Wave Let

19/8/2014 Wavelet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Seismic wavelet
Wavelet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A wavelet is a wave-like oscillation with an amplitude that begins at zero, increases, and then decreases back to zero.
It can typically be visualized as a "brief oscillation" like one might see recorded by a seismograph or heart monitor.
Generally, wavelets are purposefully crafted to have specific properties that make them useful for signal processing.
Wavelets can be combined, using a "reverse, shift, multiply and integrate" technique called convolution, with portions of
a known signal to extract information from the unknown signal.
For example, a wavelet could be created to have a frequency of Middle C
and a short duration of roughly a 32nd note. If this wavelet was to be
convolved with a signal created from the recording of a song, then the
resulting signal would be useful for determining when the Middle C note was
being played in the song. Mathematically, the wavelet will correlate with the
signal if the unknown signal contains information of similar frequency. This
concept of correlation is at the core of many practical applications of
wavelet theory.
As a mathematical tool, wavelets can be used to extract information from
many different kinds of data, including but certainly not limited to audio
signals and images. Sets of wavelets are generally needed to analyze data
fully. A set of "complementary" wavelets will decompose data without gaps
or overlap so that the decomposition process is mathematically reversible.
Thus, sets of complementary wavelets are useful in wavelet based
compression/decompression algorithms where it is desirable to recover the
original information with minimal loss.
In formal terms, this representation is a wavelet series representation of a
square-integrable function with respect to either a complete, orthonormal set
of basis functions, or an overcomplete set or frame of a vector space, for the
Hilbert space of square integrable functions.
Contents
1 Name
2 Wavelet theory
2.1 Continuous wavelet transforms (continuous shift and
scale parameters)
2.2 Discrete wavelet transforms (discrete shift and scale
parameters)
2.3 Multiresolution based discrete wavelet transforms
3 Mother wavelet
4 Comparisons with Fourier transform (continuous-time)
5 Definition of a wavelet
5.1 Scaling filter
5.2 Scaling function
5.3 Wavelet function
6 History
6.1 Timeline
7 Wavelet transforms
7.1 Generalized transforms
8 Applications of Wavelet Transform
8.1 As a representation of a signal
8.2 Wavelet Denoising
9 List of wavelets
9.1 Discrete wavelets
9.2 Continuous wavelets
9.2.1 Real-valued
9.2.2 Complex-valued
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Name
The word wavelet has been used for decades in digital signal processing and exploration geophysics.
[1]
The equivalent
French word ondelette meaning "small wave" was used by Morlet and Grossmann in the early 1980s.
Wavelet theory
Wavelet theory is applicable to several subjects. All wavelet transforms may be considered forms of time-frequency
representation for continuous-time (analog) signals and so are related to harmonic analysis. Almost all practically useful
discrete wavelet transforms use discrete-time filterbanks. These filter banks are called the wavelet and scaling
coefficients in wavelets nomenclature. These filterbanks may contain either finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite
impulse response (IIR) filters. The wavelets forming a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) are subject to the
uncertainty principle of Fourier analysis respective sampling theory: Given a signal with some event in it, one cannot
assign simultaneously an exact time and frequency response scale to that event. The product of the uncertainties of time
and frequency response scale has a lower bound. Thus, in the scaleogram of a continuous wavelet transform of this
signal, such an event marks an entire region in the time-scale plane, instead of just one point. Also, discrete wavelet
bases may be considered in the context of other forms of the uncertainty principle.
Wavelet transforms are broadly divided into three classes: continuous, discrete and multiresolution-based.
Continuous wavelet transforms (continuous shift and scale parameters)
In continuous wavelet transforms, a given signal of finite energy is projected on a continuous family of frequency bands
(or similar subspaces of the L
p
function space L
2
(R) ). For instance the signal may be represented on every frequency
band of the form [f, 2f] for all positive frequencies f > 0. Then, the original signal can be reconstructed by a suitable
integration over all the resulting frequency components.
