jfDan] /fO{ hflt M efiff / ;F:s[lt= nlntk'/M jfDa'n] /fO{, s'df/= ;=@)^#= ‘l8\cjf lqmtf /fOrL’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M $&=
/fO{ ;flxTo k|sfzg= Rai, Kumar. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Dqiwa krita raichi’, Libju-Bhumju,
-----. (ed.).
2007 [VS 2064]. Wambule Rai Jati : Bhasha ra 14, 1, 32: 47.
Sanskriti. Lalitpur: Wambule Rai Sahitya Prakashan. /fO{, n3'wg= ;=@)%)= ‘lnAh'–e'Dh' PsM ?k cg]s -efiff;lxt_’, lnAh'–e'Dh',
/fO{, u0f]z / a8flht /fO{ ;=@)^!= ‘ls/fFt /fO{ ;dfhsf] jfDnf kj{ cyf{t\ @, !–$M $–&=
Gjfª\uL’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, #, @&M %–^= Rai, Lagudhan. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Libju-Bhumju ek: rup anek
Rai, Ganesh and Badajit Rai. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Kirat Rai samajko (bhashasahit)’, Libju-Bhumju, 2, 1-4: 4-7.
Wamla parba arthat nwangi’, Libju-Bhumju, 12, 3, 27: 5-6. /fO{, dg= ;=@)%$= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{sf] ‘GjfªuL’ kj{M 5f]6f] rrf{’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, @,
/fO{, u0f]z / z'e/fh /fO{= ;=@)%(= ‘jfDa'n]sf] 9\jfªs'dk'g]{’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, &M ^–*=
@, @@M @!–@^= Rai, Man. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Wambule Raiko nwagi parba: Chhoto
Rai, Ganesh and Shubharaj Rai. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Wambuleko charcha’, Libju-Bhumju, 6, 2, 7: 6-8.
dhwangkumpurne’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, 22: 21-26. /fO{ -åf¥jfªrf–jfDa'n]_, k|bLk ‘Jofs'n dflxnf’= ;=@)^@= jfDa'n] /fO{
-----. ;=@)%$= ‘jfDa'n] 9\jfªs'dk'g]{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @%M !(–@)= efiff;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro, ul/df, @$, !, @&&M !)%–!!@=
-----. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Wambule dhwangkum purne’, Nipsung, 13, Rai (Dwarongcha-Wambule), Pradeep. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Wambule
25: 19-20. Rai bhashasahityako sangkshipta paricaya’, Garima, Paus
/fO{, xf]d/fh= ;=@)^!= ‘;dOcfª Vjfnf cfd lhGbuL’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, @, #!M 2062 [24, 1] 277: 105-112.
#(= -----. ;=@)^#= ‘/dfOnf] jfDa'n] rf8 9\jfªs'ªdf]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M
Rai, Homraj. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Samaiang khwala aam jindagi’, !&–!*=
Libju-Bhumju, 12, 2, 31: 39. -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Ramailo Wambule chad dhwangkungmo’,
/fO{, lx/fdfof= ;=@)^#= ‘;fpbLNjfd kO;fs kpnf]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M Libju-Bhumju, 14, 1, 32: 17-18.
$*= -----. ;=@)^!= ‘jfDa'n] ;fdf ;F:s[lt’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, @%M %&–^$=

|| 325 || || 326 ||
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Wambule sama sanskriti’, Libju-Bhumju, Rai, Rudrakumar. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Wamuble Raiharuko sadu
12, 1, 25: 57-64. (santa) sanskar’, Libju-Bhumju, 6, 2, 7: 14-15.
-----.;=@)^!= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{ hfltsf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, #, -----. ;=@)%%= ‘vf]6fª lhNnfsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro / afx'gL 8fF8f uflj; l:yt
@&M &–!$= emfKkf ufpFsf] lrgf/L’, lnAh'–e'Dh', &, @, (M !@–!$=
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Wambule Rai jatika samajik sanskarharu’, -----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Khotang jillako chhoto parichaya ra Bahuni
Libju-Bhumju, 12, 3, 27: 7-14. Dãda gabisa sthita Jhappa ga+ko chinari’, Libju-Bhumju, 7,
-----. ;=@)^)=‘Tjfd vflrGjfd d'of] yfnNjfO’, df ads'df/L a"9fdu/ / 2, 9: 12-14.
/fds'df/ dfb]g -;Dkf=_= /fli6«o efiffsf sljtf ;+ufnf]= nlntk'/M /fO{, l;tf/fd= ;=@)%^= ‘dfdfªf Tjfd’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !!M #%–#^=
cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg= Rai, Sitaram. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Mamanga twam’, Libju-Bhumju,
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Twam khachinwam muyo thallqai’. In 8, 1, 11: 35-36.
Bamkumari Buddhamagar ra Ram K Maden (eds.). Rastriya /fO{, ;'/]Gb|sd' f/= ;=@)%^= ‘TofFlka ds;k/L, a'Ok{ /L, l;l/;k/Llt8’, lnAh'–
Bhashaka Kavita Sangalo. Lalitpur: Adivasi Janajati Utthan e'Dh', *, !, !!M !*–!(=
Rastirya Pratisthan. Rai, Surendrakumar. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Tyapib makasapari, buipari,
-----. ;=@)^)= ‘Hjfxf]/L ;fnfªM P, jfDa'n]gL aOgL Û P, JofFl;n] bfh' Û’, sirisaparitid’, Libju-Bhumju, 8, 1, 11: 18-19.
lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, #$M #%= /fO{, z'es'df/L= ;=@)^@= ‘jfDa'n] /f8' of]/Njfd ;ftf}+ sljuf]i7L’, lnAh'–e'Dh',
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Jwahori salang: e, Wambuleni baini! e, !#, $, #!M (–!!=
byãsile daju ’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, 34: 35. Rai, Shuvakumari. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Wambule RaDhu yorlwam
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘a'lsdf a'lsdf sfjflt8\ Tofª\8f a'lsdf’, lgK;'ª, *, !#M @(= sataun kavihosthi’, Libju-Bhumju, 13, 4, 31: 9-11.
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Bukima bukima kawatid tyangda bukima’, -----=;=@)^@= ‘Tof; pªlt8’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $, #!M #@=
Nipsung, 8, 13: 29. -----=2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Tyas ungtid’, Libju-Bhumju, 13, 4, 31: 32.
-----. ;=@)%@= ‘jfDa'n] -/fO{_ ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro’, lnAh'–e'Dh', /fO{, z'erGb|= ;=@)^#= ‘qm\jfS;] dfOnf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M $(–%)=
$, !, #M !^–!*= Rai, Shuvachandra. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Krwakse maila’, Libju-
-----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Wambule (Rai) samajik sanskarko chhoto Bhumju, 14, 1, 32: 49-50.
parichaya’, Libju-Bhumju, 4, 1, 3: 16-18. -----= ;=@)^#= ‘cflxDrf] Acf/L’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M $^=
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘pª Os nfd xflNsdf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', $, !, #M ((= -----= 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Aahimcho bqari’, Libju-Bhumju, 14, 1, 32:
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Ung ik lam halkima’, Libju-Bhumju, 4, 1, 46.
3: 99. -----= ;=@)^@= ‘lv;fª l5gf]kmfgf]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $, #!M &–*=
/fO{, k'ik= ;=@)%$= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{sf] GjfuL kj{’, lnAh'–e'Dh', @, !–$M !)–!!= -----= 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Khisang Chhinongkano’, Libju-Bhumju,
Rai, Pushpa. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Wambule Raiko nwagi parba’, 13, 4, 31: 7-8.
Libju-Bhumju, 2, 1-4: 10-11. -----= ;=@)%%= ‘/f9' ;fnfª’, lnAh'–e'Dh', &, @, (M !!=
/fO{, /fh]Gb|= ;=@)^@= ‘sfjf ltRjf lAcdAjfn’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $, #!M @%–@^= -----= 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘RaDhu Salang’, Libju-Bhumju, 7, 2, 9: 11.
Rai, 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Kawa tichwa bwimbqal’, Libju-Bhumju, /fO{, z'e/fh / u0f]z jfDa'n] ;=@)^!= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf] ljjfx ;+:sf/df
13, 4, 31: 25-26. clgjfo{ 8\ofk'd\’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, @%M @^–#)=
/fO{, l/dL= ;=@)^!= ‘Hjf/L ;fnfª’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, #, @&M @$= Rai, Shuvaraj and Ganesh Rai. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Wambule
Rai, Rimi. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Jwari salang’, Libju-Bhumju, 12, 3, Raiharuko vivaha sanskarma anivarhya dyapum’, Libju-
27: 24. Bhumju, 12, 1, 25: 26-30.
/fO{, ?b|sd' f/= ;=@)%$= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf] ;fw' -;Gt_ ;+:sf/’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, ?DbfnL, lw/]Gb|= ;=@)^#= ‘8f]?d’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !$, !, #@M $$=
@, &M !$–!%=

|| 327 || || 328 ||
Rumdali, Dhiren. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Dworum’, Libju-Bhumju, 14,
1, 32: 44. @=@) ls/fFtL–/b' (Kiranti-Radu)
tf]af, ;'Pof]zL= ;=@)%@= ‘ODKnf]l;e :6K;\ Og\ pDa'n]’, lnAh'–e'Dh' -g]lKnh
lnªu'Ol:6S;\, !@M @(–#! Dff klg k|sflzt_ $, !, #M &–(=
Toba, Sueyoshi. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Implosive stops in Wambule’, @=@)=) kl/ro (Introduction)
Libju-Bhumju (also republished in Nepalese Linguistics.
1995. 12: 29-31) 4, 1, 3: 7-9. ls/fFtL–/b'x¿ cfk"mnfO{ ls/fFtL–afGtfjfx¿n] pª ! s
\ f ls/fjf egL
æljjzÆ, dgf]h= ;=@)%$= ‘xn;L ahf/ lbsfg]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, @, &M !*= lrgfP h:t} OªsL /b' jf /f]!bL egL lrgf/L lbG5g\ . of] g} pgLx¿sf] c6f]lgd
‘Vivas’, Manoj. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Halasi bazaar dikane’, Libju- (autonym) xf] . t/ cfh of] /b' zAb k|foM h;f] x/fP/ b'dL (Dumi) g} a9L
Bhumju, 6, 2, 7: 18. k|rngf cfPsf] 5ý ls/fjfsf] ;§f afGtfjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_, sf]FOrsf] ;§f
jfDa'n–] /fO{, rGb|= ;=@)^@= ‘l;TnL -g[To_’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $, #!M @&–@*= ;'gj' f/ -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ / /f]b'ªsf] ;§f rflDnª -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ h:t} . o;n] s]
Wambule-Rai, Chandra. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Sitli (Nritya)’, Libju- s'/fsf] ;+st] ub{5 eg] xfdLn] ;do;Fu} lj:tf/} cfk\mgf] df}lnstfnfO{ ltnfGhnL
Bhumju, 13, 4, 31: 27-28.
lbO{ /x]sf 5f}+ . cfk\mgf] u'KtL s'/f k\mofFsL /x]5f}+ 8f=sfn] /f]bª
' -pk{m :jfdL
jfDa'n–] /fO{, b]j= ;=@)^@= ‘Tofª cf:k'rfd’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !#, $, #!M $%=
k|kGgfrfo{_ n] h:t} .
Wambule-Rai, Dev. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Tyang aaspucham’, Libju-
Bhumju, 13, 4, 31: 45. pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ ls/fFtL–vflnª -x]g"{ @=( klg_ x¿n]
jfDa'n–] /fO{, ?kf= ;=@)%(= ‘b\ofnNjfd b'vf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @@M #@= ! a|-f_ eg]em}+ /b' jf b'dL a|-f]_ eGb5g\ . ls/fFtL–/b'x¿ cfk\mgf] ;+:yf
vfn
Wambule-Rai, Rupa. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Dyalalwam dukha’, Libju- ls/fFtL–b'dL kmlG;lsddf cfj4 x'Fb} /b' a|sf] ;]jf tyf ljsf; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
Bhumju, 11, 2, 22: 32. o;df g]qd0fL xnS;'sf] gfd g} cu| kªtLdf cfpF5 . jStf, ;|:6f / cg';Gwftf
***************************
pgL / b'dL a|nfO{ xfdL oxfF pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub}{ k'iku'R5f pkxf/ lbO{
/fV5f}+ . ho /b' a|-f]_ .
ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªsf] h:tf] w]/} j}slNks gfdx¿ geP klg pgLx¿sf]
csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL
JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' aGg] xf]8df j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai)
klg xf] . of] /fO{ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . clg
csf]{ v;Ls/g÷Khasization k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf] klxrfg hldGbf/ >lhdL klg
xf] . t/ ;;/sf–vf]6fª, dfem ls/fFtdf of] lhdL zAb cf]Nnf] ls/fFt -h:t}M
ls/fFtL–vflnª, ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , ls/fFtL–y'nª ' , ls/fFtL–s'nª
' / ls/fFtL–
gfl5l/ªý x]g"{ cWofo # klg_ / kNnf] ls/fFt -ls/fFtL–ofSvf h:t}M v]dfxfª
lhdL_ df h:tf] t]tL k|of]udf cfPsf] e]l6Psf] 5}g . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf]
kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn]
b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{
cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
ls/fFtL–/b'x¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba)
leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf]
5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . of] OG8f]–cfo{g ‘/fO{’ zAbsf] af/]df o'jf
Oltxf;sf/ pk–k|fWofks rt'/eQm ;Tdn] lgK;'ª / Ol;lnd klqsfx¿df
|| 329 || || 330 ||
cfk\mgf] cg';fGwfgfTds ljrf/nfO{ k|sfzgdf NofpFb} s] lg:sif{df k'us ] f 5g\ eg]
h]h;f] eP klg hfltgfddf ‘/fO{’ g} ;b/ u/L kfpF jf x'g' k5{ . t];f] xf] eg]
dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf ;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g kl/jf/sf ls/fFtL efiffx¿ af]Ng] ls/fFtL
hfltsf] cfk\mgf] df}lns :jklxrfgr}F vf]O t < cfk\mgf] df}lnstfnfO{ ltnfGhnL
lbg] g} xf] eg] t sfn] /f]b'ª -pk{m 8f=:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{_ n] cfk\mgf] :jklxrfg
kmfn]/ tLg8f]/] hg} le/]h:t} lebf{ x'G5 . k|f=8f=/fhf/fd ;'j]bL -x]g"{ @=!@ klg_ sf]
s'ljrf/nfO{ tfnL 7f]s] x'G5 . xf]Og eg] dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf ;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g
kl/jf/sf ls/fFtL efiffx¿ af]Ng] ls/fFtL hfltn] OG8f]–cfo{g ‘/fO{’, ‘d'lvof’,
‘;'Aaf’, ‘b]jfg’ jf ‘lhdL’ / sf]FOrsf] ;§f ‘;'g'jf/’ zAbnfO{ hflt ;b/ u/L kfpF
/ ;'/]n 5'§} hflt xf] eGg'sf] k5fl8 t]tL j}Uoflgs t's, bd / cfwf/ n'ss ] f] 5}g .
of] ljlu|Psf] Oltxf;nfO{ pN6fpg], ;N6fpg] / ;kfg]{ sfd xfd|} xf] . of] b]zsf]
k|zfgnfO{ xfd|f] hfltgfd ;RRofpg nufpg] lxDdt xfdLdf x'g' g} k5{ . gofF g]kfn,
;dfj]zL nf]sugtGq, :jfoQ:jzf;g / /fO6 6' ;]Nkm–l86/ldg]O;g (right to
self-determination) egL s'nL{ lx+8\gx] ¿n] cfk"mdf ePsf] df}lnstfnfO{
n'sfpg' / df:g' Gofo;+ut 7xb}{g . of] s6' ;To xf] . ho /b' a|-f]_ . -gSzf g+=@=@! XXI: /b' efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !)(_
@=@)=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution) dfem ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–/b'sf] of] Plk;]G6/ (epicentre) aflS;nf,
tTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] ls/fFtL–/b' a|sf] ;;/sf cflb afx]s /b'x¿sf] t/fOsf] h:t} emfkf cflb Onfsfx¿ / ljb]zdf klg
k|fylds lzS5fsf]nflu s]Gb| eg]/ aflS;nf–vf]6fª lhNnf, dfem ls/fFtnfO{ a;f]af; kfOG5 . of] efiff af]lng] d"n ynf]sf] ?kdf g]qd0fL xnS;'n]
k|:tfljt u/]sf lyP . pgsf] k|:tfj nfu" eof] ePg Tof] cfk\mg} 7fpFdf 5 / vfhfaf;df -x]g"{ t'd\nfd\, !, ! ;=@)^$M %_ zAb g} lgdf{g u/]sf 5g\ . t/ ufos
;;/sf eGbf klg aflS;nf -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=@! XXI klg _ df g} ls/fFtL–/b' / uLt÷;+uLtsf/ lht]g b'dLsf] k':tfn] cfk\mgf] dft[efiff e'nL ;s]sf] 5 . /
jStfx¿ j9L 5g\ eGg] cy{ nufPsf] 5 pgsf] k|:tfjn] . v/b]n, ;Kt]Zj/df klg dft[/fi6«sf] ;Gbe{ sf]§ofof] eg] klg emsf]{ dfGb5 lsgeg] of] /fHogLlt /
of] efiff af]lnG5 . ;f] k|:tfjdf k/]sf] of] dft[efiffn] klg uf]/vfkqsf] gofF g]kfn /fhgLltn] ;[hgf u/]sf] jfWofTds kl/l:yltn] ubf{ g} xf] .
;dfj]zL k[i7 77 df :yfg kfO;s]sf] 5 . ca ;fd]nL 5fkf ldl8ofdf kl/;s]sf] of] efiffnfO{ ls/fFtL–vflnª / ls/fFtL–sf]os
' f] glhs 5 elgPsf] 5 .
/b' jf b'dL a| klg /fHosf] efiff gSzfdf :ki6 b]vf kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . o;sf] j}slNks gfddf ;f]TdfnL klg elgPsf] 5 . 5]qLo eflifsfx¿fdf a|f:dL,
nflD8hf, dfSkf cflb 5g\ .
@=@)=@ jStf;+Vof / y/x¿ (Spekers and their ethno-clanonyms,
moities)
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ ls/fFtL–/b' -b'dL_ dft[efifLx¿ % xhf/ @
;o &! 5g\ . t/ O{=!((! sf] ÅofG;f]g / ljG6/sf] cWoogdf !–@ xhf/;Dd
hg;+Vof lyof] elgPsf] 5 . OYgf]nu -O{=@))%_ n] klg t];n } fO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 .
t]tL ;+Vofdf k}mlnPsf nf]kf]Gd'v efiff ;Dk|bfosf ls/fFtL/b'x¿ ljleGg
Snfgf]lgddf afFl8Psf 5g\ . tL x'g–\ xbL, xh'?, xf]nfS;f, sf/a', /Ts', ;Td,
jn'Vkf, -x]g"{ EfflG;6f6{ !*(^_, lbDdfr' -lbd'rf klg pNn]v ePsf] Ol;lnd, ^,
&, @)^!M &! cg';f/_, lbSskf~lbsKkf -h:t}}M wgs'df/ b'dL–/fO{, Olnd,
77
x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !)&, !(* kfgf *–(, !! d+l;/ @)^$ d+unaf/ .
|| 331 || || 332 ||
vf]6fª_, l/Knr', jfnSkf, /+sf;' 78, /Ts', xbL, ;Td, d'/x, xnS;', n'Kkf], distinction in the non-singular first person. Intransitive and
lbDdr', vjr', vf?a', 5fr'ª, ;/r', x/;L, /fO{r,' xd|'r,' t'/r', lhk'r,' jfnSk', reflexive verbs agree for person and number with the subject
and so formally distinguish 11 affirmative and 11 negative forms
l/Knr', xh"/ -Ol;lnd @)^@M #&_ cflb . rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ -;=@)%^M &_ in each tense. Transitive verbs agree with both patient and
cg';f/ ls/fFtL b'dLx¿sf] ;fd] pk÷kf5f lgDg k|sf/ 5g\M agent and formally distinguish 28 affirmative and 28 negative
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– forms in each tense.
;fd]>f]t JolQm ;fd] kf5f A peculiar feature of the Dumi verbal agreement system is the
a|f:dLt]n a|fS;'kf–a|fS;'df ;Td so-called 'marked scenario prefix' <a> which effectively divides
the transitive, intransitive and reflexive paradigms into two sets
a|f:dLt]n e]S;'kf–e]S;'df d'/x of scenarios. In the intransitive and reflexive paradigms, the
a';?' a'';?' –o'od' f x/;L÷lbDdr'÷ prefix marks forms with a second person subject. In transitive
;/r÷xd?r÷jfnSk' forms, the marked scenario prefix marks 2.1, 3.1, 3.2 and
;fDa]jf / 55kf 55k'–5]sd' f÷;fDa]gf{–b'ag] f{ vfjfr'÷/fOr'÷lhk'r÷' 5fr'ª÷ 2.3 forms, whereas it does not occur in 1.2, 1.3 and 3.3
;fd]/–b'b'bg] f÷/b'ª–/5]kf l/Knr'÷t'?r' forms. The dichotomy in the transitive paradigm is highly
interesting, since the phenomenon is essentially different from
5ª5xfª 55kf–5f:dL÷5fª5]kf–5fª5df /Ts'÷xbL÷/+sf;' a direct vs. inverse distinction. Another feature of the Dumi
l8a'kn ] l8Skf–lbvfdf vf?a'÷jfnSk'÷xh'/÷xnS;' verb, which distinguishes it from, say, Limbu, is the existence
l8a'kn] lwSdL–lbvfdf n'Kkf] of different conjugations defined by fixed patterns of stem
;fd]>f]t JolQm % hDdf ;fd] & hDdf kf5f @! alternation. There are five intransitive conjugations and eleven
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– transitive conjugations. The case system is ergative, with the
agent of a transitively conjugated verb invariably bearing an
@=@)=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features) ergative case marker. Some Dumi reflexive verbs, however, take
of] ls/fFtL–/b' efiffdf ;j{ky| d a8]dfsf] s[lts} ?kdf cfk\mgf] their subject in the ergative case, whereas other reflexive verbs
cWoognfO{ k|sfzgdf ptfg]{ o'/f]kLo efiffljb\ eg]sf k|f=8f=hf]h{ Eofg l8«cd g} govern the absolutive case.
x'g\ . ;f] Jofs/g s[lt c u|ofd/ cj\ b'dL -!((#;L_ g} xf] . of] s[ltdf pgn] In addition to two simplex tenses, the Dumi verb distinguishes
a good number of periphrastic tenses, participles and gerunds.
EofP;Dd of] dft[/fi6«efiffsf] clen]lvs/g ul/Psf] 5 . k|f=8f=gf]ls/f Dumi contains a large array of fossilized directive verbs as well
-;=@)%*M #^_ n] of] efiffdf !# :j/ ;'gs ] f / n]vs ] f 5g\ . k|f=8f=dfwjk|;fb as a new productive periphrastic causative construction. The
kf]v/]n / g]q xnS;' -;=@)^@M #%_ cg';f/ b]jgfu/Lsf #^ jg{x¿dWo] `, 6, Dumi verb also distinguishes special imperative, adhortative
7, 8, 9, 0f, if, If q clg 1 jg{ afx]s @% jg{ k|rngdf /x]sf] tYo phfu/ and optative conjugations. Auxiliary verbs expressing
u/]sf 5g\ . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–jfDa'n], ls/fFtL–sf]FOr, ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' df Aktionsart which have been termed 'aspectivizers' combine
with the stem of the main verb to form compounds which
h:tf] cGt/udgfTds (ingressive) Wjlg jg{ eg] of] efiffdf kfOGg . t/ c? conjugate regularly and yield a variety of new lexical meanings.
ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf These 'aspectivizers' should not be confused with the Dumi
5 . of] efiff ls/fFtL vflnª / sfo";uF w]/} glhs 5 egL k|f=8f=Eofg l8«cdn] aspect marker. Dumi makes a binary distinction between
eGg' ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] o;sf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lgofNg' ePsf] 5– perfective and imperfective aspect very much like the Limbu
‘‘The grammar features the complex flexional morphology of distinction, whereby imperfective aspect and nominalization
the Dumi verb, which shows agreement with eleven are essentially a single grammatical category with a single
pronominal categories: first, second and third person; singular, invariant meaning’’(van Driem, 1993).
dual and plural number; and an inclusive vs. exclusive
ca cl3 pNn]vdf k/]sf o'jf jStf, ;|:6f / efiffljUofgs} lzS5fyL{ /
cg';Gwftf g]qd0fL xnS;' g} ePkl5 / k|f=8f Eofg l8«cdsf] cWoogn]
78 lgsfn]sf] ljz]iftfnfO{ pb\wt[ kl5 ls/fFtL–/b' efiffsf] w]/} Gjf/g ul//xg' t]tL
pgLx?nfO{ /lj, Onfdlt/ /fªsf;'/ klg elgG5 egL k|f=8f=gf]ls/f -JolQmut
s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t @@ ;fpg @)^#_ n] dnfO{ atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . zf]ef glbg] ePsf]n] xfdL of] efiffdf pknAw ;flxTolt/ k|jz ] ub}{5f}+ .
|| 333 || || 334 ||
@=@)=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary) ;=@)%&M #@_, !!=u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((! x]g{" cWofo # klg_, !@=‘OGe;{
cfh;Dd of] efiffsf] /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o :t/df k|sfzg ePsf] t]:tf] 8fO/]S;g ofG8 ;]sG8 k;{g Og\ b'dL’ -lyof]8f]/f afOgf]g !((*_, !#=l/Eo'
zAbsf]z s[ltx¿ ;'Gg / b]Vgdf cfPsf] 5}g eGbf cGofo x'Fb}g . t/ cl3sf pg} cfl6{sn -c u|ofd/ cj\ b'dL_ af]O8 ldvfOnf]E:sL !((^_ g} k|dv ' x'g\ . xfdLn]
xnS;'n] kmlG;lsd / c? JolQmTjx¿;Fu ldn] zAbsf]z lgdf{gdf zAb OG6«L u'un ;r{ OlGhgdf hfFbf of]vg] 6«fd] / (Jochen Trommer) sf] k;{g ofG8 gDa/
ub}{5g\ eGg];Ddsf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 . clg of] lbzfdf eO{ ;s]sf k|of;x¿df clu|dG6 Og\ b'dL -cfOP;P;Pg ))@$#($(_ sf] cfl6{sn klg e]6\of}+ . c?
!=‘s]xL b'dL zAbfjnLx¿’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%^M @@_, @=‘lqmofjfrL ePsf jf x'g ;Sg] cWoogdf xfdL k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gf}+ eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .
zAbx¿’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ / c? ;Dkf= ;=@)%(M $!–$*_, #=‘b'dL :jf8]z @=@)=& k'm6s/ sljtf÷uLtx¿ (Individual poems & songs)
;o zAb’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)^!M #(–$)_, $=zAbsf]z lgdf{gflwg
-g]qd0fL xnS;' / c?_, %=‘efG;fdf k|of]u x'g] zAbx¿’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ dft[/fi6«sf] ;Gbe{ sf]§ofpFbf ems{g] k':tfs} jLrdf ls/fFtL–/b' efiffdf
;=@)%&M ##_, %=‘b'dL efiffdf af]6lj?jfx¿sf] gfd’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ klg sljtf÷uLtx¿ /rgf ug]{ k':tfsf slj cf} sjloqLx¿ kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ of]
;=@)%&M #$–#%_, &=‘hftLo zAbx¿’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%&M !#–!$_, /fi6«sf] ;fg prflnPsf] 5 eGg] nfU5 . xfdLn] o;df uf}/j u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f]
*=‘b'dL efiff zAbsf]z lgdf{0f ;ldltn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] zAbx¿’ -;Dkf= g]qd0fL uf}/jsf tL ;|i6fx¿df !=‘cf]kf] b]nª \ f vfg'S;f’ -v8\d0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%^M
xnS;'–/fO{ / c? ;=@)%*M ^%–^&_, (=‘b'dL zAbfjnL’ -enfsfhL tªb'–/fO{ @(_, @=‘cfªnfO{ cf]kf] b]nªf rfx]5S' tf’ -k'mn–sdn /fO{ ;=@)^@M #$_, #=‘b'dL
;=@)$*M ^$_ cflb g} k|dv ' x'g\ . a|nf’ -cd/ b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^!M ##_, $=‘ls/fFt xf}+’ -ljsfz b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^!M
%!_, %=‘xf]kc ' fªf rfd'b'd\ t'd’\ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)^)M @!_, ^=‘n]’
@=@)=% efiff Jofs/g (Grammar) -/]saxfb'/ a|:kf–b'dL ;=@)^)M $!_, &=‘aflS;nf’ -zzLsnf /+sf;' ;=@)^)M
ls/fFtL–/b'df clxn];Ddsf] dfgs / ;+:yfut Jofs/g eg]sf] cl3 ^&_, *=‘O+sL d+uf]n kf]]’ -gjLg b'dL ;=@)$!M ^&, kf?xfª j}zfv_, (=‘l5 o'ª’
pNn]v ul/Psf] hf]h{ Eofg l8«cd -!((#;L_ sf] c u|ofd/ cj\ b'dL g} xf]] . of] -6+s vf?a'–/fO{ ;=@)^@M $)_, !)=‘clKtcflt gfdtfl/’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{
cª\uh |] L efiffdf / t];df klg efiffljUofgsf k|r/" zAbfjnLx¿ k|of]u ePsf]n] ;=@)%&M ##_, !!=‘cfOoo jl/nO’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%(M !%_, !@=‘l5
cWofkg jf k]8fuf]lhsn (pedagogical) p2]Zosf]nflu k|of]udf cfpg ;s]sf] o'ª’ -6+s vf?a'–/fO{ ;=@)^@M $)_, !#=‘y'gfd\’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)^)M
5}g . t/ ca o'jf efiffljb\ xnS;'n] g} o;nfO{ cg'jfb ?kfGt/gdf NofPkZrft\ #(_, !$=‘clKt gfdtf]l/’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%&M !*_, !%=‘;Dn'÷;Dn’
Sofjft\ x'G5 . pgL xnS;' -;=@)%*M ^#_ s} ‘lqmofkbsf] sfnsf kIfx¿’ eGg] -;'/]; d'/x–/fO{ ;=@)%&M @*_ cflb g} x'g\ . oL xfd|f cfbL ls/fFtL–/b' slj /
Jofs/g ;DjGwL n]v klg 5 eg] PdP lyl;; cfpg] t/v/df 5 . d'gLsf] pk– sjloqL ;|i6fx¿nfO{ cfb/ ub}{ xfdLn] snd s'bfpFb} jf sDKo'6/sf] ls–af]8d{ f
vG8 @=@)=^ klg xfdLn] s]xL ;flxTo pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ . cf}+nfx¿nfO{ grfpFb} ubf{ dg kfgL kfgL eP/ kUn]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n] s] ;fljt
ul/lbP eg] of] /fi6«sf] cb[Zo s'gf sGb/fdf klg ;x;| cb[Zo cfbLslj
@=@)=^ efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Language/linguistic studies) efg'eQmx¿ / sflnk|;fb l/hfnx¿ lhpFb} /x]5g\ . xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ b]Vg,
of] efiffdf ePsf efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿df !=‘l/k\mn]S;]h cj\ b cg'et" ug{ / ;Ddfg ug{ ;s]sf /x]g 5f}+ . l;s]sf /x]g 5f}+ lsgeg] l;sfOPsf] g}
l6a]6f]ad{g *–6 8fO/]lS6e ;lkmS;\ Og\ b'dL /fO{’ -Eofg l8«cd O{=!(*(M !%!– /x]g5 . snd xf];\ jf ls–af]8{ cyfx rNb} hfpg\ . of] xfd|f] ;fGTjgf cf}
!^@_, @=‘lb ea{n df]kmf]{nf]hL cj\ b'dL /fO{ l;lDKnsf’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=!(**PM !#$– ;xfg'e"lt klg xf] .
@)&_, #=‘OSo'OEofn]G6;\ cj\ sGhªlS6e kfl6{sN;\ Og\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh’\
-OGSn'8;\ b'dL OUHofDkN;\_ -s/]g Pr= Pj6{ O{=@))#_, $=‘cf]em] ndf k/]sf] b'dL xfdLn] oxfF efg'eQmx¿ / l/hfnx¿sf] pkdf k|of]u ub}{ubf{ Pp6f
efiff’ -vu]Gb| xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%^M #*–#(_, %=‘dft[efiffsf] af/]df s]xL s'/f’ 3tnfUbf] s'/fsf] ;Demgf cfof] . Tof] s] eg] of] /fi6«df cfh efg'eQmsf] ;flns
-eLd xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%(M #%–#^_, ^=‘cf]kf] b]n dflvkf’ -eLd b'dL–/fO{ 9n]sf] lgx'F kfb}{ b]jG] b| e§/fO{ n]V5g\, ægofF g]kfnsf] /Gsf]df xfdLsxfF efg'eQmsf]
;=@)^@M !*_, &=‘b'dL ls/fFt /fO{ efiffsf Wjlg tyf j0f{dfnf k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f’ ;flns 9flnPsf j]nf u'xf6L xf];\ jf sf]lxdf, ODkmfn / l;nfª– x/]s g]kfnLsf
-8f=dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n ;=@)^@M #%–#&_, *=‘b'dL /b' a| of] lhS;f o <’
-g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)^!M !&_, (=‘b'dL efiffsf lqmofsf ?kx¿’ -g]qd0fL
xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%&M @!_, !)=‘b'dL efiffdf t'Dgfd\’ -g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{
|| 335 || || 336 ||
3/df pgsf] tl:a/ 6fFluPsf] lyof] .Æ 79 xf] cfh s]xL e§/fO{x¿, bfxfnx¿ Jff ul/Psf] xf] . o; afx]s kNnf] ls/fFt /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6fdf klg of] dft[efiffdf @
sf]O/fnf cflbx¿n] t/fO{df efg'eQmsf] ;flns 9Nbf /fli6«otf 9Nof] eg]/ xpjf j6f uLtx¿ 80 /]sl8{ª ePsf] kfOof] . lel8of]÷8So'dG] 6«Ltk{m klxnf] rf]6L vjr'
lk6fO /x]5g\ . ;To a'em\ g' kg]{ s'/f s] klg xf] eg] efg'eQmsf] ;flns 9n]sf] b'dL ;]jf ;dfhn] ‘v/b]n j[Qlrq’ ;=@)^@ df /]sl8{ª / ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfd
7fpFdf ljBfklt jf g]qdl0f xnS;'sf] ;flns :yfkgf jf k|lt:yfkgf ubf{ g]kfn / ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;F:s[lt;DaGwL ;f/ af]ss ] f] of] j[Qlrq av/b]n–vf]6fª, dfem
g]kfnjf;Lsf] /fli6«otf g9n]/ pFrf] g} x'G5 . lsgeg] ljBfklt / g]qdl0f xnS;' ls/fFt 5]qdf 5fofªsg ul/Psf] 5 . 81 t/ t];sf] k|lt eg] xfdL;Fu gePsf] va/
klg g]kfn/fi6««sf] ;Ldf eg'F bzuhfjf/L g]kfns} cfbLsljx¿ x'g\ . b]jG] b| e§/fO{ hfx]/ ub{5f}+ .
/ sDkgLx¿n] g]kfnLleqs} u'xf6L, sf]lxdf, ODkmfn / l;nfª b]vs ] f] / n]vs
] f]
vf]O t < s] ljBfklt / xnS;' tL u'xf6L, sf]lxdf, ODkmfn / l;nfª xf]Ogg\ < @=@)=!! efiff–;F:sf/, ;F:s[lt tyf rf8 (Language-rituals culture
and festivals)
oxLFaf6} xfd|f] /fli6«otfsf] ;jfn z'? x'G5 . ca w]/} ljBfkltx¿ / xnS;'x¿n] of]
/fi6« / /fli6«onfO{ kmnfpg] k'mnfpg] jftfj/g agf];\ eGg] xfd|f] sfdgf 5 . efiff;Fu tflgP/ cfPsf ;F:sf/, ;F:s[lt tyf rf8jf8 ;DjGwL n]v tyf
cg';GwfgfTds n]vx¿ klg e]l6Psf 5g\ . ltgdf !=‘b'dL ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf] d[To'
@=@)=* syf÷nf]ssyf (Tales/folklore) ;+:sf/ ljlw / ;Td–/fO{x¿sf] andb]n;Ddsf] l5ndM Ps cWoog’ -rt'/eQm
of] ljwfdf klg snd rn]sf] e]l6of] . / syf ljwfdf d"ntM vSr'nk' fsf] b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^#M !–@#_, @=‘b'dL /fO{x¿sf] ;F:s[lt / k/Dk/fdf df?gL gfrsf]
36gfqmd g} kfOof] . ;f] vSr'n'kfsf] af/]df 8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf -x]g"{ :yfg’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^#M !–!!_, #=‘efiff, wd{ / ;F:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f’
cWofo $ / % klg_ n] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . tL e]l6Psf vSr'nk' f syfdf -wgk|;fb ;/r'–/fO{ ;=@)%(M ^$_, $=‘ls/fFt d'Gb'd / ;+uLt’ -lht]g /fO{
!=‘;Too'uL vSr'n'kf, tf]df / v]df’ -/Tgdfof b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^!M #!–#@_ / ;=@)^@M @!–@#_, %=‘var', v/b]n / wfld{s ;fF:s[ltsM l;d]e'd,] b]jL,
@=‘tf]df, v]df / vlSrnLk'’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)%&M !^–@^_ g} x'g\ . oL b]p/fnL k'Hg] tl/sf’ -czf]ss'df/ var'–/fO{ ;=@)^!M #%–#*_, ^=‘b]jL
gf/Låo / g/ kfqx¿ ls/fFtL hflt / efiffx¿ jLrsf] ;]t' x'g\ . b]jtfx¿sf] cgf}7f] ;[li6M l;DkfgL aHo"yfgLsf] k|s/0f cWoog’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–
/fO{ ;=@)^)M !–$_, &=‘6«l8;gn ofG8 df]8g{ gn]h, 6' OG;]k/]jn l;:6h{\’
@=@)=( lr7L /rgfx¿ (Letter Compositions) -cNafg :s6xfph]g / df]l/cf]g j]6:6]g ;=@)^)M !&–!*_, *=‘;fs]nf l/l;o’
efiffnfO{ k|of]u u/L arfO /fVg] ljwfdf lr7L /rgfx¿n] klg ;xof]u -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)%&M #^_, (=‘b'dL ls/fFt ;F:s[ltsf rf/ ;+rfnsx¿’
k'¥ofPsf x'G5g\ . otflt/ klg ;|i6fx¿sf] snd rn]sf] kfOof] . o;df klg -vu]Gb| xnS;'–/fO{ ;=@)%&M #^_ / !)=‘lkmr;{ cj\ sn;{ Og\ b'dL /fO{ sNr/’
xnS;' g} PSnf a[x:klt b]lvPsf 5g\ . pgsf tL /rgf lr7Lx¿df !=‘5f?d\ -cNjfg efg :s6xfph]g ;=@)%*M %!–%#_ cflb g} x'g\ .
ldd]{jL ;k'm’ -;=@)%^M @*_ / @=‘cf]k]ka] L ;k'm’ -;=@)%(M @(–#)_ g} x'g\ .
@=@)=!@ efiff–hfltzf:q÷j+zfjnL / Oltxf; (Language-
@=@)=!) ;|Jo–b[Zo Sof;]6 (Audio-visual tapes/cassettes) ethnology/genealogy and history)
ofof]Svfsf] :ofd'gfdf ;dfj]z gePsf] of] dft[/fi6«efiff Pp6f Sof;]6 hfltzf:q, j+zfjnL / Oltxf; cflb klg efiff;Fu g} hf]l8P/ cfpg]
bf]nf]sD' df -;=@)^#_ pknAw 5 . o;df b'dL ls/fFt /fO{ kmlG;lsdsf] ljifoj:t'x¿ x'g\ . jf:td} dfgjefiff dfgjsf x/ sbdx¿df hf]l8P/ cfPsf]
tTjfwfgdf b'dL ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf] ;fs]nf gfrdf ufOg] df}lns uLx¿ / l;nLx¿ x'G5 h'g;'s} efiff ePklg . oL tLg} 5]qsf cWoogx¿df !=‘b b'dL /fO{ lkkn
h:t}M ;Sk/L, ySk/L / ;]jf l;nL;lxt hDdf @* j6f uLtx¿sf] ;+sng ofG8 b]c/ Nofªu'Oh\M l8df]ul| kms, OYgf]uf| lkms ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6s OGkm/d];g’
ul/Psf] 5 . zAb ;+sng / n]vgdf rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ / pT;j b'dL–/fO{ 5g\ . -g]qd0fL b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^#M #%–$)_, @=‘l/Knr' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL / To;sf
o:t} Aoj:yfkgdf czf]s b'dL–/fO{ / g]qdl0f b'dL–/fO{ 5g\ eg] o;nfO{ lht]g
b'dLsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] bf]efg Do'lhs l8lh6n :6'l8of], cgfdu/df /]sl8{ª
80
c? ls/fFtL efiffdf pknAw uLtx?df ls/fjfdf $%, cf7k|]df &, k'df @, s'nª ' !),
a]nxf/] #, l5Gtfª %, l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'nª '
79 $, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL #, kmfªb'jfnL # / ofSvfdf * -Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{
x]g"{ b]j]Gb| e§/fO{sf] n]v ‘gfufNofG8 sf]nfh’, sflGtk'/ sf];n ] L, !%, @*&, @@ d+l;/
@)^$, zlgaf/ . oL ltg} kqsf/–n]vs x'g\ h;n] xfd|f] :jb]zL sf]lxdf n]Vg] hdsf]{ ‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @% ;=@)^#M #@_ /x]5g\ .
81
ubf{ ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' -x]g"{ @=@ klg_ sf] lxHh] g} unt n]vL 5f]8]sf 5g\ . of] ;"rgf /fh]Gb| /fO{;uF !( d+l;/ @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
|| 337 || || 338 ||
;|ft] x¿’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^#M %*–^!_, #=‘b'dL ls/fFt /fO{M Ps lrgf/L’ :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
-rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)%^M #–!!_, $=‘jfnSkf kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’ -rt'/eQm lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)%(M $(–%#_, %=‘/+sf;' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL ljj/0ffTds k|:t'tL’ !=emf/f÷vn -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=k' -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
-rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)%&M #–& / !!_, ^=‘/Ts' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’ -;=@)%*M #=Sjf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=d'k' -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
*–!$_, &=‘xbL kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’ -;=@)%*M !%–@$_, *=‘;Td kf5fsf] %=3N;f÷3Nkf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=l;Nk' -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
j+zfjnL’ -;=@)%*M @%–$!_, (=‘d'/x kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’ -;=@)%*M $@–$#_, &=sf-M_gf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfSr'kf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
!)=‘xnS;' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’ -;=@)%*M $%–%)_, !!=‘n'Kkf]sf] j+zfjnL / ufOg] (=lx -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=;fn' -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
5]Gtfª]sf] ls+jbGtL’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^)M %)–%(_, !@=‘lbDdr' kf5fsf] !!= +kd -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@= +3|fgf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
+
j+zfjnLM To;sf] ;|ft] / ls+jbGtLx¿’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^!M $(–%!_, !#= dMld -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=5'S;f -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
!#=‘var' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’ -/fdaxfb'/ var'–/fO{ ;=@)^!M ^)–^@_, !%=x'gf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=ldgf -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
!$=‘vf?a' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL / o; ;DjGwL ljleGg ls+jbGtLx¿’ -rt'/eQm !&=lVnaf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=t'ªg\ f -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^!M ^#–^*_, !%=‘5fr'ª kf5fsf] j+zfjnL / To; ;DjGwL !(= +xfª'd\ -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=lªrf] -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
ls+jbGtL’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^@M $%–$(_, !^=‘vfafr'M Ps kl/ro’ @!=yfDk' -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=h'gf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
+
-czf]s b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)%&M @&–@*_, !&=‘b'dL /fO{x¿sf] Oltxf;leq u9L8fF8f’ @#= lk7f] -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ldS;L -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
-d]gs ' nf ;Td–/fO{ ;=@)%^M #!–#@_, !*=‘vf/dLn] b'dL ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf] @%=+kmf;'n]d\ -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
pTklQsf] Ps P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f’ -t]h/fh lbDdfr'–/fO{ ;=@)%&M *–!!_, @&=ª' -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;' -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
!(=‘b'dL /fO{ efiffsf] kl/ro’ -/fds'df/ /fO{ ;=@)%(M %–(_ / @)=ls/fFt b'dL @(=Aof/\gf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=kmn' -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
+
-/fO{r_' j+zfjnL -t]h' /fO{ / k|]d /fO{ ‘k/b]zL’ ;=@)^$_ cflb g} x'g\ . #!= e]lGrd\ -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lagf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
##=vfg'S;f -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=+y]p -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
@=@)=!# kf7\o;du|L (Pedagogical materials) #%=jfn' -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=+bf];f]d\ -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
xfdLn] ls/fFtL–/b'sf] of] cWofosf] pk–cWofo n]vL ;s]/ o'jf #&=v'/ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=bVn -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
cg';Gwftf g]qd0fL xnS;'nfO{ 6Lsfl6KkgL jf sd]G6sf]nflu O–d]ndfk{m #(=lªgf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=r'jf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
$!=+u|f] -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=xfS;f -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
k7fpGh]n vf; t]:tf] kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ xfd|f] xft nfu]sf] lyPg . efUojz pg}n] / $#=c-f_ª' -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Mgf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
pgsf Ps ;xefifLn] otflt/ klg Wofg lbPsf /x]5g\ . pgL v'a} pT;flxt x'Fb} tL $%=tD5' -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=r'Sgf÷sf]Sgf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
;fdu|L xfd|f] xftdf ydfO lbP . tL ;fdu|Ldf cf]b]nk\ f] ldg\;L -g]qd0fL xnS;' $&=;k'm -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=+lyOl;gf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
O{=@))&_ / s'n–' l5b' -sLlt{ b'dL O{=@))&_ g} x'g\ . efiff arfO /fVg] k|of; / $(=n'd' -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=;f]ª;f -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
ljsf;df oL s[lt ;+hLjgL g} x'g\ eGbf km/s gkg]{ xfd|f] 7gfO xf] . %!=:of/ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=+n:r' -gf_ ‘dfG5]÷k'?if’ man
@=@)=!$ kqklqsf (Magazines) %#=b'df] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=+n'nd'tf] -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
%%=tf]of -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=Sjfd\ -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
of] efiffdf cfh;Dd b'O{ kqklqsf 5flkPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ltgdf Ol;lnd %&=+;GbL -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=g'M -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
/ t'dn\ fd\ g} x'g\ . efiff ;flxTo ;]jfdf oL b'O{ klqsfn] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf %(=+uGb/L -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=+dfnf]d -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
5g\ . ^!=l;gd -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=g' -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
+
@=@)=!% ls/fFtL–/b' gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Radu sample wordlist) ^#= dfªu'g\ -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=+t's -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
^%=nfDb' -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ldg' -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] ^&=x' -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xfnfnfd\ -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . ^(=;'kmf/ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=lvl/l/kf -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M $)–$@_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z &!=l;Uofdf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=cfgf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
|| 339 || || 340 ||
&#=;]Ggf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=/? -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed k|sfzgdf NofPsf]n] cGt//fli6«o :t/df g} lrgf/L ag]sf] 5 . PkmPd jf /]l8of]
&%=ªfOl;gf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=;fsf] -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin ;Grf/ dfWoddf efiff t]tL 3lGsPsf] 5}g . t/ xfdLn] ;'Gg gEofPsf gEofPsf]
&&=OlD;gf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=+vfdfd\ -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small klg x'g ;S5 . /]g]5]k,| wgs'6fn] u/]sf] k|of; sb/of]Uo 5 . 5fkf ;Grf/
&(=ldv'df -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=¥ofKgf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand dfWoddf eg] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . lsgeg] afs'nf]rfgfdf
*!=;f]ªu]/ -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n' -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone pgLx¿sf] s§kGyL wf/sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5}g . cfk\mgf]
*#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=+5]lD;gf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim dft[efiffdf /fd}| ;+Vofdf Snfgf]lgdx¿ klg e]l6Psf 5g\ . of] vflnª / sf]o'
*%=ld/L -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=d-f_d\ -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that efiff;Dk|bfo;Fu ;dfgtf /fVb5 eGg] ;"rgf ldNof] . efiff–hfltzf:qLo /
*&=tfd\ -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=+cflgd' -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you ;fF:s[lts kS5]sf] cWoog klg cfzfjfbL g} b]lvof] . Jofs/g, zAbsf]z,
*(=Nofd\÷n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=lªnf] -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth cg'jfb cflbdf eg] w]/} ofqf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvof] . xf]Og eg] of] dft[/fi6« xnS;'sf]
(!=a' -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=+:jfs -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two k':tfkl5 nuQ} d5{ . lkkn k':ts l;l/h\n] k|sfzgdf NofPsf] b'O{ k'l:tsf efiff
(#=nflDygf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=s-f_ª\s' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
(%=OªsL÷+pªsf] -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=df] -;j{_ ‘s]’ what lzS5gdf ;xof]uL 5g\ .
------------
(&=a'a'd\ -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=+cfl; -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
+
((= ldo'd\ -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=cf]Dnf]df -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow ljz]if 6Lsfl6KkgL
----------------- of] pk–cWofo xfdLn] k"j{ k|sfzg skL g]qd0fL xnS;'nfO{ l6KkgLsf
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 of] 8]O6fnfO{ g]qd0fL xnS;'–/fO{ -;=@)^#M #(–$!_ sf] 8]O6f;Fu nflu lbPsf lyof}+ . t/ kbd ls/fjf / tf/fd0fL sf]os" f] h:t} s]xL klg x/kmx¿
le8fP/ x]/s ] f lyof}+ . of] qmddf xfdLn] s]xL e]b kfPsf 5f}+ h'g sf]:7df cfPgg\ . vf]h / ljZn]ifg bf}8df pgn] k'/\ofPsf] ;xof]usf] ljz]if wGojfb lbg
lgDg k|sf/ 5g\– g+= !!= +kd -5f]]/L dfG5]sf wSb' jf wSt' t/ 5f]/f rfxG5f}+ . of] ofqfdf xfdLnfO{ rt'/eQm b'dLHo"n] klg s]xLxb;Dd ;xof]u
dfG5]sf] 5ftL kd_ ‘5ftL’, !@= +3|fgf -u|fgf_ ‘aNg'’, !#= +dMld -xfS;'_ k'/o\ fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
‘afbn’, !(= +xfª'd\ -xfª;f_ ‘;'ss ] f]’, @#=+lk7f] -kmftL_ ‘cG8f’,
@%=+kmf;'n]d\ -:jfd_ ‘KjfFv’, #!=+e]lGrd\ -e]Gy]_ ‘e/L’, #$=+y]p -5b\jf_
‘af];f]’, #^=+bf];f]d\ -kf]:jfd_ ‘s];’, $!=+u|f] -3|f]_ ‘l;ª’, $*=+lyOl;gf ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
-lyl;gf_ ‘n]6\g’' , %@=+n:r' -n:jf_ ‘dfG5]÷k'?if’, %$=+n'nd'tf] -nNd't'_ a|:kf–b'dL, /]saxfb'/= ;=@)^)= ‘n]’, Ol;lnd, %, ^M $!=
‘rGb|df’, %&=+;GbL -;]GbL_ ‘gª’, %(=+uGb/L -tS5'÷tfS5L_ ‘3fF6L’, Braspa-Dumi, Rekbahadur. 2000 [VS 2060]. ‘le’, Isilim. 5, 6: 41.
^)=+dfnf]d -g'S/]_ ‘gofF’, ^#=+dfªu'g\ -dfgf]_ ‘5}g’, ^$=+t's -t'SnL_ lbDdfr'–/fO{, t]h/fh= ;=@)%&= ‘vf/dLn] b'dL ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf] pTklQsf] Ps
‘Ps’, &*=+vfdfd\ -ltN;f_ ‘;fgf]’, *$=+5]lD;gf -Sn]lD;gf_ ‘kf}8g'’, P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f’, Ol;lnd, @, #M *–!!=
**=+cflgd' -cfg'÷cfgL_ ‘ltdL’, (@=+:jfs -;SnL_ ‘b'O’{ , afOgf]g, lycf]8f]/f= !((*= OGe;{ 8fO/]S;g ofG8 ;]sG8 k;{g Og\ b'dL= Og\
(%=OªsL÷+pªsf] -pª\s'_ ‘xfdL’, (*=+cfl; -cf;''_ ‘sf]’ / ((=+ldo'd\ lncf]lg8 s'lnsf]e ofG8 x]OGh ef6/ -;Dkf=_= 6fOkf]nf]hL cj\ ej{n
-ld:df_ ‘cfOdfO{’ . Sof6]uf]l/h\M k]k;{ lk|hl] G68 6' Enfl8ld/ g]hfNsf]e cg\ b cs]hg cj\
@=@)=!^ lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
lxh\ ;]el] G6Py ay{8]= 6'ljh]gM lgod/=
Bynon, Theodora. 1998. Inverse Direction and Second Person in
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs jL;df k/]sf] ls/fFtL– Dumi. Leonid Kulikov and Heinz Vater (eds.). Typology of
/b' dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . of] dft[efiffdf Verbal Categories: Papers presented to Vladimir Nedjalkov
;flxTo ;[hgfsf] bfo/f c? cNk;+Vos efiffx¿ h:t} t]tL km/flsnf] 5}g . s]xL on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Tübingen: Niemeyer
sljtf, uLt, n]v afx]s pkGof; / gf6s ljwfdf eg] xfdLn] t]:tf] s]xL pknAwL b'dL, sLlt{= O{=@))&= s'n–' l5b' -k\mn8 ofG8 NofG:nfO8_= sf7dfG8"M db/ 6ª
ePsf] e]6g] f}+ . dft[efiffdf g]qd0fL xnS;' g} emG8} PSnf ;|i6f x'g\ eGbf cGofo lkkn k':ts k|f]hS] 6=
u/]sf] 7xg'{ gkg]{ xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qsf] 5]qdf j+zfjnL / Snfgf]lgd ljj/gdf Dumi, Kirti. 2007. Kulu-Chhidu (Flood and Landslide).
/fd|} ;flxTo 5 . efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf klg hf]h{ Eofg l8«cdn] Jofs/g Kathmandu: Mother Tongue Pipal Pustak Project.
|| 341 || || 342 ||
b'dL–/fO{, cd/= ;=@)^!= ‘b'dL a|nf’, Ol;lnd, ^, &M ##= Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia
Dumi-Rai, Amar. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Dumi brala’, Isilim. 6, 7: 33. Institute, Heidelberg and TU.
b'dL–/fO{, eLd= ;=@)^@= ‘cf]kf] b]n dflvkf’, Ol;lnd, &, *M !*= u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
Dumi-Rai, Bhim. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Opo del makhipa’, Isilim, 7, 8: nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
18. Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
b'dL–/fO{, ljsfz= ;=@)^!= ‘ls/fFt xf}+’, Ol;lnd, ^, &M %!= Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
Dumi-Rai, Bikash. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Kirat haun’, Isilim, 6, 7: 51. Indigenous Nationalities.
b'dL–/fO{, lht]g= ;=@)^@= ‘ls/fFt d'Gb'd / ;+uLt’, Ol;lnd, &, *M @!–@#= xnS;'–/fO{, eLd= ;=@)%(= ‘dft[efiffsf] af/]df s]xL s'/f’, Ol;lnd, $, %M #%–
Rai, Jiten. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Kirat Mundhum ra sangeet’, Isilim, 7, #^=
8: 21-23. Halaksu-Rai, Bhim. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Matribhashako barema kehi
b'dL–/fO{, /Tgdfof= ;=@)^!= ‘;Too'uL vSr'nk' f, tf]df / v]df’, Ol;lnd, ^, &M kura’, Isilim, 4, 5: 35-36.
#!–#@= \ f vfg'S;f’, Ol;lnd, !, !M @(=
xnS;'–/fO{, v8\d0fL= ;=@)%^= ‘cf]kf] b]nª
Dumi-Rai, Ratnamaya. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Satyayugi Khakchulupa, Halaksu-Rai, Khadgamani. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Opo delnga
Toma ra Khema’, Isilim, 6, 7: 31-32. khanuksa’, Isilim, 1, 1: 29.
l8«cd, hf]h{ Eofg= !((#;L= c u|ofd/ cj\ b'dL= aln{g / Go" of]sM{ d'tf]F 8] u|'O6/= xnS;'–/fO{, vu]Gb|= ;=@)%^= ‘cf]em] ndf k/]sf] b'dL efiff’, Ol;lnd, !, !M #*–
Driem, George van. 1993c. A Grammar of Dumi. Berlin and New #(=
York: Mouton de Gruyter. Halaksu-Rai, Khagendra. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Ojhelma pareko Dumi
-----. O{=!(*(= ‘l/k\mn]S;]h cj\ b l6a]6f]ad{g *–6 8fO/]lS6e ;lkmS;\ Og\ b'dL bhasha’, Isilim, 1, 1: 38-39.
/fO{’= Og\ 8]le8 a|f8nL, Oh]P x]G8/;g / Pd dhfp8g -;Dkf=_= k|f;
] f]l8ª xnS;'–/fO{, g]qd0fL= O{=@))&= cf]b]nk\ f] ldg\;L -d]df]l/h\ cj\ dfO lelnh_=
cGoflnl;; ofG8 PlhPg lnª\uO' l:6S;\M 6' cg/ cf/ s] :k|Lu= SofGa]/fM sf7dfG8"M db/ 6ª lkkn k':ts k|f]hS] 6=
Kofl;lkms lnª\uO' l6S;\ -;L_ !)$M !%!–!^@= Halaksu-Rai, Netramani. 2007. Odelpo Minsi (Memories of My
-----. 1989. ‘Reflexes of the Tibeto-Burman *-t directive suffix in Village). Kathmandu: Mother Tongue Pipal Pustak Project.
Dumi Rai’. In David Bradley, E.J.A. Henderson and M. -----. ;=@)%&= ‘clKtcflt gfdtfl/’, lgK;'ª, !!M ##=
Mazaudon (eds.). Prosodic Analysis and Asian Linguistics: -----. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Aptiaati namtari’, Nipsung, 11: 33.
To Honour R.K. Sprigg. Camberra: Pacific Linguistics (c) -----. ;=@)^#= ‘b b'dL /fO{ lkkn ofG8 b]c/ Nofªu'Oh\M l8df]ul| kms,
104: 151-162. OYgf]uf| lkms ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6s OGkm/d];g’, Ol;lnd, *, (M #%–$)=
-----. O{=!(**P= ‘lb ea{n df]kmf]{nf]hL cj\ b'dL /fO{ l;lDKnsf’, lnª\uO' l:6S;\M -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘A Dumi Rai people and their language:
cj\ b l6a]6f]–ad{g Pl/of, !!, !M !#$–@)&= demographic, ethnographic and linguistic information’,
-----. 1988a. ‘The verbal morphology of Dumi Rai simplica’, Isilim, 8, 9: 35-40.
Liguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area, 11.1: 134-207. -----. ;=@)^!= ‘b'dL /b' a| of] lhS;f o <’, Ol;lnd, ^, &M !&=
Pj6{, s/]g Pr= O{=@))#= ‘OSo'OEofn]G6;\ cj\ sGhªlS6e kfl6{sN;\ Og\ ls/fFtL -----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Dumi Radu bra yo dziksa e?’, Isilim, 6, 7:
Nofªu'Olhh’\ -OGSn'8;\ b'dL OUHofDkN;\_= Og\ t]h cf/ s+;fsf/ ofG8 17.
dfs{ 6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyD;\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 -----. ;=@)^!= ‘b'dL :jf8]z ;o zAb’, Ol;lnd, ^, &M #(–$)=
lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8n]nju{ ofG8 -----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Dumi Swadesh saye shabda’, Isilim, 6, 7:
lqlj= 39-40.
Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in ' fªf rfd'b'd\ t'd\’, Ol;lnd, %, ^M @!=
-----. ;=@)^)= ‘xf]kc
Kiranti languages’ (includes Dumi examples). In Tej R -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Hopuaanga chamudum tum’, Isilim, 5, 6: 21.
Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan -----. ;=@)^)= ‘y'gfd\’, Ol;lnd, %, ^M #(=

|| 343 || || 344 ||
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Thunam’, Isilim, 5, 6: 39. ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘cfOoo al/nO’, Ol;lnd, $, %M !%= sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Aiyeye barilai’, Isilim, 4, 5: 15. Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘cf]k]ka] L ;k'm’, Ol;lnd, $, %M @(–#)= Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Opepebi saphu’, Isilim, 4, 5: 29-30. Yayokkha.
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘lqmofkbsf] sfnsf kIfx¿’, Ol;lnd, #, $M ^#= ldvfOnf]E:sL, af]O8= O{=!((^= l;cf/ 8] Eofg l8«cd, hf]h,{ c u|ofd/ cj\ b'dL=
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Kriyapadko Kaalka pakshaharu’, Isilim, 3, a'nl] 6g 8] nf ;f]l;P6] 8] lnªu'Ol:6s 8] k]l/; (@÷@M $@%–$@(=
4: 63. Michailovsky, Boyd. 1996. C.R. de van Driem, George, A
-----. ;=@)%&= ‘clKt gfdtf]l/’, Ol;lnd, @, #M !*= Grammar of Dumi. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de
-----. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Apti namtori’, Isilim, 2, 3: 18. Paris 92/2: 425-29.
-----. ;=@)%&= ‘hftLo zAbx¿’, Ol;lnd, @, #M !#–!$= d'/x–/fO{, ;'/];= ;=@)%&= ‘;Dn'÷;Dn’, Ol;lnd, @, #M @*=
-----. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Jatiya shabdaharu’, Isilim, 2, 3: 13-14. Muraha-Rai, Suresh. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Samlu/Samla’, Isilim, 2, 3:
-----. ;=@)%^= ‘s]xL b'dL zAbfjnLx¿’, Ol;lnd, !, !M @@= 28.
-----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Kehi Dumi Shabdawaliharu’, Isilim, 1, 1: 22. kf]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb= ;=@)^@= ‘b'dL ls/fFt /fO{ efiffsf Wjlg tyf j0f{dfnf
-----. ;=@)%^= ‘5f?d\ ldd]{jL ;k'm’, Ol;lnd, !, !M @*= k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f’, Ol;lnd, &, *M #%–#&=
-----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Chharum mirmewi saphu’, Isilim, 1, 1: 28. Pokharel, Madhab P. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Dumi Kirat Rai bhashaka
xnS;'–/fO{, g]qd0fL / c? -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%(= ‘lqmofjfrL zAbx¿’, Ol;lnd, $, dwani tatha varnamala prarambhik sarvekshan’, Isilim, 7, 8:
%M $!–$*= 35-37.
Halaksu-Rai, Netramani et al (eds.). 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Kriyawachi /+sf;', zzLsnf= ;=@)^)= ‘aflS;nf’, Ol;lnd, %, ^M ^&=
shabdaharu’, Isilim, 4, 5: 41-48. Rankasu, Shashikala. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Baksila’, Isilim, 5, 6: 67.
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘b'dL efiff zAbsf]z lgdf{0f ;ldltn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] zAbx¿’, /fO{, k'mn–sdn= ;=@)^@= ‘cfªnfO{ cf]kf] b]nªf rfx]5S' tf’, Ol;lnd, &, *M #$=
Ol;lnd, #, $M ^%–^&= Rai, Phul-Kamal. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Aanglai opo delnga
-----. (eds.). 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Dumi bhasha shabdakosh nirman chahechhukta’, Isilim, 7, 8: 34.
samitile sampadan gareko shabdaharu’, Isilim, 3, 4: 65-67. /fO{, /fds'df/= ;=@)%(= ‘b'dL /fO{ efiffsf] kl/ro’, lgK;'ª, (, !%M %–(=
vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !, !M Rai, Ramkumar. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Dumi Rai bhashako parichaya’,
#(–$@= Nipsung, 9, 15: 5-9.
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha /fO{, t]h' / k|]d /fO{ ‘k/b]zL’= ;=@)^$= ls/fFt b'dL -/fO{r_' j+zfjnL= emfkfM
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42. ls/fFt b'dL /fO{r' kl/jf/=
var'–b'dL–/fO{, czf]ss'df/= ;=@)^!= ‘var', v/b]n / wfld{s ;fF:s[ltsM Rai, Teju & Prem Rai ‘pardeshi’. 2007 [VS 2064]. Kirat Dumi
l;d]e'd,] b]jL, b]p/fnL k'Hg] tl/sf’, Ol;lnd, ^, &M, #%–#*= (Raichu) Vamshawali. Jhapa: Kirat Dumi Raichu Pariwar.
Khabachu-Dumi-Rai, Ashok K. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Khabachu, ;Td–b'dL–/fO{, rt'/eQm= ;=@)^#= ‘b'dL ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf] d[To' ;+:sf/ ljlw /
khardel ra dharmik sanskritik: simebhume, devi, deurali ;Td–/fO{x¿sf] andb]n;Ddsf] l5ndM Ps cWoog’, Ol;lnd, *, (M
pujne tarika’, Isilim, 6, 7: 35-38. !–@#=
var'–/fO{, /fdaxfb'/= ;=@)^!= ‘var' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’, Ol;lnd, ^, &M ^)–^@= Satma-Dumi-Rai, Chaturbhakta. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Dumi Kirat
Khabachu-Rai, Ram B. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Khabachu pachako Raiharuko mritu sanskar bidhi ra satma-Raiharuko
vamshawali’, Isilim, 6, 7: 60-62. balamdelsammako chhilam: ek addhyan’, Isilim, 8, 9: 1-23.
vf?a'–/fO{, 6+s= ;=@)^@= ‘l5 o'ª’, Ol;lnd, *, (M $)= -----. ;=@)^#= ‘l/Knr' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL / To;sf ;|ft] x¿’, Ol;lnd, *, (M
Kharubu-Rai, Tanka. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Chhi yung’, Isilim, 8, 9: 40. %*–^!=
|| 345 || || 346 ||
-----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Riplachu pachako vamshawali ra tyeska -----. ;=@)%*= ‘d'/x kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’, Ol;lnd, #, $M $@–$#=
srotharu’, Isilim, 8, 9: 58-61. -----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Muraha pachako vamshawali’, Isilim, 3, 4:
-----. ;=@)^@= ‘5fr'ª kf5fsf] j+zfjnL / To; ;DjGwL ls+jbGtL’, Ol;lnd, 42-43.
&, *M $%–$(= -----.;=@)%*= ‘xnS;' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’, Ol;lnd, #, $M $%–%)=
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Chhachung pachako vamshawali ra tyes -----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Halaksu pachako vamshawali’, Isilim, 3, 4:
sambandhi kimbandanti’, Isilim, 7, 8: 54-49. 42-43.
-----. ;=@)^!= ‘lbDdr' kf5fsf] j+zfjnLM To;sf] ;|ft] / ls+jbGtLx¿’, -----. ;=@)%&= ‘/+sf;' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL ljj/0ffTds k|:t'tL’, Ol;lnd, @, #M
Ol;lnd, ^, &M $(–%(= #–& / !!=
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Dimmachu pachako vamshawali: tyesko -----. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Rankasu pachako vamshawali
srot ra kimbandanti’, Isilim, 6, 7: 49-59. bibaranatmak prastuti’, Isilim, 2, 3: 3-7 and 11.
-----. ;=@)^!= ‘vf?a' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL / o; ;DjGwL ljleGg ls+jbGtLx¿’, -----. ;=@)%^= ‘b'dL ls/fFt /fO{M Ps lrgf/L y/, ;fd], kf5f / j+zfjnL;lxt’,
Ol;lnd, ^, &M ^#–^*= Ol;lnd, !, !M #–!!=
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Kharubu pachako vamshawali ra es -----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Dumi Kirat Rai: ek chinari thar, same,
sambandhi bibhinna kimbandantiharu’, Isilim, 6, 7: 63-68. pacha ra vamshawalisahit’, Isilim, 1, 1: 3-11.
-----. ;=@)^)= ‘b]jL b]jtfx¿sf] cgf}7f] ;[li6M l;DkfgL aHo"yfgLsf] k|s/0f ' nf= ;=@)%^= ‘b'dL /fO{x¿sf] Oltxf;leq u9L8fF8f’, Ol;lnd, !,
;Td–/fO{, d]gs
cWoog’, Ol;lnd, %, ^M !–$= !M #!–#@=
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Devi dewataharuko anautho sristi: Simpani Satma-Rai, Menukala. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Dumi Raiharuko
bajyuniko prakaran addhyan’, Isilim, 5, 6: 1-4. itihasbhitra gadhidãda’, Isilim, 1, 1: 31-32.
-----. ;=@)^)= ‘n'Kkf]sf] j+zfjnL / ufOg] 5]Gtfª]sf] ls+jbGtL’, Ol;lnd, %, ^M ;/r'–/fO{, wgk|;fb= ;=@)%(= ‘efiff, wd{ / ;F:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f’, Ol;lnd, $, %M ^$=
%)–%(= Sarachu-Rai, Dhan P. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Bhasha, dharma ra
-----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Luppoko vamshawali ra gaine sanskritiko sanrakshan’, Isilim, 4, 5: 64.
chhentangeko kimbandanti’, Isilim, 5, 6: 50-59. :s6xfph]g, cNafg / df]l/cf]g j]6:6]g ;=@)^)= ‘6«l8;gn ofG8 df]8g{ gn]h, 6'
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘b'dL /fO{x¿sf] ;F:s[lt / k/Dk/fdf df?gL gfrsf] :yfg’, OG;]k/]jn l;:6h{\’, Ol;lnd, %, ^M !&–!*=
Ol;lnd, $, %M !–!!= Stockhausen, Alban and Marion Wettstein. 2003 [VS 2060].
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Dumi Raiharuko sanskriti ra paramparama ‘Traditional and modern knowledge, to inseparable sisters’,
maruni nachko sthan’, Isilim, 4, 5: 1-11. Isilim, 5, 6: 17-18.
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘jfnSkf kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’, Ol;lnd, $, %M $(–%#= -----. ;=@)%*= ‘lkmr;{ cj\ sn;{ Og\ b'dL /fO{ sNr/’, Ol;lnd, #, $M %!–%#=
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Walakpa pachako vamshawali’, Isilim, 4, 5: -----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Features of colours in Dumi Rai culture’,
49-53. Isilim, 3, 4: 51-53.
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘/Ts' kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’, Ol;lnd, #, $M *–!$= tªb'–/fO{, enfsfhL= ;=@)$*= ‘b'dL zAbfjnL’, lxdfno, !, !, #M ^$=
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Ratko pachako vamshawali’, Isilim, Tangdu-Rai, Bhalakaji. 1991 [VS 2048]. ‘Dumi shabdawali’,
3, 4: 8-14. Himalaya, 1, 1, 3: 64.
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘xbL kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’, Ol;lnd, #, $M !%–@$= Tff]af, ;'Pof]zL= O{=!(&#= ‘PS:Knf]/6] /L Nofªu'Oh ;j]{ l/kf]6{ cj\ b'dL’=
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Hadi pachako vamshawali’, Isilim, 3, 4: 15- P;cfOPn, 6fOkl:qmK6=
24. Toba, Sueyoshi. 1973. ‘Explanatory language survey report of
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘;Td kf5fsf] j+zfjnL’, Ol;lnd, #, $M @%–$!= Dumi’. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Typescript.
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Satma pachako vamshawali’, Isilim, 3, 4:
25-41. ***************************

|| 347 || || 348 ||
;Dk"g{ ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] t'ngfdf jStfsf] / k|of]usf] lx;fjn] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª
@=@! ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª (Kiranti-Rodung)
-x]g{" @=@^ klg_ / ls/fFtL–ls/fjf -x]g{" @=!) klg_ kl5sf] t];|f] 7"nf] efiff xf] .
of] ls/fFtL dft[efiff klg uf]/vfkq b}lgssf] ‘gofF g]kfn’ 82 k[i7df k|jz
]
u/L ;s]sf] 5 eg] k|fylds tx;Dd efiff nufot cGo ljifox¿sf] kf7\ok':ts
@=@!=) kl/ro (Introduction)
lgdf{g eO{ ;s]sf] efiff xf] . o;sf] ;flxTo klg ljsf;sf] qmdd} 5 . tnsf pk–
cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf sfªf /f]b'ª egL lrgf/L lbg] ls/fFtL efiff vG8x¿df pknAw ;flxTosf] ;j]{S5g u/]sf 5f}+ .
;Dk|bfosf /f]bª' x¿sf] sf7dfG8" pkTosfdf ls/fFt zf;g 9n]kl5sf] d"n ynf]
eg]sf] dfem ls/fFt vf]6fª g} xf] . of] /f]b'ª (Rodung) zAbsf] cGo j}slNks jf
@=@!=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
dft[efiffn] cfk\mgf] Wjlg k]mb}{ uPkl5sf] ?kx¿ /f]bf]ª (Rodong) / /b'ª ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª efiff af]lng] d"nynf] eg]sf] dfem ls/fFt xfnsf] vf]6fª
(Radung) klg x'g\ . of] zAbsf] cGo kl/jlt{t ?kx¿ c? ls/fFtL eflifs lhNnf g} xf] . anDtf, pbok'/ -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=@@ XXII klg_ df klg of] efiffsf]
;Dk|bfox¿ -x]g{" @=!!, @=!^, @=@), @=!( klg_ n] klg k|of]u u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . aStfx¿sf] afSnf] pkl:ylt 5 . oxfFsf] eflifsfsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf Kofn]6fnfOH8
of] :jhfltgfd÷c6f]OYgf]lgd (autoethnonym) cfh lj:tf/ lj:tf/} db}{ hfFb}5 . (paletalized) ÷t÷ lj?4 ÷To÷ Wjlg g} xf] / o;sf] cl:tTjsf]nflu ls/fFtL–
/f]b'ª (Rodung) zAbs} j}slNks zAb rflDnª (C!mling) a9L k|rngdf 5 . /f]b'ªsf] k|fylds kf7\ok':ts n]vsx¿ jLr lgs} av]8f klg rNof] . jf:tjdf
o;sf] klg csf]{ j}slNks ?k rfDn'ª xf] . of] zAbsf] Jo'TklQ vf]Hb} hfFbf of] kmf]gl] ds (phonemic) geP/ / kmf]gl] 6s (phonetic) ljz]iftf dfQ} xf] .
lnlndxfªsf] ;Gtlt lnDa", lvlGrxfªsf] ;Gtlt sf]FOr ePe}Fm rflndxfªsf] anDtfsf] e"uf]ndf ljz]if jStfx¿n] af]Ng] JolQmljz]if Ol8of]nS] 6 (ideolect) g}
;Gtlt rflDnª eP eGg];Dd k'luG5 . xf] .
pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' x'g] xf]8df cfk\mgf]
df}lnstf /f]bª' nfO{ 5f8]/ gSsn ub}{ j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . dfem
ls/fFtsf k|foM ;a} ls/fFtL a"9fkfsfnfO{ klg of] s'/f yfxf 5 . vfkf{sf xl/gGb
kfWof–kf]v/]n / ?Dhf6f/sf lqnf]rg kfWof kf]v/]nn] pklgj]z cf} lj:tf/jfbL
k[gfzfnfO{ s'6g}lts, nf]lhl:6S;\ jf cfly{s ;xof]u k'/\ofP/ dfem ls/fFt
/fHosf] ktg u/fPkZrft\ of] b'bz { f z'? ePsf] xf] . tyflk of] ;do eGbf klxn]
klg of] ‘/fO{’ zAb cl:tTjdf ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] t 5 t/ cflbjf;L
e"ldk'q hfltsf] ?kdf eg] xf]Og . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_
‘/fhf’ df 5 . pgLx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba)
leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf]
5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL
(synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf]
;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_
nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª jStfx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!!_ -gSzf g+=@=@@ XXII: /f]b'ª efiff 5]q, ;|f]tM u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !)#_
x¿n] Njf]÷nf]-M_ eg]em}+ nf eGb5g\ . Onf eg]sf] ‘xfd|f] efiff’ xf] . ToxL OnfnfO{
82
cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿ OFnf] -k|fylds kf7\ok':tsdf OloF Njf] x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @^ c;f]h @)^$ zlgjf/ -!# cS6f]j/ @))&_ k[i7 (= ;f]
kmf]gl] 6s lxHh] rnfOPsf]_ eGb5g\ . cfk\mgf] ;+:yf vfDafltd df cfj¢ of] efiff b}lgssf] gofF g]kfn k[i7 ! c;f]haf6 z'? ePb]lv ls/fFtL–/f]b'ªsf] of] ldlt k|yd
k6ssf] ;dfj]zLs/g xf] .
|| 349 || || 350 ||
anDtf eflifsfdf kLPr8L zf]w n]Vg' x'g] lji0f' P;=/fO{n] klg ;f] v]/];ª' 5f–/fO{, bf]/\kf–$, vf]6fª_, s]/:] 5f, s]?k'ª5f, sf]nkf5f, qmfOr*,
Kofn]6nfOH8 WjlgnfO{ kmf]lgd (phoneme) sf] bhf{ lbg' ePsf] 5}g . s/]g Pr vf]nfkf5f -<_, nlkcf]F5f -<n-f_km]ª5f<nk]mxF5f h:t}M 8f=gf]ls /fO{, kl5 dfQ}
Pj6{sf] cWoogx¿df klg ;f] ljz]iftfnfO{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5}g . of] efiffsf] ls/fFtL–ls/fjf jStf ePsf_, lns'jf5f, lnkf]5f, n'ªaf]5f, dfObª5f, dfN5f,
jStfx¿ l;lSsd k|fGt, ef/t nufot cGo sltko :yfgx¿df af]lng] eP klg dfNofs'ª5f -d]n]sª ' 5f>dn]sª ' 5f_, d]x/f5f, d]Gg'5f, df]nf]5f, df]Dkf]nfG5f,
l;lSsd ;/sf/n] Pp6} dfq /fO{ efiff eg]/ afGtfjfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf]n] d'sd' f]/f5f, gfa'5f5f, gfD/fªgf5f, lggfd'5f, lg/kfnL* -g]/k\ fý ls/fFtL–/f]b'ªdf
ef/tsf] s'g} klg k|fGtx¿aft ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª efiff dg]{ ;Defjgf 68\sf/f] 5 . xfn nf]sf]lgd_, gf]dgf5f, knªdf]5f, lkqfª5f, k'nf]df]5f ->kf]Ndf]rf -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_,
xªsª cfO8L (Hong Kong ID), jLPgcf] (BNO) / lj|l6z uf]/vf (British k'Daf]5f, k'Gt]kf5f, /bf]ln5f, /sf]5f ->/sf]ª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, /l;ªu5f, /fGgf]5f
Gurkha) sf] kLcf/ (permanent residency) n] ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' efiffnfO{ tL -< /fgf]x-F f]F_5f h:t}M kjg rflDnª, ;LPd, l;lSsd /fHo ;/sf/_, /;'ªgf5f,
:yfgx¿df klg k|lt:yfkg u/L lbPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf] gofF k':tfn] o;nfO{ k':tfGt/g /ftflx5f, /tf]5f, l/ªfn'ª5f, ?ªdfª5f, ;fK;gfD5f, ;fxldcf]ª5f, ;sf]/fD5f,
u5{ ls ub}{g Tof] eg] eljiosf] uj{d} 5 . sd;]sd ! jf @ k':tf;Dd s'g'{ kg]{ ;;vf{nL*, ;ft]?ª5f -> ;t]/f]ª5f, ;fq'ª5f_, ;]/nf]ª5f, l;nf]ª5f,
ePsf] 5 . ;f]ªbf]N5f -> ;'ªb]n, ;f]b]n, jfªb]n -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, ;f]ªkfª -> ;fªkfª
*-
@=@!=@ jStf;+Vof / y/x¿ (Spekers and their ethno-clanonyms, >;fDkfª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, tfa|] <_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, tfa|]xª ' 5f, td'xf5f, y'ªlnªu]
moities) -> y'n'ª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, lt/f]x5F f -h:t}M dGfLs'df/ /fO{, g]/k\ f_, jfn]dª |' 5f,
jflnªlu|5f, jftG5f, ofn'ª5f, of]ª5]g -< xfª5]g–afGtfjf -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_,
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ n] htfP cg';f/ ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' dft[efifLx¿sf] o'ª5f/5f -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()(, gf]jn lszf]/, lji0f', 6+s / jfub]jL
;+Vof $$ xhf/ (# 5 . t/ of] tYofªsfnfO{ tYofªs gdfg]/ ldYofª elgPsf] /fO{åf/f ;Dkflbt rflDnª–g]kfnL–cªu|]hL zAbsf]z O{= @))&_ _, KnDxF5f -x]g"{
5 . ls/fFtL–ls/fjf efiff ;Grf/ dfWoddf /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6faf6 aHg yfn]kl5 /fdwg /fO{ -k|=;Dkf=_ KnDxF5f bk{Gf ;=@)^#_ cflb . oL Snfgf]lgdx¿ g}
klg sltko /f]bª ' jStfx¿nfO{ ls/fjf efiff s]xLxb;Dd jf]wuDo -lxGbL / ls/fFtLsf] df}lns cfwf/lznf x'g\ . t/ EfflG;6f6{sf] kfnfb]lv cfh;Dd ePsf
g]kfnL jLr hltsf]_ nfu]/ klg sltko /f]bª
' jStfx¿n] d]/f] dft[efiff ls/fjf xf] eflifs kl/jt{g / ;'gfO cf} n]vfOdf slt xb;Dd km/s kg{ uof] Tof] dxTjk"g{
/x]5 egL n]vfPsf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf] 6'ªuf]sf]nflu O{=@)!! ;Ddsf] 5 . cWofo tLgdf klg xfdLn] s]xL t]:tf cjuL{st[ egL klxn] pNn]v ePsf
;]G;; kv{g} kg]{ ePsf] 5 . Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ :yfg lbPsf 5f}+ .
oL jStfx¿sf] klg ls/fjf hlQ g} y/÷Snfgf]lgd (clanonym) x¿ 5g\ . @=@!=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
t/ oxfF tL ;j}nfO{ clen]lv ul/Psf] 5}g . lsgeg] xfdL eGbf klxn]sf
n]vsx¿ -x]g"{ xs{dfg rflDnª O{=!((&, aofg P; ofn'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)%^_ n] ls/fFtL efiffx¿df dfem ls/fFtdf af]lng] ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' sf] jg{ljUofgdf
g} ljleGg sLlt{x¿ dfk{mt ;fj{hlgs u/L ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . oxfF s]xL To:tf s]xL cgf}7f] ljz]iftf b]lvPsf] 5 . x'g t cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf ls/fFtL–/f9' -x]g"{ @=!(
Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ clen]v u/]sf 5f}+ h;sf] gfdfs/gdf uf]/f ;}lgs clwsf/L klg_, ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' -x]g"{ @=@ klg_ / ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ df
EfflG;6f6{sf] k':tsdf /f]dgfOh u/]/ n]Vg] qmdf w]/} d'lgdfly k/]sf] lyof] . tL ODKnf]l;e :6k jf cGt:kmf]6 Wjlgx¿ klg cgf}7} x'g\ . c? s'g} klg tLg} ls/fFt
Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ xfd|f] dft[efiffsf] b[li6sf]g÷k;{\kl] S6e (British Gurkha) af6 Onfsfsf ls/fFtL efiffx¿df Jolt/]sL (contrastive) s} ?kdf gkfOPsf] a|]yL
x]//] of:6]l/:s jf tf/f lrGx /fv]/ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ / xfd|f] k|ZglrGx;lxt /fv]sf ef]O:6 (breathy voiced) Wjlg ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' df kfO{G5 . tL tLg n3'td o'Uddf
5f}+ . ÷n÷ lj?4 ÷Nx÷ -ndf Nxdf_, ÷d÷ lj?4 ÷Dx÷-dOkf DxOkf_, ÷g÷ lj?4 ÷Gx÷-
gfDdf Gxfdf_, ÷/÷ lj?4 ÷/\x÷-/df /\xdf_ g} x'g\ . o:tf] Wjlg cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf]
ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' x¿sf] df}lns / jf:tljs lrgf/L lbg] tL Snfgf]lgdx¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf sYo?kdf sG6«fl:6e geP/ kmf]gl] 6s ?kdf dfQ} kfOPsf] 5 .
x'g–\ af8f5f, af/fy/]*, lahflx-5f_, la/fhf5f, af]of]ª5f, a'lrgfD5f, a'D5f, o:t} csf]{ cgf}7f] Wjlgj}Uoflgs ljz]iftfdf ef]O;n]; (voiceless) ÷d÷ klg xf] .
a'dsfD5f, a'tk] f5f, rflnkf5f, rfDbf5f, rflDnª5f*, rfl/kf5f, lrla|ªu]*, cs/g (negation) zAb lgdf{g k|lqmofsf] ?kljUofgdf klg ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª cf}wL
b/aln5f, lba'ª5f, lbs'lnSkf-5f_, bf]/sflnrf, bf]afln5f, b'ªkf5f, 8fnf]xf]F5f g} wgL efiff xf] . k|foM ls/fFtL efiffx¿df cs/g lgdf{g ubf{ ÷d–÷ lk|lkmS;
-h:t}M lji0f' P;=/fO{_, Ujfkf5f, xOb]pª5f, xn];5] f, xf]dfO5f, x/;'ª5f, (prefix) nufpFbf k'U5 eg] /f]b'ªdf w]/} k|lqmof ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . c? ls/fFtL
xf]dj] f5f, xf]ªbf/*, Sjf;'ª5f, s]/l;ª5f -<v]/];ª ' 5fý h:t}M afa'/fd efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf 5 .
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@=@!=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary) 5f]S5f -ltns b'ªaf]xf]F5f ;+=@)%@ -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg, n]vs;Fu ;"rgf cg'/f]w ubf{
g]kfn, l;lSsd / o'/f]k u/L ls/fFtL–/f]bª' efiffdf s]xL zAbfjnL / klg cfn]6fn] u/L 6f/]_, !$=r08L sf];]nLM sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x -lzjxl/ /fO{
zAbsf]zx¿ pknAw 5g\ . tL o; k|sf/ 5g\– !=dl6cl/cNh\ 6'jf8{;\ c ;=@)^@M $@–&! hxfF efu @ df ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª efiffsf] ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿
l8S;G/L cj\ rflDnª -rflDnª–Oªlnz / Oªlnz– rflDnª, a]:8 cg\ 8]O6f ' m ;xn]vg tyf ;xsfo{df rflDnª nf -k|fylds
;d]l6Psf] 5_ cflb . clg ;+oQ
sn]lS68 afO wgk|;fb /fO{ ofG8 cb/ OGe]l:6u]6/;{ cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ kf7\ok':ts u8'ndfg, aofg P;, ;ldtf, zflGt, cd]Da/, 6+s / lbk]Gb| /f]b'ª
g]kfnM lk|lnldg/L e;{g -e]/g/ leG6/ O{=!(*%_, @=rflDnª lbd\ lrDxfnfa]jf cflb_ kfljs]n] k|sfzgdf NofO{ /x]sf] 5 .
-aofg P; ofn'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)%^_, #=OnfM rflDnª zAb;+u|x -aL=aL= @=@!=& k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems)
Sjf;'ª5f–rflDnª O{=!((^_, $=rflDnª–g]kfnL–cª\uh | L zAbsf]z -xs{dfg
rflDnª O{=!((&_, %=/fO{efiff zAbsf]z tyf af]nLrfnL -ef]lu/fh rflDnª of] dft[efiffdf s}of}+ k'm6s/ sljtfx¿ 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ 5'§} ;+ux| x¿
;===bflh{lnª_, ^=‘rflDnª efiffsf s]xL zAbx¿’ -Zofd rflDnª–/fO{ ;=@)%!M afx]s . ls/fFtL–/f8' jf jfDa'n]n] h:tf] ;fd"lxs jflif{s sljtf uf]i7L gu/] klg
*(–()_, &=‘s]xL Jojxf/f]kof]uL efiffsf zAbx¿’ -6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ w]/} cfz nfUbf sljx¿ 5g\ of] efiffdf . oxfF xfdLn] s]xL sljx¿sf k|ltlglw
;=@)^@M %_, *=‘rflDnª zAbfjnL’ -jfub]jL ofn'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)$*M ^$–^%_ sljtfx¿nfO{ l6kg 6fkg u/]sf 5f}+ . tL oxfF pNn]v ug{ rfxG5f}+– !=‘b'ª n]d;L
cflb . o;afx]s vfDafltdsf] kxndf zAbsf]z tyf Jofs/g lgdf{g d"n tf/fa'ª tfnL;fsf] <’ -aofgl;+ /fO{ -ofn'ª5f_ ;=@)%^M !@^_, @=‘Ol/n'ª
;ldlt–;=@)%* v8f u/L ut ;ft aif{bl] v kfFr xhf/ eGbf a9L zAbx¿ ePsf] xª;'Go]’ -/fdwg /fO{ ;=@)^#M @)_, #=‘3fF;xo;L k'l;DGo’ -/fdwg /fO{ ;=@)^#M
zAbsf]z -ls/fFt rflDnª /fO{ zAbsf]z_ k|sfzf]Gd'v 5 eGg] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 . @)_, $=‘b'ª’\ -ofn'ª5\ f O{=!(($_, %=‘ldgf’ -cfofUofdL ofn'ªrf ;=@)%(M ^#_
of] ;fd"lxs sfo{df k|f=8f=gf]ls/f, lji0f' P; /fO{, 6+s dfNofs'ª5f / jfu– ^=‘nfd\’ -ofn'ª5\ f O{=!(($M (^–(*_, &=‘b\ov ' f/L a'lnd’ -dfljGb| rflDnª
cfofUofdL ofn'ª5fsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . ;=@)^!_, *=‘bf];f]gf n'lGbP’ -eQm /fO{ ;=@)^!M !%_, (=‘pD5'ª’\ -hLtdfg /fO{
;=@)^!M !*_, !)=‘5Os'dfnO ?ª5’ -hgs /fO{ ;=@)^!M !*_, !!=‘a'G5/ 5fd\’
@=@!=% efiff÷Jofs/g (Language/grammar) -efUojtL /fO{ ;=@)^!M #)_, !@=‘dfD;'ª vf?’ -zfGtLs'df/L /fO{ ;=@)^!M #)_,
ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' df xfn;Dd b]vf k/]sf] Jofs/gx¿df s/]g Pr= Pj6{ !#=‘;fs]nf 5fd\’ -zflns zftf;s /fO{ ;=@)^!M #(_, !$=‘v'lK;g]gf 5fr]p’
-O{=!((&aL_ sf] rflDnª g} xf] . pgsf] ljleGg sfnvG8sf cg';GwfgfTds -hLt /fO{ ;=@)^!M #(_, !%=‘ª'O8fdL ;fDnfdf’ -lbk]Gb| /fO{ ;=@)^!M #)_,
k]k/x¿ klg xfdLn] cfpg] pk–vG8x¿df lbPsf 5f}+ . ldl>t ?kdf 6+s !^=‘gfdfjfªf] 5flAbsf] ls5flAbdf’ -lty{;/] /fO{ ;=@)^!M $!_, !&=‘?ªdfkfgf’
dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{sf] k':ts / cfn]vx¿ klg pknAw 5g\ . oxL pk–vG8df klg -;j{wg /fO{ ;=@)^!M $!_, !*=‘sfF vfgfnO dOg]ªOg]’ -6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{
tn pgsf] b]gnfO{ clen]v ul/Psf] 5 . efiff÷Jofs/g;Fu ;DjlGwt ;fdu|Lx¿ ;=@)%!_, !(=‘dfvftfnO;f Odf]nf’ -zfGtLs'df/L /fO{ ;=@)%$_, @)=‘vfDafOo]’
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog pk–vG8df lbOPsf] 5 . -k+rjL/ /fO{ ;=@)%!_, @!=‘/fSsf cfs'ªrfO;]’ -k+rjL/ rflDnª ;=@)%#_,
@@=‘o]gfgL jOgLRof]’ -k+rjL/ rflDnª ;=@)%$_, @#=‘rflDnª’ -;ldtf /fO{
@=@!=^ k':ts÷kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿ (Pedagogical materials) ;=@)%!_, @$=‘lnlDnDdf’ -avt /fO{ ;=@)%!_, @%=‘O;]ªf]’ -s'n/fh rflDnª
dft[efiffdf lzS5fsf] k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] / sltko k|of]udf cfPsf ;=@)%!_, @^=‘tofF 5]s'd] /f]bª ' Rop’ -rGb| ls/fFt–rflDnª ;=@)%#_, @&=‘sO
sLlt{x¿nfO{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tL sLlt{x¿df !=lk5fa'ªfrL -6+s /f]b'ª’ -;dL/ rflDnª ;=@)%#_, @*=‘ldgf a'nLd\ bf]:sf] bf]:sf]T/]’ -l/dGt
dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ gf]eD] a/ O{=!(*)_, @=5fd\rL lbd\rL -k"jj{ t\ c;f]h ;=@)%!_, rflDnª ;=@)%#_, @(=‘cf]:kO ld n]t]ªf;]’ -vu]Gb| rflDnª ‘pbf;L’ ;=@)%#_,
#=rflDnª nf zf5fd\ vfDafltd\ -k"jj{ t\ r}q ;=@)%!_, $=a'ªfrL -k"jj{ t\ #)=‘v'?K;Ld] cf;f]’ -Cks'df/ rflDnª ;=@)%#_, #!=‘lKn;Lo rflDnªnfbf’
sflQs ;=@)%*_, %=rflDnª nf -k"jj{ t\ df3 ;=@)$@_, ^=rflDnª /fO{ / -r'dfg a';/' L–rflDnª ;=@)%#_, #@=‘5fd\d'df’ -ho ;dz]/ /fO{ ;=@)%#_,
rflDnª efiff -k"jj{ t\ ebf} ;=@)%!_, &=rflDnªnf rOFb'GrLo -ebf} @)%$_, ##=‘sO/f]b'ª emf/f v'DdfT/]’ -1fg ;]/fn'ª5f ;=@)%$_, #$=‘gfd\ afgf xofKkf9O’
*=rflDnª nf bf];f]D;f KNoL;Lo -j}zfv ;=@)^)_, (=rflDnª nf KNoLdf -l/dGt rflDnª ;=@)%$_, #%=‘5O;f vOdfT/] cf;f]’ -r'dfg a';/' L–rflDnª
rOFvf 5fAnf -rflDnª efiff l;sfpg] k':ts, k"jj{ t\ kmfu'g @)^)_, !)=rflDnª ;=@)%$_, #^=‘a'ªfjftf vf]lnbf’ -/sd ;]/fn'ª5f ;=@)%%_, #&=‘dLr' xf]s'd’]
5frfdf 5fAnf -k"jj{ t\ sflQs ;=@)^@_, !!=rflDnª efiffsf s]xL n]vsx¿ -1fg ;]/fn'ª5f ;=@)%%_, #*=‘ldv|'dO\ ;]] aOgLRof]’ -l/dGt rflDnª ;=@)%%_,
-efu !, k"jj{ t\ @)^@ d+;L/_, !@=;Ld\ 5fd\ -k"jj{ t\ ebf} ;=@)#&_, !#=pDe';L #(=‘sO /f]bª ' df] af]vfdf’ -sn+sL rflDnª ;=@)%%_, $)=‘O6'ªdf Oaf]vf’
|| 353 || || 354 ||
-pld{nf rflDnª ;=@)%%_, $!=‘ldgLo]gf]’ -;x;|f rflDnª ;=@)%%_, ;=@)^!M @&_, $=‘rflDnªlr v;g g]rfln ldlt/f’ -jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f
$@=‘s'/\df kflt/f]F’ -6ns'df/L rflDnª ;=@)%%_, $#=‘/f]bª ' 6'ªdfbf’ -rGb| ;=@)^!M #)_, %=‘k'm8\8sf pD8’ -lxdsnf rflDnª–/fO{ O{=@))#M !!–!@_ g} x'g\ .
ls/fFt–rflDnª ;=@)%^_, $$=‘Odf] bf];f]D;f lddLg]’ -1fg ;]/fn'ª5f ;=@)%^_,
$%=‘Odf]’ -dl0fs'df/ /fO{ ;=@)%*M @*_, $^=‘sf cfn] g5'ª ltG5'Oª;LO{’
@=@!=!) pkGof; (Fiction/novel)
-hLjghLt /fO{ O{=@))^_, $&=‘Odf]ªf] /f]bª ' nf’ -hLjghLt /fO{ O{=@))^_, ;flxTosf] k|foM ;j} h;f] ljwfx¿df snd rnfOPsf] ls/fFtL efiff
$*=‘Wo'vfl/kfdf] lbd\’ -;fdlnª jfnfnL O{=@)#&_, $(=‘gfNn'df lt/]’ -t'n;L eg]sf] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª -x]g"{ @=@^_ g} xf] . o:tf snjL/ ;|i6fx¿sf] hfFu/ b]Vbf
rflDnª ;=@)%)M !#_, %)=‘tof nfd’ -jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ªrf ;=@)%(M xfdLnfO{ uf}/j nfU5 / of] :jefljs klg xf] . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªkl5 cfk\mgf]
$%_, %!=‘v]]v] a'ª’ -ltns rflDnª ;=@)^$M @!_ cflb . xfdLn] vf]Hbf e]6\g ;flxTo eG8f/df pkGof; g} eg]/ z'?cft ug]{ bf];|f] ls/fFtL efiff eg]sf] ls/fFtL–
g;s]sf s}og\ slj tyf sjloqLx¿ oxfF 5'6\g uPsf x'g ;S5g\ . ca kfnf] /f]b'ª -t/ xfd|f] gh/df c? gk/]sf] x'g ;S5_ g} xf] . of] ePe/sf ;j} ls/fFtL
dft[efifLx¿sf] xft klg cfPsf] 5 cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf s] slt To:tf sfo{x¿ ;Dk|bfox¿sf]nflu v'zLsf] vj/ xf] . pkGof;sf/ s[i0f dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{
ePsf xf]nfg\ eg]/ lrof] rrf]{ ug]{ . cfk"m gd/L :ju{ b]lvGg eg] h:tf] xfdLn] -;=@)^$_ sf] vf]lrlnkf g} Tof] vj/sf] ;|f]t xf] . jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f
dfQ} of] ;fgf] k|of;n] ;a} k'm6s/ sljtfx¿ oxfF clen]v ug{ g;Sg] / g;s]sf] -;=@)^$_ n] ;f] pkGof;sf] dft[efiffdf klxnf] ;dLS5f klg u/L ;s]sL 5g\ /
tYo xfdLn] :jLsf/]sf 5f}+ . uf]/vfkq n] 5fk]sf] 5 .
t]:t}dWo] slj hut /f]bª ' ‘gjf]lbt’ sf] gj sljtf df k|sflzt /f]b'ª @=@!=!! n]v÷lgjGw (Write ups/essays)
sljtf xfdLn] w]/} tfs]tf ubf{ klg k]mnf kfg{ ;s]gf}+ . of] cj pg}sf] lhDdf eof] . dft[efiffdf g} n]lvPsf n]v tyf lgjGwx¿ klg xfdLn] w'OkF Qf nufP/
cªu|]hL ;flxTo / kqsf/LtfsL o'jf lzS5fyL{ ;dnf af8f5fn] klg sltko vf]hs
] f lyof}+ . vf]Hb} hfFbf otflt/r}F dfQ} b'O{ hgf ;|i6f lgjGwsf/x¿ e]6\of}+ .
sfo{qmdx¿df jfrgsf] u/]sf] /f]b'ª sljtfx¿nfO{ oxfF ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . pgLx¿df lxdsnf rflDnª–/fO{ -O{=@))^_ sf] ‘e'mG8} :o'Fªfgf n]ts 'F f] Nofr'’ /
@=@!=* sljtf÷uLt ;+u|xx¿ (Poetry/song anthologies) lblnk /fO{ -;=@)%%M @%–@^_ sf] ‘nfa]t'df’÷lr7L g} x'g\ . b'j} lgjGwsf/x¿n]
k'm6s/ sljtfx¿kl5 xfdL ca ;+ux| sf] lrof] rrf]{lt/ nfUg]5f}+ . cfufdL lbgx¿df cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf z+s/ nfld5fg]sf] ofA:6«ofS6 Kofh lrGtg
ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' dft[efiffnfO{ cfk"m eGbf a9L dfof u/]/ cfk\mg} jn–a'tf, ;do / eGbf klg uxlsnf lgjGw s[ltx¿ ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' ;flxTo eG8f/df yKnfg\ eGg]
;DklQ vr]{/ s]xL u/L /fv'F eGg] efjgfn] cf]tk|ft] ePsf t]:tf sljtf ;+u|xx¿ cfzf lnPsf 5f}+ xfdLn] . lgjGwsf/åonfO{ xfd|f] cu|Ld jwfO tyf
w]/} geP klg s]xLr}F e]l6Psf 5g\ . tL e]l6Psfx¿dWo] x'g–\ !=ldr'ª -n'ª–\ @, cflzjf{b;lxt .
zfs'/f -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^@_, @=ldr'ª -zfs'/f -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^!_, #=xOsfvfd @=@!=!@ ldDdflbd÷;+:d/g (Memoirs)
-zfs'/f ;=@)^!_, $=kfkf dObOFkf -s[i0fs'df/ dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)^!_, ;+:d/g ;flxTo n]vsf] vftf vf]Ng] ;|]o klg lxdsnf rflDnª–/fO{
%=ldr'ª -n'ª–\ # zfs'/f -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^#_, ^=a'ªfrL -6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{
-O{=@))$M $#_ g} hfG5 . pgsf] ;+:d/g ‘ldDdflbd’ dfQ} xfd|f] ls/fFtL ;flxTo
;+sns÷;Dkf_= ;=@)%*_, &=nfd\ -;fdlos ;+sng ;=@)$)_, *=r08L
vf]hfO ofqfn] kfof] . o;df klg pgL wGojfbsL kfq l5g\ . snd lg/Gt/ rnL
sf];n ] LM sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x -lzjxl/ /fO{ ;=@)^@M &%_, (=;]D6' -5fd\rL_ -zfs'/f /x'g\ k[YjL 3'd] h:t} .
;=@)^$_ cflb . l;lSsd, xªsª, a|'gfO, a]nfOt cflbsf] eg] xfdLn];Dd s'g}
t]:tf] ;+ux| x¿ xfd|f] gh/df kg{ cfPsf 5}gg\ . @=@!=!# efiff–hfltzf:q÷j+zfjnL÷Oltxf; (Ethno-linguistics/
genealogy/ history)
@=@!=( syf÷nf]ssyf (Foltales/folklore) efiff, hfltzf:q, j+zfjnL / Oltxf;;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf yf]/ ax't
nf]ssyftk{m klg s]xL sfd ePsf] e]l6of] . tL sfo{x¿df !=‘6jfdf, s[ltx¿ klg xfdf] vf]hfOsf] n]G;n] b]Vof] . tLdWo] !=ls/fFt /fO{ rflDnª af8f5f
lvofdf ªf] vr]lnKkfdf] /f]b'ª ToflQ’ -6jfdf, lvofdf / /rfs'n]sf] rflDnª -dfyf_ kl/jf/sf] j+zfjnL -kv{gaxfb/ /fO{ ;=@)^!_, @=KnDxF5f bk{Gf -/fdwg
nf]ssyf, g]kfnL -v;_ efiffdf cg'= nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf_ jfu–cfofUofdL /fO{ ;=@)^#_, #=ls/fFt–d+uf]n–vDa"–/fO{ rflDnª–ofn'ªM Oltxf; tyf
ofn'ª5f ;=@)%^M !&–@%_, @=‘tFjfdf lvofdf / /5fs'nd] f] x;'ª afof’ j+zfjnL -hLtdfg ofn'ª–/fO{ ;=@)^!_, $=rflDnª /fO{ / rflDnª efiff -6+s
-u8'ndfg oFltD5f–/fO{ ;=@)^!M @%_, #=‘ls/fFt /fhf /f]bL xf]F’ -afuwg /fO{ dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)%!_, %=‘ls/fFt /fO{ rflDnª efiff’ -aofg P;= ofn'ª5f–
|| 355 || || 356 ||
/fO{ O{=@))$M @&–===_, ^=b n:6 lrN8«]n cj\ vDa"jfg -k|sfzf]Gd'v lji0f' P;= of] klg ;od, ;|ft] / :yfg cflbsf] cefjn] g} t];f] ePsf] xf] . ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' sf]
/fO{, h'g s[ltdf g]kfnsf zfifsju{af6 kLl8t eO{ ljb]lzPsf ls/fFtLx¿ h:t}M 8Nn} sfo{df tL ;a} k"/f ug]{ jfrf afg]sf 5f}+ .
afGtfjf -c6ndfg /fO{sf] ;Gtfg_, rflDnª, ;fDkfª, lnDa", sf]FOr
-;'gj' f/÷d'lvof_ / b'dLx¿sf] bbf{gs syfsf] jg{g 5 h'g ljxf/sf] ;'kf}n
@=@!=!% 8s'd]G6«L (Documentaries)
lhNnf, dlwk'/f ufpFsf] ;]/f]km] /f] xf] _ / u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!_ g} x'g\ . o;df cfh;Ddsf] vf]hfOdf xfdLn] sf]Kkf u8'ndfg PFltD5fsf] ;"rgfdf Pp6f
cGo sltko 5'6 ePsf x'g ;S5 . dfQ} cl8of]–leh'cn 8So'dG] 6«L (audio-visual documentary) 5 eGg] ;'gs ] f
@=@!=!$ efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Language/linguistic studies) 5f}+ . t];sf] k|lt eg] kfPsf 5}gf}+ ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] h:tf] . Tof] 8So'dG] 6«Ldf
lx/]Dkf÷lx/]Ddf -jL/]Gb| lba'5f–/fO{ ;=@)^!_ g} xf] . /f]b'ªsf] elugL efiff ls/fFtL–
la|l6z ;fd|fHojfbL cGj]ifs tyf n]vsx¿sf] ofqfsf] nfdf] sfnsf] ls/fjfdf eg] cfwf bh{g hlt k'uL ;s]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] kl/jf/df a;]/ l8s
l/Sttfkl5 O{=*) sf] bzstfsf s/]g Pr Pa6{ :jL6h/NofG8af6 dfem ls/fFt, PjO5f–afGtfjfsf] l;Ddf / cGo 8So'dG] 6«L x]bf{ xfd|L cfdfn] afGtfjf efiffsf]
vf]6fªlt/ n';S' s l5l/g\ . pgL k:g'sf] k5fl8 t]:tf] s'g} Jofkf/, /fhgLlt jf ;Djfb k|foM h;f] a'em\ bl5g\ .
s'6gLlt geP/ jf}l4s ljnfl;tf g} lyof] . gAa]sf] bzslt/ pgn] nx/} cfk\mgf] @=@!=!^ kqklqsf (Magazines)
cg';Gwfgsf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|sfzdf NofpFb} uOg\ . pgL tL sfo{x¿sf] cf8df
k|fWofks eO{g\ eg] ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª efiffnfO{ ljZj jf}l4s ahf/sf a8]a8] 5fkfdf ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª efiffnfO{ pFef] nufpg] sfo{df s] slt kqklqsfx¿
k'/o\ fOg\ . hd{gLsf] e]/g/ leG6/ / u8{ ÅofG;f]gsf] PnP;Pg efiff k|f]h]S6 -O{=*) /x]5g\ t egL lgofNbf s]xL cfznfUbf k|sfzgx¿ k]mnf k/] . h:t}M !=rfdlnª
sf] bzs_ n] ;j} eGbf a9L kmfObf ls/fFtL–ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!)_ nfO{ k'¥ofof] . -;Dkf=b]jljqmd /fO{ / c? ;=@)^!_, @=kf?xfª -;Dkf=6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{
lsgeg] of] efiffsf] zAbsf]zn] dfQ} klxnf] kN6 ;+;f/sf efiffljb\x¿ ;fd' ltns b'ªaf]xf]F5f–/fO{ klg -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg ;=@)#*–@)$%_, #=dL -;Dkf=6+s
cfk\mgf] lrgf/L / pkl:ylt kfof] leG6/sf] afGtfjf zAbsf]z Tof] klg rfgr'g] dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)%@–@)%^_, $=/f]b'ª -;Dkf=6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{
geP/ d'Ftf] k|sfzssf] afx'nLaf6 emG8} $)) 8n/sf] d"Nodf . of] sfo{df ;=@)%$–@)%%_, %=pbok'/] rflDnª cfjfh -ljho anDtfnL / c? ;+=@)^@
k|f=8f=gf]ls/fsf cfk\mg} u'gf;fx¿ eg] 5g\ . p;f]_, ^=rflDnª a'n]l6g cflb . xfd|f] vf]hfOsf] bfo/fdf gk/]sf k|sfzgx¿ klg
x'g ;S5 l;lSsdlt/af6 . of] vf]hfOsf] l;lN;nfdf xfdLn] ls/fFtL–s'n'ª -x]g"{
s/]g Pr=Pj6{ -O{=!((&_ sf] rflDnª Jofs/gkl5b]lv cGo s]xL @=!@_ r}F l;lSsddf s]xL e]6]sf 5f}+ tfklg ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' sf] eg] jLjL
cWoogx¿ k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g\ . t]:tf cGj]ifs / sfo{x¿ oxfF ;do cefjsf Sjf;'ª5f–rflDnªsf] zAbfjnL afx]s c? xfd|f] gh/df k/]g .
sf/g /\ofG8d (random) ?kdf lbOPsf 5g\ . t/ ;Gbe{–;"lrdf eg] ljlwk"j{s @=@!=!& ;|Jo÷Sof;]6 (Audio tapes/cassettes)
g} /fv]sf 5f}+ . tL x'g–\ !=/fO{, @=ofn'ª5f, ‘rflDnª efiffsf] j0f{dfnf / b]jgfu/L
ofof]Svfsf] ;+o'Qm kxndf ;j} eGbf klxn] lg:s]sf] Sof;]6 eg]sf]
lnlkdf To;sf] cfn]vg’ -8f= dfwj kf]v/]n ;=@)^!M &_, #=‘tkfO{+ ;dfj]zLdf :ofd'gf efu–! -cg'= ;+=@)%@÷# ls/fof_ g} xf] . of] ;+u|xdf ls/fFtL–/f]b'ªsf]
x'g'xG' 5 ls x'g'x'Gg <’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ ;=@)^!M @*_, $=8]l:qmlK6e u|ofd/ aofgl;+ ofn'ª5f–/fO{st[ b'ªjfªfgfd\===af]nsf] uLt–! 5ý h;nfO{ tn k|:t't
cj\ rflDnª -lkPr8L lyl;;, lji0f' P;= /fO{ O{=@))#_, %=lgu];g Og\ b u/]sf 5f}+ efiff gd"gfsf]nflu . bf];|f] Sof;]6r}F gfgf kf]s'g] -zfs' /fO{ )^@_ g} xf] .
rflDnª Nofªu'Oh -k"jj{ t\ O{=!(((_, ^=‘rflDnª efiffM Ps kl/ro’ -k"jj{ t\ o;df 8f]ªNdf, PgL nO nO, cfªf kfkf, P lnD8] gfgf, :ofd'gf, cf;f] / jOGoL
;=@)%@M @#–@% cg'= jofg l;+ /fO{ @#–@*_, &=ofg cfp6nfOg cj\ rflDnª zLif{ssf ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª uLtx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
u|ofd/ -O{=!((% 8«fk\m6 e;{g, /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg_, *=rflDnª nf -6+s :ofd'gfsf] uLtM
dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)$@_, (=:k]O;n 8]OlS;;\ Og\ ;d ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\ b'ªjfªfgfd\ b'ªbfkfkfd\
-OGSn'8;\ afGtfjf, rflDnª, vflnª, y'nª ' , l5Gtfª, jfDa'n], h]?ª, sf]oL, ;fªf] jfªf] a'vj' fªf] .@
;'gj' f/ / lnDa" OUhfDkN;\_’ -8f= gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ O{=@))@_, !)=‘;dfj]zL tTjM ld5]]ts
] f] PxjO :ofd'gf
/fO{ ls/fFtLx¿sf] eflifs ;Tj’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ ;=@)^@M @@–@#_ cflb . :ofd'gf lg nO@
plNnlvt sfo{x¿ ck'/f g} 5g\ . sltko sfo{x¿ ;Ge{;l" rdf dfQ} /fv]sf 5f}+ . sf]Skf a'ªRop 5]Kkf a'ªRop@
afx| Wof]nf rfdf lvªf] @
|| 357 || || 358 ||
kfa'Qfsf] PxjO :ofd'gf :ofd'gf lg nxO ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M @%–@&_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
;aldRof xjf Nx;f@ :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
rfD/L ªf]df a'G5/ nfdf . lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
rf/L 5]Gdf PxjO :ofd'gf !=hf/f -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=d'lwDdf * -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
:ofd'gf lg nxO . #=x'nK] kf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=v/L -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
*
gfgf lg5 a'jf a'ªRop@ %=Dx]Okf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=jf;f -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
n]tD' g]nf] Nxd'Dg]sp@ &=v|fdf * -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfsf]rs * -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
Pa'lnDbf PxjO :ofd'gf (=xL -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=;f?jf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
:ofd'gf lg nxO . !!=;]Da' -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=n]df * -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
/]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6fn] klg ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' df bz j6f uLt /]s8{ u/L !#=dd]kf -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=g * -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
;s]sf] ;"rgf xfdLn] Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª -‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# !%=Aofdf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @% ;=@)^#M #@_ af6 kfPsf 5f}+ . /]l8of] g]kfnsf] km"naf/L *
!&=lVnkf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'ªdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
sfo{qmddf klg jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f -pkm{ afub]jL /fO{_ sf] ;+= @)$&–$* !(=xF;fsf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gfa|f] -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
df /]s8{ ePsf] @ j6f uLtx¿ e]l6Psf] 5 . cfpFbf lbgx¿df of] ljwf klg @!=af]vfdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
dha"b x'Fb} hfg] s'/fdf xfdL cfzfjfbL 5f}+ . @#=jfb]df -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d'O -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
@=@!=!* wfld{s÷;fF:s[lts k':ts÷n]vx¿ (Religious/cultural @%=nfk -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
books/compositions) @&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lt k|sfzgdf eg] aofg P; ofn'ª5f–/fO{ cufl8 /xg' @(=k]/d\ f -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=lkmn' -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
ePsf] e]6]sf 5f}+ . pgsf ;f] sLlt{x¿df !=pTklQ / k/Dk/fsf rflDnª ldysx¿ #!=d]Dkf -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=Odf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
-;=@)%%_, / @= /f]bª ' l/n'ª -;=@)^@_ pNn]Vo 5g\ . pg}n] @* cS6f]a/–@ ##=lvGgf] * -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5'O{ -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
gf]e]Da/ !((! Dff ls/fFt wfld{s–;fF:s[lts ljsf; ;+3sf]tk{maf6 ‘ls/fFt #%=;fjf/L -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=tD;] -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
wd{sf] ;f/tTj’ zLif{ssf] sfo{kq PlzofnL wd{ / zflGtsf] rf}yf] ;Dd]ng, #&=5' -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=tfVnf] -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
*
sf7dfG8"df k|:t't u/]sf lyP . ;f] sfo{kqsf] kl/dflh{t ?k / bz}+ltxf/sf] gofF #(=cOdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=xLs'lbdf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
cjwf/gf ;lxt gf}nf] k|sfzg cfpFb5} eGg] ;"rgf xfdLn] k|fKt u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . $!=pDtf]÷t'ª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=xb] * -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
$#=sfF÷sfªf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;O{df -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
o:t} u8'ndfg PFltD5f–/fO{sf] #=ls/fFt ;+:sf/ -;=@)^#_ klg k|sfzgdf $%=sf]t]Kkf -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=5O{d * -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
cfPsf] 5 . cGo s]xL k|ltlglw n]vx¿df $=‘l5l/gfd\ ªf] lwl/gfd\’ -aofg P; $&=nfaf] -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=lnDdf * -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
ofn'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)^!M !)–!!_, %=‘ls/fFt /fO{ hflt, wd{ / ;F:s[ltaf/] s]xL s'/f’ $(=n'O{ -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=d]wfsf] -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
-hos'df/ /fO{ ;=@)^!M $&–$(_, ^=‘d'Gw'd Ps ljxª\ud b[li6’ -lxdfnwg /fO{ %!=;L/ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=+;f]/f]5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
;=@)^!M !@–!#_, &=‘rflDnª rf/L ;fs]nf’ -aofg P; rflDnª–/fO{ ;=@)%^M %#=s]ef -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nfsfg] -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
@(–#!_, *=‘vf]6fª lbSt]n If]qsf rflDnª /fO{x¿sf] ;+:sf/ tyf ;F:s[ltsf %%=lbj'ª -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=bf] * -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
ljlwx¿’ -ls/fof ;=@)%(M $–&_ cflb klg kfOPsf 5g\ . %&=6'ªnL -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=g'ª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
@=@!=!( ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Rodung sample %(=b'ª;] -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=gL -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
wordlist) ^!=vf];O{ -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gfltk÷gfltk'ª -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] ^#=kO{gf -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=O/f -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . ^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=dLgf -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
|| 359 || || 360 ||
^&=jfwfdf * -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xLjf/L -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red :jf8]z ;o zAb ;"rLdf klg ;o k|ltzt g} zAbx¿ efiffdf df}hb' /x]5g\ .
^(=Eof/ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=s'uKnf * -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿sf] klg cfznfUb} pkl:ylt e]l6of] . Wjlgj}Uoflgs
&!=jfn'ªdf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=?ªdf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say ljz]iftfdf tLg a|yL ef]O:6 Wjlg / ef]O;n]; ÷d÷ kfOPsf] 5 . of] dft[efiffsf]
&#=vFdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=nnL * -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed zAbsf]zx¿ klg cfznfUbf] ultdf k|sfzgdf cfO{ /x]sf] kfO{of] . ;fF:s[lts
&%=xLªdf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=x'nKkf -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin kmfF6df klg ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult 5 . ls/fFtL efiffx¿dWo] t];|f] 7"nf] efiff ePsf]n],
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=r'pbfsf] -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small k|fylds lzS5fdf dft[efiffsf] cWofkg ePsf]n] / ljljw k|sfzg sfo{x¿df
&(=ldv' -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=/]Ddf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand tLj|tf cfPsf]n] of] efiffsf] eljio pHHjn g} b]lvof] . o;f]esf]n] efiff ljsf;
*!=lkltkf -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª6f] -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone / ;flxTo lgdf{gdf clj/n ofqf hf/L /fVg' kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
*#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=:oDdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim Snfgf]lgdx¿df –5f ?lkdn] df}lnstf, lrgf/L / Oltxf; af]ss ] f] 5 . o;sf]
*%=d]/L -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=ltsf] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that dxQf cWofo % df lbPsf 5f}+ .
*&=psf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=vO{gL -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you ---------------
*(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sf]ª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth ljz]if 6Lsfl6KkgL
(!=;'ªk"jf -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=xfsf/f -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2007
(#=nflDtdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=jf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water From: vpsrai@yahoo.com
(%=sO{rL -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=b] -;j{_ ‘s]’ what To: kiranti_rapachalal@yahoo.com
(&=Dofk'jf/L * -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=; * -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
((=d/f]5f * -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=x/bLjf/L -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow Dear Lal sir,
----------- Congrats for collecting information about Kiranti-Rodung and
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 of] 8]O6fnfO{ dft[efifL aofg P;=ofn'ª5f–/fO{ -sf]zsf/ tyf explaining them in such a nice way. I have made just a few
;F:s[ltljb\, cg'=p=%*_ n] / dft[efifL efiffljUoF jfu–cfofUofdL comments. The comments are based on my findings of the
ofn'ª5fn] /]lS6kmfO ug'{ ePsf] xf] . pxfFx¿sf cg';f/ g+= @=d'lwDdf * df Balamtali dialect of Chamling.
‘d"bLDdf’, %=Dx]Okf * ‘DxOkf’, &=v|fdf * ‘vfdf’, *=dfsf]rs * ‘dsr"O{’, I hope this article of yours will get published. All the best!
!@=n]df * ‘Nx]df’, !$=g * ‘gf]’, !&=lVnkf * ‘vLkf’, ##=lvGgf] *
‘lvGGo]÷lvGGofsf]’, #(=cOdf * ‘PFdf’, $@=xb] * ‘yFtf’, $^=5O{d* ‘hfGg'’ -<_ ©Vishnu
*One difference between the Balamta and other dialects of
xfd|f] k|Zg, $*=lnDdf * ‘wLdfrLdf’, %^=bf] * ‘b\of]’, ^&=jfwfdf * ‘jfbfd’, Chamling is alveolar vs. dental. In my observation, dental sounds
&)=s'uKnf * ‘s"8n " fkf’, &$=nnL * ‘nFnL’, (&=Dofk'jf/L * ‘Dkfo"jf/L’, are the allophones of the alveolars in the Balamta dialect..
(*=; * ‘;f]’, ((=d/f]5f * df ‘df/L5f÷df/L’ x'g] /x]5g\ . g+= %@=+;f]/f]5f -/ Another difference is Balamtali do not use honorific whereas
;/5f klg_ -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man eGbf klg ‘5f]/f]’ eGg] x'G5 / ‘dfG5], others, e.g. Ratancha use plural marker for honorific use.
k'?if jf JolQm’ nfO{ ldgf -xfd|f] tYo_ x'G5 .
@=@!=@) lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs Psdf k/]sf] ls/fFtL– a';/' L–rflDnª, r'dfg= ;=@)%#= ‘lKn;Lo rflDnªnfbf’, dL kflIfs=
/f]b'ª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us
] f 5f}+ . of] dft[efifL Busuri-Chamling, Chuman. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Plyisiya
;Dk|bfodf eflifs akmfbf/Ltf 5 . ;[hgfTds ;|i6fx¿sf] klg afSn} pkl:ylt Chamlingladaka’, Mee Pakshik.
b]lvgdf cfof] . ;flxTo ljwfx¿nfO{ lrofpFbf sljtf g} cufl8 b]lvof] . pkGof; -----. ;=@)%$= ‘5O;f vOdfT/] cf;f]’, /f]b'ª=
ljwfsf] klg z'?cft eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . uLt tyf n]v–lgjGwdf klg /fd|} z'?cft 5 . -----. 1994 [VS 2054]. ‘Chhaisa khaimatre aaso’, Rodung.

