Energy Utilization

Energy Utilization
World population:
- Year 2003 6.5 billion people
- Year 2050 8-10 billion people
Worlds Top-Five problems:
1. ENERGY
2. WATER
3. FOOD
4. POLLUTION
5. POVERTY
Energy Use Today
P
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B
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0
2
4
6
8
12
2000 2050 2100
0
200
400
600
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1000
1200
1400
E
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U
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Q
B
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/

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World
Population
Population of
Developed Countries
World Energy
Use
1950 1900
10
Year
World energy use in relation with population growing
Energy Use Today
Share of
World
Total
14 Twatts
28 M toe/day
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
M
t
o
e
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear power
Hydro power
Non-hydro renewables
40%
25%
23%
5%
3%+4%
World energy use by fuel type today with projections to 2030
Projections
Energy Use Today
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0
10
20
30
40
Industrialized
Developing
EE/FSU
History Projections
World Gross Domestic Product by region
* Eastern Europe / Former Soviet Union
*
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Industrialized
Developing
EE/FSU
History Projections
Energy Use Today
World energy use by region
400 Q BTU in 2001
(10000 M toe)
15%
41%
23%
15%
2%
4%
10%
9%
37%
8%
2%
34%
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Other renewables
2000 2030
1456 Mtoe
1811 Mtoe
Energy Use Today
European Union energy use by fuel type today with projections to 2030
Energy Use Today
Croatia energy use by fuel type today with projections to 2030
2002
2030
9 Mtoe
?
Energy Use Today
Coal
23.5%
Gas
21.1%
Nuclear
6.8%
Renewables
13.8%
Oil
34.8%
Combustible
Renewables
and Waste
(CRW)
11.0%
Hydro
2.3%
Other
0.5%
Tide 0.004%
Wind 0.026%
Solar 0.039%
Geothermal
0.442%
2002 fuel share in world total primary energy supply
Energy Use Facts
- energy use growing strongly especially in developing countries
- fossil fuels still dominant and will continue to dominate until 2030
- existing energy resources/reserves not unlimited
- projected minimum need for 10 terawatts from new (hopefully clean)
energy sources by 2050 has to be cheap not likely with current
technology
- 2 basic approaches to secure energy supplies:
1. increase efficiency - reduce energy use / demand
- optimize energy supply systems
- produce total energy (i.e. combined heat & electricity)
2. increase exploitation of existing energy sources / develop energy supply
infrastructure / find new energy sources
Energy Use Facts
- natural gas - fastest growing nonrenewable primary energy source
- acceptable price (?), limited environmental impact (CH
4
, CO
2
)
- renewables high energy potential, high costs (?)
- sunlight on earth 165.000 Twatts/day!
- renewable energy sources technology of the future
- concerns for climate change are growing always consider environmental
pollution when deciding about energy use
Energy Use Facts
TOO LITTLE
Conservation / Efficiency -- not enough
Hydroelectric -- not enough
Biomass -- not enough
Wind -- not enough
Wave & Tide -- not enough
Geothermal -- cost ? enough?
Solar terrestrial -- cost ?
Solar power satellites -- cost ?
Lunar Solar Power -- cost ?
CHEMICAL
Natural Gas -- spreading (import dependency)? cost?
Clean Coal -- spreading (import dependency)? cost?
NUCLEAR
Nuclear Fission -- radioactive waste? cost?
Nuclear Fusion -- too difficult? cost?
Building Energy Use
36% of total U.S. energy use
- 56% have central air-conditioning
Building Energy Use
By sector
2002
Other sectors
2002
42% of total croatian energy
production/import used for buildings
Sustainability
What is sustainable in the context of energy utilization?
- should not use more than you are given
- should not endanger options for the next generations
- environmentally friendly technology
- reasonable distribution
- high efficiency
- renewable
- reliable
- reuse, reduce
- waste management
- copy the processes and designs of nature (biomimicry)
Energy Efficiency
- shows percentage of
energy input that does
useful work in an energy
conversion system
Energy Efficiency
U.S. energy use chart:
16% used
41% wasted as heat
43% wasted unnecessarily
Energy Efficiency
Maximum technical potential energy savings for equipment technologies
Total: 3.3 Q BTU/y (only?)
New Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources:
1. Solar energy
2. Hydropower
3. Geothermal energy
4. Wind power
5. Biomass
Thermal & process engineers
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
I
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C
a
p
a
c
i
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(
G
W
)
Solar thermal & electric
PV
Geothermal
Small hydro
Wind
Biomass
Source: ADL estimates
New Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources projected capacities to 2020
Solar Energy
Solar energy use major categories:
1. Solar thermal
2. Solar electric (Photovoltaic - PV)
3. Solar power plants
Solar energy use financially justified on a geographical
location:
- when more then 60% of daylight hours sunny
average 4500 Wh/(m
2
day), i.e. on croatian sea coast
Solar Energy
Solar Thermal Systems
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1. Free sustainable energy source 1. Scattered (< 1000 W/m
2
)
2. Environmental benefits 2. Unequally distributed
3. Saving other fuels 3. Change of intensity (day, season)
4. Exploitation free of danger 4. Weather dependent (storage)
5. Suitable for low-temp applications 5. High installation costs
- main device:
SOLAR COLLECTOR
Solar Thermal Systems
Thermosyphon solar system for domestic hot water heating:
- simple set-up
- tank bottom min. 20 cm above
the collector top
- no pump, no heat exchanger
no control
Solar Thermal Systems
Active solar system for domestic hot water heating:
- more complex
- circulation by pump
free location of a tank
- smaller piping
- more expensive
automatic control
Solar Thermal Systems
Active solar system for room heating:
Geothermal Energy
- mostly connected to Heat Pump technology
Biomass
Visionary energy outlook