The frequency bands or subspaces (sub-bands) are scaled versions of a subspace at scale 1. This subspace in turn is in
most situations generated by the shifts of one generating function in L
2
(R), the mother wavelet. For the example of
the scale one frequency band [1, 2] this function is
Meyer Morlet Mexican Hat
with the (normalized) sinc function. That, Meyer's, and two other examples of mother wavelets are:
The subspace of scale a or frequency band [1/a, 2/a] is generated by the functions (sometimes called child wavelets)
where a is positive and defines the scale and b is any real number and defines the shift. The pair (a, b) defines a point
in the right halfplane R
+
R.
The projection of a function x onto the subspace of scale a then has the form
with wavelet coefficients
See a list of some Continuous wavelets.
For the analysis of the signal x, one can assemble the wavelet coefficients into a scaleogram of the signal.
Discrete wavelet transforms (discrete shift and scale parameters)
It is computationally impossible to analyze a signal using all wavelet coefficients, so one may wonder if it is sufficient to
pick a discrete subset of the upper halfplane to be able to reconstruct a signal from the corresponding wavelet
coefficients. One such system is the affine system for some real parameters a > 1, b > 0. The corresponding discrete
subset of the halfplane consists of all the points (a
m
, na
m
b) with m, n in Z. The corresponding baby wavelets are now
given as
A sufficient condition for the reconstruction of any signal x of finite energy by the formula
D4 wavelet
is that the functions form a tight frame of L
2
(R).
Multiresolution based discrete wavelet transforms
In any discretised wavelet transform, there are only a finite number of
wavelet coefficients for each bounded rectangular region in the upper
halfplane. Still, each coefficient requires the evaluation of an integral. In
special situations this numerical complexity can be avoided if the scaled and
shifted wavelets form a multiresolution analysis. This means that there has to
exist an auxiliary function, the father wavelet in L
2
(R), and that a is an
integer. A typical choice is a = 2 and b = 1. The most famous pair of father
and mother wavelets is the Daubechies 4-tap wavelet. Note that not every
orthonormal discrete wavelet basis can be associated to a multiresolution
analysis; for example, the Journe wavelet admits no multiresolution
analysis.
[2]
From the mother and father wavelets one constructs the subspaces
The mother wavelet keeps the time domain properties, while the father wavelets keeps the frequency domain
properties.
From these it is required that the sequence
forms a multiresolution analysis of L
2
and that the subspaces are the orthogonal
"differences" of the above sequence, that is, W
m
is the orthogonal complement of V
m
inside the subspace V
m1
,
In analogy to the sampling theorem one may conclude that the space V
m
with sampling distance 2
m
more or less covers
the frequency baseband from 0 to 2
m-1
. As orthogonal complement, W
m
roughly covers the band [2
m1
, 2
m
].
From those inclusions and orthogonality relations, especially , follows the existence of sequences
and that satisfy the identities
so that and
so that
The second identity of the first pair is a refinement equation for the father wavelet . Both pairs of identities form the
basis for the algorithm of the fast wavelet transform.
From the multiresolution analysis derives the orthogonal decomposition of the space L
2
as
For any signal or function this gives a representation in basis functions of the corresponding subspaces as
where the coefficients are
and
.
Mother wavelet
For practical applications, and for efficiency reasons, one prefers continuously differentiable functions with compact
support as mother (prototype) wavelet (functions). However, to satisfy analytical requirements (in the continuous WT)
and in general for theoretical reasons, one chooses the wavelet functions from a subspace of the space
This is the space of measurable functions that are absolutely and square integrable:
and
Being in this space ensures that one can formulate the conditions of zero mean and square norm one:
is the condition for zero mean, and
is the condition for square norm one.
For to be a wavelet for the continuous wavelet transform (see there for exact statement), the mother wavelet must
satisfy an admissibility criterion (loosely speaking, a kind of half-differentiability) in order to get a stably invertible
transform.
For the discrete wavelet transform, one needs at least the condition that the wavelet series is a representation of the
identity in the space L
2
(R). Most constructions of discrete WT make use of the multiresolution analysis, which defines
the wavelet by a scaling function. This scaling function itself is solution to a functional equation.