|| 361 || || 362 ||
rflDnª, xs{dfg= O{=!((&= rflDnª–g]kfnL–cª\uh
|] L zAbsf]z= l;nLu'9LM rflDnª, ;dL/= ;=@)%#= ‘sO /f]b'ª’, dL kflIfs,
lbndfof rflDnª= Chamling, Sameer. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Kai Rodung’, Rodung.
Chamling, Harkman. 1997 [VS 2054]. Camling-Nepali-Angreji rflDnª, 6ns'df/L= ;=@)%%= ‘s'/\df kflt/f]F’, /f]b'ª,
Shabdakosh [trilingual] Siliguri: Dilmaya Chamling. Chamling, Talkumari. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Kurma patirõ’, Rodung.
/fO{, hLjghLt= O{=@))^= ‘sf cfn] g5'ª ltG5'Oª;LO{’, lggfDdf, ^, !!, hgj/L rflDnª, ltns= ;=@)^$= ‘v]]v] a'ª’, cflbjf;L u'Ghg, !, !M @!=
@))^= Chamling, Tilak. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Khekhe bung’, Adivasi
Rai, Jivanjit. 2006. ‘Ka ale Nachhung tinchhuingsi’, Ninamma, 6, Gunjan, 1, 1: 21.
11, January 2006. rflDnª, t'n;L= ;=@)%)= ‘gfNn'df lt/]’, lnAh'eD' h', @, !–$M !#=
-----. O{=@))^= ‘Odf]ªf] /f]b'ª nf’, lggfDdf, ^, !), lb;Da/ @))^= Chamling, Tulasi. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Nalluma tire’, Libju-Bhumju,
-----. 2006. ‘Imongo Rodung la’, Ninamma, 6, 10, December 2006. 2, 1-4: 13.
' df] af]vfdf’, /f]b'ª=
rflDnª, sn+sL= ;=@)%%= ‘sO /f]bª rflDnª, pld{nf= ;=@)%%= ‘O6'ªdf Oaf]vf’, /f]b'ª,
Chamling, Kalanki. 1998 [VS 2005]. ‘Kai Rodungmo bokhama’, Chamling, Urmila. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Itungma ibokha’, Rodung.
Rodung. 'F f] Nofr'’, PnDa/, &M !@=
rflDnª–/fO{, lxdsnf= O{=@))^= ‘e'mG8} :o'Fªfgf n]ts
rflDnª, s'n/fh= ;=@)%!= ‘O;]ªf]’, rflDnªnf zf5fd\ vfDaftLd\, Chamling-Rai, Himkala. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Jhundai syungana
Chamling, Kulraj. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Isengo’, Chamlingla let+ko lyachu’, Yalambar, 7: 12.
Shachham Khambatim. -----. O{=@))#= ‘k'm8\8sf pD8’, onDa/, $M !!–!@=
] f;]’, dL kflIfs,
rflDnª ‘pbf;L’, vu]Gb|= ;=@)%#= ‘cf]:kO ld n]tª -----. 2003. ‘Phuddaka umda’, Yalambar, 4: 11-12.
Chamling 'Udasi', Khagendra. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Ospai mi -----. O{=@))$= ‘ldDdflbd’, onDa/, %M $#=
letengase’, Mee Pakshik. -----. 2004. ‘Mimmadim’, Yalambar, 5: 43.
rflDnª, dfljGb|= ;=@)^!= ‘Wo'vf/L a'lnd’, d'Gw'd -dfl;s_, !, !M @#= rflDnª–/fO{, Zofd= ;=@)%!= ‘rflDnª efiffsf s]xL zAbx¿’, l;l/h+uf, !, @,
Chamling, Mawindra. 2004 [2061]. ‘Dhyukhari bulim’, Mundhum @M *(–()=
Masik, 1, 1: 23. Chamling-Rai, Shyam. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Chamling bhasha kehi
rflDnª, k+rjL/= ;=@)%#= ‘/fSsf cfs'ªrfO;]’, dL kflIfs, shabda’, Sirijanga, 1, 2, 2: 89-90.
Chamling, Panchabir. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Rakka akungchaise’, Mee Pj6{, s/]g Pr= @))#= ‘Os'OEofnG6;\ cj\ ‘sGh'ul] 6e kfl6{l;kN;’ Og\ ls/fFtL
Pakshik, Nofªu'Olhh\ -OGSn'8;\ a]Nxf/] OUhfDkN;\_’= Og\ t]h cf/ sG;fsf/ / dfs{
-----. ;=@)%$= ‘o]gfgL jOgLRof]’, /f]b'ª, 6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyDh\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\=
-----. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Yenani bainichyo’, Rodung, sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8]nju{ / lqlj=
rflDnª, l/dGt= ;=@)%#= ‘ldgf a'nLd\ bf]:sf] bf]:sf]T/]’, dL kflIfs, Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in
-----. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Mina bulim dosko doskotre’, Mee Pakshik. Kiranti languages’ (includes Camling examples). In Tej R
-----. ;=@)%$= ‘gfd\ afgf xofKkf9O’, /f]b'ª, Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan
-----. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Nam bana hyappaidhai’, Rodung. Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia Institute,
-----. ;=@)%%= ‘ldv|'dO\ ;]] aOgLRof]’, /f]b'ª, Heidelberg and TU.
-----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Mikhrumise bainichyo’, Rodung. -----. 2000. Camling Texts and Glossary. Müchen: Lincom Europa.
rflDnª, Cks'df/= ;=@)%#= ‘v'?K;Ld] cf;f]’, dL kflIfs, -----. O{=!((&aL= rflDnª -Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ b jN8{÷dl6cl/cNh' !)#_=
Chamling, Ripkumar. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Khurupsime aso’, Mee d'rg] –Go"Sof;nM lnGsf]d o'/f]kf=
Pakshik. -----. 1997b. Camling (Chamling) [Languages of the
rflDnª, ;x;|f= ;=@)%%= ‘ldgLo]gf]’, /f]b'ª, World/Materials 103]. Müchen-Newcastle: Lincom Europa.
Chamling, Sahasra. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Miniyeno’, Rodung.

|| 363 || || 364 ||
-----. O{=!((#aL= ‘OGe;{ slGkmu/];g Og\ rflDnª ofG8 5'SrL’, cf/a]O:kflkP/= Rai, Bakhat. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Limlimma’, Chamlingla Shachham
h'l/vM ;]ldgf/ k'm/ cfNh]dOg :k|frlj:;]g;fk\m6= Khambatim,
-----. 1993b. ‘Inverse configuration in Chamling and Chukchi’, /fO{ -ofn'ª5f_, aofg P;= ;+=@)%(= rflDnª lbd\ lrDxfnfa]jf -rflDnª–
Arbeitspapier. Zurich: Seminar fur Allgemeine g]kfnL zAbsf]z_= sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svfsf nflu x]ds'df/L
Sprachwissenschaft. rflDnª–/fO{=
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ = Rai (Yalungcha), Bayan S. 2003 [VS 2059]. Chamling Dim
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg= Chimhalabewa (Chamling-Nepali Dictionary). Kathmandu:
Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste Hem Kumari Chamling-Rai on behalf of Kirat Rai Yayokkha.
Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of -----. ;=@)%^= ‘b'ª n]d;L tf/fa'ª tfnL;fsf] <’, /fli6«o efiffsf sljtf
Indigenous Nationalities. ;+ufnf]= sf7dfG8"M /fli6«o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt=
Sjf;'ª5f–rflDnª, aL=aL= O{=!((^= OnfM rflDnª zAb;+u|x= l;lSsdM -----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Dung lemsi tarabung talisako?’, Rastriya
n]vs= Bhashaka Kavita Sangalo. Kathmandu: Rastriya Janajati
Kwasungcha-Chamling, BB.1996. Ila: A Collected Glossary of Vikash Samiti.
Camling. Sikkim: Author. -----. ;=@)^!= ‘l5l/gfd\ ªf] lwl/gfd\’, rflDnª, !, !M !)–!@=
vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !,!M -----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Chhirinam ngo dhirinam’, Chamling, 1, 1:
#(–$@= 10-12.
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha -----. O{=@))$= ‘ls/fFt /fO{ rflDnª efiff’, onDa/, %M @&===
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42. -----. 2004. ‘Kirat Rai Chamling bhasha’, Yalambar, 5: 27‘
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x= -----. ;=@)%^= ‘rflDnª rf/L ;fs]nf’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !!M @(–#!=
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf= -----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Chamling chari sakela’, Libju-Bhumju, 8,
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka 1, 11: 29-31.
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai /fO{, Affuwg= ;=@)^!= ‘ls/fFt /fhf /f]bL xf]F’, rflDnª, !, !M @&=
Yayokkha. Rai, Bahdhan. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Kirat raja rodi hõ’, Chamling, 1,
ls/fof= ;=@)%(= ‘vf]6fª lbSt]n If]qsf rflDnª /fO{x¿sf] ;+:sf/ tyf 1: 27.
;F:s[ltsf ljlwx¿’, lgK;'ª, (, !&M $–&= /fO{, eQm= ;=@)^!= ‘bf];f]gf n'lGbP’, rflDnª, !, !M !%=
Kiraya. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Khotang Diktel kshetraka Chamling Rai, Bhakta. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Dosona lundie’, Chamling, 1, 1: 15.
Raiharuko sanskar tatha sanskritika bibidhiharu’, Nipsung, 9, /fO{, efUojtL= ;=@)^!= ‘a'G5/ 5fd\’, rflDnª, !, !M #)=
17: 4-7. Rai, Bhagyawati. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Bunchhar chham’, Chamling,
ls/fFt–rflDnª, rGb|= ;=@)%#= ‘tofF 5]s'd] /f]b'ªRop’, dL kflIfs, 1, 1: 30.
Kirat-Chamling, Chandra. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Tayan chhekume /fO{, lblnk= ;=@)%%= ‘nfa]t'df’÷lr7L, lnAh'–e'Dh', &, @, (M @%–@^=
Rodungchyau’, Mee Pakshik, /fO{, lbk]Gb|= ;=@)^!= ‘ª'O8fdL ;fDnfdf’, rflDnª, !, !M #)=
-----. ;=@)%^= ‘/f]b'ª 6'ªdfbf’, dL kflIfs, Rai, Dipendra. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Nguidami samlama’, Chamling,
-----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Rodung tungmada’, Mee Pakshik, 1, 1: 30.
kf]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb= ;=@)^!= ‘rflDnª efiffsf] j0f{dfnf / b]jgfu/L lnlkdf /fO{ -oFltD5f_, u8'ndfg= ;=@)^!= ‘tFjfdf lvofdf / /5fs'n]df] x;'ª afof’,
To;sf] cfn]vg’, rflDnª, !, !M &= rfdlnª !, !M @%=
Pokharel, MP. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Chamling bhashako varnamala ra Rai (Ye˜timchha), Gadulman. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Tawama Khiyama
Devanagari lipima tyesko alekhan’, Chamling, 1, 1: 7. ra Rachhakulemo hasung baya’, Chamling, 1, 1: 30.
/fO{, avt= ;=@)%!= ‘lnlDnDdf’, rflDnªnf zf5fd\ vfDaftLd\, /fO{, lxdfnwg= ;=@)^!= ‘d'Gw'd Ps ljxª\ud b[li6’, rflDnª, !, !M !@–!#=

|| 365 || || 366 ||
Rai, Himaldhan. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Mundham ek bihangam dristi’, Paper presented in the 23rd Annual Conference of the
Chamling, 1, 1: 12-13. Linguistic Society of Nepal, Kirtipur, 26-27 November.
/fO{, hgs= ;=@)^!= ‘5Os'dfnO ?ª5’, rflDnª, !, !M !*= -----. ;=@)^!= ‘tkfO{+ ;dfj]zLdf x'g'xG' 5 ls x'g'xG' g <’, rflDnª !, !M @*=
Rai, Janak. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Chaikumalai rungchha’, Chamling, -----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Tapain samabeshima hunuhunchha ki
1, 1: 18. hunuhunna ?’, Chamling, 1, 1: 28.
/fO{, ho ;dz]/= ;=@)%#= ‘5fd\dd' f’, dL kflIfs, -----.;=@)^@= ‘;dfj]zL tTjM /fO{ ls/fFtLx¿sf] eflifs ;Tj’, rflDnª, @, @–
Rai, Jaya Samsher. 1996 [VS 2053]. ‘Chhammuma’, Mee Pakshik, $M @@–@#=
/fO{, hLt= ;=@)^!= ‘v'lK;g]gf 5fr]p’, rflDnª, !, !M #(= -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Samabeshi tatwa: Rai Kirantiharuko bhasik
Rai, Jit. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Khupsanena chhacheu’, Chamling, 1, 1: satwo’, Chamling, 2, 2-4: 22-23.
39. ] lszf]/, lji0f', 6+s / jfub]jL /fO{ -;Dkf=_=O{=@))&= rflDnª–g]kfnL–
/fO{, gf]jn
/fO{, hLtdfg= ;=@)^!= ‘pD5'ª\’, rflDnª, !, !M !*= cªu|]hL zAbsf]z= sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt rflDnª /fO{ l8S;G/L ofG8 u|ofd/
Rai, Jitman. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Umchhung’, Chamling, 1, 1: 18. /fOl6ª sld6L @)%*=
/fO{ -ofn'ª_, hLtdfg= ;=@)^!= ls/fFt–d+uf]n–vDa"–/fO{ rflDn–ªofn'ªM Rai, Novel Kishor, Vishnu, Tanka Bagdevi Rai (eds.). 2007 [VS
Oltxf; tyf j+zfjnL = ;'g;/LM ofn'ª5f j+zfjnL k|sfzg ;ldlt= 2064]. Chamling-Nepali-Angreji Shabadakosh. Kathmandu:
Rai, Kailash K. 1998. ‘Nepali ra Camling bhasha kriya padawaliko Kirat Chamling Rai Dictionary and Grammar Writing
tulanatmak addhyan’. M.A Thesis, Central Department of Committee 2058.
Nepali, TU, Kirtipur. /fO{, kv{gaxfb'/= @)^!-O{=@))$_= ls/fFt /fO{ rflDnª af8f5f -dfyf_ kl/jf/sf]
/fO{, hos'df/= ;=@)^!= ‘ls/fFt /fO{ hflt, wd{ / ;F:s[ltaf/] s]xL s'/f’, rflDnª j+zfjnL= sf7df8f}+M n]vs=
!, !M $&–$(= Rai, Parkhanbahadur. 2004 [VS 2061]. Kirat Rai Chamling
Rai, Jayakumar. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Kirat Rai jati, dharma ra Badacha (Matha) Pariwarko Vamshawali. Kathmandu:
sanskritibare kehi kura’, Chamling, 1, 1: 47-49. Author.
/fO{ -dfNofs'ª5f_, s[i0fs'df/= ;=@)^$= vf]lrlnkf= sf7dfG8"M pQ/s'df/ /fO{, k+rjL/= ;=@)%!= ‘vfDafOo]’, rflDnªnf zf5fd\ vfDaftLd\,=
rflDnª–/fO{= Rai, Panchabir. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Khambaie’, Chamlingla
Rai (Malyakungcha), Krishna K. 2007 [VS 2064]. Khochilipa. Shachham Khambatim,
Kathmandu: UK Chamling-Rai. /fO{, /fdk|;fb= O{=!((%= ‘g]kfnL / rflDnª efiffsf gfd kbfjnLsf] t'ngfTds
-----. ;=@)^!=kfkf dObOFkf= sf7dfG8"M /f]bª
' klAns]zg k|f=ln= cWoog’= PdP lyl;;, g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno,
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. Papa Maida"pa. Kathmandu: Rodung sLlt{k/' =
Publication Pvt Ltd. Rai, Ram P. 1995. ‘Nepali ra Camling bhashaka nam padawaliko
/fO{, dl0fs'df/= ;=@)%*= ‘Odf]’, lgK;'ª, *, !#M @*= tulanatmak addhyan’. M.A Thesis, Central Department of
Rai, Manikumar. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Imo’, Nipsung, 8, 13: 28. Nepali, TU, Kirtipur.
/fO{, gf]jnlszf]/= O{=@))@= ‘:k]O;n 8]OlS;;\ Og\ ;d ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\ /fO{, /fdwg -k|=;Dkf=_= @)^#= KnDxF5f bk{Gf= nlntk'/M KnDxF5f d}ofj'ª
-OGSn'8;\ afGtfjf, rflDnª, vflnª, y'n'ª, l5Gtfª, jfDa'n], h]?ª, ltDdfvf=
sf]oL, ;'gj' f/ / lnDa" OUhfDkN;\_’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\jG6Ly8{ ofg'cn Rai, Ramdhan. 2006 [VS 2063]. Plamhanchha Darpan. Lalitpur:
sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, sLlt{k/' , @^–@& Plamhanchha Maiyabung Timmakha.
gf]e]Da/= /fO{, /fd kL= @))) -<_= rflDnª Nofªu'Oh\M c ;f]l;cf]lnªu'Ol:6s k|fk] mfOn=
Rai, Novel K. 2002. ‘Spatial deixies in some Kiranti languages PdP lyl;;, ;]G6«n l8kf6{dG6 cj\ Oªlnz, 6Lo'=
(includes Bantawa, Camling, Khaling, Thulung, Chintang, Rai, Ram P. 2000 (?). Chamling Language: A Sociolinguistic
Wambule, Jerung, Koyee, Sunuwar and Limbu examples)’. Profile. MA Thesis, Central Department of English, TU.

|| 367 || || 368 ||
/fO{, ;ldtf= ;=@)%!= ‘rflDnª’, rflDnªnf zf5fd\ vfDaftLd\, -----. ;=@)^@= rflDnª efiffsf s]xL n]vsx¿ -efu !_= sf7dfG8"M /f]bª
'
Rai, Samita. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Chamling’, Chamlingla Shachham klAns];g k|f=ln=
Khambatim, -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. Chamling Bhashaka Kehi Kekhakharu
/fO{, ;j{wg= ;=@)^!= ‘?ªdfkfgf’, rflDnª !, !M $!= (Part 1). Kathmandu: Rodung Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Rai, Sarbadhan. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Rungmanpana’, Chamling, 1, 1: -----. ;=@)^@= ‘s]xL Jojxf/f]kof]uL efiffsf zAbx¿’, dL, !@, !M %=
41. -----. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Kehi vyabaharopayogi bhashaka
/fO{, zfGtLs'df/L= ;=@)^!= ‘dfD;'ª vf?’, rflDnª !, !M #)= shabdaharu’, Mee, 12, 1: 5.
Rai, Shantikumari. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Mamsung kharu’, Chamling, -----. ;=@)^)= rflDnª nf KNoLdf rOFvf 5fAnf -rflDnª efiff l;sfpg]
1, 1: 30. k':ts_= sf7dfG8"M o's] rflDnª–/fO{=
-----. -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^@= ldr'ª -n'ª– \ @_= sf7dfG8"M pbok'/] rflDnª -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. Chalming La Plima [Chamling bhasha
b\oLvfvf? vfDafToLd\sf nflu kbdf /fO{= sikaine pustak]. Kathmandu: UK Chamling-Rai.
-----. (ed.). 2005 [VS 2062]. Michung (Lung-2). Kathmandu: -----.;=@)^)= rflDnª nf bf];f]D;f KNoL;Lo -j}zfv _
Udayapre Chamling Dyikhakharu Khambatimka lagi Padma -----. -;+sns÷;Dkf_= ;=@)%*= a'ªfrL= sf7dfG8"M e"kfn /fO{=
Rai. -----. ;=@)%!= rflDnª /fO{ / rflDnª efiff = sf7dfG8"M SofK6]g k/z'/fd /fO{=
-----. -;Dkf=_ ;=@)^!= ldr'ª = sf7dfG8"M pbok'/] rflDnª b\oLvfvf? -----. 1994 [VS 2051]. Chamling Rai ra Camling bhasha.
vfDafToLd\sf nflu u]g /fO{= Kathmandu: Capt. Parsuram Rai.
-----. (ed.). 2004 [VS 2061]. Michung. Kathmandu: Udayapre -----. ;=@)%$= rflDnªnf rOFb'GrLo -rflDnª efiff l;sf}+_= sf7dfG7"M
Chamling Dyikhakharu Khambatimka lagi Gen Rai. pQ/s'df/ rflDnª=
-----. ;=@)^!= xOsfvfd = sf7dfG8"M kbdf /fO{= -----. 1997. Chamling La Chandunchiye [Chalming bhasha sika+].
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. Haikakham. Kathmandu: Padma Rai. -----. ;=@)%!= ‘sfF vfgfnO dOg]ªOg]’, rflDnªnf zf5fd\ vfDaftLd\,
-----. ;=@)%$= ‘dfvftfnO;f Odf]nf’, /f]b'ª= -----. ;=@)%!= rflDnª /fO{ / rflDnª efiff =
-----. 1997 [VS 2054]. ‘Makhatalaisa imola’, Rodung. -----. ;=@)%!= 5fd\rL lbd\rL=
/fO{, zfGtLs'df/L, ljho anDtfnL / bLk]Gb| rflDnª–/fO{ -;Dkf=_= ;=@)^#= -----. -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%!= rflDnª nf zf5fd\ vfDafltd\ =
ldr'ª -n'ª–\ #_= sf7dfG8"M pbok'/] rflDnª b\oLvfvf? vfDafToLd\sf -----. ;=@)$$= rflDnª nf -df3_
nflu d+un /fO{= -----. ;=@)$@= rflDnª nf=
Rai, Shantikumari, Bijaya Balamtali and Deependra Chamling-Rai -----. O{=!(*)= lk5fa'ªfrL -gf]eD] a/_
(eds.). 2006 [VS 2063]. Michung (Lung-3). Kathmandu:
/fO{, lty{;/] = ;=@)^!= ‘gfdfjfªf] 5flAbsf] ls5flAbdf’, rflDnª !, !M $!=
Udayapre Chamling Dyikhakharu Khambatimka lagi Mangal
Rai.
/fO{, lji0f' P;= O{=@))^= ‘Eoflgl;ª ef]O;]h\ Og\ g]kfn ofG8 b]c/ lk|he]{;g
/fO{, lzjxl/= ;=@)^@= r08L sf];n
] LM sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x= pbok'/M ls/fFt /fO{ -OGSn'8;\ rflDnª ofG8 k'df OUhfDkN;_’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b km:6
ofof]Svf= sª\u; |] cj\ kfj/ cj\ Nofªu'Oh, @@–@% dO{, j}+ss=
Rai, Shivahari. 2005 [VS 2062]. Chandi Koseli Kavita/Geet Rai, Vishnu S. 2006. ‘Vanishing voices in Nepal and their
Sangraha. Udayapur: Kirat Rai Yayokkha. preservation (includes Camling and Puma examples)’. Paper
presented in the First Congres of Power of Language, 22-25
/fO{ -dfNofs'ª5f_, 6+saxfb'/= ;=@)^@= rflDnª 5frfdf 5fAnf = sf7dfG8"M
May, Bangkok.
pQ/s'df/ /fO{= -----. O{=@))#= 8]l:qmlK6e u|ofd/ cj\ rflDnª= ck|sflzt 8S6/ lyl;;=
Rai (Malyakungcha), Tank B. 2005 [VS 2062]. Chandi Koseli
Kavita/Geet Sangraha. Kathmandu: Uttarkumar Rai.
n]O8g o'lgel;{6L=
-----. 2003. Descriptive Grammar of Camling. Unpublished PhD
Thesis, Leiden University.
|| 369 || || 370 ||
-----. O{=!(((= lgu];g Og\ b rflDnª Nofªu'Oh= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b lkmk\my and 12th Himalayan Language Symposium, 26-28
lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ l;Dkf]lhod, !#–!% l;tDa/= November.
-----. 1999. Negation in the Chamling language. Paper presented in -----. O{=@))^= ‘lgu]l6efOh]O;g Og\ ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' l/lelhl68’, g]lKnh
the 5th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 13-15 September. lnªu'Ol:6S;\, @@M #@^–#$#=
-----. ;=@)%@= ‘rflDnª efiffM Ps kl/ro’ -aofg P;= /fO{åf/f rflDnªdf -----. 2006. ‘Negativization in Kiranti-Rodung revisited’, Nepalese
cg'jfb_, ;okqL, !, !, !M @#–@%= Linguistics, 22: 326-343.
-----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Camling bhasha: Ek paricaya’ (Trans. into -----. O{=@))$= s]; dfs{;{\ Og\ ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' -rflDnª_= k]k/ lk|hG] 6]8 Og\ b
Camling by Bayan S. Yalungcha-Rai) Sayapatri, 1, 1, 1: 23- 6f]G6Ll;Sy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; ckm\ b lnª\uO' li6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn,
35. @^–@& gf]j]Dj/=
;]/fn'ª5f, 1fg= ;=@)%^= ‘Odf] bf];f]D;f lddLg]’, dL kflIfs= -----. 2004. Case markers in Kiranti-Rodung [C!mli']. Paper
Seralungcha, Gyan. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Imo dosomsa mimeene’, presented in the 26th Annual Conference of the Linguistic
Mee Pakshika. Society of Nepal, 26-27 November.
-----. ;=@)%%= ‘dLr' xf]s'd]’, dL kflIfs= -----. O{=@))$= ‘Snfl;kmfo;{ Og\ ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª\ -rflDnª\_’= k]k/ lk|hG] 6]8 Og\ b
-----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Meechu hokume’, Mee Pakshika. 6f]G6Llkmˆy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; ckm\ b lnª\uO' li6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn,
-----. ;=@)%$= ‘sO/f]b'ª emf/f v'DdfT/]’, /f]b'ª= l;gf;, lqe'jg o"lgel;{6L of6 lslt{k/' , @^–@& gf]j]Dj/=
-----. 1997 [VS 2057]. ‘Kai Rodung jhhara khummatre’, Rodung. -----. 2005. ‘Classifiers in Kir!nti-Rodung [Camli']’. In Yogendra
;]/fn'ª5f, /sd= ;=@)%%= ‘a'ªfjftf vf]lnbf’, /f]b'ª= Yadava et al (eds.). Contemporary Issues in Nepalese
Seralungcha, Rakam. 1998 [VS 2056]. ‘Imo dosomsa mimeene’, Linguistics. Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal. 253-
Mee Pakshika. 256.
zftf;s, Zfflns= ;=@)^!= ‘;fs]nf 5fd\’, rflDnª, !, !M #(= -----. ;=@)^!= ‘rflDnªlr v;g g]rfln ldlt/f’, rflDnª !, !M #)=
Shatasak, Shalik. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Sakela chham’, Camling, 1, 1: -----. 2004. ‘Tsamlingtsi khasana netsa mitira’, Camling (Baishakh
39. 2061), 1, 1: 31.
leG6/, e]/g/= O{=!(*%= dl6cl/cNh\ 6'jf8{;\ c l8S;G/L cj\ rflDnª -----. O{=@))$= ‘OS:Sn'l;le6L PG8 OGSn'l;le6L Og\ rflDnª\–/fO{’, g]lKnh
-rflDnª–Oªlnz / Oªlnz– rflDnª, a]:8 cg\ 8]O6f sn]lS68 afO lnª\u'Oli6S;\, @)M !!&– !@$=
wgk|;fb /fO{ ofG8 cb/ OGe]l:6u]6/;{ cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ g]kfn= -----. 2004. ‘Exclusivity and inclusivity in Chamling-Rai’,
lk|lnldg/L e;{g= s]OnM 6fOkl:qmK6= Nepalese Linguistics, 20: 117-124.
Winter, Werner. 1985. Materials Towards a Dictionary of -----. O{=@))#= ‘lgu]l6efOh]zg Og\ ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª\ l/lelh6L8’= k]k/ lk|hG] 6]8 of6
Chamling (Chamling-English and English-Chamling based on b 6f]G6Lkmf]y{ ofg'cn sGkm/]G; ckm\ b lnª\u'Oli6S;\ ;f];fO6L ckm\ g]kfn,
Dhan Prasad Rai and other investigators of the Linguistic ;]8f, lqe'jg o"lgel;{6L of6 lslt{k/' , @^–@& gf]j]Dj/=
Survey of Nepal. Preliminary version. Keil: Typescript.
-----. O{=@))@= ‘OS:Sn'l;le6L PG8 OGSn'l;le6L Og rflDnª\–/fO{’= k]k/
ofn'ª5f, Jffu–cfofUofdL= O{=@))^= df]kmf]{l;dflG6S;\ cj\ ls/fFtL /f]bª ' lk|hG] 6]8 of6 b 6f]G6Ly8{ ofg'cn sGkm/]G; ckm\ b lnª\uO' li6S;\ ;f];fO6L
Snfgf]lgDh\= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\jG6L;]eG] y ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b ckm\ g]kfn, ;]8f, lqe'jg o"lgel;{6L of6 sLlt{k/' , @^–@& gf]jD] j/=
lnª\uO' li6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn ofG8 6'jN] y lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh\ -----. ;=@)%(= ‘ldgf’, lnAh' e'Dh' , !!, @, @@M ^#=
l;Dkf]lhPd, @^–@* gf]j]Dj/= -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Mina’, Libju-Bhumju. 11, 2, 22: 63.
Yalungcha, Bag-Ayagyami. 2006. Morpho-semantics of -----. ;=@)%(= ‘tof nfd’, lnAh' e'Dh' , !!, !, @!M $%=
Kir!nti-Rodung clanonyms. Paper presented in the 27th -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘taya lam’, Libju-Bhumju. 11, 1, 21: 45.
Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal -----. O{=@))!= ‘c df]kmf]{nf]lhsn :68L ckm\ rflDnª\’= PdP lyl;;, ;]G6«n
l8kf6{dG6 ckm\ lnª\uO' li6S;\, lqe'jg o'lgel;{6L of6 lslt{k/' =
|| 371 || || 372 ||
-----. 2001. A Morphological study of Camling. MA Thesis,
Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuwan University. @=@@ ls/fFtL–;fDkfª (Kiranti-Sampang)
-----. 1991. ‘Camling word lists’, Himalaya (October-December),
1, 1.
-----. O{=!(($= ‘b'ª\’, rflDnª\ nf ;f5fd vfDafltd, !,!M k]h===
-----. 1994. ‘Dung’, Chamling La Sachham Khambatim, 1,1. @=@@=) kl/ro (Introduction)
-----. O{=!(($= ‘nfd\’, sljtf–%)M (^–(*= ls/fFtL–;fDkfªx¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ ;fDkfª u'ª\ -;fDkfª–/fO{
-----. 1994. ‘Lam’, Kavita, 50: 96-98. ;=@)^@M !)$_ eGb5g\ . klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] u'ª zAbnfO{ j}slNks gfddf
-----. O{=!((!= ‘rflDnª\ j8{ ln:6;\’, lxdfno -cS6f]a/ l8;]Da/_, !,!: k]h=== ;fªkfª lug\ (Sangpang Gîn)! ;fªkfª u'g (Sangpang Gun) / ;fªkfª
-----. O{=!((!= ‘sofFbf’, n]Gd's, !,@M k]h=== vf (Sangpang Kha) klg htfPsf 5g\ .
-----. 1990. ‘Kayãda’, Lenmuk, 1, 2.
-----. ;=@)$*= ‘rflDnª zAbfjnL’, lxdfno, !, !, #M ^$–^%= pgLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ efn' (Bhalu), xfn'Da'ª (Halumbung), vftf{D5]{
-----. 1991 [VS 2048]. ‘Chamling shabdawali’, Himalaya, 1, 1, 3: (Khartamche) kmfnL (Phali), ;fdf?ª (Samarung), tfgf (Tana), tfªu]R5f
64-65. (Tongeccha) / jfS5fnL (Wakchali) klg eGg ?rfpg] efiffljb\x¿n]
ofn'ª5\ f, Jffub]jL / nfn /fkrf= O{=!(((= ‘6jfdf, lvofdf ªf] vr]lnKkfdf] hgfPsf 5g\ . oL ;a} j}slNks gfdx¿nfO{ eflifsf eg]/ klg hgfOPsf] 5 . oxfF
rflDnª\ ToflQ’, ;okqL -clk|n l;tDa/_ %, !M !&–@%= vftf{D5]{ zAbr}F vftf{D5faf6 v;Ls[t ePsf] zAb xf] . o;sf] vf; eflifsfr}F
-----.1999 [VS 2057]. ‘Twama Khiyama ngo Khachelippamo s'8fs g} xf] . sltko ;Daf]wg gfdx¿ :yfggfd÷6f]kf]lgd (toponym), t/
Chamling Tyatti’, Sayapatri (April- September) 5, 1:17-25. cfk\mg} dft[efiffdf_ df klg kfOPsf] 5 . s'n'ª -x]g"{ @=!@ klg_ h:t} ef]hk'/sf]
jfnfnL, ;fdlnª= ;=@)#&= ‘Wo'vfl/kfdf] lbd\’, ;Ld\ 5fd\ -ebf} @)#&_= ;fDkfª klg 6f]kf]OYgf]lgd (topoethnonym) xf] . o;n] s] hgfpFb5 eg] ls/fFtL
Walali, Samling. 1980 [VS 2037]. ‘Dhyukharipamo dim’, Sim hflt -hf] ljleGg sfnvG8x¿df ljleGg eflifs ;Dk|bfodf ljeflht eP_ g}
Chham (August 1980). oxfFsf cflb cgflb e"ldk'qx¿ x'g\ .
*************************** pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd(exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' x'g] xf]8df cfk\mgf]
df}lnstf ;fDkfªnfO{ 5f8]/ gSsn ub}{ j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] .
dfem ls/fFtsf k|foM ;a} ls/fFtL a"9fkfsfnfO{ klg of] s'/f yfxf 5 . vfkf{sf
xl/gGb kfWof–kf]v/]n / ?Dhf6f/sf lqnf]rg kfWof–kf]v/]nn] pklgj]z cf}
lj:tf/jfbL k[gfzfnfO{ s'6g}lts, nf]lhl:6S;\ tyf cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofP/ dfem
ls/fFt /fHosf] ktg u/fPkZrft\ of] b'bz{ f z'? ePsf] xf] . tyflk of] ;do eGbf
klxn] klg of] ‘/fO{’ zAb cl:tTjdf ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] t 5 t/ cflbjf;L
e"ldk'q hfltsf] ?kdf eg] xf]Og . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg >/fo-f_
‘/fhf’ df 5 . pgLx¿ klg dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba)
leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf]
5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL
(synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf]
;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_
nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .

|| 373 || || 374 ||
jt{dfgdf pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] ;+:yf ls/fFtL–;fDkfª pTyfg ;+3df cfj4
eO{ efiff, ;F:s[lt cflbsf] pTyfg sfo{df h'6]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] wfld{s ljlw
ls/fFtL–/f]b'ªsf] h:t} l/l;of af6 x'G5 eg] o;nfO{ tofdL / gf]S5'ªx¿n]
k|of]udf Nofpg] ub{5g\ . vlrlnKk'sf] k|;ª\u -t'n= cWofo $ df /fkrf @)^#_
pgLx¿sf] k'vf{sf] ?kdf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . vftf{D5f af;kfgLsf jStfx¿ o' wf];L
vftf egL cfk\mgf] efiffdf eGb5g\ . o;df wf];L ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' / vftf
ls/fFtL–/f]b'ªdf klg k|of]u x'G5 .
pgLx¿sf] efiffj[l4sf] s'/f sf]§fpg' kbf{ af;kfgLdf Ps hgf ls/fFtL–
ofSy'ª ;fDkfªsf]df 3/HjfOF a;]sf] / clxn] !@–!# 3/df j[l4 ePsf 5g\ .
clg cfh pgLx¿ klg ls/fFtL–;fDkfª efifL g} ePsf 83 5g\ . ;f/f ls/fFtL–
;fDkfªx¿ c? ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ h:t} ;'t'n'ªn \ fO{ g} cfk\mgf] wd{sf]
k|tLs dfGb5g\ . of] ;''t'n'ª\ zAbnfO{ c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df ;'Kt'n'ª, x'On'ª,
k'mNn'ª cflb gfdn] k'sfl/G5 . pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] ;[li6stf{sf] ?kdf ?dfxfª /
gfo'Dd -t'n=vu]Gb| ;fDkfª ;=@)^@M !$(_ nfO{ dfGb5g\ .
@=@@=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution) -gSzf g+=@=@# XXIII: ;fDkfª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !##_
tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] k|fylds lzS5fsf]nflu @=@@=@ jStf;+Vof / y/x¿ (Speakers and their ethno-
s]Gb| eg]/ vftf{D5f ufpF, vf]6fª lhNnfnfO{ k|:tfljt u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] klg
clanonyms, moities)
vftf{D5f ufpF g} ls/fFtL–;fDkfª efifLx¿sf] 3gf j:tL ePsf] ufpF xf] eGg] ;+st]
lbG5 . vftf{D5f afx]s af:kfgL, kft]vf, k]mbL, lbªnf, kf]v/] / vfkf{ -x]g"{ gSzf l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ of] dft[efiffsf jStfx¿ !) xhf/ & ;o (&
g+=@=@# XXIII klg_ lt/ klg of] efiff af]lnG5 . o;/L g} w/fg, Onfd, sf7dfG8" -!),*!) klg elgPsf]_ 5g\ . o;sf jStf y/ jf Snfgf]lgdx¿ b|-b_fD/]jf
/ t/fO{sf s]xL efux¿df klg of] efiffsf] w'sw'sL rNb}5 . af]of–$, ef]hk'/ df -h:t}M clwjStf /fdgfy /fO{_, afxn's, afnL, a'Nt-6_Ld -Ö a'nvftf ‘7':s]/
klg ls/fFtL–;fDkfªx¿sf] !)–!% 3/ 5 84 t/ dft[efiffsf] eg] t]tL /fd|f] l:ylt a:g]’ h:t}M kqsf/ tyf sDo'lgs]O;g clkm;/ k"0f{ ;fDkfª–/fO{, ltDdf, ef]hk'/ý
5}g . pgLx¿sf] cfk\mgf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] afx]s a;fOF ;/fOsf] 5]qdf efiff l/6G;g pgL ;fDkfª eGbf ls/fjf dft[efifL /x]5g\ 85 _, af]of]ª, rflDnª -;fDkfªdf
clt g} sd 5 elgPsf] 5 . s'g} 5]qdf pgLx¿ ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' jStf / s'g}df rflDnª < xfd|f] k|Zg_ r]bkL, bD/]jf -<bfD/]jf, bfD/fjf_, bfD?ª, lbNkfnL,
ls/fFtL–ls/fjf jStf eO{ ;s]sf] ;+st] ldn]sf] 5 . vf]6fªsf] pQ/k"j{ ;fDkfª b'dfªrf -b'ªdf]rf <_, b'dLk'ª, b'D/]a'ª, xrfdf]/f, xlbs'ª, lx/xfª, x'jltDt'ª,
vf]nflt/ tfkvf]nfsf] k"j{ / rfdf]jfsf] j/k/ g} of] efiffsf] d"n ynf] xf] . x'ªrfªd/, sf/tfDrf, vf]nfkf5f -x]g"{ xs{dfg rflDnª O{=!((&M !%)_, lsk§]
-Snfgf]lgd geP/ lsk6 zAbaf6 agfPsf] ljz]ifg, xfd|f] gf]6_, d'nx' fªrf,
gfDn'xfªrf, g]jfxfª -;fDkfªdf g]jfxfª < xfd|f] k|Zg_, kªn'ªu] -x]g"{

85
83
of] pgL;Fu @^ gf]e]Da/ @))& ;f]daf/sf lbg PnP;Pg -lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\
of] ;"rgf jfnk|;fb / lg/ ;fDkfª–/fO{;uF & sflQs ^#, d+unjf/sf lbg ePsf] g]kfn_ sf] jflif{s sGkm/]G;, ;]8f sLlt{k/' df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t
JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . ;"rgf xf] . pgsf cg';f/ ef]hk'/df st} st} dfQ} /f]b'ª efiff af]lnG5 / k|foM c?
84
of] ;"rgf /fdgfy b|-b_fD/]jf–;fªkfª–/fO{ -hf] clwjStf x'g\ / pgnfO{ cfk\mgf] ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfosf jStfx? klg ls/fFtL–ls/fjf jf afGtfjf g} efiff af]N5g\ .
dft[efiff cfpFb}g_ ;Fu !) c;f/ @)^#, zlgjf/ ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t jt{dfg jf gj/fh sf]o" klg o;sf pbfx/g x'g\ . o;} sf/gn] ubf{ ljutdf /
5 . of] lbg OGb| yfD/f]rf–afc\o'ªsf] v'nfdGrdf rf]df]nª ' df cf/f]xg u/]sf] jt{dfgdf klg ls/fjf jStfx?n] ls/fFtLsf c? jStfx?dfly lnªu'Ol:6s lxh]dgL
pknS5]df rf/} ls/fFt ;+:yfåf/f cfof]hgf ul/Psf] clegGbg sfo{qmd lyof] . (linguistic hegemony) Jojxf/df Nofpg] k|of; u/]sf] x'g' k5{ .
|| 375 || || 376 ||
d]jfxfªdf nuL /fv]sf 5f}+_, lkTqfª, kf]S/]nL, k'cfnfª, /bsf];fª, /fgf-f]xF_ @=@@=% kf7\o;fdu|L÷k':ts (Pedagogical materials/textbooks)
-ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' df kfOg] Snfgf]lgd /fgf]xf]F5f_, /Gbf]rf, /jfnL, /f]jfªsfd, ;fdf/L, kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] 5]qdf klg kfljs], eQmk'/nfO{ pl5Gb} s]xL k|of;x¿
;fdf?ª -;df?ª Ö ‘/f]uL h:t} eP/ j:g]’_, ;fD;u]Daf, tfqm]af, tDdfªrf, ePsf 5g\ . xfdLn] e]6]sf tL ;fdu|Lx¿df !=ls/fFt /fO{ ;fDkfª u'ª -;=@)^!_,
tf]G/]ka' f/fd'vL, tf]G/]kf5f, lj;flD;ª, oªlsd -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()(_, @=ls/fFt ;fDkfª /fO{ ;Grf/ lgb]{lzsf -;=@)^$_, #=;fDkfª u'ªld lv;frL
afgf -h:t}M l;kLl8kLls cg';Gwftf ;xfos sdnf ;fDkfª–/fO{_, efNdf pmqf ;fDkfª / tf/fhª ;fDkfª ;=@)^@_, $=5fAdfs sfkL !, @ -;fDkfª /fO{
-h:t}M /d]z ufpFn] slj tyf n]vssf] kf5f_, /fgf]x5F f ->/fgf_-ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' df js{ a's ;=@)^@_, -;=@)^$_, %=;fDkfª u'ªlk g]dfnf] 5fAdf r]dfs lstfk !,
kfOg] Snfgf]lgd /fgf]xf]F5f_, /]K;f]gf -a'tfª, tfDnfM l5lth /]K;f]gf efOsf] cfdfsf] @ -pmqf ;fDkfª /fO{ / tf/fhª ;fDkfª /fO{ ;=@)^@_, ^=g"jftfof -pmqf ;fDkfª
/ ah'sf] kf5f_, tfldxf dfSkfnL -af;kfgL vf]6fª / ah'sf] kf5fM bfD/fjf cGo /fO{ ;=@)^#_, &=;fDkfª /fO{ efiffsf] k':ts’ -clUg a'lNtª–;fDkfª ;=@)^@M
;fdf?ªs, tf]l/xF-fF_, dfG8'kf, g'dx] fª, lbn'ª;f, 5fDn'ª, tf]dLxF, /fb'v' ->/bv' ^)_ cflb g} d'Vo x'g\ .
ÖcfD/t'O ‘tfst ePsf] jf3 dfg]{ dfG5]’_ cflb g} x'g\ .
@=@@=^ ;|Ao–b[io Sof;]6 (Audio-visual cassettes)
;dsfnLg cWoog cg';f/ pgLx¿df tf]/Lxfª, tf]dLxfª ->tf]dLxF_, efiff arfpg] k|of;df ofof]Svfsf] :ofd'gfnfO{ pl5Gb} efiff jStfx¿
afx|dv' Lx¿df pky/÷uf]q h:t}M a'Skf5f / a'ªvfdf÷Nxf;f uf]]q -x]g"{ /fO{ @)^#M cfk}+mn] ;'lDnl/b'd\ -cl8of] ;L8L–uLt ;+ux| , ;=@)^$_ nfO{ /]sl8{ªdf
$^_, kfªvfª -h:t}M 8f=/fdrGb| ;fDkfª–/fO{_ / ;f/fn'ª ->;df?ª Ö ;df Ö Nofpg'nfO{ ;fxl;s sfo{ gdfgL x'Fbg} . o;df s] slt uLtx¿ 5g\ eGg] s'/fdfr}F
/f]u ‘/f]uL h:t} eP/ j:g'’_ Snfgf]lgdx¿ kfOPsf] 5 . xfdL cgleUoF g} 5f}+ . xfdLn] z+s/ ;fDkfªnfO{ kmf]gdfk{mt ;f] ;fdu|L cg'/f]w ubf{
@=@@=# eflifs ljz]iftf (linguistic features) Jo'l/cf]qml6s l8dfG8 /fv]sf]n] xfdLn] ;f] k]mnf kfg{ eg] c;kmn g} /Åof}+ .
ls/fFtL–;fDkfªdf klg c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} Psjrg, låjrg xfdLnfO{ Tof] Sof;]6 pknAw gu/fP klg z+s/ ;fDkfª cfk}+mn] eg] s]xL jif{ cl3
/ ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf 5 . ls/fFtL efiffx¿dWo]sf] Ps ePsf]n] o;df g]kfnsf ls/fFtx¿ eGg] k'l:tsf k|sfzgdf NofO;s]sf 5g\ .
k|fg] f]ldgfnfOh]O;g ljz]iftf / t];df klg sDKn]S; k|fg] f]ldgfnfOh]O;g 5 . @=@@=& k'm6s/ sljtfx¿ (Individual poems)
lqmofsf] lqmbGt ?k jf OlGkmlgl6e dfs{/ –df g} xf] . h:t}M pgLx¿ klg c? l;h{gfTds n]vg / t];df klg sljtflt/ t]tL w]/} snd grn]sf] eP
ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿n] h:t} ;efg]sf] vfg' lqmofnfO{ rfdf g} eGb5g\ . /]g] klg xfdLn] s]xL sljtfr}F k]mnf kf/]sf 5f}+ . tL hfHhNodfg sljx¿df
x'O:dG;\n] of] efiffdf cfk\mgf] kLPr8L cWoog hf/L /fv]sf]n] o;sf] Jofs/gsf] !=‘l5tfg'd’\ -cUgL ;fDkfª–/fO{ ;=@)%(M ^$_, @=‘x]R5fs'jf’ -sLlt{dfg /fO{
?k/]vf cfpg afFsL 5 . vu]Gb| ;fDkfª h:tf :jb]zL cg';Gwftfsf] Jofs/gx¿ ‘lgbf]ifL{’ ;=@)%(M ^$_, #=‘gfkLª t'df5L s] /f]b'ª 5fr]p’ -g/ ;fDkfª
klg k|sfzgdf cfpg g} afFsL 5 . ;=@)$#_, $=‘h}ld :jfoQtf’ -b]ps'df/L ;fDkfª ;=@)^$M #*–(_ cflb g} x'g\ .
@=@@=$ zJbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary) cfh;Dd xfdLn] pgLx¿sf] s'g} kqklqsfx¿ k]mnf kfg{ g;s]sf]n] klg c?
t]:tf sljtfx¿ oxfF pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . cfzf 5 vftf{D5f psfnL r9\b}
of] efiffsf] zAbsf]z n]vgdf eg] s]xL ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzgdf cfPsf x'g' k5{ .
5g\ . ljb]zL / :jb]zL n]lS;sf]uk| m/x¿ b]vf kg]{ qmddf != ;fDkfª cfwf/e"t
zAbsf]z u'ª -tf/fh+u ;fDkfª / enfsfhL ;fDkfª ;=@)^!, ls/0f lnlk klg @=@@=* wfld{s÷;fF:s[lts k':ts÷n]vx¿ (Religious/cultural
elgPsf] -unt lxHh] < xfd|f] k|Zg_, d]h/ dfg ;fDkfª, sflGtk'/, !! ;fpg books/compositions)
@)^!, ;f]djf/ @^ h'nfO{ @))$_, @=c sG;fO; n]lS;sf]g cj\ ;fDkfª /fO{ of] 5]qdf snd rnfpg] Pp6} w|'jtf/f eg]sf vu]Gb| ;fDkfª g} x'g\ .
;fDkfª–g]kfnL–Oªlnz -jª o'Pg n'ª O{=@))^_, #=ls/fFt vDa' ;fDkfª /fO{MM xfd|f] vf]hn] t]xL b]vfPsf] 5 . tL vu]Gb| w|'jtf/fn] n]vs
] f] n]vdf ‘ls/fFt
;+lIfKt kl/ro -g]kfnL–;fDkfª–Oªlnz zJbfjnL;lxt, vu]Gb| ;fDkfª–/fO{ ;fDkfª–/fO{sf] wfld{s ;+:sf/’ -;=@)^#M @!–@$_ g} klxnf] xf] . c? xfdLn]
;=@)^@_, $=g]kfnsf cflbjf;L tyf ls/fFt ;fDkfª–/fO{M efiffsf] ;+lIfKt e]6sf 5}gf}+ .
kl/ro -g]kfnL–;fDkfª zJbfjnL;lxt, eSt / sfhLdfg /fO{ ;=@)^$_ cflb g}
x'g\ . oL ;fdu|Ln] efiffsf] cl:tTjnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ .

|| 377 || || 378 ||
@=@@=( efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies) #(=OGdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=rjf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogsf] 5]qdf eg] ljb]zL efiffljb\sf] g} gfd cl3 $!=6fg÷tF -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=xfsL -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
cfpF5 . t]:tf cWoogx¿df ‘c :k];Ld]g ckm b ;fDkfª 8fon]S6’ -P;Pg $#=sªf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]df -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
jNkm]G8]g O{=!((#_, ‘b ;fDkfª j8{ ofS;]G6M kmf]gl] 6s l/ofnfOh]O;g ofG8 $%=bªs'/h \ f -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=lªdf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
kmf]gf]nf]lhsn kmª;g’ -/]g] x'O:dG;\ O{=@))^_ / /]g] x'O:dG;\s} kLPr8L cWoog $&=ajf -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=lwdf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
sfo{ g} xf] . w|'jtf/f vu]Gb| of] sfdlt/ klg rDsg' k5{ egL xfdL xfd|f ls/fFtL $(=n'ªdf -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=dfOkf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
k'vf{x¿;Fu k|fy{gf ul//x]sf 5f}+ . %!=;' -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=jf5f -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
@=@@=!) ls/fFtL–;fDkfª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Sampang %#=b'df] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
sample wordlist) %%=e'/L -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=ªf] -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] %&=;]lGb -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=g'ª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . %(=kO -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)= === -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M $#–$%_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z ^!=;]kf -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gfa' -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} ^#=dfGt' -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=OTtf -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . ^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ldgf -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
!=emf/f -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=5'la -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash ^&=/+sl' dgfDn' -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xfnfnfk -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
#=xjf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=a -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly ^(=;fDa -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=k'kN' df] -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
%=9]Kkf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=5Fjf -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &!= === -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=nf]df -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
&=vdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dSr' -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black &#=vFdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=xf]jf -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
(=lxM -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=t'Da'? -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone &%=t'df -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=;fxf]s -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
!!=dk -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=ltdf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn &&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=r'lssf] -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
!#=dfd'n -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=r'ª -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold &(=lds'df -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=yª\kf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
!%=afOdf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die *!=;fª\ud] f -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
!&=xf]uf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink *#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=y]Ddf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!(=x;fsf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gfa -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *%=d]/L -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=df]sf] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
@!=;Kt] -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat *&=gsf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=cfgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
@#=lw -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=d' -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye *(=Nofd\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sF -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
@%=jfnk -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire (!=kf] -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lx;f -lqm_ ‘b'O{’ two
@&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat (#=nfDb'Ddf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=sjf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@(=lk/\df -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nF -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot (%=sfo]sf -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=oF -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
#!= === *-lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give (&=cDan -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=c;f -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
##=vfGgLsf] -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5bjf -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease ((=lddf5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=aa/Ldf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
#%=lds'n' -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=tF -gf_ ‘s];’ hair --------------
#&=x' -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=tvn -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head

|| 379 || || 380 ||
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= #!, ^), &! sf] ls/fFtL–;fDkfª zAbx¿ Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
ofSof]Svfs} ;+sngdf vfnL /x]sf]n] xfdLn] c? efiff jStfx¿nfO{ vf]h/] of] Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
k"/f ug]{ ;do kfPgf}+ . t];f] x'Fbf c? sltko efiffx¿df dft[efiff jStfx¿af6 Indigenous Nationalities.
8]O6f /]lS6kmfO u/] h:tf] oxfF Tof] sfd ;kmn x'g ;s]g . ;kmn ePsf] eP x'O:dG;\, /]g=] ld=g= b u|ofd/ cj\ ;fDkfª= kLPr8L lyl;;= o'lgel;{6L cj\
ls/fFtL–ofSvf -x]g"{ cWofo @=@% klg_ df h:tf] s/]S;g jf z'4f–z'4Lx¿ n]O8g, b g]b/NofG8h\=
cfpg ;Sg] jf eflifsfsf] g} ;Defjgf cj:o klg /xGYof] . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] Huysmans, René Baptist. 2006. ‘The Sampang word accent:
ls/fFtL–afo'ªdf klg xfdLn] of] ;d:of v]ks ] f 5f}+ . kNnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL– Phonetic realisation and phonological function’, in Roland
ofSy'ªdf eg] t]tL ;d:of cfO k/]g . Bielmeier and Felix Haller, eds., Himalayan Linguistics
and Beyond. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
@=@@=!! lgrf]8 (Conclusion) -----. forthcoming. The Grammmar of Sampang. PhD Thisis.
Univeristy of Leiden, The Netherlands.
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs afO;df k/]sf] ls/fFtL–
;fDkfª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us ] f 5f}+ . of] vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]nª
' df, !,!M
dft[efifL ;Dk|bfosf] cWoog cGt//fli6«o :t/df eO{ /x]sf] 5 . ;flxTosf] s]xL #(–$@=
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
ljwfdf snd rn]sf] e]l6of] . k'm6s/ sljtf 5]qdf klg b'O{ rf/ slj / ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
sjloqLx¿ pbfO/x]sf 5g\ . syf, n]v, pkGof;, lgjGw, ;+:d/g cflbdf vf; ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
pknAwL ePsf] kQf nfu]g . t]:t} kqklqsfdf Pp6} klg e]l6Pg . efiffj}Uoflgs sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
cWoogdf cGt//fli6«o efiffljb\x¿n] Jofs/g tyf cGo s]xL ;fdu|Lx¿ Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
k|sfzgdf NofPsf] kfOG5 . zAbsf]zdf cfznfUbf] k|of; ePsf] kfOof] . ;/sf/L Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
:t/df t]:tf] s'g} kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzg gePsf] eP klg of] efiffdf gLlh 5]qn] Yayokkha.
k|sfzgdf NofPsf kf7\ok':tsx¿ e]l6Psf 5g\ . o;sf] Hofb} glhssf] elugL /fO{, eSt / sfhLdfg /fO{= ;=@)^$= g]kfnsf cflbjf;L tyf ls/fFt ;fDkfª–/fO{M
efiff eg]sf] ls/fFtL–/f]bª' g} xf] eg] ls/fFtL–ls/fjf;Fu klg o;sf] s]xL efiffsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro -g]kfnL–;fDkfª zJbfjnL;lxt_= sf7dfG8"M
;fldKotf 5 . :jf8]z zAb;"lrdf (& k|ltzt zAbx¿ df}hb" 5g\ . ;/sf/L gLlt j+lrt ;d'bfosf nflu ;fdflhs sfo{qmd -P;lkl8;L_, g]kfn=
;s/fTds eof] eg] of] efiff afFRg]5 . Rai, Bhakta and Kajiman Rai. 2007 [VS 2064]. Nepalka Adivasi
tatha Kirat Sampang-Rai Bhashako Sankshipta Parichaya.
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography Kathmandu: SPDC, Nepal.
/fO{ -;fDkfª_, vu]Gb|= @)^#= ‘cflbjf;L ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf ljljw ;+:sf/x¿sf]
a'lNtª–;fDkfª, cUgL= ;=@)^@= ;fDkfª /fO{ efiffsf] k':ts= === ;+/If0f’, axfM hg{n, ##M $%–%^=
Bultim-Sampang, Agni. 2005 [VS 2062]. Sampang Rai bhashako Rai (Sampang), Khagendra. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Adivasi Kirant
pustak. ‘ Raiharuko vivida sanskarharuko sanrakshan’, Baha:
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘l5tfg'd’\ , lgK;'ª -rf}dfl;s_, (, !^M ^$= Journal, 3, 3: 45-56.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Chhitanum’, Nipsung, 9, 16: 64. -----. ;=@)^#= ‘ls/fFt ;fDkfª–/fO{sf] wfld{s ;+:sf/’, lgK;'ª, !#, @$M @!–
rflDnª, xs{dfg= O{=!((&= rflDnª–g]kfnL–cª\uh
|] L–zAbsf]z= l;nLu'9LM @$=
n]vs= -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Kirat Sampang-Raiko dharmik sanskar’,
Chamling, Harkaman. 1997 [VS 2054]. Chamling-Nepali-Angreji- Nipsung, 13, 24: 21-24.
shabdakosh, Siligadhi: Author. -----. ;=@)^@= ls/fFt vDa' ;fDkfª /fO{MM ;+lIfKt kl/ro -g]kfnL–;fDkfª–
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ = Oªlnz zJbfjnL;lxt_= nlntk'/M ls/fFt ;fDkfª–/fO{ pTyfg ;dfh=
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=

|| 381 || || 382 ||
-----. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Khambu Sampang Rai: Sangkshipta
parichaya (including Nepali-Sampang-English Glossary). @=@#= ls/fFtL–ltn'ª (Kiranti-Tilung)
Lalitpur: Kirat Sampang Rai Uttathan Samaj.
/fO{, sLlt{dfg= ;=@)%(= ‘x]R5fs'jf’, lgK;'ª -rf}dfl;s_, (, !^M ^$= @=@#=) kl/ro (Introduction)
Rai, Kirtiman. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Hechchhakuwa’, Nipsung, 9, 16:
64. xfdLn] klxn] cWofo @=^ df b'ªd\ f-nL_ efiff ls eflifsf eg]/
;fDkfª, g/= ;=@)$#= ‘gfkLª t'df5L s] /f]b'ª 5fr]p’, kf?xfª, ===j}zfv_, bf]wf/df pleP/ s]xL ljZn]ifg u/]em}+ of] cWofodf klg ls/fFtL–ltn'ª efiff ls
Sapang, Nar. 19986 [VS 2043]. ‘Naping tumachhi ke Rodung eflifsf egL xfdL bf]ef/ pleP/ g} s]xL k|dfgx¿ s]nfPsf 5f}+ . v/fdf]
chhacheu’, Paruhang, ‘ k|ltj]bgn] t ltn'ª efiffnfO{ ;dfKt eg]/ 3f]ifgf ub}{ ltn'ª ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' s}
jNkm]G8]g, P;Pg= O{=!((#= ‘c :k];Ld]g ckm b ;fDkfª 8fon]S6’, cS6f eflifsf lyof] eGg ;lsG5 -uf]kfn vDa" O{=@)))M #(_ egL ls6fg u/]sf] 5 .
cf]/foG6flnof, !@M &!–&(= b'ªd\ f-nL_, v];fª, cfªt]k -eflifs klxrfg O{=!((!M @ ;Dd yfxf gePsf]_,
Wolfenden, SN. 1993. ‘A specimen of the Sampang dialect’, Acta d'uf-nL_ / l5GtfªnfO{ ;f] k|ltj]bgn] ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] eflifsf g} xf] eg]/ tf]sL
Orientalia, 12: 71-79. ;s]tf klg xfn l5Gtfªr}+ ;LkL8LkLsf] cWoog bfo/fdf ePsf]n] efiffj}Uoflgs
o'Pg–n'ª, jª= O{=@))^= c sG;fO; n]lS;sf]g cj\ ;fDkfª /fO{ -;fDkfª, lgisif{ cfpg s]xL ;do s'g'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . efiffljb\x¿n] zAb ;fk6L (loan
g]kfnL, Oªlnz_= nlntk'/M g]kfnL g];gn Nofªu'Olhh\ lk|h/e];g words or borrowing) sf] eflifs ts{ k|:t't ug]{ esf] x'Fbf /fh}lts g]tf jf
OlG:6Ro'6= sfo{stf{sf] h:tf] lgg{o efiffljb\x¿sf] x'Fb}g egL xfdLn] b'ªd\ f-nL_sf] pk–
Yuen-Lung, Wong. 2006. A Concise Lexicon of Sampang Rai cWofodf eg]sf 5f}+ . / oxfF of] pk–cWofodf klg t]xL ts{ k'li6 ug{ s]xL k|dfg
(Sampang, Nepali, English). Lalitpur: Nepali National le8fO ljZn]ifg u/]sf 5f}+ .
Languages Preservation Institute.
ltn'ª efiff÷eflifsfnfO{ jStfx¿n] Anfdf eGg] ub{5g\ . of] Anfdf
*************************** zAbnfO{ c? s]xL ls/fFtL efiffx¿dfnf, nf], Njf], Njf zAbx¿sf] ;efg]
cg'jfbdf ‘efiff’ x'G5 . o;sf] ljZn]ifg xfdLn] ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' , /f]b'ª, sf]FOr /
ls/fFtL–y'nª' sf pk–cWofox¿df u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . ltn'ªsf] of] kb jf n]lS;d
(lexeme) lqmof kb xf] ls h:tf] b]lvG5 ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] lqmofsf] k|sl[ t
lgofNbf . ltn'ªsf] j}slNks ?k ltlnª klg cl:tTjdf /x]sf] kfOof] .
efiff÷eflifsfdf P]ltxfl;s?kn] Wjlg kl/jt{gsf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ of] p–sf/ / O–
sf/df dfQ} km/s xf] .
ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!M (*_ sf] cWoogdf rf]:s'n] (Choskule) /
bf]?ªs]rf (Dorungkecha) nfO{ klg ltn'ª efiff÷eflifsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ oL b'O{ zAbx¿ Snfgf]lgdx¿ x'g' kb{5 . ltn'ªnfO{ ls/fFtL–y'nª ' , afc\oª
' /
ls/fFtL–vflnªsf] glhs elgP klg xfdLn] tn pk–vG8 @=@#=# df k|dfg k]z
u/]/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr;Fu klg ;DjGw 5 eGg] tYonfO{ k|:6ofPsf 5f}+ .
@=@#=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
PnP;Pg cyf{t\ u8{ ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!_ sf] cg';Gwfg 6f]nLn] O{=
!(*) sf] bzsdf b"wsf]zL / ;'gsf]zLsf] jLr r:d'6f/ jf xn];L 8fF8f vf]6fª
-x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=@$ XXIV klg_ df eflifs k|ZgfjnL ebf{ efiff ls eflifsf eGg]
cGof]n lyof] eGg] tYo yfxf nfUof] . o:tf] lsg lyof] s'g} efiff;DjGwL t]tL s''g}
|| 383 || || 384 ||
tYofÍ g} gePsf]n] k|ZgfjnLsf] e/df ;l6s ;dfwfg lbg ;lsg] l:ylt g} x'Fbg} 5 . pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgddf ;Demgfs} Snfgf]lgdr}F d'lS;D5f xf] . pgL;Fu c?
lyof] . k]ml/ O{=@))) df ls/fef tyf ;fksf s]cf/ vDa'n] @% zAbx¿ dfQ} kf5fx¿ ;f]Wg xfdLnfO{ ;don] kfjGbL nufO lbof] . of] Snfgf]lgd d'lS;D5fn]r}F
;+sng ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] lyof] eg] ;f]xL PnP;Pgsf] l6KkGfLaf6 %% u/L hDdf v/fdf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;dy{gsf] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 lsgeg] dfem ls/fFt
*) -t/ *% k|:t't_ zAbx¿sf] cfwf/e"t zAb;"rL tof/ ePsf] kfOof] h'g Snfgf]lgdx¿df –5f ?lkd (morpheme) nfUg] Plk;]G6/ (epicentre) g} xf] .
@=@#=% df k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . o;n] s] ;+st] ub{5 eg] of] efiff÷eflifsf Hofb} xfdLn] o;sf] ljZn]ifg cWofo kfFrdf u/]sf 5f}+ .
nf]kf]Gd'v l:yltdf 5 .
xfdLx¿dWo] d}n] Ps hgf of] efiff jf eflifsf ;Dk|bfoaf6 cfPsL
@=@#=# zJbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary)
;Demgf d'lS;D5f–ltn'ª -cg'=p=@#_ 86 nfO{ e]§fPsf] 5' / pgL clxn] cf]Nnf] xfdLn] cl3 e/v/} b'Ow{ f/sf] aLrdf /x]/ ljZn]ifg u/]sf 5f}+ eGg'sf] :k:6
ls/fFtsL RjfOd] ~rOdL ePsL 5g\ . pgsf] hGd ynf] Rofl:d6f/ ->r:d'6f/_ sf/g oxfF k|:t't ub{5f}+ . ltn'ªsf] t]:tf] s]xL zAbjnLx¿ jf zAbsf]z 5 ls
6f]n, b'l5{d–$, dfem ls/fFtsf] vf]6fª xf] . pgn] l8s'jf 5]qx¿lt/ ltn'ª egL vf]Hb} hfg] qmddf xfdLn] Ps hgf dft[efifL -< xfd|f] k|Zg_ lxdfn ltn'ªsf]
jStfx¿ kfOG5 egL ;"rgf k|bfg u/]sL lyOg\ / pgLx¿ e'Dh' -lnAh'–e'Dh' ‘ltn'ª Anfdf’ -lxdfn ltn'ª ;=@)^@M $_ zAbfjnL k]mnf kf¥of}+ . o;df !@^
8fF8f_ af6 a;fOF ;/fO ;/]sf x'g\ . ;f]n'vD' a'df klg ltn'ª jStfx¿ kfOG5 eGg] zAbfjnL k|:t't -h:t}M aL ‘ufO{’, a]jf ‘uf]?’, s's' ‘dfdf’_ ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] s]
;Dd ;"rgf pgn] lbPsL 5g\ . t/ pgL cfk}+m eg] ;f] efiff af]Ng ghfGg] htfOg\ . k|dfg lbof] eg] of] tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa' -O{=@)))_ sf] k|ltj]bgn] eg]
h:tf] e'TsL g} xfn]sf]r}F xf]Og /x]5 . c? zAbx¿df Dofª ‘cfuf]’ -ls/fFtL–
sf]FOrdf dL_, af] ‘;'ª\u'/’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf kf]_, a'R5f ‘;k{’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf
a';_, ldSrL ‘cfFvf’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf ’ldlr_, lsd ‘3/’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf
lvF_, nd\ ‘af6f]’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf nfF_ ;fy} ‘ls/fFtL–ltn'ª :jfb]z j8{ ln:6’
-ls/fef tyf ;fk ;=@)^@M !)–!@_ df *^=d] -;j{_ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf d]sf]_,
‘Tof]’ @^=Dofª -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf dL_ @*=;f] -gf_ ‘df;'’ -ls/fFtL–
sf]FOrdf :o]_ ^%=nf]d\ -gf_ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf nfF_ ‘af6f]’ %*=g'd\ -gf_ -ls/fFtL–
sf]FOrdf g]_, ‘gfd’ ^@=gflbk' -gf_ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf ’g]_ ‘gfs’, ^&=/f] -gf_
-ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf /]p_, ‘aiff{’, ^^=ldGgf -gf_ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf d'?_, ‘JolQm’
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf OKrf_, ($=s' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ -ls/fFtL–
sf]FOrdf jfs'_ / (*=l;d -;j{_ ‘sf]’ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf ;'_ x'G5 . o;/L
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–ltn'ªsf] zAbfjnLdf ;fldKotf b]lvG5 .
-gSzf g+=@=@$ XXIV: ltn'ª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !#&_ @=@#=$ efiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Language/linguistic studies)
@=@#=@ jStf;+Vof / y/x¿ (Spekers and their ethno-clanonyms, of]] efiffsf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogsf] k|sflzt n]vdf ltn'ªM ;'Pof]zL
moieties) tf]afsf] Pp6} n]v ofg\ OG8]Gh8{ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Oh\ lk|lnldg/L cAh/e];Gh
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ n] of] dft[efiff÷eflifsfsf] jStf ;+Vof # ;o !) -O{=@))#_ g} xf] ;f]xL n]v ‘ltn'ªM ofg\ OG8]Gh8{ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Oh\ lk|lnldg/L
b]vfPsf] 5 . ca O{=@)!! sf] tYofª ;"rgfn] s] atfpF5 Tof]r}F s'g{' g} kg]{ ePsf] cAh/e];Gh’ -O{=@))$M !$@–!$&_ k'gM k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 .
@=@#=% ls/fFtL–ltn'ª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Tilung sample
86
pgL;Fu !% c;f/ @)^# cyf{t\ #) h'g @))^ -e"k" dfggLo >L rDks So'OFltrf– wordlist)
;'gj' f/sf] tpsf] z'eljjfx_ sf] ;fFem OGb|]gL sDKn]S;, gofF afg]Zj/df e]6 x'Fbf xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
s'/fsfgL ePsf] lyof] . pgL cf]Nnf ls/fFtsf o'jf lzS5fyL{ g]tf o1/fh ;'gj' f/sL cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
hLjg;+lugL x'g\ . ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M !)–!@_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
|| 385 || || 386 ||
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} ^%=nf]d\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ldGgf -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . ^&=/f] -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*= === -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
!=nf]kf] -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=d'lw;f -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash ^(= === -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)= === -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
#=sfDdf -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=vfªu|L -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly &!= === -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=lAndf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
%=cfNxO -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=jf;f -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &#=s]Odf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=vfOgf]jf -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
&=v|d] f -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=df/\vfOg]df -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black &%=u|fD] df -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=d/fd\ -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
(=lx -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=;]Njf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone &&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=cR5fd] -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
!!=/f]d -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@= === -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn &(= === -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=/]km\ ;' -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
!#= === -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=h'ª;f] -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold *!=Oltkf -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@= n'ªoF -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
!%= pª;'vf] -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=+a]P -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
+
*#=gf]d -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$= === -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!&=lVnkf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=b'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink *%=;fd]/L -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=d] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
!(=9f]ªd]uf -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gfk'mª -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear *&=cfO -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=o'uf] -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
@!=cf]vfdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=+h'vdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat *(=lnd\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=lsªL -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
@#=jfl8df -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ldSrL -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye (!=;fnfjf -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=of;L -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
@%=Kn] -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=Dofª -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire (#=vf]Odf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=s' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
@&=ªO;f] -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f] -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat (%=Oª -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=dfAnfd\ -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
@(=la|Odf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=lkmn's -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot (&= === -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=l;d -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
#!=9f]S6L -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=ladf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give ((=df/L -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))= === -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
##=vfOgf]af -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$= === -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease ----------------
#%=lnlDndf -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=+6fF -gf_ ‘s];’ hair xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 g+= !%=+pª;'vf] ‘cfpg'’, !^=+a]P ‘dg'{’ sf] lqmof ?k –df s[bGt
#&=gu'd -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=laof] -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head ?lkd;Fu d]n vfFbg} . o:t} g+= !@, !#, #$, $@, $%, %%, ^), ^*, ^(,
#(=/f]Gdf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=af]D;f] -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart &), &!, &*, *$, (&, !)) u/L hDdf kGw| zAbx¿ nf]k ePsf] b]lvg
$!=?ª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@= === -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot cfpF5 . g+ #^ sf] +6fF -gf_ ‘s];’ hair ‘rfF jf rfd x'g' kg]{ xf] lsgeg]
k|foM h;f] ls/fFtL efiffx¿df rfd / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf rfF x'G5 . g+=@@=df
$#=pªf] -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=+lem/\df -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill +
h'vdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat ls rfdf jf hrf x'g' kg]{ xf] . g+= $$ df
$%= === -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=5Odf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know +
lem/\df -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill ;]df, ;]Tdf jf ;fORrf x'g' kg]{ xf] .
$&=dud\ -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=£nªdf -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
$(=af]6f]vO' -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=9f]Daf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long @=@#=^ lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
%!=l;/ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=yf/fª -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs t]O;df k/]sf] ls/fFtL–
%#=s]af -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nfsfGop -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon ltn'ª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfO k'u]sf 5f}+ . k|foM sYo
%%= === -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=l; -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth ?kdf dfq} /x]sf] ls/fFtL–l5lnªdf vf;} ;flxTo xfdLn] e]6g] f}+ . of] ge]l6g'df
%&=r'sn's -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=g'd\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name /fHon] cjnDjg u/]sf] PsefifL gLlt g} bf]ifL 5 . t/ jStfx¿n] klg s]xL gu/L
%(=ªf8]/ -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)= === -lj_ ‘gofF’ new eg] x'Fb}g . o;} u/L pgLx¿sf] y/gfd jf Snfgf]lgdx¿ klg kQf kfPsf 5}gf}+ . t/
;Demgf d'lS;D5f–ltn'ªsf] Snfgf]lgdsf] zAb k|sl[ t x]bf{ pgLx¿ ls/fFtL–/f]bª '
^!=dfsf]uL -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=gflbk' -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose afx]s c? s'g} klg efiff ;Dk|bfo xf]Ogg\ eGg] lgrf]8df k'Ug ;lsG5 tfklg of]
^#=dfuf] -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=Oof -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
|| 387 || || 388 ||
lgrf]8 clGtd gx'g ;S5 . ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' ;Fu ;xofqf ug]{ ls egL ;f]r agfpFbf
b'js
} f] enf] gx'g] xf]Og .
@=@$ ls/fFtL–y'n'ª (Kiranti-Thulung)
;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ = @=@$=) kl/ro (Introduction)
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste cfk\mgf] eflifs ;+:yf ls/fFtL–y'n'ª ;fdfleq cfj4 ls/fFtL–
Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of y'nª ' Njf ~nf /yf]nf]ª nf] (Thulu Luwa,
' x¿ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ y'nª
Indigenous Nationalities. Thululoa, Thulung La, Tholong Lo) klg eGb5g\ . o:t} j}slNks
ÅofG;f]g, u8{= O{=!((!= b /fO{ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfnM OlYgs ofG8 lnª\uO' l:6s efiffgfd (glossonym) y'nª ' h]d' (Thulung Jemu) / tf]cfs' Njf (Toaku
u|'lkª= -Pl8l68 ofG8 OG6«8o':6 afO e]]g/ leG6/_= sf7dfG8"M Lwa) eGg] rng klg 5 . of] efiffgfd ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª -x]g"{ @=@! klg_, ls/fFtL–
lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ g]kfn ofG8 l;gf;= sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!! klg_, ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' -x]g"{ @=@ klg_, ls/fFtL–/f]sf]ª jf k'df
Han"on, Gerd. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and -x]g"{ @=!* klg_ ;Fu glhs 5 .
Linguistic Grouping (Edited and introduced by Werner
Winter). Kathmandu: Linguistic Survey of Nepal and CNAS. pgLx¿ ls/fFtL–/f]b'ªn] gfdfs/g u/]sf] ;fs]nfnfO{ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x= tf];L eG5g\ . pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgd jf kf5f÷b]KrLgª\ tn @=@$=@ pk–vG8df
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf= pNn]v ePcg';f/ ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , sf]FOr, /f9' / h]?ª;Fu glhs 5 . ls/fFtL–
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka ' sf] pTklQ syfn] pgLx¿ vf]Sjfn'ª -jftf]ª ;+=@)%!M @$_ b]lv lg:s]sf]
y'nª
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai egL atfpF5 . of] ls/fFtL–afo'ª syf;Fu clt glhs 5 .
Yayokkha. pgLx¿sf] x¿jf jfÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] klxn]
ltn'ª, lxdfn= ;=@)^@= ‘ltn'ª Anfdf’, dL, !@, !M $= s]xL ls/fFtL hfltnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F w]/}n] 7fn' x'g] xf]8df gSsn ub}{ j/g
Tilung, Himal. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Tilung blama’, Mee, 12, 1: 4. u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai) g} xf] . dfem ls/fFtsf k|foM ;a} ls/fFtL a"9fkfsfnfO{
tf]af, ;'Pof]zL= O{=@))$= ‘ltn'ªM ofg\ OG8]Gh8{ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Oh\ lk|lnldg/L klg of] s'/f yfxf 5 . vfkf{sf xl/gGb kfWof–kf]v/]n / ?Dhf6f/sf lqnf]rg
cAh/e];Gh’, g]lKnh lnª\u'Ol:6S;\, @!M !$@–!$& -x]g"{ lnAh'–e'Dh', kfWof–kf]v/]nn] pklgj]z cf} lj:tf/jfbL k[gf zfnfO{ s'6g}lts, nf]lhl:6S;\ jf
!@, @, @^M !&–@! klg_= cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofP/ dfem ls/fFt /fHosf] ktg u/fPkZrft\ of] b'bz { f z'?
Toba, Sueyoshi. 2004. ‘Tilung: An endangered Kiranti language
ePsf] xf] . tyflk of] ;do eGbf klxn] klg of] ‘/fO{’ zAb cl:tTjdf ePsf]
preliminary observations’, Nepalese Lingistics, 21: 142-147
[see also Libju-Bhumju, 12, 2, 26: 17-21].
cWoogn] b]vfPsf] t 5 t/ cflbjf;L e"ldk'q hfltsf] ?kdf eg] xf]Og . of]
-----. O{=@))#= ltn'ªM ofg\ OG8]Gh8{ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Oh\ lk|lnldg/L cAh/e];Gh= zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . pgLx¿ klg dª\uf]nf]O8
k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\jG6Lkmf]y{ ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf]
;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @&@& gf]eD] j/, sLlt{k/' = cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 .
-----. 2003. Tilung: An endangered Kiranti language preliminary o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of]
observations. Paper presented in the 24th Annual Conference P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–
of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27 November, ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
Kirtipur. u'un ;r{ OlGhgdf ePsf] OYgf]nun] o;sf] eflifsfx¿ eg]/
***************************
nfGgfRof], gb{g÷pQ/L y'nª
' , ;bg{÷blVvgL y'nª ' , ;]G6«n y'n'ª / O:6g{÷k"jL{of
y'nª
' eg]sf] 5 . lnªlvd, afc\oª ' , /f9' jf jfDa'n] / h]?ª;Fu klg o;sf]
lgs6tf b]vfOPsf] 5 . ls/fFtL–vflnª;Fu y'nª ' sf] w]/} zAbfjnL klg ldN5
|| 389 || || 390 ||
elgPsf] 5 . oL efiffx¿ Ps csf{df af]wuDo klg 5g\ elgPsf] 5 . o;} u/L
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr klg y'nª
' ;Fu glhs b]lvPsf] 5 . oL efiffx¿ Ps csf{sf
elugLx¿ (sisters) g} x'g\ .
@=@$=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))_ n] d'SnL ufpF, ;f]n'vD' a'
lhNnfnfO{ k|fylds lzS5fsf] nflu s]Gb| egL k|:tfj u/]sf lyP . oxfF l;laP;
-O{=@))!_ cg';f/ s'n dft[efifLsf] hg;+Vof !$ xhf/ $# dWo] pgsf] k|:tfljt
Onfsf ;f] ufpFdf & xhf/ ^ ;o *) sf] ax'dt b]lvPsf] 5 .
l;hfklt -;=@)%$M !$(_ n] ls/fFtL–y'n'ªsf] d"n ynf] eg]/
cf]vn9'ªuf lhNnfsf] s6'Gh] ufpFnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ tfklg of] ;"rgf ;xL
xf]Og . lsgeg] d ;f] ufpFsf] j8f gDj/ b'Od{ f hGd]/ ToxL+sf] jfl;Gbf / ls/fFtL–
sf]FOr dft[efifL ePsf]n] of] ynf] ls/fFtL–y'nª ' efifLx¿sf] d"n ynf] geP/
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf] g} d"n ynf] xf] . cfh klg of] s6'Gh] ufpFdf Ps hgf klg
ls/fFtL–y'nª ' efifL e]l6b}g eg] ljutdf klg ePsf] To:tf] tYo pknAw 5}g . oL -gSzf g+=@=@% XXV: y'nª' efiff 5]q, ;|f]tM u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !#%_
b'j} efiffx¿ l8:6G6\nL (distantly) Ps csf{;uF ;DjGwLt ePsf]n] klg To;f] @=@$=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
elgPsf] x'g' kb{5 . h:tf] ls pgLx¿sf] efiffdf ;efg]sf] ‘;k{’ zAbnfO{ Anf] / moities)
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf a'; -h]= dl6;f]km @))#M $!&_ x'G5 eg] ;efg] ‘dfg'{’ nfO{
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ ls/f“tL–y'nª ' dft[efifLx¿sf] ;+Vof !#
ls/fFtL–y'nª ' df ;]Gd' / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf ;fORrf x'G5 . o:t} ;efg] ‘pk|mg'’ nfO{
xhf/ & ;o &$ -st} !# xhf/ * ^$ klg pNn]v ePsf]_ 5 . t/ OYgf]nun] k"/}
Kiranit-Thulung df prok-mu, Kiranti-Bayung df prøt-co, Kiranti-
g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof ##,#!# pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . EfflG;6f6{sf] hdfgfdf ls/f“tL–
Kõits df pre:k-c! / Kiranti-Khaling df pro-ne -h]= dl6;f]km @))#M
y'n'ªnfO{ ‘t'nª
' ’ pRrf/Gf / lxHh] k|of]u ul/+bf] /x]5 . ls/f“tL–y'nª
' dft[efifL
#&*_ elgG5 .
y/x¿df rflDtl/r-rf]_, rfl/kf, r'ªs'd, bfD/fª, b]df/, ufl/af, xlbsfDrf,
OYgf]nun] o;sf] af]lng] 5]qdf ;u/dfyf cGrnsf] blVvgk"jL{ xfª]lrP, xfGs]rg' , xfjkfn] -xf5fjf < ;+vj' f;ef lhNnfdf_, xl:trf, xf]/fNx',
;f]n'v'Da' / k"jL{ kxf8 cf]vn9'ªufdf ^ b]lv & ufpF tyf sf]zL cGrnsf] sf/lnª, vf]lS;ª -x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M $&_, nfªgflrcf],
ef]hk'/df ! ufpF -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=@% klg_ nfO{ ;Ldf ls6fg u/]sf] 5 . o:t} vf]nf nfGgfb]j;flnª, nf]km\ nfnL, n'lr/, df]Okf, df]s;'Drf, gflDrldr'g, gf/lrr'g,
5]qdf b"wsf]zLsf] klZrdL 8fF8f, g]rf 8fF8fsf] pQ/ / xn];L 8fF8f, dflyNnf] ;f]n' k/frL, /fOd't, l/Db'ª] -ufpF <_, ;]Dd'r,] l;PNh]Gr', l;PNh-f]_ª
gbLsf] k"j,{ sfs' vf]nfsf] blVvg / Oªv'vf]nf clg b'wsf]zLsf] bf]efg 5]q xf ->;]NhfªÖb]p;fnL <_, t]sfnf, jsfd, jfofªrf -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ /
eg]sf] 5 . o;} u/L ef/tdf klg of] efiff af]lng] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] ePklg !()(_, ;f]ªu]rf] 87 -<;fªu]Rof]_, y'nª ' lj?4 ynª -ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf_,
xfdLn] of] cWoogdf t]xfFaf6 k|sflzt t]:tf] s'g} klg ;fdu|Lx¿ k]mnf kf/]sf 5}gf}+ . Psfnf -x]g"{ PjO5f–afGtfjf ;=@)%*M !$_, 5]Gbf 88 -<5]GbfRof]_ cflb g} x'g\ .
pgLx¿df x'g] Snfgf]lgd jf Kff5f jf b]KrLgª\df hf]l8g] ?lkd Rof]>rf] sf] cy{

87
of] ;"rgf ;x–k|fWofks w|'jb]j /fO{;uF @@ ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut
s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
88
of] ;"rgf enfsfhL y'n'ª–/fO{;uF !$ c;f]h @)^# -#) l;tDa/ @))^_ zlgjf/
ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgL cfwfl/t 5 .
|| 391 || || 392 ||
‘5f]/f’ 89 xf] . k|f6] f]–l6a]6f]–ad{g;Fusf] gftf cWofo % df k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . #)= bfFdf| ªRof] -l/Abf]–;f]n'v'Da'_
;dsfnLg ls/fFtL–y'nª ' Snfgf]lgd, lsk6 / b]KrLgª\ ls/fFt ;'jx' fª #!= afv|Rof] -sfFun ] –;f]n'v'Da'_
-;=@)%*M @%–@&_ cg';f/ lgDg k|sf/ 5g\– #@= afgfl/Rof] -;f]n'vD' a'_
!= 5of];fªRof] -r]n, d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a'_ ##= af/fbo'Rof] ->af/fltRof] klg, /g]d b]p;f / r:k' d'SnL ;f]n'v'Da'_
@= xfªv]Rof] -b]p;f_ #$= vfln{DRof] -s'OeL/–cf]vn9'Íf_
#= nfk\mnfRof] -a]KrLgª lnlGb;] xl/tf /8'dfof, e¥ofª vf]nfjl/k/L, #%= 5]GbfRof] -nf]lvd, /g]d, d'SnL, h'a', /fO{ufpF, 8fF8fufpF, g]rf,
h'a,' ;f]n'vD' a'_ ;Nofg / b]p;f ufpF, ;f]n'vD' a'_
$= ul/jfRof] -l/Abf], vf]6fª_ #^= yfnL{Rof] -b]/]k' d'SnL ;f]n'v'Da'_
%= xflbl/KRof] -n'SkL rf/3/], d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a'_ #&= bfuyf]SkfRof] -lrp/Lvs{ kGrg ;f]n'v'Da'_
^= v]:tLRof] -xflbl/kaf6 5'6s ] f], uO/L ufpF d'SnL ;f]n'v'Da''_ #*= xfrfdf]/fRof] -/f]lnd kGrg ;f]n'vD' a'_
&= n'tfRof] -v]:tLaf6 lg:s]/ 5'6s ] f]_ #(= nf]NdLRof] -;Nn]–vf]6fª_
*= tfDkLnLRof] -a]KrLgª\ xflb/L xflbK;f af:af]6] d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a''_ $)= lnjfRof] -;Nn]–vf]6fª_
(= nfGgfRof] -:yfg ljz]if yfxf gePsf]_ $!= :of]D/]Rof] -8fF8fufpF d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a'_
!)= ;]Nhfª -;]Nhfª / nfGgfRof] bfh'efO, /g]d b]p;f ;f]n'vD' a'_ $@= d];f{Rof] -g]rf–;f]n'vD' a', xfd|f] gf]6M ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' sg]S;g_
!!= xfpkfRof] -b]Ks", rf/3/], d'SbnL ;f]n'vD' a''_ $#= t]DdfRof] -g]rf j]t3f/L ;f]n'vD' a'_
!@= /foh' -b''ag] L, d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a''_ $$= ;fgf] xf:tLRof] -b]KrLgª\ lblb;] gfuLtf ttfof /+udfof k|df]5f h'a'
!#= lhltdn -sfFun ] ;f]n'vD' a'_ ;f]n'v'Da'_
!$= ;fªu]Rof] -;Nn], vf]6fª_ $%= 7"nf] xf:tLRof] -h'a'–;f]n'vD' a'_
!%= d'VvfRof] -ljª\s,' b]p;f ;f]n'vD' a'_ $^= rfKRo'/L -h'a'–;f]n'vD' a'_
!^= xf8'nLRof] -kGrg, g]rf ;f]n'v'Da''_ $&= tf]ªbf]Rof] -b]pk'h] ;Nofg ;f]n'vD' a'_
!&= jfSd'l;Rof] -b]Ks", d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a' /g]d, b]p;f_ $*= b]DnLRof] -vfNkf ;Nofg ;f]n'v'Da'_
!*= gfKrLd]Rof] -/g]d, b]p;f_ $(= xfld{Rof] -l/Abf]–vf]6fª_
!(= n'l5/Rof] -n'tfaf6 lg:s]sf]_ %)= xflbvfDRof] -ltªnf ;S;Lk', ;f]n'vD' a', xfd|f] gf]6M ls/fFtL–
@)= b'ªv]Rof] -df/u]nª ' , d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a''_ afc\oª ' sg]S;g_
@!= tf]lnGbLRof] -rf/3/], d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a'_ %!= nf]DdLRof] -;Nn]–vf]6fª_
@@= jfvfDRof] -ltªnf, ;f]n'vD' a''_ %@= gfªvfRof] -nfGgfRof] x'g ;Sg]_
@#= vfKRo'/LRof] -lsk6 yfxf gePsf]_ %#= :jfªu]Rof] -;fªu]Rof] klg, ;Nn]–vf]6fª_
@$= /ª5fRof] -;Nn] vf]6fª_ %$= y]KyfRof] -b]p;f–;f]n'v'Da'_
@%= ¥ofd"Rof] ->¥ofd"rf], h'a' ;f]n'vD' a''_ %%= 5];fª -lsk6 yfxf gePsf]_
@^= Wofd"/Rof] -dfSkf–vf]6fª, nf]lvd–;f]n'vD' a''_ %^= n'xO{ %&=jfv|] %*=Rof]:s" %(=lj:kL ^)=5f];fªRof] ^!=l/ltdf]
@&= /fb'/Rof] -h'a' ;f]n'vD' a'_ ^@=nªt'/ ^#=a[Skf ^$=;]bf/f ^%=dfªv' ^^=kfofRof] ^&=5l/kf
@*= tfDtf/Rof] -8fF8f ufpF d'SnL ;f]n'vD' a'_ ^*=ªf/Rof] ^(=l/ltdf] &)=nªt'/ / &!=:of]nL{ . of] ;"lr afx]s
@(= x8'NRof] -g]rf–;f]n'vD' a'_ klg xfdLn] kfPsf] gofF Snfgf]lgd b\ofd'/-Rof]_ -h:t}M s]bf/sfhL
y'n'ª, vf]lvd ;f]n'v'Da'_ xf] . oxfF g+= %^ b]lv &! ;Ddsf
89
of] ;"rgf ;'lzn /ofd"rf]–y'n'ª;Fu @@ c;f]h @)^#, /ljjf/sf lbg ePsf] JolQmut Snfgf]lgdx¿ eg]sf] kfOof] t/ lj:t[t hfgsf/L eg] kfOPsf] 5}g
s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5Ù h'g lbg :j=kfG8j ;'gj' f/sf] >¢fGhnLsf] nflu pgs} elgPsf] -xfd|f] gf]6_ 5 .
3/b}nf]df ;'lzn;Fu e]6 ePsf] lyof] .
|| 393 || || 394 ||
@=@$=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features) @=@$=% Jofs/g (Grammars)
O{zf &) sf] bzsdf Pg=h]=cfn]gn] cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L, a]nfOtaf6 of] efiffsf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog / cGt//fli6«o :t/df Jofs/g
cfk\mgf] cWoognfO{ cl3 a9fPkZrft\ ls/fFtL–y'n'ªsf] eflifs tyf ;fdflhs k|sfzgdf Nofpg] ;|]o Pg=h]=cfn]g -O{=!(&%_ / cfOdL nfxfp;f]O; -O{=@))@_
l:ylt k|sfzdf cfpg z'? ePsf] xf] . b'O{ bzs eGbf klg a9Lsf] ;dokl5 Pn= nfO{ g} hfG5 . nfxfp;f]O;sf] of] kLPr8L lyl;; xf] . :jb]zL cg';Gwftf /
cfOdL -O{=@))@_ n] cf:k]S:6;\ cj\ y'nª ' u|ofd/ zLif{sdf o'lgel;{6L cj\ j}ofs/gx¿n] lgsfn]sf] Jofs/g cfh;DdnfO{ hfgsf/L 5}g . cfOld -O{=@))#M
SofNkmf]lg{of, as{n,] cd]l/sfaf6 kLPr8L u/]kZrft\ cfn]gsf] cWoogs} ##–%*_ s} ‘gf]ldgfnfOh]O;g ofG8 O6;\ e]l/c;\ o';]h\ Og\ y'nª' /fO{’ klg
P]ltxfl;s s'/fx¿ aflx/ cfpg yfn]sf x'g\ . ;fy} xfn u'un ;r{ OlGhgn] tL Pnl6laPdf k|sflzt 5 .
cWoogx¿nfO{ ;"rgfsf] ?kdf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . ls/fFtL–y'n'ªsf] eflifs
ljz]iftf klg ;f]xL ;r{ OlGhgdf pknAw lxdfnog lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cfsf{Oe g+= !
@=@$=^ syf÷nf]ssyf (Folktales/folklore)
(Himalayan Linguistics: Archive No.1) lkl8Pkm kmfOnaf6 lnOPsf] 5 . ls/fFtL–y'nª' efiffd} n]lvPsf syf jf nf]ssyfx¿df !=‘/fdNo' /fhf
of] efiffdf JoGhg jg{ @^ 5g\ / ÷6÷ Wjlg zAb cGTo :yfgdf dfQ} cfpF5 . o:t} / /yf]ªdf /fgL’ -k':sn y'nª ' ;=@)%*M !!–!$_, @=‘n]tk"m6 o d]Njf:jf’
:j/ jg{ hDdf * eg] lbKyª & 5g\ . cfn]gsf] cWoog ;dodf ls/fFtL–y'nª ' df -c1ft ;=@)%*M !%–!^_, ‘;[li6 ;DaGwL syf’ -kfFrjL/ /fO{ ;=@)%*M $#–
efjn n]Gy Jolt/]s / 6f]gdf NofS; lj?4 6]G;df Jolt/]s lyof] eg] cfOdLsf] $%_, #=‘a'jf{’ -jf:af]6] sfOFnf ;=@)%*M $*_, $=‘l/r$f] n'Dnf’ -snf /fO{
;dodf cfOk'Ubf ;f]] ljz]iftf u'dL ;s]5 . o;sf] l;n]an ;+/rgfdf -l;cfO_ ;=@)%*M $*_, %=‘vlSrlns’ -jfnf y'nª ' ;=@)%(M !)^–!!!, x]g"{ bf]vLvfd\
-lnSjL8_ -UnfO8_ le -l;Pkm_ 5 eg] a]l;s j8{ c8/ P; cf] le xf] . o:t} !, #, ;=@)%(M #–$ klg_, ^=‘k|Rof] xfª h'dxfª’ -snf /fO{ ;=@)%(M $–%_
gfpg 8'cn / Kn'/nsf] nflu OGk\mn]S6 x'G5 . o;df df]kmf]{nf]lhsn cu]{l6e cflb 5g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–vflnªsf] h:t} of] ls/fFtL–y'nª' df klg
:KnL6 5 eg] ej{ k;{g / gDa/sf]nflu OGk\mn]]S6 x'G5 . o;sf ;j{gfddf 1s 8f=dfs{ 6'l/gsf] ;+:yf -l8lh6n lxdfno xf]dk]h e|dg ldlt @* ;]K6]Da/ @))*,
go, 1de gutsuku,1di gutsi,1pe guku,1pi gui, 2s gana, 2sP gani, 2d /ljjf/_ n] klg syf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ :Sofg u/]/ :yfg lbPsf] 5 .
gatsi, 2p ganimim, 3s gu, 3sP gumi, 3d gutsi, 3p gumimim x'G5g\ . of]
uf] ‘d’ sf] ;j} ?k ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–afc\o';uF ldNb5 . o:t} sn/ jf /+u
@=@$=& ufpFvfg] syf (Riddles)
6ld{gf]nf]hL lalam ‘red’, gigim ‘green’, kekem ‘black’, ?o?om of] dft[efiffdf ufpF vfg] syf klg km]nf k/]sf] 5 . h:t}M ‘b]nk]kf vfb'’
‘yellow’, bubum ‘white’, nunum ‘blue’ klg ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL– -afnf y'nª
' / s]zj y'nª ' -;Dkf=_ ;=@)%(M !(_ / ‘b]nk]kf vfb'’ -afnf
afc\o';uF ldNb5 . y'n'ª / c? -;Dkf=_ ;=@)%(M ##_ g} x'g\ . o;n] klg efiffsf] arfpg] /
;zlQms/g ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u k'/ofpF5 .
@=@$=$ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionaries/glossary)
of] dft[efiffsf] zAbsf]z n]vgsf] Oltxf;nfO{ plwGbf ‘y'nª ' –g]kfnL–
@=@$=* k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems)
c+uh| L zAbsf]z’ -on'ª ls/fFt ;=@)%(M %&–%*_ zLif{ssf] n]v k]mnf k/]sf] ls/fFtL–y'nª
' efiffnfO{ dfof u/]/ ;[hgfTds n]vg t]:df klg
5 . / ;f] n]vdf of] efiffsf] j0f{ klxrfg ;d]t lbOPsf] 5 . o;} u/L cudl;+ sljtfnfO{ cufl8 ;fg]{ s]xL y'n'ª sljx¿ klg xfdLn] vf]hsf] bf}8fgdf
b]j;f–/fO{ -k|yd zAbsf]z lgdf{tf, y'nª ' _ cfznR5L lzIff [y'n'ª /fO{ efiff] e§fPsf 5f}+ . ltgdf !=‘nfd\a]/dfldd\’ -on'ª ls/fFt @)%^M !@*–(_, @=‘cp
-O{=!($$_, ‘d'?d\ldDsf$d gª’ -;Dkf= ls/fFt ;'jx' fª\ ;=@)%*M *_, ‘;f]$kbLkf] ;'wf’ -k"j{jt\ @)%^M !@*–#!_, #=‘dfcfM’ -jfnfrGb| y''nª ' -;=@)%!M (*–
g]DbLkf]s' gª$ , l;lvjf$ dfFvj] f, 8fD;L vfpvf]/f]g' hd$ ’' -;Dkf=ls/fFt ;'j'xfª\ !))_, $=‘l;l;/L’ -jfnfrGb| y''nª' ;=@)%*M @!_, %=‘;]nf’ -lgtf y''nª ' –/fO{
;=@)%*M !(–@)_, ‘y'nª ' efiffdf s]xL zAbx¿’ -;Dkf= jnf y'n'ª / c? ;=@)%*M @$_, ^=‘8o"Dnf h]lgd\ a'Go'’ -ls/fFt ;'jx' fª ;=@)%*M #!_, &=‘pg'
;=@)%(M @$–@%_, ‘ªf/’ -cudl;+ b]j;f–/fO{ ;=@)%(M @* cfznR5L lzIff lkm6\gL d/La'ª’ -x:t /fO{ ;=@)%*M #@_, *=‘;f]dLa'’ -kfFraL/ /fO{ ;=@)%(M
O{=!($$ af6_, ‘l;lvjf÷dfªv]jf’ -;Dkf= jnf y'nª ' / c? ;=@)%(M ^–&_, !&_, (=‘;fdf dfnL’ -hfkfg y'n' ;=@)%(M !&_, !)=‘uf] /fª'’ -lji0f' lsy'/f
‘y'nª' Njf nfªsf ªf/’ -;Dkf= jnf y'n'ª / c? ;=@)%(M !#_ cflb g} x'g\ . ;=@)%^M #*_, !!=‘ldS;L’ -lji0f' lsy'/f ;=@)%^M $*_, !@=‘dfd kfksf]]
:of]D8L’ -c+ut y'nª ' ;=@)%^M $*_, !#=‘nfn] ys' ;f]/Lng’ -kfFraL/ /fO{
;=@)%(M !@_, !$=‘vf;] uf]gd' ufk'’ -/fh]Gb| /fO{ ;=@)%(M !$_, !%=‘u'O{ Do"Ro" Û’
|| 395 || || 396 ||
-s]zj y'nª ' –/fO{ ;=@)%(M @*_, !^=‘l;lsgLjf]’ -l7ns'df/ /fO{ ;=@)%(M @&- cfh;Dddf xfdLn] e]6]sf] Pp6} klqsf bf]bLvfd\ -;Dkf= ls/fFt ;'j'xfª\
_, !&=‘:o'k/' ’ -k'isn y'nª ' ;=@)%(M @&_, !*=‘s'?jf’ -x:t y'nª ' –/fO{ ;=@)%*_ xf] / o;n] klg of] efiffsf] ;flxTosf] Oltxf; g} /r]sf] 5 eGbf
;=@)%(M #@_, !(=‘bf]bLvd\’ -ljlkg y'n'ª ;=@)%(M #*_, @)=‘nf]jªf cltzof]lQm x'Fb}g .
v|l] A8sf’ -c+ut y'n'ª ;=@)%(M $)_, @!=‘xf]gD' dL w'dL af;L’ -n5'dg /fO{
;=@)$#M $), kf?xfª, j}zfv_, @@=‘Hof]Ho"nª ' ’ -ls/fFt ;'ax' fª ;=@)%)M !#_,
@=@$=!@ lkmNd÷8s'dG] 6«L (Films/documentaries)

