Simple Molecules
• Because the intermolecular forces
are weak, and so it doesn’t take
much energy to break them.
Therefore, they are gasses at room
temp.
Giant Covalent Substances
• A Giant Covalent Substance
• They have a regular 3-d shape
• There are weak forces between
the layers, and so they break easily
• It has delocalised electrons
Chemistry
• In regular patterns on top of each
other
• The electrons in the metallic
bonds form a ‘sea of electrons’
• The delocalised electrons from the
outer shell attract the ions.
Ionic Compounds
• Melted or dissolved
• The electrostatic forces are
extremely strong, and a lot of
energy is needed to break them
• The ions are free to move
Giant Metallic Structures
• The layers is pure metals can
slide easily over each other without
breaking
• They can conduct electricity and
heat
• The sea of electrons
Chemistry
• Appearance, Strength, Resistance
to corrosion and hardness.
• Because they are mixtures not
compounds.
• Because they can remember their
original shape – ‘’shape memory
alloys’’
Chemistry
Structures +
Properties
Answers
Nanotechnology and Nanoscience
• They have a much bigger surface
area, and so are more sensitive to
heat, light and pH
• Selective sensors, highly efficient
catalysts, construction materials and
in drugs.
Chemistry
• A metal that is found pure, not in an ore,
e.g. gold.
• Zinc, iron, copper, lead, tin
• Aluminium, magnesium, potassium
• Reduction is the removal of oxygen in a
compound
• Iron (III) oxide, coke, 4% impurities
(makes it hard and brittle, only used for
cast iron but produces steels)
 Chemistry
• CnH2n+n
• Saturated Hydrocarbons are hydrogen
and carbon only and they contain as much
hydrogen as possible on each molecule.
Alkanes are saturated, Alkenes are
unsaturated (they contain one or more
double bond).(
Chemistry
• Because the substances in it burn
in different conditions.
• Fractional distillation
• Compounds containing only
carbon and hydrogen.
• Molecular formula and structural
formula
Chemistry
• They stop the suns heat escaping the
earth atmosphere causing global warming.
• Global dimming is particulates of carbon
and hydrocarbons reflecting the suns rays.
• We can reduce the amount of sulphur in
the fuels or in the exhaust gasses after
they are burnt.
Chemistry
• The oil is vaporised, and sent into a
fractional distillation column. Here they’re
separated by gasses with different boiling
points condensing at different levels,
lowest boiling points (small carbon chains)
at the top (gas) and highest at the bottom
(for making roads – long carbon chains).
These are more difficult to burn.
Chemistry
• Incomplete combustion takes place in
places with little air supply (like engines).
It can produce carbon particles and
carbon monoxide. Also fuels that contain
sulphur can produce sulphur dioxide.
• Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain,
Carbon particles cause global dimming
and carbon dioxide causes global
warming.