In most situations it is useful to restrict to be a continuous function with a higher number M of vanishing moments, i.e.
for all integer m < M
The mother wavelet is scaled (or dilated) by a factor of a and translated (or shifted) by a factor of b to give (under
Morlet's original formulation):
For the continuous WT, the pair (a,b) varies over the full half-plane R
+
R; for the discrete WT this pair varies over a
discrete subset of it, which is also called affine group.
These functions are often incorrectly referred to as the basis functions of the (continuous) transform. In fact, as in the
continuous Fourier transform, there is no basis in the continuous wavelet transform. Time-frequency interpretation uses
a subtly different formulation (after Delprat).
Restriction
(1) when a1 = a and b1 = b,
(2) has a finite time interval
Comparisons with Fourier transform (continuous-time)
The wavelet transform is often compared with the Fourier transform, in which signals are represented as a sum of
sinusoids. In fact, the Fourier transform can be viewed as a special case of the continuous wavelet transform with the
choice of the mother wavelet . The main difference in general is that wavelets are localized in both
time and frequency whereas the standard Fourier transform is only localized in frequency. The Short-time Fourier
transform (STFT) is similar to the wavelet transform, in that it is also time and frequency localized, but there are issues
with the frequency/time resolution trade-off.
In particular, assuming a rectangular window region, one may think of the STFT as a transform with a slightly different
kernel
where can often be written as , where and u respectively denote the length and
temporal offset of the windowing function. Using Parsevals theorem, one may define the wavelets energy as
=
From this, the square of the temporal support of the window offset by time u is given by
and the square of the spectral support of the window acting on a frequency
As stated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the product of the temporal and spectral supports
for any given time-frequency atom, or resolution cell. The STFT windows restrict the resolution cells to spectral and
temporal supports determined by .
Multiplication with a rectangular window in the time domain corresponds to convolution with a function
in the frequency domain, resulting in spurious ringing artifacts for short/localized temporal windows. With the
continuous-time Fourier Transform, and this convolution is with a delta function in Fourier space, resulting
in the true Fourier transform of the signal . The window function may be some other apodizing filter, such as a
Gaussian. The choice of windowing function will affect the approximation error relative to the true Fourier transform.
A given resolution cells time-bandwidth product may not be exceeded with the STFT. All STFT basis elements
maintain a uniform spectral and temporal support for all temporal shifts or offsets, thereby attaining an equal resolution
in time for lower and higher frequencies. The resolution is purely determined by the sampling width.
STFT time-frequency atoms (left)
and DWT time-scale atoms (right).
The time-frequency atoms are four
different basis functions used for the
STFT (i.e. four separate Fourier
transforms required). The time-
scale atoms of the DWT achieve
small temporal widths for high
frequencies and good temporal widths
for low frequencies with a single
transform basis set.
In contrast, the wavelet transforms multiresolutional properties enables large temporal supports for lower frequencies
while maintaining short temporal widths for higher frequencies by the scaling properties of the wavelet transform. This
property extends conventional time-frequency analysis into time-scale analysis.
[3]
The discrete wavelet transform is less computationally complex, taking O(N)
time as compared to O(N log N) for the fast Fourier transform. This
computational advantage is not inherent to the transform, but reflects the
choice of a logarithmic division of frequency, in contrast to the equally
spaced frequency divisions of the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) which uses
the same basis functions as DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform).
[4]
It is also
important to note that this complexity only applies when the filter size has no
relation to the signal size. A wavelet without compact support such as the
Shannon wavelet would require O(N
2
). (For instance, a logarithmic Fourier
Transform also exists with O(N) complexity, but the original signal must be
sampled logarithmically in time, which is only useful for certain types of
signals.
[5]
)
Definition of a wavelet
There are a number of ways of defining a wavelet (or a wavelet family).