@#=‘a'lsdf xO’ -OR5f /fO{ ;=@)%)M !#_, @$=‘nfd\ /]Da]6\kf k|Rof] Û cfnfRof]’ dft[efiff / ;F:s[ltnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ onDa/ lkmNd;\n] kfOn6 ;l/gf
-s[i0fs'df/ /fO{ ;=@)$*M %(_, @%=‘nfd 5]d' af;L’ -xl/k|;fb /fO{ ;=@)%)M u'?ªsf] lgb]{zg / lgdf{tfåo 6Lsf / o'j/fh /fO{sf] rnlrq l/l;d [d':sfg] sf]
&(–*)_, @^=‘bf]bLvfd’ -on'ª ls/fFt ;=@)%)M *!–*#_ cflb g} x'g\ . xfdLn] lgdf{g -x]g"{ sflGtk'/, @^ h]7 )^!_ u/]sf] 5 . sflGtk'/sf] of] ;dfrf/ cfpFbf
e]6g\ g;s]sf sljx¿ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] ss]/flt/ k'mln/x]sf] x'g' k5{ . 5fFofª\sg elgPsf] lyof] . of] lkmNdn] pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts /
eflifs ;+:sf/nfO{ clen]lvs/g u/]sf] 5 . lgb]{zs / lgdf{tfx¿ wGojfbsf
@=@$=( sfD;f]÷uLt (Songs) kfq 5g\ .
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–afc\o'ª efiffdf ;efg]sf] uLt zAbnfO{ s'D;f]
elgG5 eg] ls/fFtL–y'nª ' df p–sf/nfO{ cf–sf/df abnL u/]/ sfD;f] elgG5 .
@=@$=!# n]v÷/rgf (Write ups/compositions)
sfD;f] klg hLljt efiffsf] cleGg lha|f] ;flxTo ePsf]n] jStfx¿n] otflt/ klg n]v jf /rgf klg of] efiffdf s]xL kfOPsf] 5 . h:t}M !=‘afx| y'n'ªsf]
Wofg lbPsf] e]6s] f 5f}+ . t]:tf uLtsf/x¿df !=‘nfnL a'ª8\ nf’ -ls/fFt ;'jx' fª afx| lsk6’ -k|]d l/a';fn–/fO{ ;= @)%*M (–!)_, @=‘y'nª ' x¿ snª\sL
;=@)%*M $_, @=‘/fQf] n]6\lgsf’ -hgss'df/ /fO{ ;=@)%*M @@_, #=‘/fgL /fgL wd{df===<’ -s]zjs'df/ /fO{ ;= @)%*M !&–!*_, #=‘y'nª ' –/fO{x¿sf] kf5f’
lggfgL’ -x:t /fO{ ;=@)%*M @@_, $=‘nfDb]Gd" l;l;/L’ -kfFraL/ /fO{ ;=@)%*M -;Dkf= ls/fFt ;'jx' fª\ ;=@)%*M @%–@&_, $=‘bf]Rof] b]KrLgª’ -k"0f{l;+ y'nª
'
@#_, %=‘;$f P]’ -kfFraL/ /fO{ ;=@)%*M @#_, ^=‘3]/L;$f] 3]/L’ -kfFraL/ /fO{ ;=@)%(M !^–!*_, %=‘ar]{ g'ª a'gL’ -ljdnf y'n'ª ;=@)%(M @%_ cflb 5g\ .
;=@)%*M @(_, &=‘sfD;f]’ -t]h y'nª ' ;=@)%(M !*_, *=‘cfnf:of]’ -s[i0f /fO{ @=@$=!$ ;|Jo÷Sof;]6 (Audio/cassettes)
;=@)%(M !*_, (=‘sfD;f]’ -ljdnf y'nª ' ;=@)%(M !#_, !)=‘sfD;f]’ -afnf ls/fFtL–y'nª' df ofof]Svfn] /]sl8{ªdf NofPsf] :ofd'gfdf /fd y'n'ª /
y'n'ª ;=@)%(M !#_, !!=‘sfD;f]’ -8Da/ l;+ /fO{ ;=@)%(M !$_, !@=‘sfD;f]’ 8]Da'/fh y'n'ªn] n]vs] f] xfªsf]ª Hof]kf===af]nsf] Pp6f uLt pknAw 5 . t];sf]
-x:t y'nª ' ;=@)%(M !(_, !#=‘l/l;jf sfD;f]’ -clbk y'nª ' –/fO{ ;=@)%(M x/kmx¿ oxfF pbfx/gsf]nflu k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .
@)_, !$=‘sfD;f]’ -;s'Gtnf y'nª ' ‘k|tLs’ ;=@)%(M #@_, !%=r08L sf];n ] LM xfªsf]ª Hof]kf ;'ga'ªdf a8\8L a'ªdfP uf]gf]ªf
sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x -lzjxl/ /fO{ ;=@)^@M &@_ df ;"oW{ jh y'n'ªsf] a"9f ;'Aafaf6 cf]sf]d\ Hof]kf dfofªf Ho'Ntf] ldlS;s' uf]gf]ªf .
;fef/ u/L * x/kmsf] uLt /flvPsf_ cflb 5g\ . ;'ga'§] rf]nL /zdL ;f/L /]G;fGgL a|]pdf .
@=@$=!) kf7\o;fdu|L (Pedagogical materials) nfnLsfd\ b[n/f b'wsf]zL xf]Da' n'S;fsf nªdf
kfljs], eQmk'/n] cfh;Dd ls/fFtL–y'nª ' df s'g} kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ u|f]9n
] f Rof]ªvf]d 8\oK' tf]ªf nGgL cfg]Kg] ufgLnfO{
pTkfbg gu/]sf] eP klg c? 5]qaf6 t]:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] e]6s ] f 5f}+ . cag] uf]jf] g]DYof]tf] a'ª' lhGbuL e/LnfO{ .
t]:df z/b y'nª ' –/fO{ / Pr=h]=hª -;Dkf= O{=@))@_ sf] rf]d! bM y'nª
' Njfdbfd ;fpgsfd\ sf]v'{ k|fS] tfdf of]Stf /fs]ªf d]bo'ªf
;f]DbL sf;f] g'd s'?jfld g} d'Vo xf] . o;sf] k|of]u ufpF j:tLdf ePsf] x'g' k5{ . cf]Yof]Da's uf]gf] lbnuG8f cfg]k 5]sª ] f d]bo'ªf
efiff ;hLjtfdf o;n] dxTjk"g{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/sf] 5 . l;Gb'/ kf]t] Njf8fnf r'/f ANjfG;fGgL ufgLnfO{
cjg] uf]jf] g]DYof]tf] a'ª' lhGbuL e/LnfO{
@=@$=!! kqklqsf (Magazines) o:t} s]zj /fO{ / c?n] ;Djt\ %) sf] bzsdf /]sl8{ªdf NofPsf] dNo"
cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–xfo'df cfh;Dd xfdLn] Pp6} klg kqklqsf a'ª -y'nª
' efiffsf uLtx¿sf] ;+ufnf]_ nfO{ ls/fFtL–y'nª
' dft[efiffsf] k|yd
e]6s] f 5}gf}+ . cf]Nnf] ls/fFts} ls/fFtL–/f9' jf jfDa'nd] f b'O{ j6f dfQ} 5g\ t/ tL
b'O{ klqsfn] ;flxTo ;[hgfdf Oltxf; g} /r]sf 5g\ . t]:t} ls/fFtL–y'nª ' df klg
|| 397 || || 398 ||
;|Ao Sof;]6 dflgPsf] 5 . /]g]5]k| s]Gb|, wgs'6fn] klg of] efiffdf $ j6f uLtx¿ !=vf]n] -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=kmf]sf -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
/]s8{ u/]sf ;"rgf 90 xfdL;Fu 5 . #=sf]St] -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=Vjfr]k -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
%=8f]Sk' -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=rSk' -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
@=@$=!% wd{÷;F:s[lt (Religion/culture) &=v|G] d' -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=s]s]d\ -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
wd{ tyf ;F:s[ltsf] kmfF6df klg snd rn]sf] kfPsf 5f}+ . h:t}M (=l;;L -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=;]/ -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
!=‘y'nª ' sf] d[To' ;+sf/’ -k'isn y'n'ª ;=@)$(M !%–!&_, @=‘ls/fFt /fO{df !!=WjfSrL -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=jfd' -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
r'N' xf]sf] dxTj’ -kfFrjL/ y'n'ª ;=@)$(M @@–@#_, #=‘y'nª
' ¥jfSb'sfd ;fSn] !#=vf;] -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=5fSkf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
g'd l;nL’ -on'ª ls/fFt / s[i0f /fO{ ;=@)%@M !(–@^_ cflb OToflb . !%=/f]d' -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;d' -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
@=@$=!^ hfltzf:q (Ethnology) !&=VNof -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=8'd' -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
!(=;f6\kf -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=gf]km\ nf -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
hfltzf:qsf] ;]/f]km] /f]nfO{ ;d]6\g] n]vx¿df !=‘y'nª ' sf] kl/ro’ @!=;'aj' frf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=kf]d' -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
-;fotdfg /fO{ O{=@))^M @%–@&_, @=‘y'n'ª /fO{sf] pTklQ / kf5f’ -cUoft @#=8L -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=ldS;L -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
;=@)%!M @$ jftf]ªaf6_, #=‘xt'jfnL y'nª ' /fO{sf] hGd, ljjfx / d[To' ;+:sf/’ @%=nfKt]/ -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=d' -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
-rGb|sd' f/ xt'tjfnL O{=@))^M @%–@& lgK;'ª, !! ls @!<_ g} x'g\ . @&=ªf] -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=:of] -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
@=@$=!& efiffzf:qLo cWoog (Linguistic studies) @(=x'Gd' -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=v]n\ -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogsf] 5]qdf cfn]g / cfOdL k|dv ' x'g\ . ;'Pof]zL #!=w]Dkf -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=Ujfd' -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
tf]af -O{=!(*#_ sf] c kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l/sG:6«S;g cj\ k|f6] f]–gf]bg{ /fO{ -OGSn'8\;\ ##=Hof]kf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=5of]/f]jf -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
vflnª–s'n'ª–y'nª ' kmf]gf]nf]hL_ klg dxTjk"g{ cWoog xf] . t];kl5 u8{ #%=lulud\ -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=;]d -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
ÅofG;f]g -O{=!((!_ sf] gfd g} cfpF5 . t'ngfTds cWoogdf klg of] efiffn] #&=Njf -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=a'O -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
:yfg kfPsf] 5ý h;df k|e/' fd j:g]t -O{=@))@_ sf] gfpg k|]mh\ :6«Sr/ Og\ y'nª ' #(=Yof]d' -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=Yof]Daf]km -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
ofG8 OÍlnzM c sDk]/l] 6e :68L g} xf] . :jb]zL efiffljb\x¿sf] cWoog eg] t]tL $!=/ª -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=3[ok' f -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
e]6s] f 5}gf}+ . $#=uf] -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]Gd' -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
$%=sf]Ko'sf -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=y]Gd' -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
@=@$=!* ls/fFtL–y'nª' gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Thulung sample $&=Anfd -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=tfd' -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
wordlist) $(=b'ª -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=b\ok' f -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] %!=;]/ -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=cf]:of] -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . %#=xfkf -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=VNof]d' -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
ls/fef tyf ;fk -@)^@M @@–@$_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z %%=Ho'Ho'aª ' -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=;L -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} %&=b]/ -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=gª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . %(=nSrf -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=Go'k -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
^!=l;Gyf -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=Gof] -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
90 ^#=lda' -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=sf]n] -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
c? ls/fFtL efiffx?df ls/fjfdf $%, cf7k|] &, k'df @, s'nª ' !), a]nxf/] #, l5Gtfª
^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=Do'Ro" -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
%, l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %, vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, b'dL @, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL
#, kmfªb'jfnL #, ofSvfdf * egL Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–/fO{n] cfk\mgf] n]v zLif{s ^&=j -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=nfnfd\ -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
‘afGtfjf /fO{ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’ -lgK;'ª, !#, @% ;=@)^#M #@_ df pNn]v ^(=kYo'k -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=lvls/\jf -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
u/]sf 5g\ . &!=;]S/] -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=¥jfd' -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
&#=/]d' -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=e|n -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
|| 399 || || 400 ||
&%=a'd÷' uGd' -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=sf]St] -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
&&=cDd' -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=ofSs] -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
&(=s'Os' -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=PlD;d' -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand cfn]g, lgsf]n; h]= !(&^= :6l8h\ Og\ b ldy;\ ofG8 cf]/n 6«l8;Gh\ cj\ b
*!=vf]/\nª' -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone y'nª' /fO{ cj\ b O:6 g]kfn= kLPr8L lyl;;= o'lgel;{6L cj\ cS:kmf]8={
*#=lgK;'ª -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfs's]n]d' -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim Allen, Nicholas J. 1976. Studies in the Myths and Oral Traditions
*%=d]/ -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=d] -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that of the Thulung Rai of the East Nepal. PhD Thesis. University
of Oxford.
*&=cf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=ufgf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
-----. !(&%= :s]r cj\ y'nª
' u|d/ ljy y|L 6]S:6;\ ofG8 c Unf];/L -sf]gn
]{
*(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=ln -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
(!=bS;f -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=gn] -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two Oi6 Plhof k]k/;{\ ^_= Oyfsf, PgjfOM sf]gn
]{ o'lgel;{6L rfOgf–hfkfg
(#=nflDbd' -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=s' -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water k|f]uf| d=
-----. 1975. Sketch of Thulung Grammar with Three Texts and a
(%=u'O -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=xfd\ -;j{_ ‘s]’ what Glossary (Cornell East Asia Papers 6). Ithaca, NY: Cornell
(&=a'a'd\ -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=:o' -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who University China-Japan Program.
((=d];d] -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=cf]cf]d\ -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow -----. !(&@= ‘b el6{sn 8fOd]G;g Og y'nª
' Snfl;lkms];g’, hg{n cj\ b
--------------- ofGy|f]kf]nf]lhsn ;f];fO6L cj\ cS;kmf]8{, *!–($=
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 cWoogsf] bf}8fgdf xfdLn] dft[efiff jStfx¿;Fu of] of]ofSvfsf] -----. 1972. ‘The vertical dimension in Thulung classification’,
8]O6fnfO{ /]lSl6kmfO ug]{ cj;/ gldn]sf]n] h:tfsf] t:t} /fv]sf 5f}+ . Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 81-94.
@=@$=!( lgrf]8 (Conclusion) cUofFt= ;=@)%*= ‘n]tk"m6 o d]Njf:jf’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M !%–!^=
Anon. 2001. ‘Letphut ya melwaswa’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 15-16.
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs rf}lj;df k/]sf] j:g]t, k|e/' fd= O{=@))@= gfpg k|]mh\ :6«Sr/ Og\ y'nª
' ofG8 OÍlnzM c
ls/fFtL–y'nª' dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us ] f 5f}+ . of] sDk]/]l6e :68L= df:6;{ lyl;;, k\mofsN6L cj\ Ph'sO] ;g, lqe'jg
dft[efifL ;Dk|bfosf] cWoog cGt//fli6«o :t/df ePsf] 5 . ;flxTosf] s]xL o'lgel;{6L, sLlt{k/' =
ljwfdf snd rn]sf] e]l6of] . k'm6s/ sljtf 5]qdf klg s]xL slj / Basnet, Prabhu Ram. 2002. Noun Phrase Structure in Thulung and
sjloqLx¿ pbfO/x]sf 5g\ . syf, n]v cflb e]l6P klg pkGof;, lgjGw, English: A Comparative Study. Masters Thesis, Faculty of
;+:d/g cflb kQf] nfu]g . t]:t} kq–klqsfdf klg Pp6} bf]lbvfd e]l6of] . Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur.
efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf cGt//fli6«o efiffljb\x¿n] Jofs/g tyf cGo PjO5f–afGtfjf, l8s= ;=@)%*= afGtjf -/fO{_ zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M lbks'df/
;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzgdf NofPsf] e]l6of] . ;/sf/L :t/df t]:tf] s'g} kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ ?kfa'ª=
k|sfzg gePsf] eP klg of] efiffdf kf7\ok':tsx¿ pknAw 5g\ . zAbsf]zsf] Ewoicha-Bantawa, Dik. 2001 [VS 2058]. Bantawa (Rai)
5]qdf eg] t]:tf] vf;} pknAwL e]l6Psf] 5}g . o;sf elugL efiffx¿ ls/fFtL– Shabdakosh. Kathmandu: Dipkumar Rupabung.
afc\oª' , sf]FOr, /f9' jf jfDa'n] / ls/fFtL–h]?ª x'g\ eg] lnªlvd klg glhs ' –/fO{sf] pTklQ / kf5f’, jftf]ª, !, !M @$=
af]lSvd–/fO{, /fdbn= !(($= ‘y'nª
eg]sf] e]l6of] . t/ cfh;Dd lnªlvd -x]g"{ @=!$ klg_ eflifs ;Dk|bfo xf] eGg] Bokkhim-Rai, Ramdal. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Thulung-Raiko utpatti ra
t]tL kTofl/nf] k|dfg k]mnf kl/;s]sf] xfdLn] e]§fPsf 5}gf}+ . a? ls/fFtL–s'n'ª pachha’, Watong, 1,1: 24.
jf ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] Snfgf]lgd x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf xfdLn] ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf] b]j;f–/fO{, cudl;+= O{=!($$=cfznR5L lzIff [y'n'ª /fO{ efiff]= bflh{lnªM
pk–cWofo -x]g"{ @=!@ klg_ df pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ . :jf8]z zAb;"lrdf ;o k|ltzt n]vs=
g} zAbx¿ df}hb" 5g\ . ;/sf/L gLlt ;s/fTds eof] eg] of] efiff afFRg]5 . Deusa-Rai, Agam S. 1944. Ashalaskhi Siksha [Thulung Rai
Bhasha]. Darjeeling: Author.
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘ªf/’, bf]lbvfd\, !, @M @* cfznR5L lzIff O{=!($$ af6
;fef/=
|| 401 || || 402 ||
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Ngar’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 28 excerpt from -----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Lambermamim’, in Vairagi Kaila and
Ashlachchhi Shikksha 1944. Amrit Yonjan (eds.) Rastriya Bhashaka Kavita Sangalo.
8'/g]Gafn, dl/;= @))#= ej{n sDkfpG8;\ cqm; ls/fFtL -OGSn'8\;\ y'n'ª Kathmandu: Rastriya Janajati Vikas Samiti.
OUhfDkN;\_= k]k/ lk|hG] 6L8 Og\ b 6jG6Lkmf]y{ ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b -----. ;=@)%^= ‘cp ;'wf’, df j}/fuL sfOFnf / cd[t of]Ghg -;Dkf=_ /fli6«o
lnªuOl:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]j]Da/= efiffsf sljtf ;+ufnf]= sf7df8f}+M /fli6«o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt=
Durnenbal, Marius. 2003. Verbal compounds across Kiranti -----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Au sudha’, in Vairagi Kaila and Amrit
(includes Thulung examples). Paper presented in the 24th Yonjan (eds.) Rastriya Bhashaka Kavita Sangalo.
Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27 Kathmandu: Rastriya Janajati Vikas Samiti.
November. -----. ;=@)%)= ‘y'nª
' –g]kfnL–c+u|hL zAbsf]z’, lxdfno, #, !, &M %&–%*=
Pj6{, s/]g Pr= O{=@))#= ‘Os'OenG6;\ cj\ ‘sGh'u]l6e kfl6{sN;\’ Og\ ls/fFtL -----. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Thulung-Nepali-Angri Shabdakosh’,
Nofªu'Olhh\’ -OGSn'8;\ lnDa" OUHofDkN;\_= Og\ t]h cf/ sG;fsf/ / dfs{ Himalaya, 3, 1, 7: 57-58.
6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyD;\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\= ls/fFt, on'ª= ;=@)%)M ‘bf]bLvfd’, /fli6«o efiffsf sljtfx¿= sf7dfG8"M
sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8]nju{ / lqlj= g]/fk|k=| kfgf *!–*#=
Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in Kirat, Yalung. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Dodikham’, Rastriya Bhashaka
Kiranti languages’ (includes Thulung examples). In Tej R Kavitaharu. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. Pp.81-83.
Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan ls/fFt, on'ª / s[i0f /fO{= ;=@)%@= ‘y'n'ª ¥jfSb'sfd ;fSn] g'd l;nL’,
Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia Institute, ;okqL, !, #M !(–@^=
Heidelberg and TU.
Kir!&t, Yalung & Krishna Rai. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Thulung
u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
rwakdukam sakle num sili’, Sayapatri, 1, 3, 19-26.
nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg= lsy'/f, lji0f'= ;=@)%^= ‘uf] /fª'’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, @, !@M #*=
Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
Kithura, Bishnu. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Go rangu’, Libju-Bhumju, 8, 2,
Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
12: 38.
Indigenous Nationalities
sfOFnf, jf:af]6=] ;=@)%*= ‘a'jf{’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M $*= -----. ;=@)%^= ‘ldS;L’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !!M $*=
Ka#la, Basbote. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Burwa’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 48. -----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Miksi’, Libju-Bhumju, 8, 1, 11: 48.
vDa", uf]kfn= @)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !,!M nfxfp:;f]O;, cfOdL= O{=@))#= ‘gf]ldgfnfOh]O;g ofG8 O6;\ e]l/c;\ o';]h\ Og\
#(–$@= y'n'ª /fO{’, lnª\u'Ol:6S;\ cj\ b l6a]6f]–ad{g Pl/of, @^,!M ##–%*=
Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha Lahaussois, Aimée. 2003. ‘Nominalization and its various uses in
ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42. Thulung Rai’, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 26,1:
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x= 33-58.
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf= -----. O{=@))@= cf:k]S6;\ cj\ y'n'ª /fO{ u|ofd/= kLPr8L l8h6]{O;g, o'lgel;{6L
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka cj\ sfNkmf]lg{of, as{n=]
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai -----. 2002. Aspects of Thulung Rai Grammar. Ph.D. Dissertation,
Yayokkha. University of California, Berkeley.
ls/fFt, on'ª= @)%^= ‘nfd\a/] dfldd\’, df j}/fuL sfOFnf / cd[t of]Ghg -;Dkf=_ /fO{, 8Da/l;+= ;=@)%(= ‘sfD;f]’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, @M !$=
/fli6«o efiffsf sljtf ;+ufnf]= sf7df8f}+M /fli6«o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt= Rai, Dambarsingh. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Kamso’, Dodikham, 1, 2:
14.
/fO{, hgss'df/= ;=@)%*= ‘/fQf] n]6l\ gsf’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @@=

|| 403 || || 404 ||
Rai, Janak K. 2001 [VS 2001]. ‘Ratto letnika’, Dodikham, 1, 1: -----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Sristi sambandhi katha’, Dodikham, 1, 1:
22. 43-45.
/fO{, snf= ;=@)%(= ‘k|Rof] xfª h'dxfª’, bf]lbvfd\, !, #M $–%= /fO{, /fh]Gb|= ;=@)%(= ‘vf;] uf]g'd ufk'’, bf]lbvfd\, !, @M !$=
Rai, Kala. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Prachyo hang Jumhang’, Dodikham, Rai, Rajendra. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Khase gonum gapu’, Dodikham,
1, 3: 4-5. 1, 2: 14.
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘l/r$f] n'Dnf’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M $*= /fO{, ;fotdfg= O{=@))^= ‘y'n'ªsf] kl/ro’, ls/fFt bk{0f, !, !M @%–@&=
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Richo lumla’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 48. Rai, Sayatman. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Thulungko parichaya’, Kirati
/fO{, xl/k|;fb= ;=@)%)M ‘nfd 5]d' af;L’, /fli6«o efiffsf sljtfx¿= sf7dfG8"M Darpan, 1, 1: 25-27.
g]/fk|k=| kfgf &(–*)= /fO{, lzjxl/= ;=@)^@= r08L sf];n
] LM sljtf÷uLt ;+u|x= pbok'/M ls/fFt /fO{
Kirat, Yalung. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Dodikham’, Rastriya Bhashaka ofof]Svf=
Kavitaharu. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. Pp.79-80. Rai, Shivah. 2005 [VS 2062]. Chandi Koseli Kavita/Git Sangraha.
' x¿ snª\sL wd{df===<’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M !&–
/fO{, s]zjs'df/= ;=@)%*= ‘y'nª Udayapur: Kirat Rai Yayokkha.
!*= /fO{, l7ns'df/= ;=@)%(= ‘l;lsgLjf]’, bf]lbvfd\ , !, @M @&=
Rai, Thil K. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Sikiniwo’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 27.
Rai, Keshav K. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Thulungharu kalanki
dharmamaa‘?’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 17-18.
' sf] afx| lsk6’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M (–!)=
l/a';fn–/fO{, k|]d= ;= @)%*= ‘afx| y'nª
/fO{, s]zj / c?= ;=@)%(= dNo" a'ª -y'nª
' efiffsf uLtx¿sf] ;+ufnf]_= Ribusal-Rai, Prem. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Bahra Thulungko bahra
kipat’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 9-10.
sf7dfG8"M y'n'ª -/fO{_ ;fdf=
l;hfklt, /fdljqmd= ;=@)%$= efiff lzIff= nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg=
Rai, Keshav et al. 2002 [VS 2059]. Malyu Bung (Thulung Sijapati, Rambrikam. 1997 [VS 2045]. Bhasha Shiksha. Lalitpur:
bhashaka githaru sangalo). Kathmandu: Thulung (Rai) Sama.
Sajha Prakashan.
/fO{, x:t= ;=@)%*= ‘/fgL /fgL lggfgL’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @@= ;'jx' fª, ls/fFt= ;=@)%*= ‘nfnL a'ª8\ nf’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M $=
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘pg' lkm6\gL d/La'ª’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M #@= Subuhang, Kirat. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Lali bungdalaa’, Dodikham, 1,
/fO{, s[i0f= ;=@)%(= ‘cfnf:of]’, bf]lbvfd\, !, #M !*= 1: 4.
/fO{, s[i0fs'df/= ;=@)$*= ‘nfd\ /]Da]6k\ f k|Rof] Û cfnfRof]’, lxdfno, !, !, #M -----. -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%*= ‘d'?d\ldDsf$d gª’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M *=
%(= -----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Murummimkam nang’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 8.
Rai, Krishna Kumar. 1991 [VS 2048]. ‘Lam rembetpa ! -----. -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%*= ‘;f]$kbLkf] g]DbLkf]s' g$ª, l;lvjf$ dfFvj
] f, 8fD;L
Aalachyo’, Himalaya, 1, 1, 3: 59.
/fO{, kfFraL/= ;=@)%(= ‘;f]dLa'’, bf]lbvfd\, !, #M !&= vfpvf]/f]g' h$d'’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M !(–@)=
Rai, Panchbir. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Somibu’, Dodikham, 1, 3: 17. -----. (ed.). 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Sopadeepo nemdipoku nang, sikhiwa
mankhewa, damsi khaukhoronu jamu’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 19-
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘nfn] ys' ;f]/Lng’, bf]lbvfd\, !, @M !@= 20.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Lale thaku sorilan’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 12. -----. -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%*= ‘y'n'ª–/fO{x¿sf] kf5f’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @%–@&=
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘nfDb]Gd" l;l;/L’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @#= -----. (ed.). 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Thulung-Raiharuko pacha’,
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Lamdenmu sisiri, Dodikham, 1, 1: 23. Dodikham, 1, 1: 25-27.
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘;f$ P]’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @#= -----. ;=@)%*= ‘8o"Dnf h]lgd\ a'Go'’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M #!=
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Saa ee’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 23. -----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Dayumla jenim bunyu’, Dodikham, 1, 1:
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘3]/L;f$ ] 3]/L’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @(= 31.
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Gheriso gheri, Dodikham, 1, 1: 29. -----. -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%*= ‘y'n'ª /fO{x¿sf kf5f’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @%–@&=
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘;[li6 ;DaGwL syf’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M $#–$%=
|| 405 || || 406 ||
-----. (ed.). 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Thulung-Raiharuko pacha’, -----. ;=@)%(= ‘b]nk]kf vfb'’, bf]vLvfd\ !, #M ##=
Dodikham, 1, 1: 25-27. -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Delpepa khadu’, Dodikham, 1, 3: 33.
-----. ;=@)%)= ‘Hof]Ho"nª
' ’, lnAh'–e'Dh', @, !–$M !#= ' , ljdnf= ;=@)%(= ‘sfD;f]’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, @M !#=
y'nª
-----. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Jyojyulung’, Libju-Bhumju, 2, 1-4: 13. Thulung, Bimala. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Kamso’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 13.
' , hfkfg= ;=@)%(= ‘;fdf dfnL’, bf]lbvfd\, !, #M !&=
y'nª -----. ;=@)%(= ‘ar]{ g'ª a'gL’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, @M @%=
Thulung, Japan. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Sama mali’, Dodikham, 1, 3: -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Barche nung buni’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 25.
17. ' , ljlkg= ;=@)%(= ‘bf]bLvd\’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, #M #*=
y'nª
' , c+ut= ;=@)%(= ‘nf]jªf v|]lA8sf’, bf]lbvfd\, !, #M $)=
y'nª Thulung, Bipin. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Dodikham’, Dodikham, 1, 3: 38.
Thulung, Angat. 2002 [VS 2059] ‘Lownga khrebdika’, Dodikham, ' , x:t= ;=@)%(= ‘sfD;f]’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, @M !(=
y'nª
1, 3: 40. Thulung, Hasta. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Kamso’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 19.
-----. ;=@)%^= ‘dfd kfksf]] :of]D8L’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, !, !! M $*= ' –/fO{, x:t= ;=@)%(= ‘s'?jf’, bf]vLvfd\ !, #M #@=
y'nª
-----. 1999 [VS 2056] ‘Mam papko syomdi’, Libju-Bhumju, 8, 1, Thulung-Rai, Hasta. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Dodikham’, Dodikham, 1,
11: 48. 3: 32.
' , jfnf= ;=@)%(= ‘vlSrlns’, ;okqL -ax'eflifs_, *, !, !@M !)^–
y'nª ' , k'isn= ;=@)%(= ‘:o'k/' ’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, @M @&=
y'nª
!!!= Thulung, Puskal. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Syupur’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 27.
Thulung, Bala. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Khakchilik’, Sayapatri -----. ;=@)%*= ‘/fdNo' /fhf / /yf]ªdf /fgL’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M !!–!$=
(Multilingual) 8, 1, 12: 106-111. -----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Ramlyu raja ra rathongma rani’, Dodikham,
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘y'nª
' efiffdf s]xL zAbx¿’, bf]lbvfd\, !, #M @$–@%= 1, 1: 11-14.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Thulung bhashama kehi shabdaharu’, ' sf] d[To' ;+sf/’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, #M !%–!&=
-----. ;=@)$(= ‘y'nª
Dodikham, 1, 3: 24-25. -----. 1992 [VS 2049]. ‘Thulungko mrityu sanskar’, Dodikham, 1,
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘sfD;f]’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, @M !#= 3: 15-17.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Kamso’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 13. ' , t]h= ;=@)%(= ‘sfD;f]’, bf]vLvfd\ !, #M !*=
y'nª
-----. ;=@)%*= ‘l;l;/L’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @!= Thulung, Tej. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Kamso’, Dodikham, 1, 3: 18.
-----. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Sisiri’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 21. ' –/fO{, clbk= ;=@)%(= ‘l/l;jf sfD;f]’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, #M @)=
y'nª
-----. ;=@)%!= ‘dfcfM’, sljtf, %)M (*–!))= Thulung-Rai, Adip. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Risiwa kamso’, Dodikham,
-----. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Maaa:’, Kavita, 1, 1: 31. 1, 3: 20.
' , afnf / s]zj y'n'ª -;Dkf=_ ;=@)%(= ‘b]nk]kf vfb'’, bf]vLvfd\ !, @M
y'nª ' –/fO{, s]zj= ;=@)%(= ‘u'O{ Do"Ro" Û’, bf]vLvfd\ , !, @M @*=
y'nª
!(= Thulung-Rai, Keshab. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Gui myuchyu’,
Thulung, Bala and Keshab Thulung (eds.). 2002 [VS 2059]. Dodikham, 1, 2: 28.
‘Delpepa khadu’, Dodikham, 1, 2: 19. y''n'ª–/fO{, lgtf= ;=@)%*= ‘;]nf’, bf]lbvfd\, !, !M @$=
' , jfnf / c? -;Dkf=_= ;=@)%(= ‘vlSrlns’, bf]vLvfd\ !, #M #–$=
y'nª Thulung-Rai, Nita. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Sela’, Dodikham, 1, 1: 24.
Thulung, Bala et.al (eds.). 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Khakchilik’, ' –/fO{, z/b / Pr=h]=hª -;Dkf=_= O{=@))@= rf]d! bM y'nª
y'nª ' Njfdbfd ;f]DbL
Dodikham, 1, 3: 3-4. sf;f] g'd s'?jfld = nlntk'/M Pr=h]=hª=
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘l;lvjf÷dfªv]jf’, bf]vLvfd\ !, #M ^–&= Thulung-Rai, Sharada and H.J. Jung (eds.). 2002. Tsom Da:
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Sikhiwa/mangkhewa’, Dodikham, 1, 3: 6-7. Thulung lwadam somdi, kamso num kuruwamim. Lalitpur:
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘y'nª
' Njf nfªsf ªf/’, bf]vLvfd\ !, #M !#= H.J Jung.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Thulung lwa langka ngar’, Dodikham, 1, 3: ' , kfFrjL/= ;=@)$(= ‘ls/fFt /fO{df r''Nxf]sf] dxTj’, bf]lbvfd\, !, #M @@–
y'nª
13. @#=
|| 407 || || 408 ||
Thulung, Panchbir. 1992 [VS 2049]. ‘Kirat Raima chulhoko
mahatwa’, Dodikham, 1, 3: 22-23.
@=@% ls/fFtL–ofSvf (Kiranti-Yakkha)
y'n'ª, k"0f{l;+= ;=@)%(= ‘bf]Rof] b]KrLgª’, bf]lbvfd\, !, @M !^–!*=
Thulung, Purnasingh. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Dochyo depchinang’, @=@%=) kl/ro (Introduction)
Dodikham, 1, 2: 16-18.
' ‘k|tLs’, ;s'Gtnf= ;=@)%(= ‘sfD;f]’, bf]lbvfd\, !, #M #@=
y'nª sf]Dk]mn'ª;Fu cGof]Gofl;|t ;DjGw ePsf clg t]Gtfdf, oflS;u'd,'
Thulung ‘pratik’, Sakuntala. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Kamso’, Dodikham,
kmf]Daf]nf]Daf / 8f]sg] Lnfs' ;F:s[ltsf wgL ls/fFtL–ofSvfx¿ cfk\mgf]
1, 3: 32. dft[efiffnfO{ ofSvf-af $kf_ r]co\ f $r]cf jf ;fnf (Yakkhaba Ce!! >Ce!)
y'nª
' , sdn / kfFrjL/ y'n'ª= ;=@)%*= ‘l;n]lS68 Unf];/L cg\ y'n'ª’, eGb5g\ . ;fnfnfO{ s'/f / ofSvfafnfO{ ofSvfjf (Yakkhawa) eGb5g\ eGg]
bf]lbvfd\, !, #M ^ / #* -y'nª
' –/fO{ ;fdf_= /fdhL sf]ª/]gsf] cledt 5 . t/ OYgf]nu / k|f=hf8«fGsf uf]H8fgf]lehn] ofSvfaf
Thulung, Kamal and Panchbir Thulung. 2001. [VS 2058]. ‘Selected g} pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . k|frLg ls/fFt vf]tNg] qmddf ls/fFt eg]sf] 5]lqo l;jfo
glossary on Thulung’, Dodikham, 1.3: 6 and 38 [Thulung-Rai sf]xL xf]Ogg\ egL lgrf]8df k'Ug] 8f=:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{ -pk{m sfn] /f]b'ª_ / b'uf{xfª
Sama]. ofSvf–/fO{ -=b'uf{k; | fb /fO{ ;=@)%(_ n] ax;df Nofpg' ePsf] ‘ofSvf’ zAb
tf]af, ;'Pof]zL= O{=!(*#= c kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l/sG:6«S;g cj\ k|f6] f]–gf]bg{ /fO{= dxfef/tsfnLg ‘oIf’ ;Fu glhs h:tf] b]lvg' t'ngfTds efiffljUofgdf rfG;
PdP lyl;;, o"lgel;{6L cj\ 6]S;;\ of6 cln{ª6\ g, h'nfO{ !(*#= l/h]Dan]G; (chance resemblance) dfQ} xf] . lsgeg] 8f=xs{ u'?ªn] ;fOgf]–
Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. A phonological reconstruction of proto- l6a]6f]–ad{g eflifs ;Dk|bfo hfltsf] Oltxf; sfzLtk{m vf]h/] e]l6b}g 91 egL
northern Rai. MA Thesis, University of Texas at Arlinton, eg]sf 5g\ .
July 1083.
hLkL dfnfnf;]s/] f -O{=!*((–!(&#_ n] b kfnL 6]S; ;f];fO6L,
*************************** nG8gaf6 k|sfzgdf NofPsf] zAbsf]z a'l4:6 l8S;G/L cj\ kfnL k|f]k/ g]Odh\
n] u/]sf] ‘ofSvf’ zAbsf] cYof{OFn] klg of] zAb rfG; l/h]DAn]G; eGbf l;jfo
s]xL xf]Og egL k'li6 ub{5 . a? o'jf cWo]tf ch'{gafa' dfa'xfª -;=@)^$_ /
dfb]g, lnDa" / dfa'xfª -O{=@))*_ n] ‘ofSvf’ zAbnfO{ ofSy'ª kfMg
dft[/fi6«efiffdf cWof{pg] k|ofz u/]sf 5g\ . ofSy'ª kfMg df ofS;f ->ofS;faf
>ofSvf efiffj}Uoflgs k|dfgdf Wjlg kl/jt{gsf] lbzf ;+st ] _ ‘s6]/f, 6x/f’ -x]g"{
/fdhL sf]ª/]g -O{=@))&M !!) / lng]c; O{=@))@ klg_ x'G5 . / ofS;faf
>ofSvfsf] lhcf]–OYgf]lnª\uO' l:6s (geo-ethnolinguistic) k|dfg lbP/ ‘s6]/f
jf 6x/fdf a:g] dfG5] g} ofSvf x'g’\ klg eg]sf 5g\ . ofSvf r]cf jf r]co\ f df
klg ofS;f eg]sf] ‘s6]/f, 6x/f’ -x]g"{ /fdhL sf]ª/]g O{=@))&M !!)_ s} cy{ x'G5 .
cj:o g} cfk\mgf] h/f] cfk\mg} dft[efiffdf e]l6g] ePsf]n] sfzLlt/ ef}+tf/Lg'sf]
dxTj sd 5 . Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ª -O{=!(^&_ n] klg cfk\mgf] sLlt{ lx:6«L cj\ b
ls/fFt lkkn df gf} k6s ofSvfsf] pNn]v ubf{ cfs]{cf]nf]hL cj\ jN8{
l/lnhgsf] pNn]v ub}{ ofSvfx¿sf] k|frLg :yfg sfzL j/k/} u+ufsf] d}bfgnfO{
7x/fPsf 5g\ . ce}m cg';Gwftfx¿n] ljutsf] l;nf]g jt{dfgsf] >Ln+sfndf
kfOg] ofvf] hflt k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ofSvf;Fu ;dfg b]vfPsf klg 5g\ eGg] pNn]v
u/]sf 5g\ . of] cl3 pNn]v ePsf] xs{ u'?ªs} s'/f;Fu sfzLlt/ uP/ 6'ªluG5 .
91
pgn]] eg]sf k'g{ ;"rgfsf]nflu x]g"{ cWofo % sf] kfbl6KkgL g+= !@) df x]gx'{ f];\ .
|| 409 || || 410 ||
ofSvf-af $kf_ r]co\ fnfO{ klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] c? s]xL j}slNks s]xL ;do otf b]jfgx¿ ofSvf xf]Ogg\ eGg] lhsL/x¿ b]jfg ;dfh
gfdx¿ klg lbPsf 5g\ . ltgdf ofSvfaf ;fnf (Yakkhaba sala), b]jfg ;fnf ;]jf ;ldlt w/fg–@)%% n] cufl8 ;fb}{ cfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ klg ca
(Dewan sala) / ofSvf r]o÷;fnf g} x'g\ . / xfdLn]] pgLx¿sf] ;"rgf klg xfd|}
;'/n] sf] h:tf] 5'§} hfltsf] lrgf/L 92 rflxPsf] :k:6} 5 . eLdaxfb'/ b]jfg,
dfG5]x¿sf] ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t 5 eGg] s'/f klg lj;{g' xF'b}g . ls/fFtL–ofSvf ds/axfb'/ b]jfg, d0fLnfn b]jfg, lktd b]jfg / hÍ b]jfg -;Dkf=;=@)%*_ df
k'?ifx¿ cfk"mnfO{ lrgfpg' kbf{ c6f]lgd (autonym) df ‘ofSvfaf’ -lnDa"df n]vs ] f] cfk\mgf] lstfa ljhok'/ b]jfg j+zfjnLM k'Tn'xfª dflbxfª df clen]v,
ofSy'ªaf_ eGb5g\ egL ?6h;{ -!((*M $_ n] n]vs ] f 5g\ . oxfF ‘ofSvfaf’ kf}/flGfs n]vx¿ / gfdfjnLx¿ ;+sng ub}{ ;f] s'/fsf] bfjL u/L cfPsf 5g\ .
c6f]OYgf]lgddf 6fFl;Psf] –af ?lkd ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] ofSy'ªafdf h:t} k'?if pgLx¿sf] ljrf/sf] s]xL x/kmx¿nfO{ oxfF Kof/fk|]mh ug{ rfxG5f}+ .
hgfpg] -x]g"{ pk–cWofo @=@^ klg_ ?lkd xf] . ofSvfx¿ ofSy'ª kfMg / c? n]vsx¿n] 1fgd0fL g]kfnsf] g]kfn lg?Qm u|Gysf] xjfnf lb+b} P]ltxfl;s
ls/fFtL efiffx¿ h:t} cf7k|], ls/fjf, ofDk"m, nf]xf]?ª, d]jfxfª cflbsf] glhs / 36gfx¿dWo] !* cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ljhok''/ /fhwfgLdf 36]sf] 36gfnfO{ pNn]v ug'{
jLrdf 5g\ . t];f] e’sf]n] ef}uf]lns b"/L afx]s Ps csf{df eflifs tyf ePsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ ljhok'/ /fhwfgLdf klxn] ls/fFtL /fhf, jLrdf ;]g /fhf
;fF:s[lts lgs6tf 5 . lsgeg] ls/fFtL–ofDk"m -x]g"{ @=@& klg_ / nf]xf]?ª -x]g"{ / clGtd /fo /fhf ;]gfOÍ lyP . o; ;DjGwL ljleGg ljifoUoftf, a'l4hLlj Pj+
@=!$ klg_ x¿n] klg cfk"mnfO{ ofSvfaf g} eGb5g\ . ca ofSvfn] hfltsf] g} kf}/flGfs n]v, clen]v, nfn df]x/x¿sf] cfwf/df ljhok'/ /fhwfgLdf l/7] /fo
lrgf/L kfO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df of] /fi6«sf ljåtju{ / ;+:yfx¿n] k]ml/ 3f]lTng' kg]{ /fO{n] lj=;=!&)(df cfkm" d'Vo dGqLsf] kbdf /xL bz}+df 6Lsf u|xGf u/]sf]
a]nf cfPsf] 5 . clen]vaf6 k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} b]jfg rf]v /fo -/fO{_ n] lj=;=!&&(
pgLx¿df dfªxfªj-a_f / 5fDj-a_fåf/f ;fofkf]Sdf ‘zL/ p7fpg]’ b]lv !*)) ;fn;Dd d'Vo dGqL eO{ 6Lsf u|xGf u/]]sf] kfOG5 elgPsf] 5 .
;fF:s[lts cEof; x'G5 eg] t]xL k|lqmofnfO{ gfS5f]ª >gfS5'ª k|of]udf Nofpg] /fhf lj;Gt/ ;]gsf] lj=;=!*)* sf] l;of /fo ;]gnfO{ lbPsf] df]x/df
c? ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿df ;fofrf]Sdf -ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf_ / ;fof/]Ddf b]jfg >LsfGt /fo -/fO{_, b]jfg >L h;sGf{ /fo, b]jfg a'l4sGf{ /fO{, a|xbQm /fO{
-ls/fFtL–/f]bª
' df_ elgG5 . oL tLg} ;fF:s[lts cjwf/gf a'emfpg] zAbx¿n] oL b]jfg, uhbn /fO{ b]jfg, k+rsGf{ /fO{ b]jfg, cfl;/fd /fO{ b]jfg, ?kfgf/foGf /fO{
eflifs ;Dk|fbo jLr ls/fFtL Ps} hflt eGg] Oltxf;sf] ;'Os
F f]–k|dfg lbG5 . b]jfg, xfªo'jf -dfbLxfª_ /fO{ b]jfg eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n] b]jfgx¿ ofSvf jf
pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n] lnDa"x¿ g} x'g\ egL /xg'sf] cf}lrTo gePsf] n]vsx¿ bfjf ub{5g\ . t/ oxfF
klxn] nfb]sf] / kl5r}F 7fn' x'g] xf]8df cfk\mgf] df}lnstf ofSvf nfO{ 5f8]/ ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd klg ‘/fO{’ g} ku/L j/g u/]sf] b]lvof] .
gSsn ub}{ j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai), b]jfg (Dewan), dlemof (Majhiya), pgLx¿ ce}m cufl8 a9\b} /fhdfnf u|Gydf l6k/f jf lqk'/fsf] k'/fgf] gfd
lhdL (Jimi h:t}M v]dfxfª lhdL) g} x'g\ . sltkon] t lnDa" klg a/g u/]sf ls/fFt xf] / of] Onfsfdf a:g] dflg;x¿ ls/fFt sxlnPsf x'g\ eGb} d]h/ lkm;/n]
lyP / 5g\ eGg] s'/f dfb]g, lnDa" / dfa'xfª -O{=@))*_ n] klg 5n{ªUofPsf 5g\ lqk'/fsf] /fhj+znfO{ sfr/L / sg]{n 8fN6gn] sfrf/L nfO{ ls/fFtL eg]sf x'g\
. ‘/fO{’ zAbsf] d"nh/f] eg] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg >/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . c? zAbx¿ eGg] ts{ cufl8 ;fb{5g\ . t/ ls/fFt-L_ zAbsf] d"n h/f] cf]O/ft -lxHh]df cf]O/ft
klg OG8f]–cfo{gs} x'g\ . logLx¿df l6a]6f]–dªuf]nf]O8 :6s / l6a]6f]–ad{g klg_ df 5 egL xfdLn] oxL cWofosf] pk–cWofo @=!) sf] kl/rodf klg
kl/jf/df ls/fFtL–ofSvf r]co\ fsf] s'g} df}lnstf afFrs ] f] 5}g . pgLx¿ klg pNn]v ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] k|dfg / lj:t[t ljj]rgf cWofo % df ul/Psf] 5 .
dªuf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g\ . t/ pgLx¿sf] of]
ofSvfaf OYgf]lgd ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª / ls/fFtL–ofDk"msf] klg ePsf] x'Fbf oxfF ‘b]jfg’ zJbnfO{ pgLx¿sf] cWoogn] OUhf]lgd (exonym) htfP
vfDaf]ªafnfO{ k|ZglrGx nfUb5 . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgn] :jOYgf]lgd klg b]jfgx¿ ls/fFtL–ofSvf geP/ 5'§} cflbjf;L÷hghflt x'g eGg] ;dsfnLg
vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa' (Khambu) xf] eG5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] bfjL -x]g"{ eLd b]jfg / c? ;=@)%*_ /x]sf] 5 . of] bfjL slt 7Ls slt j]7Ls
kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of] P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] eGg] lgg{osf]nflu kfbl6KkgL (@ df pNn]v ePsf] n]v k9\bf 5n{ªu x'G5 .
b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{
92
cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . of] efF8e}nf]sf] :ki6 lrqg / ljrf/sf]nflu 8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrfsf] n]v
‘ls/fFtL hflt / efiffx?sf] ;zlQms/0f’ -x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, aif{ !)&, cªs
!(*, !! d+l;/ @)^$_ df ePsf] 5 .
|| 411 || || 412 ||
dfb]g, lnDa" / dfa'xfª -O{=@))*_ n] klg b]jfg cfhhfsf] hftLo klxrfg geP/ /fdhL sf]ª/]g -;=@)^$M u_ n] of] efiffsf] ofS;fn]gnfO{ ;+vj' f;ef / wgs'6f
‘ku/L’ cyf{t\ ‘kb\jL’ g} xf] eg]sf 5g\ . -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=@^ XXVI klg_ nfO{ b]vfPsf 5g\ .
æxfdL /fO{ klg xf]Ogf} ofSvf klg xf]Ogf} / b]jfg b]jfg g} xf]Æ eGg] b]jfgx¿
‘/fo’ / ‘b]jfg’ zJb sf] Jo'TklQ -k"j{t\ @)%*M !–@_ vf]tNb} n]V5g\, æ/fo jf /fO{
/fhfsf] kof{ojfrL xf] ===b]jfg / lbjfg zJb ef/tsf] d'un ;fd|fHosf kfnfb]lv
g} Ps cf]xbfsf] ?kdf rNb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fd|f6nfO{ afbzfx / d'Vo
dGqLnfO{ lbjfg jf b]jfg elgGYof] . k[gf zfxsf kfnfb]lv h+uaxfb'/ /fGff;Dd
klg lbjfg / ahL/ aGb} cfP . oL zJbx¿ gfdsf cufl8 n]lvGy] . o;/L /fo,
b]jfg ls/fFt j+zaf6 x's{b} cfO{ cfh oxL lbjfg jf b]jfg zJb hfltsf] ?kdf
rNb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .Æ /fO{÷/fo÷b]jfg hflt / Snfgf]lgd gfdfs/Gfsf] k|lqmofdf
eLd b]jfg -k"j{t\ @)%*M #–$_ n] a}jflxs, k]zf, jf;:yfg / kbjfLaf6 lgdf{Gf
x'g] ts{ k]z ub{5g\ h'g s]xL xb;Dd eflifs, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts
b[li6sf]Gfaf6 hfoh / ;Dej b]lvG5 .
ca ‘b]jfg’ zAbsf] Jo'TklQ cfk}+mn] s]nfP/ jf:tljstf s] xf] /x]5 egL
yfxf kfO;s]kl5 klg xfdL 5'§} hflt / xfd|f] :jhfltgfd (auto-ethnonym)
b]jfg g} xf] egL lhsL/ ug]{ s'/f ;'Aaf, d'lvof, lhdL, dlemof / /fO{ cflb
:jhfltgfd xf] egL ln+8l] 9kL s:g' h:t} ls/fFtL hfltsf]nflu xf:of:kb x'G5 . -gSzf g+=@=@^ XXVI: ofSvf efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M *&_
o;n] s] s'/fsf] Oª\lut ub{5 eg] lxGb"cfo{s/g jf xs{ u'?ªn] eGg] u/]sf]
ce}m dfb]g, lnDa" / dfa'xfª -O{=@))*_ n] :ki6 gSzf sf]b}{ eg]sf s]xL
v;Ls/gsf] df/df hft–kft (caste or racist) kl/j]zdf ls/fFtL lrgf/L /
tYox¿nfO{ xfdL Kof/fk|]mh ug{ rfxG5f}+–;+vj' f;efsf] blVvg k"jL{ 5]qdf
cl:tTjsf] ;+s6 5 . ofSy'ª d'Gw'd tyf j+zfjnLn] cf7k/] / ofSvfnfO{
ofSvfx¿sf] j;f]jf; 5 . c?g / lkn'jf vf]nf jLrsf ufpFx¿df l;a'jf–
;xuf]qL eG5 . ;f] d'Gw'd–j+zfjnL cg';f/ ls/fFtL–ofSvfsf] k'vf{ xfª;]Daf x'g\ .
:ofa|'g, jfgf, hnhnf, afg]Zj/, l;bsfnL, l;4kf]v/L, ;ekf]v/L, r}gk'/ g} x'g\
of] ;+s6sf] ;+jf]wgkl5 ca xfdL ls/fFtL–ofSvf efiffsf] jStf5]qlt/ nfUg]5f}+ .
. otflt/sf ofSvfx¿n] hfltgfd /fO{ n]Vg] ub{5g\ . lkn'jf k"j{ tfdfkmf]s,
@=@%=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution) dflb/fdj]gL, dfbLd'nvs{, dfdlnª / cflve'Odf klg pgLx¿sf] j;f]jf; kfOG5 .
ls/fFtL–ofSvf r]co\ fnfO{ k"jL{o, pQ/L / blVvgL ofSvf u/L tLg oxfFsfx¿ cfk\mgf] hfltgfd of t lhdL of b]jfg n]V5g\ . wgs'6fsf] 8fF8fufpF /
5]qdf afFl8Psf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] of] 5]qnfO{ bz dlemof, kfFr dlemof / kfFr vkg df/]sf6]df klg pgLx¿sf] j:tL 5 . oxfFsfx¿ cfk"mnfO{ lnDa" hflt egL klxrfg
eGg] rng cem} 5 egL dfb]g, lnDa" / dfa'xfª -O{=@))*_ n] n]v]sf 5g\ . lbg] ub{y] egL n]vsqon] atfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} n]vsqon] pgLx¿ clxn]sf]
;flxTodf s]xL ljz]if leGgtf ;lxtsf] eflifsfnfO{ n'Daf ofSvf (Lumba ofSvf 5'Ddf eGbf klxn] ofSy'ª r'Dn'ªdf cfj4 lyP eGg] tYosf] v'nf;f klg
Yakkha) klg elgPsf] 5 . tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn vDa" -O{=@)))M $)_ n] u/]sf 5g\ .
ofSvf efiffdf b'O{j6f v]df b]vfpg] k|of; unt 5 eg]sf 5g\ . of] n'DafnfO{ @=@%=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms,
Oª\lut ul/Psf] xf] h;} xfdLn] ;'/]n / sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ ;fy} ;f]tfª / moities)
s'nª' -x]g"{ @=!@ klg_ nfO{ Oª\lut u/]sf 5f}+ . pgn] ls/fFtL–ofSvfsf] k|fylds
lzS5fsf]nflu s]Gb| eg]/ v/fª ufpF, ;+vj' f;ef lhNnfnfO{ r'gs ] f 5g\ . t/ l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ ls/f“tL–ofSvfx¿sf] hg;+Vof !& xhf/ #
v/fª eGbf tfdfkmf]sdfr}F k/Dk/fut klxrfg ar]sf] eGg] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . 5 eg] dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿sf] jStf;+Vof !$ xhf/ $ ;o $* 5 . efiff l/6]G;g
(retention) *^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ @=!! klg_ sf] t'ngfdf of]
8f=ofG8«o' /:;]nsf] cWoog 5]q klg oxL xf] . of] efiff d'Vo u/L tNnf] c?Gf
pkTosf -t'n= Eofg l8««cd klg_ df af]lng] efiff xf] . o'jf sf]zsf/ / cg';Gwftf w]/} pT;fxk|b 5 . ef/tsf] bflh{lnª If]qdf pgLx¿sf] ljutdf hg;+Vof !()!

|| 413 || || 414 ||
Dff !,!$#, !(!! df !,!!(, !(#! df *%) / !($! df *@$ -x]g"{ b]jfg @))!_ vfPlvª\, cf]St'xfª, Psy'xfª ;';fld lgª\vfdf
lyof] . pgLx¿sf] hDdf #)–#@ Snfgf]lgdx¿df h:t}M c-f]_s\tx' fª -x]g"{ PjO5f– v'lStc\jf -k]mk's_\ , xfª\rj' f o'ª\5fld gfvfdf
afGtfjf ;=@)%*M !_, Pnfjf, sf]ª-/]_n]g, ;f]ª-/]_n]g, yfOd, yf]Dkmf-/f_nf, 5f]ª\ng] -;f]ª/]g_ 5'ª5\ fld g'sfdf
k'c\t-' n'_xfª, rfn-/_sf]n,] sf]of]ªjf, vf-P_oflvd, vfDofª, ;f]Dofª, lnD- tfDnL -h:t}M cGhgf tfDnL_ kfª\lnof]ª\ kfª\lnof]ª\d]
a'_k'lvd, v''lStjf, 5fnf, lnª\vf, lkGg'xfª, lhdL -h:t}M v]dfxfª lhdL_, /f]u' t'Dj-a_f gflKdxfª\ ;fª\vfof]ª\d]
-h:t}M lnn /f]u–' ofSvf_ cflb OToflb . pgLx¿sf] ljz]if Snfgf]lgddf k'?ifnfO{ gfDd]s\ sfsfk' vfª\vfdf
5f]ª5fld / dlxnfnfO{ o'ªvfdf 93 egL ;Daf]wg ug]{ rng cf} k|lqmof 5 . kfDk"m -ofDk"m < xfd|f] k|Zg_ 5f]ª\vfld lyª\sflxª\d]
dfv/f 5f]ª\5fjf lyª\vfd]
oL afx]s EfflG;6f6{ -!*(^ / !()(_ n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ ofSvf
/f]u' sfSs'k' ;fª\vfof]ª\d]
Snfgf]lgdx¿ rf/vf]n,] lrStfª, Pof]vfª, x]ªdf, On'ªa-j_fª, sflsd,
lnªvf -OSgfk, rf/÷kfFre}of, nf]Skmf, g'sfdf lnª\5fld
sd]xfª, sf]Oo'ªjf >sf]o'ªa\ f -h:t}M zfGtf sf]o'ªa\ f_, sf]SjfnL, sf]ªf]/ª
bzd'lv_
->sf]ª/]-n]_g_ -sf]ªu|]g x]g"{ dfb]g, lnDa" / dfa'xfª O{=@))* klg_, s'Drf,
lnDa'lvd -rfd]÷d]Ghfd]_ 7fpF ljz]if k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]
s'DaL, Sofr'ª, lnDa"ls÷v-lx_d, lnªsf-vf_, dfS/f]kf, d/xfª, dflbxfª,
l;D5]s, ;'df, nfsf, x]jfO5f 5]ª5\ fjf 5]ªv
\ fdf
cf]Stf]efg, k'Opª -k'nª' <_, k'Tn'xfª, ;flds]ª, ;f]Dd], ;f]Dofª -;f]ªd]g <_,
x]ªj\ f, On'Dafª\ v'ª\5fld j]vfdf
;f]jf/]g ->;f]ª/]g_, t'Dkfx/f÷yf]dkmf/f ->yf]Dkmfn-/_f_, ofªs'De', of]oª
] xfª,
-------------------------------------
oSy'xfª, o'ªjfO, ;'lvd cflb OToflb x'g\ . zflGt k'c\nx' fª–b]jfgn] xfdLnfO{ -/fdhL sf]ª/]g ;=@)^$M !^*_
atfP cg';f/ pgsf] -5f]/Lkl§sf]_ ;fd]t\lnª ->;fd]c5\ f]ª_ -o'ªvfdf_, gfvfdf xfd|f] cjnf]sgdf tfDnL Snfgf]lgd -h:t}M cGhgf tfDnL_ sf]
cflb / 5f]/fsf] 5f]ª5fld / ;fd]tl\ nª -uf]q <_ d]cn\ fkf xf] . 94 ;fd]c5\ f]ªdf dlxnfsf] zAblgdf{g k|lqmof kfª\lnof]ª\ds ] f] ;lkmS;\ –d] nfO{
oxfF pNn]v ePsf sltko Snfgf]lgdx¿df o'jf sf]zsf/ tyf ln+bf ls/fFtL–cf7k|]sf] glhs b]lvG5 . ls/fFtL–cf7k|]sf] Snfgf]lgddf cfO?dfof
cg';Gwftf /fdhL sf]ª/]gsf] ljdlt 5 . t];f] x'Fbf x'Fb} klg lognfO{ oxfF pNn]v rfl/ªd] gfdsL jf:tljs kfq -x]g"{ @=! klg_ l5g\ . ?lkd –d] oxfF lkmd]n dfs{/
ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo efiffsf] Wjlg kl/jt{g / of] gfdfs/g k|lqmofdf x'g] kl/jlt{t (female marker) xf] . t]:t} t'Dj-a_f Snfgf]lgdnfO{ x]bf{ 8f=uf]ljGb t'Dafxfªsf]
cfofd jf 8fOgfldS;\ (dynamics) nfO{ b]vfpg' g} xf] . pg}sf] sfo{df Snfgf]lgd ;Demgf cfpF5 . ls/fFtL–cf7k|]sf] cWoogdf uPsf] kmf]snf]/ ;f];fO6Lsf]
;DaGwL ePsf] pTvggnfO{ klg oxfF :yfg lbPsf 5f}+ . tL x'g–\ cWoog 6f]nL;Fusf] cgf}krfl/s s'/fsfgLdf pgL s]xL k':tf cufl8 cf7k|] x'g\ .
o;} u/L kfDk"mnfO{ xfdLn] cl3 ofDk"m n]v/] xfd|f] k|Zg egL /fv]sf 5f}+ . o;f]
Snfgf]lgd ;fd]c5\ f]ª ug'{df ofDk"m -x]g"{ @=@& klg_ x¿n] klg cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] c6f]lgddf ofSvfaf
k'?if dlxnf eGg'n] g} xf] . oxfF s]xL g s]xL ;DjGw x'g} k5{ .
Onf;f]nf]ª, Pnfjf, sf]Dk]m, vfDofª @=@%=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
lkGg'xfª -dflbxfª_, k'c\nx' fª, df]/xfª 5f]ª5\ fld o'ªvfdf
ls/fFtL–ofSvf r]co\ fdf dWo:yfgdf sG7\o:kzL{ (glottal stop) Wjlg
sf]ª/]g, yfOd, yf]Dkm/f, xf]xfªjf,ofPDjf
df}hb' 5 cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / kNnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf
rfnsf]n] -;'lvd_, ;f]Dofª, rf]lKnc\jf
h:tf] . cGo ls/fFtL efiffx¿ h:tf] ;dfj];L–c;dfj];L -sf]ª/]g ;=@)^$M r_
lnDa'lvd, 5fnf d]cn
\ fkf gfvfdf
efiff xf]Og . ls/fFtL–ofSvfsf] k'?if–gf/L hgfpg] lrGx klg cGo ls/fFtL
sf]of]ªjf, ofª\lsDk', n'Da-j_f sfª\5fld s]vfdf
efiffx¿df h:t} –kf -–af_ / –df jf–d] g} xf] . / lqmofsf] s[bGt (infinitive)
93 ?k klg –df g} xf] h:t} rf–df ‘vfg'’ . t/ t]xL ?lkd d]– lk|lkmS;sf] ?kdf cfof]
of] ;"rgf o'jf lzS5fyL{ k|lj0f b]jfg;Fu @) ebf} @)^$ df ePsf] JolQmut eg] cs/g jf lgu]l6e (negative) cy{ lbG5 . c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df klg ;f]xL
s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 . ?lkd ljleGg ?kf cfpF5 .
94
of] ;"rgf zflGt ofSvf;Fu @# ;fpg @)^# df ePsf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t
5.
|| 415 || || 416 ||
sf]ª/]g -;=@)^$M h_ sf] cWoogdf of] efiffsf cfwf/e"t :j/ -zfGtf sf]of]ªaf ;=@)%(M !@_, !%=‘e'g6]uf kf’ -bLkf ofSvf ;=@)%(M !#_,
jg{x¿df ÷cf÷, ÷O÷, ÷p÷, ÷P÷ Pj+ ÷cf]÷ x'g\ eg]] JoGhg jg{df ÷c\÷, ÷s÷, ÷v÷, !^=‘5f]ªdfDxs o"ª;fª v]Oof]+’ -;Gt lnªvf ;=@)%(M !%_, !&=‘d'of cf]Kdfgf
÷ª÷, ÷r÷, ÷5÷, ÷t÷, ÷y÷, ÷g÷, ÷k÷, ÷km÷, ÷d÷, ÷o÷, ÷n÷, ÷j÷, ÷;÷, tyf ÷x÷ g} x'g\ t'dfa] 5'Ddf’ -uh/fh lhdL ;=@)%(M !&_, !*=‘dLjfuf py's’ -k|ldnf ofSvf
. c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf ;=@)%(M !(_, !(=‘sflgª ofSvf’ -cg'kf b]jfg ;=@)%(M @!_, @)=‘PSsfO;f}+
leGgtf 5 . ;dsfnLg cj:yfdf e]l6Psf] efiffsf] of] jflg{s Joj:yfn] ztfAbLuf ofKdL’ -s'a]/ lnDa'lvd ;=@)%(M @@_, @!=‘py's of]ud' ’ -sljtf
Snfgf]lgddf kfOPsf] sltko Wjlgjg{x¿ -hf] vl;s/gsf df/af6 lgdf{g ePsf lhdL ;=@)%(M@$_, @@=‘ofSvfrL PSsf] rf]SdfxfrL x]g’ -zfGtf sf]of]ªaf
5g\_ nfO{ ;+s6df kf/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] of] cWoogel/ g} p7fPsf] t]:tf] ;jfn ;=@)%(M @%_, @#=‘d'of d]Gbf Vof ef]F’ -zfGtf sf]of]ªaf ;=@)%(M @&_ cflb g}
eg]sf] /fdhL sf]ª/]gs} ‘sf]ª/]g’ Snfgf]lgd xf] . cj ls/fFtL–ofSvfdf ÷/÷ Wjlg x'g\ . ;flxTo ;[hgfdf of] efiff klg ls/fFtL–sf]FOr h:t} ;Lldt 5 .
g} pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf pgsf] Snfgf]lgd sf]ªn]g x'g] /x]5 egL pgn] @=@%=^ ;|Jo–b[Zo Sof;]6 (Audio-visual cassettes)
xfdLnfO{ atfPsf lyP . ;QfO;} ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] pxL ljhf]u xf] .
ls/fFtL–ofSvf dft[efiffsf] klxnf] uLlt PNad P+uf 5]d -gf/fo0f lhdL,
@=@%=$ zAbfjnL / zAbsf]z (Vocabulary and dictionary) bLkf ofSvf, k'ikf ofSvf / /d]z lnDa'lvd ld=g=_ xf] . o;afx]s /]g]5]k| s]Gb|,
cfh;Dd of] dft[–/fi6«efiffdf b'O{ zAbfjnL / zAbsf]z h:t}M ofSvf efiff wgs'6fn] klg of] efiffdf ;=@)^# ;Dddf hDdfhDdL * j6f uLtx¿ /]s8{
zAb;+u|x -rGb|sdn yf]Dkmf/f ;=@)^!_ / ofSvf–g]kfnL–cª\u|]hL zAbsf]z ul/;s]sf] 5 95 eGg] ;"rgf xfdLn] e]6]sf 5}+ . ;F:sf/ tyf ;F:s[lt ;DjGwL ;L8L
-/fdhL sf]ª/]g ;=@)^#_ k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5g\ eg] k|fylds sS5fsf -;=@)^!_ klg pknAw 5 eGg] ;"rgf ldn]sf] 5 .
kf7\ok':tsx¿ tof/Ldf 5g\ . kfljs], eQmk'/n] -x]g"{ sflGtk'/, @^ d+l;/ ^$_ @=@%=& PdP zf]wkqx¿ (Master’s theses)
o;nfO{ rfF8} k|sfzgdf NofpFb} 5 eGg] va/nfO{ OlGb/f lhdL, ljZjsfhL
sf]ª/]g / dlgtf lhdLn] Pª\sf ofSvf 5]kt\ fk\ -kfljs], @)^%_ nfO{ ls/fFtL–ofSvf / cªu|]hLsf] t'ngfTds cWoog u/]sf] z+s/ b]jfgsf]
jf:tljstfdf kl/gt u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . ljb]zL efiffljb\x¿df u8{ ÅofG;f]g PdP8 zf]wkq Pp6f 5;Dd eGg] xfdLn] ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ ;Sof}+ . t/ o;sf] k"g{
-O{=!((^_ sf] ;Dkfbgdf c l;gf]lK6s Unf];/L cj\ cf7k/], a]Nxf/] / ofSvf klg hfgsf/L eg] xfdLn] xfl;n ug{ c;dy{ g} /Åof}+ . o;sf]nflu xfdL kf7s;fd'
k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . sf]zsf/ sf]ª/]gn] ljb]zLx¿n] u/]sf] / n]vs ] f] ls/fFtL– 5]df k|fyL{ 5f}+ .
ofSvf Snfgf]lgdx¿df uNtL -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ e]§fP h:t} of] zAbsf]zdf @=@%=* efiff–hfltzf:q÷j+zfjnL (Languistics/ethnology/genealogy)
klg q'6Lx¿ x'g\ ;S5g\ . pgsf] zAbsf]zdf ÅofG;f]gsf ofSvf ;fdu|L k/]sf] 5 of] lbzflt/ klg s]xL kmf6k'm6 ;flxTo e]l6Psf 5g\ . tL ;flxTodf
eGg] 5gs ldn]sf] 5}g . !=‘ls/fFt ofSvf hfltsf] Ps kl/ro’ -/fdhL sf]ª/]g O{=@)))M @&–#)_,
@=@%=% k'm6s/ sljtf / ;+u|x (Individual poems and anthology) @=‘ofSvf hflt -b]jfg, lhdL, dlemof_ sf y/ / ;f]dl] Tnª’ -OlGb/f lhdL
of] dft[/fi6«efiffdf cfh;Dd uf]kfn b]jfg, cg'kf b]jfg, ;Gt b]jfg / /fwf -ofSvf_ ;=@)%(M !–#_, #=‘ofSvf hfltsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro’ -OlGb/f lhdL–
lhdL -;=@)%(_ sf] ;Dkfbgdf Pp6f sljtf ;+u|x cf]KRofª\d] cf]KRofª\d] sf]of]ªjf ;=@)^!M !*–!(, $=‘b]jfgx¿df låljwf’ -b'uf{d0fL b]jfg–ofSvf
-kfnd /fª_ e]l6Psf] 5 . c? k'm6s/ sljtfx¿df !=‘s'Od efª cf]da]’ -s'a]/ ;=@)%(M @@–@%_, %=b]jfg Ps kl/ro / j+zfjnL -eLdaxfb'/ b]jfg
lnDa"lvd ;=@)%^M !!$, @)%#M &)–&#_, @=‘k'mªuf ;]Dnf’ -s'a]/ lnDa"lvd ;=@)%$_, ^=‘ls/fFt ofSvf hfltsf] :j?kaf/] s]xL rrf{’ -;L=Pd= b]jfg
;=@)%%M ()–(#_, #=‘l5Dbfg -k"jj{ t\ @)%^M !!^_, $=‘cfaf’ -k"j{jt\ @)%^M ;=@)%(M @(–%&_, &=‘ls/fFtj+zL ofSvf–b]jfg’ -8f=lbnaxfb'/ b]jfg
!!^_, %=‘k'mªuf ;]Dnf’ -k"j{jt\ @)%^M !!*_, ^=‘nf;faf’ -s'dfnL ofSvf ;=@)%*_, *=‘5fFofdf k/]sf hghflt ofSvf’ -v]dfxfª lhdL ;=@)%&M !(–
@)%^M !@)_, &=‘r]ofMd'ofMo'S;]t'd’ -/fdhL ofSvf ;=@)^)M ^@_, *=‘ª\uf
95
lejfM’ -s'a]/ lnDa"lvd ;=@)%^M #@_, (=‘5]Da] OlK; 5]Da] kf]uL’ -ad b]jfg c? ls/fFtL efiffx?df /]s8{ ePsf uLtx?df Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª -‘afGtfjf /fO{
;=@)%(M !_, !)=‘lgªjf d]jfv'afrL’ -uf]kfn b]jfg ;=@)%(M #_, !!=‘ofKdLrL+’ efiffdf ;dfrf/sf] !# jif{’, lgK;'ª, !#, @% ;=@)^#M #@_ n] n]v] cg';f/ ls/fjfdf
-k'ikntf lnDa'lvd ;=@)%(M ^_, !@=‘nfdfMO{’ -zf]ef lnDa'lvd ;=@)%(M &_, $%, cf7k|]df &, k'df @, s'nª ' !), a]nxf/] #, l5Gtfª %, l5lnª #, nf]xf]?ªdf %,
!#=‘Gbf lg:jfufO’ -/d]z lnDa'lvd ;=@)%(M (_, !$=‘ofSvf 5f]ª lxªdfuf’ vflnª #, r'Sjf jf kf]lxª @, y'nª ' $, b'dL @, jfDa'n] #, d'ufnL #, / kmfªb'jfnL #
tLg /x]5g\ .
|| 417 || || 418 ||
@$_, (=ls/fFt ofSvfsf] Oltxf;M Ps 5nkmn -b'uf{xfª ofSvf–/fO{ ;=@)%(_ !#= ===*+-gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$= === *-lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
!)= cfhhf ofSvf hflt / ;F:s[lt -/fdhL sf]ª/]g ;=@)^$_ cflb g} x'g\ . !%= cfjf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^= *l;Pªf -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
*

oL ;j} ;dsfnLg ;flxTonfO{ 5f8]/ plxn]sf ;flxTodf xH;g -O{=!*%&_ !&= *s'r -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=pªdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
n] klg pgsf] n]vdf ls/fFtL–ofSvfsf] zAbx¿ ;+sng u/]sf 5g\ . csf{ !(=x]/fgf -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=*gfafv -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
*
cWo]tf jfO86{n] klg of] efiffdf sfd u/sf /x]5g\ t/ OlG8ofsf] 6«]g e|dgdf rf]/L @!= vfd -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f ofG8«o' /:;]nn] pgsf] xf]d k]hdf n]vs
] f 5g\ . of] ;"rgfn] @#=*jfl8g -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=*ldv -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
*
xfdLnfO{ b'MvL agfPsf] 5 . @%= pd'ª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
@&=ªf;f -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
@=@%=( wd{ / ;F:s[lt (Religion and culture) *
@(= kf]Sdf -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
wd{ tyf ;F:s[ltsf] 5]qdf klg t]tL w]/} ;flxTo e]6\g ;lsPg . e]6]sf dfQ} #!=*jfOTgf -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkKdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
b'Od{ f !=‘ofSvf hfltdf ul/g] d[To' ;+:sf/’ -lnn /f]u–' ofSvf ;=@)%(M @(– ##=cf]rG' gf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=*prflrjf -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
#!_, / @=b ofSvfM sNr/, OGefO/f]GdG6 ofG8 l8e]nKdG6 Og Oi6 g]kfn -ofG8«o' *
#%= lkmGgf -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=*tfDk'mj -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
h]=/:;]n O{=!((@ 8Llkmn zf]wkq_ cflb x'g\ . /fdhL sf]ª/]g -@)^$_ sf] ofSvf #&=*kmf]v -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=*pt'v?' s -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
hflt ;F:sf/ / ;F:s[lt klg pknAw 5 . cSkmf]8s { f] pRr cWoog kZrft\ #(= s]K;'ªf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=*pn'ªdf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
*
/:;]nn] ofSvf;Fu ;DjGwLt jf}l4s n]vx¿ ‘b lxNh\ cf/\ cnfOe ljy b ;]G;
$!=*p6fs -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=*u'cf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
cj\ d'edG6 ofG8 cf8]lG66L cdª:6 b ofSvf cj\ O:6 g]kfn’ -!((@_,
‘cfO8]lG66L Dofg]hdG6 ofG8 sNr/n r]GhM l/lnhg ofG8 kf]lnl6S;\ cdª:6 b $#=sf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=*l;dfgf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
*
ofSvf’ -!((&_, ‘b ldl;ª ofG8 b d]6M /fpl6ª SnLkmf]8{ cdª:6 b ofSvf Og\ $%= === -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^=lª;'ªf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
g]kfn ofG8 gf]yO{ :6 OlG8of’ -@)))aL_, ‘6«l8;Gh\ Og\ 6«flGhzgM ;+:s[6fOh]Ozg $&=;'Dkmfs -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*=*xªdfgf g]df -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
ofG8 ofSvflkms]Ozg Og\ O:6 g]kfn’ -@))$_ / ‘/fOl6ª 6«fe]lnª sNr;{M 6«fe]n $(= ===n'ªdf -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=*s]ªu]-gf_ -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
*

ofG8 OYgf]u|kmL cdª b ofSvf cj\ O:6 g]kfn’ -@))&_ k|sfzgdf NofO;s]sf %!=l;s -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=*jfDkmf j]Dkmf -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
5g\ . %#=*k]cfs Kofs -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nfn]Kdfª -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
%%=*sfªu' sf]ªu' -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=of -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
@=@%=!) ls/fFtL–ofSvf gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Yakkha sample %&=*r]lGb 5]lGb -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=*ld-g_ª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
wordlist) +
%(= ===vf]d\ -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=*cf]r-5_f]ªf -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn] ^!=*l;PTgL ;]lTg -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=*gfa'v gfe's -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] . ^#=*d]Ggf dfGg -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=*cfsf] O -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M *@–*$_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z ^%=nfDa' -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=*ofTdL ofKdL -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person
:jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} ^&=jfl;s -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=kmfDgf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . ^(=*p;fd ;fd\ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root
!= *ufcfs -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @= ===*-gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash &)= ===O3'l/d Os'lnd\ +-lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round
#=*jfxfl/s -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=*vf]d -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly &!= ===vfd *-gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=*n'Sdf n'Kdf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
*
%= dfcf/f -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=*gfs'5f -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird &#=;fKdfgf ;f]Kdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=of8ln -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed
&=*xfcfdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfv|'gf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black &%=o'ªdf -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^= ===Åjfl/-n_s +-gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin
*
(= cf]xn ] L -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)= *cf];/]+ f] -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone &&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=ldgf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small
*
!!= === -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@= *r"as" -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn &(=*ldSgf d]Vjf -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=*oDdf PKdf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
|| 419 || || 420 ||
*!=*rf]S;f]lsl; -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ªvf]jf n'ªVjfs -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone ?k lbPsf 5f}+ . of] pk–cWofodf dft[efiff jStf tyf o'jf sf]zsf/ /fdhL
*#=gfd -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$= === -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim sf]ª/]gsf] OG6'O;g (intuition) k|of]u ePsf] 5 . o;n] s] ;+s]t lbG5 eg] c?
*%=*pldnfv ldnfs -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail efiffx¿sf] 8]O6f klg cz'l4 xf]nfg\ / sltko 6fOlk:6x¿n] klg ld:6fOk
*^=*lxªgf Ggf -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that (mistype) u/]sf xf]nfg\ . jf hf] jStfaf6 8]O6f lnOPsf] xf] p;n] af]Ng] ls/fFtL–
*&=*g gf -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=*8fª Gxf -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you ofSvf r]co\ f /fdhL sf]ª/]gsf] eGbf w]/} km/s x'g ;S5 ef}uf]lns b"/Lsf]
*(=n]d\ -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=sª s]ª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth lx;fan] . t]tL w]/} uNtL eP xfdL uNtLsf] klg uNtL ;fb}{ hfg]x¿nfO{ k|t]s
(!=*l;+u l;ª -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=*x]rL lxr\ -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two dft[efiffsf l/8/ jf kf7sx¿n] Gofo u/]/ xfd|f] k|fSsygdf lbOPsf] OcfO8L (e-
(#= ===NnfxfDdf +-lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ID) x¿df Od]n u/]/ ;'wfg]{ df}sf lbg' eof] eg] xfdL cfef/L x'g] 5f} . ljutdf
($=+dfª;jf dfª\Rjf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water xfd|f] Oltxf; lau|gd' f s]xL xb;Dd n]vs / kf7s jLr k|ltlqmof cfbg k|bfg
(%=sflgª\ -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=Ogf -;j{_ ‘s]’ what gx'g'n] klg xf] . ca o:tf] gxf];\ eGg]df xfdL cfzfjfbL 5f}+ . kf7ju{af6 Tof]
(&=*k'mªf k'mgf -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=O;f -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who k|ltlqmof a]St x'g] g} 5 .
((=d]R5f -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))= ===k]mDgf *-lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow @=@%=!! lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
----------------
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs kRrL;df k/]sf]
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 * = + ls/fFtL–ofSvf dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us ] f 5f}+ . of]
g+= != +ufcfs -;j{_ ‘;a}’ df sfxs\ x'g] /x]5 . g+= @= ===+-gf_ ‘v/fgL’ df dft[efifL ;Dk|bfosf] cWoog t]tL ;f/f] ePsf] g} 5}g . xfn} /fdhL sf]ª/]gsf]
5'j's xf] . g+=#=+jfxfl/s -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ df Åjflns xf] . g+=$=+vf]d -gf_ ‘k]6’ df pbokZrft\ dfQ} of] efiffdf pg}sf] k|wfg ;DkfbsTjdf lgs} 7"nf] zAbsf]zn]
kmf]s xf] . g+= %=+dfcf/f -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ df dfc\nf jf dfgf xf] . g+=^=+gfs'5f -gf_ g]kfnsf] pHofnf] lbg b]Vg kfPsf] huhfx]/ 5 . k'm6s/ sljtf 5]qdf eg] s]xL
‘r/f’ Gjfs\ xf] . g+= &=+xfcfdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ xfKdf xf] . g+=(=+cf]xn ] L -gf_ ‘/ut’ slj / sjloqLx¿ pbfO/x]sf 5g\ . syf, n]v, pkGof;, hLjgL, gf6s,
+ +
x]ln xf] . g+=!)= cf];/]+ f] -gf_ ‘xf8’ ;]ªV\ jfs xf] . g+=!!= === -gf_ ‘5ftL’ g';f xf] . ofqf;+:d/g cflb s]xL klg b]lvPg . t]:t} kqklqsf, hg{n cflb klg b]lvPg .
g+=!@= +r"as " -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ xfDdf xf] . g+=!#= === +-gf_ ‘afbn’ lvDa'|Ddf xf] . xf]Dkf]ª,\ kmflSnª\, ofS;fn]g, dflbd"nvs{ / dflb/fda]gLsf] psfnL–cf]/fnLlt/
g+=!$= === -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ lrgf xf] . g+=!%= +cfjf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ cfKdf xf] . g+=!^=
+
xf]kf] onDa/sf] k'/fgf] /fHolt/ l5g]{ klZrdL ofqf to ub}{ xf]nfg\ egL cfzf
+
l;Pªf -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ l;df xf] . g+=!&= +s'r -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ s'Rr' xf] . g+=@)=+gfafv /fv]sf 5f}+ . efiff l/6]G;g *^Ü eP klg of] efiff k|foM sYo ?kdf dfQ} 5 . kb\jL
-gf_ ‘sfg’ gfefs xf] . g+=@!=+vfd -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ tfDbfªe'df xf] . g+=@#=+jfl8g jf ku/Ljfnf b]jfgx¿sf] hflt lrgf/L kfpg' kg]{ c8fgn] klg efiffljsf; /
-gf_ ‘cG8f’ jflug xf] . g+=@$=+ldv -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ lds xf] . g+=@%=+pd'ª -gf_ cfGbf]ngdf jfwf k'¥ofPsf] x'g ;Sg] tYonfO{ gsfg'{ x'Fb}g . :jf8]z zAb;"lrdf
‘KjfFv’ d'ª\ dfQ} xf] . g+=@(=+kf]Sdf -lqm_ ‘p8\g’' k]df xf] . g+=#!=+jfOTgf -lqmlj_ !# hlt zAbx¿ sd eP klg sf]zsf/ sf]ª/]gn] yk]/ (( k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf
‘e/L’ OKt'g'ª xf] . g+=#$=+prflrjf -gf_ ‘af];f]’ 5fl5af]s xf] . g+=#%=+lkmGgf -lj_ x'g\ . o;df Pp6} g+= *$ sf] ;efg] lqmof ‘kf}8g'’ dfQ} vfnL 5 .
‘xl/of]’ lkmDgf xf] . g+=#^=+tfDk'mj -gf_ ‘s];’ tfDk\mjfs xf] . g+=#&=+kmf]v -gf_ ----------------
‘xft’ d''v xf] . g+=#*=+pt'v'?s -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ t'vs '| xf] . g+=#(=+s]K;'ªf -lqm_
‘;'Gg'’ v]Ddf xf] . $)= pn'ªdf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ Rjf xf] . $!=+p6fs -gf_ ‘l;ª’ tfª xf]
+
ljz]if 6Lsfl6KkgL
. g+=$@=+u'cf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ s'bf xf] . g+=$$=+l;dfgf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ l;df xf] . g+=$%= xfdLn] 6Lsfl6KkgLsf]nflu k"j{ks | fzg skL /fdhL sf]ª/]gnfO{ ;'Dk]sf
===+-gf_ ‘3'F8f’ nfª\x'k xf] . g+=$^=lª;'ªf -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ lgdf xf] . g+=$&=;'Dkmfs lyof}+ . t];df pxfFn] ofof]Svfsf] :jf8]z j8{ ln:6df v'a d]xgt k"js { x]g'{ eP5 .
-gf_ ‘kft’ g]df xf] . g+=*!=+rf]S;f]lsl; -gf_ ‘tf/f’ rf]Srf]ls xf] . ;fy} *) k|ltzt eGbf a9L uNtL cf}+Nofpg' eof] . zfob of] 8]O6f klZrdL
efiffljb\x¿n] eGg] u/]sf] n'Daf ofSvfsf] k/]sf] x'g ;S5 . n'Daf ofSvf v]dfsf]
ofof]Svf -O{=@))%_ n] ;+sng u/]sf] of] 8]O6f (data) ;fob} xfdLn] lj/f]w uf]kfn vDa"n] klg u/]sf 5g\ . of] afx]s b'O{ dxTjk"g{ a'Fwfx¿ klg k/]sf
/]lS6lkms]Ozg (rectification) u/]sf] 8]O6fdWo] g} of] cz'4 kfOof] . oxfF / of] 5g\ . tL x'g–\ != ælsg 6fpsf] b'vfO <Æ of] hflt klxrfg;Fu ;DjGwLt 5 .
cWofoel/ g} lbOPsf ;j} Kn; jf of:6]l/:s lrGxx¿n] o;df s]xL g s]xL cfk\mgf] efiff gePsf] ;'/n ] n] hfltsf] dfGotf kfPsf] kl/k|]S5]df of] ;f]wfOn]
cz'l4 5 eGg] b]vfpF5 . cfwf h;f]nfO{ ljz]if gf]6df / afFsLnfO{ 6]S:6leq} z'4
|| 421 || || 422 ||
afs'nf]rfgf cfGbf]ngnfO{ k[i7kf]ifg ub{5 . of] ;jfn xfdLn] ls/fFtL–d]jfxfªdf Dewan, Bhim B, MB Dewan, ML Dewan, P Dewan and J Dewan
klg p7fPsf 5f}+ . @= æ( j6f y/ dfq jf:tljs y/Æ of] xfdLn] ls/fFtL–ofSvfsf] (eds.). 2001 [VS 2058]. Vijayapur Dewan Vamshawali:
Snfgf]lgd vf]Hg] qmddf cfPsf] l6KkgL xf] . o;nfO{ xfdLn] cWofo tLgdf Putlunghang/Madihang. Dharan: Dewan Samaj Sewa Samiti.
k|i6\ofPsf 5f}+ . ;fy} ;Gbe{;r " Ldf k/]sf (( k|ltzt gfdx¿df g} pxfFsf] ljdlt b]jfg, lbnaxfb'/= ;=@)%*= ‘ls/fFtj+zL ofSvf–b]jfg’, ;'gr/L -b}lgs, *,
/x]sf] klg kf7sju{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO /fVg rfxG5f}+ . xfdLn] t vf]Hg] sfd ubf{ !)^_, % gf]eD] j/=
e]6s] f xf}+ . of] t]xL sfo{sf] clen]lvs/g xf] . o;nfO{ lkmN6/ ug]{ sfd gofF k':tf Dewan, Dilbahadur. 2001 [VS 2058]. ‘Kiratbvanshi Yakkha-
cg';Gwftfx¿sf] klg xf] . Dewan: Parichaya’, Sunchari (Daily, 8, 106), 5 November.
b]jfg–ofSvf, b'uf{d0fL= ;=@)%(= ‘b]jfgx¿df låljwf’, ofSvf -:dfl/sf_= @@–@%=
Dewan-Yakkha, Durgamani. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Dewanharuma
;Gbe{;r
" L Bibliography dwibidha’, Yakkha (Smarika). 22-25.
PjO5f–afGtfjf, l8s= ;=@)%*= afGtjf -/fO{_ zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M lbks'df/ l8«cd, hf]h{ Eofg= !(($;L= ‘b ofSvf ej{M OG6/lk|6O] ;g ofG8 cGoflnl;; cj\
?kfa'ª= b cf]D?jf dl6cl/cn -c ls/fFtL Nofªu'Oh\ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn’, a'nl] 6g
Awoicha-Bantawa, Dik. 2001 [VS 2058]. Bantawa (Rai) cj\ b :s'n cj\ cf]l/PG6n ofG8 clk|msg :6l8h\ , LVII, @M #$&–#%%=
Shabdakosh. Kathmandu: Dipkumar Rupabung. Driem, George van. 1994c. ‘The Yakkha verb: interpretation and
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(Palam Rang). 21. African Studies, LVII, 2: 347-355.
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kehi charcha’, Opchyongme (Palam Rang). 29-57. ofSvf= pG6/:nfO:xfOdM lnGsf]d o'/f]kf=
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b]jfg, eLdaxfb'/= ;=@)%$= b]jfg Ps kl/ro / j+zfjnL = w/fgM b'uf{/fh b]jfg= ;f]dl] Tnª’, ofSvf - :dfl/sf_= !–#=
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-;Dkf=_= ;=@)%*= ljhok'/ b]jfg j+zfjnLM k'Tn'xfª dflbxfª= w/fgM !, #M !*–!(=
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|| 423 || || 424 ||
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lhdL, v]dfxfª= ;=@)%&= ‘5fFofdf k/]sf hghflt ofSvf’, hghflt, @, @, $M -----. ;=@)%^=‘s'Od efª cfda]’, df j}/fuL sfOFnf / cd[t of]Ghg -;Dkf=_
!(–@$= /fli6«o efiffsf sljtf ;+ufnf]= sf7df8f}+M /fli6«o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt=
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sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf= -----. ;=@)%^= ‘l5Dbfg’, df j}/fuL sfOFnf / cd[t of]Ghg -;Dkf=_ /fli6«o
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#(–$@= -----. ;=@)%^= ‘cfaf]’, df j}/fuL sfOFnf / cd[t of]Ghg -;Dkf=_ /fli6«o efiffsf
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-----. ;=@)%^= ‘k'mªuf ;]Dnf]’, df j}/fuL sfOFnf / cd[t of]Ghg -;Dkf=_
sf]ª/]g, /fdhL= ;=@)^$=ofSvf–g]kfnL–cª\uh
|] L zAbsf]z= sf7df8f}+M ls/fFt efiffsf sljtf ;+ufnf]= sf7df8f}+M /fli6«o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt -x]g"{
ofSvf 5'Ddf, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt= sljtf, ^^ -;=@)%^M ()–(# klg_=
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(Citizen) 2, 3: 27-30. -----. ;=@)%#= ‘s'Od efª cfda]’, sljtf, %*M &)–&#=
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-----. ;=@)%(= ‘ofSvfrL PSsf] rfSdfxfrL x]g’, cf]KRofª\d] -kfnd /fª_M @%= Opchyangme (Palam Rang): 6.
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(Palam Rang): 27. Limbukhim, Shova. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Lama:i’, Opchyangme
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Linkha, Santa. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Chhongmamhak yungsang dfa'xfª, ch'{gafa'= ;=@)^$= ‘hghfltdf y/ k]mg]{ nx/’, sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @^
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Oi6 g]kfn= 8Llkmn lyl;;, cS;kmf]8{ o"lgel;{6L, cS;kmf]8={ ofSvf, lsln;f k|lti7fg=
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3: 251–61. **************************

|| 427 || || 428 ||
-cu:t (, @))&_ sf] eflifs ;dfj]zLs/gsfnflu uf]/vfkqsf] kxndf k|j]z
@=@^= ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª (Kiranti-Yakthung)
kfpg] Pp6f dfq} efUozfnL ls/fFtL efiff ofSy'ª kfMg g} xf] .
of] l;lSsd /fHo ;/sf/sf] tLg ls/fFtL efiffx¿ -x]g"{ @=!) / @=!! klg_
@=@^=) kl/ro (Introduction) dWo] Ps ;/sf/L efiff klg xf] . oxfFsf] ;Grf/ dfWod /]l8of]df ;d]t O{=*) sf]
ls/fFtL efiff ;d"x÷;Dk|bfodWo] Ps k|dv' efiff ofSy'ª kfMg -lnDa" bzsb]lv of] efiff k|of]udf 5 . lzS5fdf k|fyldsb]lv dxfljWofno;Ddsf]
efiff_ klg xf] . of] ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfosf] cfk\mgf] c6f]OYgf]lgd sf];d{ f ;d]t ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiffsf] cWoog–cWofkg x'G5 . l;lSsddf
(autoethnonym) ofSy'ª -os\ >ofs\ + y'd\ >y'ª_ xf] . ;fdfGo af]nLrfnLsf]
k|rng /x]sf] of] dfQ} Pp6f t]:tf] efUofzfnL / ;Dj[4zfnL ls/fFtL efiff xf] .
ofSy'ª kfMgnfO{ tfh]ª kfMg / wfld{s sfo{df rnfO{g] kfMgnfO{ d'Gb'dafg Unf]an /]sf]l8{ª;\ g]6js{df 6]lnª b :6f]/L cj\ lhh;\ Og\ Ole| Nofªu'Oh\ df
elgG5 . k|of]u k|rngdf k'?if (male) nfO{ hgfpg' kbf{ ofSy'ªaf / :qL klg of] efiff h'g;'s} a]nf ;'Gg ;lsG5 .
(female) nfO{ hgfpg' kbf{ ofSy'ªdf elgG5 . –af ‘k'?if’ / –df ‘:qL’ hgfpg] @=@^=! e"–eflifs ljt/Gf (Geo-linguistic distribution)
?lkd (morpheme) x¿ x''g\ . oL ?lkdx¿ ;a} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df x'G5g\ eg] s'g} ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª dft[efiff d"ntM k"jL{ g]kfnsf] tfKn]hª ' , kfFry/,
s'gd} f c3f]if ÷k÷ Wjlgdf klg kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf Onfd, wgs'6f, t]x|yd' , ;+vj' f;ef, ;'g;/L, df]/ª / emfkf -x]g"{ gSzf g+=@=@&
dªuf]nf]O8 :6s -j+z_ sf l5d]sL /f]ª jf n]Krfx¿n] rf]ª eg]/ ;Daf]wg ub{5g\ . XXVII klg_ u/L hDdf ( lhNnfdx¿df af]lnG5 eg] g]kfnaflx/ ef/tsf
Odfg P;= r]Dhf]ª -O{=@))# M* k|yd k|sfzg O{=!($*_ n] cfk\mgf] k':tssf] l;lSsd, pQ/ a+ufn, cf;fd, gfufNofG8, ldhf]/fd / dlGfk'/ u/L ^ k|fGtx¿ /
kfbl6KkgL !# df rf]ª (Tsong) zAbsf] cy{nfO{ o;/L cyf{Psf 5g\M e'6fg -x]g"{ ;'Aaf !((*M #! klg_ df af]lnG5 . b'O{ ztfAbL otf la|l6z uf]/vfsf]
æl;lSsdsf k|jf;L ls/fFtx¿nfO{ oxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿n] rfª k|bz ] af6 cfPsf pbo;Fu} la|6g] sf ljleGg cf}klgj]l;s ynf]x¿df klg ofSy'ª kfMg af]lng] /
x'g\ egL rf]ª gfpFn] af]nfpF5g\ .Æ o;n] ls/fFtLx¿sf] k/fk"js
{ fnsf] cfudg ls/fFtL lnlkdf g} n]lvPsf] k|z:t} k|dfgx¿ kfOG5 . of] klg cg';Gwfgsf] Pp6f
5fn (wave) pQ/ /x]sf] jf:tljs ;+st] ldN5 . lsDjbGtL / nf]s;flxTodf 7"nf] g5f]OPsf] kf6f] xf] .
kfOg] ;dfgtf -x]g"{ /fkrf ;=@)^#M ##–#& / @)^#M !#–!%_ 5 .
pgLx¿sf] zfx–;fd|fHojfbL afÅogfd jf OUhf]lgd (exonym) eg] klxn]
‘/fo-f_’ (R!ya) / kl5 ;'efªuL x'Fb} ‘;'Aaf’ (Subba) xf] . of] ‘;'Aaf’ ku/L klxn]
nflbPsf]df kl5r}F 7fn' aGg] xf]8df s}og ofSy'ªx¿n] d'lvof, /fO{, b]jfg /
lhdL ku/L h:t} cfk\mgf] hfltgfd kmfn]/ t];nfO{ u'y]sf x'g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ lrgfpg]
csf]{ k|rlnt j}slNks gfd lnDa" klg xf] . t/ o;sf] h]gl] ;;sf] s'/f vf]tNb}
hfFbf lnlndxfªsf ;Gtfgx¿ lnDa" ePsf x'g\ elgPsf] 5ý h;/L rflndxfª
-x]g"{ cWofo @=@! klg_ ;Gtltx¿ rflDnª jf /f]bª ' . dft[efiffdf o;sf] cfk\mg}
df}lns cy{ klg x'G5 . lsofr', lnN8f / lzS5fyL{x¿sf] ljleGg ;+:yf;d]t
ePsf] ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfodf ;a} eGbf dHa"b / Jofks ;flxTo ePsf]
efUozfnL tyf ;DkGg efiff g} ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiff xf] . /fHo:t/df k|fylds
lzIffsf] ljleGg ljifox¿df kf7\ok':tsx¿ klg of] dft[efiffdf pknAw 5g\ .
/fli6«o ;Grf/ dfWodf klg uf]/vfkq b}lgssf] ‘gofF g]kfn’ 96 sf] ;dfj]zL k[i7df
k|jz] kfO ;s]sf] efiff xf] of] . o:t} ljZj cflbjf;L lbj; @$ ;fpg @)^$ -gSzf g+=@=@& XXVII: ofSy'ª efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M dSSnf]O @))$M #_
otf klZrd g]kfndf eg] sf7dfG8" pkTosfsf] x/s'gfdf ofSy'ª
96
x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, ^ c;f]h @)^$ /ljjf/ -@# cS6f]j/ @))&_ k[i7 !)–!!= ;f] kfMgn] gofF cv8f g} v8f u/]sf] 5 ;flxTo ;[hgfsf] nflu . olt a[xt\ :yfgx¿
b}lgssf] gofF g]kfn k[i7 ! c;f]haf6 z'? ePb]lv ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] of] ldlt k|yd cf]u6\g ;kmn ePsf] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª kfMgsf] eljio pHHjn 5 eg] o;sf d"n
k6ssf] ;dfj]zLs/g xf] .
|| 429 || || 430 ||
rf/ eflifsfx¿ -x]g{" !=!=! sf] lkmu/ ! / @ efiffj+zj[S5_ 5g\ . oL d'Vo ls/fjfdf klg pxL y/, h:t}M chDa/ sfDafª>sfªdfª_ s]?ª, vh'd
eflifsfx¿ afx]s ofª/f]s, rf}lj; / rf/vf]nf klg pNn]Vo 5g\ . eljiodf -s'?Dxª, kf/3/L, n]$Sjf, OD;-f]_ª, jof_ -rf]ªjfª <_, s-f]_Gb-f]_ªjf,
sf7dfG8", xªsª / a]nfOtsf] ;d]t eflifsfx¿ klg cl:tTjdf cfpg] b]lvG5 . s'?Dafª -h:t}M lbn]Gb|sd' f/ ;'Aaf_, vfk'ª, vfDwfs, lvlDbª, -t'D_v]jf,
@=@^=@ eflifsfx¿ (Dialects/varieties) nS;d-af_, njf -h:t}M ls/g lnDa", kz'kltgu/_, nfa'ª, lnªb]$g, lnªbd
-lrlnSrfg, nf]Stf]ª Od]xfªsf] ;Gtfg n]Krfaf6 Onfdkl§ <_, lnªlvd
ls/fFtL–ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ sf] h:t} ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] -klxn] eflifs ;d"x elgPsf] lyof] t/ eflifs k|dfgsf] cfwf/df To;f] x'g
tdf]/vf]nf, km]bfKk, d]jfvf]nf / 5y/ -x]g"{ cWofo ! sf] lkmu/ ! / @ klg_ dWo] ;f]tfªsf] h:tf] xljut x'G5_, lnjfª, n]Sjfxfª, nf]jftL ->nfj-cf]_tL
wgs'6f If]qdf af]lng] 5y/] eflifsf eg] cGo eflifsfsf jStfx¿sf]nflu sd >n]jtL_, lnªy]$k, n'ªk'mªjf, dfa'xfª ->dfaf]-xfª_÷dfª\a_" , dflvd, dfªo'ª,
jf]wuDo -t'n= t'Dafxfª @))^_ 5 . OYgf]nu -x]g"{ uf]8f]{g @))%M $&$_ n] t 5'§}
lnDa" eflifsf÷efiffsf] ?kdf g} ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 . xfn} 5y/] lnDa"sf] Jofs/gdf dfb]$Daf, dfb]$g, d'l/ªnf, d]$Gofªaf] ->d]$ofªaf]_, -vf]co\ fxfªaf6_, g]$of]ª,
efiffljb\–ljåfg uf]ljGb t'Dafxfªn] kLPr8L -ljWofjfl/lw_ g} u/L ;Sg' ePsf] g]D$ kmfª >g]D$ afª, g'uf], klSvd, kGw-b_fs, kofªu", kfn'ªjf, kf/fªb]g$ , kf]df],
5 . juL{s/Gf ;d:ofdf pgn] g} ondfof s]Gb|, l;gf; / h]kdf u/L tLg k'mb'-f]_ª -h:t}M s'df/ k'mb'ª_, ;fSjfb]$g -h:t}M x:tnfn ;fSjfb]$g lnDa"_, ;-
k6s;lxt ljleGg ;ef / e]nfx¿df bh{gf}+ sfo{kq g} k|:t't u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . F_DafxfDk]m, ;fD;f]xfª >;fD;'xfª -h:t}M nIdL lnDa", 8'lDa|;,] tfKn]hª ' _, ;fFjf,
;fjfb]$g, l;/]$ª–r-f]_ªjfª, l;ªwfa, ;]$Gbfª, ;]/df, ;f]b$d] -af_, ;'Sjf-af_,
@=@^=# jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms, tfjfxfª, t'Dafxfª-km]_, t'Dafkf], tflDnª -rflDnª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, ly-
moities) t_ªnfaf], ofSy'ªdf, ofSy'ª-af_ -Snfgf]lgd geP/ pgLx¿nfO{ dft[efiffdf
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ n] ls/f“tL–ofSy'ª-af_x¿sf] hg;+Vof # nfv %( a'emfpg] h]gl] /s 6d{_, y]$a]c,\ y]$lud, ;fjfb]$g, l;ªwfa, lnu]nf -leq y'k|} c¿
xhf/ # ;o &( b]vfPsf] 5 eg] dft[efifLx¿sf] ;+Vof # nfv ## xhf/ ^ ;o ## pk–Snfgf]lgdx¿_ t'Dof-xf_ª, yNnª, yTn'ª -yf]Sn'ª_, yfD;'xfª 99, y-
5 . efiff l/6]G;g (@ k|ltzt 5 . of] dft[efiff af]Ng] jStfx¿sf] y/÷Snfgf]lgd f]_lSn-n]$_xfª, y]$u'jf, jg]$d -h:t}M sljx¿ 6ª\s / of]u/fh jg]$d_, oªof, o-
(clanonym) x¿ jgf{gq ' mddf cª5ªaf], cfªnf, cfªafxfª>cfªa'xfª f_S;f], ofS5f]d, of]ªxfª ->oªofª_, ofªb]$g, ofªofuf] ->oªjfuf]_ cflb
->cfªa'ª, cfªefª_, cfªb$]Da], cf]vf| af], alSsd ->alSvd 97_, a]3f OToflb 5g\ .
-k]3f>a]wf>a]3fý cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf cudgl;+ vf/fo'Nrfkl5 bf];|f] eL;L k|fKt ug]{
kNnf] ls/fFtsf] klxnf] ls/fFtL y/ý zDe' k|;fO{åf/f uf]/vfkq & ebf} ^# sf nflu olt dfQ} geP/ pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgdx¿sf] :yfg cg'?ksf] ljt/gnfO{
k|l] ift ;dfrf/df lxHh] uNtL ePsf]_, r]Dh-f]_ª -l5S5f], nfbf], dfxaf]_, Oªjfaf, klg pNn]v ug'{ dgfl;a 5 . lsgeg] oL Snfgf]lgdx¿ klxn]sf uf]/f
Olbªuf], OªnfDkm]$g, O{hd -sf]ªlnaf, k]m$Gh]tflDnªaf_, kmfuf] -gflnaf] <_, clkm;/x¿n] pgLx¿sf] k':tsdf clen]v u/]sf]n] pgLx¿n] s] slt ;'g] / n]v]
egL t'ngfTds P]ltxfl;s efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogsf]nflu dxTj /fVg] ePsf]n]
lkmofs ->k\mofs_, k'm?Daf], km]h$ f]ª, km]b$ fk, kmf]Gkmf] ->kmf]Daf] h:t}M dGh'n t];f] u/]sf xf}+ . ltgsf] k|:t'lt tn @=@^=#=! Dff u/]sf 5f}+ .
ofSy'Daf_, xfªud, x]DAof -x]$DAo>x$]Da]>x]$Eof of] clGtd y/zAbsf] nflu tn x]g"{
sfOFnf ;=@)%!M @%_, x'S-K_kf -rf]ªafª, xfª;]?ª>xfª;|ª -h:t}M lbns'df/ @=@^=#=! Snfgf]lgd cg'?k a;f]af; 5]q (Core Area on the basis of
lnDa", pk–k|fWofks, xflQ;f/ SofDk;, w/fg_, O;'af], nf]Skmfªjf, dfb]g$ 98, clanonym)
k]$lxd, kmf]Gyfs, jfa'ªluof_, ha]u" ->ra]u_" , sGbªjf, sfDafª -ls/fFtL– cf7/fO{ cf7/fO{, Ojf
rpljl;of lnªb]$g, ;f]ªof]Skf
97
n]Sjfdf, tfKn]h'ªsf of]u/fh jg]$d cg';f/ alSvd y/ /fO{ / lnDa" b'jd} f kfOG5 99
yfD;'xfªsf] ljsf; dflS;ªa'ª -dfsÖsfnf], l;ªÖ?v, a'ªÖaf]6_ af6 ePsf] xf]
-JolQmut s'/fsfgL @@ ;fpg )^# jf & cu:t @))^_ . of] ;dfgtfn] hftLo -sdn yf]lSnxfª;Fusf] JolQmut s'/fsfgL, * c;f]h )^# jf @$ l;tDa/ @))^_ .
;Ldf/]vfnfO{ lkmSsf kfb{5 . of] kl/jt{g jt{dfg kl/k|]S5]df eflifs dgf];dfhj}Uoflgs sf/Gfn] kl/jt{g ePsf x'g
98
cfdfsf] sfG5f 5f]/f e’sf]n] t]Ddf b]g! ‘;dfTg'’ af6 dfb]g$ Snfgf]lgdsf] pTklQ esf] ;S5 -xfd|f] l6KkGfL_ .
xf] eGg] ts{ ( sflQs #)^# df /fds'df/ dfb]$gn] lbPsf x'g\ .
|| 431 || || 432 ||
rf/vf]nf ODd]xfª o;} u/L s'?ªafª -k]mbfk_ sfx¿ ;f]ª ‘gofF’ / t'd ‘7"NbfO’ x'g\ eg]
5y/ s-v_h'd, s]-v_jf, ;fªjf, tf]Sn]$ª, ltlNnª n]jtL -kfFry/_ sfx¿ kfSkf;f]Daf / ltsfkTtL x'g\ . lnafª -d]jfvf]nf tn 5_
dOjfvf]nf kmfuf] df n'lGsDaf, gfOb]Daf, kfªaf]df / k]Daf kb{5g\ eg] lnªb]g -rf}lal;of_df
d]jfvf]nf s]b]Ddf, lnafª, gflnaf], ;fDaf, ;]l/ª, t'So'df, kfDaf]Skf, kfGs]dofª, kfGkmf]df, kf]yfª5]/] / ;]ªjfªofª clg dfxaf]
t'ªn'ª -tDa/vf]nf_ df r]Dhf]ª, n]hG] hL, n'Dwf]o,' n]vf]Ujf / ofdf]s] kb{5g\ . dfxaf]xfª
kfFry/ r]Dhf]ª, n]jtL -nfjtL <_, kfkf], g]Dafª, -tDa/vf]nf_ leq sfDafª -ls/fFtL–afGtfjfsf] klg y/ h:t}M chDa/ sfDafª
km]ofs, ;]l/df, t]lud xfd|f] ;"rgf_, nfxa'ª, df]lvªnfxfª, ;'sf/]ªaf x'g\ eg] dfªo'ª -tDa/vf]nf_
km]bfk x'Kkf, s'?ªafª, km]bflkof, l;ªhfªhf], leq tf-t_a]a'ª 5g\ . d]lgofªaf] -ofª/f]s_ df n]5f{/af], ;fªkfªu] -ls/fFtL–
;f]ªafDkm], t'DafDkm], ;fDkfª -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, j]t'Kdf clg gflnaf] -d]jfvf]nf_ df rf]ªafª -dfb]g–
td'/vf]nf dfxaf], dfxaf]xfª, dfªo'ª, km]Gb'jf rf]ªafª_, dfb]g, t'ªafDkm] kb{5g\ . g]Dafª -kfFry/_ leq cfªb]Daf, Oªjfaf,
s'bfgfDaf, nf]xl/ªb]g, dfk]hf]ª, gfDnfSkf, k]Ujf, km]hf]Gaf, lk5\5f]jf, ;fbf{km],
ofª/f]s-?k_ alSsd, O{hd, s]afª, d]lgofªaf], ;fDaf/xfª, ofªb]Daf / ofª;f]af kb{5g\ . kfkf] -kfFry/_ sf y/x¿M cfªb]Daf, Oªjfaf,
y]a,] of]-o_ªof, of]-o_ªofxfª, o'ªjf -x]g"{ EfflG;6f6{ O{=!*(^ -k'gM k|sfzg s'uT] gfDaf, nfjtL, dfªnfk, d]af]s, kfS;]df{, kfK;f]ª, km]Ujfb]g, ;]l/df, ;f]ª,
O{=!((@M !%(__ cflb OToflb . tfSjfb]g, t'd, t'Da|fs ] , pDb]d] / j]u' x'g\ . kmfuf] -dOjfvf]nf_ leq cnfKkf,
uf]/f clkm;/x¿ EfflG;6f6{sf] ;dodf pgn] ;"rgf a6'n] cg';f/ cnfKkfjfg]Daf, 5f]ªafª, Oxkm]ª, Ugf]ofªaf, lxgfx, dfx;'jf, dfªb]g, gflnaf],
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª cu|hx¿sf] cfk\mg} hflt / y/x¿sf] af/]df ePsf] UofgnfO{ klg gfof]ªaf, cf]qmfaf], kfa]Daf, kfªdf, k'Gwfs ->kGwfs >kfGwfs_, ;fKnf,
oxfF u/]sf 5f}+ . cf7/fO{ cGtu{tsf y/x¿M cfªafxfª, aSsLd, Olbªuf], l;ªo]Daf, of]lSsKkf, tfSn'ª, t]uf]tf]km| f, t]ª'aD' y'kf| , t]Da]x, yfGb]Daf, yf]kf| ,
Oªnfdk]mg, Ojf -pk–y/x¿M OªUnfªkm], kmfn]rj' f / jfhL_, sf]Gbf]ªjf, jfx]s / jfg]Daf x'g\ .
kmf]Gkmf], kf]df], ;]Gbfª, yNnª, ltªnfaf], of]S;f]af / of]S;f]df x'g\ eg] aSsLd km]bfKkLof -km]bfk_ sfx¿ cfªa'ª, x'Kkf, x'Kkfrf]ªafª, x'Kkf;]l/ª,
-ofª/f]s_ leqsfx¿ Dffb]g, nf]S;f]Daf / ofªjfuf] x'g\ . r]Dhf]ª -kfFry/_ O;'af], sfj]kª' , sf]ªjf, s'?ªafª, n'ªk'mdf, dfb]g, df]/faf, d';x' fª, lgªn]s,'
cGtu{tsf pk–y/x¿M lrS5f], nfbf] -ofdrGb| r]Dhf]ªsf cg';f/ k'/vfsf] gfd, kfxtfªgf, kf]Daf], kf]Gy-w_fs, kf]lgofªu', ;]g,] l;Gufs, ;f]b]Daf, ;f]b'ª,
JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t !& k'; @)^#_ / dfxaf] -dfaf]xfª_ x'g\ . x'Kkf ;f]ªafªk]m, ;f]ªaf], ;'Sgfjfa, tfDa]bg] , t]Go'ª, y]u'af / t'ªafªk]m x'g\ . k]mGb'jf
-k]mbfk_ cGtu{tsf y/x¿M rf]ªafª, xfª;]?ª, O;'af], nf]Skmfªjf, dfb]g, -tDa/vf]nf_ cGtu{t clha'ªluof, dfb]g, tfDa], t'ªafªk]m, p;'s / o]ªb]d clg
k]lxd, kmf]Gyfs / jfa'ªluof x'g\ eg] Ohd -ofª/f]s_ sf pk–y/x¿M sf] ªlnaf k]mofs -kfFry/_ leq kfs-kf_ ‘sfG5f] efO’ / t'd-af_ ‘7"NbfO’ x'g\ . ;fDaf
/ k]Gh]tflDnªaf x'g\ . /f]ª jf n]Krfx¿kl§af6 6'qmL cfPsf Od]xfªsf ;Gtfg– -d]jfvf]nf_df rf]ªafª, n'ªls-v_Daf -lnafªleq n'ªls-v_Daf, g}bD] af,
y/x¿M l5lnS5fg, lnªbd, nf]Stf]ª / nf]S;f]ª x'g\ . sh'd -5]Ty/_ cGtu{tsf km]D;'xfª===_, dfb]g, df-d]_of]ªaf, ldª]Daf, d'bG] ;f]ª, k]G5fªjf / tf]Gbf]kf kb{5g\ .
pk–y/x¿M l5S5f], rf]ªafª, Od';f]ª, sfbL, s'?ªafxfª, s'?ªkmf]ª, nfxf]/f]g ;fDafxfª -ofª/f]s_df kfGyfk / ;fª;fªaf] 5g\ eg] ;fªjf -5]y/_ df
->nf]xf]?ª < xfd|f] k|Zg_, n]sj' f, n]jfxfª, kf/3f/\/L, ;fªjf, tf]Un]ª, t'sf]xfª / af/ufx//L, kfs ‘pd]/n] sfG5f]’ / t'd ‘pd]/n] h]7f]’ 5g\ . ;]l/df -kfFry/_df kfs
t'ªf]xfª x'g\ . s]afª -ofª/f]s_ sf pk–y/x¿M Ol/ªaf, s]Oaf, ;fDafo' / ‘sfG5f] efO’ / t'd ‘7"NbfO’ kb{5g\ ;fy} ;]l/ª -d]jfvf]nf_df rf]ªafª, s]bd] ,
l;lnªaf] x'g\ eg] s]b]Ddf -d]jfvf]nf_sf y/x¿M g'u]bD] df / ;fG;f]ofª x'g\ . s]jf s]bD] af, nf]ªjf, dfb]ªaf, df]bª ] ;f]Daf, gflnaf], ;fd]cfsfDaf / l;ªbfaf
-5]y/ý n] kv]6f ePsf] s'g} klg kz'kI+ fLsf] df;' vfg' x'bg} eGg] hgljZjf; 5_ ->l;ª;faf < xfd|f] k|Zg_ kb{5g\ . l;ªhfªuf] -k]mbfk_ sfx¿ cfªa'ª, sf]ªjf,
sf pk–y/x¿M cfªnfafª, sh'd, s]as ' , lnªb]g, n'ªdfb]g, dfb]g k]mofs, k'mb'ªxfª, ;'Sjfaf, t]uf]af, of]lxDafª, t]oª ' , tf]Sn]ªSof / pªlnªaf
-k]mGb'jfdfb]g e}+;Lsf] df;' gvfg] xfªb]jf, tfKn]hª' _, v]jf dfb]g s'v/' fsf] df;' x'g\ eg] ;f]ªafDk]m -k]mbfk_sfx¿ nf]ªjf, d';x' fª, kfª]gxfª, kfª]gxfªdlGhof,
gvfg] wgs'6flt/_, dfªfk, dfªjfofs, ;fDbfªjf, l;ªdfb]g, yf]S;'af, ;fªjf/]af, ;'Sgfjfaf / jf/fSkf x'g\ . ;f]ªof]Skf -rf}lj;Lof_sfx¿ lnªb]g,
ltufNnf / t'Dafx x'g\ . nf]Sk]af, kfS;f]ª, yf]Sk]af, yf]S;'af, y'Daf, y'Dofªaf, t'D;f]ª / jfofªsh'd x'g\
clg t]lud ->y]lud <ý kfFry/_sfx¿ cfªaf], cfªy'Daf, 5a]3' ->ha]u" <_,
|| 433 || || 434 ||
xfG;]?Daf, s]?ªdf, lnafª, nf]ªjfuf], n'cf, dfxaf], dflsd, dflS;ªa'ª 100, sfDafª -<_, sfDyfs -kfFry/_, s]as ' -5]y/_, lslDbª -tDa/vf]nf_, sf]lUnª
dfU-ª_d', dflG;ªa'ª, dfªo'ªaf], dfpaf, d]xf]s, ldof]ªdf, gfª]g, kfx3', -d]jfvf]nf_, n]5]G5] -tDa/vf]nf_, n]sf]Ujf -tDa/vf]nf_, lnªb]g -ofª/f]s_,
k]Tt]xaf, k]mofs ->lkmofs >k\mofs_, ;fSjfb]Daf, ;fSjfb]g, ;fDb]Daf, ;fªaf, lnªlsd -tDa/vf]nf / lnªlvd l5d]sL ls/fFtL–s'nª ' ;Dk|bfodf -<_ xfd|f]
;l/ª, ;]lTnª, yf]Un]df, tf]Sn]xfª ->yf]lSn-n]_xfª_ 101, jg]d, o]St]g, o]Gb]Daf gf]6_, lnªn]s' -k]mbfk_, nf]S;f]d -rf/vf]nf_, nf]lªDaf -rf/vf]nf_, nf]ªjf
/ of]S;'af x'g\ . -d]jfvf]nf_, n'ªaf]ªjf -<_, n'ª;f] -<_, dflSsd -kfFry/_, dfªd' -kfFry/_,
-l_d]efs -<_, df]b]g -d]jfvf]nf_, g]Da]s] -tDa/vf]nf_, gf]uf] -ofª/f]s_,
y]a] -ofª/f]s_ Oªjf/f]d, dfªy'Daf], l;ª, y'k'sd' df afFl8Psf 5g\ eg] gf]uf]xfª -ofª/f]s_, cf]rf]Daf] -<_, kfn'ªjf -tDa/vf]nf_, k]3f -ofª/f]s_, kmf]qf]
tf]Sn]ª -yf]lSnxfª <ý 5]y/_x¿ Pªnf, s]af]s, dfb]g, t'DafxfDkm] / -kfFry/_, kf]lsd -ofª/f]s_, k'?Daf] -tDa/vf]nf_, ;]a]glxDaf -tDa/vf]nf_,
l;ofn'ªdfdf afFl8Psf 5g\ . ltlnª -ltn'ª -<_ý 5]y/_ leq kg]{x¿ rf]ªafª, ;fSjfb]g -tDa/vf]nf_, ;flnª -ofª/f]s_, ;fDafxfª -tDa/vf]nf_, ;fdL -<_,
s]af]s, dfb]g / l;ªdfb]g clg o'So'df -d]jfvf]n_leq kg]{x¿ dfb]g–rf]ªafª / ;fDk]/jf -tDa/vf]nf_, ;f/afªt'd -tDa/vf]nf_, ;-ª_fOof]Skf -rf}la;Lof,
dfb]g x'g\ . t'Dafªk]m -k]mbfk_ cGtu{tsfx¿ sfj]kª ' , sf]5kf]ªu], s'?ªafª, rf}lj;_, ;fj]lGxDaf -tDa/vf]nf_, ;]Gaf] -<_, ;]Tjf -rf/vf]nf_, l;u' -ofª/f]s_,
lgªn]s,' lgªn]sd' GhLof, kftfxf, kmf]Gh]nf, kf]lªofªf], kf]tfªgf, kf]qf], l;ªjf -ofª/f]s_, ;f]ªldaf -<_, ;f]ª;fª' -tDa/vf]nf_, ;'uj' f -ofª/f]s_,
;fSjfb]g, l;g]xfª, l;ªuf]sxfª, ;f]ªd]af, ;f]ª?ªafª, tfDb]g / tf]Sn]ª x'g\ ;'Sjfxfª -ofª/f]s_, tfdlnª -ofª/f]s_, tfDkf/f -ofSvf -<_, yfNnfª
eg] t'ªn'ª -d]jfvf]nf_sfx¿ rf]ªafª / dfb]g x'g\ . of]ªof -ofª/f]s_sfx¿ -d]jfvf]nf_, y]ªof]ª -<_, tf]ªuf]Daf -<_, jfafaf -kfFry/_, jf/fs -d]jfvf]nf_,
d'bg] , ofSsf ->ofSvf_ ;fy} of]ªofxfª -ofª/f]s_x¿ nf]S;f]Daf -nS;d_, j'/hL -ofª/f]s_, of]Sjfaf -ofª/f]s_ 5g\ .
tf]kt] nfu', ofDef]6f / of]Skfªb]g of]ªftf]Daf clg o'ªjf -ofª/f]s_ leqsfx¿
b'/f]Daf], sf]ofxfª, ;fD;f]Daf, ;fKtf / tfdf]/fªaf x'g\ . cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf cfk\mgf] gfdfs/gsf] oqf] wgL k4lt ePsf]
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªx¿sf] ysfO nfUbf] ;"lraf6 ca xfdL lg:sG5f}+ . logsf]
EfflG;6f6{ -O{=!((@M !^% k|yd k|sfzg !*(^_ cg';f/ s'g} klg pk– cWoogdf ljleGg zf:qx¿sf] ljleGg n]G; nufP/ cWoog x'g' h?/L 5 eGg]
y/ jf ;fd]t 102÷uf]q ;d"x g5'l§Psf ofSy'ª :jfªx¿ cnfKkf] -kfFry/_, dg;fon] of] ;"lr lbg gyfs]sf xf}+ . xfdLn] ;'Gbf t o:tf Snfgf]lgdx¿ !@ ;o
cfªafxfª cfª-u_'ax' fª klg cfªefª -cf7/fO{_, cfªaf] -kfFry/_, c- hlt 5g\ eGg];Dd ;'gs ] f 5f}+ . tL c;dfj]zLdf k/]sf ;j} Snfgf]lgd ;d"xx¿;Fu
f_ª5fªaf] -tDa/vf]nf_, c-o_fªb]Daf -kfFry/_, cfªnfaf -5]y/_, afk'm -<_, 5]df dfUb} xfdL ca cs}{ ;+;f/lt/ kf7sju{nfO{ lgDtfpg rfxG5f}+ .
a]3f -of]ª/f]s_, af]xf| -of]ª/f]s_, 5]ªbfª -cf7/fO{_, l5Ss'a'ª -k]mbfk_,
5f]ªjfkmf]df -<_, xfªcd jf xfªsfd -d]jfvf]nf_, x]lDaofx -of]ª/f]s_, lxlhkf @=@^=$ eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
-<_, Olbªuf] -of]ª/f]s_, Oªlsd -kfFry/_, Oªk'ª -<_, Oªjf -tDa/vf]nf_, ls6fgsf ;fy ;j} eGbf a9L eflifs cWoog ePsf] ls/fFtL efiffx¿df
Oªjfaf -ofª/f]s_, Oªjfbf]Skf -kfFry/_, sfbL -<_, sfDafxfª -ofª/f]s_, ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª g} xf] eGbf c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿k|lt cGofo ePsf] 7xb}{g . o;y{,
w]/} efiffljb\x¿n] of] efiffsf] ljz]iftf s]nfPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL
100 ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ oxfF k|:t't ug{ rfxG5f}+ . h:t}M kmf]gf]nf]hL jf jg{ljUofgdf !#
dflS;ªa'ª dfsÖsfnf], l;ªÖ?v, a'ªÖaf]6 a/fa/ yfD;'xfª jt{dfg kl/k|]S5df :j/ -8f=gf]ls/f ;=@)%*M #^_ jg{x¿ 5g\ elgPsf] 5 . ;'Aaf–d'l/ªnf
kl/jt{g ePsf] egL sdn yf]lSnxfªn] * c;f]h )^# jf @$ l;tDa/ @))^ df -;=@)%)_ n] :j/jGf{ ( c, cf, O, p, P, P], cf], cf}, PM, JoGhgjGf{ @% d"n
JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf atfPsf x'g\ .
101 JoGhgjGf{ !* s, r, t, k, v, 5, y, km, o, /, n, j, z, ;, x, ª, g, d, tyf
yc\nx] fª Ö le8\g] /fhf -c;nL y/ / bfh'–efOx?rflxF y]lud, -h_Rjf]j]u,'
xfª;?Daf, s]?ª / yf]lSnxfª x'g\ . t/ yf]Sn'ª / yf]lSnxfª y/x?df k"/} km/s jf
;+jGf{ & u, h, b, a, 3, w, e, * ;+oQ ' mf5]/, # Pst'd zs u/L hDdf $% Wjlg
Ps} vf]hsf] ljifo xf] . oSb]-t]_g -ljz]if dflns a:g] 7fpF_ af6 Pst]g / jt{dfgdf jGf{x¿ 5g\ eg]sf 5g\ . Unf]6n :6k jf sG7\o:kzL{ of] efiffsf] Wjlgsf] ljz]iftf
Psltg ePsf] xf] egL sdn y-f_]lSnxfªn] * c;f]h @)^# jf @$ l;tDa/ @))^ xf] eg] of] ljz]iftf cf]Nnf] ls/fFt 5]qdf af]lng] ls/fFtL–/f9' -x]g"{ @=!( klg_ /
df JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf atfPsf x'g\ . ls/fFtL–sf]FOr–afo'ª -x]g{" @=!! klg_ df klg df}hb' 5 . s]xL ;':d t'ngfTds
cWoog xfdLn] cWoo % klg lbPsf 5f}+ . ?kljUofgdf c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df
102
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;fDd]tnfO{ ldª;f ‘pky/’ -<_ elgg] rng 5 . h:t}M h:t} Ps jrg, låjrg / ax'jrg e]b, låjrg / ax'jrgdf ;dfj]zL
a}/fuL sfOFnfsf] ldª;f o-f_ªb]Daf xf] . (inclusive) c;dfj]zL (exclusive) ;lxt, ;j{gflds/g
|| 435 || || 436 ||
(pronominalization) ljz]iftf kfOG5 . oL cf]Nnf] / dfem ls/fFtdf af]lng] pgn] klg l;lSsd -<;'lvd_ k|jf; nfUg' k¥of] . o:tf] bdgx¿sf] af/]df xfdLn]
ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf klg ljz]iftf x'g\ . k|fSsygdf klg s]xL lemNsfx¿ pNn]v u/L ;s]sf g} 5f}+ .
@=@^=% ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª ;flxTosf] k[i7e"ld (Historical background @=@^=^ lzIff, ;flxTo / wd{ k|rf/
of Kiranti-Yakthung literature)
bdgsf] afjh"b klg dxfu'? kmfNu'gGb / pgsf r]nfx¿n] ls/fFtL–
cfk\mgf] dft[efiffsf] ;flxTodf wgL ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] ls/fFt ;flxTosf] ofSy'ª jGf{dfnfdfkm{t lzIff k|rf/ / sd{sfG8sf k':tsx¿ k|sfzgdf NofpFb} /
Oltxf; klxn] g} n]vL ;lsPsf] 5 . xfdLn] o;df s'/f] sf]§ofpg'sf] k5fl8sf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ub}{ /x] . t]:tf r]nfx¿dWo] /Gwf]h g]$Dafª -;fª;]xfª <_ /
p2]Zo eg] cjf{rLg / ;dsfnLg ;flxTonfO{ bk{g lbg' g} d'Vo xf] . h;axfb'/ cflbn] sf7sf] Ans tof/ u/]/ #@ k[i7sf] klxnf] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª
Ps} ls/fFtL hflt -jt{dfgdf ;'/]n, ;'gj' f/, /fO{, ofSvf / lnDa" u/L kf7\ok':ts n]vL k|rf/–k|;f/ u/] . pgLx¿sf] t]:tf] ;fxl;s sfo{nfO{ cfh xfdL
hDdf % 6'qmdf ljeflht_ sf] lnlksf] cl:tTj / k|rgng 5}6f}+ ztfAbLlt/ g} d'/Ld'/L r]/]b'd / ;]jf/f] gu/L /xg ;St}gf}+ . o;} sfnlt/ ;Toxfªdf kGy / :t'lt
lyof] . Oltxf;sf] ljleGg sfnvG8n] t];nfO{ bafof] / kl5 l;l/hªufn] k|rf/– ;flxTon] cfk\mgf] vftf vf]Ng z'? u/L ;s]sf] lyof] .
k|;f/ cf} k'g?Tyfg u/]sf x'g\ . t];df kNnf] ls/fFt g} d'Vo ?kn] ;lqmo /Åof] / o;} qmddf 8f]+uf| a:tL, sflnDkf]ªdf O{=!(@% d} ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª ;+:yfsf]
cfh p;sf] 7"nf] ;flxTo eG8f/ 5 . Tof] lnlk dfem / cf]Nnf] ls/fFtn] klg hGd lbP/ efiff–;flxTosf] ;]jf cufl8 a9L g} /Åof] . O{=;Q/L / c;Lsf] bzsdf
k|rngdf Nofpg x'G5 ljz]if kl/dfh{g u/]/ . tn pk–cWofo @=@^=@% df klg ljsf;n] r/d ult lng yfn]sf] lyof] . l;lSsd ;f] ljsf;sf] e/]ªdf Plk;]G6/
lnlksf] af/]df 5nkmn ePsf] 5 . g} dfGg' kb{5 . oxfF ls/fFtLofSy'ª kfMg /fhsLo ;Qf glhs /xg kfPsf]n]
lj/xL sfOFnf -;=@)$(_ n] cfk\mgf] s[lt lnDa" efiff / ;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt -klxn]sf] bdg glal;{sg_ klg pGgltsf] lzv/ r'Dg kfPsf] xf] . o;} avt
kl/ro df g} cfk\mgf] ;flxTosf] n]vfhf]vf u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . of] efiffsf] kqklqsf, df}lns syf, n]v, lgjGw, sxfgL, sljtf cflbsf] /rgf z'? dfQ}
;flxTosf] Oltxf; klg cGo ls/fFtL efiff hlQs} k'/fgf] xf] tfklg ;+Vof eg] geP/ e/df/ cfpg yfn]sf x'g\ . oxL z'ed'x"t{ kf/]/ bflh{lnª, sflnDkf]ª /
a9]dfsf] 5 . sfOFnf, lj/xL, j}/fuL sfOFnf / ljqmd ;'Aaf -;=@)$(_ n] cfk\mgf] ;'lvd cflb nufotsf :yfgx¿af6 sljtf;+ux| , syf;+u|x / pkGof;x¿sf]
u|Gy lnDa" u|Gy–;"rL df plt a]nfb]lv o;sf] k|sfzg ldlt;Ddsf] k|foM ;j} 8ªu'/ nfUg yfn]sf lyP . O{=!(@% b]lv Odfgl;+ r]Dhf]ª / afhjL/ ynªsf]
sfo{x¿nfO{ clen]lvs/g u/L ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] ;flxTodf k|jz ] ;Fu} k|fylds k':tsx¿ ls/fFtL lnlkd} cfpg
yfn]sf lyP .
t]xfFbl] v oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiff–;flxTon] l;l/hªuf
y]a,] nfn;f]/ ;]Gbfª, Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ª / kmfNu'gGb lnªb]g h:tf ;flxTosf @=@^=& dft[efifdf lzIff (Mother Tongue Educaiton)
rf/ ;f/yLx¿ kfO;s]sf] 5 . t]:tf w]/} ;f/yLx¿ hGdg] qmd hf/L g} 5 . /fhf P]ltxfl;s ?kn] g} ls/fFtL efiffx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf efUozfnL efiff
l;l/hª\ufb]lv aL;f}+ zbLsf] ;ft bzs;Dd k|foM ofSy'ª jGf{dfnf g} k|rfl/t eg]sf] g} ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiff xf] / /Åof] klg . l;lSsd /fHo, ef/tdf afx]s
eP . t];sf]nflu y]a] -8f=/d]z 9'ªu]n cg';f/ Oltxf;df ?lkxfª /fo klg g]kfndf dft[efiff lzS5fsf] k|fylds txsf] klxnf] cj;/ klg klxnf]
pNn]v_ n] O{=!&$! Dff dftf{d, l;lSsddf ;lxb x'g' k/\of] . hgcfGbf]ng !(() kl5 o;} efiff -x]g"{ tn @=@^=!# klg_ n] kfof] . o;} u/L of]
/fhf l;l/hª\uf / of]ªhªufsf] kfnfdf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª Ps ;+/lIft sbddf bf];|f] :yfg kf]pg] dft[efiff ls/fFtL–ls/fjf÷afGtfjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ xf]
efiff eP klg bzf}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{sfnb]lv t]:tf] cj;/ kfPg . ;/sf/L eg] t];|f] :yfg ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª -x]g"{ @=@! klg_ n] kfPsf] 5 . dft[efiff lzIffsf
bdgrqmn] To]$cª \ ;L -t]cª
\ ;L_ sfndf gLlt / ;lDk|ltdf ljefhg NofO{ lbPsf] nflu nfdf] k|tLS5f ;s]/ rf}yf] :yfg kfpg] ls/fFtL efiffx¿df cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf]
Oltxf;n] ;fljt u/L ;s]sf] 5 . O{=!&#)÷#! b]lv ;flxTo / d'Gw'd sfo{sf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff g} xf] . xfdL;Fu ePsf] ;"rgfdf c? ls/fFtL dft[efiffx¿
k|rf/k|;f/ z'? eO{ ;s]sf] lyof] . of]ªhªufn] klg k|rf/–k|;f/df 7"nf] of]ubfg ls/fFtL–s'nª ' / ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] klg k|fylds kf7\ok':ts / lzS5fsf]
k'/o\ fsf lyP . t]cª\ ;L l;l/hª\ufkl5 8]9 ;o aif{eGbf a];L ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª k|tLS5fdf 5g\ . xfn;Dd tfKn]h', kfFry/ / t]x|yd' sf &@ lzIffnox¿ -x]g"{ ;'Aaf
;flxTodf rsdGgtf 5fof] . dfem / cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] t emg\ gfdf]lg;fgf /xg] !((*M #&_ OR5flwg ljifosf] ?kdf lzIffyL{x¿n] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª dft[efiffdf
u'Ghfo; g} lyPg . cf7/fO{ y'ddf nfn;f]/ ;]Gbfªn] k|of;r}F u/]sf lyP . t/ lzS5f lnO{ /x]sf 5g\ . of] 38;Dddf lzS5fnox¿ / lzS5fyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof a9L

|| 437 || || 438 ||
;s]sf] x'g' k5{ . cflgc\ kfMg\ -/g d]Gofªaf], l8NnL lbªbd, lbn]Gb s'?Dafª– l;lSsd_, @!=ofSy'ª ;fKks\ -ns\ lys\ jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf],
;'Aaf / c¿ clg clGtd ;Dkfbg j}/fuL sfOFnf_ gfds k':ts g} k|fylds l;lSsd_, @@=ofSy'ª ;fKks\ -ns\ g]lT5 jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf],
lzIffsf] d"n kf7\ok':ts xf] . l;lSsd_, @#=ofSy'ª ;fKks\ -ns\ ;'D;L jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf],
l;dfkf/L ef/tsf] l;lSsd k|fGtdf eg] g]kfnsf] of] l:yltnfO{ kmsf]{ l;lSsd_, @$=v]bf;'ª -ns\ lys\ jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_,
dfb}{ dxfljBfno :t/;Ddsf] cWofkgdf of] dft[efiffn] :yfg kfPsf] 5 egL @%=v]bf;'ª -ns\ g]T5L jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, @^=kflTtNnf
;lsof] . jt{dfgdf !@ cf}+ ;|]GfL lbNnL s]Gb|Lo dfWolds lzS5f ;+:yfgsf] ;fKks\ -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, @&=kflTtNnf ;'ª -jLjL
kf7\oqmddf, l;lSsd ;/sf/L sn]h :gfts tx;Dd, g]kfndf k|fylds tx sIff d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, @*=;flDdnf ;fKks\ -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg
% ;Dd -;=@)%% b]lv ;=@)%( ;Dd k"/f_ cWofkg eO{ /x]sf] 5 eg] dft[efiffdf k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, @(=;fldNnf ;fKks\ -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf],
k|fylds lzIff z'? eP o;f] of] g} k|yd -;efg] afx]s k"jd{ f_ dft[efiff xf] . l;lSsd_, #)=rsv]bf -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, #!=l;jflbª
vfx'Gxf -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, #@=ofSy'ª ;fK;s\ -jLjL
@=@^=* jfn;flxTo (Children's literature) d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, ##=ofSy'ª ;fK;s\ kmf]gf -jLjL d'l/ªnf /
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª ;flxTo ;fu/df jfn;flxTon] klg :yfg kfO{ g} ;s]sf] df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, #$=l;l/hªuf ;fK;s\ -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf],
5 . Tof] ;fu/df xfdLn] a6'ns] f s]xL yf]kfx¿ !=cfªu]Ggfc\/]! s'af]s vG8 ! l;lSsd_, #%=v]bfo v]bf -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_,
-syf ;+u|x d'Gw'd;Fu ;DjlGwt_, @=cflgc\ rf]jf;fDafxfc\ vG8 @ -hLjgL ;+u|x #^=ofSy'ª ;Dx]s\ -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, #&=;fKkfg\n] s'x'
!) hgfsf]_ #=s]nfª vG8 # -cd/ t'Dofxfª / c? ;=@)^@_ tLgf]6}sf] kf7\oqmd -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, #*=l;Ss'd\ kmf]gf -jLjL d'l/ªnf /
ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/n] k|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5 . c? jfn;flxTo df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, #(ofSy'ª ;fK;s\ kmf]gf -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg
ljwfdf 5'6\g uPsf s[lt / t];sf] d"Nofªsg cfufdL cGj]ifs k':tfnfO{ 5f]8\b} k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, $)=;f]wª ' u]Dafxf/] -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_,
d'lg @=@^=( df xfdL cGo jfn;flxTob]lv lnP/ kf7\k:' ts;Ddsf s[ltx¿nfO{ $!=ofSy'ª x'cfl; -jLjL d'l/ªnf / lkP; d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, $@=;fKkfgn]
lgofNg] 5f}+ . s'x' -jLjL d'l/ªnf / df]xg k'm?Daf], l;lSsd_, $#=lnDa" cIf/ ufO8 -cUoft,
@=@^=( kf7\ok':ts÷;fdu|L (Textbooks/pedagogical materials) l;lSsd_, $$=lnDa" j0f{dfnf -lbn]Gb| s'?Dafª–;'Aaf O{=@))$_, lnDa" n];Gh\
Og\ So'l/c; 6«fG:qmLK;g d]G6 6' ;e{ ofh c ufO8 6' lk; sf]/ ef]nl' G6ch{\
xfdL oxfF cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf nfu" ePsf / kl9g] jf]ls{ª Og\ lnDa'jfg -o'P; lk; sf]/ ld=g=_ cflb OToflb . t/ xfdLn] oL ;j}
ls/fFtLofSy'ª kfMgsf k':tsx¿sf] s]xL yf]/} ;"lr k|:t't ub{5f}+ . tL x'g–\ kf7\ok':ts / n]vsx¿sf] ;Gbe{;l" rdf pNn]v ug{ EofPsf 5}gf}+ / of] klg
!=cflgc\ kfMg\ -sIff !_ -/0f d]Gofªaf], l8NnLljqmd lnªbd / c? ;=@)%%_, xfdLkl5sf k':tfx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . of] lhDd]jf/L ;f/]sf] tYo :jLsfb}{ d'lg
@=cflg kfMg\ -sIff @_, #=cflg kfMg\ -sIff #_, $=cflg kfMg\ -sIff $_, %=cflg @=@^=!) df xfdL zAbfjnL÷zAbsf]z / ;f] ;DjGwL sf]zljUofgdf ePsf
kfMg\ -sIff %_, ^=t/Mª -cgf}krfl/ lzIff_, &=rf]MTn'ª -cgf}rkfl/s lzIff_, cWoogsf] ;fu/df 8'a'NsL dfg{ uO{ /x]5f}+ .
*=cflgc\ rf]jf;fDafxfc\ -hLjgL, ;Dkf=cd/ t'Dofxfª ;=@)^#_, (=s] nfMª
-;F:s[lt / sljtf, ;Dkf=cd/ t'Dofxfª @)^#_, !)=dfª\uf/]! s'af]Ms\ -syf @=@^=!) zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL tyf cWoog (Dictionaries/glossary
;ª\ux| , ;Dkf= cd/ t'Dofxfª @)^#_, !!=;fdflhs lzIff -sIff !, cg'M cd/ and studies)
t'Dofxfª @)^#_, !@=ul0ft lzfIff -sIff !, cg'M cd/ t'Dofxfª @)^#_, eSs'df/ cf} k|z:t} zAbfjnL÷zAbsf]z ePsf] ls/fFtL efiffx¿df ofSy'ª
!#=lj1fg, zf/Ll/s lzIff -sIff !, cg'M cd/ t'Dofxfª @)^#_, !$=kxf8L g} klxnf] b]lvof] . xfdLn] cl3 l;lSsd /fHo, ef/tdf /fhsLo ;Qfdf glhs
af]nLrfnL -ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–ls/fjf pbfx/g ;dfj]zý cGh' v8\sf, ePsf]n] ljsf;sf] lzv/df eGg] cleJolQm /fv] h:t} g]kfndf klg Odfgl;+
s]z/h+u du/ / 8f=ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf ;=@)^#_, !%=k|f/lDes ls/fFt j0f{dfnf r]Dhf]ª, /0fwL/ ;'Aaf / j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] ;fydf /fHo:t/af6 c? ls/fFtL
-;+uLtf y]j,] ;flDh/L ;]dL / dfªldª;f]xfª ;=@)^)_, !^=l;Ss'd kmf]gf -ns\ efiffx¿ eGbf ofSy'ª kfMgn] g} s]xL a9L ;+/S5]g -klxn]sf] bdg glal;{sg, x]g"{
lys\ jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !&=l;Ss'd kmf]gf -ns\ g]lT5 jLjL d'l/ªnf, cWofo ^ df klg_ kfPsf] Oltxf; ;fFrf] xf] . g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgn] klg
l;lSsd_, !*=ofSy'ª x'l;ª\ nfd\ -jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !(=ofSy'ª zAbsf]z, ;flxTo ;j]{S5]g, syf;+ux| / ;Gbe{;l" r nufotsf s[ltx¿
x'l;ª\ nfd\ -jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, @)=ofSy'ª x'l;ª\ nfd\ -jLjL d'l/ªnf, k|sfzgdf NofO{ lbof] . o;n] klg ofSy'ª kfMgnfO{ ;+:yfut u/fof] . ofSy'ªaf /
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ofSy'ªdfx¿ lzS5f tyf /fh÷s'6gLltdf cufl8 ePsf]n] klg o;f] ePsf] xf] . lys\ sIff (–!@ jLjL d'l/ªnf_ cflb OToflb . xfdLn] cln lj:t[t hfgsf/L
of] ;s/fTds kS5] dfGg' kb{5 . kf7\ok' :ts cf} kf7\o;fdu|L pk–vG8df klg pNn]v u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ .
of] ;s/fTdstfn] lbPsf] s]xL zAbfjnL÷zAbsf]zx¿ / cWoog !=‘lnDa" @=@^=!@ cg"lbt ;flxTo (Tranlated literature)
zAbfjnL’ -8ANo" h] ss{Kofl6«s @))&M @$(–@%@ k|yd ;+:s/g !*!!_, lagf s'g} 9f8; xfdLn] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª kfMgdf k|z:t} /fli6«o tyf
@=lnDa"–cª\uh |] L zAbsf]z -rfn{;\ s]Da]n !( cf}+ ztfAbLsf] dWosfndf_, #=c cGt/f{li6«o efiffdf cg"lbt ;flxTo e]6]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/gsf] nflu
Eof]SofJo'n/L cj\ b lnDa"" Nofªu'Oh\ -Pr8ANo'cf/ ;]lgcf]/ O{=!()* bf;|f] sfOFnf -;=@)^)M !&–!*_ af6 lnOPsf] tYo oxfF k|:t't ug{ rfxG5f}+–
;+:s/g O{=!(&&_, $=lnDa" lxHh] zAbsf]z -lbn]Gb| s'?Dafª–;'Aaf ;=@)^@_, !=u'lne/\/] nflDbMs\ -hf]gfyg l:jk\m6, cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_,
%=lnDa"–g]kfnL–cª\uh |] L zAbsf]z -Odfg P;=r]Dhf]ª ;=@)!*_, ^=lnDa"– @=rGb|;]z/ cfhfb -cUoft cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, #=hjfx/nfn g]x¿/]
Oªlnz l8S:g/L cj\ b d]jfvf]nf 8fon]S6 ljy Oªlnz–lnDa" OG8]S; -af]O8 v]bf -lrqsyf, cUoft cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, $=b]zjGw' lrQ/Ghg
ldvfOnf]E;L O{=@))@_, &=lxGbL–lnDa" zAbsf]z -ah|ljxf/L s'df/, lkP; ;'Aaf bf; -lrqsyf, cUoft cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, %=ofGw'dj\ f/] nflu
/ jLjL ;'Aaf O{=!(*)_, *=‘lnDa" g]kfnL Oªlnz l8S;g/LM lx:6«L ofG8 tflD;ªjf -:jf:Yo / v]ns'b, cUoft cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, ^=cflg g'
Rofn]lGhh\’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf O{=!((*_, (=lnDa"–g]kfnL–cª\uh |] L zAbsf]z -jLjL cflg ;oª\ -;fdflhs lzIff, cUoft cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_,
d'l/ªnf_, !)=g]kfnL–lnDa"–cª\uh |] L zAbsf]z -x:tnfn lnDa" ;=@)%!, &=sfs\jf/] ofª\3g\ -s[lifM cfn' v]tL, cUoft cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_,
!!=‘lnlk vf]Hb} nfx'/]’, sflGtk'/, $ j}zfv )^@ af6ý t/ x:tnfn ;fafb]g *=RjfM ofª\lgMd\n] s'la -;fdflhs lzIffM hn;|ft] , cUoft cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf,
-;=@)$(_ sf] g]kfnL– lnDa"–cª\uh |] L zAbsf]z egL Png]8df pNn]v ePsf], l;lSsd_, (=;s\jf lxª\df -s[lifM df}/Lkfng, cUoft cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf,
!@=d'Gw'dL zAbsf]zM ls/fFt–g]kfnL–cª\uh |] L -dfªldª;f]xfª lnª\bg] ;+=@)^) l;lSsd_, !)=;]l/d\n] ofª\3g\ -;'Gtnfsf] v]tL, cUoft cg'=cUoft, l;lSsd_,
k|yd ;+:s/g @)%(_, !#=c lnDa"–Oª\lnz Unf];/L -O=xf/ O{=!(^)_, !!=nfh] kf]j]g\ lyDa] -lzIff ljefu, l;lSsd ;/sf/, cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf,
!$=lnDa"–g]kfnL–cª\uh |] L zAbsf]z -jLjL ;'Aaf O{=!(*)_, !%=l;l/hªuf l;lSsd_, cDb' t'Sdf -:jf:Yo ljefu, l;lSsd ;/sf/, cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf,
lnlkdf s]xL zAb -xl/ rªafª ;=@)%)_, !^=lnDa" zAbsf]z -kfG8'lnlk, l;lSsd_, !@=t'Sdf/] nfd\ -cUoft, cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !#=kmg\ g'
dl0fz+s/ ;]/]ª–rf]ªafª_, !&=lnDa"–g]kfnL zAbsf]z -v]n/fh oªxfª cbª\ -cUoft, cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !$=kmf/\;fª\lªg\ ofDw'Dn] nflu
;=@)%@_, !*=;+lIfKt v;–lnDa" zAbsf]z -g/ oªxfª ;=@)%@_, !(=ofSy'ª g'af d]g\ -cUoft, cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !%=;'lvd ;'a]Nnf ;fs\nfd\
rf]MlSyd -Clifs'df/ ;ªafxfªk]m ;=@)$(÷O{=!((@_ cflb OToflb . oL s]af]ªaf vNn]ªjfa]g\ -cUoft, cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !^=;]jfg\ ;Sdf
zAbfjnL / zAbsf]zx¿sf] klg ;a}sf] ;Gbe{–;"lr xfdLn] lbg g;s]sf] ;To xf] . -cUoft, cg'= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !&=k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqm–@)$(
lsgeg] of] xfd|f] JolQmut k|ofz ePsf]n] klg xf] . t;y{, ;fn / k|sfzs -lbn]Gb| s'?Dafª–;'Aaf cg'= ;=@)$(, @)%$_, !*=lkkn k':ts l;l;h
cflbsf] k"g{ ljj/g 5'6s] f] 5 . -k"jj{ t\ cg'= ;=@)%*_, !(=dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff -k"jj{ t\ cg'=
@=@^=!! efiff÷Jofs/g (Language/grammar) ;=@)^)_ cflb OToflb . c? w]/} cg"lbt ;flxTox¿ oxfF 5'6]sf xf]nfg\ eGg]
ofSy'ª kfMgdf :jb]zL nufot ljb]zL j}ofs/gx¿sf] nfjfn:s/ eP z+sfn] xfd|f] dg etelt kf]nL /xsf] 5 .
klg xfdLn] s]xLnfO{ dfq e]§fpg ;kmn ePsf 5f}+ . xfd|f] ;+:yfut geP/ @=@^=!# sfJo÷sljtf 5]q
JolQmyut nufgLdf JolQmut g} vf]hfO ePsf]n] xfdLn] kfP;Ddsf Aofs/gx¿ ls/fFtLª–ofSy'ª efiff–;flxTo / t];df klg sfJo÷sljtf 5]qnfO{
!=b ls/fFt -lnDa"_ u|ofd/ -Odfg P;= r]Dhf]ª O{=!(&), b ls/fFt u|ofd/ Og\ lgofNbf O{=!(&% cl3 / kl5 u/]/ b'O{ sfndf ljefhg u/L x]g'{ kb{5 . lsgeg]
lnDa" Nofªu'Oh\ jf ls/fFt ofSyª Jofs/g ;=@)@& / lsofr'n] ;=@)%( df l;lSsd ;/sf/n] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiff -x]g"{ dfly @=@^=& klg_ nfO{ oxL
k'gMk|sfzg u/]sf]_, @=sG;fO;\ lnDa" u|ofd/ ofG8 l8S;g/L -cNkmf]G;\ j]O86{ / jif{bl] v k|fylds txdf lzIffsf] :jLs[lt lbPsf] lyof] . &% cl3 ls/fFtL–
ljqmd ;'Aaf O{=!(*%_, #=c u|ofd/ cj\ lnDa" -hh{ Eofg l8«d !(*&_, ofSy'ª ;flxTosf] ultljlw ls/fFt lnlk / k|rf/–k|;f/df ;Lldt -t'n=lnef tyf
$=ofSy'ª x'Kkfg\ g' O5fk\ -ns\ lys\ sIff %–^ jLjL d'l/ªnf_, %=ofSy'ª x'Kkfg\ ;flj–)%)M ^&–^*_ /Åof] tfklg k|lts'n ;dosf] afjh"b Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªn]
g' O5fk\ -ns\ lys\ sIff &–* jLjL d'l/ªnf_, ^=yfªl;ª x'Kkfg\ g' O5fk\ -ns\

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JolQmut k|ofz hf/L /fVg'nfO{ ls/fFtLª–ofSy'ª efiff–;flxTodf clåtLo @=@^=!#=! k'm6s/ sljtfx¿ / ;+ux| x¿ (Individual poems and anthology
cjlw g} dfGg' kb{5 . of poetry)
xfdLn] ;+5k] df oxfF lnef tyf ;flj–)%) sf] kf7nfO{ Kof/fk|]mh u/L dfly @=@^=!# df pNn]v eP cg';f/ xfd|f s]xL gofF, aLrsf / k'/fgf
ls/fFtLofSy'ª ;flxTodf sfJosf] Oltxf;nfO{ ;Demgf ug]{ k|ofz u/]sf 5f}+ . k|ltlglw ofSy'ª slj / sjloqL / sljtf -;+u|x;lxt_ x¿df !=‘ltªlbª
O{=!(%! kZrft\ :t'lt sljtfsf] z'?cft Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ª, dgaxfb'/ vfDwfs / gfx]g’ -6+s jg]d, )^=%=#), j]a e|dGf ldltM & l;tDa/ )^÷@! ebf} ^#_,
kbdl;+x d'l/ªnf g'uf]x¿sf] ofSy'ª lgl;u]s ;fKnf -jGf{dfnf_ af6 ePsf] xf] . @=‘kmf]v'Dnf]’ -cd/ ;'Aaf, )%=*=@$, j]a e|dGf ldltM k"jj{ t\_, #=‘kfªe]’
Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªs} lgª\jfk"m ;]jf, / k"mªvfdf sljtfx¿df jfn Pj+ elStefj -ltnljqmd r]Dhf]ª, )^=%=#), j]a e|dGf ldltM k"j{jt\_, $=‘l;df’ -lbn]Gb| ;'Aaf
;f/ emNsg] sljtfx¿ 5g\ . PdaL vfDwfs klg lg;fd ;]jf df :t'ltsf] ;f/ O{=@)))M $@_, %=‘xfªjfDdf’ -lxdfb]jL klVvd ;=@)%!M ()–(!_, ^=‘cfNn
lnP/ k|jz] u/]sf x'g\ . l;l/hª\uf d'Gw'd\ ;fKnfsf] kfG8'lnlk -kbdl;+x ;'Aaf v]l;ª lglt/f]’ -cd/ ;'Aaf ‘k|eft’ ;=@)%@M @)_, &=‘nfDa'a=] ==nfªufd
‘cktg’ ;Fu df}hb" _ ePsf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 . kmf]M;]$cf]’ -jLjL ;'Aaf–d'l/ªnf–g'uf] ;=@)%#M &$–&(, g]kfnL cg'= j}/fuL
sfOFnf_ cflb x'g\ k'm6s/ sljtfdf eg] 7"nf–;fgf sljtf ;+ux| x¿df !=cflgc\
sljtf If]qdf aLaL d'l/ªnf cfdLd\ cfDdf / t]og ;fcf/f] lnP/
pbfPsf x'g\ . pgsf] sljtfdf k|ult / /fi6«jfbL :j/ 5 . h:t}M ldslr/L l;ufª
lgª;fªxfc\ -k"0f{ d'l/ªnf O{=!((^_, @=dgf rOMTxfc\ -lbNnL lnªbd ;+=)%^_,
#= ;]jf/f] -jfn sljtf ;+ux| , cd/ t'Dofxfª ;+=@)%*_, $=tf]lnª;f]da' f
/ r'ªhLu]g of]T5f sljtfx¿df klg . pg}åf/f /lrt ofSy'ª;f u s]jo] /
cf;flDdnfxfc\ -;];x] fª lkmofs ;+=)^)_, %=k'mªsfKnf -tf]ª;f g]of]ª;+=)^!_,
nfw'ªu]g! n÷/s sljtfx¿n] eg] lg/fzfjfbL wf/ k}NofPsf 5g\ . uB / kB b'j} ^=OS;f;fDbfªaf k'mªxfc\ -;];x] fª lkmofs ;+=@)^! -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_,
ljwfsf ;kmn cf} xf]gxf/ cGo ;fwsx¿ / k|ultjfbL ofSy'ª sljx¿df rGb| &=rf]MTn'ªn]! y/]c\ -/fh' ofSy'ª O{=@))@ l;lSsd_, *=x]Ss]cfª;f
dfªo'ªsf] Oªjf -k|ultjfbL jfnsljtf_, P]tdfg tfdlnª, lbnk|;fb ;'Aaf,
PgaL ;'Aaf, k'ik ;'Aaf ‘cl;t’, nIdGf ;'Aaf, o]xfª nfjtL, lbnl;+x ;'Aaf,
s'l;ªlgMTt'd nc\cf -rGb| dfª\o'ª\ O{=@))@ l;lSsd_, (=;Dd] ;flDdnf -aLaL
nIdGf ;'Aaf, xs{axfb'/ vfDwfs cflb klg k|ultjfbL sljx¿ x'g\ . PgaL d'l/ª\nf O{=@))$ l;lSsd_, !)=k]l! Ghl/ k]l! GdSxfc\ -6ª\s jg]d ;+=@)^@ x]g"{
;'Aafsf] k'mªjfd df /fi6«kd|] , h;xfª dfb]gdf :t'lt, df]xg k'm?Daf]sf] sljtfdf sflGtk'/ @# ;fpg @)^#_, !!=kf]lSs -an d'l/ªnf O{=@))^ l;lSsd_,
cfzfjfb h:t}M P]g g' tfGbL eg] t'Sv]jf lxªdgdf Joyfn] el/k"Gf{ lg/fzfjfbL !@=ofSy'ª ;fDnf] -pQ/s'df/ oªxfª ;+=@)^@ ;+sng ck'/f]_, !#=nf]cf]tL
;f/ . rGb|k;| fb of]ªofsf] kfGbª zLif{sdf sljtfdf cfzfjfbL ;f/ 5 eg] df]xg o]xfª\n]g\ g'af]ª\n]g\ g'af]Mª\ ;flDdTnfxfc\ -nfcf]tL o]xfª\sf ;Q/L sljtfx¿
Ohdr}F cfzfjfbL slj x'g\ . k|sl[ tjfbL / k|ultjfbL wf/df cf/aL ;'Aaf -lbnaxfb'/ nfcf]tL ;= -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, !$=;flDdnf OlT5 -;Dkf= jLjL
‘n]Sjfxfª’ pleG5g\ . kfnfd\ sljtfdf ;GtjL/ vfDwfs /f]dflG6s / :t'lta4 d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !$=lr/fSn] ld -;Dkf= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_, !%=?d]/]!
wf/df pleG5g\ . kLPd ;'Aafsf] sljtf o'df;fd xf] . l;+uaxfb'/ kf/fªb]jn] s';K!] dfª -;];x] fª lkmofs ;=)^! -<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, !^=cflxlDdg\ -lbn]Gb| ;'ef
/fi6«jfbL / k|ultzLn efjnfO{ k|ltWjlgt u/]sf 5g\ . s'?Dafª -O{=@))^÷@)^#_, !&= ‘s'l;ª lgKdf’ -t]cª;L l;/Lhªuf, ;=@)%)M
##–#$ý /fli6«o efiffsf sljtfx¿ df_, !*= ‘dfª ;]jf rf]Sdf ;]jf’ -kmfNu'gGb
/ t]xfFb]lv oxfF;Dddf w]/} ePsf]df yf]/} dfq k'm6s/ sljtfx¿ / lnªb]g, ;=@)%)M #%–#*ý /fli6«o efiffsf sljtfx¿ df_, !(= ‘ls/fFt lds\–
sljtf;+ux| x¿ e]§fPsf 5f}+ . k'm6s/ sljtfx¿ / sljx¿ xfdLn] ls/fFtL–/f9' xg\ ;fDnf]’ -v8\u g]Dafª, ;=@)%)M #(–%)ý /fli6«o efiffsf sljtfx¿ df_,
-x]g"{ @=!( klg_ sf] eGbf klg sd /fv]sf 5f}+ . lsgeg] emG8} bz jif{sf] dfQ} cflb OToflb 5g\ .
;[hgfTds n]vg Oltxf; ePsf] ls/fFtL–/f9'sf sljx¿n] xfd|f] vf]hfO /
clen]lvs/gnfO{ cfR5'cfR5' kf/]sfn] sltkonfO{ 5f8L lbof}+ / k|ltlgLw @=@^=!#=@ df}lvs nf]ssfJo (Oral folklore)
sljx¿nfO{ dfQ} pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ . Tof] cy{df ls/fFtLª–ofSy'ª kfMg / df}lvs k/fDk/fdf pRr:t/Lo ;flxTo eg]sf kfnfddf ufOg] uLtx¿ g}
;flxTosf] 5]qdf sljtf ljwf s]nfpg' xfd|f] cf}sft eGbf aflx/sf] s'/f ePsf]n] x'g\ . o;df ofc\-S_nfMª -wfg gfrdf o'jfo'jtL e]nf eP/ ufOg] bf]xf]/L_,
5fkfb]lv l8lh6n ;+;f/;Dddf kfPsf Psfw sljx¿ / sljtfx¿nfO{ dfQ} xfskf/] -b}lgs hLjgsf 36gf jGf{g ub}{ bf]xf]/L jf Psf]xf]/L ?kdf ufOg]_,
pNn]v ug'{ kbf{ dg ;fx|} lvGg ePsf] 5 . tL s]xL sljx¿ / sljtfx¿ ca tn t'Dofªxfª ;fDnf] -ljjfx jf d/f}df h]i7\o gful/sx¿ e]nf eP/ ufOg]_, d]l/ª
@=@^=!#=! df ;;{lt cjnf]sg u/]sf 5f}+ . ;fDnf] -zf]s uLt_, VofnL -o'jfo'jtLx¿ jLr kl/ro cfbgk|bfg tyf :yflkt

|| 443 || || 444 ||
;DjGw dHa"t kfg{sf lgldQ ufOg]_, ldªjfg ;fDnf] -Gjf/g ;df/f]xsf lbg @=@^=!#=% uhn;+ux| (Anthology of Gajal)
h]i7\o gful/sx¿n] ufpg] uLt_, d]sfd ;fDnf] -nugdf ufOg] uLt_ cflb 5g\ . k'm6s/ uhn t slt xf]nfg\ slt t];sf] n]vfhf]v ug]{ ;do xfdL;Fu
\ ;L -To]$cª
t]cª \ ;L_ l;l/hª\uf -l;ªy]$a]_ n]] vfx'g ;fDnf] kof{Kt gePsf]n] b'Oj{ 6f ;+ux| r}F pNn]v ug{ EofPsf 5f}+ . tL x'g–\ != k|]dbLk
-@=@^=!#=! df_ sljtfaf6 ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª sljtfsf] ljhf/f]kGf u/]sf x'g\ . yfD;'xfªsf] ;'Ss'd -;=@)^!_ / lgz]if cfªb]Da]sf] yfªa]g! -;=@)^@_ cflb
o;df Uofg dlxdf / pkb]zd"ns ;f/ kfOG5 . OToflb .
@=@^=!#=# dxfsfJo (Epic) @=@^=!$ nf]s;flxTo, n3'÷syf;+u|x / cWoog (Folkliterature,
dxfsfJo ljwfsf] n]vgdf klg vftf vf]Ng] sfd eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . t];sf] anthologies of stories and studies)
;|o] c? s;}nfO{ geP/ xfd|f o'jf slj, kqsf/, cGj]ifs / lzS5fsf] cg'/fuL
ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTosf] ;+sng / o;sf] cWoog klg cfzfk"Gf{ g} dfGg'
cd/ t'DofxfªnfO{ g} hfG5 . xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] s]xLxb;Dd
kb{5 . OG8f]–cfo{g ;efg] / ls/fFtL dft[efiffx¿df pknAw ;du| ls/fFtL
sfNklgs / s]xLxb;Dd jf:tljs d]bLa'ª -x]g"{ dbg lnDa"sf] k|mfhfOn dfpG6]g
nf]s;flxTo ;+sng / ;f] ;DjGwL ePsf tL cWoogx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu
O{=@))$_ jf ;fFu/' L eGh]ª -sljtf ljDa slj 6+s jg]d, kNnf] ls/fFtsf]_, kNnf]
cWofo $ klg x]gx'{ f];\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªd} n]lvPsf / ;+sng ePsf syfx¿df
ls/fFtlt/af6 of] ;xsfo{df sfFw yfDg] ;xofqL klg x'g\ pgL . ;a} eGbf klxnf]
!=;okqL -k"gf{ªs !@ ;=@)%&_ df @& hgf ofSy'ª syfsf/x¿ tyf Ps hgf
ofSy'ª kfMgdf cfPsf]] dxfsfJo w'ªu]g! Odfgl;ª rf]MTn'ª -;=@)^)_ pg}sf] u}/–ofSy'ª lzjs'df/ >]i7 nufotsf lnDa" efiff nf]ssyf c+s klg g]/fk|k|af6
;[hgf xf] . csf{ kf]6l] G;on o'jfslj k'ik yfD;'xfªsf] dxfsfJo klg k|sfzf]Gd'v k|sflzt 5 .
5 c/] eGg];Ddsf] ;"rgf kfPsf xf}+ xfdLn] . t/ zLif{ssf] af/]df cgleUoF g} 5f}+ .
pgs}sf] kfnfd\sf] d'5g{ f n]r}F ;efg] -x]g"{ cWofo $ klg_ df :yfg hdfPsf] 5 . o:t} ;=@)!* df k|sflzt @=kfªv/] of]af cfª o]/f -sfhLdfg
c? dxfsfJox¿ klg d]lba'ªlt/af6 otf k'/fgf] ls/fFtL onDa/ xfªsf] klZrLld sGbªjf_ k|yd syf;+ux| , ‘Tof] k]ml/ ufpF kms]{g’ -/fd ;'Aaf–d'l/ªnf -ofSy'ª
g]kfn /fHolt/ k|:yfg ug{ cfF6]sf xf]nfg\ egL cfzf kfn]sf 5f}+ . ;don] Tof] lbG5 kfMg\ cg'= j}/fuL sfOFnf_ ;=@)%@M !($–!(*_, #=kmfª;];] v]bfxfc\ -;+o'Qm
g} ;|i6f hfu] eg] . n]vsx¿ ;=)^@_, $=?d]/]! s';!K] dfª -;];x] fª lkmofs ;=@)^! -<_, %=kmfª;];]
v]bfxfc\ -;+oQ' m syf ;ª\u|x ;=@)^@_, $=ldStf]Ms -n3'syf, /fheQm
@=@^=!#=#=! vG8sfJox¿ (Short epics)
r]Dhf]ª÷lbNnL lnªb\d ;=@)^@_, %=gn]lvPsf syfx¿ -s'df/ lnª\b]g
of] efiffdf vG8sfJox¿ t k|;:t} 5g\ . h:t}M !=ls/fFt ldSxg ;fDnf] ;=@)^!_, ^=ldStf]Ms -n3' syf;+ux| , /fheQm r]Dhf]ª / lbNnL lnªbd
-;'Ajf v8\u g]Dafª ;=@)!) lt/} k|sfzg_, @=;]!Dd'O -jL/ g]Dafªsf] / rGb|dl0f ;=)^@_, &=lnDa"jfgsf nf]ssyf -wgxfª ;'Aaf ;=)^%, sflGtk'/ b}lgs jif{
t'Dafkf]sf] sljtf sfJo;+ux| O{=!(*^_, #=kfnfd\ -g/ oªxfª ;=@)%@_, !^, cª\s !!# h]7 @*, )^% jf !) Ho'g )*_ / *= lnDa" kmf]snf]/M c sn]S;g
$=alnxfª tªgfd ‘nfl/ªu]’ -g/ oªxfª ;=@)%#_, %=OlTgdxfc\ -k'ik cj\ cf]/n kmf]snf]/ k|md b lnDa" lkkn cj\ gy{O:6 g]kfn -d]nfgL kfKkfl8;\
yfD;'xfª ;=@)%&_, ^=s];fMdL–gfD;fMdL -lj/xL sfOFnf O{=!(*&, bflh{lnª_, O{=@))!_ klg 5g\ . oxfF sltko t]:tf ;+ux| x¿ 5'6\g uPsf x'g ;S5g\ .
&=;f]a'xfªdf -;];d] L ;]gfNaf] ;=@)%^_, *=ySnf/]g! tf/fKkf] tlu kf]dN] n] -xl/
rªafª ‘;]G5]Gxfª’ ldlt gePsf]_, (=s];fld–gfD;fld -la/xL sfOFnf @=@^=!% hLjgsyf–cfTdsyf (Biography/autobiography)
O{=!(*&_, !)=;]D! d'O -jL/ g]Dafª O{=!(*^_, !!=OlTgdxfc\ -k'ik yfD;'xfª of] ljwf -x]g"{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr @=!! klg_ df klg ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª
;=@)%&_, !@=;f]a'xfª\df -;];d] L ;]–gfNaf] ;=@)%^_ cflb OToflb . n]vs–n]lvsfx¿sf] /fd|} pkl:ylt kfO{of] . s]xL k|ltlglw s[ltx¿ oxfF pNn]v
ul/G5– !=Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªsf] hLjgL s]=s]=lnDa" O{=!(&*_, @=nfn;f]/
@=@^=!#=$ uLltsfJo ;]Gbfªsf] kl/rofTds hLjgL -/0f d]Gofªaf] ;=@)^@_, #=d'lxu'd cª;Ldfª
uLltsfJodf eg] ljqmd ;'Aaf -;=@)$%_ g} emG8} PSnf h:tf b]lvPsf kmfNu'gGbM hLjg k|;ª\u, ;To wd{ d'r'Nsf / wdf]{kb]z -l;s'Dbfª ofSy'ªaf
5g\ . o;df ;[li6stf{ g} s]Gb| ljGb'df 5g\ . ;f] uLltsfAosf] pNn]v cWofo $ ;=@)^)_, $=;fªu|fDaf dgaxfb'/ n]Sjfxfª vfDbfs -kL=Pn= d'l/ªnf
;efg] ;fdu|Ldf klg ul/Psf] 5 . -O{=!(*# hgj/L_, %=x:tnfn ;fSjfb]gM cfTdsyf -x:tnfn lnDa" ldlt
pNn]v gePsf], ‘lnlk vf]Hb} nfx'/]’, sflGtk'/, $ j}zfv )^@ af6_, ^=kbdl;+x
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;'Aaf ‘cktg’M JolQm / s[ltTj -ljqmd ;'Aaf, cd/ t'Dofxfª, Odfxfª ;$]lTnª @=@^=!&=@ Psf+sL gf6s (One Act play)
/ ljZjf;bLk ltu]nf ;=@)^@_, &=;'Aaf xs{hª dfb]g :d[ltu|Gy -/fh]Zj/ yfkf Psf+sL gf6ssf] ljwfdf klg snd rn]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . t];df
;=@)^@_ cflb 5g\ eg] ljZjf;bLk ltu]nf -lgdf{tf_, cd/ t'Dofxfª ‘alnªxfª’ -jLjL ;'ef–d'l/ªnf–g'uf] -;efg] cg'= j}/fuL sfOFnf_ ;=@)%(M
-vf]hstf{÷k|:tf]tf_, k|0fo lnDa" -5fofªsg lgb]{zg_, PnjL r]Dhf]ª -;x– !%$–!&#_ g} xf] . c? Psf+sLx¿ xfd|f] b[li6df kg{ g;s]sf] hfgsf/L u/fp5f}+ .
lgdf{tf_, ;Ltf/fd cfªb]Da] / gGbf r]Dhf]ª -;xof]uL_ / Odfxfª ;$]lTnª / s]jL /]l8of] gf6ssf] af/]df @=@^=@)=@ x]gx'{ f];\ .
lnDa" -Joj:yfks_ cflb /x]sf] d[b'n kbd -kLP; d'l/ªnfsf] ;flxlTos @=@^=!* lgaGw÷n]v÷/rgfx¿ (Essays/write up/compositions)
jL/f;tsf] vf]hLdf_ cl8cf]–leh'cn ;L8L klg pknAw 5 .
otflt/ eg] xfd|f] vf]h ct]Gt} sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] xfdL :jLsf5f}{+ ls xfdL
@=@^=!^ pkGof; (Fiction/novel) ct]Gt} sd dfq ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sof}+ . olt nfdf] Oltxf; ePsf] ls/fFtLofSy'ª
pkGof; ljwf -x]g"{ @=@! ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª klg h;df Pp6f dfq pkGof; ;flxTodf n]v, /rgf / lgjGw xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf xf]nfg\ . oxfFr}F !=‘ofSy'ª
n]lvPsf] 5_ df klg ;a} ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿ eGbf cufl8 /x]sf] ;ªh'Def] g' ;flSyd’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)^)M !$!–!^#_, @=‘5Ty/] lnDa"df
ls/fFtLofSy'ª kfMgsf ;|i6f / s[ltx¿ !=yTyfdf -kbdl;+x d'l/ªnf O{=!(*#_, eflifsf juL{s/0fsf] ;d:of’ -uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª, )^=%=@^, j]a e|dGf ldltM &
@=y]Tnª -b]pdfg xf]MGbf]s–vfDbfs O{=!(*$-<_ xfd|f] k|Zg_, #=;]Kdfª -b]pdfg l;tDa/ )^÷@! ebf} @)^#ý uf]/vfkqaf6 elgPsf] t/ ldlt g/flvPsf]_ /
xf]MGbf]s–vfDbfs O{=!(*$_, $=nf]hL -pQ/s'df/ oªxfª ;=@)^@_, #=‘lnDa" sljtfM Ps b[li6sf]0f’ -an d'l/ªnf ;=@)%)_ dfQ} pNn]v ug{ ;Sof}+ .
%=lgªjf;f]/t -?knfn vfDwfs O{=@))%_, ^=;fsdft -b]jdfg ofSy'ª– lgjGw ;+ux| x¿df eg] !=;'dOMT5fk -P;cf/ vh'd O{=@)))_, @=;'d OlT5
vfDwfs O{=!((*_, &=ldd OKn]v] -nlnt d'l/ªnf O{=!(**_ *=lxªd]Gn] -sf]lNeª nfjtL O{=!((%_, #=tªx'Knf ;'d - pQ/s'df/ oªxfª;=@)^@_,
tfªaf nfdlbs] -;ts'df/ l;ªwfa O{=!(*&_, (=k'mªaf]gfO{ -dl0f/fh x'Skf $=lgªaªjf lgªjfxfc\ -;+oQ ' m n]vsx¿ ;=@)^#_ cflb 5g\ . lgjGw;+ux| df
O{=!(*%_, !)=rf];fkn'ªdf -aL=aL= kSvLd O{=!((!_, !!=nf]lhdf -cK;/f klg w]/} 5'6s
] f xf]nfg\ .
nfjtL ;=@)^#, x]g"{ cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, ! d+l;/ @)^#_ g} x'g\ . l;lSsdlt/sf / @=@^=!( cgnfOg ;flxTo (Online Literature)
g]kfnleqs} klg sltko s[ltx¿ 5'6s ] f x'g ;S5g\ .
of] l8lh6n hdfgf / ca h+u] klg l8lh6n Oltxf; eP/ cfPsf]
@=@^=!& gf6s (Drama) a]nfdf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiff–;flxTo cgnfOgdf cfpg' gf}nf] s'/f ePg . c?
of] ljwfdf klg xfdLn] pQ/s'df/ oªxfªsf];]Kdfªn] s';K] dfª pkcWofox¿df klg xfdL kmf6k'm6 of] gofF ljwfsf] s'/f u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ cfk\mg}
-;=@)^@_ e]6]sf 5f}+ eg] cGo gf6ssf/ / gf6sx¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ xfd|f] b[li6df dft[efiffsf] 8f]d]Og eg] t]tL b]vf k/]h:tf] nfu]sf] 5}g . u'un ;r{ OlGhgdf k|foM
k/L g;s]sf . logsf] cfnf]rgfTds ljwf pbfPsf] ;"rgf xfdLn] cfh;Dd k|fKt xfd|f cf}+nfx¿ sDKo'6/ ls–af]8d{ f s'lb/x]s} x'G5g\ . t]tL b]lvb}g e]l6b}g .
u/]sf 5}gf}+ . ofDgf]ª -gf6ssf/===;=@)%#_ uLlt, Psf+sL, k"gf{ªsL, /]l8of] gf6s ldl;|t?kdf cgnfOg g]kfnL ln6«]r/ kmf]/dsf] xf]dk]h www.shaitya.com.np
s] gf6s xf] egL pk–ljwf v'nfO{Psf] e]l6Pg . df hghflt ;flxTosf] s'gf] b]lvg] ub{5 . Tof] s'gf]df a]nfOt, xªsª, cd]l/sf,
a|'gfO, dWok"j{ cflbdf 5l/P/ /x]sf ofSy'ª ;h{sx¿sf] k|foM sljtf e]l6g] /
@=@^=!&=! uLlt gf6s (Lyrical drama) b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 eg] oL b]zdf /xg]x¿n] g} vf]ns ] f xf]dk]h jf j]e;fO6x¿df
uLltgf6s ljwf -x]g"{ @=!! ls/fFtL–sf]FOr klg_ klg of] dft[efiff 8fo:kf]/f ;flxTo ;]jfsf] lemNsf] b]lvG5 . xfn} xªsªaf6 ;[hgzLn ;flxTo
n]lvPsf] / clego ;d]t eO{ ;s]sf] ;"rgf xfdL;Fu 5 . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª- ;dfhn] klxnf] k|sfzg 5fkfdf NofPsf] 5 eg] o;sf] xf]dk]h klg ;lqmo /x]sf]
af~df_ o'jfo'jtLn] k|]d ljjfx u/]sf] ljifonfO{ k|:t't ub}{ t]h oS;f]åf/f lgb]{lzt 5 . t]:t} o"ss ] f] klg chDa/L xf]dk]h e|dg u/]sf 5f}+ xfdLn] . clxn] ls/fFtL
cDnf/L k'mª -‘;'gv/L k"mn’ -k|]dsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf k|]ldsfnfO{ lbOg]_ @) h]7 ;fyL 86 sdn] klg ljrf/fTds txNsf dRrfpFb} 5 . of] xf]dk]hdf ofSy'ª
)^# g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgdf k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] . of] uLltgf6sdf ldq lnªb]g, kfMgs} ;fdu|Lx¿df eg] xfdL a]va/ 5f}+ . ;fob cfpFb} xf]nfg\ . kf7snfO{ OR5f
of;]nL of]ªxfª, l;h{gf kGbfssf] d'Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] syf eP oL xf]d jf Anu k]hx¿–
kl/sNkgf k|]d kGbfs x'g\ eg] d'Gw'd k|:t'lt /}k;
| fb rf]ªjfªsf] / ;+uLt czf]s http://www.limbuwan.blogspot.com/
/fO{ -x]g"{ lxdfn va/klqsf, !^–#@ c;f/ )^#M *%, tfG5f]Kkf, !!, %M %_ sf] xf] . http://www.limbuwan.blog.com/
|| 447 || || 448 ||
http://www.yakthungnews.com/ ltnljqmd r]Dhf]ª, eSt;]/ r]Dhf]ª, ltnljqmd r]Dhf]ª 103 cflb 5g\ . ljb]zdf
http://www.yakthungsamaj.com/ cn OlG8of /]l8of], l;lSsdn] O{=*) sf] bzsb]lv b}lgs $% ldg]6 of] efiffdf
http://www.chumlung.org.np/ sfo{qmd k|;f/g ub{5 . xfn} ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf klg k|;f/g eO{ ;s]sf] x'g' kg]{ xf] .
http://www.chumlungusa.com/ t/ xfdL;Fu Tof] ck8]6 ;"rgf eg] 5}g . hLPkmP cyf{t\ u:k]n km/\ Plhof
http://www.limbulibrary.com.np/ /]l8of]n] klg xKtfsf] zlgjf/ / /ljjf/ u/L @ rf]6L sfo{qmd k|;f/g ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
http://www.kirats.com/ @=@^=@)=@ /]l8of] gf6s (Radio drama)
http://www.kiratisaathi.com/
cl3 @=@^=!& klg xfdLn] gf6s, uLltgf6s / Psf+sL gf6sx¿sf]
http://www.tigela.com.np/
af/]df s]xL tYo k|:t't u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . ca cfk\mg} efiffdf /]l8of] aHg yfn]kl5
http://www.kirat.org.np/
/]l8of] gf6s ljwfsf] klg z'? eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . tL gf6sx¿df xfdLnfO{ ls/fFtL–
http://www.nefin.org.np/
ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ sf] hlQs} ;"rgf k|fKt 5}g . ltnljqmd r]Dhf]ª,
http://limbuwanvoice.wordpress.com/
eQms]z/ r]Dhf]ª, uf]df r]Dhf]ª, uf]jGb cfªa'ª, ljgf]b rf]ªjfªsf] n]vg /
http://limbuwan.com/ k|:t'ltdf s]xL /]l8of] gf6sx¿ cl:tTjdf xf]nfg\ eGg] xfdLn] cg'dfg nufPsf 5f}+ .
http://www.limbuwan.com.np/ o;sf]nflu xfdL kf7sju{ ;fd' 5]df k|fyL{ 5f}+ . /]g]5]k|s,] wgs'6fn] b}lgs
http://www.limbuwan.blog.com/ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;dfrf/ / k|t]s ljlxjf/ ;flDdnf, ;fkr]ª, ;fDnf],
cflbdf klg uP/ vf]hL x]/]df ;"rgf, ;flxTos ;fdu|Lx¿ cflb k9\g ;lsG5 . tfªOnf, v]bf, lgªjfr]ª, ;]Ggf]uk, kªjfOnf, g'gfDk'mª cflb sfo{qmd ;dfj]z
o;} u/L 8f=dfs{ 6l/gsf] l8lh6n lxdfno df klg lkkn k':tssf] :Sofg u/L k|;f/g sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
;fdu|Lx¿ cknf]8 ul/Psf] 5 . c? b'O{ ls/fFtL efiffx¿ h:t} vflnª / y'n'ª
-l8lh6n lxdfno xf]dk]h e|dg ldlt @* ;]K6]Da/ @))*, /ljjf/_ sf @=@^=@)=# PkmPd (FM)
;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ klg :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . PkmPd sfo{qmddf klg oL b'O{ ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] dfQ} k|ltlglwTj
@=@^=@) ljB'tLo ;Grf/ (Electronic Media) /x]sf] xfdLn] kfPsf 5f}+ . ;=@)%( c;f/ & ut]bl] v sf7dfG8" pkTosf /
;=@)%( c;f/ !* ut]bl] v k"jf{Grn 5]qdf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiffdf PkmPd
@=@^=@)=! /]l8of] (Radio) sfo{qmdx¿ k|;f/g eO{ cfPsf 5g\ eg] PghLcf] kmf]lgg ;+:yfn] 6fOD;\ PkmPd
efiff lrgf/L, ljsf; / ;jlns/gdf ljB'tLo ;Grf/ dfWodsf] cx+ sf7dfG8";uF ldn]/ ;Grfng u/]sf] sfo{qmddf Pd afGtfjf / 6xn yfªdL -s]xL
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 eg]/ xfdLn] of] cWofosf] @=!) ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf klg pNn]v ;do otf o"Pgdf ;?jf_ n] kmf6k'm6 c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf uLt ahfpg] u/]sf]
u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] cWoogn] v'§ofPsf] hDdfhDdL @& j6f ls/fFtL xfdLn] ;'gs] f xf}+ .
efiffx¿df ls/fFtL–ls/fjf / ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª g} cfh;Dd b'O{ efUozfnL efiffx¿ xfn;Dd ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiffn] $ j6f PkmPdx¿df cfk\mgf] kx'Fr
x'g\ jfo/n]; dfWodaf6 k|zf/g x'gd] f . ;j{ky| d /]l8of]sf] z'?cft hgqmflGtsf] k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 5 . h:t}M ;Ktsf]zL PkmPd -O6x/L, e}/j cfªnf / ;Ltf
a]nf dfem ls/fFt ef]hk'/af6} z'? ePsf] eP klg ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] d'2fdf eg] dfb]Daf_, sf]zL PkmPd -lj/f6gu/, oxfª nfcf]tL_, d]6«f] ($=^ -sf7dfG8",
s]xL n5f/kf6f] nfUg ;s]g . w]/} ls/fFtLx¿n]] :jtGqtfsf vflt/ cfk"mnfO{ g]qdfof rf]ªjfª, ;do %M#) b]lv ^ ;Dd_, PrjL;L -sf7dfG8", /fd dfb]g_ g}
cfx"lt lbP tfklg pgLx¿sf] efiff;flxTosf] af/]df s]xL of]hgf g} tof/ ePg / x'g\ .
cfh;Dd klg x'g' kg]{ hlt ePsf] 5}g . /]l8of] g]kfnsf] s]Gb|af6 k|zf/Gf z'?
ePsf] ofSy'ª kfMg ljs]Gb|Ls/GfkZrft\ 5]qLo k|zf/Gf s]Gb| wgs'6faf6 ;of}+
vf]nfgfndf 3lGs/x]sf] 5 ls/fFtL–ls/fjf;Fu} . oxfFsf /]l8of]sdL{x¿df
103
of] ;"rgf Zofd/fh /fO{ -b'Ab]ªxfª–afGtfjf_ ;Fu @( ;fpg @)^# df ePsf]
JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5 .

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ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf oL rf/} PkmPdx¿af6 $ sfo{qmdx¿ h:t}M cfª\bD] a]ý x]g"{ vu]Gb| nDh]n g]kfn ;dfrf/kq @# ;fpg @)^#_, %=n'ªdf
!=gfDwLª3f] ‘OGb|]0fL’ n] nf]s uLt, ;+uLt / ;fF:s[lts ;d]6\g,] ;fy} ls/fFtL– t'SlsNn]! -Pr=jL l8s]8, 8So'8f« df, kfnfdx¿sf] ;+ux| df cfwfl/t_, ^=df;]dL
ofSy'ª ;F:s[ltsf] ;+/S5]g tyf ;Da¢{g, dfgj clwsf/, cflbjf;L clwsf/, -lgb]{zs ;dL/ cfªa'xfª_, &=lnDa"jfgsf] j[Qlrq -xl/ rf]ªjfª / ljgf]b ;|]ª
;fF:s[lt tyf eflifs clwsf/sf] jf/]df rrf{, r'Dn'ªn] p7fPsf d'2fx¿ / ;=@)%^_, *=cflgc\ ;flSyd -lgb]{zs lszf]/ ;'Aaf ;===<_, (=r];'ª -n]vg
dxflwj];gn] kfl/t u/]sf k|:tfjx¿sf] hfgsf/L ;d]t k|zf/g ub{} cfPsf] 5 . eLidf r]Dhf]ª / lgb]{zg df};d ODa'ª ;=@)^$, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, /ljjf/, @& c;f]h
@=;]MSd'/Lk'mª ‘kljq k"mn’ n ofSy'ª d'Gw'd / ;flxTosf s'/f ;d]6\g,] ls/fFtL– @)^$_, !)=ofSy'ª P]ltxfl;s kl/ro ! -===aif{_ cflb OToflb x'g\ .
ofSy'ª kfMg\df pknAw lkmNd, 6]lnlkmNd, klqsf, uLlt PNjd\x¿sf] yk rrf{
u/L k|zf/g u/]sf] 5 . #=n'Mªdf t'Sdf ‘dfof ug'{÷lrQ b'Vg'’ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª @=@^=@@ ;|Jo–b[Zo÷Sof;]6 (Audio-visual/cassettes)
kfMgdf ;fdflhs kmf]gjftf{, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts kl/j]zx¿sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªn] of] ljwfdf klg cGo ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ ;of}+ dfOn
k|;o| lbPsf] 5 . $=tfh]ª ‘s'/fsfgL’ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª ;flxTo, ;F:s[lt, d'Gw'dsf 5f]8s] f] kfO{of] eg] of] cfk}+mdf klg wgL 5 eGg] k|dflgt eof] . jStfx¿sf] r]tgf,
af/]df ljUox¿;Fu s'/fsfgL k|:t't, cflbjf;L hghfltsf ;jfndf ljleGg ;lqmotf / nufgL klg k|lt:kwL{ g} k|dflgt eof] . aa{/ o'udf cfk\mgf] efiff af]Nbf
5]qsf JolQmTjx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof / cGtjf{tfx¿ ;d]6\g] sfd u/]sf] 5 . oL rf/} / cfk\mgf] lnlkdf n]Vbf ;hfo ef]Ug' kg]{ l:ylt kf/ ub}{ ofSy'ª kfMgn] u/]sf] of]
sfo{qmdx¿df ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;dfrf/, uLtx¿ ;|ft] faf6 k|fKt kqx¿, eJo ;kmntfdf c? ls/fFtL efifLx¿ v'zL 5f}+ / x'g' klg k5{ . of] xfd|fn ] flu
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª kfMgd} sljtf, d'Qms tyf syfx¿, z'esfdgf cflb k|:t't x'g] cd"no kf7 klg xf] . o;af6 l;Sg' / cfk"m klg lj c 8'c/ g6 c 6s/ x'g'
u/]sf] ;fFrf] xf] . xfn} ;=@)^$ af6 z'? ePsf] uf]/vf PkmPdn] klg cfk\mgf] j'l4dfgL 7xg]{ 5 . ls/fFtL ofSy'ªn] l;sfPsf tL kf7x¿ x'g\– !=ldSjf r'??
sfo{qmdx¿df dft[efiffsf] sfo{qmdx¿ k|;f/g u/]sf] xf]nf . t/ xfd|f] gf]kmf ‘sfg’ -wgjL/ ;fFjf_, @=r]M;'ª -l8NnLljqmd ;]df{ / a|lad ;]df{_, #=;]d! S] jf -/fd
df eg] k/]sf] 5}g . dfb]g / c?_, $= Oª3ª -kljqf ;'Aaf / a|lad ;]df{_, %=ofª\3]MSvfc\ -sdnf
@=@^=@)=$ 6]lnlehg (TV) cfª\bD] a] ;=@)^@_, ^=lg;'d -ld=g <_, &=gfbª -ld=g <_, *=vfk'gf d/ªgf
-/fhs'df/ cfªb]Da] ld=g <_, (=cflgc\ ;flSyd -k|]d kGwfs_, !!=ldlSsk'mª
g]kfn 6]lnlehg -g]6]_ df klg dft[efiffdf sfo{qmd k|zf/gsf]nflu -;=)^#, :j/M ch'{gafa' dfaf]xfª, b'uf{ kfªdf, ;fg' lrlnk'mª, dg' t'ªafxfDk]m /
k|ofz ePsf 5g\ . t/ ;kmntf xft nfUg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;Dk"Gf{ cfhhfx¿sf] l8NnL kmf]Dafý x]g"{ sflGtk'/, !( c;f]h )^#÷% cS6f]a/ )^_, !@=Oªd]af -eut
;femf sfo{qmd xfd|f] lrgf/L cl:tTjdf 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ ;"rgf 5 . of] ;'Aaf efu ! / @_, !#=d'sD' af OSnf -b]z' ;'xfª_, !$=ldStf]s -/dfOnf] ;fOFnf_,
sfo{qmdsf] ;Grfns /fd dfb]g x'g\ . o;df dft[efiffn] klg :yfg kfPsf] xf]nf !%=ofDdf]t'ldgf -ld=g=_, !^=df/fd -;';g ;fD;'xfª_, !&=OSnf -dbg rf]ªafª
eGg] xfd|f] cg'dfg dfq xf] . t/ s] slt 5g\ / eP eGg] tYodf xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L ld=g <_, !*=n'ªdf cf]ofª3]c\3f -dbg rf]ªafª ld=g_, !(=d]G5ofo]d\ -dbg
5}g . g]6] afx]s cGo k|fOe]6 6]lnehgx¿ h:t}M ;u/dfyf l6eL / g]kfn jfgn] rf]ªafª_, @)=nf]l/Dk'mª -wgl;+x cfªb]Da]_, @!=g'g'y'ª -uf]ljGbOD;f]ª ld=g_,
ls/fFtLOt/ efiffx¿df ;dfrf/ k|;fg/g z'? u/]sf]r}F xfdLn] b]vs ] f 5f}+ . of] @@=;]cd\ fª -dGh' ;Dafxfªkm] ld=g_, @#=;'Dxfc\n'ª -ld=g_, @$=;]jf;fDnf]
5]qlt/ s] slt k|of; ePsf 5g\ eGg] jf/]df xfd|f] zf]w k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g / -a|lag ;]df{_, @%=ofDdf] ;'dn!c\/] -lbnLk k'm?Daf]_, @^=n'ªd\ f xLd -efu–!,
kf7sju{ ;fd' Tof] ;"rgf Nofpg c;dy{ eof}+ . uf]ljGb cfª\aª ' _, @&=n'ªd\ f xLd -efu–@, uf]ljGb cfª\aª ' _, @*=n'ª\df xLd
@=@^=@! rnlrq÷8s'd]G6«L (Films/documentaries) -efu–#, uf]ljGb cfª\a'ª_, @(=nfª\of]s -/fh' cfª\b$D] a]_, #)=d'Ss'Daf OSnf
of] ljwfdf klg ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªn] w]/} ofqf kf/ u/L ;s]sf] e]l6of] . -v]n/fh of]ª\xfª_, #!=ofSy'ª km'ª -k|]d kGwfs_, ##=ofª\3M] Svfc\ -sdnf
8So'dG] 6«L cflbdf dfem– kNnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–ls/fjf -x]g"{ @=!) klg_ df cfª\b]D$ a] ;=@)^@_, #$=nfl/ª\us ] gflDnª\us
] x -of;]nL of]ªx\ fª, ;=@)^@_,
xfdLn] emG8} cfwf bh{h hlt e]6o\ f}+ . tLg yk ls/fFtL efiffx¿df d'Ns]d, ;]u|f] #%=n'ªd\ f t'lSsNn] -Pr\=aL= l8s]]$8 ;=@)^@_, #^=kfnfd ;'ª! -/dfOnf]
l;nL / lx/]Dkf–lx/]Ddf afx]s c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df of] ljwf k|foM z'Go g} 5 . ;fOFnf÷sdnf÷dg' g]Dafª÷Odfxfª ;=@)^@, lxdfn vj/klqsf, !^, !%, !*#M
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf ePsf 8So'dG] 6«Lx¿df !=g'dfk'mª -gljg ;'Aaf_, @=yMTyfdf ^*_, #&=km'ªg\ fd -dLgf nf]Stfd ;=@)^#_, #*=n'ªf t/]a] -Do'lhs lel8of],
-;=@)%#, k|f8] o';/ Zff]ef vh'd / 8fO/]S6/ k|tfk ;'Aaf_, #=t/]af -;=@)%# ;fu/ ;'Aaf ;=@)^#, x]g"{ sflGtk'/, & kmfu'g ^#_, #(=g'g'y'ª jfnuLt ;+ux|
k|f8] o';/ Zff]ef vh'd / 8fO/]S6/ gljg ;'Aaf_, $=vfKk'gf d'/ª\gf -lgdf{tf b]jG] b| -6]s/fh ltu]nf ;=_ $)=lg+jf;f] -b]jL lnDa" cl8cf]leh'cn, l;lSsd_,

|| 451 || || 452 ||
$!=d[bn' kbd -ljZjf;bLk ltu]nf, cd/ t'Dofxfª, k|0fo lnDa" cflb O{=@))%_ -;Dkf= ;+r/fh vfDwfs / e/t tfdlnª cS6'a/ !(**_, #!=cflg k'mªOs
$@= ;]dS] jf -dg' g]Dafª ;=@)^@, lxdfn vj/klqsf, !^, !%, !*#M ^*_, -;Dkf= dlGf/fh x'Skf / h;nfn ;fjb]g O{=!(**_, #@=l;lSsd x]/fN8
$#=tfg]5'ª, -;=@)^! Odfxfª ;]lTnª_ cflb OToflb . jLjL d'l/ªnf -l;lSsd, -cfOkLcf/ ljefu, l;lSsd ;/sf/ @^ hgj/L !(*(_, ##=yfSy'ª ;s\kj] f
ef/t_ sf] klg uLlt PNad k|sflzt ePsf] 5 egL sfOFnf -;=@)^)M !*_ n] -;Dkf= o]dk|;fb ;'Aaf, rGb|dlGf ;'Aaf, ;]/dfg ;'Aaf, zfGtL ;'Aaf / laldt ;'Aaf
n]vs] f 5g\ . c? oxfF w]/} 5'6g\ uPsf xf]nfg\ . t];sf]nflu kf7sju{ ;fd' xfdL km/j/L !(()_, #$=;ª;]dL -;Dkf= /fhs'df/ ofSy'ª / ;+rdfg ofSy'ª km/j/L
dfkmL dfU5f}+ . o;nfO{ klg ;Gbe{–;"lrdf lnl:6ª ul/Psf] 5}g . !((!_, #%=cfk;f]s -;Dkf= aLaL kSvLd O{=!((!_ x'g\ . o:t} #^=;]Sd'/L
-;]Sdf/L, ;Dkf= jif{===xªsª_, #&=kfnfd -;Dkf= 8L=jL=xfªa'ª===aif{_,
@=@^=@# kq–klqsfx¿ (Magazines) #*=tfG5f]Kkf -;Dkf= u0f]z Ohd ;=@)%$_, #(=tªl;ª -;Dkf= ch'{gafa'
lk|G6 jf 5fkf hg{lnHd jf kqsfl/tfdf t ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª g]kfns} dfa'xfª===aif{_, $)=;]ld kmStfªn'ª -;Dkf=cd/ t'Dofxfª, sdnf cfªb]Da] /
;d[4zfnL sd efiffx¿sf] t'ngfdf cfpF5 eGbf cltzof]lQm x'Gg . lsgeg] c? ;=@)^)_, $!=nfd -;Dkf=cOGb|;G' b/ g]Dafª / c? ===aif{_, $@=km'ª -;Dkf=
xfdL;Fu 8ªu'/sf 8ªu'/ k|dfgx¿ 5g\ oxfF . k|yd klqsf !=sf]d -;Dkf= lj/xL cd/ t'Dofxfª ;=@)^) d+l;/_, $#=lxGhfc\ -;Dkf=ejfgL tfjf / c? ===aif{_,
sfOFnf cu:t !(^&_ af6 z'?cft ePsf] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] klqsf ofqf k'; $$=g'dfk'mª -;Dkf= :jl0f{dxfª kmf]Daf] ;=@)%(_, $%=;'Dxfc\n'ª -;Dkf=ejfgL
@)$( ;Dddf -x]g"{ sfOFnf, sfOFnf / ;'Aaf ;=)$(_ cfOk'Ubf k|sfzgdf cfPsf tfjf / c? ;=@)%$_, $^=kSsGbL -;Dkf===aif{_, $&=ls/fFt Oªvª -O{=!(*@_,
kqklqsf / :dfl/sf÷a'n]l6gx¿ ;lxt h:t}M @=zsOª3ª -;Dkf=cf;dfg ;'Aaf $*=l;l/hªuf -k'ik yfD;'xfª ;=@)@(, bflh{lnª_, $(=gfNaf] ;Gb]z -!, !
;=@)@^_, #=lz/Lhªuf -;Dkf=k'ik yfD;'xfª !(&@, ;=@)@(_, $=t'db'dbf]xg] f )^# j}zfv_, %)=nfhd -;Dkf= 8f=e/t/fh ;'Aaf / c? ;=@)^@, lj/f6gu/_,
-;Dkf= aLaL d'l/ªnf / rGb| dfªo'ª !(&$_, %=yf]Snf -;Dkf= /0faxfb'/ %!=yfª;fª -k'ik yfD;'xfª ==aif{_, %@=?d]/!g] ;]!Kdfª -;Dkf=jL=jL=yfD;'xfª
d]Gofªaf] / b]j]Gb| sGbªjf ;=@)#)_, ^=gf]jf Oª3ª -;Dkf= df]xg Ohd, cf/aL ‘d'O’ ;=@)%&_, %#=t'Db'Dbf] x]gf -xjfO{ kqklqsf, ;Dkf= jLjL d'l/ªnf,
n]Sjfxfª / P]tdfg tfdlnª !(&*_, &=;]sdf/L -;Dkf=rGb| dfªo'ª !(*), l;lSsd_, %$=ldSs]Ms\jf -xjfO{ kqklqsf, ;Dkf= jLjL d'l/ªnf, l;lSsd_,
l;lSsd_, *=k]nL -;Dkf= df]xg Ohd !(*!_, (=lnªgfdk'mª -;Dkf= cf/aL %%=kfkf]xfª -;=@)^@ sljGb| t'Dafkf] / ljhojf]w nfjtL_, %^= Odfg P;
vfDwfs !(*!_, !)=lz/Lhªuf -;Dkf= lj/xL sfOFnf !(*@_, !!=cflg nSv'd r]Dhf]ª JolQmTj / s[ltTj -:dfl/sf lsofr', nk' ;=@)^!_, %&=:dfl/sf
-;Dkf= P;aL dfªo'ª, ;LjL cfªnfjfª / 8LaL ;'Aaf !(*@_, !@=;fslyd;'ª -ls/fFt ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª ;=@)%%, rf}yf] /fli6«o dxflwj];g, @!–@# df3, Onfd_,
-;Dkf= PdaL v]jf, rf}jfgl;+x gfdnfs / rGb|dGfL t'Dafkf] !(*#_, %*=dfª;]a'ª -a'nl] 6g ;=@)^#, gd"gf c+s, Onfd_ cflb OToflb 5g\ . of]
!#=df/f]tLk'mª -;Dkf= PrP; ;'Aaf, df]xg Ohd / PPd tfdlnª km/j/L !(*#_, ;"lrnfO{ klg ;Gbe{;l" rdf lnl:6ª u/Lsf] 5}g .
!$= k'mªOs -;Dkf= ;]/dfg tfdlnª / an/fd ;'Aaf O{ !(*#_, !%=tf]MhL
-;Dkf=;gaL/ kf/fªb]g cS6'a/ !(*#_, !^=;'Da'ug] x'Sjf -;Dkf= aLaL d'l/ªnf @=@^=@$ hftLo–;fF:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s cWoog (Ethno-cultural
/ df]xg k'm?Daf] l;tDa/ !(*$_, !&=lthf] -;Dkf= t]hdfg g]Dafª l;tDa/ and historical studies)
!(*$_, !*=r'S;flbª ;]jf -;Dkf= v';axfb'/ lnafª / lav{dfg a]3f lb;Da/ of] cWoog–cg';Gwfg 5]qdf klg ls/fFtLofSy'ª lj5§} s'/fx¿
!(*$_, !(=tfgfd -;Dkf= hLkL t'Dafkf] / s]aL nfjtL O{=!(*%_, @)=gfbª k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] s]xL k|ltlglw sfo{x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\–
-df]xg Ohd / sGf{l;+x g'uf] dfr{ !(*^_, @!=OdTgf;'ª -;Dkf= xs{axfb'/ !=‘g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿df lnDa" hflt / p;sf] e"ld lnDa"jfgsf]
vfDwfs / nLnfdfg ;'Aaf hgj/L !(*&_, @@=d'Ogfd -;Dkf= s]aL g'uf] hgj/L dlxdf’ -afns[i0f dfa'xfª ;=@)^!M $)–%#_, @=lnDa" hfltdf sf]vk"hf -a}/fuL
!(*&_, @#= lgª;fª -;Dkf= odk|;fb ;'Aaf O{=!(*&_, @$=t'dd'O{ -;Dkf= sfOFnf ;=@)$*_, #=b sNr/ ofG8 l/lnhg cj\ lnDa"h -r}tGo ;'Aaf O{=!((*
df]xgk|;fb k'm?Daf], ;'saxfb'/ dfªd' / sGf{ d'l/ªnf O{=!(*&_, @%=d]l/ª -k|yd ;+:s/Gf O{=!((%_, $=‘ls/fFt lnDa" hflt sf]vk"hfM Ps dgf]j}1flgs
-;Dkf= nLnfdfg ;]/ª ] / la/an k]-a]_wf O{=!(**_, @^=pjf pGgLª -;Dkf= cWoog’ -eLd Ohd–;'Ajf ;=@)%!M #%–$#_, %=‘lnDa" lslG;k 6ld{gf]nf]hLM c
PnPd ;fjb]g / 6LaL g]Dafª clk|n !(**_, @&=nfdwfg -;Dkf= aL/axfb'/ 8]l:qmK;g’ -O/]g] 8]le8;\ / hh{ Eofg l8«d O{=!(*%M !!%–!%^_, ^=‘lnDa"
;fjb]g / a'l¢nfn k'm?Daf] dO{–h'g !(**_, @*=k'mªjfDdf -;Dkf= b]jdfg hfltdf ljjfx’ -/fhs'df/ lbSkfn ;=@)$(M @!–@@_, &=ls/fFt k/Dk/fM lnDa"
vfDwfs / ;+raL/ ;fjb]g h'g !(**_, @(=gfD;fª -;Dkf= s]zj dfªo'ª /Lltlylt / ;F:s[lt -wg cfªnfafªv]jf–lnDa" O{=!(*(_, *=‘xH;g kf08'lnlk
lxdfgwf]h d'l/ªnf, a'l¢/fh g]Dafª / ld/fh k]mbfk l;tDa/ !(**_, #)=k'mªOs -lnDa"_df lnDa" hfltsf nf]sb]jL Pj+ nf]s b]jtf’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)^!M %@–
|| 453 || || 454 ||
&!_, (=‘lnDa" ;F:s[lt’ -k'is/ ;'Aaf O{=!(*(_, ‘lnDa" hflt Ps rrf{’ -k|]d #@–##_, $=‘5Ty/] lnDa"sf] eflifs kl/ro’ -dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n ;=@)%&M %–
‘k"j]{nL’ O{=@))^M !%–!(_, !)=b lkmnf];kmL ofG8 l6lrª;\ cj\ o'df ;fDof]– (_, %=‘Nofªu'Oh l8e]nKdG6 ofG8 Nofªu'Oh l;k\m6 Og\ lnDa"’ -h]km| L j]A:6/
o'dfOHd_M b l/lnhg cj\ lnDa"h\ cj\ b lxdfnog l/hg -h]=cf/= ;'Aaf O{=@))%M ^#–&@_, ^=‘k|fA] nd cj\ Snfl;lkms];g Og\ 5Ty/] lnDa"’ -uf]ljGb
O{=@)))_, !!=d'Gw'd;\ cj\ 8]y l/r'cN; cj\ b lnDa" sDo'lg6L -h]=cf/= ;'Aaf t'Dafxfª O{=@))^_, &=‘5Ty/] lnDa" c 8fon]S6 g6 c ;]k/]6 Nofªu'Oh’ -uf]ljGb
O{=@))#_, !@=‘lnDa" ‘;+kl[ t’ / ‘lglt’ ;d"xM uf]vf{ zf;gsf] b]g’ -8f=/d]z 9'ªu]n t'Dafxfª O{=@))%_, *=‘lgu]l6efOh];g Og\ 5Ty/] lnDa"’ -uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª
;=@)^@M ^)–^!_, !#=‘b nª–cuf] kmfO6 km/ ls/fFt cfO8]lG66L’ -k"jj{ t\ O{=@))%M @%#–@^^_, (=‘s];\ dfs{;\{ Og\ 5Ty/] lnDa"’ -uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª O{=@))%M
O{=@))^M %@–%^_, !$=‘ofSy'ª :jfddf lyd\’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%^M ^#–^&_, !@(–!$)_, !)=‘b df]kmf]{l;G6ofS;\ cj\ l/n]l6efOh];g Og\ 5Ty/] lnDa"M c
!%=‘lnDa" ;d'bfoaf6 l;Sg ;lsGt n}ªl\ us ;dfgtfsf] kf7’ -/fhs'df/ 6fOkf]nflhsn k;\{kl] S6e’ -uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª O{=@))$M &&–*&_, !!=gfpg k|]mh
lbSkfn ;=@)%(M #(–$)_, !^=‘lnDa" hfltsf k|rlnt s]xL ;+:sf/x¿’ :6«Sr/ Og\ lnDa" -uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª O{=!(*% df:6;{\ lyl;;_, !@=Snh
-gf/fo0f zdf{ ;=@)^@M $*#–$*^, g]kfn @)$*af6 k'gMk|sfzg_, !&=rlDrs sDafOlgª Og\ kfGy/] lnDa" -lbn]Gb| s'?Dafª–;'Aaf O{=@))% PdP lyl;;_,
d'Gw'd -gfodxfª sOnf;L g]Dafª ld=g=_, !*=‘wfg gfrM c kmf]s sNr/’ !#=‘ofG6LKofl;e efOcf gfpg OGskf]{/];gM k\mo'r/ cj\ b lnDa" cAh]S6 clu|dG6’
-sdn yf]lSnxfª ;=@)^#_, !(=‘lnDa" hfltsf ;f+;fl/s tyf ef}lts ;F:s[lt’ -t]hdfg cfªb]Da] O{=!((*_, !$=‘lnDa" efiffdf ;lGw tyf Wjlgkl/jt{gsf
-h;/fh ;'Aaf ld=g=<_, @)=‘tªl;ª d'Gw'ddf] rOMt\ d'Gw'd’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf lgodx¿’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%)_, !%=lnDa" efiffdf ;+:s[tk|efj -8f=b'uf{k; | fb
;=@)%^M !!^–!#% cg'= cfkm}+_, @!=‘of]Sjf dfªvf]dfM lnDa" -ls/fFt_ hfltdf cof{n ;=@)^)_, !^=‘c Go" cGoflnl;; cj\ b lnDa" ej{’ -hh{ Eofg l8«d
pef}nL k"hf’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%@M !%–!*_, @#= ‘x]Eof y/sf lnDa" / afFb/ O{=!((&jLM !%#–!&#_, !&=‘lnDa" efifnfO{ lsg cu]{l6e efiff elgG5 <’
b]jtf’ -;=@)%!M @%_, @$=‘xfSkf/] ;fDnf]’ -/fhs'df/ lbSkfn ;=@)^#M @&_, -t]hdfg cfªb]Da] O{=!((*M #$–#&_, !*=‘x]8h\ cj\ lnDa" k|]mlhh\’ -uf]ljGb
@%=‘lslG;k ofG8 Dofl/h\ cdª b lnDa"h\ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfnM c :68L Og\ Dofl/h t'Dafxfª ;=@)%&M !))–!!@_, !(=lb df]/kmf]l;G6ofS;\ cj\ l/n]l6efOh];g Og\
:6flaln6L’ -cf/ Pn hf]G;\ O{=!(&#_, @^=‘lnDa"sf] lsk6 ;d:of’ -uh]Gb| jL 5Ty/] lnDa"M c 6fOkf]nf]lhsn k/:k]lS6e -uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª / dfwjk|;fb
k|wfgfªu ;=@))(M !–&_, @&=‘tfDk'Gd', l8lelg6 lnDa" 8] nf km/]:6’ -lkmlnk kf]v/]n O{=@))#_, @)=c 8]l:qmlK6e u|ofd cj\ 5Ty/] lnDa" -uf]ljGb t'Dafxfª
;fufGt O{=!(^(M !)&–!@$_, @*=‘k|]q; ] lnDa" Pt Sof6]uf]l/h\ 8f]ldlgS;\’ O{=@))&_, @!=OÍlnz ofG8 lnDa" k|fg] f]ldgNh\M c lnªu'Ol:6s sDk]/]l6e :68L
-lkmlnk ;fufGt O{=!(&!M %!–&%_, @(=‘g]r/ cj\ r]Gh Og\ OlYgs l/n];gl;K;\ -k|]d k\mofs O{=@))$_, @@=lnDa" k|fgf]ldgN;\ -k"j{jt\ O{=@))%_, @$=ej{n
Og\ lnDa"jfg’ -j]bk|sfz pk|tL O{=!(&%_, #)=ls/fFt ofSy'ªjf o]jf d'Gw'd sDkfpG8h\ cqm; ls/fFtL -OGSn'8;\ lnDa" OUHofDkn;\_ -dpl/; 8'/g]Gjfn
-vu]Gb| P; cfªa'xfª ;=@)%*_, #!=bz lnDa" ;q y'd -x:tnfn lnDa" O{=@))#_, @%=‘ofSy'ª :jfddf lyd\’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%^_, @%=‘tªl;ª
ld=g=‘lnlk vf]Hb} nfx'/]’, sflGtk'/, $ j}zfv )^@ af6_, #@=lnDa"jfgsf] Oltxf;, d'Gw'ddf] rOMt\ d'Gw'd’ -k"j{jt\ ;=@)%^_, @&=‘b]jgfu/Ldf lnDa"efiffsf] cfn]vg’
;F:s[lt / /fhgLlt -ch'{gafa' dfa'xfª ;=@)^#_, ##=lnDa"jfgsf] rf}tf/L -/fh -k"jj{ t\;=@)%^_, @*=‘g]kfnL efiff / lnDa" efiffjLr kb;+ultsf] t'ngfTds
kGbfs ;=@)%(_, #$=‘lnDa" ‘;+kl[ t’ / ‘lglt’ ;d"xM uf]vf{ zf;gsf] b]g’ -/d]z cWoog’ -a]u]Gb| ;'Aaf ;=@)%%_, @(=‘ej{ Snf; df]/kmf]nf]hL cj\ lnDa",
9'ªu]n ;=@)^@_, #%=‘of]Sjf dfªvf]dfM lnDa" -ls/fFt_ hfltdf pef}nL k"hf’ l/sG:6«S6fljln6L k|fA] nDh\ Og\ Oef]n;' g/L df]/kmf]nf]hL’ -P= jfO86{ O{=!(*@_
-j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%@_ cflb OToflb . sfOFnfsf] cGo ;fF:s[lts sfo{x¿n] cflb OToflb .
cWofo $ ;efg]df klg :yfg kfPsf 5g\ .
@=@^=@^ lnlk cWoog (Script Studies/Scriptology)
@=@^=@% efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog (Linguistic studies) xfdLn] of] cWoogel/ g} hxfFtxLF l;l/hªuf lnlk ofSy'ªx¿sf] dfQ}
w]/} nfdf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogsf] Oltxf; ePsf] of] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª k]jf xf]Ogý ;Dk"g{ ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿sf] xf] eGg] cfjfh p7fPsf 5f}+ . /
efiffsf] yf]/} dfq cjf{rLg / ;dsfnLg cWoogx¿nfO{ oxfF pbxf/g :j?k eg]/ n]vg ubf{ clxn]sf] oyfl:yltdf ePsf] lnlkdf s]xL ;G;f]wg ;d]t / yKg] sfo{
/fv]sf xf}+ . olt dfQ}n] of] dft[efiffdf ePsf] k"j{sfo{ :d/gdf Gofo u/]sf] 7xb{}g . ug'{ k5{ klg eg]sf 5f}+ . cyfx nfdf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld ePsf] hflt Ps /
h] eP klg tL s]xL sfo{x¿ x'g–\ !=‘lnDa" j0f{ / j0f{lj1fg’ -lbn]Gb| ;'Aaf efiffx¿ cg]s ePsf] lnlk s'g} Pssf] dfq k]jf x'g ;Sb}g eGg] xfd|f] lhls/ xf] .
O{=@))%M !–!@_, @=‘lnDa" efiffsf] dfglss/0f’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf O{=@))%M !&– o;df csf]{ yKg} kg]{ tYo eg]sf] l;lSsd, ef/tsf] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL
#!_, #=‘5Ty/] lnDa" efiffdf ;DaGwkbsf] ;+/rgf’ -dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n O{=@))%M ls/fjf jLrdf æt]/f] d]/f]Æ eGg] s6' ljjfb klg xf] . of] ljjfbkZrft\ ls/fjfx¿n]
|| 455 || || 456 ||
cfk\mgf] gofF lnlk / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] klg cfk\mg} gofF lnlk eg]/ k|of]udf k|sfzs ds/Wjh jg]d–lnDa", lnAh'–e'Dh' df k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/_,
Nofpg' g} xf] . otf g]kfndf eg] ls/fjfx¿ Dff}g /x] 104 klg ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] @=;ft/]g'xfª t'DafxfDk]m j+zfjnL / km]bfk lnDa"jfg -nLnf t'Dafxfªkm] / OGb|
eg] r'/Lk'm/L ub}{ /ftf/ft lnlk dxflwj];gdf kf; ePsf] bfjL ug'{ xf:of:kb ePsf] t'Dafxfªkm] ;=@)^@_, #=‘lslG;k ofG8 Dofl/h\ cdª b lnDa"h\ cj\ O:6g{
5 . kfgL wldNofpg] / lxnf] 5\ofKg] sfd ePsf] 5 . o;df xfdLn] a]n}df xf]z / g]kfnM c :68L Og\ Dofl/h :6flaln6L’ -cf/ Pn= hf]G;\ O{=!(&#_, $=‘gf]6;\ cg\
a'l4 k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . xfdL ;a} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ;Dk|bfon] l;l/hªuf b lnDa"h\ ofG8 cb/ lxn 6«fOA;\ lxb/6' clG8:qmfOA8’ -P SofKkj]n O{=!*$)M
lnlknfO{ g} kl/dfh{g u/]/ k|of]u ubf{ xfdL 3f6f nfUb}g . %(%–^!%_, %=‘b lnDa" cf]/ ls/fFtL lkkn cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn ofG8 l;lSsd’ -s]=
bf; O{=!*(^jLM #!–#$_, ^=‘lnDa" lsG;Lk 6ld{gf]nf]hLM c 8]l:qmK;g’ -O/]gL
ca l;l/hªuf t]:tf] P]ltxfl;s / uf}/jflGjt lnlkk|lt ePsf s]xL
PdPr 8]le8;\ / hf]h{ Eofg l8«cd O{=!(*%_, &=‘ofSy'ª ;ªh'Def] g' ;flSyd’
cWoogx¿df !=‘cf]l/lhgn ofG8 ;f]lkml:6s]l68 lkmr/;{ cj\ b n]Krf ofG8
-j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)^)_, *=‘x]Eof y/sf lnDa" / afFb/ b]jtf’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%!_
lnDa" l:qmK6;\’ -cf/=s]= l:k|u O{=!((*M !–!*_, @=‘b]jgfu/Ldf lnDa"efiffsf]
cflb g} x'g\ . xfdLn] b'Mvsf ;fy eGg' kbf{ c? w]/} ;flxTo 5'6fPsf 5f}+ .
cfn]vg’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%^M !–!$_, #=‘lnDa"–g]kfnL–Oªlnz l8S:g/LM
lx:6«L ofG8 Rofn]lGhh\’ -k"j{jt\ O{=!((*_, $=‘jLjL d'l/ªnf / lnDa" efiff, @=@^=@( u|Gy;"rL k|sfzg (Bibliography publication)
;flxTo tyf lnlk’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)^)M !#–!*_, l;l/hªuf lnlk j0f{dfnf
xfdLn] klxn] l;lSsd / g]kfndf ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiff ;Qfsf] glhs
-x:tnfn lnDa" ;=@)$^, %=‘lnlk vf]Hb} nfx'/]’, sflGtk'/, $ j}zfv )^@ af6_,
ePsf]n] ljsf;sf] e/]ª r9\g kfPsf] eGg] ;Gbe{nfO{ pKsfPsf lyof}+ . t/ Tof]
^=‘jLjL d'l/ªnf / lnDa" efiff, ;flxTo tyf lnlk’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)^)_
s'/f dfQ} klg ;o k|ltzt ;To xf]Og . cl3 z'? k|fSsygdf eg]sf] 8'c/ (doer)
cflb 5g\ . of] ln:6 sbflk k"g{ xf]Og . lnlk gd"gf / o;sf] cfjZostf of]
geP;Dd hlt;'s} ;'ljwf kfP klg pGgltsf] v'8l\ snf] r9\g ;lsb}g . of]
cWofosf] cGt]df k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .
w|a' ;To xf] . of] 8'c/sf] l:k|6 ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª ;|i6fx¿df a9L b]lvof] .
@=@^=@& efiff–hfltzf:qLo cWoog (Genealogy and ethno- o;f] e’sf]n] klg ;j{ky| d ;=@)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng–! sf] nf]stGq
linguistic studies)
:yfkgfkZrft\ k|1f k|lti7fgn] ;=@)$( df lj/xL sfOFnf, j}/fuL sfOFnf / ljqmd
otflt/ klg s}og vft k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5g\ . t/ xfdLn] s]xL dfQ} ;'Aafsf] ;+sng÷;Dkfbgdf Ps dfq lnDa" u|Gy–;"rL k|sfzgdf Nofof] . of]
e]6o\ f}+ . tn pk–vG8 @=@^=@& df klg s]xL a9L sfo{x¿ xfn]sf 5f}+ . oxfFr}F sfo{ cToGt} P]ltxfl;s 5 . lsgeg] of] cj;/ cGo ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿n]
!=‘lnDa"x¿ / ltgsf efiff’ -:joDe"nfn >]i7 ;=@)@*M !(–@)_, @=‘lnDa" cem;Dd kfPs} 5}gg\ . of] kfpg' eg]sf] klg xfdL of] b]zdf 5f}+ / oxfF gful/s xf}+
efiffsf] dfglss/0f’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf O{=@))%_, #=‘nf]jf y/sf lnDa"’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf eGg] ;dfj]zL ;Gt'i6L / lrQ a'emfO x'g' g} xf] . t];f] t æx'g' k/\of] / g kfOG5Æ
;=@)%)M (–!!_, $=‘gf]6 cg\ b lnDa" cfNkmfa]6 cj\ b l;lSsd lxdfno’ -P eGg]x¿ klg x'G5g\ . t/ ævf]Hg]x¿ klg t x'g' k¥of]Æ eGg]x¿ klg xf]nfg\ . of]
SofKkj]n O{= O{=!(%%M @)@–@)#_ cflb dfQ} pNn]v ug{ EofPsf 5f}+ . s'/fnfO{ gLlt lgdf{g / gLlt nfu" ug]{ s'/fn] klg cToGt} k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . h:tf]
@=@^=@* hfltzf:q÷j+zfjnL (Ethnology/genealogy) ls cfk\mg} b]zdf cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ k|of]udf NofpFbf b]zs} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
u}/;+jw} flgs eGb} k|ltjGw nufpF eg] s] sf] ;flxTo < o; dfg]df oL tdfd
dflysf] pk–vG8 @=@^=@^ nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} oxfF klg c? yk ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ / b]zs} ;Dk"g{ efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ gLlt lgdf{g / nfu"
;flxTonfO{ :yfg lbPsf 5f}+ . ltgdf !=Pe]ª yf]k|f -l8NnL/fd lnDa" ;=@)%% / ug{df ;xefuL geP;Dd s]xL eO{ xfNg 5 eGg' ckl/kSs ;f]rfO g} x'G5 .
104
@=@^=#) ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Yakthung
xfdLn] xfn;fn} e]6]sf] ;"rgf cg';f/ lh8L /fO{s[t lnlk a'ªjfvf, @, !*, @)^#M sample wordlist)
!$ / a'ªjfvf, #, ##, @)^$M !^ klg rfOlgh Sof/]S6/sf] :6fOndf k|sfzgdf
cfO;s]sf] /x]5 . o;n] s] s'/fsf] :d/g u/fPsf] 5 eg] l;lSsdf ePsf] lnDa" / /fO{ xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
jLrsf] lnlk ljjfbn] ubf{ ls/fFtL–ls/fjfx?n] gofF lnlk agfP h:t} ePsf] 5 . cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
kf]kf] a'l4 xfªu'rfn] dnfO{ atfP cg';f/ oxfF g]kfndfr}F r'Dn'ª / ofof]Svf jLr ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M *%–*&_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
l;l/hªuf lnlk c? ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfox?n] klg k|of]u ug{ kfpg] ;Demf}tf ePsf] :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
5 . t/ o;sf] clkml;on hfgsf/L eg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ . ofof]Svfsf] ;f] k|sfzgdf ;]G6«n
|| 457 || || 458 ||
cG/fplG88 efjn 6fOkf]u|kmLdf k|ltlglwTj gePsf]n] t];nfO{ xfdL P–sf/sf]dg' L &(=+ldv'df -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=PKdf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand
yf]Knf] /fvL ;'wf/]sf 5f}+ . *!=v];j] f -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=n'ª -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone
*#=gfd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfrfdf -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim
!=s]/]s\ -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=+vfk' -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash *%=+d]M -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=v]g\ -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
#=l;+xf]s\ -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=+;fSkf]s\ -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly *&=sg -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=+x]g] -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you
%=PDaf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=k" -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird *(=+n];f] -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=xfaf]jf -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
&=xfdf -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dfS/jf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black (!=l;ª\a'ª\ -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=g]T5L -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two
(=dfSvL -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=of]Kkf -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone (#=nfª\3]Sdf -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=Rjf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water
!!=g'ufª\ -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=ltKdf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn (%=+cfgL -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=y] -;j{_ ‘s]’ what
!#=vflKdKdf -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=s];D] af -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold (&=+kmu/\jf -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=xfc\ -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who
!%= +k]m/] -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die ((=d]lG5df -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))= +lxDnjf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
!&=sf]rf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*=y'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink ------------
!(=s]xj] f -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=+g]/v
\ f -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
+
@!= vfDa]Sdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=rfdf -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 ls/fef tyf ;fksf] 8]O6fnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} /fv]/ cGo ls/fFtL–
@#=jflwd-g_ -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=lds\ -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye ofSy'ª dft[efifLx¿;Fu /]lS6kmfO ubf{ lgDg km/sx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\– g+=
@%=nfk\ -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
@&=ª-g_f -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;fM -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat @=+vfk' -cGo ?kx¿ vfKk', yfKk'ý uf]ljGb t'Dafxfªsf] ;"rgf_,
@(=k]df -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=nfª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot $=+;fSkf]s\ -x'g' kg]{ ;fKkf]Ms\_, !%= +k]m/] -x'g' kg]{ k]mDdf_ @)=+g]/v
\ f -cGo
#!=s'nd] -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lkdf -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give ?k g]efsý /fd dfb]gsf] ;"rgf _ ‘sfg’ @!=+vfDa]Sdf -cGo ?k OS;fý
##=g'jf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=;f]t\ -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease k"jj{ t\_ ‘k[YjL’ $#=+Oªuf -cGo ?k cfª\ufý uf]ljGb t'Dafxfªsf] ;"rgf_
#%=;OSofKkf -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=y]uS] df -gf_ ‘s];’ hair ‘d’ $$= +;Kdf -x'g' kg]{ ;]$Kdf_, $^= +n]df -x'g' kg]{ n]$Mdf_,$&= +t]Tnf
#&=x's\ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=y]u]s\ -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head -cGo ?kx¿ k]$mSjf, k]$mTnfý lng]cz_ $*= +n]ªd\ f -x'g' kg]{ g]$Mdf_,
#(=v]D! df -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=n]ªdfjf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
$!=tfª\ -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=s]uf]jf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot %(=+lgª\df -cGo ?k l;Tnfý /fd dfb]gsf] ;"rgf_ ^&=+jflxKdf -cGo
$#=+Oªuf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$= +;Kdf -lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill ?k jflxQý k"jj{ t\_, ^*=+x]S/jf -cGo ?k x]tfªafý k"jj{ t\_, &#=+;fdf
$%=y'Da' -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^= +n]df -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know -cGo ?k cf]dK] dfý k"j{jt\_, &(=+ldv'df -cGo ?k ldv'ý k"j{jt\_,
+
$&= t]Tnf -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*= +n]ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie *%=+d]M -cGo ?k s'ldý k"jj{ t\_, **=+x]g] -cGo ?k v]gý] k"jj{ t\_,
$(=lgl/j]t\ -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=s]Daf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long *(=+n];f] -x'g' kg]{ n];f]t\-kf__, (%=sf] cfgL xfdL geP/ xfd|f] jf +cflgc\
%!=;L -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=oflDa5f -gf_ ‘dfG5]÷k'?if’ man -ofSy'ª Jofs/gdf $ vfn] ‘xfdL’ x'G5_, (&=+kmu/\jf -cGo ?k
%#=Plns\ -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=nfjf -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
%%=PSofª\ -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=d'/f -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth kmbfªafý /fd dfb]gsf] ;"rgf_ / !))= +lxDnjf -cGo ?k lxtfªafý
%&=;]Gbfjf -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=ldª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name k"jj{ t\_ . / ljleGg :yfg ljz]if / JolQm ljz]if klg km/s kg{ ;S5 .
%(=+lgª\df -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=s';ª\ -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
^!=;]lGbs -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=g]af] -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose @=@^=#! lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
^#=xf]k\ -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=nlys\ -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs 5lAa;df k/]sf]
^%=nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=dgf -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª dft[efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'us] f 5f}+ .
^&=+jflxKdf -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=+x]S/jf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red
^(=s';fk\ -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=sfS/Kkf -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round of] dft[efifL ;Dk|bfosf] ;j} kS5]x¿df cWoog ePsf] kfO{of] . ;flxTo
&!=n'ª\;]s\ -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=d]Kdf -lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say ;[hgfb]lv lnP/ Snfgf]lgd;Dd ;j}df pgLx¿ cf}wL wgL 5g\ . 5fkfb]lv lnP/
&#=+;fdf -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=ofl/Daf -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed jfo/n]; k|ljlwdf ;d]t k|jz ] kfPsf] of] efiffsf] l:ylt dHa"b 5 . oxL qmd
&%=o'ªd\ f -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=;fx'l/s\ -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin hf/L /Åof] eg] s]xL ztfAbL;Dd of] efiffsf] cl:tj /xg] 5 / dfgj;dfhdf afFrL
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=r'Skf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small g} /xg] 5 . :jf8]z ;o zAb ;"rLdf klg ;o k|ltzt g} zAbx¿ efiffdf df}h'b
|| 459 || || 460 ||
/x]5g\ . o;sf zAbsf]z klg w]/}sf] ;+Vofdf kfO{of] . ;[hgfTds n]vgdf Angdembe, Tej Man. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Antipassive via noun
nfUg]x¿sf] klg nfjfn:s/} b]lvof] . efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿df klg vftsf incorporation: Future of the Limbu object agreement’,
vft g} e]l6of] . 5Ty/] eflifsfdf ;d]t kLPr8L zf]w eO{ ;s]sf] klg kfOof] . Journal of Nepalse Studies, 2: 17-25.
;dfj]zLsf ;a} r/g / v'6\lsnfx¿df klg of] dft[efiffsf] pkl:ylt 5 . -----. O{=!((*= ‘lnDa" efiffnfO{ lsg cu]{l6e efiff elgG5 <’, lnDa" ;flxTo
Wjlgj}Uoflgs ljz]iftfdf 6ju{sf Wjlg jGf{x¿ 5}gg\ t/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf s]xL tyf ;F:s[lt, $–%M #$–#&=
ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} Unf]6n :6k jf sG7\o:kzL{ Wjlg eg] 5 . -----. 1998 [VS 2055]. ‘Limbu bhashalai kina ergative bhasha
------------ bhanincha?’, Limbu Sahitya tatha Sanskriti, 4-5: 34-37.
ljz]if 6Lsfl6KkgL ah|laxf/L, s'df/, lkP; ;'Aaf / jLjL ;'Aaf= O{=!(*)= lxGbL–lnDa" zAbsf]z=
of] cWofosf] pk–cWofo cWoog u/L 6Lsfl6KkgL n]Vgsfnflu ;x– gfufNofG8M sf]lxdf Nofªu'Oh\ sfplG;n=
n]vs afx]s c? cWo]tf / n]vsx¿nfO{ klg Od]ndfk{mtf kmfOn k7fPsf lyof}+ . Bajrabihari, Kumar, PS Subba & BB Subba. 1980. Hindi-Limbu
ltgdf k|]d k\mofsn] kmf]gdf æcrDd nfUof]Æ eGg' afx]s s]xL klg sf]/]gg\ . slj Dictionary. Nagaland: Kohima Language Council.
tyf efiff cWo]tf ljqmd Oªjfaf–;'Aafn] Dec 11, 2007 12:20 PM df SofDka]n, P= O{=!*$)= ‘gf]6 cg\ b lnDa"h\ ofG8 cb/ lxn 6«fOA;\ lxb/ 6'
cfk\mgf] O–d]ndf eGg' eof]– æI went through your/ sub-chapter and clG8:qmfOa’, hg{n cj\ lb Plhofl6s ;f];fO6L cj\ a]ªun= efu !,
would like to extend my congratulations for a good documentation ef]n (M $(%–%!%=
on Limbu literature. Are you planning to publish it in the form of a Campbell, A. 1840. ‘Note on the Limboos and other hill Tribes
booklet ? It would be nice. Once again congratulations for your hitherto underscribe’. Journal of the Asiatic Society of
efforts.Æ Bengal. Part 1, Vol ix, 495-515.
o:t} cªu|]hL ;flxTosf pk–k|fWofks tyf ofSy'ª efiff–;F:s[ltsf -----. O{=!(%%= ‘gf]6 cg\ b lnDa" cfNkmfa]6 cj\ b l;lSsd lxdfno’, hg{n
cGj]ifs sdn ySn]xfª -yf]lSnxfª_ n] n]v]– æof] pk–cWofo ;/;/tL k9]+ / cj\ lb Plhofl6s ;f];fO6L cj\ a]ªun= gf];\ ! b]lv &, ef]n @$M @)@–
d}n] hfg]sf s'/fx¿df cem} a9L cfTdljZjf; cfh{g u/]+ eg] d}n] ghfg]sf y'k|} @)#=
s'/fx¿ klg hfGg] cj;/ kfPF . cg';Gwftfx¿ wGojfbsf kfq 5g\ . o;nfO{ -----.1855. ‘Notes on the Lomboo alphabet of the Sikkim
cem a9L k7gLo / cg';Gwfgo'Qm agfpg' k5{ g} h:tf] nfU5 . w]/} Himalaya’, Journalof the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Nos. I
OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿ cke|+;sf] ?kdf h] 5 t]xL /fv]sf] kfOof] . o;nfO{ d"n ?k to VII, Vol 24: 202-203.
(original form) d} /fVg ;s] emg} /fd|f] x'G5 .Æ rªafª, xl/= ;=@)%)= lnDa"–l;l/hªuf lnlkdf s]xL zAb= w/fgM n]vs=
Changbang, Hari. 1993 [VS 2050]. Limbu-Sirihjanga Lipima Kehi
Shabada. Dharan: Author.
;Gbe{;r
" L Bibliography r]Dhf]ª, Odfg P;= ;=@)!*= lnDa"–g]kfnL–cª\uh
|] L zAbsf]z= sf7dfG8"M
| fb= ;=@)^)= lnDa" efiffdf ;+:s[tk|efj= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn
cof{n, b'uf{k; Chemjong, Iman S. 1962 [VS 2018]. Limbu-Nepali-Angreji
/fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg= Shabdakosh. [1st edition] Kathmandu: Royal Nepal
Aryal, Durga P. 2003 [VS 2060]. Limbu Bhashama Academy.
Sanskritprabhav. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. -----. O{=@))# -;=@)%(_= ls/fFt Oltxf; -k|yd k|sfzg O{=!($* bflh{lnªaf6
cfªa'xfª, vu]Gb| P;= ;=@)%*= ls/fFt ofSy'ªjf o]jf d'Gw'd= emfkfM gfd]Gb| clvn ef/tLo ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª ;f]ªr'Def] ;ef k|sfzs_=
P; cfªa'xfª / OGb|snf Oªgfd= nlntk'/M ls/fFt ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª=
Angbunghang, Khagendra S. 2001 [VS 2058]. Kirat Yakthungba -----. 2003. Kirat Itihas (First edition 1948 Akhil Bharatiya Kiranti-
Yewa Mundhum. Jhapa: Namendra S Angbuhang and Yakthung Chulung Songchumbho Sabha from Darjeeling
Indrakala Ingnam. publisher). Lalitpur: Kirat Yakthung Chumlung.
cfªb]Da], t]hdfg= O{=!((*= ‘ofG6LKofl;e efOcf gfpg OGskf]{/];gM k\mo'r/ cj\ -----. O{=!(&)= lb ls/fFt -lnDa"_ u|ofd/= bflh{lnªM h; xfª dfb]g= -b ls/fFt
b lnDa" cAh]S6 clu|dG6’, hg{n cj\ b g]lKnh\ :6l8h\, @M !&–@%= u|ofd/ Og\ lnDa" Nofªu'Oh\ jf ls/fFt ofSyª Jofs/g ;=@)@& /
|| 461 || || 462 ||
lsofr'n] ;=@)%( df k'gMk|sfzg u/]sf] -----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Limbu jatima vivaha’, Madhupark, 286,
http://kavitakusum.blogsport.com sf] cg';f/ e|dg ldlt #! 25, 11: 21-22.
cu:t @))& _= l8«cd, hf]h{ Eofg= O{=!((&jL= ‘c Go' cGoflnl;; cj\ b lnDa" ej{’, kfgf
-----. 1970. The Kirat (Limbu) Grammar. Darjeeling: Jasa Hang !%#–!&# Og\ 8]le8 a|f8nL -;Dkf=_ l6a]6f]ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ b
Maden. lxdfnoh -k]k;{ Og\ ;fpy O:6 Plhog lnªu'Ol:6S;, gf]= !$_ SofGa]/fM
r]Dhf]ª, Odfg P;= / j}/fuL sfOFnf -;Dkf=_ ;=@)!*= lnDa"–g]kfnL–cª\uh
|] L Kofl;lkms lnªu'Ol:6S;=
zAbsf]z -bf];|f] ;+:s/g_ sf7dfG8"M /f]on g]kfn cSof8]dL= Driem, George van. 1997b. ‘A new analysis of the Limbu verb’,
Chemjong, Iman S. and Bairagi Kainla (eds.). Limbu-Nepali- pp. 153-173 in David Bradley (ed.) Tibeto-Burman
Angreji Shabdakosh [2nd edition]. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Languages of the Himalayas (Papers in South East Asian
Academy. Linguistics, No. 14) Camberra: Pacific Linguistics.
bf;, s]= O{=!*(^jL= ‘b lnDa" cj\ ls/fFtL lkkn cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn ofG8 -----. O{=!(*&= c u|ofd/ cj\ lnDa"= aln{g, Go" of]s,{ cfD;68f{dM d'tf]F l8
l;lSsd’, hg{n cj\ b a'l¢i6 6]S:6 ;f];fO6L cj\ OlG8of, $M #!–#$= u|O' 6/=
Das, K. 1896b. ‘The Limbu of Kiranti people of eastern Nepal and -----. 1987. A Grammar of Limbu. Berlin, New York, Amsterdam:
Sikkim’, Journal of the Buddhist Text Society of India, 4: Mouton de Gruyter.
31-34. 8'/g]Gjfn, dpl/;= O{=@))#= ej{n sDkfpG8h\ cqm; ls/fFtL -OGSn'8;\ lnDa"
8]le8;\, O/]gL PdPr / hf]h{ Eofg l8«cd= O{=!(*%= ‘lnDa" lsG;Lk 6ld{gf]nf]hLM OUHofDkn;\= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6jG6Lkmf]y{ ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b
c 8]l:qmK;g’, s}nfzM c hg{n cj\ lxdfnog :68Lh, !@, !–@M !!%– lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]eD] j/=
!%^= Durnenbal, Marius. 2003. Verbal compounds across Kiranti
Davids, Irene M.H. and George van Driem. 1985. ‘Limbu kinship (includes Limbu examples). Paper presented in the 24th
terminology: A description’, Kailash: A Journal of Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-27
Himalayan Studies, XII, 1-2: 115-156. November.
9'ªu]n, /d]z= ;=@)^@= ‘lnDa" ‘;+kl[ t’ / ‘lglt’ ;d"xM uf]vf{ zf;gsf] b]g’, Pj6{, s/]g Pr= O{=@))#= ‘Os'OenG6;\ cj\ ‘sGh'ul] 6e kfl6{sN;\’ Og\ ls/fFtL
lxdfn vj/klqsf -!^–@( kmfu'g )^@_, !%, @@M ^)–^!= Nofªu'Olhh\’ -OGSn'8;\ lnDa" OUHofDkN;\_= Og\ t]h cf/ sG;fsf/ /
Dhungel, Ramesh. VS 2062. ‘Limbuka ‘sampriti’ ra ‘niti’ samuha: dfs{ 6'l/g -;Dkf=_= lyD;\ Og\ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8
Gorkha shasanko den’, Himal Khabarpatrika, 15, 22: 60-62 lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG:6Ro'6, xfO8]nju{ / lqlj=
(16-29 Phagun, 2062). Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in
-----. O{=@))^= ‘b nª–cuf] kmfO6 km/ ls/fFt cfO8]lG66L’, lxdfn ;fpyPlhog, Kiranti languages’ (includes Limbu examples). In Tej R
!(, &M %@–%^= Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan
-----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘The long-ago fight for Kiranti identity’, Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia
Himal Southasian, 19, 7: 52-56. Institute, Heidelberg and TU.
lbSkfn, /fhs'df/= ;=@)^#= ‘xfSkf/] ;fDnf]’, g]kfn kmf]s;, !, !!M @&= lu|c/;g, hh{ P -;Dkf=_= O{=!()(= lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ OlG8of= ef]n #, !M
Dikpal, Rajkumar. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Hakpare samlo’, Nepal @*#–#)$= SofNsf6fM ;'kl/G6]G8]G6 cj\ uedG6 lk|G6Lª k|];=
Focus, 1, 11: 27. Grierson, George A. (ed.). 1909. Linguistic Survery of India. Vol
-----. ;=@)%(= ‘lnDa" ;d'bfoaf6 l;Sg ;lsG5 n}ªl\ us ;dfgtfsf] kf7’, 3, 1: 283-304. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government
lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, @, @@M #(–$)= Printing Press.
-----. 2002 [VS 2059]. ‘Limbu samudayabata sikna sakinchha -----. O{=!()(=‘:6ofG88{ j8{;\ ofG8 k|]mlhh\ Og\ b O:6g{ k|fg] f]ldgfnfOH8
laingik samanatako path’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, 22: 39-40. Nofªu'Olhh\’= Og\ lu|c/;g -;Dkf=_ $)*–@%=
-----. ;=@)$(= ‘lnDa" hfltdf ljjfx’, dw'ks{, @*^, @%, !!M @!–@@=

|| 463 || || 464 ||
-----. 1909. ‘Standard words and phrases in the eastern -----. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Limbu bhashama sandhi tatha
pronominalized languages’. In: Grierson (ed.) 408-25. dhoniparibartanka niyamharu’. Limbu Bhasha tatha Sahitya
u|fOD;, af/a/f -;Dkf=_= O{=!(**= OYgf]nuM Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ b jN8{= 8fnf;, Vichargosthi 2050. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy.
6]S;;\M ;d/ OlG6Ro'6 cj\ lnª\uO' l:6S;\, cfOP;L= -----. O{=@))%= ‘lnDa" efiffsf] dfglss/0f’, kfMg\, !M !&–#!=
Grimes, Barbara F. (ed) 1988. Ethnologue: Languages of the -----. 2005. ‘Limbu bhashako manakikaran’. Pan, 1: 17-31.
World. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. -----. ;=@)^!= ‘xH;g kf08'lnlk -lnDa"_ df lnDa" hfltsf nf]sb]jL Pj+ nf]s
ÅofG;f]g, u8{= O{=!(**= ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn= cGklAn:6 b]jtf’, k|1f, #%, !))M %@–&!=
dfGo':qmLK6= -----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Hodgson pandulipima (Limbu) ma Limbu
Han"on, Gerd. 1988. Kiranti languages of Eastern Nepal. jatika lokdevi ebam lok dewata’, Pragyan, 35, 100: 52-71.
Upublished Manuscript. -----. ;=@)^)= ‘ofSy'ª ;ªh'Def] g' ;flSyd’, ;okqL, (, @M !$!–!^#=
-----. O{=!((!= b /fO{ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfnM OlYgs ofG8 lnª\uO' l:6s u|'lkª= -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Yakthung sangjumbho nu sakthim’,
-Pl8l68 ofG8 OG6«8o':6 afO e]]g/ leG6/_= sf7dfG8"M lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ Sayapatri, 9, 2: 141-163.
cj\ g]kfn ofG8 l;gf;= -----.;=@)^)= ‘jLjL d'l/ªnf / lnDa" efiff, ;flxTo tyf lnlk’, lnAh'–e'Dh',
-----. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and Linguistic !!, @, @$M !#–!*=
Grouping (Edited and introduced by Werner Winter). -----. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘BB Muringla ra Limbu bhasha, sahitya
Kathmandu: Linguistic Survey of Nepal and CNAS. tatha lipi’, Libju-Bhumju, 11, 2, 24: 13-18.
xf/, O= O{=!(^)= c lnDa"–Oª\lnz Unf];/L= sf]kg] xfugM 8oflgz Plhofl6s -----. ;=@)%^= ‘ofSy'ª :jfddf lyd\’, ;okqL, %, @M ^#–^&=
l/;r{= -----. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Yakthung swamma thim’, Sayapatri, 5, 2:
Haarh, E. 1960. A Limbu-English Glossary. Copenhagen: Danish 63-67.
Asiatic Research. -----. ;=@)%^= ‘tªl;ª d'Gw'ddf] rOMt\ d'Gw'd’, ;okqL, %, !M !!^–!#%=
hf]G;\, cf/ Pn= O{=!(&#= ‘lslG;k ofG8 Dofl/h\ cdª b lnDa"h\ cj\ O:6g{ -----= 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Tangsing Mundhummo chai:t Mundhum’,
g]kfnM c :68L Og\ Dofl/h :6flaln6L’= kLPr8L lyl;;, o'lgel;{6L cj\ Sayapatri, 5, 1: 116-135.
Soflnkmf]lg{of= -----= ;=@)%^= ‘b]jgfu/Ldf lnDa"efiffsf] cfn]vg’, hghflt, !, !–@M !–!$=
Jones, R L. 1973. Kinship and Marraiage among the Limbus of -----= 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Devanagarima Limbubhashako aalekhan’,
Eastern Nepal: A Study in Marriage Stability. PhD Thesis, Janajatii, 1, 1-2: 1-14.
University of California. -----. ;=@)%@= ‘of]Sjf dfªvf]dfM lnDa" -ls/fFt_ hfltdf pef}nL k"hf’, dw'ks{ ,
sfOFnf, j}/fuL -ltnljqmd g]Dafª_= O{=!((*= ‘lnDa"–g]kfnL–Oªlnz l8S:g/LM #!*, @*, &M !%–!*=
lx:6«L ofG8 Rofn]lGhh\’= Og\ of]uG] b| lk ofbj ofG8 6L cf/ s+;fsf/ -----. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Yokwa mangkhoma: Limbu (Kirat) jatima
-;Dkf=_= n]lS;sf]uk| mL Og\ g]kfnM k|f]l;l8ª\h\ cj\ b Ol:66o'6 cg\ ubhauli puja’, Madhupark, 318, 28, 7: 15-18.
n]lS;sf]]uk| mL, !((%= sf7dfG8"M /f]on g]kfn cSof8]dL= -----. ;=@)%)= ‘nf]jf y/sf lnDa"’, dw'ks{ , @(*, @^, !!M (–!!=
Ka#la, Bairagi [Tilbikram Nembang]. 1998. ‘Limbu-Nepali-English -----. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Lowa thar Limbu (Kirat) jatima ubhauli
Dictionary: History and Challenges’. In Yogendra P. Yadava puja’, Madhupark, 318, 28, 7: 15-18.
and T.R. Kansakar (eds.). Lexicography in Nepal: -----. ;=@)%!= ‘x]Eof y/sf lnDa" / afFb/ b]jtf’, dw'ks{ , #)!, @&, @M @%=
Proceedings of the Institute on Lexicography, 1995. -----. 1994 [VS 2051]. ‘Hebhya tharka Limbu ra bãdar dewata’,
Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. Madhupark, 301, 27, 2: 25.
-----. O{=!((#= ‘lnDa" efiffdf ;GwL tyf Wjlgkl/jt{gsf lgodx¿’= lnDa" efiff -----. ;=@)$*= lnDa" hfltdf sf]vk"hf= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–
tyf ;flxTo ljrf/ uf]i7L @)%)= sf7dfG8"M /f]on g]kfn cSof8]dL= k|lti7fg=

|| 465 || || 466 ||
-----. 1991 [VS 2048]. Limbu Jatima Kokhpuja. Kathmandu: Kirkpatrick, J.William. 2007 [first edition 1811]. ‘Limbu
Royal Nepal Academy. Shabdawali’, An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul. New
sfOFnf, lj/xL, j}/fuL sfOFnf / ljqmd ;'Aaf= ;=@)$(= lnDa" u|Gy–;"rL= Delhi: Rupa and Co. Pp. 249-252.
sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg= sf]gf], P;= !()(= ‘l6a]6f] ad{g k\mofldnLM lxdfnog 8fon]S6;\, gy{ cf;fd
Ka#la, Birahi, Bairagi Ka#la and Bikram Subba. 1992 [VS 2049]. u'|k’= Og\ lu|c/;g -;Dkf=_ lnªu'Ol6s ;e]{ cj\ OlG8of= Go" 8]nLM ?kf
Limbu Grantha-Suchi. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. ofG8 sf]= kfgf @$(–@%@ -SofNsf6fM ;'kl/G6]G8]G6 cj\ uDeG6 lk|lG6ª
-----. O{=!((*= ‘ef/tLo lnDa" kq–klqsfsf] kl/rofTds Oltxf;’= bfhL{lnªM k|;
] = #M != kfgf @*#–#)$_=
;flxTo ;Dd]ng, ldl/s= k[i7 !–#)= Konow, S. 1909. ‘Tibeto-Burman family: Himalayan dialects,
-----. 1998. ‘Bharatiya Limbu patrapatrikako parichayatmak itihas’. North Assam Group’. In Grierson (ed.) Linguistic Survey of
Darjeeling: Sahitya Sammelan, Mirik. Pp. 1-30. India. New Delhi: Rupa and Co. Pp. 249-252 (Calcutta:
-----. ld=g= km]bg] of]s / kfFry/ lhNnfsf] P]ltxfl;s syf= n]vs !)^–!!!= Superintendent of Government Printing Press. 3: 1. pp. 283-
-----. n.d. Phedenyok ra Panthar jillako aitihasik katha. Author. 304).
106-111. s'?Dafª–;'Aaf, lbn]Gb|= @)^@ -O{=@))%_= lnDa" lxHh] zAbsf]z= nlntk'/M
sfOFnf, lj/xL= ;=@)$(= lnDa" efiff / ;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro= sf7dfG8"M lnDa" ;flxTo ljsf; ;+:yf=
g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg= Subba (Kurumbang), Dilendra. 2005 [VS 2062]. Limbu Spelling
Ka#la, Birahi. 1992 [VS 2049]. Limbu Bhasha ra Sahityako Dictionary. Lalitpur: Limbu Literature Development
Sankshipta Parichaya. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. Association.
v8\sf, cGh', s]z/h+u du/ / ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf -;Dkf=_= ;=@)^#= kxf8L -----. O{=@))%= Snh sDafOlgª Og\ kfGy/] lnDa"= PdP lyl;;, ;]G6«n
af]nLrfnL -ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–ls/fjf pbfx/g ;dfj]z_= l8kf6{dG6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, lqlj=
sf7dfG8"M clkm; ;kf]6{ ;le{; ;]G6/ 5fkfvfgf= -----. 2005. Clause combining in Panthare Limbu. MA Thesis,
Khadka, Anju, Kesharjang Magar and Biddhyanath Koirala (eds.). Central Department of Linguistics, TU.
2006 [VS 2063]. Pahadi Bolichali. (includes Kiranti- -----. O{=@))%= ‘lnDa" j0f{ / j0f{lj1fg’, kfMg\, !M !–!@=
Yakthung and Kiranti-Kirawa examples). Kathmandu: Royal -----. 2005. ‘Limbu barna ra barnavigyan’, Pa:n, 1: 1-12.
Nepal Academy. -----. O{=@))$= lnDa" j0f{dfnf= sf7dfG8"M lnDa" ;flxTo ljsf; ;+:yf=
vh'd, P;cf/= ;=@)%)= ‘lnDa" efiff;flxTodf gofF zAbx¿’, lnDa" efiff tyf -----. 2004. Limbu Varnamala. Kathmandu: Limbu Sahitya Vikas
;flxTo ljrf/uf]i7L @)%)= sf7dfG8"M /f]on g]kfn cSof8dL= Sanstha.
Khajum, SR. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Limbu bhasha-sahityama nayã -----. O{=@)))= ‘l;df’, dgsf] s'/f -k|yf du/sf] sljtf cg'jfb_M $@=
shabdaharu’, Limbu Bhasha tatha Sahitya Vichargosthi -----. 2000. ‘Sima’, Manko Kura (Pratha Magarko kavita anuvad):
2050. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. 42.
ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x= lnDa" -cfªnfafªv]jf_, wg= O{=!(*(= ls/fFt k/Dk/fM lnDa" /Lltlylt /
sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf= ;F:s[lt= bflh{lnªM ls/fFt r'Dn'ª ;ef, ldl/s=
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka Limbu (Anglabangkhewa), Dhan. 1989. Kirat Parampara: Limbu
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai Ritithiti ra Sanskriti. Darjeeling: Kirat Chumlung Sabha,
Yayokkha. Mirik.
ss{Kofl6«s, h]=8ANo"= @))& -k|yd ;+:s/g !*!!_= ‘lnDa" zAbfjnL’, ofg\ lnDa", s]=s]= O{=!(&*=Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªsf] hLjgL= bflh{lnªM ef/t ;flxTo
csfpG6 cj\ b lsª\8d cj\ g]kpn= Go" 8]nLM ?kf ofG8 sf]= kfgf @$(– ;+:yfg=
@%@= Limbu K.K. 1978. Imansingh Chemjongko Jivani. Darjeeling:
Bharat Sahitya Sansthan.

|| 467 || || 468 ||
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ls/fFt–g]kfnL–cª\uh
|] L= sf7dfG8"M gf]lgd klAns];g= kGbfs, /fh= ;=@)%(= lnDa"jfgsf] rf}tf/L= sf7dfG8"M OlGb/f lnDa"=
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sf7dfG8"M nfn n'ªk'mªjf / hftLo e]befj lj?¢ /fli6«o dGr g]kfn= Pappadis, Melanie. 2001. Limbu Folklore: A Collection of Oral
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National Coalition Against Racial Dicrimination. Kff]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb= O{=!((#= ‘g]kfnsf efiffdf lnDa" efiff’= Og\ lnDa" efiff
dfa'xfª, afns[i0f= ;=@)^!= ‘g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿df lnDa" hflt / tyf ;flxTo ljrf/uf]i7L @)%)= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg=
p;sf] e"ld lnDa"jfgsf] dlxdf’, a]3f yf]af]h'd, kfgfM $)–%#= Pokharel, MP. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Nepalka bhashama Limbu
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ljz]iffª\s_, #(, $, $&$M !#–!%= Shafer, R. 1966. Introduction to Sino-Tibetan. Wiesbaden: Otto
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15. @)= nlntk'/M >]i7 k|sfzg=
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«] lnDa" Pt Sof6]uf]l/h\ 8f]ldlgS;’\, s}nfzM c
;fufGt, lkmlnk= O{=!(&!= ‘k|]6; ofG8 sf] lnld6]8= $#!–$%# x]g"{ g]lKnh\ lnªu'Ol:6s;\, !%M !–!*
hg{n cj\ b lxdfnog :68Lh\, !M %!–&%= klg=
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k]l/;, (M !)&–!@$= -----. O{=!((*= ‘cf]l/lhgn ofG8 ;f]lkml:6s]l68 lkmr/;{ cj\ b n]Krf ofG8
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Mondes. Paris, 9: 107-124. -----. 1998. ‘Original and sophisticated features of the Lepcha and
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sf]O/fnf -;Dkf=_= xfd|f] lrgf/L xfd|f] ;F:s[lt= sf7dfG8"M sd{of]uL ;'Aaf ‘k|eft’, cd/= ;=@)%@= ‘cfNn v]l;ª lglt/f]’, lnAh'–e'Dh', $, !, #M @)=
jb|Lljqmd yfkf :d[lt ;]jf u'7L–@)%#= kfgf $*#–$*^ -g]kfn Subba‘prabhat’, Amar. 1995 [VS 2052]. ‘Aalla khesing nitoro’,
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cWoog’, l;l/h+uf, !, @, @ M#%–$#= k|m:6 g];gn kmf]snf]/ sªu|]; cu{gfOH8 jfO g]lKnh kmf]snf]/ ;f];fO6L,
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266. ;fOgf]–l6j]6g Pl/ofM b :6]6 cj\ b cf6{= SofGj]/fM l8kf6{dG6 cj\
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Central Department of English, TU. ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, xfO8]nju{=
t'Dafxfª, uf]ljGb / 8]le8 O=jf6;{= O{=@))%= c k|fA] nd cj\ kmf]gf]nf]lhsn Weidert, Alfons. 1982. Verb class morphology of Limbu,
l/lk|hG] 6]O;g Og\ 5Ty/] lnDa"= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6jG6Ll;Sy ofg'cn reconstructability problems in evolutionary morphology.

|| 475 || || 476 ||
Paper prepared for the Linguistic Society of Nepal,
Heidelberg. @=@& ls/fFtL–ofDk"m÷k]m (Kiranti-Yamphu/e)
jfO86{, / ljqmd ;'Aaf= O{=!(*%= sG;fO; lnDa" u|ofd/ ofG8 l8S:g/L=
ofD:6f8{dM nf]A:6/ klAns]O;G;\=
Weidert, Alfons and Bikram Subba. 1985. Concise Limbu @=@&=) kl/ro (Introduction)
Grammar and Dictionary. Amsterdam: Lobster
Publications. ls/fFtL–ofDk'mx¿sf] cfk\mgf] :jhfltgfd (auto-ethnonym) ofSvfaf
j]A:6/, h]km| L= O{=@))%= ‘Nofªu'Oh l8e]nKdG6 ofG8 Nofªu'Oh l;k\m6 Og\ lnDa"’, (Yakkhaba) xf] . cfk\mgf] dft[efiffnfO{ ofDk'm vfk (Yamphu Khap)! jf vf
kfMg\, !M ^#–&@= egL lrgfpF5g\ . sltko klZrdf efiffljb\x¿n] ofDk"m / ofDk]mnfO{ 5'§} efiffsf]
Webster, Jeffrey. 2005. ‘Language development and language shift ?kdf klg bhf{df btf{ u/]sf 5g\ . ltgdf Eofg l8«d -O{=!(($M #$&–#%%_ klg
in Limbu, Pa:n, 1: 63-72. Ps x'g\ . ‘ofDk]m’ zAb ofDk"mx¿ lxGb" ;Dks{df cfPkl5 ag]sf] zAb dfq} xf] . of]
-----. O{=!(((= ‘ufO8nfOG;\ km/ l:qmK6 :6fG8/8fOh];g’, hg{n cj\ b lnDa" efiffsf jStf xf]d ofDk"m;Fusf] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf klg vf; lrgf/L ofDk"m dfQ}
ln6]«r/ ofG8 sNr/= ^)–&*= xf] ofDk]m xf]Og . pgLx¿sf] cGo gfdx¿df g]jfxfª ofDk]m! (Newahang
-----. 1999. ‘Guidlines for script standardization’, Journal of Yamphe), kfcf] (Pa-O), l;afcf]–ofDk]m (Sibao-Yamphe) egL pNn]v
Limbu Literature and Culture. 60-78. u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pk–cWofo @=!& df pNn]v u/]em}+ ‘ofDk]m’ sf] P–sf/ - ]_
ofSy'ªaf, l;s'Dbfª= ;=@)^)= d'lxu'd cª;Ldfª kmfNu'gGbM hLjg k|;ª\u, ls/fFtL–ofDk'mx¿ lxGb"–vl;s/g (Hindu-Khasization)! sf] df/df k/]kl5 g}
;To wd{ d'rN' sf / wdf]{kb]z= sf7dfG8"M gf]lgd klAns];g= cl:tTjdf cfPsf] zAb xf] . !
Yakthungba, Sikumdang. 2003 [VS 2060]. Muhigum Angsimang
Phangunanda: Jivan Prasanga, Satya Dharma Muchulka pgLx¿sf] csf]{ x¿jf afÅogfd (exonym) cyf{t\ lht'jf zf;sx¿n]
ra Dharmopadesh. Kathmandu: Nonim Publications. klxn] s]xL ls/fFtL JolQmnfO{ nfb]sf] / kl5r}F ;a} 7fn' x'g] xf]8df cfk\mgf]
oªxfª, v]n/fh= ;=@)%@= lnDa"–g]kfnL zAbsf]z= latf{df]8M lnDa" efiff df}lnstf ofDk'm jf ofSvfafnfO{ 5f8]/ gSsn ub}{ j/g u/]sf] gfd eg] /fO{ (Rai)
;flxTo ;F:s[lt pTyfg k|]dL= g} xf] . of] zAbsf] d"nh/f] OG8f]–cfo{g /fhg>/fo-f_ ‘/fhf’ df 5 . pgLx¿ klg
Yanghang, Khelraj. 1995 [VS 2052]. Limbu-Nepali Shabadakosh. dª\uf]nf]O8 :6ssf vfDaf]ªaf (Khambongba) leqs} x'g . P]ltxfl;s
Birtamod: Limbu Bhasha Sahitya Sanskriti Utthan Premi. efiffljUofgsf] cWoog ljlwn] :jOYgf]lgd vfDaf]ªafsf] 5]los[t ?k vDa'
oªxfª, g/= ;=@)%@= ;+lIfKt v;–lnDa" zAbsf]z= latf{df]8M lnDa" efiff (Khambu) xf] eG5 . t/ c6f]OYgf]lgd ofSvfafn] eg] vfDaf]ªafnfO{ wSsf
;flxTo ;F:s[lt pTyfg k|]dL= lbG5 . o;/L ‘ls/fFtL’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL (synonymy) zAb ‘/fO{’ eg] xf]Og . of]
Yanghang, Nar. 1995 [VS 2052]. Sankhipta Khas-Limbu P]ltxfl;s–efiffljUofgn] b]vfPsf] ;To–jf:tljstf xf] . dfgj–
Shabadakosh. Birtamod: Limbu Bhasha Sahitya Sanskriti ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] klg of] tYo -x]g"{ cWofo % klg_ nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ .
Utthan Premi.
of] efiff klg cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr h:t} uf]/vfkq b}lgssf]
*************************** gofF g]kfn ;dfj]zL kfgfdf k|j]z 105 u/L ;s]sf] 5 . tfTsfnLg v/fdf]sf uf]kfn
vDa" -O{=@)))M #(_ n]! x]bfªgf ufpF, ;+vj' f;ef lhNnfnfO{ k|fylds
lzS5fsf]nflu s]Gb| k|:tfljt u/]af6 of] efiffsf] d"n ynf] g} of] ufpF xf] eGg]
a'lemg cfpF5 .