Scaling filter
An orthogonal wavelet is entirely defined by the scaling filter a low-pass finite impulse response (FIR) filter of length
2N and sum 1. In biorthogonal wavelets, separate decomposition and reconstruction filters are defined.
For analysis with orthogonal wavelets the high pass filter is calculated as the quadrature mirror filter of the low pass,
and reconstruction filters are the time reverse of the decomposition filters.
Daubechies and Symlet wavelets can be defined by the scaling filter.
Scaling function
Wavelets are defined by the wavelet function (t) (i.e. the mother wavelet) and scaling function (t) (also called father
wavelet) in the time domain.
The wavelet function is in effect a band-pass filter and scaling it for each level halves its bandwidth. This creates the
problem that in order to cover the entire spectrum, an infinite number of levels would be required. The scaling function
filters the lowest level of the transform and ensures all the spectrum is covered. See [1]
(http://www.polyvalens.com/blog/?page_id=15#7.+The+scaling+function+%5B7%5D) for a detailed explanation.
For a wavelet with compact support, (t) can be considered finite in length and is equivalent to the scaling filter g.
Meyer wavelets can be defined by scaling functions
Wavelet function
The wavelet only has a time domain representation as the wavelet function (t).
For instance, Mexican hat wavelets can be defined by a wavelet function. See a list of a few Continuous wavelets.
History
The development of wavelets can be linked to several separate trains of thought, starting with Haar's work in the early
20th century. Later work by Dennis Gabor yielded Gabor atoms (1946), which are constructed similarly to wavelets,
and applied to similar purposes. Notable contributions to wavelet theory can be attributed to Zweigs discovery of the
continuous wavelet transform in 1975 (originally called the cochlear transform and discovered while studying the
reaction of the ear to sound),
[6]
Pierre Goupillaud, Grossmann and Morlet's formulation of what is now known as the
CWT (1982), Jan-Olov Strmberg's early work on discrete wavelets (1983), Daubechies' orthogonal wavelets with
compact support (1988), Mallat's multiresolution framework (1989), Akansu's Binomial QMF (1990), Nathalie
Delprat's time-frequency interpretation of the CWT (1991), Newland's harmonic wavelet transform (1993) and many
others since.
Timeline
First wavelet (Haar wavelet) by Alfrd Haar (1909)
Since the 1970s: George Zweig, Jean Morlet, Alex Grossmann
Since the 1980s: Yves Meyer, Stphane Mallat, Ingrid Daubechies, Ronald Coifman, Ali Akansu, Victor
Wickerhauser,
Wavelet transforms
A wavelet is a mathematical function used to divide a given function or continuous-time signal into different scale
components. Usually one can assign a frequency range to each scale component. Each scale component can then be
studied with a resolution that matches its scale. A wavelet transform is the representation of a function by wavelets. The
wavelets are scaled and translated copies (known as "daughter wavelets") of a finite-length or fast-decaying oscillating
waveform (known as the "mother wavelet"). Wavelet transforms have advantages over traditional Fourier transforms
for representing functions that have discontinuities and sharp peaks, and for accurately deconstructing and
reconstructing finite, non-periodic and/or non-stationary signals.
Wavelet transforms are classified into discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) and continuous wavelet transforms
(CWTs). Note that both DWT and CWT are continuous-time (analog) transforms. They can be used to represent
continuous-time (analog) signals. CWTs operate over every possible scale and translation whereas DWTs use a
specific subset of scale and translation values or representation grid.
There are a large number of wavelet transforms each suitable for different applications. For a full list see list of wavelet-
related transforms but the common ones are listed below:
Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)
Discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
Fast wavelet transform (FWT)
Lifting scheme & Generalized Lifting Scheme
Wavelet packet decomposition (WPD)
Stationary wavelet transform (SWT)
Fractional Fourier transform (FRFT)
Fractional wavelet transform (FRWT)
Generalized transforms
There are a number of generalized transforms of which the wavelet transform is a special case. For example, Joseph
Segman introduced scale into the Heisenberg group, giving rise to a continuous transform space that is a function of
time, scale, and frequency. The CWT is a two-dimensional slice through the resulting 3d time-scale-frequency volume.