105
x]g"{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs, !)&, @!@, @% d+l;/ @)^$ -!! l8;]Da/ @))&_ d+unaf/
kfgf *–(=
|| 477 || || 478 ||
u'un ;r{ OlGhgn] ls/fFtL–ofDk'm / tf]Dofª (Tomyang)! jLr *@Ü cfnf, plnª, s]T/f, rfªvf -r+vfý h:t} afns'df/ ofDk"m_, rfjf, ofªlvnf
zAb ldN5 eg]sf] 5 . tf]Dofªx¿ g'd ufpF, ;+vj' f;efdf kfOG5 elgPsf] 5 . cflb g} x'g\ . o'jf cg';Gwftf xf]d ofDk"mn] xfdLnfO{ $) ;Dd Snfgf]lgdx¿ 106
pgLx¿sf] j}slNks gfddf rf]ªsf pNn]v 5 . otflt/ cg';Gwftfx¿n] Wofg 5g\ egL atfPsf 5g\ .
lbg' kg]{ ePsf] xfd|f] 7x/ 5 . !
@=@&=# eflifs ljz]iftf (Linguistic features)
@=@&=! e"–eflifs ljt/g (Geo-linguistic distribution) tLg ls/fFt 5]qx¿sf afFsL ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} o;df klg
?6h;{ -!((*M %_ cg';f/ ls/fFtL–ofDk'msf] d'Vo efiff Onfsfx¿df Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg jLrdf leGgtf 5 . ls/fFtL–ofDkm' efiffsf] jg{
jfn'ª, g'd, dfªl;df, k]kj' f, x]bfªgf, plnª, cfnf, pjf, s/df/fª / lgwf{/gsf] b'O{ lbg] sfo{zfnf -@&–@* d+l;/ @)^$_ df xf]d ofDk'm -;=@)^$_
t'ªvflnª -x]g"{ gSzf gSzf g+=@=@* XXVIII klg_ cflb g} x'g\ . ;+vj' f;ef sf] k|ltj]bgn] of] dft[/fi6« efiffdf lgDg jg{x¿ ePsf] lgSof]{n lgsfn]sf] 5 . of]
lhNnf afx]s cGo :yfgx¿ h:t}M wgs'6f, ;'g;/L cflbdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . efiffdf !* JoGhg / ^ jg{x¿ -xf]d ofDk'msf] ofDk"m ls/fFt efiffsf] j0f{ lgwf{/0f
OYgf]nun] sf]zL cGrn, ;+v'jf;efsf] pQ/, dsfn' ufpFnfO{ of] dft[efiffsf] ;fFw b'Ol{ bg sfo{zfnf k|ltj]bg, ofDkm' ls/fFt ;dfh, ^ k'; @)^$_ 5g\ elgPsf] 5 .
nufPsf] 5 . blVvgdf c?g k"j{ hnhn] lxdfn / c?g klZrd cK;'jfvf]nf / JoGhg jg{x¿ :j/ jg{x¿
pQ/df n]S;'jfvf]nf / c?g gbL g} ls/fFtL–ofDk'msf] ;Ldfgf xf] elgPsf] 5 . s v === ª O c
r 5 === P cf
t y === g p cf]
k km === d
o / n j
; x c\
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
;f]xL sfo{zfnfsf] k|ltj]bgn] ofDkm' efiffdf n]Vbf g]kfnL jg{x¿ æu h
8 b aÆ / æ3 em w eÆ gn]Vg] . oL jg{x¿nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ n]Vg] egL lgod klg
cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 .
u . s n]Vg] 3 .v
h .r Æ em . 5
b .t Æ 9 .y
8 .t Æ w .y
-gSzf g+=@=@* XXVIII: ofDk"m efiff 5]q, ;|ft] M u'?ª / c? O{=@))^M !$!_
6 .t Æ e .k
@=@&=@ jStf;+Vof / jStfy/x¿ (Speakers and their clanonyms, (n]Vbf o;/L n]vk] lg pRrf/gr}F p:t} ug]{ ._
moities) s= cfwf cS5]/ g]kfnLdf h:tf] gn]Vg] . cfwf cS5]/sf] ;§f v'§f sf6\g] .
l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] dft[efifdf ofSvfaf egL v= sG7Ø :kz{ (lsSnLs_ (c\_ n]Vg g5'6fpg] .
lrgfpg] ls/fFtL–ofDkm]-k"m_ dft[efifLx¿sf] hg;+Vof ! xhf/ & ;o @@ pNn]v 5 . u= lj/fGt lrGx lbg] .
pgLx¿sf] OYgf]–Snfgf]lgdx¿df rfaf -e]86] f/ Onfsfdf kfOg], uLt /]s8{ ePsf] 3= ofDkm' efiffsf] ;lGwsf] lgod cg';f/ s, r, t, k b'O{ 3f]if Wjlgsf aLrdf
hfgsf/L / ofDk"m dft[efiff eGbf km/s kfOPsf], Zofd/fh b'Ab]ªxfª–afGtfjf– cfPdf u, h, b, a 3f]if Wjlgdf kl/0ft x'G5 .
/fO{;uF sf] s'/fsfgL, @( ;fpg @)^#_, s];f -u];f, wgs'6flt/ elgg]ý xf]d
ofDk"m_, dfªaflvd, 6\ofª;f -vf]Da'jf / k[Yof_, vv'/f -lvv'/fý ljjfb 5_, 106
of] ;"rgf pgL;Fu @) k'; @)^$ -$ hgj/L @))*_ z'qmjf/ lbpF;f] ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g
d]Ggaf, xfªn]ªaf, ;]Kkf -h:t}M pk]Gb|sd' f/ /fO{, lzS5fyL{_, lvlnª, 7]/]g, jftf{df cfwfl/t 5 .
|| 479 || || 480 ||
ª= g]kfnLdf h:tf] ofDkm' efiffdf x|:j÷bL3{ b'j} n]Vg kfOg] 5}g . o;dWo] s'g @=@&=( ls/fFtL–ofDk'm÷km] gd"gf zJbfjnL (Kiranti-Yamphu/e
n]Vg] ;d'bfo cfkm}n] lgwf{g ug]{ . olb bL3{ rnfpg] xf] eg] ;j}df bL3{ g} sample wordlist)
rnfpg] pko'St x'g] cflb elgPsf] 5 . xfdLn] k|fSsygdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;fn O{=@))% eg]sf] ls/fef tyf ;fkn]
t/ :j/ jg{df eg] ls/fFtL–ofDk'msf ;fob klxnf] j}ofs/g klZrdf cfk\mgf] kl/;|dn] vf]hLlgtf] u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] ;o :jf8]z zAb ;"rL g} xf] .
efiffljb\ ?6h;{ -O{=!((*_ sf] n3'td o'Ud (minimal pairs) nfO{ of] ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M $^–$*_ af6 pb\wt[ ul/Psf] of] zAbfjnL df]l/z
sfo{zfnfsf] 5nkmnn] t]tL Wofg lbPsf] kfOPg . o;} u/L ?6h;{n] ÷a÷ Wjlg :jf8]z 9fFrfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g}
JoGhgsf] klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . lbg'sf ;fy} O6lnS;\ cfsf/df /fv]sf 5f}+ .
@=@&=$ k'm6s/ sljtf (Individual poems) !=rf]Kg] -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all @=ldS?d\ -gf_ ‘v/fgL’ ash
#=l;k|]v -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $=vfªdf -gf_ ‘k]6’ belly
;[hgfTds n]vgtk{m xfdLn] of] dft[efiffdf Pp6f dfQ} wgdfof ofDk"m
%=a]Pdf -lj_ ‘7"nf]’ big ^=;f]ªf] -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird
-;=@)%^_ sf] sljtf ‘bj/fnL ljDdLjf’ e]§fpg ;kmn eof}+ . o;df klg
&=x]cd\ f -lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’ to bite *=dlvSdf -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black
rf]df]nª
' df ljho hlts} xif{ ePsf] 5 .
(=xf/L -gf_ ‘/ut’ blood !)=;]sc ] f -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone
@=@&=% efiff Jof/sg (Grammar) !!=x]k;f]s -gf_ ‘5ftL’ breast !@=af]Sdf -lqm_ ‘aNg'’ to burn
xfn;Dddf ls/fFtL–ofDk"msf] Pp6} dfq pkAw /f]nG8 ?6h;{ -O{=!((*_ !#=lvldc\df -gf_ ‘afbn’ cloud !$=PGr'jf -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold
ofDk"mM u|ofd/, 6]S:6 ofG8 n]lS;sf]g xf] . xfdLn] e]6]sf g]l6e :sn/ (native !%=7Kd] -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come !^=l;df -lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die
scholar) x¿df xf]d ofDk"m g} t]:tf Psn cfznfUbf cg';Gwftf x'g\ ;dfh tyf !&=x'jf -gf_ ‘s's/' ’ dog !*= +7'ªdf -lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink
dfgjzf:qsf . t/ efiffzf:qdf pgsf] OR5fdf eg] xfdL cGhfg g} 5f}+ . oL o'jfn] !(=x]acf -lqmlj_ ‘;'ss ] f]’ dry @)=ge]s -gf_ ‘sfg’ ear
eljiodf ofDk'[m Jofs/g / kf7\ok':tsx¿ klg b]nfg\ ls eGg];Dd cfzf 5 . @!=cfvfdf -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth @@=r-f_df -lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat
@#=jfl8g -gf_ ‘cG8f’ egg @$=lds\ -gf_ ‘cfFvf’ eye
@=@&=^ zAbsf]z÷zAbfjnL (Dictionary/glossary) @%=/K6fª -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather @^=dL -gf_ ‘cfuf]’ fire
zAbfjnL / zAbsf]zsf] gfddf ‘ofDk'm vf’ -l8NnL ;/f]h / bnjL/ ofDk'm @&=ªf -gf_ ‘df5f’ fish @*=;f -gf_ ‘df;'’ flesh, meat
;=@)^@M ^_ / ‘ofDk'm /fO{ efiff zAbfjnL’ -uh]Gb| /fO{ ;=@)^$_ dfQ} x'g\ . @(=a]d] -lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly #)=;/fª -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot
#!=a]Srfd\ -lqmlj_ ‘e/L’ full #@=lad] -lqm_ ‘lbg'’ to give
@=@&=& Effiff÷efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogx¿ (Linguistic studies) ##=g'jf -lj_ ‘/fd|f]’ good #$=;l;s -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease
of] efiffsf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog ug]{df /f]nG8 ?6h;{ g} d'Vo x'g\ . #%=lkml/df -lj_ ‘xl/of]’ green #^=8fª -gf_ ‘s];’ hair
pgsf] ‘ofg csfpG6 cj\ b ofDk"m ej{’ -O{=!(($_, ‘b 8fOsf]6f]dL cj\ ofDk'm #&=x's\ -gf_ ‘xft’ hand #*=lgG8jf -gf_ ‘6fpsf]’ head
kmfOgfO6 ej;{M b ;lkmS; <of>’ -k"jj{ t\ k|sfzf]Gd'v_ / ‘Os'Oen]G6;\ cj\ #(=v]Ddf -lqm_ ‘;'Gg'’ to hear $)=?ªdf -gf_ ‘d'6'’ heart
‘sGh'ul] 6e kfl6{l;kN;\’ Og\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\’ -s/]g Pr=Pj6{ O{=@))#, $!=rfrfª\ -gf_ ‘l;ª’ horn $@=u'cf -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
ofDk"m pbfx/g;lxt_ g} x'g\ . of] eGbf c? eg]sf] OYgf]nusf] lrgf/L;Dd xf] . $#=uf -;j{_ ‘d’ I $$=;]sªd] -lqm_;]<d] ‘dfg'{’ to kill
@=@&=* Effiff÷hfltzf:q (Ethnolinguistic studies) $%=t'D?s -gf_ ‘3'F8f’ knee $^= n]df -lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
$&=kmcjf -gf_ ‘kft’ leaf $*= lsd] -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
hflt / efiffnfO{ 5'jfP/ n]lvPsf] clxn];Ddsf] n]vx¿df uf]kfn vDa" $(=r'jf -gf_ ‘sn]hf]’ liver %)=k]mPdf -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
-;=@)%&M #(–$@_ sf] ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’ g} xf] . of] eGbf k/ %!=l;s -gf_ ‘h'df| ’ louse %@=j/+j; ' f -gf_ ‘dfG5]÷k'?if’ man
xfdLn] t]:tf] s]xL clen]vx¿ k]mnf kfg{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ eg] %#=a]cnf] -lj_ ‘w]/}’ many %$=/f -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
gsfg{ ;lsb}g . %%=l;De]lnª -gf_ ‘kxf8’ hill %^=of -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
%&=;]G8'df -gf_ ‘gª’ nail %*=lgª\ -gf_ ‘gfd’ name

|| 481 || || 482 ||
%(=k]nf -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck ^)=rf]ª\ -lj_ ‘gofF’ new 5fkfb]lv lnP/ jfo/n]; k|ljlwdf ;d]t k|j]z afFsL of] efiffsf] l:ylt gfh's
^!=;]Gbf -gf_ ‘/ft’ night ^@=ge" -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/L gLlt g;'lw|P/ oxL qmd hf/L /Åof] eg] of] efiffsf] cl:tj
^#=dfcf -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not ^$=l7sf] -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one /xb}g / dfgj;dfhaf6 ljnfP/ hfg]5 . :jf8]z ;o zAb ;"rLdf eg] ;o
^%=/fd\ -gf_ nfd, d/fd\ ‘af6f]’ path ^^=ofc\dL -gf_ ‘JolQm’ person k|ltzt g} zAbx¿ of] efiffdf df}hb' /x]5g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] h:tf] ;[hgfTds
^&=jf/L -gf_ ‘aiff{’ rain ^*=xf/fdf -lj_ ‘/ftf]’ red n]vgdf nfUg]x¿sf] nfjfn:s/ ;+Vof of] efiffdf eg] :s6NofG8df ;k{ vf]Hg'
^(=;fd -gf_ ‘h/f’ root &)=a'Da'Ddf -lj_ ‘uf]nf]’ round h:tf] b]lvof] . efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf klg pg} ?6h;{ dfQ} x'g\ eGbf
&!=;q]mjf -gf_ ‘afn'jf’ sand &@=n'd] -lqm_ nf]d] ‘eGg'’ to say clt;of]lQm x'Gg . s]xL c? ls/fFtL efiffx¿df h:t} Unf]6n :6k jf sG7\o:kzL{
&#=vf+df -lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see &$=g/L -gf_ ‘aLpm’ seed Wjlg klg of] efiffdf e]l6of] . u'un ;r{ OlGhgn] s]xL ;fdu|Lx¿ ;+sng u/]sf]
&%=k]Dd] -lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit &^=;fps -gf_ ‘5fnf’ skin 5 . of] efiff arfO /fVg c? cNk;+Vos ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿n] h:t}
&&=ODdf -lqm_ ‘;'Tg'’ to sleep &*=P8]kf -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small tk:of ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . afs'nf]rfgfsf] ;8s / 6]an cfGbf]ngn] dfQ} efiff
&(=dSv' -gf_ ‘w'Fjf’ smoke *)=PKdf -lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand jfFRg] xf]Og . arfpgsfnflu cGo w]/} sfo{x¿ ug}{ afFsL 5g\ . snd p7fpg} kg]{
*!=;+uD] df -gf_ ‘tf/f’ star *@=/f]+uf]cf -gf_ ‘9'Íf’ stone x'G5 . t];sf]nflu ;/sf/L gLltn] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . ca ;/sf/L
*#=gfd\ -gf_ ‘;"o’{ sun *$=jfrSd] -lqm_ ‘kf}8g'’ to swim gLltn] snd efFRg] k|of; dxfe"n ug'{ x'Fbg} .
*%=ld/f -gf_ ‘k''R5/’ tail *^=ldP -;j{_ ‘Tof]’ that
*&=Ouf] -;j{_ ‘of]’ this **=x]ª -;j{_ ‘ltdL’ thou, you ;Gbe{–;"rL Bibliography
*(=n]d -gf_ ‘lha|f’] tongue ()=s]ª -gf_ ‘bfFt’ tooth
(!=l;ª\a' -gf_ ‘?v’ tree (@=lª -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two Pa6{, s/]g Pr= O{=@))#= ‘OlSjEofn]G6;\ cj\ sGh'sl] 6e kfl6{l;kNh\ Og\ ls/fFtL
(#=/fdd] -lqm_ ‘lx8\g’' to walk ($=of]Ddf -gf_ ‘kfgL’ water Nofªu'Olhh\’ -OGSn'8;\ ofDk"m÷k]m OUHofDkN;\_= Og t]h cf/ sG;fsf/
(%=sflg -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we (^=OdfG8] -;j{_ ‘s]’ what PG8 dfs{ 6'l/g -;Dkf=_ lyDh\ Og lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ PG8
(&=lkmlqcdf -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white (*=c;f8] -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who lnªu'Oli6S;=\ sf7dfG8"M ;fpy Plhof OlG66o'6, xfO8]nju{ / lqlj=
((=d]lTgfdL -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman !))=n]xg] lbSdf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow Ebert, Karen H. 2003. ‘Equivalents of ‘conjunctive participles’ in
--------------- Kiranti languages’ (includes Yamphu examples). In Tej R
Kansakar and Mark Turin (eds.). Themes in Himalayan
xfd|f] ljz]if gf]6 xfdLn] of] 8]O6f dft[efiff jStf xf]d ofDk"m;Fu @) ;]K6]Da/ Languages and Linguistics. Kathmandu: South Asia Institute,
@))& ljlxjf/sf lbg ePsf] s'/fsfgLdf /]lS6kmfO u/]sf xf}+ . g+=!*= 7'ªdf rflxF Heidelberg and TU.
y'ªdf /x]5 . of] zAb ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª / d]jfxfª;Fu klg ldNb5 . g+= !%=df u'?ª, xs{ / c?= O{=@))^=g]kfn c6nf; cj\ OlYgs ofG8 sf:6 u'|K;\ =
7Kd] sf] ;6\6f n]Ddf x'Fbf] /x]5 . pgLx¿ klg afs'nf]rfgf cfGbf]ngsf Ps ;b:o nlntk'/M cfhp/f k|lti7fg=
x'g\ . Gurung, Harka et al. 2006. Nepal Atlas of Ethnic and Caste
Groups. Lalitpur: National Foundation for Development of
@=@&=!) lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
Indigenous Nationalities.
of] pk–cWofodf cNkmfa]6sf] cfwf/df qmdfªs ;QfO; jf clGtd vDa", uf]kfn= @)%& -O{=@)))_= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj
gDa/df k/]sf] ls/fFtL–ofDk'm dft[/fi6«efiffnfO{ lgofNbf xfdL lgDg pk–lgrf]8df rf]df]n'ªdf, !, !M #(–$@=
cfOk'us] f 5f}+ . of] dft[efifL ;Dk|bfosf] ;j} kS5]x¿df cWoog ePsf] 5}g . Khambu, Gopal. 2000 [VS 2057]. ‘Khambuwanka Khambu bhasha
cfh;Dd Jofs/gsf] gfddf /f]nG8 ?6h;{sf] b'Mvn] n]Vofsf] Pp6} dfq ofDk"mM ra pachaharu’, Nawa Chomolungma, 1, 1: 39-42.
u|ofd/, 6]S:6 ofG8 n]lS;sf]g xf] . ;flxTo ;[hgfdf klg xft xflnPsf] 5}g eGbf ls/fef tyf ;fk= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+u|x=
cGofo x'g] xf]Og . zAbsf]z / zAbfjnL cflbsf] gfddf klg ?6h;{, ofof]Svf / sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf=
uf]/vfkqsf] afx]s t]tL ;fx|f] pknAwL e]l6Pg . xf]d ofDk'mn] Snfgf]lgdx¿
rfln; hlt 5g\ eg]sf] eP klg xfdL tL ;j} ;+sng ug{df ;kmn /x]gf}+ .
|| 483 || || 484 ||
Kirabha tatha sap. 2005 [VS 2062]. Kirat Rai Bhashaka
Tulanatmak Shabdasangraha. Kathmandu: Kirat Rai
ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ;fdfGo ljz]iftfx¿ / ;femf lnlk
Yayokkha.
/fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n=' O{= lb PjL;Lh\ cj\ ofDk"m u|ofd/= ck|sfl;t ;dLS5f
n]v= of] cWofosf] vf]hfOdf e]l6Psf / pNn]v ePsf cf]Nnf], dfem / kNnf]
Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu. 2006. The ABCs of Yamphu Grammar. ls/fFt u/L tLg} Onfsfx¿df @& j6} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] lrgf/L / lnlvt
Unpublished Review article. ;flxTonfO{ x]bf{ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª ls/fFtL–ls/fjf / ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª efiffx¿ afx]s
?6h;{, /f]nG8= O{=!((*= ofDk"mM u|ofd/, 6]S:6 ofG8 n]lS;sf]g= n]O8g, b afFsLsf] ;Gtf]ifhgs l:ylt b]lvb}g . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf ls/fFtL–/f8' jf jfDa'n] /
g]b/NofGh\M l/;r{ :s'n, l;Pg8ANo'P;= ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf s]xL hdsf]{ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . clwsf+z ls/fFtL efiffx¿df
Rutgers, Roland. 1998. Yamphu: Grammar, Text and Lexicon. s]xL g s]xL ?kdf klZrdf efiffj}Uoflgsx¿n] u/]sf] cWoogr}F e]l6of] . t/
Leiden, The Netherlands: Research School, CNWS. :jb]zleq} eg] t]:tf cWotfx¿ / ;[hgfTds n]vgdf nfUg] ;|i6fx¿ eg] cf}+nfdf
-----= O{=!(($= ‘ofg\ csfpG6 cj\ b ofDk"m ej{’, Og\ xflhd] lstfd'/f, tfr'cf] uGg ;lsg] ;+Vofdf e]l6P . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] eg] cfzfhgs l:ylt dfGg' kb{5 .
lglz8f / of;'lxsf] gfufgf] -;Dkf=_ s/]G6 O:o'h Og\ ;fOgf]–l6a]6g t/ o;sf] klg efiff k|of]usf lx;fjn] l:ylt eg] t]tL ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] e]b
lnªu'Ol:6S;\= cf];fsf= %^$–&)= xfdLn] cWofo ^ df vf]ns ] f 5f}+ . ;fy} ;f]xL cWofodf of] l:ylt ljutdf s;/L
-----. 1994. “Account of the Yamphu verb.” Hajime Kitamura, ;[hgf eof] / jt{dfg ;fy} eljiodf eflifsgLlt / of]hgf s:tf] x'g] egL s]xL
Tatsuo Nishida & Yasuhiko Nagano (eds.). Current Issues in ?k/]vf klg sf]/]sf 5f}+ .
Sino-Tibetan Linguistics. Osaka. 564-70.
-----. k|sfzf]Gd'v= b 8fOsf]6f]dL cj\ ofDk'm kmfOgfO6 ej;{M b ;lkmS; <of>=
oL ;QfO;} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] s]xL ;femf Jofs/gLo e]bx¿
aln{gM d'tf]F= Kff7sju{sf ;"rgfsf]nflu oxfF pNn]v ug{ rfxG5f}+ . ;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g jf
-----. forthcoming. The dichotomy of Yamphu finite verbs: the ef]6–lrlgofF kl/jf/df kg]{ d"ntM k"jL{ g]kfndf af]lng] oL ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf]
suffix <-ae>. Berlin: Mouton s]xL ;dfg Jofs/gLo ;+/rgf o:tf] x'G5–
;/f]h, l8NnL / bnjL/ ofDk'm= ;=@)^@= ‘ofDk'm vf’, dL, !@, !M ^= • ;j} ls/fFtL efiffx¿ k|foM PsfIf/L x'G5g\ . efiffljUofgdf Ps d'Nsf] ;f;df
ofDk"m, wgdfof= ;=@)%^= ‘bj/fnL ljDdLjf’, dL -kflIfs, sflQs_= hlt Wjlg pRrf/g ug{ ;lsG5ý Tolt WjlgnfO{ cS5]/ jf l;n]an eGg] rng
Yamphu, Dhanmaya. 1999 [VS 2056]. ‘Dewarali wimmiwa’, Mee 5 . ;j} ls/fFtL efiffdfx¿df x/]s cS5]/sf] cy{ lgsfNg uf/f] x'G5 .
(Quarterly, October).
ofDk'm, xf]d= ;=@)^$= ofDk'm ls/fFt efiffsf] j0f{ lgwf{/0f b'Ol{ bg] sfo{zfnf • ls/fFtL efiffx¿df OG8f]–cfo{g ;efg]df h:tf] gfdsf] lnª\ue]b -lqmofdf
k|ltj]bg -ck|sflzt_= nlntk'/M ofDk'm ls/fFt ;dfh= 6fFl;g] h:t}M –5 / –5]_ x'Fbg} . a? dfgjLo :qL / k'?if hgfpg' kbf{ qmdzM –
Yamphu, Hom. 2007 [VS 2064]. Yamphu Kirat bhashako barna df, –ld, –d / –kf, –af k|of]u x'G5 . pbfx/gsf]nflu kNnf] ls/fFtdf k'?ifnfO{
nirdharan duidine karyashala prativedan, (Unpublished). hgfpg ofSvfaf, ofSy'ªaf / :qL hgfpg ofSvfdf, ofSy'ªdf k|of]u x'G5 .
Lalitpur: Yamphu Kirat Samaj. dfem ls/fFtdf klg –kf / –df g} x'G5 . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf ;efg]sf] ‘5f]/L’
zAbnfO{ tdL >td / n]8L /fkrfnfO{ a'emfpg' kbf{ /fkd k|of]u x'G5 . oL
******************************
?lkdx¿ ;a} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df x'G5g\ eg] s'g} s'gd} f 3f]if ÷a÷ c3f]if ÷k÷
Wjlgdf klg kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 . k'mª / a'ªsf] klg t]xL k|lqmof xf] .
• ;a} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df lqmofsf] 7fpF jfSosf cGtdf x'G5 . h:t}M uf] vd]
hfOg'ª -cfO O6 /fO; ‘d eft vfG5'’_ . o;sf] dtna oL efiffx¿sf]
cfwf/e"t jfSo ;+/rgf P; -;Ah]S6 jf stf{_ cf] -cAh]S6 jf sd{_ eL -ej{
jf lqmof_ xf] .
|| 485 || || 486 ||
• k|foM ls/fFtL efiffx¿df efiffx¿df tfgsf] nf]k eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ls/fFtL–sf]FOr • ;j} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df Ps, b'O{ / ax' u/L tLg jrg x'G5g\ . ;fy} ;dfj]zL
/ ls/fFtL–vflnª efiffx¿ tfgn x'g\ tfklg efiff;Dks{sf] sf/gn] Tof] c;dfj]zL leGgtf klg kfOG5 .
ljz]iftf nf]k eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] sltko e"eflifsfsf
jStfx¿df of] nf]k b]lvG5 / nf]ksf] 7fpFdf efjn n]Gy jf • logLx¿sf] csf]{ Jofs/gLo ;dfgtf eg]sf] :KnL6 cu]{l6eL6L klg xf] .
kf]lnl;dflG6;L6Ln] cy{ km/s kfb{5 . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/g kNnf] ls/fFtsf] • k|foM ls/fFtL efiffx¿df sDKn]S; / s'g} s'gd} f l;DKn]S; ;j{gflds/g jf
ls/fFtLofSy'ª xf]ý h;df kf]nLl;dflG6s zAbx¿ -x]g"{ lng]cz_ k|z:t} kfOG5 k|fg] f]ldgfnfOh]O;g x'G5 . o;sf] dtnj ;sd{s lqmof k;{g, gDa/ /
. cAh]S6sf]nflu klg OGk\mn]]S6 x'G5 jf oL tLg} / sd;]sd b'O{ j6f tTjx¿ jf
• ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] cS5]/fGtdf ÷–ª÷ Wjlgsf] afx'Notf kfOG5 . tL x'g–\ – k;{g;Dd lqmofdf 6fFl;Ps} x'G5g\ .
Åjf–ª, –xf]–ª, –ª cflb . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf t cfbL jf tLg} ls/fFt Onfsfx¿df -/ l;lSsd, ef/tdf klg_ clxn] sd;]sd
Olgl;on kf]lh;gdf lqmof g} ªfMrf ‘?g'’ dWo jf ld8 kf]lh;gdf r'ªrL klg tL vfn] lnlkx¿ b]vf kg{ yfn]sf]n] o;af/] klg g;f]rL gx'g] ePsf] 5 .
‘l9:sf], 8fF8f]’ / cGTo jf kmfOgn kf]lh;gdf /f]ª ‘eL/’ u/L tLg} :yfgdf k|r/' of] ;d:ofsf] af/]df cWofo @ sf] @=!! / @=@^ df s]xL ?kd} eP klg ax;
–ª Wjlg kfOG5 . u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . ls/fFt-L_ lnlksf] gd"gf tn lbPsf 5f}+ .
• ls/fFtL efiffx¿df :kz{ jg{df cNkk|fg ÷s, r, t, k÷ / dxfk|fg ÷v, 5, y, km÷
jLr jg{eb] kfOG5 . t/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf eg] ÷r–5÷ jLr Jolt/]s x'bg} . ÷5÷
Wjlg jg{af6 ag]sf guGo t]:tf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr zAbx¿ efiff;Dks{ jf Wjlg
kl/jt{gaf6 ag]sf x'G5g\ . h:t}M r]Fu#
' 5]Fu' ‘hftLo ;fF:s[lts lkqL sfo{’ .
• ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] d"n ;fOgf]–l6a]6f]–ad{g jf ef]6–lrlgofF kl/jf/sf] s]xL
efiffx¿dfr}F gfb JoGhgdf klg cNkk|fg ÷ª, g, d ;fy} o, /, n, j÷ / dxfk|fg
÷ª\x, Gx, Dx, Xo, x|, Ån, Åj÷ sf] e]b kfOP h:t} dfem ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–/f]bª
'
efiffdf eg] ;f] Jolt/]sL n3'td o'Uddf ÷n÷ lj?4 ÷Nx÷, ÷d÷ lj?4 ÷Dx÷, ÷g÷
lj?4 ÷Gx÷, ÷/\÷ lj?4 ÷/\x÷ kfOG5 eg] cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf]
l56k'm6 Ol8cf]nS] 6x¿df gfc\;f] / Gxf;f] ‘hftLo k"hf/L, k'/f]lxt’ klg kfOG5 .
t/ cy{ eg] Jolt/]sL jf km/s 5}g .
• ls/fFtL efiffx¿df st[{jfRo, sd{jfRo / efjjfRosf 7fpFdf k/:d}kb /
cfTdg]kbsf] e]b kfOG5 . h:t} ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf pDrf ‘v'jfpg'’ / plD;rf
‘v'jfOg'’ ePe}Fm ls/fFtL ofSy'ªdf ;f]xL –l;– k|lqmof OlGkmS;\sf] ?kdf cfpF5 .
-ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] of] ;femf lnlknfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg ljWodfg l;l/h+uf
• Nofl6g, u|Ls, lxa|'em}F k|frLg dflgpsf] ;+:s[t efiffdf gfd / ljz]ifg 5'§Øfpg' lnlknfO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;|ft] M u'un ;r{ OlGhg 8fpgnf]8._
geP h:t} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df ljz]ifg / lqmof 5'§ofpg' ;xh x'Fb}g .
• OG8f]–o'/f]lkog jf ef/f]kn
] L efiffdf k|Zgjfrs -sf], s], s'g, cflb_ / *****************************************
;DaGwjfrs -hf], h], h'g, cflb_ b'O{ y/L ;fj{gflds zAb kfOPe}Fm ls/fFtL
efiffx¿df e]l6b}g . logdf ;DaGwjfrs ;fj{gflds zAbsf]r}F cefj x'g'
cfk\mg} ljz]iftf xf] .

|| 487 || || 488 ||
cWofo
slxNo} klg ;efg]sf] h:tf] ‘v's/' L’ af]Ng / n]Vg g;s]/ ÷s's/\ L÷ af]Ng] / n]vL
tLg lbg] ub{5g\ . clg jL/x¿sf] hGddf6f]dfr}F s'v/' fsf] efn] kf] æs's/\ L sfF===Æ u/]/
af:5 . o:tf] lsg x'G5 eg] pgLx¿sf] df6f], xfjfkfgL, ;F:sf/ / efiffsf]
;+/rgfn] g} t];f] ug{ /f]s nufpF5 . ofg] cªu|]hL efiffn] k]mg, 7]g / Vof6 cflb
zAbx¿sf] ofl:k/]Ozg k|lqmof afx]s ÷s÷ / ÷v÷ Wjlg jLrsf] leGgtfnfO{
slxNo} :jLsfb}{g . of] Jolt/]sL j]u/} pgLx¿sf] Wjlg k|lqmof k"/f x'G5 . of]
cªu|]hL efiffsf] cfk\mg} ;'uGw xf] . xfdLn] of] cWoogel/ g} p7fPsf] v;Ls/g
jf cfo{lxGb"s/g clg cf]O/ft >ls/fFtsf] r'/f] s'/f] klg oxL g} xf] .
a]gfd Snfgf]lgdx¿ / ;fd"lxs u|Gy–;"rL xf] oxL uf]/f;fkLs/g s's/\ L k|lqmofn] tL jL/x¿n] eGg] u/]sf]
pgLx¿sf] uf]/f ;fkn] uf]/f;fkLs/g ubf{ s] slt xfd|f] cfk\mgf]kgsf] jf;gfnfO{
n]Vg ;Sof] eGgfvflt/ oxfF h:tfsf] t:t} k|ltlglwTj u/fPsf dfQ} xf}+ . ca oL
#=! a]gfd ls/fFtL Snfgf]lgd kl/ro jL/x¿leqsf] cfk\mgf]kgsf] ;'uGw slt k|ltzt /xg ;Sof] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/
xfdLn] cWofo b'O{el/ g} Psfw ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfosf] afx]s w]/} xfdL oxfF vf]Hg]lt/ nfUb}gf}+ / cfpFbf] cg';Gwftf k':tfx¿sf]nflu 5f]8L /fVg
h;f]sf] Snfgf]lgdx¿ pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ . tL afx]s of] cWofodf ljutdf ls/fFtL rfxG5f}+ . cyf{t\ xfn d]O8:6f]g, OÍnG8 / ofa/8Lg, :s6nG8 pFwL /x]sf
hfltsf] ljleGg sfn–vG8x¿df klZrdf n]vs cf} cg';Gwftfx¿ h:t}M jL/x¿sf] klg jL/s} lhDdfdf 5f8]sf 5f}+ . lsgeg] of] cWoogsf] lj6 dbf{ gdbf{
EfflG;6f6{b]lv lnP/ ÅofG;f]g cflb;Ddn] clen]lvs/g u/]sf Snfgf]lgd g} #) ;]K6]Da/ @))*, d+unjf/sf lbg nG8g xfO sf6{ jf b /f]on sf]6{;\ cj\
(clanonym) jf kf5f, ;fDd]t, ;fd]c5 \ f]ª, bK;lgª, ldª;f cflbnfO{ lnl:6ª hl:6;\n] ca p;f] jL/tfsf] g"g ;f]emf] u/L ;s]kZrft\ t]xL df6f]df a:g kfpg]
ug'{sf ;fy} k|Zgjfrs lrGx v8f ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf 5f}+ . ;j{ky| dtM xfdLnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 3f]ifgf u/]sf] 5 . O{=!*!% b]lv #) ;]K6]Da/ @))* ;Ddsf] n8fOF
hfgsf/L eP;Dd ÅofG;f]gsf] cWoog g} o:tf] cWoog xf]ý h;df cjuL{st[ jf p;f] oL jL/x¿ cj cfk"mleqsf] ;'uGw vf]H5g\ jf s:t'/L d[usf] h:tf] aLgfsf]
a]gfd eflifs Snfgf]lgdx¿sf] lnl:6ª ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF klg o;f] ug'{sf] k5fl8 jf l8;]G6 nfOkms} xlG6ªdf c:tfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] gofF cWofo z'? ePsf]n] of]
ljz]if p2]Zo 5 . Tof] s] eg] 8f=xs{ u'?ª -O{=@))$M %_ n] ;fd|fHojfbL sltko vf]hfOsf] cleef/f pgLx¿nfO{ g} gf;f] :j?k 5f]8L lbPsf 5f}+ .
cª\uh |] lSjG;\ uf]/vf clkm;/ (Queen's Gurkha Officer) n]vsx¿n] ljutdf ePsf tL ;a} pknAw a]gfd clg cjuL{st[ elgPsf
g]kfnL nfx'/]x¿af6 lnPsf] aofg ;+sf/, efiff tyf y/x¿sf] gfpF ;+sng u/]sf] Snfgf]lgd jf OYgf]lgdx¿ tn h:tfsf] t:t} k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ / xfdLn] xfd|f]
eP klg /f]dg uf]/vfnLdf ptfbf{ pRrf/gdf km/s kg{ uO{ w]/} q'6L x'g uPsf] 5 cWoogdf kfPsf / z+sf nfu]sf cy{k"g{ jf cgy{ Snfgf]lgd jf OYgf]lgd;Fu}
eg]sf 5g\ . of] ;fFrf] xf] . 8f=u'?ªn] t ce}m s] klg eg]sf 5g\ eg] tL ;a} sf]i7df cltl/St ;"rgf clg k|Zgjfrs lrGx;lxt /fv]sf 5f}+–
k|of;x¿ /f]rs eP klg hftLo Oltxf; / ;F:s[ltsf] vf]hdf s]xL klg dxTj
/fVb}gg\ . sfKn], d]jfxfª, lsDb'ª, lsDb'ª, ;Sjf
oWwlk oxfF xfdL 8f=u'?ª;Fu ;o k|ltzt g} ;xdt x'g ;Sb}gf}+ . sf]j], w]?g, xf]jw'Ss', dG5'kf, ;f]af]kmf]
lsgeg] P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgn] ug]{ cWoogsf]nflu eg] logn] s]xL Wjlgut lnªlvd l;laP; -O{=@))!_ cg';f/ (& b]vfOPsf], OGb| s'nª ' n] eg] cfk"mlt/
cfwf/x¿ eg] cjZo lbG5g\ . s]xL dxTj cjZo klg 5 . Tof] s;/L eg] xfd|f kf/]sf -x]g"{ @=!@ / ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf lnªlsd Snfgf]lgd_, b"wsf]zLsf] tNnf]
a]lrPsf / jL/ dflgPsf k'vf{x¿n] cfk\mgf] hflt, efiff, ;F:s[lt cflbsf] efudf pTklQ ynf] elgPsf] . t/ ls/fFtL–s'nª ' sf cWo]tf e"kWjh yf]D/f];\n]
ltnfGhnL lb+b} v; efiff jf ;efg]sf] j}zfvL 6]s/] @)) ;o jif{ klxn] s] slt ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] kf5f -x]g"{ @=!@ klg_ xf] eGg' eof] . Snfgf]lgdx¿ sfTjf/,
af]n], Tof] cf}klgj]zjfbLn] Tof] af]nLnfO{ s;/L ;'Gof] / t];nfO{ n]Vbf p;sf] nªbfkf, dfl/ªf, kfSdfrf, /fha+;, lnªt]k lrStfª, k'nª ' , ;ªjf/]sª ] ,
hflt, efiff / ;F:s[ltsf] /+u e/]/ s;/L n]Vof] / 5fkfvfgf;Dd k'Ubf Tof] s;/L kªUn'g /fSts'/O, k'df/xfª -k'df <_ 3f/hf, xflh/fd, xl//fdf, ldtfxfª,
d'lb|t eP/ cfof] eGg] s'/f Hofb} hl6n k|Zg xf] . h:t}M ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿n] r'Ma' /f]l/xfª, oªb'xfª
egL k'sfg]{ xltof/ ;efg] zAbfg'afbsf] ‘v's/' L’ zAbnfO{ k|foh;f] cªu|]hx¿n]
|| 489 || || 490 ||
/fvfnL, afªb]n, gflrl/ª 107, ;fD;f]ª, ;fxkf5f ;'ªb]n] -;'ªb]n < nf]sf]lgd_, tflD/ª, tfªfxfª, tfªa'cfx, yfDdL, t'Onf,
t'/rfg, t'of, pn'Dxfª, -xfndf ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] eflifs ;d"x egL ls6fg
;fjfnL, af/fn'ª, lsDb'ª, ;fjnL, ;]/fn'ªrf la/frf, Knf]dfrf -kf]Ndf]rf <
ePsf]_, pt]kf5f, jfOb]gxfª, jfOTkfª, jfnfsf, ofGsf?ª -ofªs'?ª <_,
k'dfsf] <_
ofGtfDakf, o'ªrf/, nf]5f/af] afg', x]l/ld5f cflb . o;/L oL a]gfd Snfgf]lgdx¿
jfn'ª, a';f/-f_, qmfjfxfª, ofDbfª nfSrf]jf, nfSkm]jf, n]Gbf, g'lSrn'ª, h:t} xfdLn] /+u k]mb}{ uPsf xf}+ ljut / jt{dfgdf klg . of] vf]Hg] / ;'wf/ ug]{ sfd
/fªrfjf, t];V] kf/, of]Srf/fgL x'g' lgtfGt cfZos 5 .
jf]lvd, cfªufnL, cfªltk], cftfa|], cf7kxf/Lof -jt{dfgdf ls/fFtL–cf7k/] #=@ ckl/xfo{ l6kf]6
eflifs ;d"x egL :ki6 ePsf]_, aafpGrf, af3fxfª, afs'ªf, afDn]ofªu], cl3Nnf] pk–cWofo #=! df xfdLn] Wjlgaf6 z'? eP/ efiff
afªb]n] -h:t}M n}gl;+x afªb]n <_, af/nf];, af]gf]d, af]Gyf/df, a|fªs]N;f] -a|f] kl/jt{gsf] lbzf b]vL ;Sof}+ . o;f] x'gd' f ljutdf ls/fFtL jStfx¿ v;
ªs]Nrf–afoc\oª ' <_, a'rfgf, rfD/f;L, rfªrf, rf/f, rfTkfxfª, rfp/frf, ;fd|fHojfbsf] rk]6fdf kg{' g} lyof] . t];kl5 c+uh
|] ;fd|fHojfb;Fu a]lrg' klg xf] .
rp/f;L -rp/f:of <_, lrafª, lrlnªluof -jt{dfgdf ls/fFtL–l5lnª eflifs sltko Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ x]bf{ v;s/g eO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . slt uf]/f;fkLs/g
;d"x egL :ki6 ePsf]_, lrgfDsf, rf]sfª, rf]ªsfx, bflDnª -rflDnª <_, ePsf xf]nfg\ . s'g} nf]sf]lgd -:yfggfd_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ /flvPsf] klg 5 .
lbSkf;'ªn], lbªdfx, bf]/kfnL -y/ geP/ Ps nf]sf]lgd ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª j:tL, s'g}r}F cfk\mg} dft[efiffdf Pkf]lgd eP/ cfPsf klg 5g\ . sltkosf] jt{dfg
vf]6fª_, b'lvd -b'l5{d < nf]sf]lgd vf]6fª_, PjSxfª, uj/f, lu?ª, lu?ªkf5f, Snfgf]lgdx¿;Fu bfFhL x]bf{ vn{Kk} Wjlg kl/jt{g ePsf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L
xOlba'yf, xfªsfª, xfª;fª, x]bfªgf, xf]df]lbDrf, xf]d]nª ' , xf]/f]ªkf5f, xf]:k'rf kl/jt{g eP/ hfFbf dft[efiffdf cy{ g} x/fP/ uPsf] klg 5 . oL ;j} cy{
-ls/fFtL–sf]FOr h]:k'rf <_, Olrªd]jf, Odf]n,] lh?ª -jt{dfgdf ls/fFtL–h]?ª cgy{nfO{ xfdLn] eGbf klg oL ax'efifL ls/fFtLx¿n] g} s]nfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . xfdLn]
egL :ki6 ePsf]_, lhT;fnL, h'laªu] -nf]sf]lgd ;f]n'vD' adf <_, h'lalnof, cWofo % df s] ;Tosf] v'nf;f 5f}+ eg] ls/fFtL–ofSvfsf jStf / sf]zsf/
sfxfª, sf/fª, sf/ldn], sf;L, s]ªo''ª, s];fªu], v]/];fªrf, v]jf -ls/fFtL– /fdhL sf]ª/]gn] xfd|f] k|ofzaf6 ;+slnt oL Snfgflgdx¿nfO{ emG8} ;o k|ltzt
ofSy'ªsf] -t'D_v]jf <_, lvdf]n,] vf]jfnL, s'jf;fGrf -ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª Sjf;'ª5f g} unt eg]/ pgLx¿k|lt n]lvPsf] cWofosf] pk–cWofox¿ g} k"/} sf]/sf/
<_, s'nª ' -s'nª ' kf5fý jt{dfgdf ls/fFtL–s'n'ª eflifs ;d"x egL :ki6 kf/]sf lyP . of] kl/l:ylt / k|;ª\u ;j} ls/fFtL efifLx¿ jLr klg nfu" x'G5 .
ePsf]_, s'lDaofSsf, s'cf]Ktf]ª, s'/bfrf, nfD;f]ª -jt{dfgdf ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ª k"j{ k|sfzg skLdf sltko l6KkgLstf{n] klg /fdhL sf]ª/]gn] hlt g} gsf]/]sf]
eflifs ;d"xsf] y/ egL :ki6 ePsf] h:t} lagf nfD;f]ª–nf]xf]?ª_, nfGsjf, eP klg xNsf u'gf;f] n]vs ] f x'g\ / 5g\ . 36L a9L jf prf] lgrf]sf] n]vf ca
lnD?sL, lnlGsd, nf]ªfaf, n'nfª -n'nfd <_, n'ªg' -n'ug' < h:t}M hLaL lhDdf jStfx¿sf] g} xf] .
n'ug' <_, n'ªjL, dr]df/], d]wx] fª, dfu|Lxfª, dfOsfd, dfSkfnL -nf]sf]lgd <_,
dfn]sD' rf -dfNofs'ª5f ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª y/ <_, gfa'rf]/, gfb'ª, gfDaf]rf, gfDb'ª, #=# ls/fFtL ;fd"lxs u|Gy–;"rL (Collective bibliography on Kiranti)
gf/bprf, g]rfnL -jt{dfgdf ls/fFtL–jfc\oª ' eflifs ;d"x egL :ki6 ePsf]_, d"ntM of] pk–cWofodf ls/fFtLx¿ nufot hf] sf]xL klg
lgs'g, lggfDafpGrf, lggfprf, gf]dfxfª, kfb]/frf, kfn'ªu|fTs', kflªkm', kfªjL, cg';Gwftfx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] cWoog cg';Gwfgdf s]xL jf}l4s /fxt ldnf];\ eGg]
kf/fnL -nf]sf]lgd <_, k'm/s]nL -nf]sf]lgd <_, lknd'ª, Kn]Daf]rf -kf]Ndf]rf k'df p2]Zon] oxfF s]xL k|ltlglwd"ns / ;fd"lxs u|Gy–;"lrnfO{ klg :yfg lbPsf xf}+ .
<_, kf]tfªf, k'nª ' xfª -k'Tn'ªxfª y/ ofSvfsf] <_, /fªl/;f, /fk'ªrf -/fkrf cWoog cf} cg';Gwfgdf ePsf] ;fd"lxs k|ltlglwTj h:t} ofof]Svf klg s]xL
<_, /]ufnfpGrf, /f]lrªfrf, /f]sf]g -/f]sf]ª < Ö k'dfý k|f=8f=dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]nn] ls/fFtL efiff;Dk|bfox¿sf] ;fd"lxs ;+:yf xf] . o:t} u/L cf]Nnf] ls/fFt
e]6s] f] / n]vs
] f] <_, ;fAnft]ª, ;fOof]kf5f, ;fs'/dL, ;fD;f]ª, ;fª;f]O, ;fnfrf], cf]vn9'ªuf / ;f]n'vD' a"sf] bf];|f] ;fd"lxs ;+:yf eg]sf] lhdL /fO{ -b'j}
;fdfnL, zf]kª ] , l;ofNhf]ª, l;Ktfªluof, ;f]tfªluof -;f]tfª <_, ;'lSsd, zfxcf}klgj]lzs ku/Lx¿_ pTyfg ;dfh -h;leq ls/fFtL–vflnª, ls/fFtL–
afc\oª' , ls/fFtL–y'n'ª, ls/fFtL–s'n'ª / ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª cfj4 5g\_ g} xf] .
107
cfk\mgf] Snfgf]lgd afªb]n n]Vg]x?df h:t}M ;flxTosf/ :j=n}gl;+x afªb]n / pgs} csf]{ clGtd ls/fFtL ;fd"lxs ;+:yf eg]sf] afs'nf]rfgf -=af@s'nf]rfgfof_
5f]/L 8f=l8gf afªb]n ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ª g} x'g eGg] tYosf] phfu/ 8f=gf]ls/fn] d;Fu cfGbf]ng xf] h;df ;ft ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿ cfj4 5g\ .
@@ ;fpg @)^# sf] xfd|f] JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf atfpg' ePsf] xf] . cg';Gwfgsf]nflu xfn;Dd pknAw tnsf] ;"lrdf vf; u/]/ t'ngfTds jf
|| 491 || || 492 ||
Jolt/]sL cWoog / cGo k|sf/sf] cWoog cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 / Bradley, David. 2002. ‘The sub-grouping of Tibeto-
k'¥ofcf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fv]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] b[li6df kg{ cfPsf ;f] ;"rL lgDgfg';f/ Burman’. In Blezer, Henk et al. (eds.). Medieval Tibeto-
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h]D; P dl6;f]km= s]lDa|hM s]lDa|h o'lgel;{6L k]|;= -----. 1997. ‘Tibeto-Burman Languages and classification’. Papers
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ad{g Pl/of, &, @M &%–(*= Bright, William (ed.) 1992. International Encyclopaedia of
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ljs]n, afNyf;f/= O{=@)))= ‘cg\ b l;G6\ofS; cj\ clu|dG6 Og\ l6a]6f]–ad{g’, -;Dkf=_ b jN8{;\ d]h/ Nofªu'Olhh\, &((–*!)= Go" of]s÷{ cS:kmf]8M{
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lk|m clkmS; c8l/ª= dfg'l:qmlK68, o'lgel;{6L cj\ nfOklr;, ce]Oce]n OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s xofG8a's cj\ b u|]6/ lxdfnog l/hg sG6]lgª ofg\
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-;Dkf=_= d]l8oen l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ [la|nh\ l6a]6g :6l8h\
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;'kl/G6]G8]G6 cj\ uDeG6 lk|lG6ª k|];= #M != kfgf @*#–#)$ ofG8 nf] k|fO; Paper, Centre of Linguistics and English, Jawaharlal Nehru
klAns]O;Gh\ ofG8 df]ltnfn agf/;Lbf; l/lk|G6 !(^&_= University.
Matisoff, James A. 2003. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: ;]km/, cf/= O{=!(^^= OG6«f8] S;g 6' ;fOgf]–l6a]6g= ljP:af8]gM cf]6f] xf/f;f]ljh=
System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. Shafer, Robert. 1966-74. Introduction to Sino-Tibetan [IV
Berkeley: University of California Press.
parts]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
-----. 19991. ‘Sino-Tibetan linguistics: Present state and future
prospects’. Annual Review of Anthropology, 20: 469-504.`
-----. O{=!(%%= ‘Snfl;lkms]O;g cj\ b ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofªu'Olhh\, j8{, !%,
@M #%^–#&$=
-----. 1978. Variational Semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The
‘Organic’ Approach to Linguistic Comparison. Philadelphia: -----. 1955. ‘Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages’, Word,
Institute for the Study of Human Issues. 11: 94-111.
Mazaudon, M. 1977. ‘Tibeto-Burman tonogenetics’, Linguistics of -----. O{=!(%#= ‘O:6 lxdfnOz’, a'nl] 6g cj\ b :s'n cj\ cf]l/PG6n ofG8
the Tibeto-Burman Area, 3.2: 1-123. oflk|msg :6l8h\, !%, @M #%^–#&$=
|| 497 || || 498 ||
cWofo
-----. 1953. ‘East Himalayish’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental
and African Studies, 15, 2: 356-374.
tf]af, ;'Pof]zL= O{=!(*#= c kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l/sG:6«S;g cj\ k|f6] f]–gf]b{g /fO{=
rf/
PdP lyl;;, o"lgel;{6L cj\ 6]S;;\ of6 cln{ª6\ g, h'nfO{ !(*#=
Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. ‘A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-
Northern Rai’. MA Thesis, The University of Texas at
Arlington.
-----. O{=!(&#= ‘lk|lnldg/L PS:Knfg]6/L Nofªu'Oh ;e]{ cj\ ;d /fO{ ;efg] / bf]efif] ;fdu|Lx¿
Nofªu'Olhh\ -8fon]S6\;_\ = P;cfOPn, 6fOkl:qmK6=
-----. 1973. ‘Preliminary explanatory language survey of some Rai
languages (Dialects)’. SIL, Typescript. $=) kl/ro
Jff6h{, 8]le8 O= @))^= gf]ldgfnfOh]O;g Og lxdfnOz Nofªu'Olhh\ -OSn'8h\ ls/fFtL hflt, efiff–;flxTo / lnlk -cWoog;lxt_, ;dfh–
OUHffDNh\ cj\ ;]eg] ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\_= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\j]Ny dfgjzf:q, /fhgLlt, Oltxf;, OlG8lhlgc;÷cflbjf;L Uofg, lrgf/L cflb d'2f /
lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\ l;Dkf]lhcd ofG8 6\jG6L;]e]Gy sGkm/]G; cj\ b ;[hgfx¿ s] slt eP eGg] cTtf]–kTtf]] nufpg' of] cWofosf] d"n p2]Zo xf] .
lnªl6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@* gf]eD] a/, sLlt{k/' , g]kfn= t;y{, ls/fFtL hfltk|lt ;dlk{t l;h{g, cWoog, ;femf d'2fx¿ cflbdf p7]sf
Watters, David E. 2006. Nominalization in Himalayish languages cfjfhx¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ of] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] ;Defljt @& j6f ls/fFtL
[includes examples of 7 Kiranti languages]. Paper presented in dft[efiffx¿ / ;fd"lxs u|Gy;"lr cWofo tLg jfx]s OG8f]–cfo{g ;Dks{ efiff
the 12th Himalayan Languages Symposium & 27th Conference v;–g]kfnL -;efg]_ d} / cª\uh |] L tyf cGo efiff;lxt bf]efif] dfWoddf
of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, 26-28 November, Kirtipur, n]lvPsf] ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ klg oxfF :yfg lbg' ;fGble{s x'g] ePsf]n] xfdLn]
Nepal. otflt/ klg s]xL e]§fPsf 5f}+ . hlt e]§fPsf 5f}+ tL clGtd xf]Ogg\ jf k|ltlglw
dfQ} x'g\ . xfdLn] of] k|of;df s]xL dfQ} e]§fPsf 5f}+ eGg' c? cWo]tfx¿n] klg of]
********************************
lbzftk{m Wofg lbg' k/\of] / kb{5 eGg] g} a'em\ g' kb{5 .
$=! nf]ssyf÷cWoog (Folktales/studies)
nf]ssyf ;+sng, n]vg / cWooglt/ ;efg]df cfznfUbf] ;flxTo
e]l6Psf] 5 eGg' g]kfne"lddf af]lng] ls/fFtL efiffx¿ / g]kfnL ;flxTos}
l;l/j[l4 xf] eGg] a'em\ g' cfjZos 5 . ls/fFtL nufPt ;a} efiffx¿sf]
;dfg'kflts ljsf; geO{ l;+uf] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf; gx'g] s'/f s;}n] klg
gsfg'{ x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ k[i7kf]ifg ug]{ t]:tf ;flxTosf kf/vLx¿df !=ls/fFtL
nf]ssyf ;+u|x -/fh]z /fO{ ;=@)^#_, @=vf]6fªu] k'df /fO{ ;d'bfodf k|rlnt
nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+sng, juL{s/Gf / ljZn]ifGf -hLjgs'df/ /fO{ ;= @)^@_,
#=/f]bª
' /Ln'ªM ls/fFt ;F:s[ltM nf]ssyf, wd{, ;F:s[lt, efiff / ;flxTo -aofg
P; ofn'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)^@_, $=‘lgofdfa'ª’ ->j0f d'sf?ª ;=@)^)M %$–%%_,
%=ls/fFt -y'nª ' _ /fO{ ;d'bfodf k|rlnt nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+sng, juL{/s/0f /
ljZn]if0f -;fotdf /fO{ ;= @)%(_, ^=g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt ls/fFt
nf]ssyfx¿sf] juL{s/Gf / ljZn]ifG0f -/]gs ' f /fO{ ;=@)%*_, &=x]5fs'KkfM ls/fFt

|| 499 || || 500 ||
nf]ssyf -jt{dfg -gj/fh sf]o"–/fO{ ;=@)%&_, *=ls/fFt nf]ssyfdf cfwfl/t $=$ sljtf;+u|x (Anthologies of poem)
;fs]Gjfnfs -rG8Lgfr_ sf] pTklQM gf6s ;+u|x -rGb|sd' f/ /fO{ / s'df/ tfdfª ;efg] ;flxTodf k"j{af6 clxn] pbfPsf] /+ujfbL jf ;[hgzLn
;=@)%^_, (=ls/fFt nf]ssyf -jt{dfg -gj/fh sf]o–" /fO{_ ;=@)%%_, !)=pTklQ c/fhstf cfGbf]ng jf wf/n] g]kfnL ;flxTodf gofF ljsf;sf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 .
/ k/Dk/fsf rflDnª ldysx¿ -jofl;+ /fO{ -ofn'ª5f_ ;=@)%%_, !!=;f]n'vD' a" of] wf/df n]lvPsf] ;flxTodf !=eL/}eL/ /ª\u/} ª\u -rGb|jL/ t'Dafkf] O{=@))^
lhNnfsf] /fO{hfltdf k|rlnt nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+sng / cWoog -d'ufdfof /fO{ e"ldsf 8f=;+hLj pk|]tL / wd]{Gb|ljqmd g]Dafªåf/f_, @=kfnfd\sf] d"R5{gf -k|sfz
;=@)%% PdP zf]wkq, lqlj_, !@=ls/fFtL nf]ssyf ;Fufnf] -lzjs'df/ >]i7 yfD;'xfª O{=@))^_ g} x'g\ . bh{gf}+ o'jf ;flxTosf/x¿n] k|sfzgdf NofPsf]
;=@)%!_, !#=;'lDgdfM nf]ssyf -v8\uljqmd rflDnª ;=@)$(_, !$=ls/fFtL s[ltx¿ xfdLn] e]l6;s]sf 5}gf}+ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Tof] 5'§} kf6f] xf] / t];sf] t];}
nf]ssyfx¿ -lzjs'df/ >]i7 ;=@)$&_, ls/fFtL bGTo–syf -Odfg P;= r]Dhf]ª vfn] ;[hgf / cWoog x'g' k5{ eGb} xfdL gf6o ;flxTodf s] 5 eGg]tk{m km8\sf]
;=@)@!_, !%=‘cf7 /fhf / bz ;/bf/’ -jt{dfg ;=@)%%M !(–@)_, dfg{ rfxG5f}+ .
!^=‘nf]ssyfdf ;fs]jf’ -cUofFt ;=@)%(M @!–@@, g]kfn ;dfrf/kqaf6 ;fef/
elgP klg n]vs / ldlt pNn]v gePsf]_, !&=ls/fFt j+zfjnL syf -/Tg $=% gf6s (Drama)
s'nª' –/fO{ / jL/ljqmd s'n'ª–/fO{ ;=@)%(_, !*=‘ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTo gf6\o 5]qdf ;efg]sf] nf}/f] 6]s/] cfk\mgf] ls/fFtL Oltxf;, ;F:s[lt
sf]lSt;fnfb]lv x]5fs'Kkf;Dd’ -8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^#M ##–#&_, vf]tNg] gf6ssf/x¿df >j0f d'sf?ª PnDa/ -;=@)%#_ / k|jL0f k'df ;'lDgdf
!(=ls/fFtL nf]ssyfM syf 9'ª\u}9ª
' ufsf] -z'e d'sf?ª ;=@)^$_ cflb g} x'g\ . -;=@)%!_, ;'lDgdf–kf?xf]ª -;=@)%!_ cflb g} x'g\ . df]km;ndf ePsf sltko
k|ltefx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj oxfF ePsf] 5}g . vf]Hg afFsL g} 5 .
$=@ nf]s;flxTo–dfgjzf:qLo cWoog (Folklore-anthropological
studies) $=^ pkGof; (Novel/fiction)
nf]s;flxTo / dfgjzf:qnfO{ hf]8/] cfPsf cWoogx¿df !=‘ls/fFtL of] ljwflt/ klg Ps pbodfg slj tyf n]vs /fhg d'sf?ª
nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+/rgfut t'ngf’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^#M !#–!%_, x]T5fs'Kkf -k|sfzf]Gd'v_ 5 . sltko kNnf] ls/fFt -x]g"{ @=@^ klg_ sf ls/fFtL–
@=‘lnDa" nf]s;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt ?k/]vf’ -h;/fh ;'Aaf ;=@)%%M !@!–!#%_, ofSy'ª ;|i6fx¿n] klg ;efg] cfk\mgf] ls/fFtL ;dfhsf] lrqg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
#=‘kfj/ cj\ cf]/n kf]o6«LM lnDa" l/r'cn ;ª\h’ -8f=cle ;'jb] L -O{=@)))M @#– cª\uh] L efiffdf klg cfO;s]sf] xfdLn] kfPsf 5f}+ .
@&_, $=‘;flxTo If]qdf ls/fFt /fO{x¿’ -/fhg d'sf?ª O{=@))$M @#–@%_,
%=‘OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s lx:6f]l/sn sg]S;Gh\ Og\ ls/fFtL kmf]s6]Nh\’ -8f=nfn–
$=& efiff–;+:sf/, wd{–;F:s[lt tyf rf8 (Language-rituals,
religion-culture and festivals)
ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^#_, ^=‘g]r/ ofG8 OlG8lhlgc;\ l:k|rc
' fln6LM b sG6]S:6
cj\ g]kfn’ -8f=r}tGo ;''Aaf ;=@)%&M (&–!!%_, &=‘ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTo t'ngfTds b[li6sf]gaf6 of] 5]qdf cln ;Gtf]ifhgs?kdf n]lvPsf]
sf]lSt;fnfb]lv x]5fs'Kkf;Dd’ -8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^#M ##–#&_, e]l6Psf] 5 . s]xL k|ltlglwx¿df !=ls/fFt ;+:sf/ -u8'ndfg oFltD5f–/fO{
*=‘ls/fFtLx¿ cflbjf;L x'g,\ hghflt xf]Ogg\’ -lji0f' /fO{ ;=@)%^_ cflb ;=@)^#_, @=df}lns ls/fFt wd{ ;+:sf/ -d+hn ' ofSy'Daf ;=@)^@_, #=‘o]Sjf
e]l6Psf 5g\ . k"hf’ -ofªlgd ;'Aaf ;=@)^!, rf/} ls/fFtx¿sf] rf8sf] pNn]v ePsf]_, $=/f]b'ª
l/n'ªM ls/fFt ;F:s[lt -jofgl;+ ofn'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)^@_, %=‘;fs]nf l;nL’
$=# uLltsfJo (Ballads) -vu]Gb| lzjfsf]6L ;=@)^@_, ^=‘cfv'd b'Dhf csf]{ 9f]n] vf]O{’ -uGf]z /fO{ / k|bLk
;efg] ;flxTosf d"wG{ o ;flxTosf/ ljqmd ;'Aafn] ;'lDgdf kf?xfª d]ofª\af] ;=@)^)_, &=ls/fFt rf8M rf;'jf, kmf]n ZofFb/, rf;f]s tªgfd /
-;=@)$% j]j slk ;=)^# -8ANo'8ANo'8ANo'=g]kfnLsljtf=sd, j]a kx'Fr ldlt pwf}nL ;fs]nf -;Dkf= ch'{g lnDa", lhtkfn ls/fFt, lnn /f]u–' ofSvf / pQd
! d+l;/ )^#_, e"ldsf /fd]zåf/f_ uLltsfJo n]v/] l;+uf] ls/fFtL hfltsf] cf]h sfltrf–;'gj' f/ ;=@)%(_, *=‘;fs]nf l;nL’ -vu]Gb| lzjfsf]6L ;=@)^@_,
p7fPsf 5g\ . c? w]/} ;flxTosf/x¿n] klg /rgf u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] ] /fO{ ;=@)^)_, !)=;fKkf]s\ rf]dg] M s'bfk\ dfª\vf]df
(=‘;]tf] 6Lsf lgwf/df’ -df];h
k"gl{ j/fd nufPsf 5}gf}+ . hlGdO ;s]sf / hGdg] qmddf x'g' k5{ . ‘lnDa" hfltdf sf]vk"hf’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)$*_, !!=gfx]g\ d'Gw'd\M
cfFvL8fxLsf] cfVofg / cg'i7fg -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%!s_, !@=;fD;f]3f d'Gw'dM\
k|t] fTdfsf] cfVofg / cg'i7fg -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%!v_, !#=;l;s\ d'Gw'd\M df]r dfg]{
|| 501 || || 502 ||
cfVofg / cg'i7fg -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%@_, !$=tª\l;ª tSdf d'Gw'dM\ cfVofg / / ls/fFtx¿sf] e"ldk|s/0f’ -8f=sljtf/fd >]i7 ;=@)%&M &(–*^_,
cg'i7fg -k"jj{ t\;=@)%@_, !%=rOMt\ d'Gw'd\ ‘;[li6jGf{g’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^)_, %@=‘lk/tLsf] z'e;fOt’ -k|ltdf dflvd ;=@)^$_, %#=‘bf]jfªb'd ;fdsflnªM
!^=‘/fO{x¿sf] dxfg rf8M ;fs]Gjf’ -rGb|sd' f/ /fO{ ;=@)%%_, !&=‘ls/fFt /fO{ Ps rrf{’ -gf]jn lszf]/ /fO{ ;=@)%^M #_, %$=‘g]kfnL nf]s gfr’ -t'n;L lbj;
df}lns k/Dk/f / ;F:s[ltsf] k|tLs ær'Nxf]Æ’ -aofgl;+ ofn'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)^!_, ;=@)^#M &!–&*_, %%=‘g]kfndf dft[efiff lzIffM nIolt/ pGd'v’ -cd[t of]Ghg
!*=sf7df8f}+df /x]sf d'sf?ª tyf b'S5frLM ls/fd' sd{ljlwsf] dGq -l8NnL ;=@)^$M !%–!(_, %^=‘ls/fFt ;d'bfosf] dxfg rf8M GjfuL -pFef}nL_ k"hf
ls/fFt ;=@)%#_, !(=‘ls/fFt /fO{ / ;fSv]jf’ -chDa/ sfªdfª–/fO{ ;=@)^#M dxf]T;j -pFef}nL ;fs]nf, rf;f]s tªgfd, kmf]n ZofFb/ / rf;'jf’ -8f=Clifk|;fb
!%–!(_, @)=ls/fFtL rf8 ;fSv]jfM kl/rofTds cWoog -s[kf ls/fFtL zdf{ ;=@)^$M !^(–!** k'gMd'b|g, k|yd k|sfzg ;=@)^#_, %&=‘;fs]nf Og\
;=@)%@_, @!=ls/fFtL ls/fFt ;+:sf/ -/fhg d'sf?ª ;=@)^!_, @@=ls/fFt /fO{ l;6L’ -8LjL /fO{ O{=!((*_ cflb g} x'g\ . rGb| dfªkmfª ‘xt'jfnL’ sf] sltko
afGtfjf /Lb'd–d'Gwd -hok|;fb d'sf?ª–/fO{ ;=@)%^_, @#=;fs]jf–Ps kl/ro n]vx¿ oxfF pNn]v ePsf] 5}g .
-lgbf]{if afnfvfD5f ;=@)$(_, @$=‘ls/fFt ;F:s[ltdf d'Gw'dsf] pTklQ’ -8f=:jfdL $=* efiff tyf Oltxf; (Language and history)
k|kGgfrfo{ ;=@)%^_, @%=b'jfªb'ª ;fdfsflnª ‘ls/fFt wd{uG| y d'Gw'd’
-;Gts'df/ O{zf/f–/fO{ ;=@)%%_, @^=ls/fFtM lxhf] / cfh -b'uf{xfª ofSvf–/fO{ ls/fFtL efiffx¿ tyf Oltxf;nfO{ hf]8/] n]lvPsf] ;efg] s]xL s[lt tyf
;=@)%%_, @&=‘ls/fFt–/fO{ /fli6«o rf8 ;fs]nf–tf]ifL -r08L k"hf_’ -z'enIdL n]vx¿df !=ls/fFt Oltxf; -Odfg P; r]Dhf]ª O{=@))# kfFrf} ;+:s/0f_, @=k|frLg
y'n'ª ;=@)%!M &%–*!_, @*=‘lxGb"s/0fsf] rk]6fdf ls/fFtx¿sf] wd{ / ;F:s[lt’ ls/fFt Oltxf; -8f=:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{ -pkm{ sfn] /fO{ O{=!(($_, #=ls/fFt hgs[lt
-6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)^)_, @(=‘ls/fFt /fO{ hfltsf] ;fd\vfn'ªM Ps gofF -;'gLlts'df/ r6hL{ O{=!(%!_, ‘lnl:6ª cj\ 8So'dG6;\ k|md dfem ls/fFt’
b[li6sf]0f’ -;Gtf]if xfªlvd–/fO{ O{=@))^_, #)=ls/fFtsf] j]b -Odfg P;= r]Dhf]ª -/tgs'df/ /fO{ O{=!((*M @(–$)_, $=ls/fFt ;Eotf / ;flxTosf] Oltxf;
O{=!(^!_, #!=ls/fFtsf sd{ ;+:sf/ ljlw -rGb|sd' f/ kfkf]xfª–;]df{ ;=@)%&_, -d':sfg oªxfª ;= < _, %=‘s;/L u'Dof] ls/fFtLx¿sf] lsk6’ -lzjs'df/ /fO{
#@=‘ls/fFt /fO{ hflt / ;fs]jf’ -h]jL ls/fFtL–/fO{ ;=@)%@M @@–@#_, ##=‘xfd|f O{=@))^M !)–!$_, ^=ls/fFt Oltxf;sf] ?k/]vf -6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ ;+=@)^@_,
ls/fFt /fO{ hfltsf s]xL /Llt lyltx¿’ -hLjg /fO{ O{=@))#M !*–!(_, &=‘ls/fFt efiffx¿sf] cWoogM lxhf] / cfh’ -;'Pof]zL tf]jf ;=@)%(M ##–#*_,
#$=‘o'/f]kdf ;fs]nf l;NnLsf] z'?cft / ls/fFt /fO{’ -s]lhg /fO{ O{=@))^M &–(_, *=‘===6«flGh:6/ / kof{ojfrL zAbsf]z’ -8f=gf]ls/f ;=@)%(M $!–$@_, (=‘8fS6/
#%=‘g]kfnL ;+uLtdf ls/fFtL d'Gw'd / /fO{ snfsf/x¿’ -lht]g b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^#M lsk6/fd’ -b]jG] b| e§/fO{ ;=@)^!_, !)=‘klxnf] ls/fFt /fhf PnDa/’ -u0f]z /fO{
!$–!*_, #^=6fOkf]nf]hL cj\ l6j]6f]jd{g ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' O{=@))^M #!–#%_, ls/fFtsf] gfnLj]nL -gf/bd'lg y'nª ' ;=@)$@_, !!=‘cflbjf;L
/fkrf O{=@))#_, #&=‘rf;f]s tªgfd cfof]’ -;Ltf dfb]Daf ;=@)^#M &_, ls/fFt jf/]M of]uL g/xl/gfy’ -k|f=nfn b]p;f–/fO{ ;=@)%%M @*–@(_, !@=‘ls/fFt
#*=‘ls/fFtL ;F:s[ltsf] w/f]x/ a"9f;'Aaf’ -;Ltf e08f/L–kf}8n ] ;=@)%%M !!!– /fO{ dft[efiff ;DjGwdf yk hfgsf/L tyf k|ltlqmof’ -cljgfy /fO{ ;=@)%(M !)–
!!&_, #*=‘ls/fFt wd{ / hg;+Vof’ -b'uf{xfª ofSvf–/fO{ ;=@)%(M @–$_, !^_, !#=ls/fFt d'Gw'd ;Dd[¢L Oltxf; j+zfjnL -tLns z+s/ s'nª ' –/fO{
$)=‘/fO{ ;dfhdf rG8L gfr’ -u+uf/fh /fO{ æxt'jfnLÆ ;=@)%(M !)–!$_, ;=@)%#_, !$=‘lk|o a"9f;'Aaf ;]jf/f]Û’ -8f=uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{ ;=@)^$M ^_,
$!=‘ls/fFt ;+:sf/ ;F:s[ltM ;'wf/sf] vfFrf]’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)%(M @#–@%_, !%=‘dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] dxTj’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ ;=@)%)_, !^=‘b o'; cj\
‘ls/fFt wd{ / d'Gw'd’ -h]kL /fO{ ;=@)%(M @&–#)_, $@=‘vDa" ;F:s[ltM ;fs]jf db/ 6ª Og\ k|fOd/L Ph'sO] ;gM b g]lKnh sG6]S:6’ -8f=/fdfjtf/ ofbj
l;nL’ -uf]kfn vDa" ;=@)%@_, $#=‘;]jf/f] Û ls/fFt rf83f]if0ffsf] t];|f] jif{’ ;=@)%)_, !&=lnDa'jfgsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog -lzjs'df/ >]i7 ;=@)$@_, !*=
-u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)^)_, $$=‘uf/h]g PGh]N;\ cj\ ;fs]nf l;nL’ -nfn /fkrf ls/fFtsfnLg ljhok'/sf] Oltxf; -Odfg P;=r]Dhf]ª k|yd ;+:s/0f ;=@)#!
O{=!((*_, $%=‘b /]:6f]/;] g cj\ ;fs]nf l;nL’ -nfn /fkrf O{=!((*_, $^=‘ljkm O{=!(&$, bf];|f] ;=@)%(O{=@))#_ cflb 5g\ .
Ol6ª k|flS6; cdf]ª ls/fFt;\’ -8LjL /fO{ ;=@)^!M !!–!#_, $&=‘ls/fFt $=( ls/fFtL hflt / snf–;+uLt lrgf/L (Kiranti tribe and
/fO{x¿sf] hftLo lrgf/L / ;fs]nf kj{’ -rGb| rflDnª ;=@)%^M %–*_, folkmusic-art)
$*=‘k[YjLsf] 5ftLleq afFrs ] f] ;fs]jf l;nL cyf{t\ rG8L gfr’ -/Tg ;fDkfª–/fO{ ls/fFtL hflt, snf / ;+uLtsf] lrgf/LnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ n]lvPsf s[lt
;=@)%(M !^–@)_, $(=‘ls/fFt /fO{ zAb / hflt’ -rGb|sd' f/ /fO{ ;=@)^@M #%– / n]vx¿df !=cflbjf;L lnDa" hfltsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro -o]xfª nfcf]tL
$%_, %)=‘b l/lnlhc;\ lkmnf];kmL cj\ ls/fFtLh\ ofG8 b ly| lk|lG;kn ;]S6;\ ;=@)^@_, @=‘hftLo ;+ux| fnodf ;'gj' f/ hfltsf] :yfg’ -nf]slk|o d'lnrf–
cj\ g]kfn’ -8f=ltns >]i7 ;=@)^@M $&–$*_, %!=‘;fNkf kf]v/LM /fO{sf] d'Gw'd
|| 503 || || 504 ||
;'gj' f/ ;=@)^!_, #=‘/fO{ hfltM Ps kl/ro’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ ;=@)^@M #%– ;=@)^)_, 5fDnfs -rflDnª / afGtfjf <_ / :ofd'gf -% dft[efiff, lht]g b'dL–
$% x]g"{ dw'dk{s, &, @, &@ c;f/ @)#! klg_, $=‘d+uf]lnofdf ls/fFtL3/sf] /fO{{, jfu–cfUofdL ofn'ª5f / c? ;=@)%#_ g} x'g\ . tLg} ls/fFt Onfsfx¿sf]
k|ltTo'Q/’ -nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf O{=@))$M @!–@%_, %=‘ls/fFt k|bz ] / ls/fFtL’ ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] t]:tf] ;+oQ
' m rf}tf/Ldf uLtx¿ /]s8{ x'g' ;fx|} h?/L 5 .
-g/]Gb|gfy af:tf]nf @)%!M @!–@%_, ^=‘cflbd sfn / ls/fFt’ -nfj0o/fh
vltj8f ;=@)%!M *$–*&_, &=‘ls/fFt / pgsf cl:tTj’ -g/]z ;'gj' f/ O{=@))#M
$=!@ kqklqsf÷hg{nx¿ (Cassettes/journals)
%_, *=‘ls/fFtx¿’ -g/]z d'lnrf–;'gj' f/ O{=@))@M $(_, ‘‘/fO{’ zAbsf] af/]df ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] pk–cWofo -x]g"{ @=@^_ df xfdLn] k|;:t} kqklqsf
p7]sf s]xL ax;x¿’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)^@M !–!)_, (=ls/fFt klxrfgsf] / hg{nx¿sf] lnl:6ª u/]sf 5f}+ . t];df hlt klg ;efg]df ge]l6Psf] xfd|f]
lglDt lat]sf] aL; jif{ -6+saxfb'/ /fO{ ;=@)%&_, !)=‘ls/fFt /fO{ hfltnfO{ kl5 vf]hfOsf] bfo/f ;fFu/' f] eP/ klg xf] . ;efg]sf t]:tf s]xLdf !=l;l/h+uf
kms]{/ x]bf{’ -6Lsfk|;fb /fO{ O{=@))^_, !!=‘dfgj e"uf]nsf] cfFvLe\mofnaf6 /fO{ -;Dkf=k|]dk|sfz y]j] ;=@)%)_, @=k|jfx -:dfl/sf ;=@)^!, lhdL -/fO{_ pTyfg
;dfh’ -hutaxfb'/ l;+x ;=@)@$_, !@=‘ls/fFt hfltsf] gfnLj]nL’ -s[i0fk|sfz ;dfh, ;f]n'v'Da'_, #=ofof]s -eflifs tyf ;fF:s[lts–!_ ;Dkf= u+uf/fh /fO{,
>]i7 ;=@)%*M ^)–(@_, !#=‘xªsªdf ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf] l:ylt’ -g/]Gb| /fO{ gj/fh /fO{ jt{dfg / n]vaxfb'/ /fO{ ;=@)$(_, $=onDa/ -ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Svf,
O{=@))^M #^–#&_, !$=‘ls/fFt /fO{ hfltsf] nf]safhf k'ª’ -‘jt{dfg’ gj/fh xÍsÍ / w/fg_, %=lxdfnog sNr/ -;Dkf= xl/j+z ls/fFt_, ^=sf]ªkL -;Dkf=
sf]o–' /fO{ O{=@)%(M !(–@)_, !%=‘onDa afhf s] xf] <’ -a'n' d'sf?ª ;=@)%(M 3n /fO{_, &=g'nfd -;Dkf= k|sfz, pQ/ / ;Ghgf /fO{_, *=ls/fFt ;Gb]z -;Dkf=
@!–@@_, !^=‘ls/fFtL nf]safhfM lxhf]cfh’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)%(M #–!!_, hgs KnDxF5f–/fO{, nlntk'/M ls/fof, k|fsf;_, (=;fNkf -;Dkf= k|tfkl;+x
!&=‘g]kfnL nf]safhfM hftLo ;Gbe{df’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^#M %@–%(_, !*=‘s] 5 / gfl5l/ª–/fO{_, !)=Ol08lhlgo; ef]O; -;Dkf= rGb|l;+x s'nª ' _, !!=l;nf}tL,
Û ahfpg ljgfof]’ -u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)%(M $#–$$_, !(=‘ljgfof] j}+;sf] lrgf]’ !@=hghflt ;Gb]z, !#=kf?xfª -;Dkf= k"0f{ /fO{ / c? ;=@)^)_, !$= ls/fFtL
-u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)%(M !@–!%_, @)=‘ls/fFtL l/Eo'8 Og\ b g]kfnL sG6]S:6’ -l8NnL ld;g -;Dkf= /fhg d'sf?ª / c? ;=@)^#_, !%=5x/f -;Dkf= ho 5fª5f_,
cf/ bfxfn O{=!(&%M *(–(^_, @!=‘l;lSsd / ;+uLt’ -a'n' d'sf?ª ;=@)^@M !^=gfd;fd, !&=ofof]Svf, !*=l;nf}tL, !(=lxdfnog, @)=sljtf, @!=;okqL,
$^$–$^&_, @@=bs5f -lgdf{0f P;= t]glrkf–/fO{, -;Dkf=_ s[[i0fbf; /fO{ @!=o'ªvfg\ , @@=hghflt, @$=cg'el" t -;Dkf= gj/fh sf]o_' , @%=k"j{ lIflth,
O{=!((@, l;lSsd_, @#=‘ls/fFt ;Eotfsf] ljsf;’ -pQd sfltrf–;'g'jf/ @^=clj/fd, @&=;[hgfsf] cfjfh, @*=ls/fFt r]nL, @(=ls/fFt cfjfh -;Dkf=
æsf]FOra' sf˜ltrÆ ld=g=M ^–&_, @$=‘sDKof/]l6e Unf];/L cj\ b Nofª\uO' lhh\ ofbj afGtjf–/fO{ ;=@)^#_, #)=;fnD;ª -;Dkf= s]8L xfª5]g–/fO{ ;=@)%$,
cj\ b a|fs ] g 6«fOA; cj\ g]kfn’ -la|og Pr xH;g !*%&_, @%=‘xH;g l;lSsd_, #!=cflbjf;L u'Ghg -;Dkf= 6xn yfdL ;=@)^$_ cflb g} x'g\ .
Dofg':qmLK6;\’ -k"jj{ t\ !*^$_ cflb g} x'g\ . eljiodf c? vf]Hg] sfd afFsL 5 / x'g' g} k5{ .
$=!) efiff÷zAb;+u|x (Language/glossary) $=!# cgnfOg ;flxTo (Online Literature)
ofof]Svfn] of] 5]qdf cfznfUbf] k|of; u/]sf] s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{ dt jt{dfg eg]sf] ;fOa/ ;flxTosf] hdfg klg xf] . otflt/ klg cgnfOg
/xGg . Tof] lbzfdf ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf t'ngfTds zAb;+ux| M :jfb]; ;o g]kfnL ln6«]r/ kmf]/dsf] www.shaitya.com.np n] syf÷nf]ssyfnfO{ klg
zAbsf] cfwf/df -ls/fef tyf ;fk ;=@)^@_, ‘/fO{x¿ eflifs lje]bdf s;/L l8lh6n k|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5 . o;/L of] xf]dk]hdf pknAw syfx¿df
ljeQm eP <’ -/fds'df/ b'dL–/fO{ ;=@)%^M !@–!$_ / ‘ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf s]xL ‘xfSkf/]df ;[li6syf’ -k|lbk d]ofªaf], )^=&=@), j]a e|dGf ldltM & l;tDa/
df}lns ljZjf;x¿’ -6+s xd?r'–/fO{ ;=@)%^M !%–!&_ d'Vo x'g\ . t'ngfTds )^÷@! ebf} ^#_, ‘cSh/L cSjfgf’ -/fh]z /fO{, )^=^=!*, j]a e|dGf ldltM
zAbsf]zsf] 5]q eg] cToGt} elh{g 5 . clxn];Dd vf; sfd ePs} 5}g eGbf k"jj{ t\_, ‘9f]n -s]nfª_ gfrsf] pTklQ’ -/fh]z /fO{, )^=)(=)^, j]a e|dGf ldltM
km/s kb}{g . ^ c;f]h )^#, z'qmjf/ jf @@ l;tDa/ )^_ cflb 5g\ .
$=!! uLlt Sof;]6 (Audio cassettes) $=!$ ls/fFtL÷cfhhf efiffx¿sf] ;du| Oltxf;÷cWoog (General
studies on the history/languages of ethno-
of] 5]qdf ePsf] sfddf xfdLn] vf]Hbf dfQ} dfem ls/fFtsf] k|ltlglwTj indigenous/Kiranti)
ePsf] e]l6of] . of] 5]qdf ;xsfo{sf] cToGt} vfFrf] v8\ss
] f] 5 . vfFrf]s} jLr
lg:s]sf tL sfo{x¿df gf}nvf -efu @, lht]g b'dL–/fO{ / e"kfn ls/fFtL, ls/fFtL hflt, cfhhfsf] efiff / Oltxf;nfO{ ;du| ?kdf hf]8/] ePsf
t]:tf sfo{df !=‘lk|lnldg/L PS:Knf]/]6/L Nofªu'Oh ;e]{M l/kf]6{ cj\ ;d /fO{
|| 505 || || 506 ||
Nofªu'Olhh\ -8fon]S6;\_’ -;'Pof]zL tf]jf ;=@)^)M @*–#@_, @=ls/fFt -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ / lji0f' P;=/fO{ O{=@))#_, @!=‘o'g:] sf] Nofªu'Oh ;e]{ l/kf]6{
;flxTosf] Oltxf; -Odfg P;= r]Dhf]ª ;=@)!$_, #=‘g]kfndf k|rlnt /fO{ g]kfn’ -;'Pof]zL, OlGu|8 tf]jf / gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ O{=@))@ / @))% df k|sflzt__,
;d"xsf efiffx¿’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ ;=@)$(_, $=‘g]kfnsf efiffx¿’ @@=k|fl] ;l8ª;\ cj\ g];gn sGkm/]G; cg\ lnªu'Ol:6s /fO6;\ Og\ g]kfn
-8f=6Lsf/fd kGyL ;=@)%*M !–*_, %=eflifs lrGtg -8f=6Lsf/fd kGyL -k/z'/fd tfdfª ;Dkf= O{=@))), x]g"{ hghflt, @, !, #, ;=@)%&M (*–!)% klg_,
;=@)^)_, ^=‘ls/fFt /fO{ hfltsf] k/Dk/fut uLt’ -jt{dfg -gj/fh sf]o–" /fO{_ @#=‘;dfj]zL nf]stGqM :j?k / ;+/rgfdf efiff / ;F:s[lt’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf
;=@)%(M @*–#@_, &=‘ls/fFt ;Eotfsf lzv/ JolQmTjx¿M tf]df, v]df / ;=@)^#M $!&–$$*_, @$=‘ax';fF:s[lts / ax'eflifs g]kfn’ -8f=tf/fgfy zdf{
vlSrlnk' Ps k|fu–P]ltxfl;s cWoog’ -rt'/eQm b'dL–/fO{_ ;=@)%(M #@–$#, ;=@)%!M !–#_, @%=‘Nofªu'Oh\ 8]yM c l/Eo' ofG8 ofg OUHofldg];g cj\ b
x]g"{ onDa/ -O{=@))$_, %M #–* klg_, *=‘ef]6–lrlgofF efiff kl/jf/’ Unf]jn O:o' Og\ b g]lKnh\ sG6]S:6’ -l:6e jf6/;{\ O{=@))!_, @^=‘g]kfnsf] eflifs
-8f=dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n ;=@)^@_ cflb 5g\ . l:ylt’ -8f=of]uG] b|k;| fb ofbj / eLdgf/fo0f /]UdL ;=@)^!M &@–(%_,
@&=‘/fi6«efiff / /fli6«o efiffx¿sf] ;xofqf Pj+ ljsf;sf ck]Iffx¿’
$=!% ls/fFtL÷cfhhfx¿sf] hftLo–eflifs–;fF:s[lts / sfg'gL -8f=aNnedl0f bfxfn / eLdgf/fo0f /]UdL ;=@)%*M (–#$_, @*=‘Nofªu'Oh\
d'bb\ fx¿ (General studies on the issues of kf]lnl;h\ ofG8 OlG8lhlgP;\ Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ g]kfn’ -aNnedl0f bfxfn /
Kiranti/indigenous ethno-linguistic and cultural theme) P;=;'Aaf O{=!(*^M @#*–@%!_, @(=‘Nofªu'Oh\ kf]lnl6S;\ Og\ g]kfn’ -/fds'df/
hftLo, eflifs tyf ;fF:s[lts d'2fnfO{ hf]8/] ePsf / n]lvsfdf bfxfn O{=@)))M !%%–!()_, #)=‘Nofªu'Oh\ 8]yM c l/Eo' ofG8 ofg\ OUhfldg]O;g
!=ls/fFt/fO{x¿ z}lIfs If]qdf lsg k5L k/] < -/d]z efNdf–/fO{ ‘ufpFn]’ ;=@)%& cj\ b Unf]an O;'h\ Og\ b g]lKnh\ sG6]S:6’ -:6]km]g jf6;{ O{=@))@M #(–^^_,
cWofo #M %@–^#_, @=‘g]kfnsf] dft[efiffsf] l:ylt / cflbjf;L kqsf/’ -u0f]z #!=‘/fO{x¿sf] eflifs clwsf/’ -6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)$%M !–@_,
/fO{ @)^#M *–(_, #=‘g]kfnsf efiffx¿df lnlksf] ;d:of’ -;fDkfª–/fO{ #@=‘g]kfnsf] efiffgLlt / eflifs ;dfj]zLs/0f’ -8f=6+sk|;fb g]pkfg] ;=@)^#M
;=@)^!_, $=‘;a}sf nflu lzIff / cflbjf;L hghflt tyf eflifs cNk;+Vos ##–#&_, ##=‘ls/fFt /fO{ efiffx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt / xfd|f ck]Iff’ -s[i0f /fO{
jflnsf’ -j}/fuL sfOFnf ;=@)%(_, %=‘nf]stGqdf klg æsfnf] lbjzÆ Û’ -u0f]z ;=@)^#M @%–#!_, #$=‘dft[efiffdf k|fylds lzIffM g]kfnL eflifs kl/j]zdf’
/fO{ @)^#_, ^=‘g]kfnsf] eflifs cj:yf’ -l/dfn ;=@)^)_, &=‘ax'eflifs -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{ ;=@)%)M %^–^@_, #%=‘g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df efiff ljsf;’
;d'bfodf jfnefiffsf] cWoog / o;sf] r'gf}ltx¿’ -/fO{ ;=@)^@_, -8f=of]uG] b|k;
| fb ofbj ;=@)%)M ^#–&@_, #^=‘g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df efiff–of]hgf’
*=‘6]lnkmf]gdf dft[efiffdf k|ltaGw nufPkl5 cflbjf;Låf/f lj/f]w’ -/d]z -8f=r"8fdl0f jGw' ;=@)%)M &#–!)%_, #&=‘g]kfnn] cª\lusf/ ug'{ kg]{ eflifs
gfdxfª ;=@)^!_, (=‘;Dks{ efiff / /fi6«efiff’ -dNn–sIfklt @)^#_, gLlt / eflifs of]hgf’ -8f=dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n ;=@)%)M #!–%%_, ‘k|jrg’
!)=;fdlos ls/fFt cfjfh @)%@–^@ -6+s dfNofs'ª5f–/fO{ ;=@)^#_, -s]kL dNn ;=@)^@M !%)–!&!_, #*=‘dft[efiffdf ;flxToM /x/ jf jfWotf’
!!=ls/fFtx¿sf] eflifs clwsf/, ;/sf/L gLlt / xfd|f] ;+3if{ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)^@_, -kbd /fO{ ‘o'¢lj/fd’ ;=@)^@M ##–#$_, #(=‘eflifs sfnf] lbj;;Fu}
‘/fO{x¿sf] eflifs clwsf/’ -k"jj{ t\ ;=@)$%M !–@_, !@=‘g]kfndf eflifs gLlt’ efifflg/k]Iftf’ -8f nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^#M ^_, $)=‘g]kfnsf
-lji0f' /fO{ ;=@)^!M @#–@$_, !#=‘OG8]Gh8{ Nofªu'Oh, df]l/aG8 Nofªu'Oh, cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿sf efiffnfO{ psfNg] h'lQm’ -8f=gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{
‘lsn/’ Nofªu'Olhh\’ -lji0f' P;= /fO{ ;=@)^!M #@–#% -x]g"{ sG6]Dkf]//L O;'h\ Og\ ;=@)%(_, $!=‘/fO{ efiff ljsf;sf pkfox¿M cjwf/0f kq’ -cd[t of]Ghg /
g]lKnh\ lnª\u'Ol:6S;\ @))%M %#!–%$) klg_, !$=‘hftLo cl:tTj / efiff u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)^!M #–!)_, $@=‘PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ;+3f/df g]kfndf /fO{
;+/If/0f’ -gs' afGtfjf ;=@)^!M &–*_, !%=‘g]kfnsf ljleGg hghfltx¿ efiffx¿sf] l:ylt’ -lji0f' P; /fO{ ;=@)^!M @)–@@_, $#=‘g]kfnsf
ltgsf efiff, wd{ / ;F:s[lt’ -s[i0f e§rg ;=@)%&_, !^=‘Eoflgl;ª ef]O;]h\ Og\ efiff÷eflifsf ;DjGwdf’ -8f=xs{ u'?ª ;=@)%&M !–*_, $$=‘g]kfnsf ljleGg
g]kfn ofG8 b]c/ lk|he]{;g’ -lji0f' P;= /fO{ O{=@))^_, !&=‘OlG8lhlgc;\ hghfltx¿, ltgsf] efiff, wd{ / ;F:s[lt’ -8f=s[i0f e§rg ;=@)%&M (–@$_,
Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ g]kfnM c lqml6sn cGoflnl;;\ cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s $%=‘g]kfndf cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL clwsf/sf] l:ylt’
l;r'P;g ofG8 sG6]Dkf]//L O;'h’\ -of]uG] b| ofbj / dfs{ 6'l/g O{=@))%_, -yfO{Gb| cfª\a'xfª, d'lQm k|wfg / b'uf{ ;'Aaf ;=@)%&M @%–$*_, $^=‘g]kfnsf]
!*=g]kfndf cflbjf;L hghftLo efiffx¿sf] l:yltM Ps ljZn]if0f -of]uG] b| ofbj ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ;fF:s[lts ;Dj¢{gsf] ;jfn’ -8f=r}tGo ;'Aaf ;=@)%^M
/ c? O{=@))$ ;Dkf= r'g u'?ª_, !(=‘dfOgf]l/6L Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 b /f]n cj\ b %&–&*_, $&=‘dft[efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j¢{g pkfo’ -P;s] vflnª ;=@)^!M
:6]6’ -lji0f' P;= /fO{ O{=!((& _, @)=‘Nofªu'Oh\ O;'h\ Og\ g]kfn’ %%–%^_, $*=‘dfOgf]l/6L Nofªu'Oh kf]lnl6S;\ Og\ g]kfn ofG8 b lxdfnoh\’
|| 507 || || 508 ||
-8f=dfs{ 6'l/g O{=@))$_, $(=‘efiff ;+/If/0f /fHo / hfltsf] bfloTj xf]’ oflS6lei6 jf}l4s ju{df ulgPsf ljåfg -jfns[i0f dfa'xfª -;=@)%^M ((–
-rGb|sd' f/ xt'jfnL ;=@)^@M !@–!$_, %)=‘ls/fFt ;femf ;F:s[lt / ;fd"lxs ((_ sf] n]v ‘/fli6«o hgu0fgfdf hghfltsf] ;xL tYofª\s ;+sng ug{ ckgfpg'
r'nfsf] cjwf/0f’ -tLy{/fh d'sf?ª–/fO{ ;=@)%(M !&–@)_, %!=‘hfltsf] k|Zg / kg{ /0fgLltx¿’ g} xf] . c? w]/} g} of] 5]qdf klg gofF sfd ug{' kg]{ / ug{ ;lsg]
efiff’ -8f=s'df/ k|wfg ;=@)^@M $#@–$#$_, %@=;+ljwfg;ef / cflbjf;L :yfg vfnL g} 5 . of] dg ;'gj' f/x¿ h:tfsf] 5]q xf] .
hghflt ;df:of -6+s dfNofs'ª5f /fO{ ;=@)^#_, %#=Psf]h\ cj\ b lxdfnoh\M
Ps pkGof; -8LjL u'?ª O{=@)))_, %$=k|mfhfOn dfpG6]g -dbg s]= lnDa" $=!* lgrf]8 (Conclusion)
O{=@))$_, %%=g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] klxrfg, jt{dfg l:ylt / eflifs of]hgf of] cWofodf xfdLn] ls/fFtL hfltsf] efiff–;flxTo, nf]ssyf jf
-cd[t of]Ghg–tfdfª ;=@)^#_, %^=‘g]kfnL 5fkfdf pTkLl8t cNk;+Vos nf]s;flxTo, Oltxf;, ;dfh–dfgjzf:q, clwsf/, Uofg, hg;+Vof cflb
;d'bfosf] d'2f’ -8f=dx]Gb| nfjtL / s'df/ ofq' ;=@)%&M #@–^$_, %&=‘eflifs ;DaGwdf s]xL g s]xL ?kdf hf]l8P/ cfPsf] ;flxTodf Wofg s]lGb|t u/L x]/o\ f}+ .
cfwf/df ;+3Lo ;+/rgf’ -cd/sfGt emf ;=@)^$M &_, %*=‘g]kfnsf] k'g;+{/rgfdf o;f] ubf{ xfdL of] cWofosf] lgDg pk–lgrf]8df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . vf]hfOsf] ofqf
eflifs cfwf/sf t'sx¿’ -8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ;=@)^$M !$–!&_, qmddf xfdLn] !Ü hlt dfQ} e]§fPsf] / afFsL /x]sfsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 eGg]
%(=‘Eoflgl;ª Nofªu'Olhh\, Eoflgl;ª gn]h cj\ g]kfn’ -8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' xfd|f] 7gfO xf] . o:tf] sfo{df ;/sf/L gLlt, tTk/tf, nufgL cflbsf] cjZo klg
/fkrf ;=@)^$M !)^–!@)_, ^)=kNnf] ls/fFt lnDa'jfgsf dfux¿ -aL=aL= h?/t kb{5 . xfdLn] t xfd|f] :j]R5fn] cfk\mgf] kl;gf vr]{/ u/]sf] of] sfddf ((Ü
r]Dhf]ª ;=@)!$_, ^!=‘ls/fFtL Pstf cfhsf] cfjZostf’ -ljzfn ofDk"m nfO{ ;d]6\g g} ;s]gf}+ . t/ s;f] klg x'g ;Sb5 eg] xfdLn] n]lvPsf] hlt ((Ü g}
;=@)^$_, ^@=‘vDa" / vDa'jfgsf] ?k/]vf’ -ejfgL a/fn ;=@)^$_, e]6/] ;d]6f xf}+ eg] otflt/ !Ü klg n]lvPsf] 5}g . t];f] xf] eg] vf]O t xfd|f] g]kfnL
^#=‘8fOel;{6L ofG8 r]Gh Og\ b Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ xfONofG8 g]kfn’ -dfOs]n x6 ' f cfwf/x¿ < xfdLn] n]vsLo e"ldsfdf Oªlut u/]h:tf] /fdfo0f /
x'gs
O{=!(*^_, ^$=‘:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ljw]os cflbjf;LM Ps cfnf]rgfTds dxfef/t k'gn]{vg u/]/ dfQ} g]kfnL ;flxTo psfnf] nfUnf < of] cToGt} b'MvbfoL
;dLIff’ -8f=s[i0f e§rg ;=@)%^M #!–#*, x]g"{ Ol;lnd, !, !, ;=@)%^M $@– s'/f xf] . t];}n] xfdL ls/fFtL hfltleq w]/} nvklt, s/f]8klt / c/aklt
$* klg_ cflb g} x'g\ . ls/fFtLx¿n] klg ca otflt/ ;f]Rg' kb{5 . /fli6«o, cGt//fli6«o tyf ljleGg
z}l5s ;+:yfx¿n] klg of] 5]qnfO{ ljsf; ub}{ nfg' h?/L b]lvG5 . lsgeg]
$=!^ h}ljs ljljwtf tyf cflbjf;L d'2f (Biodiversity and ethno- b]zsf] ljsf;df of] sfo{n] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .
indigenous issues)
g]kfndf klg s]xL bzs otf cflbjf;L;Fu h}ljs ljljwtf / g]kfnsf ls/fFtL cflbjf;L / cGo cflbjf;Lx¿sf] efiff, ;F:s[lt, wd{,
ljsf;sf] d'2f hf]l8P/ cfPsf] x'Fbf o;;DjGwL k|z:t} ;flxTo pknAw 5 . Ps cflbjf;LUofg, Oltxf; cflb ljleGg kS5]x¿sf] ;jn ljsf; geP;Dd g]kfnL
b'O{ k|ltlglw n]vx¿df ‘h}ljs ljljwtf / cflbjf;L hghfltsf ;DaGw’ /fli6«otf gdf}nfpbf] /x]5 eGg] tYo ljut @$) aif]{ Oltxf;n] 5n{ªu kf/L ;s]sf]
-of]uZ] j/ aflxª ;=@)^#M %(–&@_, ‘h}ljs ljljwtfsf] vfgLM ;'gj' f/ j:tL’ 5.
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e08f/L–kf}8n
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g]kfn /fli6«o hftLo ;+uf| xno :dfl/sf= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn 6'l/Hd af]8={ Biratnagar: Angur Kandangwa.
Sunuwar (Mulicha), Lokpriya. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Jatiya y'n'ª, z'enIdL= ;=@)%!= ‘ls/fFt–/fO{ /fli6«o rf8 ;fs]nf–tf]ifL -r08L k"hf_’,
sangrahalayama Sunuwar jatiko sthan’, Nepal Rastriya l;l/h+uf, !, @, @ M &%–*!=
Jatiya Sangrahalaya Smarika. Kathmandu: Nepal Tourism Thulung, Shuvalaxmi. 1994. ‘Kirat-Rai Rastriya chad Sakela-Toshi
Board. (Chandi Pooja)’, Sirijanga, 1, 2, 2: 75-81.
;'gj' f/, /fdKof/L= ld=g= ‘hghflt dlxnf / h}ljs ljljwtf’, r]tgf, @, #M !%– t]glrkf–/fO{, lgdf{0f P;= O{=!((@= bs5f M ls/fFtL /fO{ hfltsf s]xL Oltxf;x¿=
!^= -;Dkf= s[[i0fbf; /fO{_= l;lSsdM Zofdnfn /fO{=
Sunuwar, Rampyari. n.d. ‘Janajati mahila ra jaivik vividhata’, Tenchipa-Rai, Nirman S. 1992. Dakchha: Kiranti Rai Jatika Kehi
Chetana, 2, 3: 15-16. Itihasharu (ed. Krishnadas Rai). Sikkim: Shyamlal Rai.
zdf{, tf/fgfy= ;=@)%!= ‘ax';fF:s[lts / ax'eflifs g]kfn’, l;l/h+uf, !, @, @M tf]jf, ;'Pof]zL= ;=@)^)= ‘lk|lnldg/L PS:Knf]/6] /L Nofªu'Oh ;e]{M l/kf]6{ cj\
!–#= ;d /fO{ Nofªu'Olhh\ -8fon]S6;\_’, Ol;lnd, %, ^M @*–#@=
;]df{ -kfkf]xfª_, rGb|sd' f/= ;=@)%&= ls/fFtsf sd{ ;+:sf/ ljlw= kfFry/M Toba, Sueyoshi. 2003 [VS 2060]. ‘Preliminary exploratory
d]x/] dfg lnªb]g= language survey: report of some rai languages’, Isilim, 5, 6:
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|| 531 || || 532 ||
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l/kf]6{ g]kfn’= ck|sflzt l/kf]{6= sf7dfG8"M o'g:] sf] -@))% df k|sflzt_= n]vs=
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wd]{Gb|ljqmd g]Dafªåf/f_= sf7dfG8"M /ª\u ;fxLTo kmfF6sf nflu b]j/fh Yayokkha.
;fDafxfDkm] / c?= ofSy'Daf, dGh'n= @)^@= df}lns ls/fFt wd{ ;+:sf/= sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt ofSy'ª
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ofbj, of]u]Gb|k;
6'l/g, dfs{= O{=@))$= ‘dfOgf]l/6L Nofªu'Oh\ kf]lnl6S;\ Og\ g]kfn ofG8 b ^#–&@=
lxdfnoh\’= kf]lh;g k]k/ km/ :sfNnf @))$ jls{ª sGkm/]G;M qml;ª b Yadava, Yogendra. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘Nepalko sandharbhama
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sf7dfG8"= ofbj, of]u]Gb| / dfs{ 6'l/g= O{=@))%=‘OlG8lhlgc;\ Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ g]kfnM c
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O;'h\ Og\ b g]lKnh\ sG6]S:6’, lukfg, @M #(–^^=
|| 533 || || 534 ||
cWofo
| fb / eLdgf/fo0f /]UdL= ;=@)^!= ‘g]kfnsf] eflifsl:ylt’, k|1f,
ofbj, of]uG] b|k;
#%, !))M &@–(%=
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kf“r
‘Nepalko bhashik sthiti’, Pragyan, 35, 100: 72-95.
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sG6]S:6’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s
;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn=
Yadava, Ramawatar. 1993 [VS 2050]. ‘The use of mother tongue
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ofDk"m, ljzfn= ;=@)^$= ‘ls/fFtL Pstf cfhsf] cfjZostf’, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, @#
c;f]h @)^$= of] cWofodf xfdL cWofo b'Od{ f g} a[xQ/ ?kdf vf]h–cg';Gwfg ubf{
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awashyekta’, Annapurna Post, 10 October 2007. cf]Nnf]bl] v kNnf] ls/fFt;Dd g} efiff, ;F:s[lt / hfltdf s] slt ;dfgtf cf}
of]Ghg, cd[t= ;=@)^$= ‘g]kfndf dft[efiff lzIffM nIolt/ pGd'v’, z}lIfs c;dfgtf /x]5g\ egL s]nfpg] k|ofz ul/Psf] 5 . of] eGbf cl3Nnf] cWofo
:dfl/sfM /fli6«o lzIff ljj;–@))&= sf7dfG8"M lzIff tyf v]ns'b rf/df kfO{Psf bf]efif] -;efg] / cª\u]|hL;lxt_ ;fdu|Lx¿n] klg of] lbzflt/ 6]jf
dGqfno= kfgf M %–!(= lbPsf 5g\ . ptf klZrdf efiffzf:qL / hfltzf:qLx¿n] t cfk\mgf] jf}l¢s 5]dtf
Yonjan, Amrit. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Nepalma matribhasha shiksha: b]vfpg tyf ljleGg p2]Zok"lt{sfnflu bf];|f] ljZjo'4 eGbf s]xL;do cufl8 g}
lakshyatira unmukh’, Shaikshik Smarika Rastriya Shiksha z'? u/L ;s]sf x'g\ . O{=!*!% tfsf / ;f] eGbf cl3 pgLx¿ klg xfd|f af/]df
Diwas-2007. Kathmandu: Ministry of Education & Sports. cFWof/fdf g} ?dNnL /x]sf lyP . otf b]zleq eg] lzS5fsf] sdLn] ubf{ :jb]zL
Pp.5-19. cg';Gwftfx¿n] km8\sf] dfg]{ df}sf g} kfPsf lyPgg\ eGbf c3]{NofOF u/]sf] 7xb}{g .
-----. ;=@)^#= g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] klxrfg, jt{dfg l:ylt / eflifs of]hgf= t];df klg cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] t zfob} r]tgfsf] 9f]sf v'Nof] eGbf km/s kg]{
sf7dfG8"M cflbjf;L efifflj1fg ;dfh= xf]O{g .
-----. 2006 [VS 2063]. Nepalka Bhashaharuko Pahichan,
Vartaman Sthiti ra Bhashik Yojana. Kathmandu: Adivasi O{=!(() sf] bzskZrft\ of] kl/b[Zo / k[i7e"lddf s]xL /+ux¿
Bhashavigyan Samaj. ablnPsf] efg ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] n]vsLo e"ldsf pNn]v u/]em}+ ;afN6g{x¿sf]
of]Ghg, cd[t / u0f]z /fO{ ;=@)^!= ‘/fO{ efiff ljsf;sf pkfox¿M cjwf/0f klg ;Djfb jf l8:sf];d{ f l56k'm6 pNn]v x'g'n] yf]/} ;afN6g{x¿ otflt/ klg
kq’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, @, @^M #–!)= l8;]G68{ ePsf] xfdLn] e]6s
] f 5f}+ . / t]:tf s]xL P]ltxfl;s t'ngfTds sfdx¿
Yonjan, Amrit & Ganesh Rai. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Rai bhasha kfOPsf 5g\ . tL sfo{x¿dWo] xfdL oxfF /fkrf -;=@)^#_ sf] sfo{nfO{ Kof/fk|]mh
vikaska upayaharu: awadharana patra’, Libju-Bhumju, 12, 2, u/]/ oL efiff ;Dk|bfox¿ jLrsf] tYonfO{ k'g/fj[lQ / yk tYo clg Uofgsf]
26: 3-10. phfu/ ug]{ 5f}+ . pgn] of] sfo{sf] yfngL ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] efiffsf] cf7f}+
sljuf]i7L–)^# sf] pknIodf ! sflQs @)^#, a'wjf/sf lbg dfg]eGHofª–&,
******************************* cf]vn9'Ífaf6 z'? u/]sf lyP . ca xfdL t];leq 8'aN' sL df/]/ s]xL yk tYo /
Uofgsf] 9f]sf vf]Ng] nfUg]5f}+ . o; afx]s pgs} ‘ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTo
sf]lSt;fnfb]lv x]5fs'Kkf;Dd’ -;=@)^#_, ‘ls/fFtL nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+/rgfut
t'ngf’ -;=@)^#_ / ‘d+uf]lnofdf ls/fFtL3/sf] k|ltTo'Q/’ -;=@)^!_ af6 klg
s]xL tYox¿ k'g/fa[lQ ug]{5f}+ .
|| 535 || || 536 ||
%=! ;dfgtfsf] vf]hL csf{df cGof]Gofl>t ax'–eflifs ;Dk|bfo / Ps} d"nsf Ps} hflt ls/fFtL x'g\ eg]
lg:sif{df k'us] f 5f}+ eg] kNnf] ls/fFtdf ofSy'ª, ofSvf / ofSvfafx¿nfO{
@$) aif]{ zf;g / ;f:tL nflbPkl5 xfdL æuf]n\vf /fHodf lnDa" cIf/ lgofNbf cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] h:t} ;DjGw gkfOg] xf]Og . dfem ls/fFtdf klg /f]b'ª,
n]V5', k9\5', b]v]+ ;'g–]+ geGg', n]v,]+ k9]+, b]v]+, ;'g]+ eg]df uf]nv
\ f /fhfn] Hofg /f]sf]ª, ltn'ª, ;fDkfª clg /b' / vflnªx¿nfO{ t'ngf u/L x]g]{ xf] eg] t]:tf]
;hfo lnG5g\, To; sf/g s;}nfO{ g eGg"Æ -x]g"[{ cWofo ^ klg_ eGb} Hofg ;DjGw e]l6G5 .
arfpg afWo kf/LPsf lyP5f}+ eGg] tYo cfhsf] ls/fFtL ;Gtltx¿ jLr phfu/
x'G5 . cfhsf ;dsfnLg k':tfx¿ h:t} ef]lu/fh rflDnª -;=@)^$_ sf] cg'dfg dfQ} zfxj+zLo sfnvG8 p;f] k/Dk/fut k|zf;lgs ljefhgdf d"ntM
/ cefj æls/fFtLsf] efiff km/s x'gd' f y'k|} sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . To;sf] efiffj}Uoflgs tfdfsf]zLb]lv k"j{ ;'gsf]zL / b"wsf]zL;Ddsf] blVvgL tyf pQ/L e"–efunfO{
cWoog ce}m x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pgLx¿ aLrsf] P]ltxfl;s, ;fF:s[lts ;DaGw cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] gfdn] k'sfl/Psf] x'Fbf o; cWoogdf kg{ uPsf] æcf]Nnf] ls/fFtÆ
ku]{Ng] sfd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .Æ nfO{ klg o;n] g} 5n{ªu k|:6\ofpF5 . of] kbfjnLnfO{ ;f]xL cy{df dfq lnOPsf] 5 . t/ lu|c;{g -O{=!()(_ sf] cWoogdf
cWofoel/ g} xfdL tL sf/gx¿sf] vf]hL u/]sf 5f}+ . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtnfO{ kNnf] ls/fFt eGg] q'6L -jf:tjdf hh{ lu|c;{g eGbf klxn] g}
la|og Pr= xH;gd} To:tf] ePsf] / lu|c;{gdf ;'wf/ a]u/ g} xH;gn] eg] cg'?k
Tof] lat]sf] sfn/fqLdf kNnf] ls/fFt hf] g]kfn pkTosf -sf7dfG8"_ elgPsf]_ ePsf]n] To:tf] cy{dfrflxF a'e\mg' x'Fb}g .
af6 ;of}+ ;olsnf]ld6/ eGbf 6f9f 5 tfklg æuf]n\vfÆ /fHo tyf ;fd|fHosf] t]qf]
qfxLdfd lyof] eGg] xfd|f] Oltxf; ce}m d/]sf] 5}g . lhpFb} 5 . Tof] xfdLn] oxfF k'/fgf] ;f] vf]nf / gbLx¿sf] l;dfgfnfO{ lnP/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFt egL
k|fSsygsf] kfbl6KkgL @ df klg pNn]v u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . kNnf]sf] t]qf] /]vfªsg ul/Psf] ePklg efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf kg]{ klZrdL ;d"xsf ls/fFtL
qfxLdfddf cf]Nnf] ls/fFt / dfem ls/fFt -x]g"{ cWofo ^ klg_ sf] t s] xfnt eof] efiffx¿ eGgfn] ls/fFtL–xfo', s/fFtL–sf]FOr, ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , ls/fFtL–jfDa'n,]
xf]nf cg'dfg ug{ klg ufx|f] 5 . slt lklN;P / lkl;P l9sL / hfFtf]x¿df xfd|f ls/fFtL–h]?ª, ls/fFtL–vflnª, ls/fFtL–y'nª ' , ls/fFtL–b'dL, ls/fFtL–ltn'ª,
k'vf{x¿ < pgLx¿sf] /lStd Oltxf; clnlvt g} 5 . t];f] x'gfn] xfd|f k|fozM ls/fFtL–sf]O -~sf]o,' sf]xL_, ls/fFtL–lnªlvd, ls/fFtL–rf]:s'n] -tYofªs
s'/fx¿ ljnodf kfl/Psf] lyof] . clg xfdL jLrdf g} /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, pknAw gePsf]_ / ls/fFtL–bf]?ªs]rf -tYofªs pknAw gePsf]_ u/L hDdf
eflifs, ;fF:s[lts / wfld{s kvf{nx¿ nfpg] / nfb\g] sfd ePkl5 c;dfgtf !# j6f efiffx¿ -x]g"{ ÅofG;f]g O{=!((!s, u'?ª O{=@))$M ^!, /fkrf O{=@))%l;M
olts} b]vf kg]{ g} eof] . xfdLn] cWofo Psdf rrf{ u/]sf] uf]kfn vDa" ##%_ nfO{ cf]Nnf] ls/fFt If]qsf] klZrdL ls/fFtL efiffx¿ egL juL{st[ -x]g"{
-;=@)%&_ n] eg]sf] ævDa'x¿df ;fFkf| dfly lk+8'nf yk]sf] ;d:of yf]kl/Psf]Æ x'g] cWofo Pssf] lkmu;{ ! / @ klg_ ul/Psf] 5 . t/ a|f8nL -O{=!((&M !(_ n]
g} eof] . cfh Ps ls/fFtL hfltnfO{ rf/ k\mofsdf h:t}M ;'g'jf/, /fO{, ofSvf / ;Dejt rf]:s'n] / bf]?ªs]rfnfO{ ls/fFtL–ltn'ªleq kb{5 eGg] cg'dfg nufPsf
lnDa" -x]g"{ cWofo ! klg_ afF8]kZrft\ klg ;'/]n eg]/ kfFrf}+ k\mofs kfl/Psf] 5 . 5g\ . oL b'O{nfO{ ls/fFtL–ltn'ªdf ufEg] xf] eg] cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf slDtdf klg !!
/fO{ kb-jnL_ nfO{ tf/f] agfP/ afs'nf]rfgf cfGbf]ng 5]l8g'n] xfdL ce}m a9\g] j6f ls/fFtL efiffx¿ x'g5] g\ t/ eflifs cfFs8f pknAw gePsf]n] !! g} ls6fg
;DefjgfnfO{ gsf/L xfNg] l:ylt 5}g . 5'§} efiff g} gePsf] ;'/n ] n] hfltsf] bhf{ ug]{ cj:yf eg] 5}g .
kfpg'sf] ts{ ljts{ cWofo b'Os { f] @=!! / @=!@ df g} eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . t/ xfdL cl3 æcf]Nnf] ls/fFtÆ nfO{ ækNnf] ls/fFtÆ eGg] e"n ePsf] s'/fnfO{
jLr kfOPsf] eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, wfld{s, nf]s;flxTo / dfgzf:qLo ;dfgtfn] cf}+NofO ;lsof] . k]ml/ oxfF ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' sf] juL{s/gnfO{ lnP/ csf]{ ;fdfGo
of] /fhg}lts $–% sf] ljefhgnfO{ sbflk t];f] xf] egL :jLsfb}{g . t];sf] vf]hL e"nnfO{ klg ;RRofO x]g'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] Eofg l8«d -O{=!((#M !_ n]
g} of] cWofosf] d"n Wo]o xf] . ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' nfO{ ykSs l6k]/ dfem ls/fFtlt/ hfsL lbPsf 5g\ . k]ml/ s;}
cf]Nnf] ls/fFt 5]qb]lv kNnf] ls/fFt;Ddsf ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ jflg{s, s;}n] afo'ª / sf]FOrnfO{ ykSs} l6k]/ klZrdL dWo kxf8df vfdl;t klg
?lklds, jfSoj}1flgs, dfgjzf:qLo / P]ltxfl;s t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] a9L eGbf ld;fPsf 5g\ . of] ax'dt efiffljb\x¿sf] lvnfkmdf t 5 g} / of] k':tssf] d"n
a9L ;dfgtf jf elugL ;DjGw k|i6} e]l6G5 . oxfF xfdL d"ntM cf]Nnf] ls/fFt 5]q n]vs cf]Nnf] ls/fFtjf;L ePsf]n] / ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' rflxF s/fFtL–sf]FOrsf]
blVvgL e]usf clt lgs6 tyf ;Lldt ls/fFtL elugL efiffx¿ (sister elugL efiff (sister language tf]]af -!(*#M ! / !)!_ n] daughter
languages) h:t}M ls/fFtL–sf]FOr, ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' , ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] / ls/fFtL– language klg eg]sf 5g\) ePsf]n] / xfdL cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf dn'ª vf]nfsf] k"jL{
h]?ª efiffx¿sf] ljleGg kS5]x¿nfO{ cWoog u/L lgisif{df pgLx¿ Ps / klZrdL lsgf/fsf jfl;Gbfx¿ ePsf]n] xfdLnfO{ ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' nfO{ kNnf]

|| 537 || || 538 ||
ls/fFtdf jf klZrdL dWo kxf8df juL{s/g ug'{ dgfl;a 5 eGg] nfUb}g . efiffsf] leGgtf 5 < ef}uf]lns, ;fF:s[lts / dfgj–;dfhzf:qLo ;dfgtf clg leGgtf
Jofs/gn] klg of] gsfb{5 . t;y{, xfd|f kf7sju{n] ls/fFtL–afc\oª' / sf]FOrnfO{ s] slt 5g\ < s] oL eflifs ;d"xx¿ 5'§f5'§} hfltx¿ x'g\ ls Ps} hflt ljleGg
jNnf] ls/fFts} ;b:ox¿ x'g\ eGg] k9\g' / a'em\ g' kb{5 . s]jn klZrdf Uofgsf] sf/gjz 6'lqmPsf x'g\ < clg pgLx¿nfO{ 6'qm\ ofpg] l8efOl8ª k\mofS6;{
cGw eStrflxF x'g' x'Fbg} . xfd|f] Uofgsf] klg bd 5 eGg] s'/fdf xfdL cfk"mn] (dividing factors) s] s] x'g\ < / cGTodf cfh k|To]s ls/fFtL efifL ;d"xx¿n]
cfk"mnfO{ ljZjf; ug'{ kb{5 . t/ pgL eGbf cu|h cWo]tfn] klg To;f] u/]sf] x'g Ps hflt ls/fFtLsf rf/ 6'qmfx¿ -ls/fFt–;'gj' f/, ls/fFt–/fO{, ls/fFt–ofSvf /
;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ eg] gsf{g' x'Fb}g . ls/fFt–lnDa"_ afx]s ;'/n ] n] hfltsf] dfGotf kfpg', b]jfg / afs'nf]rfgf
@
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -;''gj' f/, d'lvof / /fO{ gfdn] klg lrlgg] -tLgf]6} -af s'nf]rfgfofÖ af -afc\oª ' _, af -afGtjf_, s' -s'nª' _, nf] -nf]xf]?ª_, rf
;fd|fHojfbL OUhf]lgd / kb\jL ;fy} df/kfr]ý dft[efifLOt/x¿n] luHHofpg] gfd_ -rflDnª_, gf -gfl5l/ª_ / of -ofDk"m÷km]__ n] klg 5'§} hfltsf] lrgf/L kfpF egL
cf]Nnf] ls/fFt If]qsf] ljzfn kxf8L e"–efudf ;+Vofsf] b[li6n] a9L jStfx¿n] n8fOF n8\gs ' f t'sx¿ s] s] x'g\ < log} k|Zgx¿ g} of] cWofosf k|dv ' ;d:of cf}
af]Ng] ls/fFtL efiffx¿dWo] Ps dxTjk"g{ efiff x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ls/fef tyf ;fk r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ . yf]/}df klg xfdL ;du| ls/fFtL hfltsf] ls/fFtL lrgf/Ldf d km/s
-;=@)^@_ sf] :jf8]z zAb;+sngdf of] ls/fFtL dft[efiffsf] zAbfjnL 5'6s] f] eg'F x'F eGg] e|dnfO{ lrg{ eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s, dfgjzf:qLo / nf]s;flxTo
c;dfj]zLdf k/]sf] tYo xfdLn] k|fSsygd} pNn]v u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . To;f] t of] jLrsf] ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df xfdL sxfF plePsf 5f}+ egL s]nfpg] z'?cft ug'{ of]
;+sngdf dfq} geP/ /fefgL;'cfk| -;=@)%)_ df klg efiffsf] dfGotfaf6 5'6]sf] cWofosf] clGtd eGbf klg clGtd r'gf}tL xf] . of] r'gf}tLsf] ;dfwfg z'?cft
5 eg] l;laP; -O{=!((!_ n] t eflifs ;d"xs} ?kdf d/]/ uPsf] h:t} u/]/ cf]Nnf] ls/fFt 5]qaf6 ul/Psf] 5 .
;'gj' f/ -ls/fFtL–sf]FOr_ efiffsf] k|ljli6 g} lbPsf] lyPg . ;fy} l;laP; %=@ cWoog l;dfª\sg
-O{=@))!_ åf/f klg kNnf] ls/fFt If]qsf] ls/fFtL–a]Nxf/] / ls/fFtL–cf7k|] æPs hflt ls/fFtL ax'–efiff ax'–;F:s[ltÆ n] cfh Oltxf;sf] of]
dft[efifLx¿k|lt To:t} k|xf/ ePsf] 5 . eflifs of]hgf;lxt oL dft[efiffx¿sf] s73/fdf pleP/ ;fdgf u/L /xg' k/]sf] ljrng / ;+qmdg sfndf tLg} ls/fFt
;dfg ?kn] ljsf; ug'{ t stf xf] stf æpgLx¿ klg oxL b]zd} cl:tTjdf 5g\ x}Æ If]qx¿sf] plNnlvt ;a} ;d:of cf} r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ of] 5f]6f] cWofon] ;Daf]wg
egL gl:jsfg'{ of] b]zsf] lj8Dagf g} dfGg' k5{ . ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] xfd|f] cWoog 5]q cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf klZrdL ls/fFtL efiffx¿df
of] cWofosf d"ntM tLg ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . k|ydtM cfh;Dd jNnf] dfq} ;Lldt u/]sf 5f}+ . oWwkL ;Gbe{sf ?kdf dfem / kNnf] ls/fFt 5]qx¿nfO{
ls/fFtsf klZrdL ls/fFtL efiffx¿ eg]/ dflgPsf hDdf !# j6f efiffx¿sf] klg Snfgf]lgd / nf]s;flxTosf] lx;fjn] ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}+ . efiffdf klg s'nª'
lrgf/L cfwf/ s]–s] x'g\ cf} logLx¿ aLr s], slt / s:tf] ;dfgtf 108 jf / ;f]tfªsf] efiff ls eflifsf ljjfbnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]sf 5f}+ . klZrdL ls/fFtL
;d"xsf hDdf !# j6f ls/fFtL efiffx¿df klg dfQ} blVVgL / klZrdL e]usf $
108
r'Kn' cGt/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr v'nf sljtf k|ltof]lutf–@)^# sf] lggf{os dG8nLsf
elugL efiffx¿ h:t}M ls/fFtL–sf]FOr, ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] /
Ps ;b:o kqsf/ u0f]z /fO{ -åf¥jfªrf–jfDa'n_] n] ldlt @& ;fpg )^#, ls/fFtL–h]?ªnfO{ bfo/fleq lnPsf 5f}+ . ;+of]ujz oxfF afs'nf]rfgfdWo]sf Ps
zlgjf/sf lbg ljZjefiff SofDk;sf] sDkfpG8, ;femf k':ts laqmL eG8f/sf] ;b:o ls/fFtL eflifs ;d"x h:t} afc\oª ' klg kg{ -cGoyf cy{ gnfu]df_ uPsf]
lalN8ª, k|bz { gL dfu{, sf7dfG8"df cfof]lht ;f] sfo{qmdf s'g} ls/fFtL–sf]FOr 5 . o;y{, of] cWofodf ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' afx]s cGo ls/fFtL–afs'nf]rfgf
cu|hsf] s'/fnfO{ pb\w[t ub}{ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL efiffx?df ;'gj' f/, afc\oª
' /
jfDa'n] efiffx? %)Ü ldN5 eg]sf] ePtfklg æcfh o; k|ltof]lutfsf] ls/fFtL– efifflj1fgsf gfd'b efiffljb\x?dWo]sf Ps efiffljb\ a|f8\nL -O{=@))@M *!_ sf]
sf]OF r efiffsf] sljtfx? slQ klg a'lemgÆ egL clGtd jStfsf ?kdf k|Zg /fv]sf egfOnfO{ oxfF h:tfsf] t:t} pb\w[t u/]sf] 5'– “Apart from the Limbu and
lyP . of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg] Tof] lbg ;do lyb} lyPg . o;} u/L lnN8f k|dv ' Yakkha in the east and Sunwar in the west, these languages are also
lbn]Gb| ;'Aaf -s'?Dafª_ n] klg ;'gj' f/nfO{ ls/fFtLdf g/fVbf x'g] -cfOcfO8LP;n] grouped in the ethnic category Rai, also known as Kiranti (or Kirat)
xf]6n An' a8{, sf7dfG8"df cflbjf;Lx?sf] efiff;DjGwL cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmd from the former kingdom of this area…Linguistically Sunwar, Yakkha
!( dO{ @))@÷h]7 %, @)%( df_ egL eg]sf -jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f;Fsf] and Limbu also form part of the core Kiranti group.” oL b'j} k|Zgstf{x?
JolQmtut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t, l8;]Da/ @))@_ lyP . oxfF ltg} k|Zgx? / efifflj1fg tyf ;flxTosf] lzIffyL{ cf} ls/fFtL jStfx? ePsf]n] a|f8\nLsf] egfOdf
;d:ofsf] pQ/ vf]lhg]5 . d}n] oxfF sf]FOr -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof, /fO{ klg_ s;/L ls/fFtL c÷;xdt x'g ;S5g\ . t/ oxfF d a|f8\nLsf] s'/f k|dflgt ug{ of] n]vsf] ljleGg
efiff eof] / slt ;dfgtf 5 egL k|dfg h'6fpg' eGbf klxn] l6a]6f]–ad{g vG8x?df efiffsf] k|dfg;lxt e/dUb'/ k|ofz ug]{5' .
|| 539 || || 540 ||
efiffx¿ qm;–;Gbe{ eGbf ptf lja]rgf u/]sf 5}gf}+ . OR5's kf7sju{x¿n] tf]af o;sf] ;fy} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] h]gl] 6s 6«L (genetic tree, cWofo !
-O{=!(*#_ sf] cg'';Gwfg sfo{ k9\bf x'G5ý h'g ls/fFtL–s'n'ª, ls/fFtL–vflnª / Firgures 1-2) nfO{ klg k"j{ cWoogx¿sf] ;Gbe{;lxt k|:t't u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ .
ls/fFtL–y'nª
' sf] Wjlgj}Uoflgs cWoog;DjGwL s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . t];sf] klg cfwf/ oxfF k|of]u ePsf] 5 . cWoogsf cGo t]:tf s]xL cfwf/ jf
ljlwx¿df Jofs/gLo sf]6Lx¿ h:t} k|fgf]ldgfnfOh];g (pronominalization)
%=# cWoog ljlw ‘;j{gflds/g’, zAbx¿ / jflg{s (phonological), zJb jf jfSo ;+/rgf /
xfd|f] of] cWoogsf] k"/} cWoog ljlw cWofo Pssf] pk–cWofo !=% n]lS;sf]:6fl6l:6S;\ (lexicostatistics) cflb nfO{ lnPsf 5f}+ . oL ljlwx¿nfO{
d} ls6fg u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . oxfF of] cWofosf] pk–cWofo %=# df eg] xfdLn] xfdLn] pk–cWofo %=%=! b]lv pk–cWofo %=%=^ ;Dd} k5\ofPsf 5f}+ .
eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] gfd ln+bf pgLx¿sf] cfk\mg} dft[efiff jf l6a]6f]–ad{g
:6ssf ;SsnL -‘;SsnL / gSsnL’ af/]sf] ts{ kfbl6KkgL g+= !@) /
%=$ t'ngfTds cWoogsf] dxTj
j}slNks gfdsf]nflu cWofo ! sf] lkmu/ @ df x]g'{xf];_\ / rf]vf] gfd (auto- of] cWofon] cl3 g} xfdLn] pNn]v u/]sf] lrgf/L r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ Ps
ethnonym) zAbx¿nfO{ ls/fFtL hflt;Fu xfOkmg (-) lrGxn] hf]8/] /fv]sf 5f}+ . d"t{ ?kdf 9fNg phf{ k|bfg ug]{5 . Tof] phf{n] xfdL jLrsf] ax'–eflifs ;dfgtf /
lsgls pgLx¿ Ps} hflt ls/fFtL x'g\ egL cl3 g} klg egL ;lsof] . of] cToGt} c;dfgtf, ;femf Oltxf; -k|dfg :j?kM ;afN6g{_, ;femf ;F:s[lt -k|dfg :j?kM
ljz'¢ efiffj}Uoflgs k|lqmof ePsf]n] xfd|f] Oltxf;, dfgj–;dfhzf:q / c;nL d'Gw'd / ;fs]nf pk–cWofo %=!), nf]s;flxTo kfq %=!!_, ;dfg dfgjzf:qLo
lrgf/LnfO{ hf]8]/ x]g{ To;f] u/]sf xf}+ . o;f] ubf{ efiff /fhgLltsf nflu /fhgLlt juL{s/g -k|dfg :j?kM OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿ pk–cWofo %=(_, ;dfhzf:qLo
ul/Psf] cy{df a'em\ g' x'Fb}g . of] Tof] eGbfdfly 5 . To;}n] To;f] ug'{ k/]sf] xf] . gy{ ;dfgtf -t/ r]kfª, k|hf / jgsl/of cf} ;'/n ] / ;'gj' f/ jLr h:tf] xf]Og -x]g"{
O:6 OlG8ofsf] gfuf -efiffx¿ cg';r " L u df x]g_"{ cWoogdf klg To;} ug]{ ul/G5 . /fkrf ;=@)^#PM (^–!)#_ / ;femf lrgf/L -k|dfg :j?kM ls/fFtL_ cf} ;dfg
ljsf;sf] nflu Ps h'6 eO{ cufl8 a9\g lbzflgb{]z ub{5 .
cl3 g} pNn]v eO{ ;s]sf] r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sfnflu cfh xfdL ca cl3 kfbl6KkgL g+= !)* df kqsf/ u0f]z /fO{ -åf¥jfªrf–
xfdL;Fu ar]v'rs ] f] clGtd cf}hf/ (tool, instrument) eg]sf] efiff cf} efiff;Fu jfDa'n_] , lbn]Gb| ;'Aaf -s'?Dafª_ / cGo ljleGg ljåtju{af6 ul/Psf / x'g]
;DjlGwt lnªu'Ol:6s Kofn]cf]G6f]nf]hL (linguistic paleontology) g} xf] . u/]sf k|Zg tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;Djf]wg ug{ ;j{ky| d t cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf af]lng]
xfd|f] ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] Kofn]cf]G6f]nf]lhsn la6\ ofG8 lkl;;\ (bits and ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' efiffx¿sf] t'ngfaf6 k|jz ] u/]sf 5f}+ . pk–
pieces) nfO{ pTvgg ub}{ t'ngf u/L x]g'{ of] cWoogsf] ljlw x'g5 ] . t/ tf]af cWofo %=%=! b]lv pk–cWofo %=%=^ ;Dd oL b'O{ efiffx¿sf] eflifs tYonfO{
-O{=!(*#_ sf] h:tf] k|f6] f]–gf]b{g /fO{ -s'nª
' , vflnª / y'n'ª_ df kmf]gf]nf]lhsn kmf]lgd afO kmf]lgd, df]/l\ kmd afO df]/\lkmd / l;G6ofS;\ afO l;G6ofS;\ k|:t't
l/sG:6«S;g egL u/]sf] cWoog / To;sf] ?n km/\d; ] g ug]{ h:tf] sfo{ eg] x'g] u/]sf 5f}+ . dft[efiffsf] efiffk|dfgnfO{ eg] O6lnS;\ cfsf/df 9fn]/ k|:t't u/]sf
5}g . xfd|f] dft[efiffx¿df g} xfd|f] Oltxf;, ;F:s[lt, dfgjzf:q, lrgf/L cflb 5f}+ .
n'sL a:g] ePsf]n] efiffsf] vf]hL -sltko kl/l:yltdf kmf]lgd afO kmf]lgd
(phoneme by phoneme), df]/\lkmd afO df]/l\ kmd (morpheme by
%=%=! ;dWjGofTds cf} ;dcyf{Tds zAbx¿
morpheme) / l;G6ofS;\ afO l;G6ofS;\ (syntax by syntax) nfO{ ;d]t_ / ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ls/fFtL–afc\o'ª OG8f]–cfo{g ;efg]
t'ngf ug'{ clt g} dxTjk"g{ 5 . of] p2]Zo k'lt{sf nflu tLg efiffx¿ h:t}M -!_ ’dL dL ‘cfuf]’
ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' , ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] / ls/fFtL–h]?ªsf] 8f6f k"j{ k|sflzt ;flxTo, -@_ Ajfs' p jfs' ‘kfgL’ p-Ac\s>' jfs\_
;f]wk'5 / s'/fsfgLaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . o; afx]s cWofo b'Od{ f k/]sf ;j} -#_ ? ? ‘af/L’
@& ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf tYo jf:tljstfx¿ klg oxfF k/]sf 5g\ . ls/fFtL– -$_ d'? ->d'/_ d'? ‘dfG5]÷JolQm’
sf]FOrsf] 8f6f klg /fkrf -O{=!((^, !((&v, @))) sf] cWoog eGbf klxn] -%_ kf] kf] ‘;'Fu'/’
xH;g -O{=!*%*_, ldvfOnf]E:sL -O{=!(&%P_, ;]km/ -O{=!(%#_ af6 ;+sng -^_ ;' ;' ‘sf]’
ul/Psf] / dft[efifLx¿;Fuaf6 klg lnPsf xf}+ . ls/fFtL–afo'ª, /f8', h]?ªdf klg -&_ ;'s] ;'s] ‘s;sf]’
t];} u/]sf 5f}+ . -*_ ;'sln ;'-sln~nfO{_ ‘s;nfO{’
-(_ nfKrf] nfKrf] ‘9f]sf’
|| 541 || || 542 ||
-!)_ nf]M~Njf] nf] ‘efiff÷s'/f’ %=%=@ lgs6WjGofTds cf} ;dcyf{Tds zAbx¿
-!!_ uf] uf] -~u'_ ‘d’ -#$_ kn] kfn] ‘cNnf]’
-!@_ uf]ld uf]ld -~u'ld_ ‘d}n’] -#%_ cfFs] cFs] ~jfs] ‘d]/f]’
-!#_ uf]O uf]O ‘tF’ -#^_ d]sf]s] nf DofDs] nf÷dQO ‘p;sf] dfq}’
-!$_ Os] Os] ‘t]/f]’ -#&_ d]sf] lgc\;L Dofd b-w_f];L ‘tL b'O{ hgf’
-!%_ cfFs] nf cfF-cF_s] nf÷dQO ‘d]/f] dfq}’ -#*_ df/\~d/\ df/f ‘s]’
-!^_ ;'ld ;'ld ‘s;n]’ -#(_ hfOg'ª hfªf ‘vfG5'’
-!&_ jfFO;] p jfOF;-f_~jfGrf ‘nf]Ug÷kf]O÷klt’ p->jfOF;\_ -$)_ a]/d\ f] la/\df ‘la/fnf]’
-!*_ sf]tfª p sf]tª ‘x]/]+’ p->sf]tf_ -$!_ df/\s~] d/\s] df/fs] ‘s] sf]’
-!(_ sf]Mt' sf]t' ‘x]¥of]’ -$@_ jfF jfd\ ‘efn'’
-@)_ h;] ->h;\_ hf;] ->h;]_ ‘ltdL b'O{ vfcf]’ -$#_ vf]On-L_ vf]-v'_nL ‘v'§f’
-@!_ x';L ->x';_\ x';L ‘/ut’ -$$_ ktf] kftf]÷kltuL ‘ub]{’
-@@_ ’ldrL ->ldr\_ ldrL ‘cfFvf’ -$%_ kkfOTtf] p kfkftf] ‘ug{ nuf’ p÷kktf]
-@#_ tdL ->td\_ t-f_dL ‘5f]/L’ -$^_ ZoLn\~;Ln\ l;nL ‘gfr’
-@$_ lg:;f] ->lg;\_ lg;f] ‘a;\’ -$&_ ;tf] >;t\ ;ftf] ‘df/’
-@%_ ksfltlt p ksflt ‘rd]/f]’ p->ksflt, Knsfltlt_ -$*_ lhDhf lhAhf] ‘3'ld{;f]’
109
-@^_ kf/sf]t\ kf/s'tL ‘;'7g' L’ -$(_ ldd\ kO{ ldd\ kfO{ ‘;Demg nufO;\’
-@&_ vkL ->vk\_ v-f_kL ‘df6f]’ -%)_ Zof]n~' zf]n' :of]No'~;f]nL ‘ef]s’
-@*_ s'nL ->s'n_\ s'nL ‘cg'xf/’ -%!_ a'a' a'a'd\ ‘;]tf]’
-@(_ xf]kf] xf]kf]~Åjfª ‘/fhf÷b]jtf’ -%@_ ;f]n];]n] ;fn] ‘wfuf]’
-#)_ lkof lkof ‘6fpsf]’ -%#_ oF-P_sf] gfb ovf] gfbL÷ovfgf ‘of] ;do, a]nf, lbg, /ft’
-#!_ n] n] ‘rf/’ -%$_ lvF lvd\ ‘3/’
-#@_ n]F Nofd\ ‘lha|f’] -%%_ nf nfª\ ‘af6’
-##_ a'z\ a';f 110 ‘;k{’ -%^_ g' g'ª\ ‘;Fu, /’
-;|ft] M /fkrf @)%(M #$–#% ;+zf]wg;lxt_ -%&_ l;gft-L_ ;gDtL÷;fGtL ‘lxhf]’
-%*_ oF-P_sf] ofsf]÷ofd ‘of]’
oL zAbfnLx¿df ef}uf]lns tyf jStfx¿sf] njh leGgtf :jfefljs -%(_ gfc\;f] gS;f] ‘s"n k"hf/L’ p~GxfM;f]
x'g ;S5 tfklg b}lgs af]lnrfnLdf Ps hfltsf] efiff csf]{ hfltnfO{ -^)_ oF-P_So p o-P_s] ‘oxfF’ p~oF-PF_s
jf]wuDo 111 g} nfU5 . P]ltxfl;s efiffj}Uoflgs t'ngfsf] b[li6n] oL zAbx¿ Ps} -;|ft] M /fkrf @)%(M #^–#& ;+zf]wg;lxt_
efiffsf] s]xL km/s ?kx¿ x'g\ eGg] k|i6 x'G5 .
dfly -#$_ b]lv -^)_ ;Ddsf lgs6WjGofTds zAbx¿nfO{ Ps
109
ls/fFtL–jfDa'nd] frflxF kf/\sf]tL -x]g"{ /fO{ ;=@)%&M @!!_ elgG5 . csf{df t'ngf u/L x]bf{ logLx¿df k|foM ;fdfGo Wjlg kl/jt{g afx]s tflTjs
110 leGgtf gePsf]n] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr jStf / ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' jStfx¿ aLr ;'jf]Wo
x]g{" yf]s/ -;=@)^@M *_ / cGo sltko pbfxgx? klg bfFHg ;lsG5 . of] tYo ;'s'
?DbfnL -$!<_, b]p;Da" / dgf]h lba'/rf -#&<_, kmfs'b]n clg qm;r]s ug]{ t]h 5g\ .
lba'/rf -@@<_, lba'/\sLsf] 8f6fnfO{ le8fO x]bf{ ;tk|ltzt 7Ls 5 .
111
olt;Dd ls ld;g xl:k6n, ;f]a'?, cf]vn9'Ífdf sfo{/t cgdL ls/fFtL–afc\o'ª efiffcg';Gwfg 6f]nLsf] ;"rgf cg';f/, jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f;Fsf] s'/fsfgLdf
jStfn] d ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff ;j} a'e\mg ;Sg] tYosf] v'nf;f -ls/fFtL–afc\o'ª cfwfl/t, l8;]Da/ @))$_ ul/g\ .
|| 543 || || 544 ||
%=%=# lgs6WjGofTds / ;dcyf{Tds zAbx¿ -(!_ d];/] fgL df;f/fgL 115 ‘s'nb]jL’
-^!_ lhc\rf lhSrf] ‘efFRg'’ -;|ft] M /fkrf @)%(M #*–#( s]xL yk / ;+zf]wg;lxt_
-^@_ Sn-8_Krf p qmfKrf] ‘lgkmGg'’ p~qmfKrf oxfF pbfx/gx¿ -^!_ b]lv -(!_ ;Dddf ‘–rf’ / ‘–rf]’ n] OG8f]–cfo{g
-^#_ sfKrf sfKrf] ‘lgEg'’ ;efg]sf] lqmof ‘–g'’ k|Toosf] sfd ub{5g\ . P]ltxfl;s Wjlgj}Uoflgs
-^$_ Sof]-rf]_/\Rrf rf]/\Rrf] ‘sf6\g’' b[li6sf]gaf6 ‘cf’ kZrZj/ uf]lnt cu|Zj/ ‘cf]’ df kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . t/
-^%_ rf]cr \ f rf]Srf] ‘y'Gg'’ ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' sf] sf]–xfOkf]lgdL OYgf]lgddf eg] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] xfOkf]lgdL
-^^_ r]cr \ f r]Srf] ‘km6fpg'’ OYgf]lgdem}+ ‘–rf’ k|Too nfu]sf] x'G5 . h:t}M
-^&_ ’lrrf lrrf]~lr:rf] ‘g'xfpg'’ -(@_ /fkrf l/kf]rf
-^*_ ofc\rf oSrf] ‘;fg{'’ -(#_ yf]nf]rf tf]nf]rf
-^(_ b'Mrf b'Srf] ‘dfTg'’ -($_ ;';r ' f ;];r ] f
-&)_ ;f]cr \ f ;f]Srf] ‘;'Sg'’ -(%_ lbu/\rf lba'/r \ f
-(^_ 7fª\/frf yfD/f]rf -x]g"{ tn vG8 % klg_ cflb .
-&!_ t'rf 112 t'rf] ‘lkpg'’
-;|ft] M /fkrf O{=@))$_
-&@_ ’lxrf lxSrf] ‘uGg'’
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf ;a} xfOkf]lgdL OYgf]lgdx¿nfO{ ?kj}Uoflgs cfwf/df
-&#_ lkrf 113 lkrf] ‘cfpg'’ 6'qm\ ofP/ x]bf{ ;a} ?lkdx¿ / l;ª\uf] ?ksf] cfcfk\mg} eflifs cy{x¿ -x]g"{ /fkrf
-&$_ nrf nfrf] ‘hfg'’ O{=@))$, O{=@))%P, O{=@))%l;_ x'G5g\ . ;fy} cGo ls/fFtL efiffx¿df klg
-&%_ ZoLn\krf p l;nLkfrf] ‘gfRg'’ p~;Lnkrf ljleGg k]zf, u'g, sfo{, ;fF:s[lts, ;fdflhs j}olQms, wfld{s cflb cy{ x'G5 /
-&^_ Zof]-zf]_Nrf ;f]-y]_Srf] ‘lemSg'’ x'g} k5{ . Tof] vf]hLsf] ljifo xf] . dfem ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª -rflDnª_ df eg]
-&&_ O-lx_ rf Orf] ‘cfpg'’ -dflyaf6 d'lg_ ;f] sfdsf] yfngL -x]g"{ ofn'ª5f O{=@))^_ eO{ ;s]sf] kfPsf 5f}+ .
-&*_ ufc\rf uf]Srf] ‘lx+8\g’'
-&(_ sf]Mrf sf]rf] ‘x]g’{' %=%=$ wft'–cfUofy{s ;dWjGofTds zAbx¿
-*)_ s'/R\ rf s'/\Rrf] ‘af]Sg'’ -(&_ a]/f]~a]/ a]/f]~a]/ ‘p8’
-*!_ af]cr \ f af]Srf] ‘p7\g’' -(*_ sf]ªf]~sf]ª sf]ªf]~sf]ª ‘x]/’
-*@_ kf]cr \ f kf]Srf] ‘p7fpg'’ -((_ s'/f]~s'/\ s'/f]~s'/\ ‘af]s’
-*#_ t'Krf 114 t'Krf] ‘s'6\g’' -!))_ ;df]~;d\ ;df]~;-f_d\ ‘x/f, yGsf’
-*$_ /fKrf /fKrf] ‘pleg'’ -!)!_ kf]cs \ f]~kf]s\ kf]sf]~kf]s\ ‘p7f’
-*%_ /fk\mrf /fk\mrf]~wf]rf] ‘k5fg'{’ -!)@_ af]cs \ f]~af]s\ af]sf]~af]s\ ‘p7’
-*^_ ;fDrf ;fDrf] ‘x/fpg'’ -!)#_ ntf]~nt\ n-f_tf]~nt\ ‘n}hf’
-*&_ tfKrf tfKrf] ‘ahfpg'’ -!)$_ sf]]ªf]~sf]ª\ sf]]ªf]~sf]ª\ ‘x]/\’
-**_ Un'-u'_rf U-£_n'rf] ‘lg:sg'’ -!)%_ -a|_] An]tf]~An]t\ a|]tf]~/]Stf] ‘n]v,af]nf’
-*(_ ’lsMrf lsrf]~;f]Nrf] ‘tfGg'’ -!)^_ t'kf]~t'k\ t'kf]~t'k\ ‘lxsf{’
-()_ vfNrf vfNrf] ‘ld;fpg'’ -!)&_ /fkf]~/fk\ /fkf]~/fk\ ‘peL’
-!)*_ nfpjf]~nfp nfj~nfp ‘hf’
112 -;|ft] M /fkrf @)%(M #*–$! ;+zf]wg;lxt_
Ps} lqmofsf ljleGg $ k|sf/sf zAbx? h:t}M x'/\Rrf, ;'Krf cflb x'G5g\ .
113
Ps} lqmofsf $ km/s kbx? 5g\ h'g tn vG8 $ sf] lbzfjf]ws lqmofdf k|:t't
u/]sf 5f}+ .
114 115
of] lqmofsf] klg ljleGg $ k|sf/sf kbx? h:t}M yfORrf, o'Krf cflb x'G5g\ . of] zAb vf6fnL–/fO{ -;=@)%^M @&_ af6 pb\w[t u/]sf xf}+ .
|| 545 || || 546 ||
k|:t't -(&_ b]lv -!)*_ ;Ddsf pbfx/gx¿ -x]g"{ ldvfOnf]E:sL -!@&_ d'?lks\ lvF ndn d'?b lvd\ nfd]nf ‘dfG5]x¿ 3/ hfpg\’
!(&%P klg_ x¿df vf;} km/s eg] kfOb}g . logdf k/]sf Wjlgj}Uoflgs / -!@*_ d'?lks\ lvF nfDt]d] d'?b lvd\ nfDt]d] ‘dfG5]x¿ 3/ uP’
jg{jU} oflgs cfsf/ (phonetic and phonemic shapes) x¿ k|foM p:t}–p:t} -!@(_ d'?lks\ lvF nfOlgdL d'?b lvd\ nfd] ‘dfG5]x¿ 3/ hfG5g\’
5g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] b[li6n] logLx¿nfO{ le8fO x]bf{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / -!#)_ uf]lks\ lvF nfOlgsL u's' lvd\ nfsf ‘xfdLx¿ 3/ hfG5f}+’
ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' efiffx¿sf] dfp efiff Pp6} xf] . oxL l:ylt cf]Nnf] ls/fFtd} -;|ft] M /fkrf @)%(M $)–$! ;+zf]wg;lxt_
ofof]Svfn] u/]sf] ljefhg s'n'ª–;f]tfª, dfem ls/fFtdf /f]b'ª–/f]sf]ª–ltn'ª /
kNnf] ls/fFtdf cf7k|] / a]nxf/] cyf{t\ ^ y/] / kfGy/] ofSy'ª jLr klg 5 . jfSo ;+/rgf / lqmof ?kfjnLsf b[li6sf]gaf6 klg ls/fFtL–sf]FOr /
ls/fFtL–afc\oª' efiffx¿ ;dfg 5g\ eGg] tYo -!!@_ b]lv -!#)_ ;Ddsf
%=%=% Jofs/gLo sf]6L /]l;k|f]l;6Lsf] t'ngf pbfx/gx¿n] k|:6ofPsf 5g\ . ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' pbfx/gx¿ -!!*_, -!!(_,
Ps csf{ (each other) egL a'emfpg] Jofs/0fLo sf]6LnfO{ /]l;k|fl] ;6L -!@@_ / -!@#_ cflbdf ;j{gflds/g ePem}F ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf klg -!!$_,
(reciprocity) elgG5 . of] cy{df ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' -!!*_, -!!(_ / -!@@_ df –ª, –:s', –;L~–;\ ?lkdx¿ l;DKn]S;
dft[efiffx¿sf] lqmof (verb) ;Fu k/;u{ klg k|foM Ps} vfn] b]vf kb{5g\ . ;j{gflds/g (simplex pronominalization) sf pbfx/gx¿ x'g\ eg] lgDkmf jf
pbfx/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M lgc\;L n]lS;dx¿n] oL ?lkdx¿;Fu Jofs/gLo tfbfTDo -x]g"{ /fkrf O{=@))%l;_
-!)(_ t'–d'Dtf; t'–df]tf;] ‘s'6fs'6 u/]’ -låjrg_ /fVb5g\ . of] tYo k|:t't u/]/ oxfF d}n] P]ltxfl;s ?kdf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr
-!!)_ sf]–d'Dtf; sf]–df]tf;] ‘x]/fx]/ u/]’ -låjrg_ ;j{gflds efiff lyof] tfklg klg cfh Tof] ljz]iftf nf]k eP/ uPsf] 5 eGg]
-!!!_ rf]–d'Dtf; rf]–df]tf;] ‘y'gfy'g u/]’ -låjrg_ kf]v/]n -;=@)@#_ sf] s'/f s'/fnfO{ sf6]sf 5f}+ . ca o;kl5 xfdL tn vG8 @
] n k/;u{ ?lkd (morpheme) x¿nfO{ kf]v/]n -!(((M
oL b'O{ /]l;k|fs df $ ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] :jf8]z ;o zAbjnLnfO{ t'ngf u/L x]/s] f 5f}+ .
##–$)_ n] P]ltxfl;s t'ngf ub}{ ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' sf] –df]tf;] /]l;k|fs
] n sf]6L
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] –d'Dtf; af6 ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 eGg] dfGotf cufl8 ;fg'{
%=^ :jf8]z zJbfjnL / ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] t'ngf
ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] cl3Nnf] pk–cWofox¿ %=%=! b]lv %=%=^ ;Dd ls/fFtL–
sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' efiffx¿ aLr jg{j}Uoflgs -w]/} ;dfg_ b]lv
%=%=^ jfSo ;+/rgf / lqmof ?kfjnLsf] t'ngf jfSoj}Uoflgs -ej{ kmfOgn / w]/} ;dfg cy{_ ?kx¿;Dd 3t nfUbf] lsl;dn]
-!!@_ uf] lvF nrf dfNa\ u' lvd\ nfrf] b'd\ ‘d 3/ hfg' k5{’ t'ngf u/L x]/\of}+ . ca oxfF rf/} efiffx¿nfO{ Ps} kª\tLdf pEofP/ bfFHg] kfnf]
-!!#_ uf] lvF ntL u' lvd\ nftL ‘d 3/ uPF’ cfPsf] 5 . k|:t't ls/fFtL–sf]FOr dft[efiffsf] :jf8]z zJbfjnLsf] 8]O6f ls/fef
-!!$_ uf] lvF nfOg'ª u' lvd\ nfªf ‘d 3/ hfG5'’ tyf ;fk -;=@)^@_ df 5'6\g uPsf]n] d"n n]vs cfkm}+ / pgsf cu|h
-!!%_ uf]O lvF nfpj uf] lvd\ nfj ‘tF 3/ hf’ ;[hgf÷nf]lk| d'lnrf–;'gj' f/ -JolQmut s'/fsfgL, !# c;f]h )^#÷@( l;tDa/
-!!^_ d]sf] lvF nn\ d]d\ lvd\ nfnf ‘Tof] 3/ hfj;\’ )^_ ;Fu / pgsf] zAbsf]z -O{=@))#_ af6 klg ;+sng ul/Psf] xf] . ls/fFtL–
-!!&_ d]sf] lvF nfOa d]d\ lvd\ nf ‘Tof] 3/ hfG5’ afc\oª' 8]O6f eg] ls/fef tyf ;fk -;=@)^@M @*–#) h:tfsf] t:t} / cfjZos
-!!*_ uf]lgDkmf lvF nfOFt:s' u';' lvd\ nftf;' ‘xfdL b'O{ 3/ uof}+’ l6KkgLsf] ?kdf ljz]if lrGx;lxt /flvPsf] 5_, ls/fFtL–jfDa'ns ] f] 8f6f klg pxL
-!!(_ d]lgDkmf lvF nfOlg;L d]db\ f];L lvd\ nf;] ‘tL b'O{ 3/ hfG5g\’ ;+:yfsf] k|sfzg -;=@)^@M &–( h:tfsf] t:t} / cfjZos l6KkgLsf] ?kdf
-!@)_ uf]OlgDkmf lvF n;] u;L lvd\ nf;] ‘ltdL b'O{ 3/ hfcf]’ ljz]if lrGx;lxt /flvPsf] 5_ / o;}u/L ls/fFtL–h]?ªsf] 8]O6f klg ;f]xL
-!@!_ d]lgDkmf lvF n;n d]db\ f];L lvd\ nf;]nf ‘tL b'O{ 3/ hfpg\’ ;+:yfsf] k|sfzg -;=@)^@M $–^ h:tfsf] t:t} / cfjZos l6KkgLsf] ?kdf
-!@@_ d]lgDkmf lvF nfDtf;\ d]db\ f];L lvd\ nftf;] ‘tL b'O{ 3/ uP’ ljz]if lrGx;lxt /flvPsf] 5_ af6} pb\wt[ ul/Psf] 5 . of] df]l/z :jf8]z
-!@#_ uf]lgDkmf lvF nfOg:s' u';' lvd\ nfStfs' ‘xfdL b'O{ 3/ hfG5f}+’ zAbfjnLsf] 9fFrfnfO{ oxfF klxnf] k|fyldstf eg] dft[efiffnfO{ g} lbPsf 5f}+ /
-!@$_ uf]lks\ lvF nfOFts u's' lvd\ nfStfs' ‘xfdLx¿ 3/ uof}+’ dft[efiffsf] zAbx¿nfO{ O6lnS;\ cfsf/df 9fn]/ u/]sf 5f}+ .
-!@%_ uf]O lvF nfOlggL < ugL lvd\ nfgL < ‘tkfO{+ 3/ hfg'xG' 5 <’
-!@^_ uf]Olks\ lvF ng] ugL lvd\ nfg] ‘tkfO{+x¿ 3/ hfg';’\
|| 547 || || 548 ||
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] ls/fFtL–h]?ª #*=lkof lkof k'mlt/ k'mt'/ -gf_‘6fpsf]’ head
!=g]Nn]-n\_ xKk] tfk\ltk\ pª\ltr' -;j{_ ‘;a}’ all #(=g]Mrf lªGrf] Yjfrfd\ yf]rfk\ *-lqm_‘;'Gg'’ to hear
@=k'n' k'n' k'mr'n kf]sn -gf_‘v/fgL’ ash $)=n'ªl\ u/\ Yo'Das TjfdlrGrL Tjd\lr+lr -gf_‘d'6'’ heart
#=sf]:n] sf]St] SjfS6] SofS6s -gf_ ‘af]qmf’ bark $!=u|f]F 3|'ª /f];f] /f];' -gf_‘l;ª’ horn
$=sf]h sf]hf jfn Djfn -gf_‘k]6’ belly $@=xf]’Zof] ulG;of 5jf + hfNd] -lj_ ‘tftf]’ hot
%=7]’a]-a\_ ªf]nf] vfNaf] * vfN6f]6\ -lj_‘7"nf]’ big $#=uf] uf] pªu' pªu' -;j{_‘d’ I
^=’lraL-a\_ lrSaf RjfSaf] lrSd' -gf_ ‘r/f’ bird $$=;fORrf ;frf] :ofRrfd\ ;]Trfk\ *-lqm_ ‘dfg'{’ to kill
&=Sn-qm_fORrf qmfrf] qmfRrfd\ lqmDrfk\ *-lqm_ ‘6f]Sg'’to bite $%=kf]cr \ L kf]SrL k'DrL k'ªrL -gf_‘3'F8f’ knee
*=s]/]-/\_ SofSofd\ v'RRofd\ v'r]k -lj_ ‘sfnf]’ black $^=hf]cr \ f hf]Srf] HjfSrfd\ hf]Srfk\ *-lqm_ ‘hfGg'’ to know
(=x';L-;\_ x';L p;' o'';' -gf_‘/ut’ blood $&=;kmf ;km ;fkmf~df]nL df]nL ‘kft’ leaf
!)=?Zo-;\_ r';] ?;' ?;' -gf_ ‘xf8’ bone $*=+Un-8_f]Nrf £n]Srf] luN8]Orfd\ Un]rfk\ -lqm_ ‘n]6\g'’ to lie
!!=s'r' s'r' s'r' SofRj -gf_‘5ftL’ breast
+ $(=cfObL lwª 8L df -gf_‘sn]hf]’ liver
!@= xf]rf xf]Mrf] x'Drfd\ xf]rfk\ *-lqm_‘aNg'’ to burn %)=+Uof]Zof] em\of]cf lxSaf] j8]ln6fp6 -lj_ ‘nfdf]’ long
!#=u;'-;\_ s'S;] s'S:ofn sf]S;]n -gf_‘afbn’cloud %!=l/ l/ª :of/L ;]/L -gf_‘h'df| ’ louse
!$=ZoLzL-;\_ vf;] lr+sflr+sf * lr/Lgftf] -lj_ ‘lr;f]’ cold %@=d'?-/\_ jfOF;f * pRjf jfT6]k -gf_ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ man
+
!%=lkrf lkrf] lkrfd\ lkvf -lqm_ ‘cfpg'’ to come %#=Zo';~ \ ;fKkf xjlS;ª a8]Vjfn\ jw] -lj_‘w]/}’ many
!^=a]cr \ f AofSrf] l;rfd\ l;rfk\ *-lqm_ ‘dg'{’ to die %$=tf:nf tM;nf tf]:ofn tf];n ] -gf_ ‘rGb|df’ moon
!&=s'r'd lVnrf rfnL ;fªd' -gf_‘s's'/’ dog %%=hf]h~ ' y]Dn' hf]h' hf]hf]~h' vN6f] -gf=_ ‘kxf8’ hill
!*=t'rf t'rf] t'rfd\ 6'rfk\*-lqm_ ‘lkpg'’ to drink %^=Zof] :of] 8\cn' L x'/ -gf_ ‘d'v’ mouth
!(=Zof]zf] :of]cf :jfRjf{ :jf/\tf] -lqmlj_ ‘;'s]sf]’ dry %&=Uo Uofª\ Ujf/\hL Ujf/\hL -gf_ ‘gª’ nail
@)=gf]kmf Gof] 8\c\jfa' gf]d' -gf_‘sfg’ ear %*=g] * lgª\ l8\c gL -gf_ ‘gfd’ name
@!=Rofªdfv Rofªdfv RofFdfvf sfS;L -gf_ ‘k[YjL’ earth %(=Zo'/ z'/L lSnhL lSnShL -gf_ ‘3fF6L’ neck
@@=hrf hfrf] hfrfd\ hfrfk\ *-lqm_ ‘vfg'’ to eat ^)=gs\-u\_ lgGtf Paf] g]Gyf -lj_ ‘gofF’ new
@#=Ac\km' afgL Acfafª\u] k'm/L -gf_‘c08f’ egg ^!=gfMbf]~t'Fr t'ªrL HofNsf * glDa|d\ -gf_ ‘/ft’ night
@$=’ldrL-r\_ ldrL lAc;L ld;L -gf_‘cfFvf’ eye ^@=g] Gof] 8\c';'d\ g';'ª -gf_ ‘gfs’ nose
@%=Acflkm/f]~km\nfF Acf;'?ªdf Acf;'?Dkmf dfKn]d -gf_ ‘KjfFv’ feather ^#=daf dfaf] cfaf cfaf -lqm_ ‘5}g’ not
@^=dL dL dL dL -gf_‘cfuf]’ fire ^$=sfM Sjfª Sjfn\ sf]nf] -;j{_ ‘Ps’ one
@&=ªf ªf ª\jf;f] d' -gf_‘df5f’ fish ^%=nfF nfd\ nfd\ nfd\ -gf_ ‘af6f]’ path
@*=Zo]-;]_ ;] ;f] ;' -gf_‘df;'’ flesh, meat ^^=d'?-/\_ d'? d'of] d'r' -gf_‘JolQm’ person
@(=a]/\Rrf Aof/\rf] jfNrfd xf]Nrfk\ *-lqm_ ‘p8\g'’ to fly ^&=/]p /\ofjf jf;L{ xf]/;\ L -gf_‘aiff{’ rain
#)=vf]OnL-n\_ v'nL Njf;' nf];' -gf_ ‘v'§f’ foot ^*=nnf-n\_ nfnfd\ nfsflrd\ nflSrk\ -lj_‘/ftf]’ red
#!=Zofk~k'mOnL :ofk Zof/\rf 8jfD;] * x;L{ -qmlj_ ‘e/L’ full ^(=Zofªlu/L~g;\ :ofªlu/L ;'ªl\ u/ ===-gf_ ‘h/f’ root
#@=u]rf lurf] UjfSrfd\ uf]PSrfk\*-lqm_ ‘lbg'’to give &)=k'k'Njf~s'ns'n k'k'Njf lv/\Rjf lvlqsf]k-lj_ ‘uf]nf]’round
##=l/D-bf/\:_Zof] lhAcf /fGRjf * /fGtf] -lj_‘/fd|f]’ good &!=Zof]sf]/ ;]u|] :ofªlsl/d\ === -gf_‘afn'jf’ sand
+
#$=ku;] ~lhn\ ku;] HjfAjf;f] hf]ªd' -gf_ ‘af];f]’ grease &@= dORrf df]rf] jfRrfd\ g]Grfk\ *-lqm_ ‘eGg'’ to say
#%=’luuL-u\_ lulud\ l;l;hf]d\ === -lj_‘xl/of]’ green &#=sf]’rf sf]rf] Sjfrfd\~?Rrfd\ lsrfk\ *-lqm_ ‘x]g'{’ to see
#^=rfF rfd\\ :jfd\ :jfd\ -gf_‘s];’ hair &$=jfr]/ jfr]/ cfFHhf === -gf_‘aLpm’ seed
#&=u'O{ u' Ncf~nf nf -gf_ ‘xft’ hand &%=lgRrf lg:rf] afSrfd\ afSrfk\ *-lqm_ ‘a:g'’ to sit
|| 549 || || 550 ||
&^=sf]Ot]~sf]’y] sf]St] SjfSt] Sof6\6of -gf_‘5fnf’ skin u/fPsf] 5'Og . To;}n] of] cWoogdf uNtL bf]xf]l/g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 /
*
&&=OKrf OKrf] Unf]dr \ fd\ Unf]rfk\ -lqm_‘;'Tg'’ to sleep To;sf] nflu d Ifdf k|fyL{ 5' .
&*=OldlRrnL ofSs] of]Ssf~x\ofSsf lrDt]k -lj_ ‘;fgf]’ small ls/fFtL–h]?ª zAbx¿af/] l6KkgL
&(=s'g s'gL v'lgd\ v'GrL -gf_‘w'Fjf’ smoke !
*)=/fKrf /fKrf] ofDrfd\ af]ofD;f *-lqm_ ‘pleg'’ to stand g+=!%= +lkvf ‘cfpg'’ sf] ;6\6f cGo 8]O6fx¿nfO{ cjnf]sg u/L x]bf{ lkrfk\ x'g'
*!=Zof]/ ;f]/ ;f]? === -gf_‘tf/f’ star kg]{ xf] . / of] lkrfk\* jf:tjdf lkrfk\* geP/ lkrfd\ -cGo lnlvt
*@=k'mNn'~k'mOn' n'ª n'ª k'mn'ª -gf_‘9'Íf’ stone ;flxTo;Fu le8fO x]bf{_ x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 / z'¢ ?k klg ToxL g} xf] . cj pk|fGt
*#=gfF gfd 8\c\jfd\ gf]d\ -gf_‘;"o{’ sun kf7sju{n] ls/fef tyf ;fk -@)^@_ df n]lvPsf] eflifs tYofªdf hDdf
*$=afK;Lkrf e\mofs'rfD:rf] Hjfs'kfrfd\ hf]:kfrfk\ *-lqm_‘kf}8g'’ to swim !& j6f lqmof zJbfjnLx¿sf] ;f] lxHh]nfO{ lkrfd\ egL k9\g' / a'em\ g' kg]{5 .
*%=ldn' d]/L Ac\n'd\ ldn'd\ -gf_‘k''R5/’ tail t/ of]u]z h]?ª–/fO{ -JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t, !* c;f]h )^#÷$
*^=d]sf]-c\_ Dofd\ Åjfd\ gO{ -;j{_‘Tof]’ that cS6f]a/ )^, a'wjf/_ n] atfP cg';f/ –rfk\ eGg] h]?ª jStfx¿ klg
*&=PF-P_sf] Pd\ cfd\ gf]Ps' -;j{_ ‘of]’ this kfO{G5g\ . of] ;"rfgf afx]s cGo 8]O6fdf d}n] ;do / jStf cefjsf sf/g
**=uf]O Uj pg\ * O{g] -;j{_‘ltdL’ thou dft[efifLåf/f /]lS6lkms]O;g (rectification) ‘z'4Ls/g’ u/fPsf 5}gf}+ .
*(=n]F Nofd\ Nofd\ n]d\ -gf_‘lha|f]’ tongue To;}n] of] cWoogdf uNtL bf]xf]l/g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 / To;sf]nflu xfdL
()=V-8'_n'O Vn' u'D;f] u'D;' -gf_‘bfFt’ tooth 5]df k|fyL{ 5f}+ .
(!=/jf~/f]FSn] 9\ofS;L 9\ofS;L ===-gf_‘?v’ tree @
(@=lgc\;L lglS; lg;\ nfa|d -;j{_ ‘b'O{’ two g+=#%= sf] xl/of] vfnL, g+=^(= sf] h/f vfnL, g+=&! sf] jfn'jf vfnL, g+=&$=
(#=ufc\rf UjfSrf] xfNrfd\ jfNrfk\ *-lqm_‘lx8\g’' to walk sf] aLp vfnL, g+=*!= sf] tf/f vfnL / g+=(!= sf] ?v vfnLn]
/
($= Ac\s' Ajs' sfs' sfs' -gf_‘kfgL’ water efiffj}Uoflgs efiffdf efiffnf]k (language loss) nfO{ Oª\lut u5{ tfklg
(%=uf]lks\ u'O pªltª *
pªltr' -;j{_ ‘xfdL’ we ;f] ;"rs afx]s cGo jStfx¿n] tL zAbx¿ e'nL g;s]sf x'g ;S5g\ .
(^=d-f_/ df/f cfdf xfO{ -;j{_‘s]’ what vf]hLsf] h?/L x'G5 . nf]k g} ePsf x'g\ eg] klg cfk\mgf] glhssf] elugL
(&=a'a'-;\_ a'a'd\ a'Dhf]d\ a'srLk -lj_ ‘;]tf]’ white efiffaf6 ;fk6L lnFbf ;'gdf ;'uGw x'G5 .
(*=;' :o' cfr' d'g' -;j{_ ‘sf]’ who ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] zAbx¿af/] l6KkgL
*
((=ld:d'? ldGrf lAcrf]-Rjf_ d]K6]k\ -gf_ ‘cfOdfO{’ woman
+
!))= xp cFd\cFd\ jfjfdHjfd\ ÅjDnf -lj_ ‘kx]+nf]’ yellow
!
g+=%=* df VjfNaf] x'bF f] /x]5 -dft[efifL u0f]z /fO{sf] /]lS6lkms]O;g
@ *
(rectification) ‘z'¢Ls/g’ cg';f/_ . g+=!$= df lr+sfjfd\ x'b F f] /x]5 -pxL_ .
------------------ #
g+=#!=* df 8\jfD;] x'bF f] /x]5 -pxL_ . $g+=##=* df /fGrf] x'bF f] /x]5 -pxL_ .
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr zAbx¿af/] l6KkgL %
g+=$@= + df 5\jf cyf{t\ cfYjf klg x'Fbf] /x]5 -pxL_ . ^g+=^!= * df AofNsf x'bF f]
/
cGo ?kx¿ afs\~jfs\ klg x'G5 . !g+=!@=+ df a'rf klg x'G5 . @g+=$*=+ df /x]5 -pxL_ . &g+=**= * df pg' x'bF f] /x]5 -pxL_ . *g+=(%= * df pªlt8 x'bF f]
/s\oRrf / bsoRrf klg x'G5 t/ tl/sfdf km/s 5 . #g+=%)=+ df el6{sn /x]5 -pxL_ . (g+=((=* df lAcrf] dfq} x'Fbf] /x]5 -pxL_ .
nfdf]÷cUnf] nfO:Zof] x'G5 . $g+=&@=+ df b]MF rf klg x'G5 . %g+=!))= + sf] zflAbs
cy{rflxF wft' a'emfpg] cy{df ‘;'g’ x'G5 . To;}n] kx]+nf] /+u hgfPsf] 5 . %=& rf/} tYofª\s aLr t'ngf
ls/fFtL–afc\oª' zAbx¿af/] l6KkgL dfly k|:t't eflifs tYofª\snfO{ bfFhL x]bf{ elugL efiffx¿ elgPsf
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–afc\oª' df hDdf zAbsf] !))! ;dfg ?kn] ldNg]
!
g+=%@ df jfOF;f jf jfGrf * zAbn] nf]Ug] hgfpF5 t/ ‘dfG5], k'?if’ xf]Og . o;sf]
abnfdf d'? zAb x'G5 -of] d]/f cfk\mg} l6KkgL xf]_ . oxfF of] 8f6fdf d}n] ;do zAbx¿ #^! / %)! lgs6WjGofTds zAbx¿ $)! u/]/ ;f] b'O{ elugL ls/fFtL
cefjsf sf/g dft[efifLåf/f /]lS6lkms]O;g (rectification) ‘z'4Ls/g’ dft[efiffx¿ aLr hDdf &^! ;dfgtf -aflxª–;'gj' f/ ;=@)%!M !_ n] pgsf]
cWoogdf &%! eg]sL 5g\_ kfOof] . Unf]a/ -O{=!(&!_ sf] cWoogn] oL
|| 551 || || 552 ||
b'Oe
{ fiffx¿ !$–^)) O{zfk"j{df Pp6} ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;} u/L ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] k]ml/ nL ;fy} c?x¿sf] cWoogn] Pp6f ;fx|} dxTjk"g{ s'/frflxF
/ ls/fFtL–h]?ªdf !))! ;dfg ?kn] ldNg] zAbx¿ @%! / %)! ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' jLrsf] dfgjzf:qLo cfwf/nfO{
lgs6WjGofTds zAbx¿ #(! u/]/ ;f] b'O{ elugL ls/fFtL dft[efiffx¿ aLr hDdf nf]s;flxTosf] dfWodn] Ps} xfFufsf afh]x¿sf ;Gtlt x'g\ egL ls6fg u/L lbof] .
^$! ;dfgtf kfOof] . t/ ls/fFtL–h]?ªsf] ^! zAbx¿ 5'6g\ uPsf]n] tL 5'6]sf cj p;f] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf k'vf{ lvGrLxfª -x]g"{ vDa" ;=@)%@_ klg_ x'g\ .
zAbx¿ ls/fFtL jfDa'na] f6 h:tfsf t:t} ;fk6L lng] xf] eg] hDdf k|ltzt a9]/ t/ of] eGbf klg klxn] g} uf]kfn vDa" -;=@)%@_ n] t];f] xf] egL n]vL ;s]sf]
b'O{ efiffaLr ;dfgtfdf &)!x'G5 . oL rf/} elugL ls/fFtL efiffx¿df gfd, lyP . o;} u/L dfem ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTo cg';f/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf
ljz]if0f cflb zAbju{x¿ afx]s cToGt lgs6 zAbju{ eg]sf] lqmof g} xf] . of] k'vf{x¿ jfs'b'ª -x]g"{ /fO{–ofn'ª5f O{=!((*M ^* / !$)_, xs{a'ª÷lvGrLxfª
:jf8]z tYofªdf k/]s hDdf !& j6f lqmof zJbfx¿df k|foM ;dfgtf b]lvG5 b'j} -/fO{–af8f5f ;=@)^!M $ / ^_ x'g\ eg] kNnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTodf
d"n / k|Toox¿df . h:t}M h–rf, hf–rf], hf–rfd\, / hf–rfk\ * -x'g' kg]{ hfrfd\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf k'vf{ nfªn]jf -/fO{ ;=@))%M &_ x'g\ . km]l/ xfdL of] tYo
t/ of]u]z h]?ª–/fO{ -JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t, !* c;f]h )^#÷$ cS6f]a/ k|fdflgs 5 ls 5}g egL pk–cWofo %=( sf] Snfgf]lgd -y/gfd_ x¿jLr t'ngf
)^, a'wjf/_ n] atfP cg';f/ –rfk\ eGg] h]?ª jStfx¿ klg kfO{G5g\_ u/L x]/s
] f 5f}+ .
zAbx¿sf] d"ndf s]jn-f_ cfsf/ km/s 5 eg] s[bGt k|Too (infinitive of] rf/ efiffx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df le8fP/ x]/]kl5 cj kqsf/ /fO{ /
marker) x¿df klg -f]_ cf]sf/, -f_ cfsf/ / d\ JoGhgdf dfq} km/s b]lvG5 . ;'Aafsf] k|ZgnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd bfFh/] x]g'{ dgfl;a x'G5 . ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] /
P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgn] –rfd\, –rf / –rf] s[bGt ?lkdx¿ -x]g"{ /fkrf ;=@)^# ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf l;h{gfTds n]vg ubf{ %)! ;dfgtf lsg kfOGg t < 7\ofSs}
klg_ nfO{ Ps csf{sf] lgs6 ;DjGw eg]/ atfpF5 . logLx¿df k|f6] f]–kmd %)! ;dfg geP klg s]xL x/kmd'lg pb\wt[ #* j6f zAbx¿ jLr emG8} !))!
(proto-form) ‘cfWw?k’–rfd\ b]lvG5 eg] –rf / –rf] df cª\u|]hL efiffsf] u|]6 ;dfgtf /x]sf] tYonfO{ xfdL oL b'O{ efiffx¿sf] 8f6fnfO{ bfFh/] x]bf{ b]Vg] g} 5f}+ .
efjn l;k\m6 (great vowel shift) sf] k|lqmof h:tf] dfq} b]lvG5 t/ sfo{ Ps} 5 . t/ of] g} clGtd cr's ljlw eg] xf]Og . l;h{gfTds n]vg h:t} sljtfnfO{ x]bf{
nL -O{=@))%P, @))%_ / nL / c? -O{=@))%aL_ n] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr / 8] 6' 8] (day to day) / lsrg Nofªu'Oh (kitchen language) n] dfq} k'Ub}g .
ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' efiffx¿ aLr kfPsf] km/s leGgtf $*! / !! ! nfO{ &^! o;sf] nflu gofF zAb lgdf{g, :jb]zLs/g, ;fk6L cflb k|lqmof geO{ x'Fbg} .
:jf8]z zAbfjnL kmfOlG8ª;\n] crDddf t cjZo g} kf5{ . o;sf] ;fy;fy} pbfx/gsf] nflu xfdL slj :j= b'uf{ j}/fuLsf] sljtf zLif{s ‘sljtf cf¥ofStf
pgLx¿sf] cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/f b'O{ efiff jLrsf] t'ngfTds cWoog eGbf klg k'mlN6g-ª_’ -@)^@ x]g"{ sflGtk'/ % c;f]h @)^#, uf]/vfkq pxL ldlt_ nfO{ lng
ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' sf] ;dfhefiffj}Uoflgs l:ylt kQf nufpg' g} dxTjk"g{ lyof] . ;S5f}+ . zLif{ssf] tLg kbx¿dWo] klxnf] kb ‘sljtf’ OG8f]–cfo{g ;efg] v;
cfh;Ddsf] nL / c?sf] eGbf klg a9L cfznfUbf] cWoog eg]sf] cf]Ku]gf]6{ -g]kfnL_ af6 ;fk6L lnO{Psf] 5 . bf];|f] cfk\mg} dft[efiffdf 5 / t];|f] eg] cª\u|]hL
efiffsf] kmfpG6]g k]g (fountain pen) nfO{ :jb]zLs/g (nativization) u/L
-O{=@))%M $#_ sf] g} xf] . pgsf] cWoogn] sf]FOr–afo'ª jLr (#! / /f8'–h]?ª
l;h{gfTds n]vgdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
jLr klg (#! g} sUg]6 jf ;dfgtf b]vfPsf] 5 eg] rf/} efiffsf] cf};t ;dfgtf
eg] ()! 5 . of] ;dfgtfn] xfdL pgLx¿ jf xfdLx¿ jLrsf] b"/LnfO{ emg} glhs ;f] lbgsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] dfq} tLg j6f dft[efiffsf] sljtfx¿df klg
agfO lbPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns Psf+sL, ;docGt/fn / Ps efiff gLltn] dfQ} xfdL of] lgod nfu" x'g] ePsf]n] b'O{ efifL jLr ;dfgtf gkfOPsf] x'g ;S5 . oxfF
jLr vf8n ;[hgf u/]sf] lyof] ljutdf eGg] tYo 5n{ªu} x'G5 . ;dfgtfs} k'mlN6g-ª_sf] ;f§f] cGo ;jn ls/fFtL efiffx¿ h:t} ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] sKk]g!
s'/fnfO{ hf]8\g' kbf{ t]h gfl5l/ª -x]g"{ cWofo @=!^ sf] ljz]if l6KkgL_ klg s'n'ª jf gfSrf -lng]cz ;=@)%(M ^)!_ af6 ;fk6L lng] xf] eg] ;'gdf ;'uGw x'G5 .
/ gfl5/Lª efiff clt g} ;dLk 5g\ tfklg To;}sf] cfwf/df s'n'ªx¿ gfl5/Lª jf eGg'sf] cy{ xfdLn] 6f9f hfg' eGbf cfk\mg} ls/fFtL efiffx¿af6 bf]xf]/f] ?kdf ;fk6L
gfl5/Lªx¿ s'nª ' g} x'g\ eGg gldNnf eGg] ts{ /fV5g\ . oxL+ 5 ca ufF7L s'/f lng] u/\of}+ eg] xfd|f efiffx¿ wgL eP/ hfg]5g\ . clg jf]wuDo klg x'g] 5g\ /
uf]kfn vDa' -;=@))&_ n] eGg] u/]sf] æ;fFkf| dfly lk+8n ' fÆ yf]kl/Psf] ;d:of / ;dfg nfUg] 5g\ . ;a} efiffdf of] lgod nfu" x'G5 . xfdLn] ls/fFtL–jfDa'nd] f
cfOPncf] !^( sf] ts{ . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf b]vL g} xfNof}+ . dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtdf gePsf w]/} ;xfos lqmofx¿ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf kfPsf] -x]g"{ /fkrf O{=@))#M !–^_
klg oxL l:ylt 5 . 5f}+ . oL b'O{ efiffn] klg Ps csf{df ;fk6L ln+bf wgL x'b} hfg]5g\ . of] kqsf/
/fO{sf] k|Zg -kfbl6KkgL g+=!_ sf] pQ/ xf] eg] lnN8f k|dv ' ;'Aafsf] cJh]S;g
-x]g"{ kfbl6KkgL ^/ !)* klg_ nfO{ dgg ubf{ pgLrflxF ljz]iftM efiffljUofgs}
|| 553 || || 554 ||
lzIffyL{ eP klg cf]Nnf] ls/fFt;Dd plt cfOk'us] f 5g\ h:tf] nfu]sf] 5}g . ce}m -!^_ hrf hfrfd\ ‘vfg'’ to eat
8'aN' sL dfg'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvof] . o'jf efiffljb\ s'?Dafªn] t];f] unf{g\ -!&_ kfORrf kfOrfd\ ‘nufg'’ to wear
cfufdL lbgx¿df eGg] cfzf u/L /fv]sf 5f}+ . -!*_ bf]Mrf bf]rfd\ ‘emg'{’ to descend
of] tYonfO{ cem alnof] / dHa't kfg{sf nflu ca xfdL d"ntM -!(_ s'/\Rrf s'/\rfd\ ‘af]Sg'’ to carry
ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] ljljw kIfnfO{ emNsfpg] zAbfjnLnfO{ tn -@)_ rf]rf 118 rf]rfd\ ‘lbg', k'¥ofpg'’ to send away, dispatch
pk–cWofo %=* df k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . -@!_ lr/\:;L rf/\hf ‘sf]bf]’ millet
-@@_ lrKrf lrDrfd\ ‘lyRg'’ to press, crush
%=* ljljw cfofdx¿ emNsfpg] zAbfjnLx¿ -@#_ rr-r\_ rfrf] ‘gflt’ grandson
oxfF k|:t't ;Lldt ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] eflifs 8f6f d"ntM cKvGjft{ -@$_ laRrf larfd\ ‘dfGg', eg]sf] 6]g’'{ to agree, obey
-O{=@))@_ kLPr8L lyl;; -ljWofjfl/lw zf]wkq_ / s]xL ?kdf lnAh'–e'Dh' -@%_ s'n\ s'nL ‘cg'xf/’ face
klqsfsf] xfn;Dd k|sflzt ! b]lv #@ c+s -ck|sflzt #) c+s afx]s_ x¿af6 -@^_ n]Rrf lnDrfd\ ‘kms{g’' to return, come back
pb\wt[ ul/Psf] 5 . of] zf]wsf] ;Lldt :yfg / ;do klg ;Lldt ePsf]n] cGo w]/} -@&_ g]km\ rf GofKrfd\ ‘ws]Ng'’ to push, shove, press forward
;dfgtf /fVg] zAbx¿ /fv]/ t'ngf ug{ g;s]sf]df kf7sju{ ;fd' 5]df dfU5f}+ / -@*_ lkTy KofTyf] >Koft ‘ptf, t];f]{’ towards, horizontal
cGo nfdf] cfsf/sf cg';Gwfgx¿df ;+nUg ug]{ g} 5f}+ eGg] afrf ub}{ ls/fFtL– -@(_ Zo-;]_/ ;]/f ‘rfdn’ rice
sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–/f8' 8]O6fnfO{ le8fpFb} 5f}+ . -#)_ ZoL~;L l;ª\ ‘bfp/f, sf7’ firewood, wood
ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] -#!_ ZoL-;L_n\ l;nL ‘gfr’ dance
116
-!_ af]:klt -< af]Uokt\_ a:klt ‘6f]6nf’ oroxylum indicum -#@_ ;'Nrf ;'Nrfd\ ‘;'D;'Dofpg'’ to stroke gently and
-@_ gfc\;f] -~Gxf;f]_ gfS;f] ‘s'n k"hf/L’ family priest, spiritual leader affectionately
-#_ lhhL ->lhh\_ lhhL ‘u'lnof]’ sweet, delicious -##_ jf jf ‘n'uf’ cloth
-$_ d'/R\ rf d'/r
\ fd\ ‘w'g’' to wash, rinse -#$_ jfF jfd\ ‘efn'’ bear
-%_ rOdL RjfOd] ‘a'xf/L’ daughter-in-law -#%_ lbd\ bofn\ ‘7fpF, rp/’ place, field
-^_ lgDkmf lgDkmf ‘b'O{ jrg hgfpg ?lkd’ dual lexeme -#^_ of] of ‘klg’ also, too, even
-&_ ;'Drf ;'Drfd\ ‘5f]Kg'’ to cover -#&_ tp tfj ‘5f]/f’ son
-*_ dfNrf dfNrfd\ ‘vf]Hg'’ to search, look for, seek -#*_ cfk\mkf] cfkf] ‘afp’ father
-(_ rfKrf rfKrfd\ ‘;Sg'’ to be able, can %=*=! b'O{ tYofª\s aLr t'ngf
117
-!)_ bfMrf bfSrfd\ ‘dg k/fpg'’ to like oxfF pb\wt[ ul/Psf #* j6} zAbx¿ ljleGg zAbju{x¿af6 k/]sf 5g\
-!@_ sf/\Rrf vf/\rfd\ ‘e'6\g’' to fry, pop, sear / logLx¿sf] kmf]gl] ds / n]S;]lds ;]k (phonemic and lexemic shape) nfO{
-!#_ ufn\ ufnL ‘kl;gf’ sweat ulxl/P/ cjnf]sg u/L x]bf{ dflh{gn leGgtfx¿ dfq} kfO{G5 . oL b'O{ efiffx¿sf]
-!$_ nrf Njfrfd\ ‘hfg’' to go Wjlgj}Uoflgs ljsf;sf] qmdnfO{ lgofNbf rfvnfUbf] kl/jt{ / ljsf;rflxF
-!%_ lkrf lkrf] ‘cfpg'’ to come gfl;So :j/jg{ (nasal vowel) df ePsf] 5 . h:t}M pbfx/g -#$_ nfO{ t'ngf
ubf{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] gfl;So :j/Wjlg - F rGb| ljGb'_ pbfx/g -##_ ;Fu
116 kmf]gl] ds b]lvG5 eg] o;sf] ljsf; ls/fFtL–/f8'sf] afOn]laon g]hn (bilabial
ls/fFtL–afc\oª' df klg o;nfO{ a:klt -x]g"{ vf6fnL–/fO{ )%^M @^PkmPkm_ g} nasal) ÷d\÷ 8«k (drop) ePkl5sf] :6]h (stage) xf] . ls/fFtL–/f8'df klg
elgG5 . of] k"mnsf] af/]df ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf w]/} 3tnfUbf] nf]ssyf ‘v]v]k'm-ª_’
zLif{sdf /fkrf -O{=@))%la_ df pknAw 5 .
117 118
;f]xL zAbdf Unf]6n :6k / pRr tfg nufP/ af]Nbf b'O{ km/s cy{x? h:t} ‘lgNg'’ / of] zAbdf klg Unf]6n :6k / pRr tfg nufP/ af]Nbf b'O{ km/s cy{x? h:t} y'Gg'’ /
‘alQ afNg'’ klg lbG5g\ . kf]Ng'’ klg lbG5g\ .
|| 555 || || 556 ||
gfl;So Wjlg ePsf] t/ Jolt/]s (contrast) ePgePsf] kQf] gnfu]sf] s'/f] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf ;'Nh -O{=!(*&_ n] OG6]G; ofS;g of8elj{oN; jf ej{
sfOFnf -;=@)%(M $$_ n] u/]sf 5g\ . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf eg] gfl;So :j/jg{ OG6]lG;kmfo/ (intense action adverbials or verb modifiers), snL
ck|fKo -k"j{jt\_ 5 . Jolt/]s a]u/sf] gfl;So :j/Wjlg dfem ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL– -O{=!((&_ n] Ol8of]kmf]G; / leG6/ -O{=@))$_ n] lk|ej{n df]l8kmfP;{ (preverbal
/f]b'ªdf eg] kfOG5 . t/ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf]r}F ^ j6} :j/jg{x¿df gfl;So Jolt/]sL modifiers) eg]sf -x]g"{ /fkrf O{=@))%l; klg_ 5g\ . of] sf]6L ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª /
jf leGgtf -lj:t[t pbfx/gsf nlfu x]g"{ /fkrf O{=@))%l;_ kfOG5 . c? ls/fFtL ls/fFtL–jfDa'nd] f h:t} ls/fFtL]–sf]FOr klg k|r/' dfqfdf kfOG5 .
efiffx¿sf] WjlgljUofgdf klg of] gfl;So Wjlg kfOg] ePsf]n] ofof]Svfn] :j/ bL3{tfM ls/fFtL]–sf]FOrnfO{ sltko efiffljb\x¿n] :j/ bL3{ efiff
ls/fFt-L_ hflt zAb n]Vbf ljgf rGb|' ljGb' n]Vg] eg]/ u/]sf] lgg{o ljUofg;Ddt eg] klg xfdLn] :j/ bL3{tfnfO{ Jolt/]s geP/ n]jn tfg (tone) eg]sf -x]g"{
lyPg . xfd|f] ls/fFtL WjlgljUofgd} gfl;So rGb|ljGb' ePsf]n] rGb|ljGb' /fv]/ /fkrf O{=@))% klg_ 5f}+ . lsgeg] o;sf] pQ/–klZrdL l5d]sL efiff ls/fFtL–
n]Vg' ofof]Svfsf] lj/f]4df geP/ ;dy{gdf g} x'G5 . vflnª -y'nª ' / s'nª ' ;lxt_ klg tfgo'St -x]g"{ tf]af O{=!(*$, O{=!(*#_ 5 .
lqmof zAbx¿df kfOPsf] ;dfgtfx¿ xfdLn] dfly pk–cWofo %=& Df tfg l6a]6f]–ad{g efiffx¿sf] ljz]iftf g} xf] eg] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–
klg ljj]rgf u/L ;s]sf 5f}{ . vf]Hb} hfFbf cGo y'k}| ;dfgtfx¿ kfO{g] jfDa'n]n] ljsf;sf] qmd ;f] u'g 5f]8/] bL3{tfsf] ljz]iftf lnPsf x'g ;S5g\
;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg'{ x'Fbg} . c? ;dfgtf xfdL d'lg pk–cWofo %=*=@ df klg lsgsL ofSy'ª kfMgsf] zAbsf]zdf Ps} zAbsf] $ cy{x¿ ePsf w]/}
u/]sf 5f}+ . kf]lnl;dflG6s zAbx¿ k/]sf 5g\ . / ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf tfgnfO{ 5f]8\g] xf] eg]
%=*=@ ofSy'ª / /f8' Jofs/gdf ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] :yfg bL3{tf eGbf klg km/sr}F kb}{g .
dflysf] pk–cWofo %=* df 8]O6f k|:t'lt / pk–cWofo %=*=! Dff 6 tyf 7 Jolt/]sLM ls/fFtL]–sf]FOr / ls/fFtL–/f8'df ÷6÷ tyf ÷7÷ jg{x¿
Wjlg / zAbx¿sf] ;+l5Kt ljZn]ifgkl5 ca xfdL Jof/sgsf s]xL rfvnfUbf Jolt/]sL 5g\ eg] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf ;f] jg{x¿ ck|fKo 5g\ / o;n] ubf{ cf]Nnf]
tYox¿lt/ nfUg]5f}+ . OG8f]–cfo{g v; -g]kfnL_ / l6a]6f]–ad{g ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª ls/fFt 5]qsf ls/fFtL efiffx¿ n]vgdf ls/fFt -l;/Lh+uf_ lnlk k|of]u ubf{ ck'u
kfMg -ls/fFtL–lnDa" efiff_ sf Ps d"wG{ o ;|i6f tyf cGj]ifs sfOFnf -;=@)%(M x'G5 .
$!–$%_ n] ‘lnDa" / jfDa'n] -/fO{_ efiff’ zLif{sdf u/]sf] cg';Gwfg cGtu{t k]mnf
kf/]sf tYox¿df ls/fFtL]–sf]FOrsf] :yfg s] 5 t egL of] pk–cWofodf t'ngf lbzfjf]ws lqmofM ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf kfO{g] lbzfjf]ws lqmof ljz]iftf
u/L x/]sf 5f}+ . tL lgDgfg';f/ 5g\– ls/fFtL]–sf]FOrsf] ljz]iftf xf] . OG8f]–cfog{ v;–g]kfnLsf] Pp6} lqmof ‘cfpg'’
nfO{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf rf/ vfn] lqmofx¿ kfOG5g\ . h:t}M lxrf ->Orf_ ‘cfpg'’
jrgM ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–/f8'df h:t} ls/fFtL]–sf]FOr klg tL -dflyaf6 d'lg, 7f8f]_, s'rf ‘cfpg'’ -d'lgaf6 dfly_, lkrf ‘cfpg'’ -n]jn, t];f]{_
jrg 5g\ / ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf kfOg] k/:dOkbL lqmof ls/fFtL]–sf]FOr -x]g"{ / hfc\rf ‘cfpg'’ -Go'6«n_ / ‘Nofpg'’ lqmofnfO{ klg lxRrf, s'ORrf, lkRrf /
pkfWofo O{=!((*, /fkrf O{=@))%l;_ df klg kfOG5 . rfc\rf -x]g"{ /fO{ O{=@))@, /fkrf O{=@))%l;M !*&_ x'G5 .
lnª\ue]bM k|fozM l6a]6f]–ad{g efiffx¿sf] lqmofdf lnª\ue]b gx'g' of] lqmof / wft'M tLg} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] lqmof / wft'df kfOg] Wjlg
kl/jf/sf] d"n ljz]iftf g} xf] . o;y{, ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–jfDa'nd] f h:t} ;fldKotfnfO{ o;/L x]g'{ dgfl;a x'G5 .
ls/fFtL]–sf]FOr klg ;f] e]b kfOb}g . k|fgL ck|fgL / dfgj dfgj]t/df klg OG8f]–
cfo{g v;–g]kfnL h:tf] lqmofdf lnª\ue]b 5}g . ls/fFtL]–sf]FOr ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª
cfb/fyL{ sf]6LM k|fozM l6a]6f]–ad{g kl/jf/sf] s]xL efiffx¿df cfb/fyL{ tfc\–rf tfMs\–rfd\ tfMs\–df ‘yfKg'’ -lng' cy{df_
sf]6L kfOPtfklg ls/fFtL efiffx¿df ;f] sf]6L gkfOg] x'gfn] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ;fOr\–rf :ofr\–rfd\ ;]k–\ df ‘dfg'{'’ cflb
ls/fFtL–/f8'df h:t} ls/fFtL]–sf]FOr -t'n= ofn'ª5f / /fkrf ;=@)^@M ^!_ klg
kfOb}g . oL b'O{ efiffx¿df h:t} /ggLlt ls/fFtL]–sf]FOrn] klg ckgfpF5 h:t}M cGt:kmf]6 / sG7\o:kzL{ WjlgM ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] -x]g"{ tf]af, cf]Ku]gf]6{
b'Daf -sf]F_ / gfOnM n]lS;dx¿ . O{=@))$, @))@, ;=@)^!M#–*, /fO{ ;=)^@_ df h:t} ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -x]g"{ /fkrf
cg's/gfTds zAbM of] Jofs/gLo sf]6Lsf] gfd efiffj}Uoflgs
;flxTodf w]/d} Wo] Ol8of]kmf]G; (ideophones) klg Ps xf] . ls/fFtL]–sf]FOrsf]
|| 557 || || 558 ||
O{=@))%l; 119_ df klg P]ltxfl;s ?kdf cGt:kmf]6 Wjlg kfOPsf] 5 . ls/fFtL– bz{gzf:q, sDKo'6/zf:q cflb_ dGyg ul/G5 / To;}åf/f dfgjhLjg lgb]{lzt
/f8'df gePsf] / ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf ePsf] sG7\o:kzL{ Wjlg (glottal stop) x'G5 . Wjlg–Wjlg / zAb–zAbsf] dxTj x'g] ePsf]n] ca oxfF xfd|f OYgf]Snflgd
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf klg k|fKo / Jolt/]s 5 . t/ ls/fFtL–h]?ªdf eg] b'j} vfn] zAbx¿ / ltgsf ?lkd (morpheme) x¿sf] cy{ / Oltxf; s]nfpg] sfo{ u/]sf
Wjlg 5}gg\ / sG7\o:kzL{ Wjlgsf] ;§f xf]df]c/\Uoflgs g]hn (homo-organic 5f}+ . oxfF dfq} s]xL k|ltlglw efifLx¿sf] OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿ lnPsf 5f}+ . ljutdf
nasal) Wjlg kfOg] / ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' df klg jfDa'n] / sf]FOrdf h:t} cGt:kmf]6 zfx–v;–;fd|fHojfbn] le/fPsf] ‘d'lvof’, ‘/fO{’, ‘;'Aaf’, ‘lhdL’ / ‘b]jfg’
Wjlg kfOg] cf]Ku]gf]6{ -k"jj{ t\_ sf] cWoogn] atfPsf] 5 . / k|foM ls/fFtL -cem dlemof cflb OToflb klg_ kbx¿df ljeSt ls/fFtL hfltsf] Snfgf]lgdx¿
efiffx¿df :KnL6 cu]{l6le6L (split ergativity) x'G5 . c? s]xL t]:tf x]bf{ km/s dfgjzf:qsf] hGd x'G5 . /fkrf -O{=@))*_ n] –rf / –Åjfª
ljz]iftfx¿ cWofo b'O{df pTvgg ePsf @& efiffx¿df g} pNn]v u/L ;lsPsf] ?lkdx¿nfO{ cf]Nnf]bl] v kNnf] ls/fFt;Dd g} t'ngf u/L x]/s ] f 5g\ . o;n] oL @&
5. ls/fFtL eflifx¿ jLr Pstfsf] ;"qdf afFws ] f] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . klxn] s]xL
t]:tf Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ oxfF pNn]v tyf cjnf]sg u/]sf 5f}+ .
o;/L vG8 %=%=! b]lv vG8 %=*=@ ;Dd rf/} j6f ls/fFtL efiff /
Jofs/gsf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ ;'Id?kn] bfFhL x]bf{ /f8'af6 h]?ª / h]?ªaf6 /f8' ' OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿ = ;f]ªu]rf] -h:t}M w|'jb]j /fO{†
ls/fFtL–y'nª
cf} sf]FOraf6 afc\oª ' / afc\oª ' af6 sf]FOrnfO{ sbfkL 5'§fP/ / 6'qm\ ofP/ x]g'{ cf} JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t, @@ ;fpg @)^#_ ;fy} ;]Dd'r,] k/frL, rflDtl/r-
cWoog ug'{ k"g{ x'Fbg} . oL Ps csf{sf k"/s efiffx¿ x'g\ . o;y{, sf]FOr klg rf]_, df]s;'Drf, jfofªrf -t'n= eflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()(_ cflb x'g\ / oxfF ?lkd
ls/fFtL efiff ;d"xs} ;b:o xf] eGg] af/]df ca lnN8f k|dv ' ;'Aaf -s'?Dafª_ (morpheme) x¿ –rL, –r], –rf] / –rf ;d"x -x]g"{ cWofo @=@$ klg_ nfO{
lj:j:t xf]nfg\ eGg] cfzf /fv]sf 5f}+ xfdLn] . km]l/ æs] efiffsf b[li6sf]gn] dfq} lnPsf 5f}+ . lsgeg] Oltxf;sf] qmd;Fu} x/fP/ jf kl/jt{g eP/ x/fPsf x'g
cGof]Gofl>t oL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿ dfgj–;dfhzf:qLo b[li6sf]gn] klg ;S5g\ . oL ?lkdx¿nfO{ dfq lnP/ bfFHg'sf] csf]{ ufF7L s'/f eg] l6a]6f]–ad{g
cGof]Gofl>t g} 5g\ t<Æ eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/sf] vf]hL xfdL nuQ} pk–cWofo %=( efiffx¿sf] Oltxf;nfO{ hf]8/] x]g'{ g} xf] .
/ %=!) df u/]sf 5f}+ . cl3 pk–cWofo %=& df ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTon] ls/fFtL–
ls/fFtL–/f8' OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿ = la/\jfªrf -~la/f]ª\rf_, efj-
sf]FOrx¿nfO{ jfs'bª ' , xs{a'ª÷lvGrLxfª / nfªn]jf sf] zfvf–;Gtfgx¿ x'g\
eg]/ ls6fg u/]sf] tYo yfxf kfO;s]sf 5f}+ . oL dWo] lvGrLÅjfª g} ls/fFtL– f_rfrf], bf]lvDrf], åf¥jf/fª\rf -~bf]/f]ªr \ f_, SofDkfrf] ->SofDkf_, nflxDrf],
sf]FOrx¿sf] k'vf{ x'g\ k|dfg alnof] 5 . of] tYonfO{ c? cem} k'li6 ug{ pk– d'Ssfrf], gfS;f]rfrf], k'mDnfrf], /fAwfrf], /fEjfªrf] -~/fef]ªr \ f_, ;'lDbrfrf],
cWofo %=( df OYgf]Snfgf]ldx¿ / pk–cWofo %=!) df wfld{s–;fF:s[lts a|fFsN] rf] -~a|fª\vN] rf]~a|fª\VofNrf]_, xftfrf], ;fFvN] rf], ;]lsNrf], ltNkfrf] -x]g"{
w/f]x/nfO{ t'ngf, %=!! df nf]s;flxTo kfqx¿sf] t'ngf u/]sf / %=!@ df /fO{ ;=@)%$, /fO{ ;=@)%%O, /fO{ ;=@)%$, /fO{ ;=@)%^, cf]Ku]gf]6{ O{=@))@M !%–
‘ls/fFt’ OYgf]lgdsf] d"n vf]hL u/]sf 5f}+ . !^_ cflb x'g\ / oxfF klg ?lkd (morpheme) x¿ –rf] / –rf ;d"x -x]g"{ cWofo
@=!( klg_ nfO{ dfq} lnPsf 5f}+ .
%=( OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿aLr t'ngf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿ = la´lgrf, a'´lhrf, a|lDnrf,
cl3Nnf] pk–cWofox¿df xfdLn] efiff ;dfgtfsf s'/fx¿nfO{ lgofn]/ bf/vfrf, b´;'rf, b]Aafrf, lbu/rf, b'/larf, kmltrf, up/f]rf, uf]ª/\ f]rf h]:k'rf,
x]g]{ sfd u/\of}+ lsgls efiff s'g} klg ;dfh / b]zsf] cfTdf xf] . o;df ;a} lh´lhrf, Ho]´F ltrf, sf´ltrf, v'´F lnrf, Sofafrf, Vof]Fkltrf, So'OF´ltrf,
cy{x¿ n's/] /x]sf x'G5g\ . efiff g} To:tf] Pp6f clGtd dfWod xf] h;sf] sf]/df]rf, n:kfrf, lngf]rf, nf]Fsr ' f, n'´F lsrf, d'lnrf, gf;f]rf, ªfjrf,
;xf/fn] ljrf/ k|jfx, zf:qx¿ -h:t}M dfgjzf:q, ;dfhzf:q, wd{zf:q,
gf]lDnrf, k/ufrf, k|]lT´trf, /fkrf -ljjfbf:kbý x]g"{ EfflG;6f6{ O{=!*(^ / !()^
df ls/fFtL–vflnªdf dfq pNn]v ePsf]_, /flkrf, /jfrf, ?lhrf, ?kfrf,
119
cem} klg sltko 5]qsf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efifLx?n] cGt:kmf]6 Wjlg (implosive stop) ?lbrf jf ?ltrf, Zof]rN' rf, ;';r ' f, t]Kkfrf, 7fª\uf| rf, yf]nf]rf, tf]Fsr
' f, y'Fu'rf,
pRrf/g ug]{ u/]sf] tYo pQd sfltrf–;'gj' f/ -sf]FORa' sf˜ltr_ n] phf/ u/]sf -JolQmut t'/z'rf, jª\b]rf / of´tfrf -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()( klg_ x'g\ . oL $&
s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t, l8;]Da/ @))%_ 5g\ . hd{g efiffljb\ 8f=8f]6{ af]/\r;{sf] O{=@))* df afx]s c? xfFuf–y/x¿ klg 5g\ . logsf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr dft[efiffdf cfkm\g} cy{
k|sflzt Jofs/gsf] kfgf @$ klg of] Wjlg b'O{ of:6]l/:s;lxt 5 . of] of:6]l/:s /fVg'sf]
cy{ of] Wjlg jflg{s geP/ ;Djg{ xf] eGg] cy{df k|of]u ePsf] 5 . of] Ol8cf]nS] 6 klg x'g -x]g"{ /fkrf O{=@))%l; klg_ x'G5 / oxfF logsf] sYo 5f8]/ n]Vo ?k -x]g"{ /fkrf
;S5 . O{=@))%aL klg_ dfq} /flvPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] y/df lgoldt –rf -/-c!/ or [-
|| 559 || || 560 ||
ts!] -cha_ ?lkd (morpheme) sf] pkl:ylt x'G5 eg] sltko Snfgf]lgdx¿df Snfgf]lgddf -5f] -/-cho/ or [-tsho] -chho_ cfpF5 . h:t}M lbªtf]5f],
P]ltxfl;s ?kd} nf]k eO{ ;s]sf]n] k'glg{df{g (reconstruction) u/L /flvPsf] sfdfn]5f], afufn]5f], a]ª5fn'V5f] -x]g"{ cWofo @=& ldvfOnf]E:sL O{=!(**M
klg 5 . ljutdf lxGb"s/gsf] df/df sf]FOrx¿n] ;'gj' f/, e'hj' f/, k[Yjf/, d'lvof #!–#@_ cflb x'g\ .
/ ;'/]n -x]g"{ cWofo @=!! klg_ gfdx¿ j/g u/]sf /fkrf -O{=@))*_ n] pNn]v
u/]sf 5g\ . ca cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] pQ/L e]u ;f]n'v'Da'lt/ ls/fFtL–vflnª jf
vfn'ªsf] Snfgf]lgd x]g{ psfnf] nfuf}+ . u]Nhf]d / dfKofsf] nf]ssyf xfNg]
ls/fFtL–afc\oª' OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿ = vf/fo'Nrf -eL;L k|fKt ug]{ vflnªx¿sf] Snfgf]lgddf klg -r -/-c/ or [-ts] -ch_ / -;f] -/-so/ or [-so]
klxnf] ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' y/ý >vf/fONrf t'n= PjO5f–afGtjf @)%*M #(_, -so_ 6fFl;P/ cfPsf] x'G5 . h:t}M a]/fn'r / xnS;f] -x]g"{ eflG;6f6{ O{=!*(^ g'
lblnªkfrf, yfD/f]rf -rf]df]nf]ªdf cf/f]xg ug]{ / lxdfnob]lv aÍfusf] !()(_ cflb x'g\ eg] of] xnS;f] dfly g} pNn]v eO{ ;s]sf] ls/fFtL–/b' jf
vf8L;Ddf sfOlsª ug]{ klxnf] ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' y/_, b]a*, u]nf/rf, gGb];/*, b'dLdf xnS;' x'G5 .
/n]rf, /GbfnL*, ;]rfrf -x]g"{ eflG;6f6{ !*(^M !&#_ xh'kfrf, lba'/rf, tf]nf]rf,
df]Anf]rf, l/kf-f]_rf, gfDa]/;frf -eflG;6f6{sf] lxHh] ‘gfd]/;f’_, /-f_Nnfrf, vflnªx¿sf] glhs} s'n'ª -x]g"{ cWofo @=!@_ x¿sf] klg a;f]jf;
/Nbf]rf, n'ltrf, o'Dkfrf, o'Ga'rf, vf/flba'/rf, d'kr ' f -t'n= vDa" @))) / kfOG5 . a}slNks gfpF v'nª ' , ;f]tfª, gfdn'ª, tfdf5fª, kf]ªof]ª ePsf
eflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()( klg, x]g"{ cWofo @=@ klg_ _ cflb x'g\ eg] of:6]l/:s s'nª ' x¿sf] Snfgf]lgd ?lkddf klg -5f -/-ch!/ or [-tsh!] -chha_ g' -rf]
jf tf/f h:tf] lrGxn] eflG;6f6{n] n]vs ] f] cz'¢ jf cfh ck|fKo ?knfO{ hgfpF5 . -/-cho/ or [-tso] -cho_ cfpF5g\ . h:t}M cfOd'5f, tf]df5f, ;]s5f, ªf]kf]rf]
pgLx¿ y/df lgoldt –rf -/-c!/ or [-ts!] -cha_ ?lkd (morpheme) sf] g} -x]g"{ eflG;6f6{ O{=!*(^ g' !()(_ cflb OToflb . cf]Nnf] ls/fFt / dfem ls/fFtsf]
pkl:ylt x'G5 / sltko Snfgf]lgdx¿df P]ltxfl;s ?kd} nf]k eO{ ;s]sf] klg 5 . jLrdf /x]sf ls/fFtL–gfl5l/ªx¿ cfk"mnfO{ /b', /b'ª, /f]b'ª, /f]bf]ª cflb gfdn]
oxfF k|of]u ePsf] of:6]l/:s jf tf/f h:tf] lrGxn] cke|+z jf unt zAb hgfpF5 . klg lrgfpF5g\ . rflDnªx¿ klg cfk"mnfO{ cfk\mgf] efiffdf sfªf /f]b'ª g} eGb5g\ .
ls/fFtL–/b' OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿ = /fO{ -;=@)%^M &_ n] pNn]v u/]sf gfl5l/ªx¿sf] klg cfk\mgf] Snfgf]lgdsf] cGTo :yfgdf -rf -/-c!/ or [-ts!]
hDdf @! OYgf]Snfgf]lgdx¿dWo] oxfF d}n] lbDdr', ;/r', xd?r', vfjfr' -cha_, -5f -/-ch!/ or [-tsh!] -chha_ -xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] -hang_
-vfafFr_' , /fOr', lhk'r,' 5fr'ª, l/Knr', t'?r', /Ts', /+sf;', vf?a', jfnSk' / cfpF5 g} . h:t}M ;flnrf, xf/]n'5f, lbDdf]5f / Pltxfª cflb x'g\ .
xnS;' -t'n= EfflG;6f6{ !*(^ / !()( klg_ cflb x'g\ / oxfF klg ?lkd cf]Nnf] ls/fFt ;f]n'v'Da's} jfl;Gbf ls/fFtL–y'n'ªx¿df t]xL ?lkd
(morpheme) x¿ –r', –r'ª, –s', –;', / –k' -x]g"{ cWofo @=@) klg_ nfO{ dfq}
-Rof] -/-cyo/ or [-tsyo] -chyo_ sf] ?k 6fFl;P/ cfPsf] x'G5 . of] -Rof]
lnPsf 5f}+ . tnsf] cfpg] cg'R5]bdf klg xfdLn] s]xL yk hfgsf/L lbPsf 5f}+ . ?lknfO{ cfk\mgf] efiff jStfx¿n] -rf] klg eGb5g\ . h:t}M 5of];fªRof],
oxfF y'n'ª, /f8', sf]FOr, afc\oª ' , /b' u/L hDdf kfFrsf] Snfgf]lgdx¿sf] xfªv]Rof], nfk\mnfRof], ul/jfRof], xflbl/KRof], v]:tLRof] n'tfRof], tfDkLnLRof],
?lkdnfO{ x]/]kl5 s]xL c? ls/fFtL efiff ;d"xsf klg ?lkdx¿nfO{ x]g'{ dgfl;s nfGgfRof], xfpkfRof] x'g\ .
7xl/G5 . /fkrf -O{=@))*_ sf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf n]lvPsf] cWoognfO{ clxn]nfO{ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] blVvgL–klZrdL / pQ/L efusf ls/fFtL
xfdLn] Kof/fk|]mh u/L k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . ls/fFtL–/f8' jf jfDa'ns ] f] elugL efiff efiff jStfx¿sf] Snfgf]lgd ?lkdx¿ x]/L ;s]kl5 b"wsf]zL t/]/ dfem ls/fFt k;f}+ .
;d"x ls/fFtL–h]?ªdf klg of] -rf] -/-co/ or [-tso] -cho_, -5f -/-ch!/ or [- /b'÷/f]bL jf b'dLsf] Snfgflgd / ?lkdx¿sf] af/]df xfdLn] dfly g} pNn]v u/L
tsh!] -chha_ / -r' -/-chu/ or [-tsu] -chu_ e'mG8]/ cfPs} x'G5 . h:t}M ;Sof}+ tfklg s]xL ?lkdx¿ 5'6]sf] x'gfn] t];nfO{ oxfF pNn]v ug{ rfxG5f}+ .
;]tfNr' -<;]tfNrf], ;]lsNrf]_, gafrf], xftf5f], df]kf]5f], ;fOkf5f, SofDkfrf], pgLx¿sf] Snfgf]lgd ?lkdx¿df -r' -/-cu/ or [-tsu] -chu_, -xfª -/-h!'/
nflxDrf], bf]Dvf]Dr' -x]g"{ eflG;6f6{ O{=!*(^ g' !()(_ cflb x'g\ . or [-#!'] -hang_ / -;' -/-su/ or [-tsu] -chyo_ x'g\ . h:t}M lbDdfr',
ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿sf] glhs a;f]jf; ug]{x¿ ls/fFtL–xfo' x'g\ . ljutdf var', ;/r', /fOr', xD/fr', t'/fr', lhk'r,' l/Knr', xnS;', 5f5fxfª cflb x'g\ .
a;fOFsf] Oltxf; qmddf ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf æxo' Oo' lnd]t\Æ -cg'= p===tn xn'S;' / xnS;f]sf] af/]df cl3 pNn]v eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
/x]5_ eg]kZrft\ xfo' gfd /x]sf] eGg] eflifs ts{af6 hGd]sf xfo'x¿sf]
|| 561 || || 562 ||
dfem ls/fFtdf ;j} eGbf a9L efiff jStf ePsf] efiff ;d"xdf ls/fFtL– n]S5f e]l6Psf] 5 . vf]Hb} hfg] xf] eg] c? klg e]l6g] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg'{ x'Fb}g .
/f]bª
' cfpF5 / of] dft[efiffsf] jStfx¿sf] b'O{ ;o eGbf a9L Snfgf]lgdx¿ -x]g"{ ce}m pgLx¿sf] gfdd} d]jf±xfªn] g} –xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] -hang_ ?lkdsf]
gf]jn lszf]/, lji0f', 6+s / jfub]jL /fO{åf/f ;Dkflbt rflDnª–g]kfnL–cªu|]hL cl:tTj b]vfpF5 . d]jfxfª h:t} b]lvg] csf]{ eflifs ;d"x ls/fFtL–g]jfxfª xf] .
zAbsf]z O{= @))&_ df klg lgoldt ?kdf -5f -/-ch!/ or [-tshu] -chha_ oL ;d"x b'Os { f] ljjfbnfO{ xfdLn] cWofo @=!% / @=!& df ;Djf]wg u/L ;s]sf
?lkd cfpF5 . h:t}M ofn'ª5f, af8f5f, gf]Dgf5f, kfnfªdf]5f, dfNofs'ª5f cflb 5f}+ . d]jfxfªsf] h:t} g]jf±xfª b]lvg]x¿sf] Snfgf]lgdx¿ rOcxfª / b]xrfª
. cr]nsf sltko gofF k':tfn] of] ?lknfO{ nf]k u/fP/ ofn'ª dfq} klg n]vs ] f] -b]xxfª <_ df klg –xfª ?lkd cfPs} x'G5 . d]jfxfª / g]jfxfª jLrsf] ljjfb
e]l6Psf] 5 . / /fgf]xf]F5fnfO{ /fgf]5f / /fgf dfq} klg n]vs
] f 5g\ . of] k|j[lQn] cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf tf]nf]rf / yf]nf]rf jLr hlt g} 5 eGg] jf:tljstf cWofo b'Od{ f
cfk\mgf] eflifs ljz]iftfnfO{ df5{ . t/ :qL ?k hgfpgsf]nflu eg] ofn'ªdf klg pNn]v u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ .
n]lvG5 h:tf] ls cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf /fkd\ af]lnG5 / n]lvG5 . dfem ls/fFtsf]
o;/L g} ls/fFtL–nf]xf]?ªdfr}F of] xfª zAb / ?lkd k/;u{ geP/
xn];L glhs b'l5{dlt/ a;f]af; ug]{ /f]b'ªsf] elugL ls/fFtL–ltn'ªx¿sf] klg
cfk\mgf] Snfgf]lgddf -5f -/-ch!/ or [-tshu] -chha_ g} 6fFl;Psf] x'G5 . h:t}M pk;u{sf] ?kdf cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf] Snfgf]lgddf Pp6f xfª– -/h!'-/ or
d'lS;D5f . /f]b'ªsf] csf]{ glhssf] elugL /f]sf]ª jf k'dfsf] Snfgf]lgddf klg [#!'-] hang-_ xfªlvddf b]lvof] . pgLx¿ klg cfk"mnfO{ ofSvfaf g} eGb5g\ .
-5f -/-ch!/ or [-tshu] -chha_ / -xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] -hang_ cfpF5 . o;} u/L ls/fFtL–ofDk"mx¿ klg cfk"mnfO{ ofSvfaf eGg] kªltdf pleG5g\ eg]
h:t}M x]gof]ª5f, of]ª8fxfª, y'D/fxfª, ldyfxfª, jflaxfª cflb . cfk"mnfO{ ofSy'ªaf eGg]x¿ klg ofSvfafs} glhs 5g\ . ofDk"mx¿nfO{ v;Ls/g
-8f=xs{ u'?ªsf] ts{df, x]g"{ kfbl6KkgL !@)_ ub}{ nfFbf ofDk]m klg sxlnPsf 5g\ .
ls/fFtL–;fDkfª u'ª ;d"xsf] Snfgf]lgdx¿df klg Tof] -rf -/-c!/ or [- sltko klZrdf cg';Gwftfx¿n] t p–sf/jfnf ofDk"m / P–sf/jfnf ofDk]mx¿
ts!] -cha_ g' -xfª +rf -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] -hang + /-c!/ or [-ts!] -cha_ b'O{ 5'§} x'g\ eGg] klg n]vL lbPsf 5g\ cyjf :yfgLo ls/fFtL cflbjf;Lx¿n]
?lkdx¿ lhpFb} 5g\ . h:t}M b'dfªrf -b'ªdf]rf <_, d'nx' fªrf, gfDn'xfªrf, pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ sfddf 5SsfPsf klg x'g ;S5g\ . ofDk"mx¿df klg
g'dx] fª cflb . nf]xf]?ª h:t} k|lqmofdf xfªn]af Snfgf]lgd x'G5 .
oxfF;Dd cfpFbf dfem ls/fFtdf e]l6g] of] eflifs–P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] kNnf] ls/fFtd} ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–ofSvf glhs} a;f]jf; ug]{
Snfgf]lgd ?lkd kNnf] ls/fFtdf s] s;f] 5 egL t]tflt/ klg k;f}+ . ls/fFtL– ls/fFtL–cf7k|]df klg cfk\mgf] Snfgf]lgddf –5f -/-ch!/ or [-tsh!] -chha_ / –
ls/fjf cyf{t\ afGtfjf÷af]Gtfjf dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtsf] bf];fFwdf ;fF3' kg]{ xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] -hang_ b'j} ?lkdx¿ 5g\ . h:t}M ;fodf5f, cl;df5f
ePsf]n] ;j} eGbf klxn] pgLx¿df g} oL ?lkdx¿nfO{ vf]hf}+ . vf]Hb} hfFbf g' n]ª;'xfª . o:t} cf7k|]sf] glhssf] efiff ;d"x a]nxf/] jf cf7k|] eflifsf -<_
pgLx¿sf] ;of}+ Snfgf]lgddf klg o:tf ?lkd –xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] -hang_ df cfh;Dd xfdLn] t]:tf] Snfgf]lgdx¿ st} n]lvPsf]r}F e]6]sf 5}gf}+ . vf]Hb} hfFbf
/ –5f -/-ch!/ or [-tsh!] -chha_ cfpF5g\ . h:t}M b'Ab]ªxfª, dfªkfxfª, e]6g\ g;lsg] s'/fr}F cfpFb}g .
d'lqmxfª, ?ªdfª5f, v'ª5f, PjO5f cflb . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgn] of] –xfª
?lkdsf] lvPsf] ?k –ª -/-'/ or [-'] -ng_ xf] egL] atfpF5 . o;f] ePsf]n] ;LkL8LkLn] cg';Gwfg ub}{ u/]sf] b'O{ efiffx¿dWo] ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª klg
pgLx¿df d'sf?ª Snfgf]lgd x'G5 . o:tf] –ª -/-'/ or [-'] -ng_ df cGTo x'g] kNnf] ls/fFtd} af]lnG5 . pgLx¿sf] cfk\mgf] efiffdf cfk\mgf] gfd pG5]G8fÍf]
?lkx¿ t ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf t au|]NtL g} kfOG5g\ . ltgsf] tn pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ . >5]G8fÍf] >l-5]G8fª_ klg xf] . pgLx¿sf] klg cfk\mgf] Snfgf]lgdx¿df –5f
pgLx¿sf] ;dLkdf a;f]jf; ug]{ ls/fFtL–sf]o' -sf]O, sf]xL_ x¿df klg –5f -/-ch!/ or [-tsh!] -chha_ / –xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] -hang_ ?lkdx¿
-/-ch!/ or [-tsha] -chha_ ?lkd kfOG5 g} . h:t}M /f]kf5f, gf]kf5f cflb OToflb . c? ls/fFtLx¿df h:t} kfOG5 . ltgdf a|Gs]D5f, xftf5f], df]kf]5f], ;fOkf5f,
o;} u/L ls/fFtL–b'ªdfnL Snfgf]lgdx¿df klg –xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] cfl/xfª, t'lK/xfª cf]rf]Oxfª, ?ªfxfª cflb g} x'g\ .
-hang_ / –5f -/-ch!/ or [-tsh!] -chha_ e]l6Psf 5g\ . h:t}M 5fª5f, ls/fFtL–l5lnª jf 5'nª' df lnDa" -@))*M #*–(, x]g"{ @=$ klg_ n]
xfªafª, gfD5]xfª cflb . s]xL Snfgf]lgdx¿ ;+sng u/] klg tL b'O{ ?lkdx¿ eg] b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . k]ml/
oxL kNnf] ls/fFt Onfsfdf cfk"mnfO{ ofSvfaf eg]/ lrgfpg] ls/fFtL– ls/fFtL cf7k|]leq l5lnª Snfgf]lgd klg b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . pgn] pNn]v u/]sf
d]jfxfªdf klg –5f -/-ch!/ or [-tsh!] -chha_ ?lkd ePsf] Pp6f Snfgf]lgd tL Snfgf]lgdx¿df zAbWjlg w]/} kl/jt{g ePsf] klg x'g ;S5 . oxL Onfsflt/
|| 563 || || 564 ||
a;f]jf; ug]{ ls/fFtL–ofSvfdfr}F ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdfe}Fm –xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] x/fpF5g\ . cfh w]/} h;f] Snfgf]lgx¿df cf]Nnf] ls/fFtb]lv kNnf] ls/fFt;Dd g}
-hang_ ?lkd kfOG5 . h:t}M cf]St'xfª, lkGg'xfª, df]/xfª, sfd]xfª, vfDofª t]:tf ljrngx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . of] sfo{ jf 36gfsf] z'? cfGtl/s
-v]dfxfª <_ / Psy'xfª -x]g"{ eflG;6f6{ !*(^ g' !()(, t'n= sf]ª/]g O{=@))& cf}klgj]zjfb;Fu} pGgf;f}+ ztfAbLsf] z'? eP otf jf O{=!*!% tfsf / kl5
klg_ cflb . klxn] ls/fFtL–ofSvfx¿nfO{ /fO{, b]jfg, dlemof / lhdL -x]g"{ @=@% a]nfotL n]vsx¿ / ltgdf klg ;}lgs clkm;/x¿n] g]kfnsf klZrd–dWo /
klg_ elgg] ul/GYof] . k"jL{ kxf8L Onfsfx¿sf cflbjf;L e"ldk'qx¿sf] jf/]df snd rnfpg yfn] otf
eof] . o;f] e’sf]n] g} xfdLn] cWofo @ e/L g} @& ls/fFtL efiffx¿df tL
kNnf] ls/fFtdf ;j} eGbf a9L jStfx¿ ePsf] / a9L ;flxTo kfOPsf]
Snfgf]lgdx¿ vf]Hg] s;/t u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . ;fy} cWofo tLgdf cjuL{st[
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªx¿sf] Snfgf]lgddf –xfª -/-h!'/ or [-#!'] -hang_ / –ª
ls/fFtL Snfgf]lgdx¿ eg]/} cln 5f]6f] cWofo g} /fv]sf 5f}+ .
-/-'/ or [-'] -ng_ ?lkdx¿ kfOG5g\ . h:t}M cfªa'xfª, dfa'xfª, yfD;'xfª,
ySn]xfª -yf]lSnxfª_, t'Dafxfª, t'Dofxfª, g]Dafª, vfk'ª -x]g"{ eflG;6f6{ of] vf]hfOsf] ;j} eGbf dxTjk"g{ k|f]6:] 6 jf /]l;:6]G; ls/fFtL
!*(^ g' !()( klg_ cflb x'g\ . cfk\mgf] efiffdf cln cln lnlvt ;flxTo ofSvfx¿af6 cfof] . xfdLn] of] lstfjsf] k"j{ks | fzg cl3 sd]G6 jf
ePsf cf]Nnf]bl] v kNnf] ls/fFt;Ddsf ;j} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df / cem pgLx¿sf] 6Lsfl6KkgLsfnflu eg]/ lbPsf] k|ltlnlkdf k|foM ;j} kfgfx¿ sf]/\sf/\sf ;fy
dfgj–;dfhzf:qdf oL Snfgf]lgdx¿ / ltgdf 6fFl;Psf ?lkdx¿ vf]Hb} hfFbf lj?k} kfl/Psf] lyof] . of] klg unt, Tof] klg unt / ;j} unt eGg] vfnsf]
;dfg tYox¿ kfOG5 . ce}m of] c6f]OYgf]lgd ofSy'ªsf] ;DjGw /f]bf]ª, /f]bª
' , /b' ;Gb]z cfof] . o;df xfdLn] k"j{ ;flxTon] o;f] eg]sf] 5 x} dfQ} eg]sf lyof}+
/ /f8';uF 5 egL ldvfOnf]E:sL -O{=@))#M @*&–@(@_ n] atfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cWofo @=@% df . emg\ /fdhL sf]ª/]gn] ls/fFtL–ofSvf efiffsf]
zAbsf]z -O{=@))& df k|sfzgdf cfPsf]_ lgdf{g ug]{ qmdf k|f=8f=dfwjk|;fb
P]ltxfl;s ?kn] oL Snfgf]lgdx¿sf ?lkdx¿ –rf g' –xfª ;do kf]v/]nsf] efiffj}Uoflgs lzS5flbS5f / ljZn]ifgkl5 t pgn] æd]/f] Snfgf]lgd
cGt/fn, e"uf]n, Psf+sLkg, ;Grf/ cflbn] ubf{ efiff nufPt ;F:s[lt cflbdf sf]ª/]g g} unt /x]5Æ eGg];Dd ;'gfPsf lyP . lsgeg] ÷/÷ Wjlgjg{
kl/jt{g x'g] qmddf –Rff, –r, –r], –rL, –rf], –Rof], –r'ª, –5f, –5f], –s', –;',
–k' g' –Åjfª, –xf]ª, –xfª, –ª ePsf x'g\ . ce}m klg cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf ls/fFtL– -phoneme_ g} ls/fFtL–ofSvf efiffdf kfOb}g c/] . / xf] klg . pgsf]
sf]FOrx¿n] xfªnfO{ ‘xf]kf]’ zAb k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . sf]FOrx¿ cfk}+m Snfgf]lgd jf:tjdf sf]ªn]g / kl5 uP/ sG6\ofs l;r'PO;gn] jf 8f=xs{
lvGrLÅjfªsf] ;Gtltx¿ ePsf]n] –Åjfª ,xfª / xf]kf] Snfgf]lgddf ?lkd eP/ u'?ªn] eGg] u/]sf] vl;s/gsf] k|efjn] ubf{ ‘sf]ª/]g’ eof] xf]nf . yfONofG8sf]
gcfO ===r'Kn'xf]kf], b'Kn'xf]kf]=== cflb wfld{s cg'i7fgdf kl/jt{g eP . clg sltko jf yfO efiffdf klg of] x'Gg / cªu]|hLsf] /fO; (rice) zAbnfO{
cfk\mgf] Snfgf]lgddfr}F –rf g} hf]8\b} cfP . kfOÅjfªsf ;Gtltx¿ ls/fFtL–afo'ª jStfx¿n] nfO; (lice) pRrf/g ub{5g\ . t];f] ubf{ cy{df cfsfz–hldgsf]
/ jfDa'xfªsf ;Gtlt ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] jf /f8'df klg ls/fFtL–sf]FOrsf] h:t} eof] km/s kg{ cfpF5 . cj o;df s'/f s] cfpF5 eg] sG6ofs l;r'PO;g / cGo
. cfh klg ls/fFtL efiffx¿df kf?xfª, ?jfxfª / tfu]/fglgªjfk'mª eGbf –xfª /fhg}lts ;lxt ljleGg kl/l:yltdf Olds k;{kl] S6eaf6 s'g} klg OG;fO8/n]
/ –ª ?lkdx¿ cfpF5g\ . t;y{, Åjfª, –xfª / –ª sf] cy{ xf]kf] g} a'lemG5 . af]n]sf] eflifs s'/fx¿nfO{ Ol6s k;{kl] S6eaf6 cfp6;fO8/n] g]l6efOh u/]/
s;/L ;'G5 / n]V5 eGg] s'/fdf g} lge{/ ub{5 . t]tL a]nfsf] kl/l:ylt / cfhsf]
oL Snfgf]lgdx¿sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ lgofNbf ljleGg cy{k"g{ ?lkdx¿sf] j}Uoflgs pks/gx¿df cfsf; kQfns} km/s 5 . t];}n] dnfO{÷xfdLnfO{ c?n]
sDkfplG8ªaf6 ag]sf] kfOG5 . cf–cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf ;j}sf] cy{ nfU5 . t]:tf unt n]lvlbP eGg] r'gf}tLnfO{ xfdL cfk}+mn] klg of] 5]qdf k;]/ / n]v/] cj;/df
Snfgf]lgdsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ s]nfO x]g]{ xf] eg] /fkrf -Rapacha: Roman jbNg' k5{ eGg] x]t'n] klg clg xfd|f] ljut Oltxf; o;/L ljufl/Psf] / ljlu|Psf]
Gorkhali orthography_ / af]Nbf /fkr\ -Rapach: Roman Gorkhali lyof] cj o;/L k'gn]{vg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 eGg] xf] / ToxL a'em\ g' k5{ . Tof]
orthography_ klg x'g] Snfgf]lgd zAbdf slDag]O;g /f±k-f_±rf -ej{ eGbf l;jfo c? s]xL xf]Og .
?6±ej{ ?6±Olgkmlgl6j df/\s/ Ö/f–krf / /f–kfMrf_ / sYo Snfgf]lgd /fkr\ xfd|f oL ljrngdf cfPsf / lalu|Psf -cWofo @=!! df /d]z
eGbf ‘Sof6fln:6\’ x'G5 . ;a} ls/fFtL efiff ;d"xx¿df o:tf Snfgf]lgdx¿sf] cy{ 9'ªu]nn] eg]em}F , kfbl6KkgL $ klg_ sltko Snfgf]lgdx¿ / tL afx]s ar]v'rs ] f
cfk\mgf] ;F:s[lt, JolQmut ljz]iftf, k]zf, zlQm, zLn:jefj cflbdf gLlxt x'G5 . Snfgf]lgdx¿ l;dflG6s sUg]6 / k|f6] f]–l6a]6f]–jd{g n]lS;sf]gdf kfOG5 . k|f6] f]–
efiff kl/jt{g eP/ jf /fhg}lts sf/gn] ljrng eP/ oL Snfgf]lgdx¿df klg l6a]6f]–jd{g zAbeG8f/df *rf eGgfn] ;efg]sf] ‘aRrf, jfns’ / ‘gflt jf
kl/jt{g jf ljrng cfof] eg] t]:tf Snfgf]lgdx¿ cy{xLg g} x'G5g\ / cy{;|ft] g} gfltgL’ -x]g"{ a]gl] 8S6 O{=!(&@M @)*_ cy{ nfUb5 . t];} u/L ls/fFtL–jfDa'nd] f
|| 565 || || 566 ||
klg –rf] y]k/] rfrf] agfPkl5 ‘gflt’ jf ‘gfltgL’ eGg] cy{ nfU5 . clg 8f=;'gLlt r6hL{sf] ls/fFt hgs[ltM b OG8f]–dªuf]nf]O8– b]c/\ slG6«Jo;g 6' b
dfG5]÷JolQm -x]g"{ cf]Ku]gf]6{ O{=@))@M $%^_ klg x'G5 . ls/fFtL–afo'ªdf klg rr lx:6«L ofG8 b sNr/ cj\ OlG8of -O{=!(%!_ sf] cGj]ifgnfO{ klg k'li6 ub{5ý hxfF
g} x'G5 . ls/fFtL–xfo'df –rf] eGgfn] JolQm÷dfgj eGg] a'lemG5 . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] pgn] ls/fFtx¿sf] pb\ud ynf] pQ/tkm{ g} b]vfPsf 5g\ . efiff / o;df lglxt
of] –rf dfem ls/fFtdf –5f df kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' df –5f eGgfn] Snfgf]lgdx¿ / ltgdf 6fFl;P/ cfpg] ?lkdx¿sf] of] vf]hLkl5 wfld{s tyf
5f]/f jf nf]Ug]dfG5] a'lemG5 . t];}n] /f]bª
' nf df ;/5f ‘5f]/f’, dfl/5f ‘5f]/L’, d5f ;fF:s[lts ?kdf cf]Nnf] ls/fFtb]lv kNnf] ls/fFt;Ddsf ax'–efifL ls/fFtLx¿df
‘h'jfOF’ klg x'G5 . kNnf] ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–ls/fjfx¿df klg of] cjwf/gf x'G5 . s] s:tf] ;dfgtf 5 t egL tnsf] pk–cWofodf ax; u/]sf 5f}+ .
h:t}M bs5f ;fy} Snfgf]lgd ?lkd –5f . l;lSsd, ef/taf6 t bs5f gfdsf]
klqsf g} k|sfzgdf cfPsf] xfdLn] e]6]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] cy{ æ/ut gftfsf] tLg5fs]
%=!) wfld{s–;fF:s[lts w/f]x/sf] t'ngf
bfh'efOÆ -kbd ls/fjf–/fO{;uF sf] Od]n u'un Rof6 @^ ;]K6]Da/ )*, z'qmjf/_ o; eGbf cl3Nnf pk–cWofox¿df xfdLn] efiff / Jof/sgsf
eGg] x'G5 . ls/fFtL–y'nª ' sf] Snfgf]lgd ?lkd –Rof] ~rf] n] klg ‘5f]/f’ sf] cy{ kIfx¿nfO{ k5\ofpFb} xfd|f] Oltxf; / dfgjzf:qsf s'/fx¿nfO{ sf]§ofP/ Ps
lbG5 . csf{df hf]8L x]/\of}+ . of] efiffsf] tfst xf] . of] pk–cWofodf xfdL ca oxfF Ps
hflt ls/fFtL ax'–efiff ax';F:s[ltsf wgL oL ls/fFtL efifLx¿ Wffld{s cf}
oL Snf]lgdx¿ / logdf 6fFl;P/ cfpg] ?lkdx¿ –rf /–Åjfª ~xfª ;fF:s[lts w/ftndf sxfF plePsf 5f}+ / 5g\ t egL dfOqmf];sf]lks cjnf]sg
cflbn] ls/fFtL lk|–lx:6f]l/s jf k|fu–P]ltxfl;s sfn jf l:yltnfO{ jt{dfgsf] % u/]sf 5f}+ / oxfF klg xfd|f dft[efiffx¿nfO{ g} k5\ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 xfdLn] . of]
6'qm] ls/fFtL jLr lbgsf] rs]{ 3fd h:t} 5n{ªu kfb{5g\ . clg ljutdf l;ªuf] lsgeg] cl3 kfbl6KkgL g+=!@) df eg] h:tf] xfdLnfO{ klg v;Ls/gn] :jfQ}
ls/fFtL efifLx¿ Ps} hflt lyP eGg] ts{, jf:tljstf / k|dfgnfO{ alnof] ;fljt lgNg nfu]sf] 5 . To;}n] cfk\mgf] efiffsf] z/g kg'{ clt pQd x'G5 .
ub{5 . ljleGg sfnvG8df ;Qfsf] r'6fO / nbfOn] dfQ} cfhsf] etfe'ªu]
l:yltdf cfO k'u]sf] k|i6 -k|fSsyg / cWofo ^ klg_ x'G5 . oL Snfgf]lgd / xfdL ;a} ax'–efifL ls/fFtLx¿sf] wfld{s cg'i7fgsf] cfwf/rflxF
?lkdx¿ xfd|f ;dfh–dfgjzf:qLo vf]hLsf alnof Kofn]cf]G6f]nf]lhsn cf]Nnf], kNnf] / dfem ls/fFtdf d'Gw'd g} xf] eg] cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ÷w÷ Wjlgjg{
cfwf/x¿ klg x'g\ . / of] 38L;Dddf klg ls/fFtL ls/fFtL jLr g} logsf] ;dfh– -phoneme_ gx'g] efiffx¿df d'Gb'd÷d'Sb'd xf] . ls/fFtL–sf]FOrx¿ d'Gb'd ubf{
dfgjzf:qLo pkof]lutf 5 . pgLx¿n] of] ;dfh–dfgjzf:qLo s;/tnfO{ ;nfs' klg kmnfSg] ub{5g\ . To;sf] z'?cft ;ª;f]===;ª===;ª===;ª af6 z'?
5f]8s ] f] e]l6b}g . x'G5 eg] ls/fFtL–afc\oª ' df===;fª===;fª===;fª af6 z'? -aflxª–;'gj' f/
oL Kofn]cf]G6f]nf]lhsn tYox¿nfO{ ls/fFtL efifLx¿n] n'sfpg' / kmfNg' ;=@)%!M %_ x'G5 . oxfF gfc\;f], gf]S;f], gf]5'ª, gfS5f]ª - d'sf?ª O{=@))%M $)_
x'Fb} x'Fbg} . hf]ufP/ /fVg' h?/L 5ý h;/L cflbjf;L slj e"lk z]/rgn] cfk\mgf] / km]bfªdfsf] sfo{ / ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ;F:s[ltsf] kf]FOa–UofdL -cfn]F km'lgo/
Snfgf]lgd ‘z]/rg’ nfO{ hf]ufO /fv] . clg cd/ agfO /fv] v;–g]kfnL O{=!(&$, !(&^_ sf] sfo{df cln km/s 5 . kf]FOa-f]_ zAb cGo l6a]6f]–ad{g
;flxTosf] ;fªuf]kfª cfsfzdf . ce}m ls/fFtLx¿n] rf, 5f, Åjfª / xfª nfO{ efiffx¿ h:t} l6a]6g / tfdfª cflbdf af]Gaf] xf] / af]lgHd -af]g wd{_ sf] cEof;
kR5\ofpFb} hfg] xf] eg] h]gf]d l/;r{n] b]vfPsf] xfd|f] d"n e]l6G5 . o;sf] jf/]df ug{]nfO{ af]Gaf] elgG5 . O{= cf7f}+ ztfAbLkZrft\ a'l¢Hdn] ltAatdf x}sd hdfpg'
s]xL d'lgsf cg'R5]bx¿kl5 ax; u/]sf 5f}+ . cufl8 ToxfF af]lgHdsf] cEof; x'GYof] / of] af]Gaf] / kf]FOa-f]_ aLr s]xL g s]xL
xf], oxfF xfdLn] w'OFkQf nufP/ vf]hs
] f ?lkdx¿sf] cy{ ltAat–ad]{nL
cfWo?k (proto-Tibeto-Burman) df df}hb" /x]sf 5g\ / To;f] x'gfn] o;n] kZrft\ klxnf] rf/k6s;Ddsf]df_ sf] e]6 lyof] . o; lbg ;f] s]Gb|sf]
xfd|f] Oltxf; pQ/lt/ hf]l8Psf] b]vfpF5 g ls blVvg sfFzL -x]g"{ 8f=:jfdL cg';GwgfTds k|sfzg yf;fª -klxnf] c+s_ sf] nf]sfk{g sfo{qmd ePsf]n] k|dv '
k|kGgfrfo{ -hxL+txL+__ lt/ . ljåfg 8f=xs{ u'?ª klg ljleGg ;ef–;Dd]ngdf clyltsf]tkm{af6 lbPsf] k|jrgdf pxfFn] To:tf] eGg' ePsf] lyof] . dª\uf]nf]O8
æxfd|f] Oltxf; blVvg sfFzLlt/ vf]h/] kfOb}gÆ 120 eGg' x'GYof] . o;n] efiffljb\ :6ssf] hgdfg;df cfo{s/g / cf}klgj]l;s k|efjnfO{ OlÍt ub}{ pgLx?df
v;Ls/g -klxn] g]kfns/g / lxGb"s/g zAbx? k|rngdf lyP_ sf] xfjL ePsf]
ts{ lbg' ePsf] lyof] . h:t}M yfSkf’ rflxF ;SsnL / ysfnL’ r}F gSsnL eg]/
120
of] e]nfr}F ( c;f/ @)^#, z'qmjf/sf lbg ysfnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, ljgfosj:tL, l6a]6f]–ad{g kl/jf/ cGtu{t ysfnL tyf u'?ª efiffsf zAbx? lnªu'Ol:6s
afnfh', sf7dfG8"df ePsf] lyof] . of] d]/f] pxfF;Fu bf];|f] clGtd rf]6L -pRrlzIff Kofn]cf]G6f]nf]hL’ (linguistic paleontology) sf] k|dfg pxfFn] lbg' ePsf] lyof] .
|| 567 || || 568 ||
;fF:s[lts cf} P]ltxflxs tfbfTDo x'g' k5{ eg] kf]FOa-f]_ sf] cjwf/0ff dfem / P]ltxfl;s–efiffj}Uoflgs ?kdf ls/fFtL nf]s ;flxTodf b]vf kg]{ tL gf/L / g/
kNnf] ls/fFtdf /x:odo 9+un] gf]S;f], gf]5'ª / km]bfªdf df ljno -x]g"{ /fkrf kfqx¿nfO{ vf]h/] t'ngf u/L x]/s
] f 5f}+ .
@)^#M !$_ ePsf] 5 . gfc\;f]sf] csf]{ JolQmefiffut km/s pxL ls/fFtL–sf]FOr cfh;Dd klg s]Gb|df gNofOPsf ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTo -t'n=e§/fO{
jStfx¿ jLrd} Gxf;f] klg x'G5 . gf]S;f], gfS-U_5'ª, ljh'jf cflb klg cf]Nnf] O{=@))% ‘pQ/cfw'lgs k|j]zsf] c/fhs ofqf’ e"ldsf– /fhg d'sf?ªs[t ldys
ls/fFts} ls/fFtL efifLx¿n] k'sf{5g\ . dfof O{=@))% df_ sf Ps d"wG{ o t/ kfq / gf/L kfqx¿ P]ltxfl;s
ls/fFtL hfltsf] ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/ ;fs]nf l;nL g} xf] . of] ;fs]nf zAb efiffj}Uoflgs ?kn] s;/L kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 egL s]nfPsf 5f}+ . oL kfqx¿
;a} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df km/s km/s ?kdf cleJoSt x'G5g\ . dfem ls/fFt If]qdf P]ltxfl;s efiffj}Uoflgs ?kdf dfq geP/ ;fF:s[lts cf} dfgjzf:qLo
;fs]nf÷;fs]jf -/f]bª' ÷rflDnª_, ;fSv]jf÷;fs]Gjf -ls/fjf÷af-f]_Gtfjf_ / kNnf] cWoogsf] lx;fan] klg clt g} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . pgLx¿ g} Ps dfq o:tf] kfqx¿
ls/fFt If]qdf ;fv]jf ->]i7 @)%&M @_ x'G5 eg] jNnf] ls/fFt tfdfsf]zL / x'gý\ h;n] ls/fFtL dfgj;Eotfsf] qmdnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf hf]8s
] f 5g\ . o;/L
;'gsf]zL 5]sf] lnv' / lvDtLlt/ cfOk'Ubf ZofFb/ ;Ln -~ZoLn_ x'G5 . t/ kNnf] ls/fFtL hfltnfO{ pgLx¿n] g} Ps ;'qdf afFws
] f 5g\ . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf]
ls/fFt If]qsf] ls/fFtL–rf]ªdf eg] tª\gfd x'G5 . ;fy} cGo ls/fFtL eflifs b[li6sf]gdf km/s slt xf] eg] P]ltxfl;s sfnqmddf ls/fFtL hflt, ;Eotf /
;Dk|bfox¿df tf];L -/fkrf O{=!((*_ cflb klg elgG5 eg] oL ;a} ;F:s[ltsf] ;+jfxs efiff kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfg] qmddf ljifd e"uf]nsf] ljleGg
cjwf/gfx¿nfO{ OG8f]–cfo{g v;–g]kfnLdf ‘e"d] jf e"ld k"hf / rG8L’ -x]g"{ efux¿df vr]lnKkfsf ;Gtltx¿ ax'–efiffdf ljeflht x'g k'us ] f x'g\ /
/fkrf ;=@)^#M !$_ klg elgG5 . t/ xfdLn] ca v;Ls/gaf6 aRg cfk\mg} vr]lnKkfsf] gfd klg ;x;| km/s gfdx¿df sxlng / lrlgg k'Uof] . o:t} gf/L
dft[eiffsf zAbx¿nfO{ Jo'Ftfpg' k5{ / wf/ nufpg' k5{ hLjgsf x/ kn / kfqx¿sf] gfddf klg kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .
kIfx¿df . To;}n] hLjg efiff xf] / efiff hLjg xf] . of] ls/fFtL efifLx¿sf] oL Ps} kfq ljleGg ef}uf]lns 5]qsf ljleGg ls/fFtL efiffx¿df s;/L
lrgf/L xf] . / slt ?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ oxfF xfdLn] ljleGg !$ eGbf a9L
%=!! nf]s;flxTo kfqx¿sf] t'ngf eflifs ;Dk|bfosf nf]s syfx¿af6 ;+sng u/L lgDg';f/ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+–
wfld{s–;fF:s[lts w/f]x/x¿sf] t'ngfkl5 csf]{ t'ngf gu/L gx'g] tYo I= sf]lSt;fnfM ls/fFtL–afc\oª
' dft[efiffdf cflbd ldysLo k'?if
eg]sf] pgLx¿ jLrsf] nf]s–;flxTosf g/ / gf/L kfqx¿ jLrsf] ;dfgtf klg xf] . kfqsf] gfd sf]lSt;fnf -d'ufdfof /fO{ ;=@)%%M ^@–^%_ xf] . pgn] cfk\mgf]
of] cWoogsf] z'? eg] l/;r{ OlG:6Ro'6 km/\ ls/fFtf]nf]hL, sf7dfG8"sf :gftsf]Q/ zf]wsfo{sf] nflu u/]sf] cg';Gwfg cf]Nnf] ls/fFt If]q cf]vn9'Íf /
;+:yfks÷lgb]{zs 8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrfn] u/]sf] e]l6Psf] 5 . pgn] k|yd ;f]n'vD' a' lhNnf If]qx¿ g} d'Vo x'g\ . bGt'/fd aflxª -;=@)^#M $(_ n] of] k'?if
/fli6«o kmf]snf]/ sªu|]; @))^’ af6 of] sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf lyP . !%–!^ kfqnfO{ /]rfs'kf klg eg]sf 5g\\ . pgs} cg';f/ r]nL jf gf/L kfqsf] gfdx¿ eg]
l8;]Da/, sdnfbL, sf7dfG8"df ePsf] ;f] sªu|];df pgn] ‘OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s hfjdf] / lVnpdf] xf] .
ofG8 lx:6f]l/sn sg]S;Gh\ Og\ ls/fFtL kmf]s6]Nh\’ zLif{ssf] sfo{kq k|:t't / II= vSr]/] -vf]Sr]lnzf]_, t]afd, lvFafdM of] gfd /fhwfgL sf7dfG8"
ax; u/]sf lyP . t];kl5 ‘ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTo sf]lSt;fnfb]lv x]5fs'Kkf;Dd’ k"j{ cf]Nnf]sf] ls/fFt If]qdf af]lng] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffdf k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . 121
-;=@)^#_ zLif{ssf] cg';GwgfTds n]v Zff/bf dfl;ssf] gjfª\s df3df gf/L kfqx¿r}F t]afd / lvFafd x'g\ .
k|sflzt eof] . o;/L g} jfub]jL /fO{ -k]mA?c/L @))*_ n] ‘x]5fs'Kkf Og\ ls/fFtL
kmf]s6]Nh\M c sDk]/]l6e :68L’ zLif{sdf ;o kfgf eGbf a9Lsf] PdP cª\uh |] L III= vflSrn'kfM of] ;]t' kfq ls/fFtL–/f8' cyf{t\ jfDa'n] dft[efiffdf
lyl;; g} n]lvg\ . cWoog ofqfs} qmddf /fkrf / /fO{ -O{=@))*_ df ‘vr]lnKkf vflSrn'kf 122 -s[i0fhLt /fO{ ;=@)^@M @%–^_ gfdn] lrlgG5 eg] hfpdf] /
Og\ ls/fFtL OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6S;\’ zLif{sdf n]Sr/ l;l/h\ cg\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\
ofG8 OGygf]lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cGt/ut OlG:6Ro'6 km/\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, nfOklr;\ 121
of] tYo nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrfsf] k|sfzf]Gd'v s[lt cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL nf]ssyfx?’
o'lgel;{6Ldf % h'gsf lbg sfo{kq k|:t't u/]sf] e]l6of] . df x]g{ ;lsG5 . cf]Nnf] ls/fFt 5]qdf pknAw w]/} nf]s syfx? o; s[ltdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 /
of] eGbf klxn] o; If]qsf y'k|} ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTo nf]k eO{ ;s]sf 5g\ .
cg';Gwfgsf oL ofjt\ kl/b[Zox¿df xfdLn] d"ntM /fkrf -;=@)^#_ 122
u0f]z /fO{ -hf] kqsf/, ;Dkfbs tyf ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] efiffsf ;[i6f klg x'gÙ JolQmut
sf] k|sfzg / c? gofF klg yk ePsf tYox¿nfO{ tn Kof/fk|]mh u/]/ s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t– zlgaf/, !) efb| @)^#_ cg';f/ klg of] kfqsf] gfddf cfwf ÷S÷
|| 569 || || 570 ||
lVnpdf]r}F s'6D' a]/L r]nL -k|bLk /fO{ ;=@)^@M $%–$*_ gf/L kfqx¿sf ?kdf X= vf]lSrlnkM ls/fFtL–s'n'ª efifLx¿ jNnf] ls/fFt If]qdf of] P]ltxfl;s
cfpF5g\ . kfqnfO{ vf]lSrlnk / ltg} tjfdf / lvofdf b'O{ gf/L kfqx¿nfO{ v]p / Nxf];
IV= vlSrlnsM lgsf]n; cfn]g -O{=!(&^PM (#_ / jfnf y'n'ª
-dfl6{gf] lgsf]n6] L O{=@))$_ egL lrGg] / lrgfpg] ub{5g\ . syf 36gfqmd cg'?k
-;=@)%(M !)^–!!)_ cg';f/ ls/fFtL–y'n'ª dft[efiff -jNnf] ls/fFt_ df vf]lSrlnksL ;+lugL cf]Plnd -j]lnd_ x'G5] .
vlSrlns gfdn] k'sfl/G5 . of] kfq j+zj[¢Lsf] gS;fdf klg b]vf k/]sf] 5 . XI= slSr|SkfM kNnf] ls/fFt If]qdf ;+vj
' f;ef lhNnf / j/Lk/Lsf ls/fFtL–
V= vlrlnKk'M ls/fFtL–;fDkfª dft[efiffdf ToxL kfqsf] gfd vr'n'Kkf
ofDk"m-k]m_ dft[efifLx¿sf] hglha|fd] f k'Ubf ;f] k'?if kfq slSr|Skf -/f]nG8
-vu]Gb| ;fDkfª–/fO{ ;=@)^@M * / @$_ xf] . p;nfO{ k'vf{sf] ?kdf klg dflgPsf] ?6h{;\ O{=!((*M $!*–$$@_ gfddf lrlgG5 .
5 / j+zfjnL j[S5]df p;n] Ps j[If xfFuf cf]u6]sf] 5 . XII= vf]Sr'n'Skf, vf]So'nS' kfM vu]Gb| lzjfsf]6L -;=@)^@_ n] s'g} klg
VI= /rfs'n], tjfdf / lvofdfM dfem ls/fFt vf]6fª lhNnfsf] ls/fFtL–
lglZrt eflifs ;Dk|bfosf] gfd gtf]sL ‘;fs]nf l;nL’ zLif{ssf] n]vdf dfem
/f]bª
' df jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5f -;=@)%^M !&–@%_ cg'';f/ pQm kfqsf]] gfd ls/fFtsf] /rfs'nn ] fO{ vf]Sr'nS' kf / vf]So'nS' kf egL n]vs
] f 5g\ . To;} u/L b'O{
/rfs'n] jf vlrlnKkf xf] . vlrlnKkf zAbnfO{ vlrn] klg elgG5 / of] efiffdf gf/L kfqx¿ h:t} tjfdfnfO{ tfªjfdf ->tfjfdf_ / lvofdfnfO{ v]jfdf klg
o;sf] cfk\mg} cy{ 5 . syf cg';f/ ‘cu]gfsf] c3]{nf] bfp/f’ eGg] a'lemG5ý hxfF n]vs] f 5g\ . syf 36gfqmddf vf]Sr'nS' kfsf] ;Dks{ gfn'ªdf -ls/fFtL–sf]od' f
tjfdf / lvofdfn] eft ksfpFbf pm v'zLn] gfRt} ubf{ Tof] c3]{nf] bfp/fdf 7f]lsP/ gfof]df, b'dLdf gfod jfgfOdf cflb, xfd|f] gf]6_ gf/L kfq;Fu ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
eft kf]lvG5 . To;}n] /rfs'n]sf] gfd vlrlnKkf ePsf] xf] . of] gfd /tG5fsf] syf cg';f/ kSsf ls/fFtL efiffdf ;'lDgdfnfO{ lggfdofª ->ggfddfª_ elgG5 .
eflifsfdf k|rlnlt 5 eg] p;}nfO{ g]/k\ f eflifsfdf vf]lrlnkf -k'?if_, tf]Fjfdf / oxfF ;'lDgdf zAbn] v;Ls/g (Hinduization/ Nepalization/
Aryanization) sf] k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 .
lVnofdf -gf/L_ elgbf] -Pj6{ O{=@)))M !$_ /x]5 . o;/L g} afD/fª eflifsfdf
pgLx¿sf] gfd vf]lrlnkf, t'jfdf, lVnofdf -k"jj{ t\ O{=@)))M @(_ df kl/jt{g XIII= vS5'?SkfM ljleGg ;dWjGofTds gfddf kl/jt{g ePsf] /rfs'n]
eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ls/fFtL–nf]x-f]_?ª dft[efifLx¿sf] lha|f]n] vS5'?Skf pRrf/g ubf]{ /x]5 /
VII= vfSrfnk, u|fd ] / nf:;'M cf]Nnf] ls/fFt ;f]n'v'Da' If]qsf] ls/fFtL– o]5fs'Skf -xf8{Dofg ld=g=M @)$ / @!@, s/]g Pj6{ O{=@)))M #_ klg pRr/0f ubf{
vflnª dft[efiffdf of] P]ltxfl;s kfqsf] gfd vfSrfnk -;'Pof];L tf]af /x]5g\ . of] o]5fs'Skf gfd ls/fFtL–ls/fjf sf] gfd x]5fs'Kkf;Fu glhs 5 .
O{=!(*#M ##–$@_ xf] . gf/L kfqsf] gfdrflxF u|f]d / nf:;'df kl/jt{g eO{ ;s]sf] XIV= vf]lSrlnk, sf]lSrlnkM o'jf ls/fFtL ;flxTosf cg'/fuL /fh]z /fO{
5. -;=@)^@_ åf/f ;+ul| xt ls/fFtL nf]ssyfdf ;f] /rfs'n] kfq s07\o ÷s÷
VIII= vSr'nS' kfM kNnf] ls/fFt If]qdf af]lng] ls/fFtL–d]jfxfª dft[efiffdf
cNkk|fgaf6 s07\o ÷v÷ dxfk|fg Wjlgx¿df kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 . kfq /
pxL gfdn] lrlgg] kfq vSr'nS' kf -s/]g Pj6{ O{=@)))M #, dfl6{g u]Ghn] O{=@)))M k|jl[ Q pxL ePtf klg p;sf] gfddf dfq Wjlg kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . t/ gf/L kfq
@$*–&) PkmPkm_ xf] . tjfdf / lvofdfr}F dLgf kfqdf kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ . ;Dejt oL kfqx¿
ls/fFtL–ls/fjf efiffdf gfdfs/g ePsf x'g ;S5g\ . lsgeg] nf]s–;flxTo
IX= vf]lK;lnSkf, tf]df / v]dfM dfem ls/fFtdf af]lng] ls/fFtL–b'dLdf hf]h{ ;+snsn] pgsf] s[ltdf dft[efiff ;d"xnfO{ k|i6ofPsf 5}gg\ .
EoflG8«d -O{=!((#_ cg';f/ vf]lK;lnSkf, tf]df / v]df xf] .
XV= ls/fFtL–sf]ox' ¿n] of] k'?if kfqsf] gfd sf]S5'nk' f atfPsf] cfOdL
nfxfp:;f]O; -O{=@))*_ n] u/]sf] /]sl8{ª ;LPgcfP;, k|mfG;sf] xf]dk]hdf
hgfPsL 5g\ . sf]oL sf]/k;df x]bf{ e]l6G5 . pgn] t];df ;fnr}F @))$ /fv]sL
Wjlg;lxt vflSrn'Skf xf] / gf/L kfqsf] gfd eg] l/gfvf xf] . a"9fkfsf cg';f/ of] syf 5g\ . gf/Ldf kfqsf] gfd cl3 dfly g} pNn]v ePe}Fm gfof]df xf] .
jfrgdf tndfly k/] ckmfk x'g] hgljZjf;n] ubf{ k"/} syf /]s8{ ug{ g;lsPsf] tYo pgn]
xfd|f] s'/fsfgLdf v'nf;f u/]sf lyP . ;f]xL lbgsf] s'/fsfgLdf tjfdf / lvofdf gf/L XVI= x]5fs'jfM ce}m rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg] ;f]xL kfq /rfs'n] jf
kfqx?sf] gfd tofdf / laofdf ePsf] tYo klg e]l6Psf] lyof] . cljgfy /fO{ -;=@)^)M &_ vlrlnKkf ls/fFtL–ls/fjf dft[efiffdfr}F x]5fs'jf -lzjs'df/ >]i7 ;=@)$&M
cg';f/ vflSrn'kf / vflSrn'Skf egL lrgf/L u/fOPsf] 5 / hf]pdf] nfO{ hfjf tofdf klg @*–#!_ x'g k'u]sf] 5 . t/ oxfF >]i7n] klg /fh]z /fO{n] h:t} dft[efiff ;d"x
elgPsf] 5 eg] lVnpdf] r}F lvofdf nfO{ vfg] cUoft hLj elgPsf] 5 .
|| 571 || || 572 ||
g5'§fPsf]n] oxL dft[efifL ;d"x egL tf]Sg ;lsg] l:ylt /x]g . pgsf] syf / eflifs ;Dk|bfo egL tf]lsPsf] eP of] cWoogdf s];f| s];f| u/L s]nfpg
wgs'6f / o;sf cf;kf;sf If]qx¿df ;+sng ul/Psf] x'Fbf ^ y/] ls/fFtL– ;lsg] lyof] h;/L cf]Nnf] / dfem ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL efifLx¿ jLr s]nfOPsf] 5 .
ofSy'ª, ls/fFtL–a]Nxf/], ls/fFtL–cf7k|], ls/fFtL–l5Gtfª cflb ls/fFtL efifLx¿ o;/L jNnf] ls/fFtb]lv kNNff] ls/fFt;Ddsf ls/fFtL nf]ssyfx¿df
a;f]af;sf] e"ld ePsfn] ls/fFtL–ls/fjfsf] dfq} geP/ cGo efifLx¿sf] gfd sf]lSt;fnfb]lv x]5fs'Kkf;DdnfO{ klxNofpFb} hfFbf Ps ;dosf] Ps} kfq klg
ldl;Psf] x'g;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g . ljleGg gfdx¿df kl/jt{g ePsf /x]5g\ eGg] ufF7L s'/f 5n{ªu\ x'G5 . o;f] x'gd' f
pg} kfqsf] gfd gj/fh /fO{ ‘jt{dfg’ -hf] ;[i6f ef]hk'/sf x'g\ clg e"uf]nsf] ljleGg efu, vf]nf–gfnf / ;dosf] cGt/fn g} kl/jt{g d'Vo sf/sLo
ls/fFtL–sf]o' efiff ;d"xsf / ls/fjf jStf x'g_\ n] cfk\mgf b'j} s[ltx¿df tTjx¿ b]vf kg{ cfpF5g\ . e"uf]n / ;do cGt/fn;Fu} efiff / ;F:s[ltdf klg
x]5fs'Kkf -jt{dfg ;=@)%%, @)%&_ g} pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o:t} /lj, Onfdsf ljrng / kl/jt{g cfPsf] :ki6 x'G5 . t];dfly klg ls/fFtL efiffsf] ljutlt/
efiffj}Uoflgs -hf] cfk}+m /f]b'ª x'g'xG' 5 / ls/fjf jStf clg ls/fjfs} cg';Gwftf s]xL k|fSsyg / afFsL cWofo ^ df lgofNbf lsg o:tf] eof] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/
klg x'g_\ gf]ls/f -O{=!(*%_ n] ;f] kfqnfO{ x]R5fs'Kkf egL n]Vg' ePsf] 5 . clg e]l6Psf] 5 . o;df e"–eflifsf (geolect) dfq} lhDd]jf/ g/x]/ JolQmeflifsf
gf/L kfqx¿r}F tª\jfdf / lvofdf ePsf 5g\ hf] dfemsf gf/L kfqx¿;Fu s]xL (ideolect) sf] klg plQs} e"ldsf /xG5 . ;j} eGbf klxn] dfem ls/fFt 5]q
?kdf eP klg tfbfTDo /fVb5g\ . pg} kfqnfO{ /fhg d'sf?ª -O{=@))%M %^_ n] vf]6fª lhNnfsf] tLg ;dLk ufpFx¿nfO{ oxfF k|:t't u/L x]bf{ k'U5 .
x]T5fs'Kkf klg htfPsf 5g\ . ToxL /rfs'n] jf vr]lnKkf clg tjfdf / lvofdf vf]6fª, /tG5f
oxfF csf]{ clt g} dxTjk"g{ ljZn]ifgsf] kIf eg]sf] kNnf] ls/fFt 5]qsf ufpFaf6 g]/k\ f ufpFdf k'Ubf vf]lrlnkf -k'?if kfq_ tf]Fjfdf / lVnofdf -gf/L kfq_
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf ;f] kfqx¿sf] nf]k / kQf nfUg' g} xf] . /fkrf -;=@)^#M !%_ df kl/jt{g ePsf /x]5g\ . o;/L g} afD/fª ufpFdf k'Ubf vf]lrlnkf / lVnofdfr}F
n] tL kfqx¿nfO{ ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf eg] nf]k ePsf eg]sf 5g\ tfklg Pp6L gf/L kl/jt{g eO{ ;s]sf /x]g 5g\ / tjfdf, tf]Fjfdf / t'jfdf r}F s]xL g s]xL ?kdf
kfq eg] xfn;fn} rnlrqdf k'ghL{ljt eO{ v]oªgf eP/ e'mNs]sL 5g\ . Wjlg kl/jt{gdf k/L ;s]sf /x]5g\ . oL tL ufpFx¿ cfh klg k}bn ofqf ubf{ $–
d'Gw'ddfly lgdf{g ul/Psf] rnlrq vfk'Ggf d'/ªgf sf] /fhs'df/ cfªb]Da]st[ ^ 3G6fsf] km/s b"/Ldf dfq} cjl:yt 5g\ . olt ;fgf] b"/Ldf t km/s b]vf k5{ eg]
syfdf k/]sL cflbd gf/L hf] cnf}lss ultljlw k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg] kfq -x]g"{ jNnf]bl] v kNnf] ls/fFt If]q;Dddf k'Ubf km/s b]vf gkg]{ s'/} ePg . Pj+l/t\n]
sflGtk'/, !$ c;f]h )^#÷@@ l;tDa/ )^_ x'g\ / ;f]xL kfqsf] gfd v]of]ªgf ls/fFtL–ls/fjfdf klg d'sf?ª 6f]nlt/ yf]/} ?kdf eP klg kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOof] .
-lzjs'df/ >]i7 ;=@)%&M *^–*&_ klg xf] . t;{y, v]oªgf, v]of]ªgf / h:t}M /fhg d'sf?ª x]T5fs'Kkf lxHh]df clen]v u/] eg] jt{dfgn] x]5fs'Kkf
lvofdf kfqx¿sf] jLrdf P]ltxfl;s aGwg (link) cjZo klg 5 . lxHh]df clen]v u/]sf] kfOof] . o:t} /lj, Onfdlt/ k'Ubf 8f= gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{n]
xfdLn] dfly wgs'6f 5]qdf x]5fs'jf sf] k|;ª\u p7fof}+ / eGof}+ ls of] x]R5fs'Kkf lxHh]df clen]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s efiffljUofgsf] b[li6n]
x]5fs'jf ls/fFtL–ls/fjf afx]s cGo ls/fFtL efifLx¿df klg x'g ;S5 . o;} ;du| ?kdf kl/jt{gsf] lbzfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/L x]bf{ tLg} ls/fFt If]qx¿ ÷s, v,
x÷ ;+3ifL{ Wjlgx¿ jLr}df Jolt/]sL eP/ cl:tTjdf 5g\ . Tof] Jolt/]sLsf] :k];
kl/k|]Iodf ls/fFtL–cf7k|] -cf7kxl/of_ df a'n' d'sf?ª 123 n] ;'OsF f] gkfP klg
‘:yfg’ eg]sf] l;of]sf] 6'Kkf] hlt 5 eGbf cltzof]lQm x'Fb}g . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf]
;f] kfq kl/l:yltjz st} n's/] jf cs}{ ?k lnP/ a;]sf] x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{
s'g} g s'g} Onfsflt/ x]5fs'jfsf] eUgfjz]if kfOg' g} kg]{ xf] h;/L v]oªgf,
t'?Gt} gsfg{ ;Sg] l:ylt eg] 5}g lsgls cl3 eg]em}+ /fh]z /fO{ / lzjs'df/
v]of]ªgf, lvofdf, v]jfdf, lVNofdf, tfªjfdf, tfjfdf, t]afd, lvFafd,
>]i7sf ;+sngx¿df eflifs ;Dk|bfonfO{ OlÍt ul/Psf] 5}g . sf], sxfF, s'g 5]q
lVnpdf], tf]df / v]df cflb jLr kfOG5 .
o;/L g} slSr|Sk, sf]lSt;fnf, sf]lSrlnk, sf]S5'nk' f, vSr]/]
123
-vf]Sr]lnzf]_, vlrn], vlSrlns, vSr'n'Skf, vr'nK' kf vS5'?Skf,
ls/fFtL–cf7k|]df a'n' d'sf?ª -JolQmut s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t @) l;tDa/ @))^_ n] vfSrfnk, vlrlnKk', vflSrn'kf, vf]Sr'n'Skf, vf]lK;lnSkf, vf]So'nS' kf,
vr]lnKkf kfq ge]l6Psf] tYo v'nf;f ug'{ eof] . >L d'sf?ª g]kfn kmf]snf]/
;f];fO6Ldfk{mt wgs'6fdf uPsf] t];|f] cg';Gwfg 6f]nLsf] Ps ;b:o x'g'x'G5 / ;f] 6f]nL
vr]lnKkf, vf]lrlnkf, vf]lSrlnk, o]5fs'Skf, x]5fs'jf, x]T5fs'Kkf, x]R5fs'Kkf,
sf7dfG8" kms]{kl5 ;f];fO6Ls} sfof{nodf e]6/] d}n] ;f] lhUof;f /fv]sf] lyPF . t/ cem} klg x]5fs'Kkf / /rfs'nn
] ] Ps hflt ls/fFtL ax'–efiff ax'–;F:s[ltsf] cjwf/gfnfO{
d ls/fFtL–cf7k|]df vr]lnKkf kfq s'g} g s'g} ?kdf kl/jt{g eP/ n'sL l5kL a;]sf] xf]nf cS5'g /fVb5g\ eg] ax'–efiff / ax'–;F:s[ltnfO{ eg] of] Ps hfltn] ;+/S5]g /
eGg] s'/fdf cfzfjfbL 5f}+ .
|| 573 || || 574 ||
;Da¢{g u/L /fVg' kb{5 ax'–efifL / ax'–;F:s[ltsf] vfgL eg]/ lrlgg] g]kfn -rLg / ltAjtsf sltko efux¿_ sf dª\uf]nx¿ dª\uf]nf]O8 /]; -race_ jf
/fi6«sf vflt/ . pgLx¿sf] jLrsf] leGgtfsf] ax; eg]sf] hlt sf]lSt;fnfb]lv :6s-stock_ sf Snfl;s -/f]a6{ ?k]g !(*%M #%^_ pbfx/g x'g\ . jt{dfgdf
x]5fs'Kkf;Dd cyf{t\ vlrlnKkf / tjfdf lvofdfdf 5 t]QL g} xf] . Tof] eGbf 36L dª\uf]nx¿ d"ntM % ju{df ljeflht 5g\ . tL x'gM\ vfNvf, cf]O/ft, a'l/oft,
klg xf]Og / a9L klg xf]Og eGg] ;+st] k|i6} ldNb5 . o:t} / t]:t} xljut bfl/ufª\uf / bf/vft . pgLx¿ ;a} wd{sf gfddf a'l4i6 nfdfOHddf
‘ls/fFt÷ls/fFt’ zAbs} klg eof] / ePsf] 5 . t];sf] af/]df klg xfdLn] d'lg sGe6{÷k|f;
] ln6fOh jf kl/jt{g x'g' eGbf klxn] dª\uf]lnog ZofdflgHddf cfj4
ljj]rgf u/]sf 5f}+ . lyP .
%=!@ ls/fFtsf] d"n cf]O/ft / ToxfF sltko cem} klg ZofdflgHddf cf:yf /fVg] 5g\ eg] cfhsf]
g]kfn lxdfnosf l6a]6f]–ad{g ls/fFt -efiffsf] cfwf/df, x]g"{ cWofo ! klg_ n]
xfdLn] of] cWofosf] %=%=! b]lv %=!! ;Dd} tLg} ls/fFt Onfsfx¿sf k|fu–P]ltxfl;ssf] klg k|fu–P]ltxfl;s ;do @ xhf/ O{zf k"j{ klxn] g} of]
cWofo @ df e]l6Psf hDdf @& ls/fFtL eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] efiff, Snfgf]lgd / If]qdf ljr/g ul/;s]sf x'g\ . of] sfn–vG8;Dddf pgLx¿ ls/fFt geP/
?lkd, wd{–;F:s[ltdf k|oQ ' m zAb / nf]s;flxTo;lxt kfqx¿sf] gfdnfO{ cf]O/ft g} lyP . cf]O/ftx¿ ls/fFtdf To; jvt sGe6{ jf k|f;] ln6fOh\ ePý ha
cWoog cf} ljZn]ifg u/]/ sf], sxfF, s] / slt xb;Dd ljrng / kl/jt{g eP OG8f]–cfo{g hftx¿ -h;sf] efiff ;+:s[t lyof] / o;sf] ljsf;qmd OG8f]–
eGg] n]vfhf]vf jf gfktf}n u/L ;s]kl5 cj xfdL ls/fFt zAbsf] ljrngjf/] o'/f]lkogÖ OG8f]–O/flgogÖ OlG8s x'b} ;+:s[t;Dd / cGo OG8f]–cfo{g
5f]6f] ljZn]ifglt/ nfuf}+ . OG8f]–cfo{g kl/k|]S5]df k|frLgb]lv cjf{rLg jf efiffx¿sf] dfpefiff_ n] l;Gw" 3fF6Laf6 k"jL{ d}bfg -xfn pQ/–ef/t, sfd?k
jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf kf7sx¿nfO{ oh'j]{b, dxfef/t, /fdfog, lj:g'k/' fg / cflb_ tkm{ cfkm\gf] pkl:ylt / x}sd hdfpg yfn] / cf]O/ft gf]Dof8;\ jf
ls/fFtfh{'gLo dfq} ‘ls/fFt’ zAbsf] pTklQ ;|ft] egL Psf]xf]/f] ;'uf/6fO nflbPsf] lkm/Gt]x¿nfO{ cfo{s/g ub}{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{kl" t{sfnflu pkof]u ug{ yfn] .
5.
of] cWoogdf xfdLn] sltko ;Gbe{df egL ;Sof}+ ls cfhsf]
;fy} Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªb]lv lnP/ Gofolwz /fdrGb| /fO{ -x]g"{ /fkrf pQ/cfw'lgs hdfgfdf t ;+:s[tsf k|sfG8 ljåfg dflgg] 8f=k|kGgfrfo{ -pk{m
;=@)^!M @!–@% df_ ;Ddn] of] zAb dfp ‘‘ls/fFtfM >ls/f >ls/ jf lsn, sfn] /f]bª ' _ h:tf ls/fFt egfpFbfx¿ -hf] cfkm"nfO{ cfo{–5]lqo 3f]ifgf ub}{
ls/f6', ls/fFt ltSt, ls/f8 >ls/]t, lr/]tf >lr/ftf >lr/tLof, lsl/ofy, tLg8f]/] tfuf leg]{–le/fpg]_ lhpFb} o; wtL{df ko/ 6]Sb}5g\ eg] @ xhf/ O{zf
lsl/oft >lsxof{t >ls/hfy, lsl/oftlxd >l/oftofl/d >ls/fhfycjf k"js{ f ljr/f cf]O/ftx¿ xlG6ª\ / Uofbl/ª\ :6]hd} ?dNnL/x]sf lyP egL /fkrfn]
>lsof{tjfn >ls/oftx'h/f >lsolt;fGtf >sof{t;fkm] = s]/6] f >s]/6] fO6
eg]sf 5g\ . cfhsf] of] k|fljlws hdgfdf t sltkox¿ ;f]xL :6]hdf u'lh|/x]sf
>s]/fO6, s]/fo6 >s]/6] fO6 >s]/6] L, sfOnf;f >sfOnftL >s/f}tL, sflt{so ] , 5g\ . pQ/–k"j{ ef/tsf ;a} /fHo÷k|fGtx¿ / ToxfFsf l6a]6f]–ad{g cflbjf;Lx¿
sf}x >sf]xnft >s}nftL, lsnft >lrnft, sNnfltof, r]/Lof8L, l;l/of6L, O{= bzf}+ ztfAbLb]lv cfo{s/gsf] df/df -x]g"{ ;'gLlt r6hL{ !(%!_ k/]sf x'g\ eg]
l:s/f6;\, ls/f{xf8fO >ls/fl8of, lr/fl8cf], lsnf]tf], j[nls/fFt, ls/fFtsf, klZrd ef/tsf pQ/fGrn, lxdfrn k|bz ] , hDd'–sfl:d/ cflb /fHox¿df klg
lsGg/, ls/f8' >ls/fb, /fho ls/fFt, lsjf< d+uf]nzJbjf6, ls/fjf< cª\sf ;f]xL -h:t}M l6a]6f]–lsgp/L÷sgjf/Lx¿ a|Dxfsf] ko/sf] j"9Lcf}+nf]af6 hGdg',
ls/fjf 5f< cGsfGsfrL ls/fjf5frL, ls/fjflrcf] dfª, ls/fjflrcf] lvd, / d]Oy]Ox¿ dlgk'/Ldf kl/jt{g x'g,' cxf]dx¿ cf;fldofdf kl/jt{g x'g,' tfª\vn ' ,
‘s[’ wft'af6 ls/tLlt ls/M ls/dtlGt–uR5lGt o] t] ls/fFtfM’’ xf] dfq}df ;Lldt cfcf], lhlnofª\ cflb gfuf -efiffx¿ cg';r " L u df x]g_"{ df kl/jt{g x'g_' l:ylt
kfg'{ ePsf] 5 egL /fkrf -;=@)^!M @!–@%_ n] n]vs ] f 5g\ . pgn] g} oL ;j} 5 . To;tfsf klg cfhsf k|kGgfrfo{x¿ h:tf pRr hftsf] e/\ofª r9\g]
zAbx¿ ls/fFtsf d'xfg xf]Ogg\ egL eg]sf 5g\ . pgsf] ‘dª\uf]lnofdf sDKn]lS;6L ePsf dxf/fhfx¿ k|z:t} gePsf xf]Ogg\ . O:6 OlG8of sDkgLn]
ls/fFtL3/sf] k|lto'Q/’ zLif{ssf] n]vdf JoQm ts{ / tYonfO{ oxfF xfdLn] s]xL nueu ;f]x|f–}+ ;qf}+ ztfAbLlt/} h/f uf8\g / kGhf lk+mhfpg yfn] otf O{zf
;+5k] Kof/fk|]mh u/]sf 5f}+ . dlx;Ls/gdf klg k/] oxfFsf cflbjf;L e"ldk'qx¿ eGg] tYo dfOs]n cf]lKkr /
‘ls/fFt’ zAbsf] Jo'TklQsf] ;a} eGbf a9L ;Defjgfr}F 8f=xs{ u'?ªn] c?x¿n] O{=@))* df ;+sng–;Dkfbg u/]sf] lstfa gfuf cfO8]lG6l6h\M r]lGhª
eGg] u/]sf] pQm v;Ls/g ePsf zAbx¿df eGbf klg ‘cf]O/ft’ zJbdf 5 . nf]sn sNr;{ Og\ b gf]yO{ :6 cj\ OlG8of -u'un ;r{df hfg"_ k9\bf 5n{ªu x'G5 .
dª\uf]lnof, dª\uf]n÷dª\uf]lnog / dª\uf]nf]O8 zAbx¿sf] Uofg x'g] kf7shgn] ;'gLlt r6hL{n] klg cfk\mgf] jf}l4s k':ts ls/fFtf hgs[ltdf cfo{s/gsf]
‘cf]O/ft’ zJbsf] Uofg ug'{ klg TolQs} h?/L 5 . dª\uf]lnof / Og/–dª\uf]lnof 36gfj[QnfO{ dfOqmf];sf]kn] h:t} b]vfO lbPsf 5g\ .
|| 575 || || 576 ||
/fkrfs} ts{ cg';f/ cf]O/ftaf6 ls/fFtdf kl/jt{g x'gs
' f] sf/gdf ;+:s[t t];/L g} xfdLn] cWofo ! / @ el/ g} pNn]v u/]sf] ls/fFtL cflbjf;L
efiff g} xf] . lsgeg] ;+:s[t efiffsf] jg{ljUofgn] cu| :yfgdf ÷cf]O÷ Wjlg tyf e"ldk'qx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] slyt d'lvof, /fO{, b]jfg, ;'Aaf, lhdL, dlemof cflb
jg{ 6f]n/]O6 (tolerate) jf ;xg -dfwj kf]v/]n @))$ sf] O–d]n ;"rgfdf klg oxL v;Ls/gsf] rk]6fdf k/]/ cfh hghfltsf] hfltgfds} ?kdf cjtf/
cfwfl/t_ ug{ ;Sb}g . o;y{, OG8f]–cfo{g ;+:s[t cf} kfnL jStfx¿n] cfkm\gf] lnPsf lgof]lgd (neonym) x¿ x'g\ egL ;dfh–dfgjzf:qLx¿ Ps dt 5g\ .
jfª\do clen]vx¿df cf]O/ft sf] ;§f ls/fFt af]nL lbP÷n]vL lbP . of] ts{sf] tL w]/} Ps dtx¿dWo] xfdL oxfF GofG;L O lnjfOg -;=@)^!M ^#–*#_ n]
e/kbf]{ cfwf/÷;fb[Zo eg]sf] tfgf zdf{ -g]kfn @)^)M %#_ x'g\ . pgL n]V5g\– DofS8f}un / xf]km/nfO{ Kof/fk|]mh / pb\wt[ ub}{ u/]sf] j}rfl/s tYonfO{ k|:t't
‘‘‘lxGb"’ zAb clxn] kfls:tfgdf kg]{ l;Gw' gbLaf6 hGd]sf] xf] . l;Gw' gbLsf] ub{5f}+– æ===/fO{ g} zfob Pp6f o:tf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] h;af6 ;fdfGo k|of]udf
lsgf/df a:g]x¿nfO{ O/fgsfx¿ ‘;’ nfO{ ‘x’ pRrf/g ug]{ x'gfn] lxGb" eGg yfn] . hfltut gfdfs/0fx¿sf ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ;fk]Ifdf eGbf klg a9L ?kdf
kl5 ‘x’ sf] pRrf/g gug]{ lu|;n ] Lx¿n] ‘OGb'÷OlG8of’ -‘OG8;’ zAb klg /fhg}lts jf j}wflgs dxTj x'g] s'/f :k:6 x'G5 . ‘‘/fO{Æ gfdn] lrlgg] hfltx¿df
cl:tTjdf 5_ gfd lbP . o;/L P]ltxfl;s ?kn] ‘lxGb"’ eGg] zAb / hfltsf] :k:6 ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts c;dfgtf / Pstfsf] cefj kfOG5 eGg] DofS8f}un
cy{df k|of]u x'b} cfPsf] x'gfn] lxGb':tfg eGbf ef/t b]z / lxGb" eGbf ef/tLo -!(&#_ sf] pTvggnfO{ lnjfOgn] pb\wt[ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . o:t} pxfF xf]km/nfO{
-g]kfnsf cfo{–lxGb"x¿ nufotM xfdLn] yk]sf]_ eGg] j'em\g' k5{ . ef/t ljzfn / pb\wt[ ub}{ s] eGg' x'G5 eg] ‘‘/fO{ Pp6f xfn;fn} pTklQ ePsf] s[lqd ;+1f xf]
lj:t[t b]z ePsf]n] / j]b dfGg] -g]kfnsf cfo{–lxGb"x¿ klg j]b dfGg]M xfdLn] h; cg';f/ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf w]/yf]/ ?kdf Pp6} hfltleq lax]af/L rnfpg] / cy{k0" f{
yk]sf]_ ToxfFsf hgtf klg s/f]8f}+ x'gfn] pgLx¿dWo] ax';V+ os hgtfn] dfGb} tl/sfn] km/s af]nLrfnLsf efiff k|of]udf Nofpg] ;d"xx¿nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf
cfPsf] / k/Dk/fut ?kn] ljsl;t x'b} cfPsf] j}lbs wd{ klg ‘lxGb"’ zAbåf/f /flvPsf] 5 . ;j{ljlbt} 5, g]kfnL zAb ‘‘/fO{Æ n] ufpFsf g]tfx¿ Jff ;dsfnLg
lrlgg / lrgfOg yfNof] . of] uNtL xf] .Æ o;/L l;Gw' >lxGb" uNtL xf] eg] cf]O/ft /fO{sf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ hgfpg] ub{Yof] / kl5 dfq o;n] hghftLo gfd hgfpg
>ls/fFt klg uNtL xf] . yfNof] .Æ o;/L o;af6} a'em\g ;lsG5 lsg /fO{x¿n] -lnDa"x¿sf ;a eGbf
of] uNtLn] Oef]n; ] (evolutionary process) jf ljsf;qmd
' G/L k|f];; glhssf l5d]sL / To;/L g} hfltut lx;fan] ls/fFtL gfdn] To; 7fpFs} k|frLg
k|so[ fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{5 . t/ of] ts{ efiffljUofg÷zf:qsf lzS5fyL{ / jfl;Gbfx¿sf ?kdf lrlgPsf_ Plss[t x'g g;Sbf lsk6sf xsx¿sf arfp
efiffljUofg÷zf:qdf OR5f /fVg] / o;df r'nD'{ d 8'a]sf cg';Gwftfx¿sfnflu xf] . ;s]gg\ eGg] lgisif{ ;dfh–dfgjzf:qLx¿sf] 5 .
cGo l8l;lKng (discipline) sf kf7sx¿nfO{ e\mjf§} kTof/ nfUg g;s]klg efiffzf:qLx¿ h:t} hf]h{ lu|c/;g -O{=!()(_ n] cfk\mgf] s[lt
efiffljUofg / of];uF ;DjlGwt cWoog ljifox¿n] cg';Gwfgsf] l5lthnfO{ lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ OlG8ofdf ef]6–lrlgofF efiff af]Ng] dªuf]nf]O8 j+zsf
cjZod]j km/flsnf] kfb{5g\ . jStfx¿sf] d"n pTklQ yfFtynf] cfw'lgs rLgsf] onf] l/e/ (Yellow River)
csf]{ klg ;Defjgf s] 5 eg] l6a]6f]–ad{g jStfx¿sf ;[li6stf{ cyf{t\ Åjfª Åj / nfdf] gbL ofª;Lsf] d"ndf kg]{ l5ªxfO k|fGt ePsf] atfPsf
Oltxf;÷;dosf] ljleGg sfn–vG8df cfo{s/gsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] tYonfO{ To;} 5g\ . ;fy} ;fOgf]–dªuf]nf]O8 hfltx¿ t];} :yfgaf6 ;j{q k}mlnPsf x'g\ . pgsf]
gsf{g ldNg] l:ylt 5}g . Tof] k|To'Qm/df Oªlut n]vs o1gLlw bfxfn -lnJh'– s'/fnfO{ ;fy lb+b} yu'{8n] klg ef]6–lrlgofF hfltsf] d"nynf] Åjfª gbLs}
e'Dh', k"0ff{Í @#, ;=@)^)M @)–@!_ s} zAbdf– ‘‘j}i0fj j]bJof;n] n]vs ] f] JofF;LnfO{ g} dfGb5g\ . t];df of] cWoogn] l8:se/L u/]sf] @& ls/fFtL eflifs
>Ldb\efujt k'/f0fdf ls/fFt, x'0f, cfGw|, cfeL/, d';ndfg, sª\s, k|Ns; / ;Dk|bfox¿ hf] d'lvof, /fO{, b]jfg, ;'Aaf, lhdL, dlemofdf v;Ls/gsf] df/df
v;nfO{ u/L cf7 hfltnfO{ j}i0fj aGg cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 s] a'lemG5 eg] k/]sf 5g\ý pgLx¿ klg kb{5g\ .
kf}/fl0fs sfn;Dddf embf{ ;d'b|L hfltn] kj{tLo hfltnfO{ xfFs / wfs lbg o;sf] k|dflgs/g ug{ h]gl] 6S;\ jf cg'j+zljUofgsf] ;xf/f lng] xf] eg]
yfn]sf] /x]5 .’’ of] g} cfo{s/gsf] alnof] cg'dfg cfwf/ xf] . cfhsf hf]:dgLsf lb cd]l/sg ;f];fO6L cj\ Åo'dg h]gl] 6S;\sf] cd]l/sg hg{n cj\ Åo'dg
;a} a|DxgGbLx¿, kmfNu'gGb of]uLx¿, k|e'bf;Lx¿, cf]dgGbx¿ / rG8L– h]gl] 6S;\ sf] b'O{ cg';GwgfTds n]vx¿ b h]gl] 6s n]u;L cj\ b dªuf]N;\
?b|Ljfnfx¿ cflb 8f=:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{ h:t} :j=8f=xs{ u'?ªn] eGg] u/]sf -@))# dfr{, ef]No'd &@, O:o' #_ / b h]gl] 6s x]l/6]h cj\ b cln{P:6 ;]6n;{\
v;Ls/g -x]g"{ kfbl6KkgL !@) klg_ sf] HjnGt gS;fx¿ x'g\ . kl;{:6;\ af]y Og\ OlG8Pg 6«fOjn ofG8 sf:6 kKo'nO] ;Gh\ -@))# k]mA?c/L,
ef]No'd &@, O:o' @_ x]bf{ klg x'G5 . t/ o;df g]kfnLs} l6a]6f]–ad{g jStfx¿sf]
Pd6L8LPgP eg] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] eg] 5}g . g]kfn lxdfnos} eg] ls/fFtL
|| 577 || || 578 ||
jStfx¿sf] Pd6L8LPgPr}F 8r gful/s k|f=8f=Eofg l8«dn] ;+sng ug'{ ePsf] 5 . vG8x¿df pgLx¿ kl/jlt{t x'Fb} / 6'lqmb} uPsf x'g\ jf 6'qmfOb} nluPsf x'gý\
g]kfnaf6 ;d]t k|f=lgd{ndfg t'nfwf/ ;lDdlnt ;f] l6dn] O{=@))& d} Pp6f * ljleGg –s/gx¿ -cfhsf] dlx;Ls/gsf] ;fy}_ sf] df/df . of] cl3 g} pNn]v
kfgfsf] lk|lnldg/L l/kf]{6 u'nn ;r{ -x]g"{ ‘Nofªu'Oh\ ofG8 lhg;\ cj\ b u|]6/ u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ .
lxdfnog l/hg’_ df ljR5fPsf] xfdLn] e]6s ] f 5f}+ . of] l6ddf a]nfot / O6nLsf o;df g]kfnsf] e"uf]n klg lhDd]jf/ 5ý hxfF lxdfno–kxf8 u/L *# /
cg'jz+ tyf hLjj}Uoflgsx¿sf] klg ;+nUgtf 5 . o;sf] of] u'un k]h l/kf]6{ eg] ;dy/ jf t/fO{ !& k|ltzt dfq} 5 / k"jL{b]lv klZrdL lxdfn–kxf8df dfq} *)
clGtd ljZn]ifgfTds lgisif{r}F xf]Og . c? cfpg afFsL g} 5 . of] cWoogdf k|ltzt eGbf a9L efiffx¿sf] 3gTj x'g'n] klg t];s } f] Eofln8]Ozg jf k|dflgs/g
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf rf/} eflifsfx¿ ^ y/], kfGy/], k]mbfKk] / td/vf]n] ;fy} c? ub{5 . oL tTjx¿ afx]s b]zsf] eflifs kof{oj/gdflysf] cfqmdg klg lhDd]jf/
ls/fFtL efiffx¿df b'dL, h]/fª, vflnª, sf]FOr, afo'ª, y'nª ' , jfDa'n,] /f]bª
' , 5 egL xfdLn] cWofo ^ ax; 5]8s ] f 5f}+ . ofjt\ kl/j]zx¿n] ubf{ o;/L cf]O/ft
l5Gtfª, s'nª ' , b'ªdf-nL_, gfl5l/ª, k'df, ;fDkfª, nf]xf]?ª, ofSvf >ls/fFt >ls/fFt-L_x¿sf] cj:yf cfh @& eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿ -x]g"{ cWofo @_
jStfx¿sf] klg Pd6L8LPgP ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;+sng sfo{ l8;]Da/ sf] ?kdf e]l6Psf] 5 .
@))@ b]lv hgj/L @))# ;Dd ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] clGtd lgisif{ 5fkfdf
cfPkl5 eg] ;dfhdfgjzf:q, efiffzf:q / ;fF:s[lts cWoogsf] lgisif{nfO{ %=!# lgrf]8
j}Uoflgs / j}wflgs ePsf] k|dflgs/g ug]{ g} 5g\ . o; cWofodf xfdLn] cf]Nnf] ls/fFt 5]qsf d"ntM $ j6f ls/fFtL
k|f=8f=dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n -;=@)^@_ sf] cvjf/L n]vdf eg] ærLg, efiffx¿sf] s]xL 8]O6fnfO{ k|:t't u/]/ Jofs/gsf ljleGg kS5]x¿nfO{ ;'5d\ ?kdf
cd]l/sf / yfONofG8sf P3f/ hgf / rLgsf t]x| hgf cg'jz + j}1flgsn] ef]6– t'ngf u/]/ cyf{t\ bfFh/] x]/\of}+ . of] k|lqmofdf xfdLn] kmf]lgd afO kmf]lgd klg
lrlgofF efiff af]Ng]x¿sf] 8LPgP k/LIf0f / cf0fljs hLjlj1fg -df]lnSo'n/ le8fof}+ . ljZnifg u/\of}+ . df]/l\ kmd afO df]/l\ kmd klg bhfof}+ . o;df efiffsf]
afof]nhL_ ;DjGwL cg';Gwfg u/]=== To;sf] lgisif{ eg] o; efifLx¿ pQ/df Jofs/gnfO{ dfq} cfwf/ gagfP/ Snfgf]lgd ?lkdx¿nfO{ klg ;+nUg u/L dGyg
dª\uf]n hfltl;t, cf;fdlt/ ef/f]kn] L hfltl;t j+zf0f' ldl>t ePsf b]lvG5g\ . u/L x]/\of}+ . yf]/} eP klg jfSodf zAbqmdsf] klg l;G6ofS;\ afO l;G6ofS;\
ltAatLx¿rflxF jfoAo sf]0fdf ef/f]kn ] L hfltl;t / Ozfg sf]0fdf lrlgofF cjnf]sg eof] . s]xL ?kdf k"js { fo{x¿ jf ;flxTonfO{ klg s]nfO x]g]{ sfd eof] .
hfltl;t /Qmld>0f ePsf] kfOof] .Æ elgPsf] 5 . pxfFsf] ;f]xL n]vdf k"jL{ OYgf]–Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ ?lkd–?lkd s]nfP/ k|f6] f]–l6a]6f]–ad{g ?k;Fu cy{
g]kfnsf k|foM ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ c:6«f–] Plhofl6s k|efjsf] cfwf/df klxrfg eof] . nf]s;flxTosf] ;"rgfdf kfqx¿nfO{ klg hf]l8of] . wfld{s–
lxGbfTds -Indospheric OG8f]:k]ml/sý vs. Sinospheric ;fOgf]:k]ml/s jf ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/sf ?kdf ce}m nf]s Jojxf/df /x]sf zAbx¿nfO{ tLg} ls/fFt
lrgfTdssf] ;§f_ klg elgPsf] 5 . /Qm ld;|gsf] s]xL k|lqmof b}lgs Jojxf/df 5]qx¿;Fu t'ngf ub}{ ;dfgtfsf] s8Lx¿ vf]lhof] . of] cWofo / cWoog qmddf
klg b]lvG5 . cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf] Ps dxTjk"g{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiffsf] af/]df ePsf / Oltxf;sf]
o;/L OG8f]–cfo{gx¿sf] k|frLg ;Eotf OG8; l/e/ EofnLsf x8-/_Kkf ljleGg sfn–vG8x¿df /x]sf tyf ljWodfg c:ki6tfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{
/ dx]Ghf]bf/f] Onfsf jf kmf]6x{ ¿ ePem}F dª\uf]nf]O8 :6ssf ls/fFtL jStfx¿sf] o;sf elugL lgs6 elugL efiff / Jofs/gnfO{ klg pEofof}+ . lhUof;fk"g{
k|frLg ;Eotfsf] d"n ynf] Pnf] l/e/ / 5]p5fpsf Onfsf g} xf] eGg] tYo k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hg] k|ofz u/\of}+ . e|d lrg]{ sf]lzz u/\of}+ .
Pd6L8LPgP k/LS5]gn] / ls/fFtsf] d"n cf]O/ft xf] egL k|dflgt ug]{ lbg w]/} k/ oxL qmddf of] cWoogn] kNnf] / dfem ls/fFt If]qx¿df dfq} geP/
5}g . cf]Nnf] ls/fFt 5]qleq} ;To–tYon] k|sfz kfpg g;s]sf s'/f phfu/ u/\of] .
cfh oL ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ax'eflifs l:yltnfO{ k|f=8f=Eofg l8«dsf] ;dosf] cGt/fn, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, efiff sYo ?ddf dfq /xg' / ljno x'Fb}
l6dn] cUnf lxdfn cf} kxf8x¿sf 5]sy'g / k|fu–P]ltxfl;s sfnsf] a;fOF hfg', wd{–;F:s[ltdf ljleGg –s/gsf kl/j]zx¿n] ubf{ ljrng cfpgfn]
;/fOn] ubf{ ef}uf]lns cfO;f]nO] ;g jf PsfGttfaf6 ePsf] xf] eg]sf] 5 . o;df nf]kf]Gd'v x'Fb} uof] . t]xL –s/gx¿dWo] v;Ls/g klg Ps ljiffn' efO; lyof] /
xfdLn] of] cWofoel/ g} of] ax'eflifs ;d"xsf] ljleGg kS5]x¿nfO{ vf]Hg] / ce}m 5ý h;n] pgLx¿sf] cl:tTjnfO{ g} ;+s6df kf/\of] / cfk\mg} 3/–kl/jf/ /
t'ngf ug]{ qmddf oL tYox¿ jLr h'g ;dfgtfsf kl/jt{gx¿ e]l6P ltgn] s] bfh'efOleqd} cgleUotfsf] vf8n ;[hgf u/L lbof] . of] cWofo / k"/} cWoog
s'/fsf] ;+st] ub{5g\ eg] jt{dfg kl/j]zdf h:t} Oltxf;sf] ljleGg sfn– Tof] vf8nnfO{ efiff, Jofs/g, nf]s;flxTo kfqgfd kl/jt{g, OYgf]Snfgf]lgd,
wfld{s–;fF:s[lts w/f]x/ cflbsf] dfWodaf6 k'g]{ sfo{lt/ pGd'v /x]sf] 5 .
|| 579 || || 580 ||
tTsfnnfO{ cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf / eljiodf dfem / kNnf] ls/fFtdf klg vf8n k'g{' Pa6{, s/]g Pr= O{=@))#= ‘ls/fFtL Nofª\Olhh\M ofg cf]e/Eo'’= Og\ u|fxfd y/u'8
x'G5 . a]xf/] / cf7k/] jf 5y/] / cf7k/], ofSvfaf ofSy'ª cflbsf] uxg ofG8 /\ofG8L h]= nfkf]nf -;Dkf=_= b ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofª\uO' lhh\ [?6n]h
cWoogn] tL vfN8fx¿nfO{ ;dy/ kfg]{ g} 5g\ . oL @& eflifs ;Dd|bfoleq Nofª\uO' h k\mofldnL l;l/h]= nG8g / Go" of]sM{ ?6n]h=
/fhgLltn] NofPsf] cGof}ntfnfO{ pgLx¿ jLrsf] ;dfgtfsf] j}Uoflgs vf]hn] -----= O{=@)))= rflDnª 6]S:6;\ ofG8 Unf];/L= d'F;g] M lnªsd o'/f]kf=
cj:yf klg 5n{ªUofpg] sfd ub{5 . km'lgo/, cfn]F= O{= !(&^= ‘c lk|lnldg/L l/kf]6{ cg\ b kf]FOa-f]_ ofG8 UofdLM b
;'gj' f/ ZofdGh\ cj\ ;fa|f’= Og\ hf]g 6L= lxrf]s's' ofG8 /]S; Pn=gf]G;\
;Gbe{;"rL Bibliography -;Dkf=_= l:kl/6 kf]h; ] g Og\ b g]kfn lxdfnoh\ -OlG8og l/lk|G6_ cg'=
xofl/P6 n]jf las'g, Go" 8]nLM ljsf; klJnlzª xfp;=
cfn]g, lgsf]n; h]= O{=!(&^P= :68Lh\ Og b ldy;\ ofG8 cf]/n 6«l8;Gh\ cj\ b -----= O{= !(&$= ‘b /f]n cj\ b lk|:6 Og\ ;'gj ' f/ ;f];fO6L’, s}nfzM hg{n cj\ b
y'nª ' /fO{ cj\ O:6 g]kfn= lkPr8L lyl;;= cS:kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L lxdfnog :6l8h\, @, #M !%#–!^$=
-ck|sflzt_= u]Ghn], dfl6{g= O{=@)))= cf]l/lhG;\ ofG8 dfOu|];Gh\M lslG;k, ldyf]nf]hL ofG8
] sf] c/fhs ofqf’ -ldys dfof
e§/fO{, uf]ljGb/fh= O{=@))%= ‘pQ/cfw'lgs k|jz OlYgs cfO8]lG66L cdf]ª b d]jfxfª /fO{ cj\ O:6 g]kfn= sf7dfG8"M
sf] e"ldsfdf_ ldys dfof= sf7dfG8"M ;dGjo k|sfzgsf lgldQ dG8nf a's kf]OG6 / b dfpG6]g OlG:6Ro'6=
;flxTosf/ /fds[i0f afGtjf= Unf]e/, jf/]g 8JNo'= O{=!(&$= l;dflG6s ofG8 u|Dofl6sn :6«Sr;{ Og\ u'?ª
aflxª, bGt'/fd= ;=@)^#= ‘hfjdf], lVnpdf] / /]rfs'kf’, aflxªs] ldDvf -k|yd -g]kfn_ [;d/ OlG:6Ro'6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ klAns];Gh\ Og\
:dfl/sf_, !, !M $(= lnªu'Ol:6S;\ ofG8 l/n]l68 lkmNh\, klAns];g gDa/ $(, c klAns];g
Bahing, Danturam. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Dzaumo, Khliumo ra
cj\ b P;cfOPn cj\ b o'lgel;{6L cj\ cSnf]xf]df]= sf8dfG8"M
Rechakupa’, Bahingke Mimkha (First Souvenir), 1, 1: 49.
aflxª–;'gj' f/, k|flKt ælrqÆ= ;=@)%!= ‘;'gj' f/ tyf jfOª/fO{x¿sf] efiff tyf P;cfOPn, o'lgel;{6L k|];, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno=
;F:s[lt ;dfgtf’, sf]FOra', $, !, #M !–%= uf]8f]{g, /]dG8 hL=h]cf/ -;Dkf=_= O{=@))%= OYgf]nuM Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ b jN8{=
a|f8nL, 8]le8= O{=@))@= ‘b ;A–u'|lkª cj\ l6a]6f]–ad{g’= df An]h/, x]ªs
\ / c? 6]S;;\M ;d/ OlG:6Ro'6 cj\ lnª\uO' l:6S;\=
-;Dkf=_= d]l8oen l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ [la|nh\ l6a]6g :6l8h\ u'?ª, xs{= O{=@))$= hghflt ;]/f]km]/f]= sf7dfG8"M g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt
nfOa]|/L, ef]No'd @÷^]= n]O8g cflbM la|n= dxf;+3=
-----.O{=!((&= ‘l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 Snfl;lkms]O;g’, k]k/;{ Og\
ÅofG;f]g, u8{= O{=!((!= b /fO{ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfnM OlYgs ofG8 lnª\uO' l:6s
;fpyO:6 Plhog\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ g+= !$M [l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ u|'lkª= -Pl8l68 ofG8 OG6«8o':6 afO e]]g/ leG6/_= sf7dfG8"M
lb lxdfnoh\] !–&@= lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ g]kfn ofG8 l;gf;=
Han"on, Gerd. 1991. The Rai of Eastern Nepal: Ethnic and
a]gl] 8S6, kn= O{= !(&@P= ;fOgf]–l6a]6gM c sG:k]S6;\= slG6«Jo'l6ª Pl86/ Linguistic Grouping (Edited and introduced by Werner
h]D;\ P= dl6;f]km= s]lDa|hM s]lDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];= Winter). Kathmandu: Linguistic Survey of Nepal and CNAS.
r6hL{, ;'gLlt s]= O{=!(%! -bf];|f] kl/jlt{t ;+:s/g !(&$_ ls/fFt hgs[ltM b xH;g, la|og Pr= O{=!*%&÷*_= ‘sDk]/l] 6e ef]SofAo'n/L cj\ b a|fs ] g 6«fOA;\
OG8f]dªuf]nf]O8– b]c/\ slG6«Jo;g 6' b lx:6«L ofG8 b sNr/ cj\ OlG8of= cj\ g]kfn’, hg{n cj\ b ;f];fO6L cj\ a]ªun, %M #(#–$%^=
Sofnsf6fM lb Plhofl6s ;f];fO6L= xf8{Dofg, ;f/nf]6 O{= ld=g= sGkmld{6L ofG8 ;]Nkm PS:k|];g cdf]ª b nf]xf]?ª /fO{
l;laP;= O{=@))!= /fli6«o hguggf l/kf]6{= sf7dfG8"M l;laP; -;]G6«n Jo'/f] cj\ cj\ O:6 g]kfn= kLPr8L lyl;;= :s'n cj\ cf]l/G6n ofG8 clk|msg
:6fl6l:6S;\÷s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu_= :68Lh\, o'lgel;{6L cj\ nG8g -ck|sflzt_=
-----. O{=!((!= /fli6«o hguggf l/kf]6{= sf7dfG8"M l;laP; -;]G6«n Jo'/f] cj\ snL, /;= O{=!((&= ‘l;dflG6SnL l/n]l68 efjn u|]8; ] g Og\ ;'Gjf/ ofG8 r]kfª’,
:6fl6l:6S;\÷s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu_= Og\ 8]le8 a|f8nL -;Dkf=_= k]k/;{ Og\ ;fpyO:6 Plhog lnªu'Ol:6S;\
rflDnª, ef]lu/fh= ;=@)^$= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{sf] lrgf/L’, sflGtk'/ b}lgs, !) [g+=!$] l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\ cj\ b lxdfnoh\, (%–!)!=
sflQs jf @& cS6f]j/ @))&=
|| 581 || || 582 ||
sfOFnf, j}/fuL -ltnljqmd g]Dafª_= ;=@)%(= ‘lnDa" / jfDa'n] -/fO{_ efiff’, Lee, Maureen. 2005a. ‘Dialect intelligibility, language attitudes and
lnAh'–e'Dh', !!, !, @!M $!–$%= bilingualism among the Bahing Rais of eastern Nepal’. Paper
sf]gf], :6]g= O{= !()(= Og\ hh{ P= lu|o;{g -;Dkf=_= lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ cj\ presented in a seminar at the CNAS, TU, Kirtipur, 6 May.
OlG8ofM l6a]6f]ad{g k\mofldnLý lxdfnog 8fon]S6;\, gf]y{ cf;fd u|'K;\ -----=@))%aL= ‘8fon]S6 slDk|xl] G;laln6L, Nofªu'Oh ofl66o'8;\, ofG8
-l/lk|G6 !(() / !(($_ #, kf6{ !, Go" 8]nLM nf] k|fO; klAns];Gh\ ofG8 afOlnªu'clnHd cdf]ª b aflxª /fO{h\ cf]vn9'Íf ofG8 ;f]n'v'Da'
df]ltnfn agf/;Lbf; -l/lk|G6 !(^&_= l8l:6«S6;\’= Og\ of]uG] b| kL ofbj of6 ofn -O8LP;\_ sG6]Dkf]//L O;'h\ Og
vDa", uf]kfn= O{=@)))= ‘vDa'jfgsf vDa' efiff / kf5fx¿’, gj rf]df]n'ªdf, !, g]lKnh\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\= sf7dfG8"M lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn=
!M #(–$@= -----. 2005b. ‘Dialect comprehensibility, language attitudes, and
-----= ;=@)%@= vDa"jfg cfjfh= sf7dfG8"M n]vs= bilingualism among the Ba'yung Rais in Okhaldhunga and
-----. 1995 [VS 2052]. Khambuwan Awaj [The Voice of Solukhumbu Districts’. In Yogendra P Yadava et al (eds.).
Khambuwan]. Kathmandu: Author. Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics. Kathmandu:
vf6fnL–/fO{, lw/]g -=d]v/fh /fO{_= ;=@)%^= ‘aflxª /fO{sf] s]xL ;+:sf/– Linguistic Society of Nepal. 139-150.
;F:s[lt’, lnAh'–e'Dh', *, $, !$M @%–@*= nL, df]/Lg ;fydf jfub]jL /fO{, a'l4s'df/ /fO{ / sl/g a'g= O{=@))%= afc\oª
' /fO{M
ls/fFt /fO{ efiff tyf ;flxTo kl/ifb\ -ls/fef tyf ;fk, ;Dkf_= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt c ;f]l;cf]lnªu'Oli6s ;j]{= sLlt{k/' M l;gf;, lqe'jg o'lgel;{6L=
Lee, Maureen with Bagdevi Rai, Buddhi K Rai and Carin Boone.
/fO{ efiffx¿sf t'nfgfTds zAb ;+u|xM :jf8]z ;o zAbsf] cfwf/df= 2005. Ba'yung Rai: A Sociolinguistic Survey. Kirtipur:
sf7dfG8"M ls/fof s]sf;= CNAS, TU.
lnDa"–g]kfnL–cªu|hL zAbsf]z -j}/fuL sfOFnf / c?åf/f ;Dkflbt_= ;=@)%(= lgsf]n6] L, dfl6{gf] -;Dkf=_= O{=@))$= l/b\bª ' M b ef]O; cj\ b ofG;]:6;{\=
s7dfG8"M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg= sf7dfG8"M aH/ klAns];Gh\=
lnjfOg, GofG;L O= ;=@)^! -O{@))$_= ‘Gf]kfndf hft, /fHo / hghftLo cf]Ku]gf]6{, hfF /f]a]c/= O{=@))@= lb jfDa'n] Nofªu'Oh\M u|ofd/, n]lS;sf]g, 6]S:6;\
;Ldf/]vf’, axfM hg{n !, !M ^#–*#= ofG8 sNr/n ;e]{ cj\ c /fO{–ls/fFtL 6«fOa cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn= kLPr8L
ldvfOnf]E:sL, af]O8= @))#= gf]6;\ cg\ ofg OYgf]lgd k|md O:6 g]kfn= Og\ la|lu6 lyl;;, n]O8g o'lgel;{6L= -O{=@))$ df la|n k|sfzsn] lstfasf] ?kdf
PnPd afpc/ ofG8 lucf]/\u];–hfF lkgpN6 -;Dkf=_= Nofªu'Oh Og\ 6fOd 5fk]sf] zLif{s c u|ofd/ cj\ jfDa'nM] u|ofd/, n]lS;sf]g, 6]S:6;\ ofG8
ofG8 :k];M\ c k]m:6l:qmk\m6 km/\ e]/\g/\ leG6/ cg\ lb cSs]hg cj\ lxh\ sNr/n ;e]{ cj\ c ls/fFtL 6«fOa cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn xf]_=
Pl6Py jy{8]= aln{g, Go" of]sM{ d'Ftf]= kfgf @*&–@(@= -----. ;=@)^!= ‘lb cf]l/lhg\ cj\ ODKnf]l;e :6K;\ Og\ jfDa'n] /fO{’, lnAh'–e'Dh',
Michailovsky, Boyd. 2003. 'Notes on an ethnonym from East !@, !, @%M #–*=
Nepal'. In Brigitte LM Bauer and Georges-Jean Pinault
kf]v/]n, la=s]= ;=@)@#= /fi6«efiff= sf7dfG8"M ;femf k|sfzg=
(eds.). Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for
Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday. Berlin,
kf]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb= ;=@)^@= ‘ef]6–lrlgofF efiff kl/jf/’, sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @@
New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. 287-292. c;f]h @)^@=
-----= O{=!(&%P= ‘gf]6;\ cg\ b ls/fFtL ea{ -O:6 g]kfn_’, lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cj\ b Pokharel, Madhap P. 2005 [VS 2062]. ‘Bhot-Chiniya bhasha
l6a]6f]–ad{g Pl/of, @, @M !*#–@!*= pariwar’, Kantipur daily, 22 Asoj 2062.
-----. O{=!(((= ‘/]l;k|fl] ;6L Og\ ls/fFtL’, g]lKnh\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, !^M @*–#%=
-----= 'Notes on the Kiranti verb (East Nepal)', Linguistics of the
Tibeto-Burman Area, 2, 2: 183-218. -----. 1999. ‘Reciprocity in Kiranti’, Nepalese Linguistics, 16: 28-
nL, df]/Lg= @))%P= ‘8fon]S6 OG6]lnlhlaln6L, Nofªu'Oh ofl66o'8;\ ofG8 35.
afOlnªu'clnHd cdf]ª b aflxª /fO{h\ cj\ O:6g{ g]kfn’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 /fO{ -åf¥jf/fª\rf_, cljgfy= ;=@)^)= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf] k/Dk/fut lkt[sfo{M
Og c ;]ldgf/ of6 l;gf;, 6Lo', sLlt{k/' M ^ dO{= s]xL ljj]rgf’, lnAh' e'Dh', !!, @, @$M #–!@=
-----. ;=@)%$= jfDa'n] /fO{ zAbsf]z -lk|lnldg/L e;{g, k':tssf ?kdf
k|sfzg ;=@)%& jfD/f;, s]sf, nlntk'/_=
|| 583 || || 584 ||
/fO{, jfub]jL= @))*= x]5fs'Kkf Og\ ls/fFtL kmf]s6]Nh\M c sDk]/]l6e :68L= /fO{ -af8f5f_, kv{g= ;=@)^!= ls/fFt /fO{ rflDnª af8f5f -dfyf_ kl/jf/sf]
ck|sflzt PdP lyl;;= /Tg /fHo nIdL SofDk;, lqe'jg j+zfjnL -dgf] rflDnªåf/f ;Dkflbt_= sf7dfG8"M n]vs=
ljZjljWofno, sf7dfG8"= /fO{, k|bLk -Jofs'n dflxnf_= ;=@)^@= ‘ls/fFt jfDa'n] /fO{ ;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt
Rai, Bagdevi. 2008. Hechhakuppa in Kiranti Folktales: A kl/ro’, ul/df -;flxlTos dfl;s, k';_, @$, !, @&&M !)%–!!@=
comparative Study. Unpublished MA Thesis. Ratna Rajya -----. ;=@)^@= ‘ls/fFt jfDa'n] /fO{ hfltsf] vfpdf] l;nL’, lnAh' e'Dh', !#, !,
Laxmi Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. @*M $%–$*=
/fO{ -ofn'ª5f_, aofl;+x= ;=@)%%= pTklQ / k/Dk/fsf rflDnª ldysx¿ /fO{, /fh]z= ;=@)^#= ls/fFtL nf]ssyf ;+u|x= wgs'6fM k|f=8f=gf]jn lszf]/ /fO{=
-nfn /fkrfåf/f ;Dkflbt_= sf7dfG8"M lgd{nf–lht/fh /fO{= /fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n=' O{=@))*= ‘–Rff g'–Åjfª s'lnd\ df]/k\ mf]l;dflG6s nfMzf’,
/fO{ -;Td–b'dL_, rt'/Qm= ;=@)%^= ‘b'dL ls/fFt /fO{M Ps lrgf/L y/, ;d], kf5f / uf]/vfkq b}lgs,
j+zfjnL;lxt’, Ol;lnd, !, !M #–!!= -----. ;=@)^#= ‘ls/fFtL nf]s;flxTo sf]lSt;fnfb]lv x]5fs'Kkf;Dd’, zf/bf
/fO{ -åf¥jf/fª\rf_, u0f]z= ;=@)%%O= ‘jNnf] ls/fFtM jfDa'n] /fO{ hfltaf/] ;+lIfKt -;flxTo dfl;s, df3_, !, !M ##–#&=
cWoog’, lnAh'–e'Dh', &, #, !)M #–!)= Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu. 2007 [VS 2063]. ‘Kiranti loksahitya
/fO{, hutwg= ;=@)%^= ‘wgs'6f lhNnfdf a:g] jfDa'n] /fO{x¿sf] kl/ro’, Koktisaladekhi Hechhakuppasamma’, Sharada (Masik,
lnAh'–e'Dh', *, @, !@M !&–!*= Magh), 1, 1: 33-37.
/fO{ -;fDkfª_, vu]Gb|= ;=@)^@= ls/fFt vDa' ;fDkfª /fO{M ;+lIfKt kl/ro -----. ;=@)^#= ‘ls/fFtL nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;+/rgfut t'ngf’, dw'ks{ -nf]s;flxTo
-g]kfnL–;fDkfª–Oªlnz zJbfjnL;lxt_= nlntk'/M ls/fFt ;fDkfª– ljz]iffª\s_, #(, $, $&$M !#–!%=
/fO{ pTyfg ;dfh, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt= -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Kiranti lokkathaharuko samrachanagat
/fO{, s[i0fhLt= ;=@)^@= ‘Rofª\dfvfNjf d'of]ªf hGdf]’, lnAh'eD' h', !#, @, @(M tulana’, Madhupark (Loksahitya visheshank), 39, 4, 474: 13-
@%–@^= 15.
/fO{, dg= ;=@)%$= ‘jfDa'n] /fO{sf] ‘GjfÍL kj{M 5f]6f] rrf{’, lnAh'–e'Dh', ^, @, &M -----. ;=@)^#= ‘cf]Nnf] ls/fFtsf ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] t'nfgfTds cWoog’,
^–*= ls/fFtL–jfDa'n] efiffsf] cf7f}+ sljuf]i7L–)^# sf] pknIodf ! sflQs
/fO{, d'ufdfof= ;=@)%%=;f]n'v'Da" lhNnfsf] /fO{hfltdf k|rlnt nf]ssyfx¿sf] )^#, a'wjf/sf lbg dfg]eGHofª–&, cf]vn9'Ífdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf
;+sng / cWoog= ck|sflzt PdP zf]wkq, kWd sGof SofDk;, lqe'jg k|:t't ul/Psf] cg';GwgfTds sfo{kq=
ljZjljWofno= -----. 2006 [VS 2063]. ‘Wallo Kirantka Kiranti bhashaharuko
/fO{, gf]jn] lszf]/= O{=@))@= :k]l;Pn 8]OlS;;\ Og\ ;d\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\= tulanatmak addhya’, Kiranti-Wambule bhashako athaun
kabigosthi-063 ko upalaksyama 1 Kattik 063, Budhabarka dir
k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ b 6\jG6Ly8{ ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b lnªu'Ol:6s
Manebhanjyang-7, Okhaldhungama bhayeko karyakrama
;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, sLlt{k/' , @^–@& gf]eD] j/= prastut gariyako anusandhanatmak karyapatra.
-----. O{=!(*%= c 8]l:qmlK6e :68L cj\ afGtjf= kLPr8L zf]wkq, o'lgel;{6L -----. ;=@)^#P= ‘hghflt ;'/]nsf] zfZjt ;To / ;d:of’, ul/df -;flxlTos
cj\ k"g,] k'gf= dfl;s, ebf}_, @$, (, @*%M (^–!)#=
] lszf]/, lji0f', 6+s / jfub]jL /fO{ -;Dkf=_=O{=@))&= rflDnª–g]kfnL–
/fO{, gf]jn -----. O{=@))%la= k|f6] f]–l6a]6f]–ad{g *–rf df]/l\ kmd Og\ ls/fFtL Snfgf]lgDh\= k]k/
cªu|]hL zAbsf]z= sf7dfG8"M ls/fFt rflDnª /fO{ l8S;G/L ofG8 u|ofd/ ofA:6«S6 6' la lk|hl] G68 of6 b 6f]lG6l;Sy ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b
/fOl6ª sld6L @)%*= lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]eD] a/=
Rai, Novel Kishor, Vishnu, Tanka Bagdevi Rai (eds.). 2007 [VS
-----. O{=@))%l;= c 8]l:qmlK6e u|ofd/ cj\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr= kLPr8L lyl;;,
2064]. Chamling-Nepali-Angreji Shabadakosh. Kathmandu:
Kirat Chamling Rai Dictionary and Grammar Writing hjfx/nfn g]x¿ o'lgel;{6L, gO{ lbNnL=
Committee 2058. -----. O{=@))%l;= l/Eo" cfl6{sn cg\ b :6«Sr/ cj\ ls/fFtL Nofªu'Olhh\M
sDk]/]l6e u|ofd/ ofG8 6]S:6;\ afO s/]g Pr=Pj6{ Og\ slG6«Jo';G;\ Og\
g]lKnh :6l8h\, #@, @M #@(–##^=
|| 585 || || 586 ||
-----. O{=@))$= OYgf]Snfgf]lgDh\ Og\ ls/fFtL–sf]FOrM c df]/\kmf]Ol6df]nf]lhsn >]i7, bof/fd= ;=@)$&= ‘hgljZjf;sf] k|:t'tL’ -lzjs'df/ >]i7sf] s[lt ls/fFtL
k|fa] = k]k/ lk|hl] G68 of6 b 6f]lG6lkmk\my ofg'cn sGkm/]G; cj\ b nf]s syfx¿ sf] e"ldsf_= ls/fFtL nf]s syfx¿ = wgs'6fM u+ufb]jL
lnªu'Ol:6s ;f];fO6L cj\ g]kfn, @^–@& gf]eD] a/= >]i7=
-----.;=@)^!= ‘d+uf]lnofdf ls/fFtL3/sf] k|ltTo'Q/’, lnAh'–e'Dh', !@, !, @%M >]i7, lzjs'df/= ;=@)%&= ‘v]$;ª ' -drf{_’, ;okqL -lnDa" efiff nf]ssyf
@!–@%= cª\s_, ^, @, !@M *^–*(=
-----. 2004 [VS 2061]. ‘Mangoliama Kirantigharko pratityuttar’, -----. ;=@)$&= ls/fFtL nf]s syfx¿ = wgs'6fM u+ufb]jL >]i7=
Libju-Bhumju, 12, 1, 25: 21-25. lzjfsf]6L, vu]Gb|= ;=@)^@= ‘;fs]nf l;nL’, /fhwfgL -OGb|]0fL_, * h]7 @)^@÷@@
-----. O{=@))#= Nofª\u'Oh\ sG6ofs ofG8 b l8lkml68 k]ml;h\ cj\ ls/fFtL dO{ @))%=
Nofª\uO' lhh\= k]k/ k]|lhlG68 Og\ b n]Sr/ l;l/h\ cg\ ls/fFtL z'Nh, dfln{g= O{=!(*&= ‘OG6]G; ofS;g of8elj{oNh\ Og\ ;'Gjf/M c ej{n
Nofª\uO' lhh\ ofG8 lnªu'Ol:6S;\, ;Dkfbs gj/fh sf]o–' /fO{åf/f ls/fjf OG6]lG;kmfo/ l;:6d’, lnªu'Ol:6S;\ cj\ b l6a]6f]–ad{g Pl/of, !), !M
tyf ;F:s[lt pTyfg k|lti7fgdf cfof]lht sfo{qmd, !( h'nfO{ @))#= ^#–*%=
-----. O{=@))@ -;=@)%(_= ‘;'gj ' f/–aflxª efiffsf] t'ngfTds cWoog’, ;'gj' f/ -d'lnrf_, nf]slk|o= O{=@))#= ;fFcj\ f; b"bf{k"F -lq–af]nL zJbsf]z_=
;okqL, @, #M #@–$#= sf7dfG8"M ;'gj' f/ ;]jf ;dfh=
-----. O{=@)))= Snh sDafOlgª Og\ sf]FOr -;'gj ' f/_= PdP lyl;;= ;]G6«n yf]s/, /fh]Gb|= ;=@)^@= aflxª ej{ df]/\kmf]nf]hLM :kf]s Og\ cf]vn9'Íf l8l:6«S6=
l8kf6{dG6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, sLlt{k/' , lqe'jg ljZjljWofno= PdP lyl;;, ;]G6«n l8kf6{dG6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, sLlt{k/' , lqe'jg
-----. O{= !((*= ‘b /]:6f]/];g cj\ ;fs]nf l;nL’, 6«fe]nu, #, !, hgj/L= ljZjljBfno=
-----. O{=!((&aL= ‘;'gj ' f/ Jofs/0fsf] k|f?k0f’, ;okqL, #, #M !!)–!#)= tf]af, ;'Pof]zL= O{=!(*$= vflnª [PlhPg ofG8 oflk|msg u|dfl6sn Dofg'cn
-----. O{=!((^= ;'gj ' f/ Nofªu'Oh\M c ;f]l;of]lnªu'Ol:6s k|fk] mfOn= PdP g+= !#8L -bf];|f] ;+:s/g_]= 6f]lsof]M ONsf, 6f]lsof] o"lgel;{6L cj\ km/]g
lyl;;= ;]G6«n l8kf6{dG6 cj\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, sLlt{k/' , lqe'jg :6l8h\=
ljZjljBfno= -----. O{=!(*#= c kmf]gf]nf]lhsn l/sG:6«S;g cj\ k|f6] f]–gf]b{g /fO{= PdP lyl;;,
/fkrf, nfn / jfub]jL /fO{ -O{=@))*_= ‘vr]lnKkf Og\ ls/fFtL o"lgel;{6L cj\ 6]S;;\ of6 cln{ª6\ g, h'nfO{ !(*#=
OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6S;\’= k]k/ lk|hl] G68 Og\ n]Sr/ l;l/h\ cg\ ls/fFtL -----. O{=!(*#= vflnª 6]S:6;\= ofs &= 6f]lsof]M OlG:6Ro'6 km/ b :68L cj\
Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6S;\, OlG:6Ro'6 km/\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, Nofªu'Olhh\ ofG8 sNr/;{ cj\ Plhof ofG8 clk|msf, o'lgel;{6L cj\
nfOklr;\ o'lgel;{6L, hdgL{= % h'g= 6f]lsof]=
Rapacha, Lal and Bagdevi Rai. 2008. ‘Khacelipa in Kiranti y'nª ' , jfnf= ;=@)%(= ‘vlSrlns’, ;okqL -ax'eflifs_, *, !, !@M !)^–
ethnolinguistics’. Paper presented in Lecture Series on !!!=
Kiranti Langauges and Ethnolinguistics, Institute for
y/\u'8, hL= O{=@))#= ‘c ;au|'lkª cj\ b ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofªu'Olhh\M b OG6/
Linguistics, University of Leipzig, Germany. 5 June.
ofS;g la6ljg Nofªu'Oh sG6ofs, r]Gh, ofG8 OGx]l/6]G;’= Og\ u|ofxfd
/fli6«oefiff gLlt ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg -/fefgL;'cfk|_= @)%)= sf7dfG8"M y/u'8 ofG8 ¥ofG8L h]= nfkf]nf -;Dkf=_= b ;fOgf]–l6a]6g Nofª\uO' lhh\
/fli6«oefiff gLlt ;'emfj cfof]u, sdnfbL= [?6n]h Nofª\uO' h k\mofldnL l;l/h]= nG8g / Go" of]sM{ ?6n]h=
?6h{;,\ /f]nG8= !((*= ofDk"mM u|ofd/, 6]S:6;\ ofG8 n]lS;sf]g= n]O8gM l/;r{ pkfWofo, d'gf= O{=!((*= g]kfnL efiff / /fli6«o efiffdf cfTd]gkb / k/:d}kbsf
:s'n l; Pg 8ANo' P;, :s'n cj\ Plhog, oflk|msg PG8 cd]l/lG8Pg Jolt/]ssf] cWoog= PdP zf]wkq, s]Gb|Lo g]kfnL ljefu, sLlt{k/' ,
:6l8h\= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno=
;]km/, cf/= O{=!(%#= ‘O:6 lxdfnOz\’, a'nl] 6g cj\ b :s'n cj\ cf]l/oG6n ofG8 ofn'ª5f, jfu–cfofUofdL= O{=@))^= df]/\kmf]l;dflG6S;\ cj\ ls/fFtL–/f]bª '
clk|msg :6l8h\, !%, @M #%^–#&$= Snfgf]lgDh\= c k]k/ 6' la lk|hl] G68 of6 b 6'jN] k\my lxdfnog Nofªu'Oh
l;Dkf]lhod, @&–@( gf]eD] j/=