Another example of a generalized transform is the chirplet transform in which the CWT is also a two dimensional slice
through the chirplet transform.
An important application area for generalized transforms involves systems in which high frequency resolution is crucial.
For example, darkfield electron optical transforms intermediate between direct and reciprocal space have been widely
used in the harmonic analysis of atom clustering, i.e. in the study of crystals and crystal defects.
[7]
Now that
transmission electron microscopes are capable of providing digital images with picometer-scale information on atomic
periodicity in nanostructure of all sorts, the range of pattern recognition
[8]
and strain
[9]
/metrology
[10]
applications for
intermediate transforms with high frequency resolution (like brushlets
[11]
and ridgelets
[12]
) is growing rapidly.
Fractional wavelet transform (FRWT) is a generalization of the classical wavelet transform in the fractional Fourier
transform domains. This transform is capable of providing the time- and fractional-domain information simultaneously
and representing signals in the time-fractional-frequency plane.
[13]
Applications of Wavelet Transform
Generally, an approximation to DWT is used for data compression if a signal is already sampled, and the CWT for
signal analysis.
[14]
Thus, DWT approximation is commonly used in engineering and computer science, and the CWT in
scientific research.
Like some other transforms, wavelet transforms can be used to transform data, then encode the transformed data,
resulting in effective compression. For example, JPEG 2000 is an image compression standard that uses biorthogonal
wavelets. This means that although the frame is overcomplete, it is a tight frame (see types of Frame of a vector
space), and the same frame functions (except for conjugation in the case of complex wavelets) are used for both
analysis and synthesis, i.e., in both the forward and inverse transform. For details see wavelet compression.
A related use is for smoothing/denoising data based on wavelet coefficient thresholding, also called wavelet shrinkage.
By adaptively thresholding the wavelet coefficients that correspond to undesired frequency components smoothing
and/or denoising operations can be performed.
Wavelet transforms are also starting to be used for communication applications. Wavelet OFDM is the basic
modulation scheme used in HD-PLC (a power line communications technology developed by Panasonic), and in one
of the optional modes included in the IEEE 1901 standard. Wavelet OFDM can achieve deeper notches than
traditional FFT OFDM, and wavelet OFDM does not require a guard interval (which usually represents significant
overhead in FFT OFDM systems).
[15]
As a representation of a signal
Often, signals can be represented well as a sum of sinusoids. However, consider a non-continuous signal with an
abrupt discontinuity; this signal can still be represented as a sum of sinusoids, but requires an infinite number, which is
an observation known as Gibbs phenomenon. This, then, requires an infinite number of Fourier coefficients, which is
not practical for many applications, such as compression. Wavelets are more useful for describing these signals with
discontinuities because of their time-localized behavior (both Fourier and wavelet transforms are frequency-localized,
but wavelets have an additional time-localization property). Because of this, many types of signals in practice may be
non-sparse in the Fourier domain, but very sparse in the wavelet domain. This is particularly useful in signal
reconstruction, especially in the recently popular field of compressed sensing. (Note that the Short-time Fourier
transform (STFT) is also localized in time and frequency, but there are often problems with the frequency-time
resolution trade-off. Wavelets are better signal representations because of multiresolution analysis.)
This motivates why wavelet transforms are now being adopted for a vast number of applications, often replacing the
conventional Fourier Transform. Many areas of physics have seen this paradigm shift, including molecular dynamics, ab
initio calculations, astrophysics, density-matrix localisation, seismology, optics, turbulence and quantum mechanics.
This change has also occurred in image processing, EEG, EMG,
[16]
ECG analyses, brain rhythms, DNA analysis,
protein analysis, climatology, human sexual response analysis,
[17]
general signal processing, speech recognition,
acoustics, vibration signals,
[18]
computer graphics, multifractal analysis, and sparse coding. In computer vision and
image processing, the notion of scale space representation and Gaussian derivative operators is regarded as a
canonical multi-scale representation.