|| 587 || || 588 ||
cWofo
ofn'ª5f, jfu–cfofUofdL / nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf= ;=@)^@= ‘ls/fFtL
efiffx¿df lz:6tf sf]6L’, rflDnª, @, @–$M ^!=
Eofg l8«cd, hf]h={ O{=@))$= ‘g]jfl/s ofG8 dxfls/fFtL’= Og\ cGh' ;S;]gf
5
-;Dkf=_ lxdfnog Nofªu'Olhh\M kf:6 ofG8 lk|hG] 6 [6]«Gh\ Og\
lnªu'Ol:6S;\, :6lkh\ ofG8 dfgf]uf| km\ !$(]= aln{g ofG8 Go" of]sM{ d'tf]F=
-----. O{=@))!= Nofªu'Olhh\M cj\ b lxdfnoh\M ofg OYgf]lnªu'Ol:6s
xofG8a's cj\ b u|]6/ lxdfnog l/hg sG6]lgª ofg\ OG6«f]8S;g 6' b
l;lDacf]l6s lycf]/L cj\ Nofªu'Oh= [@ ef]Nh\]= n]O8g of6 cnM la|n=
-----. O{=!((&= ‘;fOgf]–af]l8s’, a'nl] 6g cj\ b :s'n cj\ cf]l/oG6n ofG8
efiffnf]k, ;+/S5]Gf / ;+j¢{gsf pkfox¿
clk|msg :6l8h, ^), #M $%%–$**= efiffgLlt tyf of]hgf
-----. O{=!((#l;= c u|ofd/ cj\ b'dL= aln{g ofG8 Go" of]sM{ d'tf]F=
-----. O{=!((@= ‘Og\ Sj]:6 cj\ dxfls/fFtL [u|6/] ls/fFtL]’, slG6«Jo';Gh\ 6' g]lKnh
:6l8h, !(, @M @$!–@$&= ^=) efiffnf]ksf] kl/ro (Introduction to language loss)
eflG;6f6{= O8]g= O{=!*(^ -k'gMk|sfzg O{=!((!_= u'/v \ fh\M c xofG8a's= Go" 8]nL k"jL{ g]kfndf sof}+ k6s eflifs, ;fF:s[lts tyf /fhg}lts cfGbf]ng
/ db|f;M Plhog Ph's; ] gn ;le{;= ePsf] lyof] . h:t}M O{=!&&) df bz lnDa"jfg ljb|fx] / O{= !*)* df vDa" ljb|fx]
-----. O{=!()( -k'gMk|sfzg O{=!((@_= gf]6;\ cg\ g]kfn -Pr=Pr= l/:n]åf/f -ef]hk'/–cf]Nnf] / dfem ls/fFt h;df @ nfO{ d[To' bG8 / !% sf] ;j{:jx/g_ eof] .
kl/ro_= Go" 8]nL / db|f;M Plhog Ph's; ] gn ;le{;=\ bdg / lyrf]ldrf]s} qmddf O{=!(%) df ls/fFtL cfGbf]ngnfO{ t'xfOof] / O{=!(^$
leG6/, e]/g/= O{=@))$= ‘lk|ej{n df]l8kmfo;{ Og\ ;'Gjf/’= Og\ cGh' ;S;]gf df tLg} ls/fFt 5]qx¿df lsk6k|yf pGd"ngsf] lj/f]w eof] . eflifs?kn] O{=!&&*
-;Dkf=_= lxdfnog l6a]6f]–ad{g Nofªu'Olhh\M kf:6 ofG8 lk|hG6 [6«G] 8;\ df ofSy'ª kfMg -lnDa" efiff_ k|lt bdg eof] . k]ml/ kl5 O{=!*&) df ofSy'ª
Og\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\, :6l8h\ ofG8 df]gf]u|fkm;\ !$(]= aln{g ofG8 Go" of]sM{ kfMgnfO{ bdg ub}{ l;/Lhªufxfª y]j] jf ?kLxfª /fo-f_nfO{ b]zlgsfnf ul/of] .
d'tf]F= of] tYo xfd|f] k|fSsygsf] kfbl6KkgL # ;Fu ;DjGwLt 5 / ;|ft] klg t]xLF pNn]v
jt{dfg -gj/fh sf]o–' /fO{_= ;=@)%&= x]5fs'KkfM ls/fFt nf]ssyf= sdnfbL, u/sf 5f}+ . b]z lgsfnfkl5sf] l:yltnfO{ k|i6\ofpg] t:jL/ oxfF d'gL k]O:6
sf7dfG8"M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg= (paste) u/]sf jf 6fF;s ] f 5f}+–
-----. ;=@)%%= ls/fFt nf]ssyf= sf7dfG8"M ls/fof, s]Gb|Lo sfo{ ;ldlt=
ofn'ª5f, jfu–cfofUofdL= ;=@)%^= ‘6jfdf, lvofdf ªf] vr]lnKkfdf] /f]bª '
ToflQ’ -6jfdf, lvofdf / /rfs'ns ] f] rflDnª nf]ssyf, v;–g]kfnL
efiffdf cg'= nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf_, ;okqL -ax'eflifs_, %, !M !&–
@%=