Wavelet Denoising
Suppose we measure a noisy signal . Assume s has a sparse representation in a certain wavelet bases,
and
So .
Most elements in p are 0 or close to 0, and
Since W is orthogonal, the estimation problem amounts to recovery of a signal in iid Gaussian noise. As p is sparse,
one method is to apply a gaussian mixture model for p.
Assume a prior , is the variance of "significant" coefficients, and
is the variance of "insignificant" coefficients.
Then , is called the shrinkage factor, which depends on the prior variances and
. The effect of the shrinkage factor is that small coefficients are set early to 0, and large coefficients are unaltered.
Small coefficients are mostly noises, and large coefficients contain actual signal.
At last, apply the inverse wavelet transform to obtain
List of wavelets
Discrete wavelets
Beylkin (18)
BNC wavelets
Coiflet (6, 12, 18, 24, 30)
Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet (Sometimes referred to as CDF N/P or Daubechies biorthogonal
wavelets)
Daubechies wavelet (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, etc.)
Binomial-QMF (Also referred to as Daubechies wavelet)
Haar wavelet
Mathieu wavelet
Legendre wavelet
Villasenor wavelet
Symlet
[19]
Continuous wavelets
Real-valued
Beta wavelet
Hermitian wavelet
Hermitian hat wavelet
Meyer wavelet
Mexican hat wavelet
Shannon wavelet
Complex-valued
Complex Mexican hat wavelet
fbsp wavelet
Morlet wavelet
Shannon wavelet
Modified Morlet wavelet
See also
Chirplet transform
Curvelet
Digital cinema
Filter banks
Fractal compression
Fractional Fourier transform
JPEG 2000
Multiresolution analysis
Noiselet
Scale space
Shearlet
Short-time Fourier transform
Ultra wideband radio- transmits wavelets
Wave packet
Gabor wavelet#Wavelet space
[20]
Dimension reduction
Fourier-related transforms
Spectrogram
Notes
1. ^ Ricker, Norman (1953). "WAVELET CONTRACTION, WAVELET EXPANSION, AND THE CONTROL OF
SEISMIC RESOLUTION". Geophysics 18 (4). doi:10.1190/1.1437927 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1190%2F1.1437927).
2. ^ Larson, David R. (2007). "Unitary systems and wavelet sets". Wavelet Analysis and Applications. Appl. Numer.
Harmon. Anal. Birkhuser. pp. 143171.
3. ^ Mallat, Stephane. "A wavelet tour of signal processing. 1998." 250-252.
4. ^ The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing By Steven W. Smith, Ph.D. chapter 8 equation 8-1:
http://www.dspguide.com/ch8/4.htm
5. ^ http://homepages.dias.ie/~ajones/publications/28.pdf
6. ^ http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Zweig.html Zweig, George Biography on Scienceworld.wolfram.com
7. ^ P. Hirsch, A. Howie, R. Nicholson, D. W. Pashley and M. J. Whelan (1965/1977) Electron microscopy of thin
crystals (Butterworths, London/Krieger, Malabar FLA) ISBN 0-88275-376-2
8. ^ P. Fraundorf, J. Wang, E. Mandell and M. Rose (2006) Digital darkfield tableaus, Microscopy and Microanalysis
12:S2, 10101011 (cf. arXiv:cond-mat/0403017 (http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0403017))
9. ^ M. J. Htch, E. Snoeck and R. Kilaas (1998) Quantitative measurement of displacement and strain fields from
HRTEM micrographs, Ultramicroscopy 74:131-146.
10. ^ Martin Rose (2006) Spacing measurements of lattice fringes in HRTEM image using digital darkfield decomposition
(M.S. Thesis in Physics, U. Missouri St. Louis)
11. ^ F. G. Meyer and R. R. Coifman (1997) Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 4:147.
12. ^ A. G. Flesia, H. Hel-Or, A. Averbuch, E. J. Candes, R. R. Coifman and D. L. Donoho (2001) Digital
implementation of ridgelet packets (Academic Press, New York).