********************************

-gSzf g+=^=@( XXIX: ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ kmfF;L† ljut hdfgfdf ls/fFtL dft[efiffsf] dfof
ubf{ o:tf] k'/:sf/ ldNg] ub{Yof] . ;|ft] M u'un ;r{ OlGhgaf6 8fpgnf]8_
of] bdgn] ls/fFtL lnªu'Ol:6s–Osf]nf]hL cyf{t\ ls/fFtL eflifs–
kof{j/gdf g} sfa{gdf]gf]8fO cS;fO8 k}mnfO lbof] cyf{t\ eg'F ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf]

|| 589 || || 590 ||
;'Gb/ cg'xf/df Pl;8 5sL{ lbof] . of] l:yltdf c? efiffx¿sf] klg kof{j/g t]:t} pbfl;gtfnfO{ a9jf / jkmfbfl/tfnfO{ Wj:t kf/]sf] Oltxf; 8f=/d]z 9'ªu]nn]
/Åof] . g]kfn pkTosfdf eg] g]jfM jf g]kfn efiffn] pkTosf aflx/ h:tf] jf cfh ;f]c;, nG8g -x]g"{ cWofo @=!! klg_ df vf]tNbf e]l6Psf] ;To xf]] .
dflysf] kmf]6f]sf] h:tf] l:ylt ef]Ug' k/]g ljljw sf/gx¿ h:t}M e"uf]n / plrt w]/} 6f9f guP/ klxnf] hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ kl5 ag]sf] g]kfnsf]
hg;+Vofn] . ;+ljwfg–@)$& df dft[efiffsf] wf/fnfO{ JofVof ug]{ qmddf 8f=xs{ u'?ª
klZrd kxf8df eg] d"nt u'?ª / du/ -l;lSsddf dª\u/ lxHh]sf] -;=@)^)M #^–#&, t'n=/fkrf_ n] alnGb|wf/f -cfF;s
' f]_ eg]af6 klg g]kfnsf]
k|rng_ x¿ g]kfn Pls/gsf gfddf k[gf zfxsf] uf]/vf ;]gfdf ;lDdlnt eO{ eflifs l:ylt :ki6} x'G5 .
/fHo;Qfåf/f Psn v; efiff / ;F:s[lt nflbPkZrft\ eflifs kof{j/gdf g/fd|/L jt{dfg g]kfndf hlt klg ;/sf/L :t/df sfd ug]{ tf}/–tl/sf 5g\ý tL
wSsf nfu]sf] xf] . o;/L efiff df/Lg' / dg'{df eflifs gLlt g} Ps k|dv
' s8Lsf] emf/f 6fg]{ eGbf a9L 5}gg\ Tof] klg ;j} ljb]zL bfg / cg'bfgdf . xfn !$ dft[/fi6«
?kdf b]vf kb{5 . ;/sf/L eflifsgLlt bdgfTds / pbf;Lg (indifferent efiffx¿df k':ts k|sfzg ug]{ h; kfPsf] kfljs], eQmk'/n] h;f]t;f] cfn6fn
language policy) /xL lbPkl5 eflifs–kof{j/g vNalnG5 / d5{ . of]
u/]/ k':tsr}F 5fK5 t/ k9fpg] dft[/fi6« efiffsf] u'?sf] lgo'lQm eg] ub}{g . g]kfn
:jefljs} xf] . ;/sf/sf] lzS5f dGqfno klg dft[/fi6« efiffsf] u'?sf] cWofkg bj{GbLr}F lb+bg} .
g]kfndf ljut @$) jif{bl] v otf cfh;Dd b]zsf] ;Ldfgfleq af]lng] of] eGbf cfn]6fn], xf:of:kb / cfFvfdf 5f/f] xfNg] sfd ;+;f/d} zfob e]l6G5 .
;j} efiffx¿sf]nflu eflifs–kof{j/g cg'sn " /x]sf] e]l6Psf] 5}g . xfdLn] t/ /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ;dfrf/ sS5]df ;Lldt ;+:s[t efiffsf]nflu ljWofnob]lv
cWofo b'O{df ls/fFtL efiffnfO{ / o;sf] ;flxTo vf]Hbf Psfw efiffx¿afx]s b'O{– ljZjljWofno;Dd nufgL x]g]{ xf] eg] cfFsng ug{;Dd klg xDd] g} k5{ . slt xf]
rf/ x/km klg ge]l6g' eg]sf] lnªu'Ol:6s–Osf]nf]hL gx'g' g} xf] . cWofo rf/df slt < of] c;Gt'lnt gLlt clVtof/Ln] klg eflifs kof{j/g;lxt efiffnfO{ df5{ .
;efg] / cGo efiffdf klg lj/n} kfO{g'n] t]xL s'/fsf] ;+st] ub{5 . ljb]zL df/L /x]sf] 5 .
cg';Gwftf Pj+ n]vssf] t'ngfdf :jb]zL cg';Gwftf Pj+ n]vsx¿n] klg snd efiff k|of]usf] lx;fn] cGt/k':tfdf efiff l8:nf]sO] ;g cGt/ut hf];c
' f
grnfpg' t];s } f] k'li6 xf] . of] Osf]nf]hLnfO{ gi6 ug]{ klxnf] tTj eg]sf] g} lkm;Dofg -O{=!((!ý dSSnf]O @))$M @) df p4[t_ n] u|]Ol88 OG6/h]g]/; ] gn
/fhgLlt jf /fHo Joj:yfn] cjnDag ug]{ eflifs gLlt g} xf] eg]/ egL ;lsof] . l8:/K;g :s]nsf] cjwf/gf cl3 ;fb}{ gofF k':tfx¿ jLr s;/L efiff lj:yfkg
o;sf] cy{ s'g} klg b]zsf] /fHo Joj:yfn] cjnDag ug]{ efiff gLlt / of]hgfdf x'G5 eGg] cf7 v'8l\ snfx¿nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . tL x'g–\
lnªu'Ol:6s–Osf]nf]hL lge{/ ub{5 .
:6]h * df]:6 l:ks;{ cf/ ;f];nL cfO;f]nl] 68 cf]N8 kmf]S;\ cyf{t\ w]/} jStfx¿
of] dfdnfdf g]kfnsf] ljut eflifs gLlt gfhLjfb eGbf sd g/x]sf] ;fdflhs?kd} 6fl9Psf a[4 x'G5g\ .
tYof xfdL ;fd' :ki6} 5 . of] tYonfO{ k'li6 ug{ ;'Aaf k|]daxfb'/ lnDa"nfO{ oxfF
cS5]/; ;f5f}{+– æuf]nv \ f /fHodf lnDa" cIf/ n]V5', k9\5', b]v]+ ;'g–]+ geGg', n]v,]+ :6]h & df]:6 l:ks;{ cf/ ljof]G8 rfON8ljPl/ª Ph\ cyf{t\ w]/} jStfx¿ jRrf
k9]+, b]v,]+ ;'g]+ eg]df uf]n\vf /fhfn] Hofg ;hfo lnG5g\, To; sf/g s;}nfO{ g kfpg ;Sg] pd]/ gf3L ;s]sf x'G5g\ .
eGg"Æ 124 of] l:yltn] jStfx¿df :jefj t pbfl;gtf (frustration) NofO{ lbof] / :6]h ^ b Nofªu'Oh\ Oh\ OGkm/\dnL 6«fG:dL6]8 cf]/nL 6' lrN8«]g Og\ b xf]d ofG8
ce}m klg lbG5 . ;fy} efiff jkmfbf/Ltf (language loyalty) nfO{ Psfw sDo'g6L= lb;\ Oh\ lb df]:6 q'm;n :6]h\ 6' c6]Og\ cyf{t\ 3/ ;dfhdf
jStfx¿df afx]s k"gt{ Wj:t kf/L lbof] / ce}m klg kf/L /x]5 . lsgls of] jRrfx¿nfO{ efiff cgf}krfl/s ?kn] k':tfGt/g ul/G5 . of] g} efiff
l:yltn] cj;/af6 hf] sf]xLnfO{ jlGrt kf/\Yof] . k"jL{ g]kfn kNnf] ls/fFtdf k|fKtLsf] dxTjk"g{ v'6\lsnf] xf] .
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª jStfx¿ jLr ‘gLlt’ / ‘;Dk|lt’ sf] ljefhgn] eflifs
:6]h % gg\–sDkn;/L ln6/];L Og\ b Nofªu'Oh\ Og\ xf]d,\ :s'n ofG8 sDo'g6L
cyf{t\ 3/, lzS5fno / ;dfhdf :j]lR5s ;fS5]/tf .
124
;'Aaf k|]daxfb'/ lnDa"sf] of] x/kmnfO{ ;+lIfKt g]kfn Oltxf; af6 lj/xL sfOFnf :6]h $aL kAnLs :s'Nh\ Og\ b Nofªu'Oh\ /g\ afO{ cfp6;fO8;{ cyf{t\
-;+=@)$(M ##_ n] p4[t ug{' ePsf] 5 eg] of] kfb l6KkgL @ sf] P]ltxfl;s / aflx/Lofn] efiffdf ;fj{hlgs lzS5fno ;+rfng u/]sf] .
/fhg}lts kf6f];Fu ;DjGwLt 5 .

|| 591 || || 592 ||
:6]h $P nf]c/ Ph'sO] ;g Og\ b Nofªu'Oh\ ldl6ª sDkn;/L Ph'sO] ;g ;fy} g]kfn ‘‘ax'eflifsÆ b]zsf] ljZjdfglrqaf6 lanfpg] ;+st] ldN5 . o;f] x'g
l/SjfP/dG6;\ cyf{t\ cfwf/e"t lzS5f k"/f x'g] u/L efiffdf tNnf] txsf] glbgsfnflu klxnf] / bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngx¿n] dfu /fVb} cfPsf] lq–efifLo gLlt
lzS5f . cjnDag gu/L x'Fbg} . o;sf] Joj:yf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf]
:6]h # o';\ cj\ Nofªu'Oh\ ljy\ cfp6;fO8;{ Og\ b nf]c/ js{ :km]c/ cyf{t\ gd'gf ;+ljwfg @)^% -x]g"{ cg';r " L s df efiff ;DjGwL Joj:yf_ n] :ki6 ?kdf
sfdsfh 5]qdf slDtdf klg aflxl/of;Fu efiffsf] k|of]u . ls6]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cjsf] gofF ;+3Lo ugtflGts ;+ljwfgn] klg cS5]/zM
g]kfnsf cNk;+Vos tyf nf]kf]Gd'v eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] enfOsf]nflu klg
:6]h @ o';\ cj\ Nofªu'Oh\ Og\ nf]c/ ueg{dG6n ;le{;];\ ofG8 df; ldl8of j}wflgstf lbg' of]hgfsf] Pp6f sbd k"/f x'g' xf] . o;/L g} dft[efiff ljsf;
cyf{t\ slDtdf klg ;/sf/L ;]jf / cfd ;Grf/df efiffsf] k|of]u . ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt, g]kfn c;f]h @)^% sf] !& a'Fw] dfux¿ -x]g"{ cg';r
" L v_ k"/f ug'{
:6]h ! o';\ cj\ Nofªu'Oh\ Og\ xfOx/ n]en Ph'sO] ;gn, cs'kO] ;gn, eg]sf] eflifs gLltn] ;xL lbzf klxNofpg' xf] .
ueg{dG6n ofG8 dl8of Pkmf]6;{\ cyf{t\ pkNnf] tx h:t}M z}l5s, k]zfut, ^=!=@ dft[efifLsf] Go'g ;xeflutf (MT speakers' passive participation)
;/sf/L / ;Grf/ 5]qdf efiffsf] k|of]u . ljutdf /fi6«n] cjnDag u/]sf] bdgfTds gLlt / of]hgf ljlxgtfsf]
lkm;Dofgsf] of] :s]nnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df bfFh/] x]g]{ xf] eg] w]/} sd kmn:j?k g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx¿sf] dft[efifLx¿n] cfk\mgf] efiffdf ljleGg
dfq efiffx¿n] oL v'8l\ snfx¿n] r9\g EofPsf 5g\ . gqeg] clwsf+z sfo{snfkdf ;xeflutf gkfPsf] l:ylt ;j{ljlbt} 5 . o;df ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf]
efiffx¿sf] v'8l\ snf] ^ b]lv * ;Dd dfTt} clNemPsf] kfOG5 . of] eflifs jStf klg c5'tf] 5}gg\ . /fi6«sf] hh{/ gLltn] ubf{ g} jStfx¿df cfk\mgf]
kof{j/gsf]nflu eofjx l:ylt g} xf] . efiffk|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf 36L uof] . of] 3fts eflifs kof{j/gdf dft[efiffsf
^=! ls/fFtL efiffx¿ nf]k x'g'sf sf/Gfx¿ (Reasons behind Kiranti sltko ;[hgfTds / k|of]ufTds ultljlw /f]lsPsf lyP eGg] tYo cWofo b'Od{ f
languages loss)
vf]lhPsf @& ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ x]bf{ :ki6} x'G5 . O{=gAa]sf] bzs ptf Psfw
ls/fFtL efiffx¿df afx]s vf; eflifs lqmofsnfk g} gb]lvg' o;sf] wf]ts xf] .
^=!=! eflifs gLlt / of]hgf (Language policy and planning) bdgfTds / ljnofTds gLlt / of]hgfljlxgtfn] dft[efiff jStfx¿df dfgl;s
;/sf/L eflifsgLlt pbf;Lg /xg' tyf bdgfTds k|j[ltsf] xfjL pbfl;gtf s;/L cfpFb5 eGg] tYo gu]Gb| s'nª ' sf] egfOn] :ki6 kfb{5 . pgL
efiffnf]k x'gs' f] d"n sf/Gf xf] . h:t}M ljutdf O{=!(!& sf] eflifs gLlt eG5g\– æd t af]N5', t/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ l;sfpg' cfjZos b]lVbg . cflv/ o;sf]
-bdgfTds h:t}M æcem;Dd Ps xL ‘‘uf]/vf efiffÆ sf] ;j{ Jofkstf x'g ;s]sf] pkof]u g} sxfF 5 / <Æ ltndfof y'nª ' -aif{ ^%_ ;Fu cfk\mgf] dft[efiff af]Nbf
5}g . lsGt' g]jf/, ef]6], du/, u'?ª, lnDa", ;'gj' f/, bg'jf/, yf?, k|jl[ tsf h+unL c?n] xf]Rofpg] ePsfn] af]Ng 5f8]sf] cg'ej 5 . 125 dft[efifLx¿sf] o:tf]
efiffx¿n] klg cfkm\gf hGd:ygnfO{ Psbd 5f8\g ;s]sf] 5}gg\ . hxf“;Dd Ps eofjx dfgl;stf / pbfl;gtf pTkGg x'g'df eflifskof{j/g Wj:t kfl/g'sf]
dfq ‘‘uf]/vf efiffÆ n] c? ;a} efiffnfO{ cw{rGb| -unxQL_ nufpGg, Toxf“;Dd ;+st] xf] . cfpg] lbgx¿df o;n] s'g} klg dfgj ;Dk|bfosf] enf] ub}{g .
‘‘uf]/vf efiffsf] pGglt x'G5Æ eGg' / ‘‘d'Vo efiff slxg of]Uo 5Æ eGg' s]jn
dgf]n8\8' dfq xf] .Æ_ tyf /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u -O{=!(%^_ sf] eflifsgLlt ^=@ efiff ;+/SIf]Gf, ;Da4{gsf pkfo / of]hgf
-‘‘olb g]kfnLnfO{ ;f“lRrs} /fi6«efiff agfpg] xf] eg] o;nfO{ k|fylds ^=@=) efiff, zflGt / ljsf;
ljBfnob]lv g} clgjfo{ agfpg hf]8 lbg' k5{ ===:t/Lo g]kfnL afx]s c? dft[efiff /fi6« efiff -cGtl/d ;+ljwfg O{=@))&_ ;+s6 tyf nf]ksf] of]
:yfgLo efiffefifL / njhnfO{ jfnjflnsf ljBfno k'Ug' cufj} ;s];Dd ;dfKt l:yltnfO{ lgoGqGf ug{ g;s] g]kfn kSs} ‘‘ax'eflifsÆ b]zsf] ljZjdfglrqaf6
kfg'{ jf /f]s nufpg' k5{ .Æ_ nfO{ x]/] k'U5 / g]kfn;+ljwfg -O{=!(() wf/f ^_ / lanfpg] s'/f b'O{ /xGg . o;sf] nflu /fi6«n] cGt//fli6««o ;+3–;+:yfx¿ h:t}M
;jf]{Rrsf] lgGf{o h]7 !*, @)%^ n] klg pxL eflifskmfF;LjfbL gLlt -t'n= /fkrf ;+oQ
' m /fi6«« ;+3sf] cflbjf;L÷hghflt, wfld{s tyf eflifs cNk;+Vosx¿sf]
;=@)^$M !$–!& klg_ nfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;/L b]zn] cfnDag ug]{ clwsf/;DaGwL] 3f]ifGff kq -O{=!((@, wf/f @ / $_, cGt//fli6«o >d ;+u7g
eflifsgLlt g} Psflwsf/jfbL ePkl5 ;+/5]GffTds / k|a4{gfTds of]hgfsf]
cefj, lzIff tyf ;+rf/df cj;/sf] cefj, kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿sf] cefj / 125
;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfx¿sf] cefj ePkl5 efiff cGtt nf]k g} eP/ hfG5 . o;sf] lj:t[t l/kf]6{ !^–#@ h]7 @)^% -@( d]–!$ h'g @))*_ sf] lxdfn va/
klqsf, jif{ !*, c+s / k"gf{ª\s @!( df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
|| 593 || || 594 ||
-O{=!(*(_ sf] :jtGq÷;j{ef}d/fi6«x¿df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿sf] dxf;GwLsf] n]vgk4lt klg efiffljsf;sf]nflu cleGg dflgG5 . Jojxfl/s,
;Demf}tf g+ -!^(, wf/f @*_, tflng clwuf]i7Lsf] eflifs dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL z}l5s, efiff–l;sfO cflb b[li6sf]gn] g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx¿sf] lnlkdf
3f]ifGfkq -O{=!((!_, cd]/Lsf efifflj1fg ;dfhsf] k|:tfj -O{=!(*^_ / Ps?ktf x'g' 7Ls h:tf] nfu]klg oxfFsf cflbjf;L ;d"xx¿sf cfk\mgf k/Dk/fut
PkmcfOkLPneLsf] cfwf/e"t dfgjLo efiff clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL a8fkq lnlknfO{ k|of]udf NofO ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 .
-O{=!((#_ sf] cg'df]bg tyf o;sf] d"n dd{nfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ eflifsljljwtf g]kfndf af]lng] ls/fFtL nufotsf efiffx¿sf] jg{dfnfnfO{ ltgsf]
sfod /fVg ;s/fTds eflifs gLlt cjnDag u/]/ ;a} efiffnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ Wjlg k|gfnL cg'sn " agfpg' kb{5 . o;sfnflu ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] Wjlg
k|bfg u/] g]kfn ‘‘ax'eflifsÆ b]zsf] ljZjdfglrqdf /xL /xg] 5 . o;f] x'g' eg]sf] k|gfnLsf] cWoog gu/L x'Gg . o:t} ljleGg efiffx¿sf] n]vfO / af]nfO aLrsf]
b]z bLuf] zflGt tyf k|ultkylt/ nDsg'sf] z'e;+st] xf] . cGt/nfO{ sd ug{ ltgsf] lxHh]df cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} :t/Lo
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns tyf /fhg}lts ;Ldfgfleq af]lng] ls/fFtL eflifsfsf lnlvt cleJolQmdf k|of]u x'g] lxHh]df Ps?ktf tyf l:y/tf Nofpg'
nufPtsf ;Dk"g{ cflbjf;L efiffx¿ / c? afFsL efiffx¿ zflGt / klg efiff ljsf;sf] Ps v'6\lsnf] g} xf] . ls/fFtL efiffx¿df of] ;d:of r'gf}tLsf
ljsf;sfnflu dxTk"g{ s8L g} ePsf]n] logsf] ljsf;, ;+/S5]g / ;Dj4{gdf ?kd} 5 .
sbd rfNg' eGbf a'l4dfgL c? s]xL x'g] 5}g . /fli6«oefiff gLlt ;'emj cfof]usf] z}l5s lj:tf/ tyf cfw'lgs Uofg–ljUofgsf ljifoj:t'x¿sf]
k|ltj]bg -;=@)%)_ sf] efiff ljsf; tyf ;+/S5]gsf] cjwf/gfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;Dk|]ifgsf] clej[l4sfnflu / ;flxTo ;[hgfsfnflu klg oxfF af]lng] efiffx¿df
xfdL k]ml/ klg s]xL k'/fg} / s]xL gofF pkfox¿ oxfF pNn]v ug{ rfxG5f}+ . zAbeG8f/ geO{ x'Fbg} . o;sf] ljsf; klg h?/L g} x'G5 . xfdLn] cWofo b'Od{ f
^=@=! /fi6« efiffx¿sf] klxrfg / lgwf{/g u/]sf] ;j]{S5gn] s] b]vfof] eg] clxn];Dd k|foM ls/fFtL efiffx¿df zAbeG8f/ jf
g]kfnsf /fi6«efiffx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ cl3 tL efiffx¿sf] lgwf{/g zAbsf]z g} pknAw 5}g . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf ;flxTosf] ck]S5f ug'{ t]tL dgfl;j
cfjZos b]lvG5 . lsgeg] cfh;Dd g]kfndf af]lng] ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] ;+Vof b]lvGg . o; ;DaGwdf o'g:] sf] k|ltj]bg -O{=!(%#_ df plNnlvt dfu{bz{s
slt eGg] e/kbf]{ tYo g} xfdL;Fu 5}g . efiff / eflifsfsf] ljjfb klg t]tLs} l;4fGt cg'?k sfo{ ug'{ dgfl;a x'G5 . lxHh], pRrf/g tyf zAbeG8f/nfO{
hl6n /x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] cWofo b'O{df s]xL x/km lnlvt ;flxTosf] cfwf/df @& Jojl:yt ug{ oL ls/fFtL efiffx¿df Pseflifs, låeflifs tyf ax'eflifs
ls/fFtL efiffx¿ v'§ofpg] k|of; u/\of}+ . of] cfk}+mdf ;To xf]Og . lsgeg] xfdLn] zAbsf]zx¿sf] lgdf{g ub{} hfg' kb{5 .
cl3 g} eg] h:tf] /fHo;Qfn] q'm/ gLlt ckgfO lb+bf jStfx¿sf] ;xeflutf g} /x]g . ls/fFtL efiffx¿df cfh;Dd hlt klg Jofs/gx¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ý tL
n's/] sYo ?kdf l56k'6 k|of]udf dfQ} ;Lldt /x] oL efiffx¿ . ca s;/L k|foM klZrdf ljåfgx¿sf] g} 5 . t];df klg k|foM cª\uh |] L efiffdf g} ePsf]n]
;flxTo ;[hgfsf] cfwf/ lng] < g]kfndf xfn;Dd k|fylds lzS5fsf]nflu eg]/ efiff l;Sg / k|j4{g ug{sfnflu pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . efiff l;sfO /
v; g]kfnL / cª\uh |] L afx]s lzS5]s lgo'lQm ePsf] /]s8{ kfpg ufx|f] 5 . of] k|of]unfO{ lgoldt tyf Jojl:yt ug{ logsf] Jofs/g lgdf{g tyf n]vfO
l:yltdf efiffx¿ s'nª ' / ;f]tfª cflb h:t} x'g] g} eP . o; ;Gbe{df cfjZos k"jf{wf/ g} xf] . g]kfnsf] of] k[i7e"lddf cfjZostfg';f/ z}5l] gs tyf
cfh;Ddsf] hguggf k|ltj]bgdf efiff;DaGwL hfgsf/L pNn]lvt / cGo ljleGg ;Gbe{ Jofs/g tof/L ug'{ efiff ljsf; / ;Da4{gsf]nflu z'? gu/L gx'g] sbd xf] .
sf/gn] e/kbf]{ kfpg sl7g k/]sf] 5 . t;y{, o;sf lgldQ j:t'k/s /
ljZj;gLo eflifs ;j]{Ifgsf cfwf/df /fi6«efiffx¿sf] klxrfg tyf lgwf{/g gu/L ^=@=# 5]q lj:tf/sf] k|of]ufTds of]hgf
x'Fbg} . oL ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] 5]dtf / ;DefJotfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ltgsf] k|of]u
If]q lgwf{/g ub}{ nfg' kb{5 . oL efiffx¿sf 5]qx¿ lzS5f, ;+rf/, k|zf;g,
^=@=@ /fi6«efiffx¿sf] ;+/rgfut of]hgf ;flxTo cflb g} x'g\ . o;sf]nflu ugtGq g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf g} ls6fg
ls/fFtL tyf c? s'g} klg efiffsf] ljsf; ubf{ To; efiffsf ul/Psf] x'g' cfjZos 5 .
eflifsfx¿dWo] s'g} Ps eflifsfnfO{ dfgssf] ?kdf rog ug'{ cfjZos 5 . t/ ^=@=#=! ;Grf/df dft[efiff
o:tf] rog ug'{eGbf cl3 x/]s efiffsf eflifsfx¿sf] klxrfg x'g' k5{ . o;f] ubf{
tL eflifsfx¿sf] eflifs 5]dtf, jQmfx¿sf] ;+Vof, n]Vo k/Dk/f, eflifsfx¿k|lt ;fj{hlgs, ;fF:s[lts / :yfgLo dxTjsf ljifox¿nfO{ ls/fFtL
jStfx¿sf] clej[lQ cflb s'/f dfly ljrf/ gk'/o\ fO x'Gg . efiffx¿sf] dfWodaf6 /]l8ofåf/f k|;f/gsf] Joj:yf hu/L x'Fb}g . 5]qLo / s]Gb|Lo
|| 595 || || 596 ||
b'j} k|;f/gdf oL efiffx¿sf] 5]dtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|of]usf] qmdzM lj:tf/ ub}{ ljWodfg ;femf k|sfzgn] v;–g]kfnL ;flxTosf] dfQ} geP/ g]kfnsf cGo
nfg' k5{ . o;f] ubf{ n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf / n]Vo k/Dk/fk|lt pGd'v ePsf efiffx¿sf] ;flxTonfO{ k|sfzgdf Nofpg] sfo{sf] yfngL ug'{ kb{5 .
efiffx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf qmddf /fvL qmdzM k|of]u lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg' cfjZos 5 .
xfn n]Vo k/Dk/f gePsf t/ n]Vo k/Dk/fk|lt pGd'v x'g] ;Sg] efiffx¿nfO{
^=# efiff–;flxTo k|lti7fg
;d]t ltgsf] k|of]uzLn ;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6df /fvL k|of]u ug]{ / ;f]sf] lj:tf/ ub}{ g]kfndf ls/fFtL efiffx¿ nufot ;j} cfhhf efiffx¿sf] lgwf{/g,
n}hfg' k5{ . cfh ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª / ls/fFtL–ls/fjfn] dfQ} Tof] ;'ljwf kfPsf ;+/rgfut / :t/ut of]hgf, ;+/Ifg cWoog cflb;Fu ;DalGwt gLltsf] th'{df,
5g\ . sfof{Gjog / d"Nof+sgsf] k|of]hgsf lgldQ Pp6f s]Gb|Lo efiff–;flxTo
ls/fFtL ;j{;fwf/gsf] hfgsf/Lsfnflu cfjZos x'g] ;/sf/L ;"rgf k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ug'{ kb{5 . ;F:s[ltsf] s'/f ubf{ efiff g5'6\g] ePsf]n] ;F:s[lt
tyf cGo k|sfzgx¿sf] cg'jfb ls/fFtL efiffx¿df g} pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . of] tyf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf dGqfnonfO{ efiff;Fu ufF:g' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . jf:tjdf of]
kf7\o dfWod klg x'G5 . ljleGg ls/fFtL efiffx¿df kq–klqsf / cGo ;To klg xf] .
kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|sfzgtk{m ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . xfn ofSy'ª, ls/fjf, lzS5f, ;Grf/, ;F:s[lt cflb 5]qdf efiffsf] k|of]u nufot efiff gLlt
/f]b'ª / sf]FOr u/L $ ls/fFtL efiffx¿ -/ xfn ofSvf klg n]vg / k|sfzgdf ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/L cg'df]bg rflxG5 . t;y{ ;/sf/L
tof/L_ df dfq k|fylds lzS5fsf] kf7\ok':ts k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5g\ eg] c? ;xof]usf] cefjdf s'g} klg efiff gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog s7Lg x'g] ePsfn]
ls/fFtL efiffx¿df klg k|sfzg z'? ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} dft[efiff k9fpg] u'?sf] ;d]t ;/sf/L :t/af6} efiff–;flxTo k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug'{ jfG5gLo x'G5 . efiff gLlt,
j}wflgs lgo'lQm x'g' kb{5 . lzS5f / ;F:s[lt;Fu a9L lgs6 ePsfn] o; k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf g]kfn
ls/fFtL efiffx¿nfO{ ;+j4{g ub}{ ljsf; ug{ ;|Jo–b[Zo dfWod guO{ w/ ;/sf/sf] ;F:s[lt tyf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf dGqfnosf] ;xof]udf Ps :jfoQ s]Gb|Lo
5}g . eflifs 5]dtf / k|of]usf] ;DefJotfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L oL efiffx¿df k|lti7fgsf]] ?kdf x'g' hfoh 5 .
6]lnlehgsf] dfWodåf/f ;dfrf/ cflb sfo{qmdx¿ qmdzM k|;fl/t ub}{ nfg' kb{5 . of] s]Gb|Lo k|lti7fgn] cfZostf cg'?k eflifs cWoog, zAbsf]z /
o;sf nflu ‘‘ls/fFtL /fi6«efiff sfo{qmd’’ cGtu{t oL efiffx¿sf] k|;f/g ug]{ Jofs/gsf] lgdf{g, kf7\Ø;fdu|Lsf] tof/L, k|sfzg cflb sfdx¿åf/f efiff ;+j4{g
Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgaf6 laleGg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt / ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 .
;"rgf, ljUofkg cflb ljifox¿nfO{ ls/fFtL efiffx¿df k|;f/g ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . ;fy} ^=$ lzS5fdf dft[efiffx¿sf] k|of]u
oL efiffx¿sf] 5]qLo ljsf;sfnflu PkmPd :6];gx¿ v8f u/]/ k|;f/g gu/L
x'Fbg} . ls/fFtL tyf c? dft[efiffx¿sf] ;+j4{g / ljsf; ug{sfnflu
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ dft[efiffsf] Joj:yf ug'{ klg Ps v'6\lsnf] kf/ ug'{ xf] . t/
:yfgLo k|zf;goGqnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L / hgd'vL t'Nofpg oL ls/fFtL lzS5f eGg] ljlQs} cj;/sf] s'/f klg ufFl;P/ cfpg] ePsf]n] dft[efiff
efiff 5]qx¿df :yfgLo dft[efiffsf] k|of]u Jofjxfl/stfnfO{ klg b[li6ut u/L lzS5]ssf] lgo'lQm nufPt ;Grf/ / k|zf;g 5]qdf klg cj;/sf] ;[hgf x'g'
ltgnfO{ k|;o| lbOg' kb{5 . tL :yfgLo c8\8f–cbfntsf sfd sf/jfxLsf kb{5 . dfWod dfq geP/ ljifosf ?kdf g} klg dft[efiffnfO{ ljsf; ug'{
l;nl;nfdf ;Dks{ efiff v;–g]kfnL ghfGg]x¿sf nflu bf]ef]if] pknAw gu/fO cfjZos 5 .
x'Gg . cGoyf ls/fFtL jStfx¿k|lt cGofo x'g5] .
cl3 xfdLn] of] cWofosf] z'?df æuf]nv \ f /fHodfÆ cfk\mgf] dft[efiff
ls/fFtL ;flxTonfO{ klg v;–g]kfnL / ;+:s[t efiff;flxTodf eP hlt af]Nbf / lnlk rnfpFbf Hofg lng] x'sd' / gLlt ePsf] pNn]v u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ .
g} nufgL x'g' kb{5 . clg dfQ} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df ;flxlTos ultljlwn] k|fT] ;fxg ls/fFtL efiffx¿ ljutdf t]:tf] kl/l:yltaf6 u'hs |] f]n] n]Vo k/Dk/f nufot
kfpF5g\ . To;sf nflu k|sfzg ;'ljwf / n]vsx¿sfnflu k'/:sf/ cflbsf] n]vgk4lt, zAbeG8f/, Jofs/g cflb gx'gn ' fO{ cfZro{ dfGg' x'Fb}g . / xfdLn]
Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . k"j{ ugtGq g]kfnsf] h:tf] e]befj /xg' x'Fb}g . k|foM cWofo b'Od{ f Tof] l:yltsf] ;j]{S5]g u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . ca klg oxL l:ylt /Åof]
ls/fFtL efiffx¿ nf]kjfg\ cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] ltgsf] n]Vo tyf cGo k/Dk/fx¿ eg] ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] eljio /xFb}g .
lj:tf/ ug{sfnflu ljz]if sfo{qmd th'{df u/L ;+/S5]gsf] kxn sbdL x'g' kb{5 .

|| 597 || || 598 ||
^=% dft[efiff lzS5]sx¿sf] lgo'lQm tyf k|lzS5]g ^=* kfljs]df cfhhf efiffljz]ifUosf] lgo'lQm
xfn g]kfn clw/fHoe/ lzIfs eO{ sfd ul//x]sf ljleGg dft[efifL xfn kf-7\Øqmd_ lj-sf;_ s]-Gb|_ n] rf/ ls/fFtL -h:t}M ofSy'ª,
lzS5]sx¿sf] ljj/g tof/ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ kfos kg]{ dft[efifL ljBfnox¿df ls/fjf, /f]b'ª / sf]FOrý clg ls/fFtL–ofSvf lgdf{g ;= @)^%_ efiffx¿ nufPt
v6fpg' kb{5 . ;fy} dft[efifL ljWofnox¿sf] cfjZostfg';f/ yk lzIfssf] u/L hDdf !^ efiffx¿df kf7\Øk':ts lgdf{g u/L /x]sf]df o;sf] lgoldt tyf
Joj:yf ;d]t lgo'lQm k|aGw ldnfpg' kb{5 . dft'efiffdf lzIffsf nflu bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf]nflu oL efiffx¿sf jStf cf} ljz]ifUonfO{ klg lzIff
vf]lnPsf k|To]s k|fylds ljBfnodf dft[efifL lzIfssf] lgo'lQm Joj:yf ug'{ dGqfno, kf7\Øqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] lgo'lQm ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} /fli6«o Pstf /
kb{5 . ;b\efjgfsf] clej[l4sf]nflu ljBfno txb]lv g} :t/cg';f/ pko'Qm x]/L
dft[efiffdf, låeflifs sIffdf / bf];|f] efiffsf ?kdf ;Dks{ efiffdf lzS5]g ug]{ g]kfnsf ;a} hft–hfltsf ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts tyf eflifs ljljwtfsf]
lzS5]sx¿nfO{ k|lzS5]gsf] ;d'lrt k|aGw ldnfpg' kb{5 . k|ltljDj emNsg] u/L kf7\Øk':ts lgdf{g ug'{ kb{5 . efiff h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn
ljifodf kf7\ok':ts lgdf{g sfo{df jStf cf} ljz]ifUonfO{ lgo'lQm Joj:yf h:t}
^=^ cgf}krfl/s lzS5f dft[efiff /fli6«o hgugfdf klg pgLx¿nfO{ g} ;+nUg u/fOg' kb{5 . ca klg o;f] ePg eg]
b]zdf ;fS5]/tfsf] b|"tt/ lj:tf/ ug]{ cleofg ;kmn agfpg k|f=s[i0f vgfnn] eg] h:tf] ljb|fx] hGdg ;S5 126 / ljut b; jif{h:t} b]z
cgf}krfl/s lzS5fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ls/fFtL efiffx¿ nufot ljleGg bnbndf km:5 .
dft[efiffx¿df tTsfn z'? ug{ cfjZos sbd rfNg' k5{ . klxnf] ugtflGqs k]ml/ klg ljutdf h:tf] Pp6f dfq} jf clgjfo{ efiff eg]/ tf]Sg'
g]kfnsf] klxnf] dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/sf] b'O{ aif{d} ;fS5]/tfdf gofF 5nfª\ dfg]{ sfo{ b]zs}nflu 3fts x'G5 . t];f] xF'bf a'l4dtfk"js { efiff of]hgf / gLltnfO{ gofF
of]hgf xfl;n ug{sf]nflu klg of] lzS5f dxTjk"g{ 5 . oL sfo{qmdx¿sfnflu g]kfndf cl3 ;fg'{ kb{5 . Tof] eg]sf] Goflos, ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts gLlt
ljleGg dft[efiffx¿df cfjZostfcg';f/ kf7\Ø;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; u/L cufl8 clVtof/L g} xf] . efiffljsf; ;lxt efiff gLlt / cGo ljleGg nS5] xfl;n ug{
a9\g' kb{5 . of] sfo{qmdnfO{ dft[efiffx¿df k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf ;fy} ;f]sf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] cfjZostf kg]{ ePsf]n]
;DalGwt dft[efifL lzS5]s jf ;xof]uL sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ k|lzS5]g lbg] Joj:yf of] nS5] k|flKtsfnflu Pp6f 5'§} ls/fFtL nufPt cfhhf efiffx¿sf] k|lti7fgleq}
ldnfpg' kb{5 . jf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df efiff kl/ifb\ x'g' kb{5 .
^=& ls/fFtL tyf cfhhf efiffx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ^=( lgrf]8
ls/fFtL nufotsf efiff–;flxTosf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf]nflu cWoog, xfdLn] of] cWofosf] s]xL pk–cWofox¿df efiff s;/L lxpF h:t}
cg';Gwfg / cWofkg ug{ efiffljUofg s]Gb|Lo ljefu, sLlt{k/' tyf l;gf;, lanfpF5 eg]/ eflifs kof{j/g jf lnªu'Ol:6s Osf]nf]hLsf] cjwf/gfnfO{
sLlt{k/' , lqe'jg ljZjljWofnodf ls/fFtL nufotsf ljåfg ljb'ifLx¿nfO{ klg cufl8 Nofof}+ . g]kfn /fi6«sf] Oltxf;df s;/L lnªu'Ol:6s Osf]nf]hLnfO{
lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . xfn cl:tTjdf /x]sf] k|1f k|lti7fgnfO{ vNaNofpg] sfd ul/of] eGg] ;j{]S5]g klg u/\of}+ eg] afFsL pk–cWofox¿df
k'g;{+/rgf ub{} ;F:s[lt ljefunfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] xf] eg] efiff–;flxTo k|lti7fg g]kfnsf] ax'eflifs ;Gbe{df efiffx¿sf] / t];df klg d"ntM ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf]
afx]s klg ToxfF efiffnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfnsf cfhhf ;F:s[lt / s;/L ;+/S5]g / ;Da4{g ug{ ;lsG5 egL efiff gLlt / of]hgfsf] vfsf klg sf]g{]
efiffx¿sf] k|flUos pGgog tyf ;+/S5]gsfnflu o;n] ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . sfd u/]sf 5f}+ . jf:tjd} eflifs, hftLo / ;fF:s[lts ;lxig'tfnfO{ lagflje]b
ls/fFtL nufPtsf cfhhfx¿sf] k|flUos ;+Vof a9fpg xfndf v'ns ] f /
eljiodf v'Ng] k|flUos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ dfGotf tyf cfly{s ;xof]u ug'{ plrt x'G5 . 126
o;sf]nflu s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ah]6 5'§fpFbf xfnsf] cfhp/fnfO{ h:tf] sGh':ofOF efiffsf af/]df k|f=vgfn eGg'x'G5– s'g} efiffnfO{ /fHon] pk]Iff ul/lbof] eg] Tof] efiff
ug'{ dgfl;a x'Fb}g . af]Ng] ;d'bfon] x]lkPsf] cg'ej ug{ ;S5 . kl/0ffd:j?k ljb|fx] hGdg ;S5 .
To;}n] cfk\mgf] k|bz] leq ;/sf/L efiff k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ ;'/lIft u/L lbg' k5{ .Æ
o;sf]nflu pxfFsf] n]v cufl8sf] af6f] o;/L lx+8g\ ;lsG5’ sf] kfgf g+= $),
lxdfn vj/klqsf, !–!% ;fpg @)^#M #*–$! x]gx'{ f];\ .

|| 599 || || 600 ||
cWofo
cufl8 ga9fP g]kfnL gful/s / g]kfnsf] eljZo lxhf] h:t} ef]ln klg
cGwsf/do g} x'g5] . o;sf]nflu xfdLn] cfh}bl] v lxhf]af6 kf7 l;s]/ g]kfnsf]
lnªu'Ol:6s Osf]nf]hL -hf] xfd|f k'vf{x¿sf] Uofg / lrgf/Lsf cfwf/x¿ x'g\_
;ft
nfO{ ;bfjx/ /fVg' kb{5 . xf]Og oL cfwf/x¿ elTsP eg] s] x'G5 eg]/ eGbf gofF
g]kfnsf] cfwf/ eTsg] 5 .

" L Bibliography
;Gbe{;r ;f/–;+5k] / lgrf]8
dSSnf]O, 8flgPn= @))$= ‘lnDa"M c :s]r cj\ ofg\ OG8]Gh8{ Nofªu'Oh\’= u'un ljz]if u/]/ k"jL{ g]kfn / ef/tsf] sltko :yfgx¿df af]lng] ls/fFtL
;r{ OlGhg 8fpgnf]8 kL8LPkm= efiffx¿sf] vf]h ug]{ / ufyf n]Vg] qmddf xfdLn] of] cWoognfO{ hDdfhDdL &
McCloy, Daniel. 2004. ‘Limbu: A Sketch of an Endangered cWofox¿sf] y'Fufdf pg]/ kf7sx¿ / cg';Gwftfx¿ dfem Pp6f k|]dsf] ;"rgf
Language’. Google Search Engine Download PDF. dfnf nufO lbg] hdsf]{ u/]sf xf}+ / 5f}+ . of] ;ft y'Fufsf] dfnfleq klg k|foM sYo
g]kfndf lzIffM /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] ljj/0f= O{=!(%^= sf7dfG8"M sn]h ?kd} /x]sf / s]xL x/km ;flxTo kfOPsf efiffx¿ k"/f ;QfO; y'Fudf plgPsf 5g\ .
cj\ Ph's; ] g k|sfzg ljefu= k"mn, dfnf / k|]dsf] s'/f ubf{ sfF8f, kmGbf / 3[gfnfO{ cnUofP cl:tTj jf:tjdf
/fkrf, nfn–ZofFsf/]n'= ;=@)^$= ‘g]kfnsf] k'g;+{/rgfdf eflifs cfwf/sf cl:tTj x'Fbg} . dtna xfdLn] of] cWoogsf] cWofo ! b]lv ^ ;Dd ;+sng,
t'sx¿’, l;nf}6L 6fOD;\, #, ! M !$–!&= k|:t't, t'ngf, jf}l4s ljj]rgf, jf}l4s cfnf]rgf cflb ;j} ju{sf
Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu. 2007 [VS 2064]. ‘Nepalko kf7sx¿sfnflu p:t} cg'e"tL x'g sbflk ;Sb}g . lsgeg] cfh;Dd efiffljUofg
punarsamrachanama bhasik adharka tukharu’, Silauti Times, / Jojxfl/sljUofg eg'F s]xL ?kdf /fhgLltljUofgsf] s'/f / tYox¿ jflemb}
1, 3: 14-17.
cfPsf 5g\ . xfdLn] oxfF s]xL x/km ;flxTo ;fy} :jf8]z zAbfjnLnfO{ d"n
o'g:] sf]= O{=!(%#= æb o'; cj\ egf{So'n/ Nofªu'Olhh\ Og\ Ph'sO] ;gM b l/kf]6{ cfwf/ dfg]/ cWoognfO{ cl3 ;fg]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf xf}+ . / klg xfdLn] cfh;Dd of]
cj\ b o'g:] sf] ldl6ª cj\ :k];lni6;\Æ= df]gf]uf| km cg\ kmG8fd]g6n b]zsf] d"njf;L e"ldk'q eP/ klg d"nk|jfx elgg] u/]sf] v;–g]kfnL efiff
Ph's]O;g *= k]l/;= ;flxTosf] s'/f p7fpFbf vf;} rrf{df gcfPsf cyf{t\ cb[Zo ?kd} /x]sf oL @&
UNESCO. 1953. "The Use of Vernacular Languages in Education:
The Repot of the UNESCO Meeting of Specialits".
j6f ls/fFtL efiffx¿ -g]kfnel/ c? w]/} 5g\_ nfO{ vf]h/] Pp6} dfnfsf] ufyf n]Vg]
Monographs on Fundamental Education 8. Paris. e/dUb'/ elu/y k|of; u/]sf xf}+ .
t/ of] k|of;sf] @& y'Fuf clGtd ;To eg] xf]Og . lsgeg] of] clGtd
********************************
;To gx'g' g} of] cWoogsf] ;Totf xf] . cfh O{=!(() sf] bzs otf g]kfne"lddf
s]xL kl/jt{gsf] cfef; ldn]sf] ;Gbe{df / O{=@))* df /fhg}lts cfOl8cf]nf]hL
ofg] ljrf/wf/fn] ;+3Lo ugtGqsf] sf]N6f] k]m/]sf] a]nfdf s}og\ gofF ;Tox¿sf]
hGd eO{ /x]sf] 5 . Pp6f pbfx/gsf] ?kdf ;'/]n eg]/ gofF hflt klxrfgsf]
s'/fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . hftLo e]befj lj?4 /fli6«o dGr -Pgsf8{_ n] t cfk\mgf]
‘;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] gd'gf ;+ljwfg’ -@)^%_ df ;'/]n :jfoQ
5]q g} ls6]/ csf]{ gofF ;Tosf] 3f]ifgf u/]sf] 5 . of] ;To -x]g"{ cWofo @=!! klg_
jf:tljs ;To eg] xf]Og . t]:t} ofof]Svf -O{=@))%_ n] klg efiffljUofgn]
;f]tfªnfO{ s'nª ' sf] eflifsf xf] egL ls6]/ 5n{ªUofPsf] ;TonfO{ df]8/] 5'§}
efiffsf] ;"rLdf btf{ u/L gofF ;Tosf] pb\3f]if u/]sf] 5 . o;sf vf; jfWotfx¿
cfk\mgf 7fpFdf lyP xf]nfg\ . of] cy{df uf]kfn vDa"sf] cWoogn] lgsfn]sf]
|| 601 || || 602 ||
lgisif{ ævDa'x¿df ;fFk|fdfly lk+8n' f yk]sf] ;d:of yf]kl/Psf]Æ ;tk|ltzt ldN5 cflbjf;L e"ldk'qx¿ OGb|x¿ g} x'g ;Dej 5 < xfdLn] k|fSsygdf klg æg]kfn
. cfOPncf] !^( sf] g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f cg'df]bg / o;df ePsf ;j} wf/fx¿nfO{ ;j} yl/ k"mnsf] k"mnjf/L xf]Æ eGb} @#* eGbf klg a9L aif{x¿;Dd kmnflsg]
lg/k]S5] ?kdf nfu" ul/g' kg]{ ;DjGwdf ‘efiff’ g} hflt lrgf/Lsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] u/]sf] /]6f]l/s jf æd'vdf /fd /fd===Æ jf:tjd} æk"mnjf/LÆ geP/ æl;?3f/LÆ xf]
egL cfhp/f k|lti7fgn] ls6]sf] ;Tosf] j}zfvLdf 6]s/] afs'nf]rfgf -x]g"{ cWofo eGg] jf:tljstfnfO{ p7fg / ax; u/L ;s]sf 5f}+ . wfld{s–;fF:s[lts / eflifs
% klg_ hGd]sf] csf]{ gofF ;To xf] . t}klg cfhp/f k|lti7fgn] cfk\mg} ;TonfO{ ;lxig'tfsf gf/fx¿ lgtfGt kmf];f| g} lyP .
6]s/] 5'§} efiff gePsf] ;'/]nnfO{ gofF hflt egL kGhLs/g u/L lbPsf] /Gsf]df of] jf:tljs / j}rfl/s æl;?3f/LÆ ca ;fFRrLs} k"mnaf/Ldf ?kfGt/g
afs'nf]rfgfn] ;6sdf /fFsf] bGsfpg' :jefljs b]lvG5 . ls/fFtL–ofSvfleq x'g' k5{ eGg] x]t'n] of] cWoogsf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . oL gfs v'DRofpg]x¿n] gfs
b]jfg, r]kfªleq agsl/of / k|hf, klZrdL kxf8df u'?ª–3n] / du/ v'lDrdfUg]x¿sf] tdfd efiff–;flxTo pFef] gnfu];Dd d"n k|jfxju{sf] efiff–
vfdleqsf] ;Tox¿ klg cf–cfk\mg} 7fpFdf 5g\ . cfhp/f k|lti7fgnfO{ g} r'gf}tL ;flxTo pFef] nfUb}g eGg] g'aemL x'Fb}g . t];f] eof] eg] dfQ} g]kfnjf;L / g]kfn
cfpg] u/]sf] lk|m hflt cfh;Dd gkfOg'sf] ;To klg cfk\mg} 7fpFdf 5 . o:t} @)^% pFef] nfUg]5g\ . / of] ;ftf}+ cWofo lj6 dfg]{ cWofo xf] tfklg of] oxL+ cGTo geP/
;fn ebf} !* ut] a'waf/sf] uf]/vfkq b}lgsn] uvf{/ /fO{ pTyfg ;dfh u7g oxL cWofoaf6 ca ls/fFtL efiff–;flxTosf] cWofo z'? eof] eGg] nfu]sf] 5
-kfgf g+= # df_ ePsf] csf]{ ;To 3f]ifgf u/]sf] 5 . bg'jf/leq /fO{ n]Vg]sf] ;To xfdLnfO{ . Tof] dfg]df xfdLn] oL ;QfO;} efiff ;Dk|bfox¿leq n's/] , l5k]/ /x]sf
klg cfk\mgf] 7fpFdf g} 5 . g]kfndf nfU5 ## sf]6L lxGb" b]jtfx¿ ePe}Fm ## sf]6L / bafOP/ cf} ba]/ /x]sf sltko OYgf]lgd / Snfgf]lgdx¿nfO{ kf]i6–sf]nf]lgon
eGbf klg a9L ;Tox¿ 5g\ . / ;afN6g{ cfFvfaf6 x]bf{ / n]Vbf pxL k'/ftg / oyfl:yltjfbL ls/fFtLx¿df klg
oxL ## sf]6L eGbf klg a9L ;Tox¿ dfem g]kfnsf ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] eosf] & Kn; /]S6/ :s]nsf] dgsDk ghfnf egL xfdL eGg ;Sg] l:yltdf 5}gf}+ .
;Totf 7Dofpg] sf]lzz eof] of] ;ft y'Fu] cWoogdf . / clxn] of] 5]gdf xfdL lsgeg] g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kl/j]zdf ls/fFtLnfO{ g} vl/b u/]/ ls/fFtL ;Gtlts}
clGtd y'Fuf]sf jf;gf lng] t/v/ u/L /x]5f}+ . xfdL g]kfnjf;L gful/sn] of] g/;+xf/ u/]sf] lhpFbf] Oltxf; xfdL ;fd' ;fF5L 5 . ca of] l:yltdf xfdL sfF8}
dudufpFbf] jf;gfsf] cfgGb lng] lng] jvtdf cfhsn d]gl:6«d jf d"nk|jfx sfF8fdfly 6]s/] , kmGb} kmGbf jLr sl;P/ / 3[g} 3[gf jLr ?dlNnP/ k"mn} k"mnsf],
elgg] ju{ æca g]kfn uNof{du'nD'{ d} 9n]/ ## sf]6L eGbf klg a9L 6'qmfx¿df dfn} dfnfsf] clg k|]d} k|]dsf] vf]hLsf] cgGt ofqflt/ lg:sg] jfrf ub}{ ^ j6}
6'lqmg] eof]Æ eGg] eodf 5 . / pxL h8 dfgl;stfdf k|zfGt tfdfª / ct'Nnfx cWofox¿sf] ;f/ ;+5k] lvRg]lt/ nfUb5f}+ .
vfgsf] 6f]kL k|;ª\u ;fy} bflh{lnªsf] uf]/vfNofG8 cfGbf]ngdf bf}/f–;'?jfn cWofo ! df xfdLn] of] cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld–lrgf/L, juL{s/g /
k|of]u k|;ª\unfO{ lnP/ 6f]kL, bf}/f / ;'?jfn g} nfUbg' k5{ eGg] lhls/ ubf{ g]kfn juL{s/gsf] klg cWoog–P]ltxfl;s juL{s/g, ljWodfg ;d:of, p2]Zo, dxTj
ca uf]/vfNofG8 g/x]sf] ;TonfO{ gsfb}{ csf]{ k"/fgf] ;To k}mnb} 5 . cflbsf] jf/]df ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg] sfd u/\of}+ . ;fy} of] cWoogsf] ljlw, efiff
clg ls/fFtL efiff–;flxTo, efiffzf:q, hfltzf:q cflbdf snd 5gf}6, lxHh] / n]vg z}nLsf] rogsf] af/]df klg l;df nufof}+ . vG8 !=!=! sf]
rnfpg]x¿k|lt gfs v'DRofP/ ls/fFtL dfQ}sf]nflu egL 3f]ifgf ug]{x¿sf] csf]{ lkmu/ @ df xfdLn] k|t]s @& efiffsf] klxn] klxn] k|of]udf gcfPsf] jf g;'lgPsf]
k"jf{ux| L ;To klg cfk\mgf] 7fpFdf 5 . o;n] s] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 eg] ls/fFtL-x¿_ c6f]lgd / Unf];f]lgdnfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}+ . k|fSsyg, cWofo % / ^ n]
ce}m klg g]kfnsf gful/s xf]Ogg\ / pgLx¿sf] efiff ;flxTo g]kfn cfdfsf] ax;df NofPsf] /fhg}lts, P]ltxfl;s, ;fF:s[lt / wfld{s, ;dfh–dfgjzf:qLo,
efiff–;flxTo xf]Og . s]xL u/L eO{ xfn] klg y8{ Snf; jf t];|f] bhf{sf x'g\ . v; kf]i6–sf]nf]lgon / lk|–gfOlG6h\ cflbsf] kl/j]zn] lognfO{ cf]em] ndf kf/]sf]
efiffdf lxGb"–cfo{x¿sf] hLjg z}nL / b}lgsLsf] ;]/f]km] /f]df /lrPsf] dfQ} 7]6 lyof] . of] j[S5] lkmu/df t];sf] pTvvg / pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
d"nk|jfx ;flxTo xf] ofg] g]kfn-L_ ;flxTo xf] . t];s } f] dfQ} ufyf ufpg' / n]Vg' g} oxfFaf6 lg:s]/ xfdLn] of] cWoogsf] d'6'leq jf cWofo @ sf] ls/fFtL
} f] dfQ} d"Nofªsg ug'{ k5{ . / cfh;Dd t];} x'g] u/]sf]
xfd|f] k/d\ st{Jo xf] . t];s efiff–;flxTosf] :jklxrfgleq k;]/ @& j6} ls/fFtL efiffx¿sf] 9's9'sL 5fDg]
5 . clg tdfd e"ldk'q cflbjf;Lx¿n] OGb| /fO{, kf/;dl0f k|wfg, u'dfgl;+x jf O;LhL (On]S6«fs ] fl8{cf]u|fd electrocardiogram) vf]hL x]g]{ / k9\g] sfd
rflDnª, cR5f /fO{ ‘/l;s’, u0f]z /l;s, kjg rflDnª, e"lk z]/rg cflbsf] u/\of}+ . oLdWo] k|foM h;f]sf] O;LhL Psbd} k\mNof6 jf t/ª\u ljlxg jf d/]tN' o
h:t} af6f] k5\ofO o;}sf] dfQ} dnhn ug]]{ dfQ} kSsf ;flxTosf/ x'g\ eGg] cfu|x /x]sf] e]l6of] . sljtf / uLt ljwf eg] t'ngfTds ?kdf cufl8 cfP . t/ klg
5 Tof] u|GyLsf] . Tof] dfgl;stfsf] . t];f] eP ;+;f/df ePsf ^ c/a} dfgj ;efg]df /ftf/ft sljtf ;+ux| lgsfNg] ls/fFtL dft[efifLx¿sf] cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf
x[box¿n] ljlnod ;]S;lko/ g} x'Fbf s] km/s k5{ / < ;Dej 5 < ;fy} ;j}
|| 603 || || 604 ||
eg] vf;} of]ubfg e]l6Pg . ljb]zL efiffljb\x¿sf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoog eg] :jLsfg'{ kb{5 eg] ls/fFtL cflbjf;L e"ldk'qsf] k[i7e"lddf ;[hgzLn c/fhs jf
cfznfUbf] 5 . t/ oL cWoogx¿n] efiffsf] ;[hgfTdstfdf eg] t]tL k|efj /+ujfb / eojfb cfGbf]ngn] sltko hl6n ;jfnx¿nfO{ eg] p7fPsf 5g\ .
5f8]sf 5g\ h:tf] b]lvb}g . ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª dfQ} t]:tf] efUozfnL efiff e]l6of] xfªo'u c1ftsf] 9'ªu\ fd'8fsf] dg -;=@)%*_ / s/ªsf] lx/f;t -;=@)^)_,
h;df ;flxTo ;[hgfsf k|foM ;j} ljwfx¿ pknAw 5g\ . dxfsfJob]lv lnP/ g/]z d'lnrf–;'gj' f/sf] lhGbuLsf] kxf8 / cl:tTjsf] /fFs'b]n] ;]s\;]n]n=] ==-dfr{
gf6s, pkGof;, cg'jfb cflb ePsf] ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] w'sw'sLsf] O;LhL @))*_, b]z ;'Aafsf] ckdfg -;=@)%@_ / cflbjf;L -;=@)^$_ cflbn] e"ldk'q
cfzfhgs 5 cyf{t\ t/ª\uo'St 5 . of] cWofodf xfdLn] sltko e]6]hlt ls/fFtL ls/fFtLx¿sf] k[i7e"ld -efiff–;F:s[lt / Oltxf; cflb nufot_ nfO{ jx;df
dft[efiff jStf, cg';Gwftf, kf7s, kqsf/ cflbsf] 6Lsfl6KkgLnfO{ ljz]if NofPsf 5g\ . o;/L ;efg]df klg ls/fFtL hflt, ;F:s[lt, e"uf]n, hLjgz}nL,
6Lsfl6KkgL eg]/ ;Gbe{–;"rL eGbf cl3 :k]; klg lbPsf 5f}+ . xfd|f] lbgfro{ cflbsf] af/]df vf;} rrf{–kl/rrf{ ePsf] kfOPg . jLkL sf]O/fnfsf]
d"Nofªsgdf t]h gfl5l/ªsf] lnlvt l6KkgL Uofgjw{s / pTs[i6 -x]g"{ @=!^ ;'lDgdf pNn]v ePg lg eGg' x'G5 eg] of] s[ltn] ls/fFtLx¿sf] af/]df s:tf]
klg_ kfPsf 5f}+ . sltkon] xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ jf:t} u/]gg\ . s;}s;}n] n]Vt} jTVjfFO u/]sf] 5 eGg] t[;gf d]6\g of]u]z h]?ªsf] PdP cªu|]hL zf]wkq k9\bf
n]vg] g\ . sltkon] gfddf c8fg lnP . of] kf6f] of] cWofosf] /f]rs cf} :ki6 x'G5 .
Uofgjw{s kS5] xf] . ;du|df x]bf{ ;|i6fx¿ xftsf] cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsG5 . tLg cWofo % n] kf]i6–gfOlG6h\kZrft\sf] kl/k|S5]df g]kfndf ls/fFtL eg]sf
aif{;Ddsf] ljleGg sl7gfO e]mn]/ vf]Hbf cfzf u/] hlt e]l6Pg . o; afx]s sf] x'g\ < sf] sf] ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfoleq kb{5g\ < / ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd
xfdLn] jStfx¿sf] e"uf]n, ;+Vof, efiff k|of]u 5]q, Snfgf]lgd, ;fF:s[lts, s;/L ls/fFtL hfltnfO{ 6'qmfOof] < s] n] 6'qmfof] < cflb k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]hs] f]
dfgjzf:qLo cWoog cflbnfO{ klg :yfg lbPsf 5f}+ . 5 . of] vf]hfOdf efiffljUofg, Jofs/g, Kofn]cf]G6f]nf]hLb]lv lnP/ wd{–;F:sf/,
cWofo # n] lxhf]b]lv cfh;Dd ls/fFtL jStfx¿sf] efiffj}Uoflgs / Snfgf]lgd, nf]s;flxTo kfq, cfWo OYgf]lgd cflbnfO{ pkof]u ub{} cf]Nnf]
dfgjzf:qLo b[li6n] pkof]uL dflgg] cjuL{st[ Snfgf]lgdx¿sf] ;"rL u/]sf] 5 . ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL efiff;Dk|bfo jLrsf] c:k:6tfnfO{ s];f| s];f| kf/L s]nfpg]
;fy} ls/fFtL efiffx¿df ePsf s]xL ;fd"lxs cg';GwgfTds sfo{x¿nfO{ klg sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf] 5 . ljutsf cFWof/fx¿dfly jlQ afNg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 .
:yfg lbPsf] 5 . of] oxfF clt g} sd 5 . k|foM ;j} cWofox¿df /flvPsf] t];f] t sltko ;Gbe{x¿df tLg} ls/fFt Onfsfx¿sf] dfgjzf:qLo / P]ltxfl;s
;Gbe{;l" rn] klg logLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'gfn] t]:tf] b]lvPsf] xf] . cjuL{s[t lj/f;tnfO{ ;]ts ' f] ?kdf hf]8\g] sfo{ yfngL u/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ jLr s'g ;jfndf
Snfgf]lgdx¿ sltko ;Gbe{df unt lxHh] tyf cy{lxg kfOPsf 5g\ . o;sf slt ;dfgtf 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg lgSof]{n ug{ cWoogsf] d"n cfwf/x¿ s] s]
ljleGg sf/gx¿nfO{ xfdLn] cWofo % df klxNofPsf 5f}+ . x'g\ eGg]tk{m Oªlut u/]sf] 5 .
cWofo @ sf] Tof] nfhdbf]{ l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ dft[efiffdfr}F ;|i6fx¿n] cWofo ^ n] s;/L cWofo @ / $ sf] l:yltnfO{ lgDTofof] eGg]
;[hgf gu/]/ ;efg]df dfQ} kf] ;[hgf u/]sf x'g\ ls ls/fFtL hLjg z}nL, ;F:s[lt, sf}t"xntfnfO{ lgjf/g u/]sf] 5 . of] lgjf/gdf /fhg}lts Oltxf;b]lv lnP/
/fhgLlt, b}lgsL, Oltxf; cflbsf] af/]df < eGg] v;v; jf tntn jStfx¿sf] dgf]ljUofg;DdnfO{ lgoflnPsf] 5 . t]tL a]nf ls/fFtL efiff k|of]udf
d]6fpgsf]nflu cWofo $ n] hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5 . vf]Hb} hfFbf t];f] geP/ ;efg]df ePsf] kmfF;LjfbnfO{ kmf]6f] -gSzf g+= ^=@(, XXIX, cWofo ^=) df_ s}
klg cToGt} sd n]lvPsf] /x]5 eGg] kQf nfUof] . t];dWo] ls/fFtL–cf7k/]df dfWodåf/f k|i6\ofPsf] 5 . ;fy} ca of] sxfnLnfUbf] cFWof/f] ljutnfO{ s;/L
xf/L, ls/fFtL–sf]FOrdf d'Ns]d ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªdf nf]hL / cªu|]hLdf k|mfhfOn pHofnf]lt/ 8f]/\ofpg] eg]/ eflifsgLlt / of]hgfsf] ?k/]vf sf]g]{ sfd klg of]
dfpG6]g cflb b]vf k/] . g]kfn b]zs} t]qf] nfdf] Oltxf;df xfd|f] efiff–;flxTosf] cWofon] u/]sf] 5 .
;"rL nDafO clt g} sd jf guGo g} /x]5 . o;n] s] s'/fsf] ;+st] lbof] eg] ;du|df ls/fFtL efiff ;Dk|bfonfO{ hlt ef]uf}lns ljs6tf, /fhgLlt,
ls/fFtL cfhhf efiff–;flxTodf g]kfne"ld afFem} afFemf] /x]5 . ;fFrf] cy{df bdg jf kmfF;LjfbLgLlt cflbn] 6'qmfP/ ljnosf] ;+3f/df k'/\ofPsf] eP klg
g]kfne"lddf ls/fFtL ;flxTo ge]l6g' eg]sf] g]kfn ge]l6g' klg xf] . g]kfnsf] ;flxTo ;[hgfdf s]xL yfngLx¿ eg] ePsf 5g\ . t/ efiffjStf / ;|i6fx¿n]
df6f]df pgLx¿sf] h/f ge]l6g' klg xf] . k|fT] ;fxg / :ofjf;L kfpg' t stf xf] stf l;l/h+ufn] h:tf] kmfF;L kfpg' kg]{ z"Go
8fo:kf]/fdf eg] d"nk|jfx ;efg]df afx]s dft[efiffdf 7f]; t]:tf] s]xL eflifs kof{j/gleq ;[hgfsf] sNkgf ug{ c;Dej k|foM g} x'G5 . jf:tjdf
n]lvPsf] jf ;flxTo ePsf] ;"rgf of] cWofodf k/]sf 5}gg\ . t/ slt;Dd O{=!(() kZrft\ dfQ} t]:tf yf]/} ;[hgfTds k|ofzx¿ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

|| 605 || || 606 ||
cWoogn] ;fy} k|fSsygn] d"ne"t ?kdf p7fPsf] Pp6f ;jfn eg]sf] ;flxTosf] ljZn]ifgaf6 ;+Zn]ifg u/L lg:s]sf] lgisif{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgrf]8df
;x–ofqfsf] xf] . h:t} egf}+ /f]b'ª, /f]sf]ª / ltn'ªsf] s'/f . efiffljUofgn] k'uL xfNg eg] ;lsb}g . lsgeg] Tof] cWoogdf s]xL dfqfdf bGt] syf /
b]vfPsf] Jofs/g km/s jf cjf]wuDotfsf] ;To ls/fFtL efiff;Dk|bfox¿ jLr /fhgLltsf s'/fx¿ klg k/]sf 5g\ . ca cfk"mleq} ePsf oL s]xL c;dfg /
s;/L cfof] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ xfdLn] ;do cGt/fn / sl7g ef}uf]lns b"/L, ;dfg jGwgx¿leq Ps ;"qdf plgP/ xfdL cufl8 a9\g] ga9\gd] f klg ls/fFtL
z'?sf] cj:yfdf oL s'g} klg dft[efiffx¿df lzS5f pknAw gx'g,' PsfTds cf} efiff–;flxTosf] ljsf; lge{/ ub{5 Ps cy{df . dft[efiffdf xfdL slt snd
bdgfTds efiff gLltsf] clVtof/L x'g,' eflifs kof{j/gdf vnn NofOg', rnfpF5f}+ / sDKo'6/ ls–af]8d{ f cf}+nf slt s'bfpF5f}+ý t];df klg cjZo g} lge{/
ef}uf]lns cfO;f]nO] ;g jf PsfGttf, ;Dks{ ljlxgtf, hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/, x'G5 .
eflifs / hLjj}Uoflgs kl/jt{g cflb k\mofS6/x¿nfO{ b]Vof}+ . / klg o;leq csf]{ cy{df gofF eGg] ul/Psf] ;+3Lo -sltkon] of] ‘;+3Lo’ zAbnfO{
pgLx¿ jLrsf] Snfgf]lgd, wfld{s–;fF:s[lts, eflifs, nf]s;flxTo kfq ;fy} g?rfP/ ‘nf]stflGqs’ klg n]Vg] u/]sf 5g\_ ugtGq g]kfnsf] cfpg nfu]sf] gofF
36gf clg P]ltxfl;s ;dfgtfn] Ps csf{nfO{ Ps} ;"qdf afFws ] f] 5 . sltkox¿ ;+ljwfgsf] u'bLleq eflifs Joj:yf / Jojxf/df klg oL sd–t/ª\uo'Qm O;LhL
–Rff, –5f / –rfd\ n] afFlwPsf 5g\ t sltko /f]bf]ª, /f]bª
' , /b'ª, /b', /f]bL, /f8', ePsf efiffx¿sf] ;+j4{g / ljsf; lge{/ ub{5 . eljio lge{/ ub{5 . of]
–Åjfª, –xf]ª, –xfª / –ª cflbn] afFlwPsf 5g\ . st} /rfs'n,] /]rfs'kf clg ;fdflhs Gofosf] csf]{ ?k / pbfx/g g} x'g5] . @#*–$) jif]{
st} x]5fs'kf, tofdf–t]afd / t]of]ªgf, lvofdf–lvFafd / v]of]ªgf cflb OToflb sfnsf]7/LkZrft\sf] l:ylt s:tf] xf]nf eGg] s'/f xfd|f] jt{dfgsf] ue{df g} n'ss ] f]
jGwgx¿n] Ps csf{df afFlwPsf 5g\ . hrf, hfrf], hfrfd\ clg rfdf n] klg 5 . of] xfd|fn
] flu Ps r'gf}tL / cj;/ klg xf] . g;f]rL gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg]
pgLx¿nfO{ hf]8]sf] 5 . d'l:snn] ;o :jf8]z j8{ ln:6n] dfQ} ca aGg nfu]sf] gofF g]kfn eflifs
jfDa'n] / h]?ª (# clg sf]FOr / afo'ª (# / cf};tdf (! k|ltzt :j?k, xfd|f] lrgf/L / eflifs–;flxlTos pGglt s;f]/L psfnf] nfUnf < / rGb|df
ldn]sf] efiffj}Uoflgs cWoogn] lgisif{ lgsfNof] eg] ca xfdL 5f]nf < ;j} eGbf k'5f/df cfhp/f k|lti7fg / afs'nf]rfgf jLrsf] bf]xf]/LnfO{ la6
Jojxfl/sljUofgdf ;xofqf ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg] ;jfn g} dxTjk"g{ xf] . ls/fFtL– dfg'{ kbf{ cj hflt klxrfgsf] cfwf/ efiffnfO{ g} dfGg] xf] eg] -/ dflgPs} t]xL 5_
ofDk"m / tf]Dofª (Tomyang)! jLr *@Ü zAb ldNg] h:tf ls/fFtL efiffx¿ y'k|} afs'nf]rfgfnfO{ cfhp/f k|lti7fgn] k+hLs/g lrgf/L lbg ;Sg' kb{5 / efiff gx'g]
5g\ . cf7k/] / a]nxf/]sf] dfdnf klg t]xL xf] . s'n'ª / ;f]tfªsf] klg . ;fy} ;'/n
] nfO{ k+hLs/g ;"rLaf6 lgsfNg ;Sg' kb{5 .
s'nª' / gfl5/Lªsf] klg . ofSvfaf / ofSy'ªaf c6f]OYgf]lgd n'sfpg]x¿sf] of] lgod vf; lgod xf] eg] g]kfnsf ;j} cfhhfx¿df klg nfu" x'g'
jLr klg t]:tf] ;dfgtf 5 . h:tf] ls ls/fFtL–ofSy'ªsf] ljz]if $ eflifsfx¿ kb{5 . a? c? t]:tf cfk\mg} efiff ePsf ls/fFtL efifL -h:t}M cf7k/], jfDa'n,]
ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 . oL dWo]df ^ y/] dft[efiffdf lzS5fsf] s'/f c8\ss ] f] jf vflnª, y'nª ' , /f]sf]ª, ;fDkfª, l5Gtfª cflb_ nfO{ klg k+hLs[t ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
v8\sf] dfQ} xf] . efiffljUofgn] cl3 ;fg]{ u/]sf] cjf]wuDotfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ dfq ;fy} ofof]Svfn] 5'§} ls/fFtL efiff egL btf{ u/]sf] ;f]tfªnfO{ afs'nf]rfgfn] klg
cfTd;ft ug]{ xf] eg] kfGy/] eflifsfsf jStf /fd dfb]g æ^ y/] 8fon]S6 jf æof] s'n'ª eGbf 5'§} efiff / hflt xf]ý lrgf/L lbg' k5{Æ eg]/ ;6sdf /fFsf] afNg
eflifsf d lkl6Ss} klg a'em\ lbg eGb5g\Æ eg] ^ y/]nfO{ efiffljUofgsf] ;Sg' kb{5 . :jf8]z zAb;"rLsf] cfwf/df dfQ} ls/fFtL efiff–;flxTo b/f] gx'g]
l;4fGtsf] dfQ} j}zfvL 6]S5' eGbf ofSy'ª efO efO lr/f kb{5g\ sf]FOr / ;'/]n /x]5 eGg] a'em] / /fFsf] afNg] xftn] ca p;f] snd klg rnfpg' lgtfGt cjZos
h:t} . cyf{t\ s'n'ª / ;f]tfª h:t} jf /f]bª ' / ltn'ª h:t} . dtna ^ y/] 5'§} x'bF f] /x]5 eGg] a'em\ g' kb{5 . rnfpg' kb{5 . o;f] eof] eg] g]kfn cfdfsf]
gofF efiff x'g5] . ls/fjfd} klg emG8} kfFr 8fon]S6x¿ cl:tTjdf ePsf] 5ftLdfly ls/fFtL efiff–;flxTo km'Ng]5 / g]kfn cfdf klg :jod\ k'mlNg]l5g\ .
;dfhefiffj}Uoflgs cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . xfdL jLr d]jfxfª–g]jfxfª, d':sfpg] l5g\ . l;?3f/L ;fFlRrs} k"mnjf/Ldf ?kfGt/ x'g5] . ;f] a]nf ls/fFtL
/fkrf–l/kfrf, tf]nf]rf–yf]nf]rf jLrsf] l;of]sf] 6'Kkf] hltsf] leGgtf / j[xQ/ nufot ;j} cfhhf efiffx¿ ‘dfG5] vfg] efiff’ -jf klZrdfx¿sf] efiffdf u6/
;Dffgtf 5 . oL afx]s xfdLleq c? w]/} ;dLktfx¿ 5g\ . zfob uf]kfn vDa"sf] Nofªu'Oh\_ geP/ dfjgj hfltsf ;dfg efiffdf kl/gt x'g] 5g\ . oxL g} of]
cWoogn] klg oL tYox¿nfO{ glhsaf6 lgofn]/ xfdLx¿ jLrsf] eflifs cWoogsf] lgrf]8 xf] .
c:ki6tf / lvrnf]nfO{ lnP/ ævDa'x¿df ;fFkf| dfly lk+8n ' f yk]sf] ;d:of
yf]kl/Psf]Æ eGg] lgisif{df k'u]sf] x'g ;S5 . t/ pgsf] kfFr dlxg] cjlwsf] ;f] ********************************
cWoog :jefjt} km/flsnf] 5}g / ls/fFtL efiffsf] ;j} 5]q ;d]l6Psf] /
|| 607 || || 608 ||
n]vsx¿sf] lrgf/L Authors’ Introduction •kLPr8L :sn/lzk÷u|fG6–@))% -g];gn kmfpG8];g km/\ l8e]nKdG6 cj\
OlG8lhlgc;\ Gof;gflnl6h\, g]kfn_ •df:6;{ lyl;; /fOl6ª–!(((
-g];gn kmfpG8];g km/\ l8e]nKdG6 cj\ OlG8lhlgc;\ Gof;gflnl6h\, g]kfn_
•/3'jL/ d]df]l/on u|fG6–@))#, l;lSsd, OlG8of_ •;"o{ ;kf]6{ u|fG6–@))$,
l;lSsd, OlG8of_ •kLPr8L l/;r{ ;kf]6{ 6]Sgf]nf]hL–@))$ -PgO;L e;f{ O
nfn–ZofFsf/]n' /fkrf ^^) Nofk6k±OK;g :6fOn; lk|G6/_ afO{ ls/fFtL–sf]FOr -;'g'jf/÷d'lvof_
kiranti.rapachalal@gmail.com xªsª_
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' rf;f] cg';Gwfg, kqsfl/tf, ;[hgfTds n]vg / OPn6L
s6'Gh]–@, cf]vn9'ªuf, cf]Nnf] ls/fFtdf hGd]sf 8f=nfn–ZofFsf/]n' efiffUofg ls/fFtL–sf]FOr, cªu|]hL, g]kfnL, lxGbL–pb"{ / c? s]xL ls/fFtL
/fkrfn] cfk\mgf] hLjgsf] !% aif{ /fhwfgL sf7dfG8"df efiff, ;flxTo / efiffx¿
efiffljUofg cWofkgdf vr]{sf 5g\ . pgL O{=@))% b]lv l/;r{ OlG:6Ro'6 km/\
ls/fFtf]nf]hLsf] ;+:yfks÷lgb]{zs /xL cfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] cg';Gwfg 5]qdf sDKo'6/ ;Lk •PdP; j8{ •kfj/ kf]OG6 •Od]n •OG6/g]6
OG8f]–g]kfn OYgf]–OlG8lhlgc; ls/fFtL efiffx¿, ;flxTo, efiffljUofg nufot k|sflzt cg';GwgfTds nfdfn]vx¿ !% -kGw|_
Oltxf;, ;F:s[lt, / ;dfh–dfgjzf:q klg x'g\ . pgL cfk\mgf] ls/fFtL–sf]FOr k|sflzt cg';GwgfTds 5f]6f n]vx¿ lg?kg;lxt %) -krf;_
dft[efiffdf ;d]t ;flxTo klg ;[hgf u5{g\ . sfo{kq k|:t'tL !^ -;f]x|_
cWoog k|sflzt k':tsx¿ •OSn]lS6s oflS6le6L OªlnzM c lqmPl6e sf];{ -O{=@))&_
•kLPr8L, O{=@))^, ;]G6/ km/\ lnª\u'Ol:6S;\ ofG8 Oª\lnz, hjfx/nfn sf7dfG8"M PeLcfO ;kf]6{ l;:6d cfOPg;L •ls/fFtL–sf]FOrcf y]M;L Vof]Fkt
g]x¿ o'lgel;{6L, Go' 8]nL •PdP, O{=!(((, s]Gb|Lo efiffljUofg ljefu, -Olnd]G6«L l/8/ cj\ ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/, sf]–cy/, O{=@))$_ ufGtf]sM l;lSsd
lqlj, sLlt{k/' •PdP, O{=!((%, s]Gb|Lo cªu|]hL ljefu, lqlj, sLlt{k/' sf]FOra' •ls/fFtL–sf]FOr ;]:;] An];] -ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff lzS5f, sf]–cy/,
•jLP, O{=!((@, lq–rGb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, lqlj •jLP8, O{=!((#, dx]Gb| O{=@))#_ sf7dfG8"M ;'gj' f/ j]Nk]mc/ ;f];fO6L •ls/fFtL–sf]FOr An];]ys ]F f
/Tg SofDk;, lqlj -ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/ cNkmfa]6, sf]–cy/, O{=@))#_ ufGtf]sM l;lSsd sf]FOra'
cnªsf/ / cjf8{x¿ •ls/fFtL–sf]FOrcf y]M;L t/Gbf] -Olnd]G6«L u|ofd/ cj\ ls/fFtL–;'gj' f/, sf]–
•g]kfn ljWofe"ifg, Snf; P, lzS5f dGqfno -O{=@))&_ •6«fen /fO6/ cy/, O{=@))#_ ufGtf]sM l;lSsd sf]FOra'
;[hgfTds tyf n]v k|sfzg @) l;nf}tL 6fOd;\, zf/bf, nf]s;F:s[lt, onDa/,
cjf8{, g]kfn 6'l/Hd af]8{ -O{=@))^_ •kf]o6«L cjf8{, r'Kn' -O{=@))^_ •kf]o6«L efg'df]lt, sljtf, gj sljtf,sf]FOra', lxdfno, lehg ofG8 Unf]/L, dw'ks{,
cjf8{, /]os' fO g]kfn -O{=@)))_ •P:;] cjf8{, g]kfn /fi6« j}+s -O{=!((&_ ;'gr/L, pGgog, ;okqL, h]Dnfxf;, b sf7dfG8" kf]i6 cflbdf .
•hf]gf{ln:6 cjf8{, k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn -O{=!((^_ •kf]o6«L cjf8{, dx]Gb| ;Dkfbg •g]KnLh\ lnªu'Ol:6S;\ -;xfos ;Dkf=O{=!((&–((_ •gful/s, bf]efif]
/Tg SofDk;, lqlj -O{=!((#_ •kf]o6«L cjf8{, lq–rGb| ax'dv ' L SofDk;, -;xfos ;Dkf=O{=!(((–@))) •pTklQ / k/Dk/fsf rflDnª ldysx¿
lqlj -O{=!((#_ •P:;] cjf8{, ;u/dfyf hgtf dfWolds ljWofno -g]kfnL ;Dkf=O{=!((*_ •uf]/vfkq -ls/fFtL–sf]FOr efiff gofF g]kfn k[i7sf]
-O{=!(*#_ ;+of]hs, @) c;f]h @)^$p;f]_
cg';Gwfg k]mnf]lzk / ;kf]6{ u|fG6;\
•x'Daf]N6 lhPkm kf]i68s k]mnf]lzk, x'Daf]N6 l:6k\m6'ª–@))*–( 8f]PrnfG8
-hd{gL_ •ck]|lG6;lzk l/;r{ u|fG6–@))& -;f];n l/;r{ kmG8 afO{ P;PgeL
g]b/NofG8;\ l8e]nKdG6 cuf{gfOh];g, g]kfn_ •l/;r{ u|fG6–@))& -g];gn
kmfpG8];g km/\ l8e]nKdG6 cj\ OlG8lhlgc;\ Gof;gflnl6h\, g]kfn_
|| 609 || || 610 ||
lxdfno •O{=!((! ‘sofFbf’, n]Gd's, !,@ •;=@)$* ‘rflDnª zAbfjnL’,
lxdfno •O{=!((( ‘6jfdf, lvofdf ªf] vr]lnKkfdf] rflDnª\ ToflQ’
-cg'=nfn /fkrf_, ;okqL
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pakucha2002@yahoo.com •;f]l;cf]lnªu'Ol:6s ;e]{ d]y8;\M c 6«]lgª Dofg'cn -8«fk\m6 e;{g !$
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/tG5f–&, vf]6fª, dfem ls/fFtdf hGd]sL jfu–cfofUofdL ofn'ª5fn]
O{=!((! b]lv @))* ;Dd /fhwfgL sf7dfG8"sf] z}l5s ;+:yfx¿df cªu|]hL •afc\oª' /fO{M c ;f]l;cf]lnªu'Oli6s ;j]{ -O{=@))%_ df]/Lg nL, a'l4s'df/
cWofkg u/]sL 5g\ . ;fy} O{=@))% b]lv l/;r{ OlG:6Ro'6 km/\ ls/fFtf]nf]hLdf /fO{ / sl/g a'g;Fu ;Lgf;, lqlj •rflDnª–g]kfnL–cªu|]hL zAbsf]z
l/;r{ P;f]l;P6 l5g\ / pgL dfem ls/fFtsf] ls/fFtL–/f]bª ' efiffj}Uoflgs -O{=@))&_ gf]j]n lszf]/ /fO{,, lji0f' / 6+s /fO{;uF , ls/fFt rflDnª /fO{
cg';Gwfg / ;flxTo ;[hgf ;d]t ul5{g\ . ;dfhefiffj}Uoflgs cWoogdf d] @))! l8S;G/L ofG8 u|ofd/ /fOl6ª sld6L @)%*=
b]vL @))# ;Dd 8f=df]l/g nL;Fu cg';Gwfg ;xfossf] ?kdf klg sfo{/t lyOg\ . efiffUofg ls/fFtL–/f]b'ª, cªu|]hL, g]kfnL / c? s]xL ls/fFtL efiffx¿
cWoog sfo{kq k|:t'tL & -;ft_
•PdP, O{=@))&, l8kf6{dG6 cj\ Oªlnz, /Tg /fHonIdL SofDk; v]ns'b k'/:sf/ •jL/]Gb| zLN8 !))x$ l/n] t[tLo O{=!(*& •jL/]Gb| zLN8
sf7dfG8", lqlj •PdP, O{=@))!, s]Gb|Lo efiffljUofg ljefu, lqlj, sLlt{k/' !))x$ l;ªun t[tLo O{=!(*&
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cg';Gwfg k]mnf]lzk •P;cfOPn ;'aS; •j8{;e{
•df:6;{ lyl;; /fOl6ª–!((( -g];gn kmfpG8];g km/\ l8e]nKdG6 cj\ ;+:yftu ;+nUgtf •ls/fFt–sf]FOr -;'gj' f/÷d'lvof_ dlxnf ;dfh, cfhLjg
OlG8lhlgc;\ gf;gflnl6h\, g]kfn_ ;b:o, k]mA?c/L @))$p;f] •ls/fFt–/fO{ rflDnª vfDafltd, cfhLjg
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OlG8lhlgc;\ gf;gflnl6h\, g]kfn_ ;b:o, ;]K6]Da/ @))$p;f]
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;f]wk'5 ;Gbe{ •Dr Maureen Lee (maureen_lee@sall.com,
•x]5fs'Kkf Og\ ls/fFtL kmf]s6]Nh\M c sDk]/]l6e :68L -O{=@))*_
maureen_lee2001@yahoo.com) •Prof. Dr. Novel K Rai,
•c df/\kmf]nf]lhsn :68L cj\ rflDnª -O{=@))!_ CNAS, Tribhuvan University (drvovel4@yahoo.com)
k|sflzt n]vx¿
•O{=@))^ ‘lgu]l6efOh]O;g Og\ ls/fFtL–/f]bª' l/lelhl68’,g]lKnh
lnªu'Ol:6S;\ •;=@)^@ ‘ls/fFtL efiffx¿df lz:6tfsf]6L’,rflDnª
•;=@)^! ‘rflDnªlr v;g g]rfln ldlt/f’,rflDnª •O{=@))$
‘OS:Sn'l;le6L PG8 OGSn'l;le6L Og\ rflDnª\–/fO{’,g]lKnh lnª\uO' li6S;\
•O{=@))! oL lzlz/sf k"mnx¿, efg'df]tL •;=@)%( ‘ldgf’, lnAh' e'Dh'
•;=@)%( ‘tof nfd’, lnAh' e'Dh' •O{=!(($ ‘b'ª\’, rflDnª\ nf ;f5fd
vfDafltd •O{=!(($ ‘nfd\’, sljtf •O{=!((! ‘rflDnª\ j8{ ln:6;\’,
|| 611 || || 612 ||
cg'jfbs
•;fdflhs lzIff -;|]gL !, g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;=@)^#_ •ul0ft
lzIff -;|]gL !, g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;=@)^#_ •d]/f] lj1fg, :jf:Yo /
cd/ t'Dofxfª zf/Ll/s lzIff -;|g] L !, g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf;=@)^#_ •d]/f] ;fdflhs
amartumyahang@yahoo.co.uk cWoog tyf ;[hgfTds cleJolQmsnf -;|g] L !, g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf
v]jfª–*, tfKn]hª ' , kNnf] ls/fFtdf hGdg' ePsf cd/ t'Dofxfªn] ;=@)^# / ^%_ •d]/f] ul0ft -;|g] L @, g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;=@)^%_
;=@)%) b]lv @)^# ;Dd eQmk'/ / nlntk'/sf lzS5fnox¿df g]kfnL / •g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# -g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;=@)^#_
cªu]|hL cWofkg ug'{ ePsf] 5 . o;} u/L @)^@ p;f] ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ •;+ljwfg ;ef ljifos hfgsf/L @)^# -g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf
SofDk;df cªu|]hLsf] ;xfos k|fWofkssf] ?kdf cWofkg ub}{ 5g\ . pgL
ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiffsf] dxfsfJosf/ tyf lgoldt n]vs klg x'g\ . ;=@)^#_ •g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ jLr ePsf]
cWoog lj:t[t zfGtL ;Demf}tf -g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;=@)^#_ •yydf
•PdP8, O{=@))@, sLlt{k/' , lqlj •jLP8, O{=!((( tLg aif]{, lqlj •jLP8, -ofSy'ª pkGof;, ofSy'ª kfMgaf6 g]kfnLdf ;=@)^@_ •sfdaf]ªaf
O{=!((* b'O{ aif]{, lqlj n'ªaf]ªaf ofSy'ªxf/]g yf]af] sfO/f]af sfGh]ªaf]gf - ofSy'ª kfMgaf6
;Dkfbg
cªu|]hL / g]kfnLdf ;=@)^!_ •Åo'dg /fO6;\ l8Snf/]Ozg–!($*
•cflg< rf]jf;fDafxf< -hLjgL_ ;=@)^# •s] nfMª -;F:s[lt / sljtf_
-cªu|]hLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMg / g]kfnLdf ;=@)%(_ •o'Pg 8«fk\m6 l8Snf/]Ozg
;=@)^# •dfª\uf/]! s'af]Ms\ -syf ;ª\ux| _ ;=@)^# •tfG5f]Kkf ;fKtflxs cg\ b /fO6\;\ cj\ OlG8lhlgc; lkkNh\ -cªu|]hL / g]kfnLaf6 ofSy'ª
-;Dkf=c;f/ @)%&p;f]_ •kbdl;+ ;'Aaf cktg JolQmTj / s[ltTj -hLjgL, kfMgdf ;=@)%(_ •l;df–;lDdnf -dGh'nsf] d[To' sljtf g]kfnLaf6
;Dkf=;=@)^@_ •k'mª -;Dkf=dfr{ @))%p;f]_ •k|jf;L j]bgfsf cfjfhx¿ ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;=@)%*_ •g]kfnafnflDbs -sdnd0fL bLlIftsf]
-;Dkf=;=@)%(÷^)p;f]_ •;]dL kmStfªn'ª -;Dkf=;=@)^)÷@)^!p;f]_ of8\eG] r;{ cj\ c g]kfnL k|mu cªu|]hLaf6 ofSy'ª kfMgdf ;=@)%*_
•ofª ef]Ol;h\ Og\ OPn6L -;Dkf=;=@)%^÷@)%&_ •lblkt lzvf cg';Gwfg cg'ej
-;Dkf=;=@)%@÷@)%#_ •uf]/vfkq -ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª efiff gofF g]kfn k[i7sf] •g]kfn ;/sf/sf] a];nfOg ;e]{ -lkmN8 js{ ;'k/efOh/, clk|n @))% b]vL
;+of]hs, ! c;f]h @)^$p;f]_ h'g @))%;Dd_ •ej{;\ cj\ lk|sl' sª, s'lsª ofG8 sGHo'ldª oflS6eLl6h\
k|sflzt k':tsx¿ Og\ Oªlnz, lnDa", afGtfjf ofG8 g]kfnL Nofªu'Olhh\M c l;dflG6s
•;f]wª ' u]g Odfgl;+ rf]Tn'ª -ofSy'ª dxfsfJo O{=@))$_ •;]jf/f] -ofSy'ª sDKofl/hg -O{=@))$, ;'k/efOH8 afO k|f]km] ;/ 8S6/ lzlz/s'df/ :yflkt,
sljtf ;+ux| ;=@)%*_ •d]/L ;fgL gfgL -;dsfnLg jfn sljtf ;=@)%^_ Pkmcf]O, 6Lo'_ •Ok]mlS6eg]; cj\ db/ 6ª Ph'sO] zg Og\ lnDa"
•;lxb -;dsfnLg sljtf ;+u|x ;=@)%%_ •cfgL 5f]Sjf;fDvf -hLjgL Nofªu'Olhh\ km/\ Ph'sO] zgn OGSn'hg -O{=@))&, ;'k/efOH8 afO 8S6/
;+ux| , ;x–n]vg÷;Dkfbg ;=@)^)_ •s]nfª -;fF:s[lts n]v tyf sljtf s[i0f e6\6rg, 6Lo'_
;+ux| , O{=@))^_ •dfªu]Ggf/] s'af]s -syf ;+u|x, O{=@))^_ •cflg kfg sDKo'6/ ;Lk •l8Knf]df Og\ u|flkms l8hfOlgª •PdP; j8{ •kfj/ kf]OG6 •Od]n
-kf7\ok':ts ;|]gL %, ;=@)%(_ •cflg kfg -kf7\ok':ts ;|]gL ! b]lv %;Dd, •OG6/g]6
k'gM;Dkfbg ;=@)^$_ efiffUofg •ls/fFtL–ofSy'ª, cªu|]hL, g]kfnL / s]xL ls/fFtL–afGtfjf

|| 613 || || 614 ||
k'/:sf/ / cjf8{x¿ ••Odfgl;+ r]Dhf]ª k'/:sf/–@)%$ -lsofr' ;=@)^$_ ••lnDa" cg';r" L s Appendix A
cfw'lgs syf k'/:sf/–@)^) -lsofr' ;=@)^)_ •g]kfnL sljtf k'/:sf/– ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] gd'gf ;+ljwfg @)^% df eflifs Joj:yf
@)%^ -cfPgP;P ;=@)%^_ efu !&
;+:yftu ;+nUgtf •lnDa" Nofªu'Oh sl/So'nd kmf]dO]{ zg sld6L -lsofr' h]7 efiff ;DaGwL Joj:yf
@)%(p;f]_ cflb !&&=/fi6« efiffM g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} efiffx¿ /fi6« efiffx¿ x'g5] g\ .
6«]lgª, js{;k / ;]ldgf/ •js{;k cg\ Ph'sO] zgn l/;r{ d]yf]8f]nf]hL -;]l/8, !&*=;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] efiffM g]kfndf af]lng] ;Dk"0f{ dft[efiff, ;Dks{ efiff -v;
6Lo', h'nfO @–(, @))*_ •;'k/efOh ofG8 OGo'd/]O6/ km/\ a];nfOg ;e]{ efiff_ / cGt/fli6«o efiffsf] ?kdf c+uh |] L efiff ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf]
sfdsfhL efiff x'g5] .
6]«lgª -h]k, clk|n !^–@@, @))%_ •l;lgc/ lkmN8 l/;r{ Pl;:6]G; km/\ !&(=k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] efiffM
/\oflk8 ck|]Ohn km/\ PrPdhLh\ -h]k, k]mA?c/L %–(, @))%_ •lnDa" -!_ k|To]s k|fGtdf af]lng] k|fGtLo efiffx¿ -:yfgLo k|fGt afx'n efiff_
;flxToM ;d:of / ;dfwfg -sfo{kq k|:t't, PgPnPn;L, emfkf lsofr', k'; / ;Dks{ efiff -v; efiff_ k|fGtLo ;/sf/df ;/sf/L sfdsfhL
@%–@^, @)^)_ •6«fGhn]Ozg js{;k -w'nLv]n, afn ;+;f/, dfr{ @#–@%, efiffsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g5] g\ .
@))!_ •/fli6«o uhn k|lzS5]g sfo{zfnf uf]i7L -eos cleofg g]kfn, -@_ k|fGtLo ;/sf/df sfdsfhL efiffsf] ?kdf ;DalGwt k|fGtsf] efiff
ePtf klg ;a} dft[efiff / v; efiffn] sfdsfhL efiffsf] dfGotf
/]l8of] ;u/dfyf, ebf} @$–@&, @)%&_ •66 js{;k -Gof;gn l/hf];{ ;]G6/
kfpg] 5 .
km/\ gg–kmd{n Ph'sO] zg, g]kfn ofG8 P;cfOPn OG6/Gof;gn, gf]eD] a/
!*)= eflifs ;+/If0fM
%–!#, @))!_ •/fO6;{ cj\ lrN8«]Gh\ ln6/]r/ js{;k -w'nLv]n, jfn
eflifs ;d'bfox¿ aLrsf] ;fd~h:otfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{, pgLx¿n]
;+;f/, d] @^–@*, @)))_ •l6lrª Knflgª km/\ 6\jG6Lk|m:6 ;]Gr'/L -ljgfos k/Dk/fut e'–efuLo eflifs ljefhgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ / cflbjf;L efiff
lzS5f lgs]tg, eQmk'/, h'g @%–@^, !(((_ af]Ng] cNk;+Vos eflifnfO{ k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] sfg'g agfO{ k|fyldstfsf
;fy ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ljsfz ug]{5 .
********************************
!*!= eflifs ;+rf/M
-!_ Ps k|fGtsf] JolQm csf]{ k|fGtdf hfFbf jf ;Dks{df cfp+bf :yfgLo
efiff, ;Dks{ efiff -v; efiff_ / cGt/f{li6«o efiff cªu|]hLdWo]
s'g} klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;+3n] ;+3Lo tyf k|fGtLo /fHo cGtu{t /x]sf] ljleGg eflifs
;d'bfo jLrsf] ;Grf/ sfod ug{ :yfgLo efiffsf] k|of]udf
k|fyldstf lbg] u/L sfg'g agfO Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!*@= dft[efiffdf lzIffM
-!_ k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] sfg'g agfO k|To]s ;d'bfox¿nfO{ cfˆgf] lnlk,
dft[efiffsf] ;+/If0f, ljsfz ug{, dft[efiffdf jf O{R5fPsf] efiffdf
lzIff k|bfg ug{ tyf cfh{g ug{ k|fyldstf lbg]5 .

|| 615 || || 616 ||
-@_ k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] sfg'g agfO{ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 t/ dft[efiffsf] k|ofKt ljsfz gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm efiffsf]
k|jl] zsf k/LIff;Dd -P;Pn;L_ cf cfkm\g} dft[efiff jf O{R5fPsf] k|ofKt ljsfz eO{ ;s]kl5 dfq Gofokflnsf, Joj:yflksf /
:j]lR5s efiffdf lgMz'Ns lzIff lbg Joj:yf ug]{5 . sfo{kflnsfdf dft[efiff dfk{mt ax;, 5nkmn / ;/sf/L sfdsfh
-#_ k|To]s k|fGtdf dft[efiffdf pRrlzIff cWoog, cWofkgsf nflu ug{ ;lsg] u/L /fHon] sfg'g agfO{ To;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
ax'eflifs ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g]5 . !*%=ljz]if Joj:yfM
!*#=nf]kf]Gd'v dft[efiffsf] ;+/If0fM -!_ k|To]s JolQmn] s'g} klg txsf] ;/sf/L jf u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf]
-!_ nf]kf]Gd'v dft[efiffsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ljsf; ug]{ k|dv ' bfloTj clwsf/L ;dIf lgj]bg lb+bf / d''2f btf{ ubf{ jf k|zf;lgs ;Grf/
;+3Lo tyf k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] x'g5] . pQm sfo{sf] nflu ;+3Lo tyf ;+jfb ubf{ cfk\mgf] dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
;/sf/n] cfof]u u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:sf]] Joj:yf ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] sfg'g agfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{5 .
-@_ nf]kf]Gd'v dft[efiff tyf lnlk ePsf hfltx¿sf] klxrfg u/L -@_ ;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Ln] ;ky lnbf+ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf
To:tf] efiff tyf lnlk ePsf hfltx¿n] cfk\mgf] dft[efiff tyf ;ky lng kfOg]5 .
lnlkdf jf :j]lR5s efiff dWo] s'g} efiff tyf lnlkdf / cfk\mgf]
efiff tyf lnlk gePsfsf] hfltsf] xsdf :j]lR5s ?kdf lnlk ********************************
rog u/L cfk\mgf] dft[efiff lnlkj4 ug]{ clwsf/ To:tf
hfltx¿nfO{ x'g5] .
-#_ g]kfndf af]lng dft[efiffs]f lnlk / efiff;Fu ;DjlGwt
;Dkbfx¿sf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;DalGwt ;d'bfo tyf hfltdf
;'/lIft /xg]5 .
-$_ k|fGtleq af]lng] efiffsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, cg';Gwfg /
k|of]usf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] bfloTj k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] x'g5] .
-%_ k|fGtdf ;/sf/L jf lglh :t/n] ;~rfng ug]{ >Jo, b[io, 5fkf tyf
cGo ljB'tLo ;~rf/df :yfgLo ?kdf af]lng] dft[efiffdf lgjf{w
?kdf k|rf/÷k|;f/ ug{ lbOg]5 .
!*$= efiffsf] k|of]uM
-!_ k|fGtLo Onfsfleq /x]sf P]ltxfl;s :yfg, e"ld, jgh+un, gbL
gfnf / k|fs[lts ;|ft] cflbsf] gfdfs/0f ;f]xL ;d'bfosf] df}lns
efiffdf ug{ kfOg] 5 . xfn;Dd hfltut efiffdf gfdfÍ/0f ePsf
k|fs[lts ;|ft] , ;fwg, :yfg / :ynsf] ;+/If0f ul/g] tyf gfd
kl/jt{g ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ Gofokflnsf, Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfdf 5nkmn, ax;,
k|;fzlgs k|of]u tyf ;+rf/ ubf{ dft[efiff jf O{R5fPsf] ;Dks{
efiffdf ul/g]5 .
-#_ s'gk} lg JolQmn] rfx]sf] efiff jf dft[efiffdf ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/
x'g5] .
|| 617 || || 618 ||
cg';r
" L v Appendix B ;ª\3if{df pqg gk/f];\ eGb} lgDg dfux¿;lxt ;DalGwt kIfsf] Wofgfsif{0f
dft[efiff ljsf; ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt, g]kfn u/fpg rfxG5f}F .
c;f]h @)^% sf] !& a'Fw] dfux¿
dfux¿
Sent date: Tuesday, Sept 23, 2008 != dft[ efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{sf] nflu cfjZos
Reply date: Wed, Sep 24, 2008 at 1:23 AM kxn tTsfn} ;'? ul/of];\ .
@= xfnsf] dft[ efiffsf] ljifo lzIf0f sIff ! b]lv pRr tx;Dd ;a}
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf ljleGg ;d'bfosf]] dft[efiffsf] efiffx¿sf] 5'§} eflifs ;d"x cGtu{t /fv]/ ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfcg';f/
ljsf;qmd la=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] ;kmn hgcGbf]ngkZrft\ dfq ;'? ePsf] xf] . P]lR5s jf clgjfo{ ul/of];\ .
ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfkl5 ag]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] #= ;s];Dd ;a} dft[ efiffsf] kf7\ok':tsx¿ k|sfzg tyf ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf
;j{ky| d g]kfn clw/fHodf af]lng] ;Dk"0f{ dft[ efiffx¿nfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf] ¿kdf ckgfpg' kg]{ . ;DalGwt efiffdf k|ofKt hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug{sf] nflu
;Daf]wg u/L tbfg';f/ ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g tyf ljsf; ug]{ Aoa:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] 7f]; sfo{qmd NofOof];\ . cfwf/e"t lzIffb]lv pRrlzIffsf ;a} txdf
lyof] . ;fy} ;+ljwfgdf dft[ efiffd} k|fylds tx;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg] v;–g]kfnL efiffdf h:t} dft[efiffx¿sf] k7gkf7gsf] nflu lzIfs /
Joj:yf klg u/]sf] lyof] . o;} qmddf lj=;+= @)%) ;fn Ho]i7 !$ un] ;/sf/n] k|fWofksx¿sf] b/aGbL lbOg' k5{ . o;sf ;fy} k|zf;g ;~rfngsf
/fli6«o efiff gLlt ;'emfa cfof]u klg u7g u/]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L hfghfltx¿sf] nflu cfjZos sd{rf/Lx¿ klg ;DalGwt dft[efifL ;d'bfoaLraf6 /fVg]
klxrfg / ljsf;sf] nflu @)%$ ;fndf hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
lyof] . oL ;ldlt tyf cfof]ux¿n] lbPsf] ;'emfax¿ ;/sf/n] k"0f{ ¿kdf $= lzIffdf cljnDa lq–efifLo gLlt nfu" ul/of];\ . g]kfnL tyf c¿
sfof{Gjog ug{ grfx]sf] b]lvG5g\ . ljifonfO{ h:t} dft[efiffsf k7g kf7gsf] lgldQ lzIfssf] b/aGbL
cfh b]zdf dxfg\ hgcfGbf]ngsf] pknlAw cg'¿k juL{o, hftLo, lglZrt ul/of];\ .
If]qLo cflb ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns %= d'n'ssf ;De"0f{ efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu efiff k|lti7fgsf]
clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/sf ;fy} nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
lbnfpg /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgfcg'¿k jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# tyf ^= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff dft[efiffx¿df lbg kfpg] Joj:yf tyf
To;kl5 ;+zf]wgn] g]kfnnfO{ ;ª\3Lo, ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k|jz ] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] dfWod b]jgf/L lnlk / v;–g]kfnL efiffdf dfq}
u/fO;s]sf] 5 . ;Lldt g/fvL cGo dft[efiffx¿df klg ;dfgfGt/¿kdf lbg kfpg]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu–! wf/f # n] g]kfnnfO{ ax'hftLo, Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
ax'eflifs ljz]iftfo'Qm ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ¿kdf /fi6« xf] egL /fi6«sf] &= d'n'sdf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf efiffsf ¿kdf
kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;+ljwfgsf] ToxL efusf] wf/f % sf] pkwf/f ! n] g]kfndf dfGotf lbO clen]vx¿ /flvof];\ . of] clen]v sfo{sf]nflu :yfgLo
af]lng] ;a} dft[efiff /fi6«efiff x'g eg]/ ;a}nfO{ ;dfg bhf{ lbPsf] 5 . To:t} dft[efiffsf] cg'jfbx¿sf] b/jGbL ;'lglZrt ul/of];\ .
;+ljwfgsf] efu # wf/f !# pkwf/f @ n] s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, lnª\u, *= lzIffsf ;a} lgsfox¿ h:t} lzIff ljefu, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|,
hflt, efiff jf cf:yfsf] cfwf/df e]bej ul/g] 5}g tyf wf/f !& pkwf/f @ n] Pg\l;O8L, pRr dfWolds kl/ifb\, lqlj cflbdf dft[efiff;DaGwL sfd
g]kfndf a:g] k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlksf] ;+/If0f ;+j4{g ug]{ xs ug]{ 5'6\6} ljefux¿ agfO{ ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf clws[t / sd{rf/Lsf]
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf o:tf s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] eP tfklg Jojxf/df Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
o;sf] kfng ePsf] 5}g . (= /fHosf] ;~rf/sf] dfWodx¿ h:t}M /]l8of] g]kfn, g]kfn 6]lnlehg,
gofF g]kfnsf] cfzf / ljZjf;df /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ dft[efifLx¿nfO{ xfn} uf]vf{kq ;a}df ;a} dft[efiffnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ul/of];\ .
k|:t't ul/Psf] ah]6n] Hofb} lg/fz agfPsf 5g\ . ah]6df ;+ljwfgd} pNn]v !)= g]kfndf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ efiffsf] tfTsflns cj:yf kQf nufO{ pgLx¿sf]
ePadf]lhd dft[efiffsf] ljsf;sf nflu s'g} 7f]; sfo{qmd gcfPsf]n] ;Dk"0f{ ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / lj;sf;sf] cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf
dft[efifL ;d'bfox¿n] To;df cfklQ hgfpFb} gofF g]kfnsf] k"j{;GWofdf km]l/ agfpgsf]nflu t'?Gt eflifs ;j]{If0f (Linguistic Survey) ul/of];\ .
|| 619 || || 620 ||
!!= /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfdf efiffnfO{ clgjfo{ cfwf/ dlgof];\ .
!@= ;+;bdf x'g] ljleGg lqmofsnfksf] ;j} dft[efiffdf clen]v /fVg]
Joj:yf / cg'jfbsx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
!#= cNk;+Vos efiff ;+/If/0f / ;Dj4{gsfnflu k|To]s cNk;+Vos efiff
If]qdf Pkm Pd vf]n/] k|;/0f Joj:yf ldnfOof];\ .
!$= /fli6«o :t/sf ;j} ldl8ofx¿df cflbjf;L hghfltsf] efiff–;F:s[lt
cflb kIfx¿;Fu ;DjGwLt ;dfrf/ n]vg / k|rf/–k|;f/df cflbjf;L
hghfltsf] k\mofS6 Pl86/ lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
!%= cflbjf;L hghfltsf] dft[efiff cWoog–cWofkgnfO{ a9L z}lIfs /
Joj;flos agfpgsfnflu efifflj1fg s]Gb|Lo ljefu, ;Lgf;, lqlj /
k|1f k|lti7fg cflb nufotsf z}lIfs cv8fx¿df cflbjf;L ;flxTosf/,
ljåfg–ljb'ifL / cg';Gwftfx¿nfO{ z}lIfs x}l;otdf ljz]if lgo'lQm
Joj:yf ldnfOof];\ .
!^= cflbjf;L hghfltsf] dft[efiffnfO{ cGt//fli6«o z}lIfs hutdf
n}hfgsf]nflu g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno / lqljdf gofF cflbjf;L efiff
ljefu jf cWoog s]Gb| cljnDa vf]lnof];\ .
!&= cflbjf;L hghfltsf] dft[efiffnfO{ /fli6«os/0f ug{sf]nflu xfnsf] ;femf
k|sfzgnfO{ oyfl:yltaf6 kl/jt{g u/L c? dft[efiffx¿sf] klg
;flxTosf ;fy} cg';GwgfTds s[ltx¿ k|sfzg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of];\ .

********************************

--------------------------------------------------------------
0
speakers living both in India and Myanmar
+
Also collectively called Zeliangrong; earlier known as ‘Kacha’
Nagas (< ‘forest dwellers’, from Angami Kach ‘forest’)
*
Assimilated to neighbouring and dominant groups-- Kachin and
Shan (cf. Hutton’s Census of India 1931, Vol. III, p. 151)
(Source: Ahum 1997: 17)

|| 621 || || 622 ||
Place of Tangkhul Naga in Tibeto-Burman ;|i6f–;"rL
Tibeto-Burman ;Dkfbs, n]vs tyf lgdf{tfx?

c÷P
c+ut y'n'ª, 396, 397 cudl;+ b]j;f–/fO{, 395
cªuwg /fO{, 97 cljgfy -åf¥jfªrf–jfDa'n]_ /fO{
Tibetan Himalayan North-Assamese Bodo Naga Kuki-Chin Kachin Burmese-Lolo
cle ;'jb] L, %)! ‘Sj$/\j$fª\jfK;L’ #)%, #)(, #!@, #@)
cNafg :s6xfph]g, #$* %)$, %!&, %@@, %&(, %*$
Tangkhul Meithei cNkmf]G; jfO86{, $!(, $%^, $&^, $&& clbk y'n'ª–/fO{, 397
Mao Paite clDasf tf]df]5fd], 214, 226 cNnf efjfrfrf], 307, 310
Paumei Lushi cd/ b'dL–/fO,{ 336 cDaf SofDkfrf]–/fO{, 307
Angami Dhadou cd/ t'Dofxfª, 439, 444, 445, clDa/dfg ªf]kf]rf], 215
Ao ‘‘. 447, 453, 454, 473, 613 cd/ ;'Aaf ‘k|eft’, $$$
Konyak cdL6 efjfrfrf] ‘ljjz’, 308 cd/sfGt emf , 509
Chaknashang cd[t of]Ghg 24, 269, 273, 324,
Lotha 403, 404 426, 428, 504, 508, 509
Sema cGhgf tfDnL, 23, 24, 416 cGh' v8\sf, !@#, $#(
‘‘ cg'hf cfªa'xfª, @$ cg'dfof ;'gj' f/, !^^
(Source: Adapted from Konow (1909) in Victor Ahum 1992: 26) cg'kf b]jfg, $!&, $!*, $@# cg'kf /fO{, #)$, #)%
Ahum,Victor. 1997. Tankhul-Naga Grammar: A Study of Word cK;/f nfjtL, $$& ch'{g lnDa" , %)@
Formation. PhD Thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University. ch'{g /fO{, #@, &), &%, @(@, @(#, ch'{gafa' dfa'xfª, $!), $%$, $%%
-----. 1992. A Grammatical Study of Expressives and Echo @(&, @((
Formation in Tankhul-Naga. MPhil Thesis, Jawaharlal
c:6 h]/f]–/fO{, 312 czf]s var'–b'dL–/fO{, ##&, ##*
Nehru University.
##(, #$%
MARRISON, Geoffrey E. 1967.The Classification of the Naga
Languages of Northeast
czf]ss'df/ ;'g'jf/, 166 czf]s df]/f]v'–/fO{, 215, 224
India.Doctoral dissertation, SOAS, University of London. ctLt So'OlF trf–d'lvof, 166 P= x]n, !&!
P= SofDka]n, $^@ Ps/fh sf]o"–/fO{, @##,@#$,@#*
******************************** P=kL= xf]ª]n'–/fO{, @!!, @!$, @!%, @$$ Plngf lnPeg, ^&, ^(, &), &#, &%
cfOdL nfxfp;f]O;, 230, 237, 396 cfO?dfof rfl/ª\d,] @$, 25, 28, 416
j
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#%%, #%^, #%(, #^!, %#(, %$$, ^!! %!(
jfnf y'n'ª, #(^, %&! jf:af]6] sfOFnf, #(^,$)#
j]bk|sfz pk|]tL, $%%,$&^ aL=l;df]g ofG6f]gL /]D6, !@#
jLjL y'Fu'rf–d'lvof, !^%, !*) jLjL /fO{ ælgdf{0fÆ, #)&
jLjL ;'e-Af_f–d'l/ªnf–g'uf] -;'Aaf_, jL jfDa'n]–/fO{, (&
$$$, $$*, $&@
|| 623 || || 624 ||
lj=s]= laxf/L, $^@ ljqmd ;'Aaf, $#&, $$!, $$%, $$&, e
$%*, $^), $&&, %)! eQm xftfrf], 306, 307 eQm /fO{, 354
ljg' sf]o," !@$, !#^ ljZj dfG8', $) eb|uf]n ls/fFtL, 266, 270, 276 eQm ?5]Ga'ª , !$@
ljZjf;bLk ltu]nf, $$&, $%# ljZjhLt ls/fFtL, !@$ enfsfhL tªb'–/fO{, 335, 348, efUojtL /fO{, #^, 354
lji0f' /fO{, %)!, %)& lji0f' lsy'/f, #(^ 377
lji0f' P;= /fO{, ^(, @(#, #%&, %)& ljdn /fO{ ‘lj/xL’ #)& e]/g/ leG6/, 122, 129, 171, 353, e]/g/ Pd OUnL, !%&, !&(
ljdnf y'n'ª, #(&, #(* ljlkg y'n'ª, #(& 357
ljzfn /fO{, #)^ ljzfn ofDk"m, %)( leS6/ cx'd, ^@# led vfKrLl;ª, @!^, @@#
lj/xL sfOFnf, @!@, @#), $#&, $$%, ljsfz b'dL–/fO{, ##^ eLd Ohd–;'Ajf, $%$, $&# eLd xnS;'–/fO{, ##%, #$$
$%#, $%*, %(! eLd b'dL–/fO{, 335 eLdk|sfz ;'gj' f/, 166, 193
ljqmds]z/L ;'g'jf/, 169 jL/]Gb| lba'5f–/fO{, #%* eLdaxfb'/ b]jfg, $!@, $!* eLdgf/fo0f /]UdL, 234, 508, 513,
ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, !@#, !#^, $#(, j}/fuL sfOFnf -ltnljqmd g]Dafª_, 535
$^& $^%, $$*, $%$, $%%, $%^, $%&, $%*, eLidf r]Dhf]ª, 451, 452 ef]lu/fh rflDnª, @!!, 353, 537
$^#, $^%, $^&, $&@, $&#, %*@ e'jg u'ef{–/fO{, #)& e"kWjh yf]]d/f];,\ @)!, @)^, @!@,
jL/ljqmd s'n'ª–/fO{, %)!, %!* JofFl;n] hfaf, #)( @!$, @!%, @^*, $()
Jofl;n] sfG5f, (& e"kxl/ kf}8ofn, *& e"kfn ls/fFtL, &*, *), @@(, @#&,
a @%@, %!$
aL sf]D/L, !)& a8fhLt /fO{, @)), #!@, #@% e"kfn /fO{ ‘ljjz’, #)*
avt /fO{, #%$ avtwg /fO{, @!% r
alj afGtjf ‘efj's’ !@* an d'l/ªnf, $$$, $$* ;L= h]g6] L, !&),!&( ;L=Pd= b]jfg, $@#, $!*
a?0f ªfjrf–;'g'jf/, 164 ljb|f]xL ;flx+nf, 307, ;LkL ;'gj' f/, !%^, !(# ;LPd vDa" -df]/f]dn ' _, @!$, @@!, @@@
aL=aL= r]Dhf]ª, %)( aL=aL= xf]ª]n,' @!$ rqm sfsL{, @!@ rqm;]/ /fO{, #(
aL= SofDka]n, @%&, @^) aL=aL= Sjf;'ª5f–rflDnª, #%# rt'/ /fef]ªrf–/fO{, #)* rt'/eQm ;Td–b'dL–/fO{ , ##), ###,
aL=aL= /f]Sb'ª, !@@ aL=aL= /fO{, !@$ ##&, ##*, ##(, #$@, #$^, %)%,
aLaL efjfrfrf], #)& ah|ljxf/L s'df/, $$! %)&, %!$
ah]Gb| /fO{ æafh' af]8j\ fdÆ, #)& anjxfb'/ /fO{ -tf]nf]rf_, $),$& rGb|jL/ t'Dafkf], %)@ rGb| dfªkmfª–xt'jfnL, @*),@*^
aNnedl0f bfxfn, %)* aofg P;= /fO{ -ofn'ª5f_, #%^, #^!, rGb| vflnª, !)% rGb| ls/fFt–rflDnª, #%$, #%%
#^^, #&!, %@@ rGb|sdn yf]Dkmf/f, $!&, $@* rGb|sfGt ;'gj' f/, 170
ad b]jfg, $!& afNyf;f/ ljs]n, 12, 51, 52, 53, rGb|s'df/ ;]df{ -kfkf]xfª_, %)#, rGb|s'df/ /fO{ æxt'jfnLÆ, !@@, !@#,
ads'df/L a"9fdu/, @@!, @@#, @@*, 56, 67, 69, 70, 73, 75, 76, %#!, !#$, %@#
#@$, #@&, $@* 293, 299 rGb|sd' f/ /fO{, !@@, !@#, !@&, !#$, rGb|ks| fz ;'gj' f/, !^(,!(#
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a'l4nfns0f{ h]?ª, (^ a'n' d'sf?ª, !@%, %)%, %&# rfN;{ Pkm ef]ul] ng, !& rfN;{ dUb'un, @@$
la|og Pr xH;g, 86, 505, 538 af]O8 ldvfOnf]E;L, $&, $$!, $^( r]tg ;'gj' f/, 166 lrq;]g l/Gxf], @!!, @@%
r'g u'?ª, %)&, %#$ r'dfg a';/' L–rflDnª, #%$
|| 625 || || 626 ||
r}tGo ;'Aaf, $%$, %)!, %)* r"8fdl0f jGw", %)*, %!! wd]G{ b|ljqmd g]Dafª, 502, 533 wg gfl5l/ª , 269
5q afnªxfª–afGtjf, !@#, !#@ 5a'/fh /fO{ ‘b'vfrf]’, #)*, #@# wg /fO{, 129, 270, 305, 311, wgxfª ;'Aaf, $$^
8 354
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^@^ lw/]g vf6fnL–/fO{ -d]v/fh aflxª_, lw/]Gb| ?DbfnL, #*, #)^
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!&( u8'ndfg /fO{ -PFltD5f_, #%%, #%*, uh/fh lhdL, $!*
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%%( #)%, #)^, #)*, #!!, #!@, %)#, %)$,
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b]jG] b| e§/fO{, #$, @%&, ##^, ##&, b]jLaxfb'/ ;'g'jf/, 166, 169, 182, 336, 357, 384, 399, 417,
%)$ 193 424, 496
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w xs{ a'ªnfjf–/fO{ -g]jfxfª_, @&(, 157, 410, 413, 424, 484, 489, 496,
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|| 629 || || 630 ||
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|| 631 || || 632 ||
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g/ oªxfª, 441, 445 g/]Gb|gfy af:tf]nf, 505 k|ltdf dflvd, %)$ k|zfGt l;+x, !)&, !!#
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gf]jf Oª3ª g'nfd http://www.henkhama.blogspot.com/
g'dfk'mª kSsGbL http://www.pumala.blogspot.com/
kfnfd kfMg http://www.pumarai.org/
kf?xfª kfkf]xfª http://www.sahityaghar.com/
k]nL k|jfx http://www.wambulerai.org/
k|jf;L a]bgfsf cfjfhx¿ k|1f http://limbuwan.blog.com/
k"j{ lIflth km'ª http://limbuwan.blogspot.com/
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