13. ^ J. Shi, N.-T. Zhang, and X.-P. Liu, "A novel fractional wavelet transform and its applications," Sci. China Inf. Sci.,
vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 12701279, June 2012. URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/q01np2848m388647/
14. ^ A.N. Akansu, W.A. Serdijn and I.W. Selesnick, Emerging applications of wavelets: A review
(http://web.njit.edu/~akansu/PAPERS/ANA-IWS-WAS-ELSEVIER%20PHYSCOM%202010.pdf), Physical
Communication, Elsevier, vol. 3, issue 1, pp. 1-18, March 2010.
15. ^ Stefano Galli, O. Logvinov (July 2008). "Recent Developments in the Standardization of Power Line
Communications within the IEEE". IEEE Communications Magazine 46 (7): 6471.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.2008.4557044 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2008.4557044). An overview of P1901
PHY/MAC proposal.
16. ^ J. Rafiee et al. Feature extraction of forearm EMG signals for prosthetics, Expert Systems with Applications 38
(2011) 405867.
17. ^ J. Rafiee et al. Female sexual responses using signal processing techniques, The Journal of Sexual Medicine 6
(2009) 308696. (pdf) (http://rafiee.us/files/JSM_2009.pdf)
18. ^ J. Rafiee and Peter W. Tse, Use of autocorrelation in wavelet coefficients for fault diagnosis, Mechanical Systems
and Signal Processing 23 (2009) 155472.
19. ^ Matlab Toolbox URL: http://matlab.izmiran.ru/help/toolbox/wavelet/ch06_a32.html
20. ^ Erik Hjelms (1999-01-21) Gabor Wavelets URL: http://www.ansatt.hig.no/erikh/papers/scia99/node6.html
References
Paul S. Addison, The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook, Institute of Physics, 2002, ISBN 0-7503-
0692-0
Ali Akansu and Richard Haddad, Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: Transforms, Subbands, Wavelets,
Academic Press, 1992, ISBN 0-12-047140-X
B. Boashash, editor, "Time-Frequency Signal Analysis and Processing A Comprehensive Reference", Elsevier
Science, Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-08-044335-4.
Tony F. Chan and Jackie (Jianhong) Shen, Image Processing and Analysis Variational, PDE, Wavelet,
and Stochastic Methods, Society of Applied Mathematics, ISBN 0-89871-589-X (2005)
Ingrid Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1992, ISBN
0-89871-274-2
Look up wavelet in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Wavelet.
Ramazan Genay, Faruk Seluk and Brandon Whitcher, An Introduction to Wavelets and Other Filtering
Methods in Finance and Economics, Academic Press, 2001, ISBN 0-12-279670-5
Haar A., Zur Theorie der orthogonalen Funktionensysteme, Mathematische Annalen, 69, pp 331371,
1910.
Barbara Burke Hubbard, "The World According to Wavelets: The Story of a Mathematical Technique in the
Making", AK Peters Ltd, 1998, ISBN 1-56881-072-5, ISBN 978-1-56881-072-0
Gerald Kaiser, A Friendly Guide to Wavelets, Birkhauser, 1994, ISBN 0-8176-3711-7
Stphane Mallat, "A wavelet tour of signal processing" 2nd Edition, Academic Press, 1999, ISBN 0-12-
466606-X
Donald B. Percival and Andrew T. Walden, Wavelet Methods for Time Series Analysis, Cambridge
University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-68508-7
Press, WH; Teukolsky, SA; Vetterling, WT; Flannery, BP (2007), "Section 13.10. Wavelet Transforms"
(http://apps.nrbook.com/empanel/index.html#pg=699), Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing
(3rd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-88068-8
P. P. Vaidyanathan, Multirate Systems and Filter Banks, Prentice Hall, 1993, ISBN 0-13-605718-7
Mladen Victor Wickerhauser, Adapted Wavelet Analysis From Theory to Software, A K Peters Ltd, 1994,
ISBN 1-56881-041-5
Martin Vetterli and Jelena Kovaevi, "Wavelets and Subband Coding", Prentice Hall, 1995, ISBN 0-13-
097080-8
External links
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Wavelet analysis"
(http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/w097160),
Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-
4
OpenSource Wavelet C# Code (http://www.waveletstudio.net/)
JWave Open source Java implementation of several orthogonal and
non-orthogonal wavelets (https://code.google.com/p/jwave/)
Wavelet Analysis in Mathematica (http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/guide/Wavelets.html) (A very
comprehensive set of wavelet analysis tools)
1st NJIT Symposium on Wavelets (April 30, 1990) (First Wavelets Conference in USA)
(http://web.njit.edu/~ali/s1.htm)
Binomial-QMF Daubechies Wavelets
(http://web.njit.edu/~ali/NJITSYMP1990/AkansuNJIT1STWAVELETSSYMPAPRIL301990.pdf)
Wavelets (http://www-math.mit.edu/~gs/papers/amsci.pdf) by Gilbert Strang, American Scientist 82 (1994)
250255. (A very short and excellent introduction)
Wavelet Digest (http://www.wavelet.org)
NASA Signal Processor featuring Wavelet methods
(http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/OptInstr/NDE_Wave_Image_ProcessorLab.html) Description of NASA
Signal & Image Processing Software and Link to Download
Course on Wavelets given at UC Santa Barbara, 2004
(http://wavelets.ens.fr/ENSEIGNEMENT/COURS/UCSB/index.html)
The Wavelet Tutorial by Polikar (http://users.rowan.edu/~polikar/WAVELETS/WTtutorial.html) (Easy to
understand when you have some background with fourier transforms!)
OpenSource Wavelet C++ Code (http://herbert.the-little-red-haired-girl.org/en/software/wavelet/)
Wavelets for Kids (PDF file) (http://www.isye.gatech.edu/~brani/wp/kidsA.pdf) (Introductory (for very smart
kids!))
Link collection about wavelets (http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~uhl/wav.html)
Gerald Kaiser's acoustic and electromagnetic wavelets (http://wavelets.com/pages/center.html)
A really friendly guide to wavelets (http://perso.wanadoo.fr/polyvalens/clemens/wavelets/wavelets.html)
Wavelet-based image annotation and retrieval (http://www.alipr.com)
Very basic explanation of Wavelets and how FFT relates to it
(http://www.relisoft.com/Science/Physics/sampling.html)
A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis (http://paos.colorado.edu/research/wavelets/) is very helpful, and the
wavelet software in FORTRAN, IDL and MATLAB are freely available online. Note that the biased wavelet
power spectrum needs to be rectified (http://ocgweb.marine.usf.edu/~liu/wavelet.html).
WITS: Where Is The Starlet? (http://www.laurent-duval.eu/siva-wits-where-is-the-starlet.html) A dictionary of
tens of wavelets and wavelet-related terms ending in -let, from activelets to x-lets through bandlets, contourlets,
curvelets, noiselets, wedgelets.
Python Wavelet Transforms Package (http://www.pybytes.com/pywavelets/) OpenSource code for computing
1D and 2D Discrete wavelet transform, Stationary wavelet transform and Wavelet packet transform.
Wavelet Library (http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~kline/wvlib) GNU/GPL library for n-dimensional discrete
wavelet/framelet transforms.
The Fractional Spline Wavelet Transform (http://bigwww.epfl.ch/publications/blu0001.pdf) describes a
fractional wavelet transform based on fractional b-Splines.
A Panorama on Multiscale Geometric Representations, Intertwining Spatial, Directional and Frequency
Selectivity (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.04.025) provides a tutorial on two-dimensional oriented
wavelets and related geometric multiscale transforms.
HD-PLC Alliance (http://www.hd-plc.org/)
Signal Denoising using Wavelets (http://tx.technion.ac.il/~rc/SignalDenoisingUsingWavelets_RamiCohen.pdf)
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Categories: Wavelets Timefrequency analysis Signal processing
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